Process Flow Diagram

 Water 5m3 H2O/tonnes of Banana Peel

Hot Humid Air

W-1 Banana Peels

F-1 o

T=25-30 C

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Crude Fiber Water Impurities Crude Lipid Ash

Particles > 1.168 mm

D-1 P = 101 kPa

Washed Peels

P=101 kPa T=25-30oC

57.82% 31.06% 6.56% 2.00% 1.67% 0.89%

T =140 oC P = 361.53 kPa 0.15 kg Steam/kg Screened Peels Steam

Carbohydrates Crude Fiber Water Crude Lipid Ash

56.97% 30.61% 9.91% 1.64% 0.87%

T = 60-70 oC

Hot Air o (T = 70 C)

Mesh #14 (Particle Size < 1.168mm)

Vapor 

C-1 Crushed Peels

o

Dried Peels T = 60 C Carbohydrates Crude Fiber Water Crude Lipid Ash

Screened Peels

61.97% 33.30% 2.00% 1.79% 0.94%

C ar ar bo bo h yd ra ra t es Crude Fiber Water Crude Lipid Ash

K-1

= 40.30 P =P40.30 kPakPa

6 1. 1. 9 7% 33.30% 2.00% 1.79% 0.94%

T =35 oC P = 5.49 kPa

D-2

Air  o T = 26.4 C RH = 78% 

 Water and Impurities Water 99.60% Impurities 0.40%

Steam T = 140 oC

0.70 kg kg Sterilized Medium

K-2 T=25-35 C P = 150 kPa

o

T = 35-110 C Filtered Liquid

Condensate T = 95 oC

Isoamyl Alcohol Ethanol Water Isobutanol

Fermentation Broth

54.24% 27.14% 17.80% 0.82%

Pre-heated Liquid T = 105oC Isoamyl Alcohol Ethanol Water

54.24% 27.14% 17.80%

Isobutanol

ChilledWater  (T = 5 oC) 10% Ethylene Glycol (C2H6O2) 90% Water

0.82%

D-4

Wet Solids Crude Fiber 39.61% Biomass 14.89% L-leucine 13.18%   Isoamyl Alcohol 10.05% Nu trie nts 7 . 51 % Ethanol 5.03% Water 3.30% Starch 3.02% Crude Lipid 2.13% Ash 1.13% Isobutanol 0.15%

T = 64 oC P = 35 kPa

E-2

E-1

Reflux Top

6

Ethanol 59.41% Water 38.68% Isoamyl Alcohol 1.00% Isobutanol 0.91%

P-5 Steam T =140 o C

 

28

T = 114.9 oC P = 74.66 kPa

D-5 Condensate T =95 o C

P-6

28.86% 22.75% 14.44% 9.47% 8.55% 7.57% 4.31% 1.74% 1.22% 0.65% 0.44%

D-6

Bottom

Isoamyl Alcohol Isobutanol W ate r

99.00 % 0.75% 0.25%

10% 90%

J-1

Cooling Water  (T = 30oC)

F-5 o

T = 25-30 C

200 rpm

F-3 P-4

Chilled Water  (T = 1oC) 10% Ethylene Glycol (C2H6O2) 90% Water

F-4

1

Isoamyl Alcohol Crude Fiber Ethanol Water Biomass Leucine  Nutrients Starch Crude Lipid Ash Isobutanol

Chilled Water  (T = 5oC) 10% Ethylene Glycol (C2H6O2) 90% Water

Steam Chilled Water  o (T = 1 C) 10% Ethylene Glycol (C2H6O2) 90% Water

 NaOH Water

Fermentation Gases CO2 NH3

o

D-3

NaOH Sol n 0.10 kg kg Sterilized Medium

L-Leucine L-Leucine

By-Product Ethanol 59.41% Water 38.68% Isoamyl Alcohol 1.00% Isobutanol 0.91%

Cooling Water  (T = 40oC)

F-6 T = 25-30oC   Product Isoamyl Alcohol 99.00 % Isobutanol 0.75% W ate r 0.25%

T=25-35oC

Fermentation Broth

P-3

Isoamyl Alcohol Crude Fiber Ethanol Water Biomass Leucine  Nutrients Starch Crude Lipid Ash Isobutanol

28.86% 22.75% 14.44% 9.47% 8.55% 7.57% 4.31% 1.74% 1.22% 0.65% 0.44%

 Aspergillus niger Inoculum Water 69.61%  Nutrients 26.38% Biomass 4.01%

10:1 Sterilized Medium:Inoculum Specific Growth Rate (µ) = 0.14/hr QP = 0.85 g/L·hr (YX/S) = 0.15 g/g (YP/S) = 0.32 g/g rp=0.232 kmol/m 3·min

C ar ar bo bo h yd ra ra t es Crude Fiber Crude Lipid Ash Water

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inoculum Water 69.43%  Nutrients 27.57% Biomass 3.01% Sterilized Medium

 pH=5-6 T=25-35oC P= 180 KPa

Sterilized Medium

C ar ar bo bo h yd ra ra t es Crude Fiber Crude Lipid Ash Water

o

T = 35 C 6 2. 2. 68 68 % 33.67% 1.81% 0.96% 0.88%

o

T = 35 C 6 2 .6 .68 % 33.67% 1.81% 0.96% 0.88%

F-2 F-2 P-2

T=25-35oC

P-1