UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VICTORIA
PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES INVESTIGACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE:
FORJA, LAMINADO Y EXTRUSIÓN
ALUMNO: GABRIEL ANGEL HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
Laminado E( (a'$*ad& & )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* es u* )r&ces& de de&r'ac$+*, e* e( cua( se reduce e( es)es&r de u* 'a%er$a( 'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+* e.erc$das )&r r&d$((&s &)ues%&s# La (a'$*ac$+* es u* )r&ces& u%$($-ad& )ara reduc$r e( es)es&r de u*a (a'$*a, & e* /e*era(, de (a '$s'a 'a*era, a(%erar (as 'ed$das de( 0rea %ras1ersa( de u*a )$e-a (ar/a 'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+*, (as cua(es s&* /e*eradas )&r e( )as& e*%re u* .ue/& de r&d$((&s !# Es%a d$s'$*uc$+* de es)es&r se da /rac$as a 4ue (&s r&d$((&s %$ra* e( 'a%er$a( hac$a de*%r& de( es)ac$& de (a'$*ac$+* a %ra15s de u*a uer-a de r$cc$+* *e%a s&6re e( 'a%er$a( TIPOS DE LAMINADO E7$s%e* )r$*c$)a('e*%e d&s %$)&s de (a'$*ad& a c&*s$derar: 8 La'$*ac$+* e* ca($e*%e# 8 La'$*ac$+* e* r$+#
Laminai!n "n a#i"n$" E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e es a4ue( 4ue se rea($-a )&r e*c$'a de (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* de( 'a%er$a(# La %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* es (a %e')era%ura a (a cua( (&s /ra*&s de (a '$cr&es%ruc%ura c&'$e*-a* a %ra*s&r'arse e* *ue1&s /ra*&s s$* d$s(&cac$&*es# P&r (& a*%er$&r cua(4u$er d$s(&cac$+* /e*erada dura*%e e( )r&ces& de c&')res$+* 6a.& (&s r&d$((&s es e($'$*ada de6$d& a (a %e')era%ura de (&s r&d$((&s 4ue %ra*s9ere* su9c$e*%e ca(&r a (as (0'$*as e(e1a*d& su %e')era%ura )&r e*c$'a de (a Recr$s%a($-ac$+*# E( resu(%ad& s&* /ra*&s dc%$(es 4ue )uede* ser (a'$*ad&s $dea('e*%e cua(4u$er *'er& de 1eces# E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se u%$($-a )ara es%ruc%uras de c&(ada, & u*d$c$+* c&'*'e*%e de*dr;%$ca, (a cua( $*c(uye /ra*&s /ra*des y *& u*$&r'es# E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se ((e1a a ca6& c&'*'e*%e )ara a(eac$&*es de a(u'$*$& y )ara acer&s a(ead&s# Se 'a*e.a* %e')era%uras e*%re #3 y #< 1eces (a %e')era%ura de us$+*, (& 4ue c&rres)&*de a (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+*# Ge*era('e*%e e( (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se u%$($-a )ara de&r'ar 1&('e*es /ra*des de 'a%er$a(, y su $*%e*c$+* es %ra*s&r'ar d$ch&s 1&('e*es e* )re&r'as 4ue (ue/& )ueda* ser )r&cesadas de &%r& '&d& )&r e.e')(& 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
(a'$*ad& e* r$&# L&s )r$'er&s )r&duc%&s de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e, s&* (a )a(a*4u$((a y e( )(a*ch+*# E( )r$'er )r&duc%& es u%$($-ad& )ara (a &r'ac$+* de 1$/as e* &r'a de I y r$e(es de err&carr$( y %&ch&s (&s cua(es %$e*e* u*a secc$+* cuadrada, e* ca'6$& )ara (a &r'ac$+* de )(acas y (0'$*as se u%$($-a* (&s )(a*ch&*es#
Dura*%e e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e /e*era('e*%e se e*cue*%ra* des)erec%&s e* (a su)er9c$e y u* aca6ad& de 'a(a ca($dad= e* 'a%er$a(es cuya %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* c&rres)&*de a %e')era%uras e(e1adas c&'& e( acer&, (a su)er9c$e (a'$*ada reacc$&*a c&* e( 'ed$& a$re y &r'a u*a ca)a ((a'ada ca(a'$*a, es%e +7$d& de6e ser re'&1$d& e* (a 'ay&r;a de (&s cas&s )&r 'ed$&s 'ec0*$c&s & )&r a%a4ue 4u;'$c&
Laminado "n %&'o E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* r;& se ((e1a a ca6& )&r de6a.& de (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+*# A d$ere*c$a de( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* e* ca($e*%e, )r&duce (0'$*as y %$ras c&* u* aca6ad& su)er9c$a( 'e.&r de6$d& a 4ue /e*era('e*%e *& hay
)rese*c$a
de
ca(a'$*a# Ade'0s se
%$e*e* 'e.&res %&(era*c$as
d$'e*s$&*a(es y 'e.&res )r&)$edades 'ec0*$cas de6$das a( e*durec$'$e*%& )&r de&r'ac$+* /e*erac$+* de d$s(&cac$&*es
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
La (a'$*ac$+* e* r$& )er'$%e %e*er u* c&*%r&( s&6re (a de&r'ac$+* )(0s%$ca, )ues es )&s$6(e 'ed$r e( e*durec$'$e*%& )&r de&r'ac$+* %e*$e*d& e* cue*%a e( c&*ce)%& de %ra6a.& e* r$&# E( e*durec$'$e*%& )&r de&r'ac$+* es e( e*+'e*& )&r e( cua( e( 'e%a( dc%$( se e*durece a 'ed$da 4ue se s&'e%e a de&r'ac$&*es )(0s%$cas, es%e )r&ces& e* /e*era( es rea($-ad& )&r de6a.& de (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* y )&r e((& %a'6$5* *&s reer$'&s a es%e %$)& de %ra6a.& c&'& %ra6a.& e* r$&#
PAR(METROS DEL LAMINADO A c&*%$*uac$+* se )rese*%a* (as 1ar$a6(es 4ue )ara'e%r$-a* e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad&: Esuer-& a (a >ue*c$a Es e( esuer-& *ecesar$& )ara $*$c$ar e( >u.& )(0s%$c& e* e( 'a%er$a( 4ue se es%0 de&r'a*d&# E* (a ?$/ura 3 se )uede a)rec$ar (as /r$e%as /e*eradas e* e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+*, c&*secue*c$a de e7ceder e( esuer-& de >ue*c$a# E( esuer-& a (a >ue*c$a )r&'ed$& e* u* 'e%a( dc%$(, a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e
)*"&+a d" ,*"nia La uer-a de r$cc$+* e.erc$da )&r (&s r&d$((&s de6e ac%uar hac$a (a derecha c&'& se 'ues%ra e* (a ?$/ura N&# @, )&r (& cua( (a uer-a de r$cc$+* a (a $-4u$erda de( )u*%& de *& des($-a'$e*%& de6e ser 'ay&r 4ue (a uer-a de r$cc$+* a (a derecha de( )u*%& de *& des($-a'$e*%&# La r$cc$+* es u*& de (&s ac%&res '0s $')&r%a*%es e* e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+*, )&r (& 4ue se %$e*e 4ue d$s$)ar e*er/;a )ara )&der 1e*cer es%a uer-a# P&r (& %a*%& de6e'&s a*a($-ar, 4ue a( au'e*%ar (a r$cc$+*, se 1a a au'e*%ar de 'a*era c&*s$dera6(e (a ca*%$dad de uer-a y )&%e*c$a *ecesar$as )ara )&der rea($-ar es%e )r&ces&#
E-."-o& A )ar%$r de( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* se )re%e*de d$s'$*u$r e( es)es&r de u*a (0'$*a de 'e%a(, )&r es%& es *ecesar$& ca(cu(ar (a reducc$+* '07$'a )&s$6(e 4ue es (a d$ere*c$a e*%re e( es)es&r de e*%rada# 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
)o&/ado E( &r.ad& es u* )r&ces& 60s$c& e* e( 4ue (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& se '&(dea 'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+* a)($cadas )&r 'ed$& de 'a%r$ces y herra'e*%a(es# Es u*a de (as &)erac$&*es '0s a*%$/uas e $')&r%a*%es e* e( %ra6a.& de 'e%a(es= se re'&*%a a( a& @ a#C# y se u%$($-+ )&r )r$'era 1e)ara rea($-ar .&yer;a, '&*edas y d$1ers&s $')(e'e*%&s 'ar%$((a*d& e( 'e%a( c&* herra'$e*%as hechas de )$edra# E* (a ac%ua($dad, (as )ar%es &r.adas $*c(uye* /ra*des r&%&res )ara %ur6$*as, e*/ra*es, %&r*$((&s y re'aches, cuch$((er;a, herra'$e*%as 'a*ua(es, d$1ers&s c&')&*e*%es es%ruc%ura(es )ara 'a4u$*ar$a, aer&*a1es y 1;as 5rreas, as; c&'& &%r&s e4u$)&s de %ra*s)&r%e# P&r (& /e*era( )r&duce* )(acas, (0'$*as, c$*%as & 1ar$as secc$&*es %ra*s1ersa(es es%ruc%ura(es c&*%$*uas, (as &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& )r&duce* )ar%es d$scre%as# De6$d& a 4ue es )&s$6(e c&*%r&(ar e( >u.& de 'e%a( e* u*a 'a%r$- y (a es%ruc%ura de (&s /ra*&s de( 'a%er$a(, (as )ar%es &r.adas %$e*e* 6ue*a res$s%e*c$a y %e*ac$dad y s&* 'uy c&*9a6(es e* a)($cac$&*es cr;%$cas su.e%as a /ra*des esuer-&s# Las &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& s$')(e se )uede* rea($-ar c&* u* 'ar%$((& )esad& y u* yu*4ue, c&'& (& hace* %rad$c$&*a('e*%e (&s herrer&s# S$* e'6ar/&, (a 'ay&r;a de (as &r.as re4u$ere* u*a ser$e de 'a%r$ces y e4u$)& c&'& )re*sa y 'ar%$((& 'ec0*$c& de &r.a#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
E( &r.ad& )uede eec%uarse a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e &r.ad& e* r;& & a %e')era%uras e(e1adas &r.ad& a %e')era%ura 'ed$a & e* ca($e*%e, de)e*d$e*d& de (a %e')era%ura# E( &r.ad& e* r;& re4u$ere uer-as '0s /ra*des, de6$d& a (a 'ay&r res$s%e*c$a de( 'a%er$a( de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.&, y 5s%e de6e )&seer su9c$e*%e duc%$($dad a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e )ara s&'e%erse a (a de&r'ac$+* *ecesar$a s$* 4ue se a/r$e%e# Las )ar%es &r.adas e* r;& %$e*e* u* 6ue* aca6ad& su)er9c$a( y )rec$s$+* d$'e*s$&*a(# E* ca'6$&, e( &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e re4u$ere 'e*&res uer-as, )er& (a )rec$s$+* d$'e*s$&*a( y e( aca6ad& su)er9c$a( de (as )ar%es *& s&* %a* e(e1ad&s c&'& e* e( &r.ad& e* r;&#
)o&/ado d" ma$&i+ ai"&$a E( &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a es (a &)erac$+* '0s s$')(e de &r.ada# Au*4ue )&r (& /e*era( (a 'ay&r;a de (as )ar%es &r.adas de 'a%r$- a6$er%a )esa* de !< a < B/ 3 a ! ($6ras, se ha* &r.ad& )$e-as c&* u* )es& has%a de 3 %&*e(adas# Las )ar%es )uede* ser 'uy )e4ueas, c&'& (&s c(a1&s, )er*&s y %&r*$((&s, & 'uy /ra*des c&'& (&s e.es has%a de 23 ' < )$es de (&*/$%ud )ara )r&)u(s&res de 6arc&s# E( &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a se )uede re)rese*%ar 'ed$a*%e u*a )$e-a de %ra6a.& s+($da c&(&cada e*%re d&s 'a%r$ces )(a*as y cuya a(%ura se reduce )&r c&')res$+*, )r&ces& 4ue %a'6$5* se c&*&ce c&'& reca(cad& & &r.ad& c&* 'a%r$- )(a*a# As$'$s'&, (as su)er9c$es de (a 'a%r$)uede* %e*er ca1$dades )&c& )r&u*das & $*c&r)&rar ras/&s )ara )r&duc$r &r.as re(a%$1a'e*%e s$')(es#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
Pues%& 4ue e( 1&(u'e* se 'a*%$e*e c&*s%a*%e, cua(4u$er reducc$+* de (a a(%ura au'e*%a e( d$0'e%r& de (a )ar%e &r.ada# La )$e-a de %ra6a.& se de&r'a de 'a*era u*$&r'e# S$* e'6ar/&, e* (as &)erac$&*es rea(es s; e7$s%e r$cc$+* y (a )ar%e desarr&((a u*a &r'a de 6arr$(, de&r'ac$+* %a'6$5* c&*&c$da c&'& c&(a)sada#
E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& se )r&duce )r$*c$)a('e*%e )&r (as uer-as de r$cc$+* e* (as $*%eraces 'a%r$-F)$e-a de %ra6a.& 4ue se &)&*e* a( >u.& e7%er$&r de (&s 'a%er$a(es e* es%as $*%eraces y 4ue, )&r (& %a*%&, se )uede* '$*$'$-ar c&* u* (u6r$ca*%e e9ca-# E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& %a'6$5* )uede desarr&((arse a( reca(car )$e-as de %ra6a.& ca($e*%es e*%re 'a%r$ces r;as# E( 'a%er$a( e* (as su)er9c$es de (a 'a%r$-, & cerca de e((as, se e*r;a c&* ra)$de-, e* %a*%& 4ue e( res%& de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& )er'a*ece re(a%$1a'e*%e ca($e*%e# E* c&*secue*c$a, e( 'a%er$a( e* (as )ar%es su)er$&r e $*er$&r de d$cha )$e-a %$e*e 'ay&r res$s%e*c$a a (a de&r'ac$+* 4ue e( de (a )ar%e ce*%ra(# P&r (& %a*%&, (a )ar%e ce*%ra( de (a )$e-a se d$(a%a hac$a (&s (ad&s '0s 4ue e* sus e7%re'&s# E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& 4ue se )r&duce )&r (&s eec%&s %5r'$c&s )uede reduc$rse & e($'$*arse 'ed$a*%e 'a%r$ces ca($e*%es# Para es%e )r&)+s$%&, %a'6$5* es )&s$6(e u%$($-ar 6arreras %5r'$cas, c&'& (a %e(a de 1$dr$&, e* (as $*%eraces e*%re (a 'a%r$- y (a )$e-a de %ra6a.&# 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
La &r.a de des6as%e %a'6$5* c&*&c$da c&'& es%$rad& es u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a e* (a 4ue e( es)es&r de u*a 6arra se reduce )&r 'ed$& de )as&s suces$1&s de &r.ad& reducc$&*es a $*%er1a(&s es)ec;9c&s# Se )uede reduc$r e( es)es&r de 6arras y a*$((&s 'ed$a*%e %5c*$cas s$'$(ares de &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a# De6$d& a 4ue e( 0rea de c&*%ac%& e*%re (a 'a%r$- y (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& es )e4uea, )uede reduc$rse e( es)es&r de u*a secc$+* (ar/a de u*a 6arra s$* re4uer$r /ra*des uer-as & 'a4u$*ar$a )esada# L&s herrer&s eec%a* d$chas &)erac$&*es c&* u* 'ar%$((& y u* yu*4ue 'ed$a*%e )$e-as ca($e*%es de 'e%a(: e.e')(&s c&'u*es de es%&s )r&duc%&s s&* (as cercas de h$err& de d$1ers&s d$se&s# E* c&*secue*c$a, (a &r.a de des6as%e )uede ser u* sus%$%u%& a)r&7$'ad& de (as &)erac$&*es de (a'$*ad&# P&r (& /e*era(, (a &r.a de des6as%e de )$e-as de %ra6a.& '0s /ra*des se hace c&* e4u$)& 'eca*$-ad& y c&*%r&(es )&r c&')u%ad&ra, e* (&s 4ue se c&&rd$*a* (&s '&1$'$e*%&s (a%era(es y 1er%$ca(es )ara )r&duc$r (a )ar%e deseada# ?uer-a de &r.ad&# La uer-a de &r.ad& ? e* u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a, e* u*a )$e-a s+($da c$(;*dr$ca, se )uede ca(cu(ar a )ar%$r de (a +r'u(a
e* (a 4ue H es e( esuer-& de >u.& de( 'a%er$a( 1er e( e.e')(& s$/u$e*%e, ' e( c&e9c$e*%e de r$cc$+* e*%re (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& y (a 'a%r$-, y r y h s&* e( rad$& y (a a(%ura de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.&, res)ec%$1a'e*%e# E* (as reere*c$as ($s%adas e* (a 6$6($&/ra;a a( 9*a( de( ca);%u(& se )r&)&rc$&*a (a der$1ac$+* de es%a +r'u(a y de &%ras )ara d$1ers&s )r&ces&s de &r.ad&#
)o&/ado .o& ma$&i+ d" im.&"-i!n d" ma$&i+ "&&ada2 E* e( &r.ad& )&r 'a%r$- de $')res$+*, (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& %&'a (a &r'a de (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$- '$e*%ras se 1a &r.a*d& e*%re d&s 'a%r$ces c&* &r'a 9/# !@#
uye hac$a e( e7%er$&r y &r'a u*&s 6$/&%es & re6a6a de &r.a# La re6a6a dese')ea u* )a)e( $')&r%a*%e e* e( &r.ad& )&r 'a%r$- de $')res$+*# La %e')era%ura e(e1ada y (a a(%a res$s%e*c$a a (a r$cc$+* resu(%a*%e e* (a re6a6a re)rese*%a* u*a se1era res%r$cc$+* a( >u.& e7%er$&r de( 'a%er$a( e* (a 'a%r$-# P&r (& %a*%&, c&* 6ase e* e( )r$*c$)$& de 4ue e* (a de&r'ac$+* )(0s%$ca (&s 'a%er$a(es >uye* hac$a d&*de hay 'e*&r res$s%e*c$a de6$d& a 4ue re4u$ere 'e*&s e*er/;a, e( 'a%er$a( e')$e-a a >u$r a( $*%er$&r de (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$-, ((e*0*d&(a 9*a('e*%e# E* (a 9/ura !@#
Thursday, 3 de March de
(a 'a%r$-, y )&r (& /e*era( se hace* de 'a%er$a(es '0s res$s%e*%es y dur&s# P&r su)ues%& 4ue (as 'a%r$ces de6e* )er'$%$r (a e7%racc$+* de (as &r.as s$* d$9cu(%ad 1er %a'6$5* secc$+* !@#"# La )$e-a e* 6ru%&, & %&ch&, 4ue se 1a a &r.ar, se )re)ara )&r 'ed$&s c&'& a c&r%e de u* 6arra de 'a%er$a( e7%ru$d& & es%$rad&= 6 u*a )re&r'a de &)erac$&*es c&'& 'e%a(ur/$a de )&(1&s= c u*d$c$+*= & d u%$($-ac$+* de u*a )$e-a e* 6ru%& )re&r'ada 'ed$a*%e u*a &)erac$+* )re1$a de &r.ad&# D$cha )$e-a se c&(&ca e* (a 'a%r$- $*er$&r y c&*&r'e (a 'a%r$- su)er$&r e')$e-a a desce*der, (a &r'a de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%& ca'6$a /radua('e*%e, c&'& se
'ues%ra )ara e( &r.ad& de u*a 6$e(a e* (a 9/ura !@#a#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
P&r (& /e*era(, (as &)erac$&*es de )re&r'ad& 9/# !@#6 y c se u%$($-a* )ara d$s%r$6u$r e( 'a%er$a( adecuada'e*%e e* 1ar$as re/$&*es de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%&, 'ed$a*%e 'a%r$ces c&* &r'as s$')(es de d$1ers&s c&*%&r*&s# E* e( &r.ad& c&* dad& c&*1e7&, se re%$ra e( 'a%er$a( de u* 0rea# E* e( &r.ad& c&* dad& c+*ca1&, se acu'u(a e* u* 0rea (&ca($-ada# Des)u5s se (e da a (a )ar%e u*a &r'a a)r&7$'ada d$/a'&s, u*a 6$e(a )&r 'ed$& de u* )r&ces& c&*&c$d& c&'& a)r&7$'ac$+* & 6(&4ue&, u%$($-a*d& 'a%r$ces de a)r&7$'ac$+*# La &)erac$+* 9*a( es e( %er'$*ad& de( &r.ad& e* (as 'a%r$ces de $')res$+*, 4ue (e )r&)&rc$&*a* su &r'a 9*a(# Lue/& se e($'$*a (a re6a6a 'ed$a*%e u*a &)erac$+* de rec&r%ad& de re6a6as 9/# !@## ?uer-a de &r.ad&# La uer-a de &r.ad& ? re4uer$da )ara eec%uar u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& c&* 'a%r$- de $')res$+* se )uede ca(cu(ar a )ar%$r de (a +r'u(a ? J BA
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
E* (a 4ue B es u* ac%&r 'u(%$)($cad&r 4ue se &6%$e*e de (a %a6(a !@#2, H e( esuer-& de >u.& de( 'a%er$a( a (a %e')era%ura de &r.ad& y A e( 0rea )r&yec%ada de (a )$e-a &r.ada, $*c(uye*d& (a re6a6a# P&r (& /e*era(, e* (as &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, (a )res$+* rea( de( &r.ad& )ara (a 'ay&r;a de (&s 'e%a(es 1a de << a ! MPa a !@ Bs$# C&'& e.e')(&, su)+*/ase 4ue e( esuer-& de >u.& )(0s%$c& de u* 'a%er$a( a (a %e')era%ura de &r.ad& es !, )s$ y u*a )ar%e c&'& (a '&s%rada e* (a 9/# !@#a %$e*e u* 0rea )r&yec%ada c&* re6a6a de " )u(/2# T&'a*d& u* 1a(&r de B ! de (a %a6(a !@#2, (a uer-a de &r.ad& ser;a ? !!," " !" (6 3, %&*e(adas c&r%as 2"# %&*e(adas# ?&r.ad& e* 'a%r$- cerrada# A( )r&ces& '&s%rad& e* (a 9/ura !@#< %a'6$5* se (e c&*&ce c&'& &r.ad& e* 'a%r$- cerrada# S$* e'6ar/&, e* 5s%e *& se &r'a re6a6a de ah; e( %5r'$*& &r.ad& s$* re6a6a y (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& ((e*a (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$- 1er e( (ad& derech& de (a 9/# !@#K6# P&r c&*s$/u$e*%e, (a )res$+* de &r.ad& es 'uy a(%a# S&* u*da'e*%a(es e( c&*%r&( )rec$s& de( 1&(u'e* de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%& y e( d$se& adecuad& de (a 'a%r$- )ara )r&duc$r u* &r.ad& c&* (as %&(era*c$as d$'e*s$&*a(es deseadas# Las )$e-as e* 6ru%& su6d$'e*s$&*adas e1$%a* e( ((e*ad& de (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$-= )&r e( c&*%rar$&, (as )$e-as s&6red$'e*s$&*adas /e*era* )res$&*es e7ces$1as y )uede* hacer 4ue (as 'a%r$ces a((e* de 'a*era )re'a%ura & 4ue (a '04u$*a se a%as4ue# ?&r.ad& de )rec$s$+*# C&* e( 9* de reduc$r e( *'er& de &)erac$&*es de aca6ad& ad$c$&*a(es &r'ad& de &r'a *e%a, y e* c&*secue*c$a e( c&s%&, se %$e*de hac$a u*a 'ay&r )rec$s$+* e* (&s )r&duc%&s &r.ad&s# A(/u*&s )r&duc%&s c&'u*es &6%e*$d&s )&r &r.ad& de )rec$s$+* s&* (&s e*/ra*es, (as 6$e(as y (&s 0(a6es )ara %ur6$*as# Es%e &r.ad& re4u$ere a 'a%r$ces es)ec$a(es y '0s c&')(e.as, 6 c&*%r&( )rec$s& de( 1&(u'e* y (a &r'a de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%&, y c )&s$c$&*a'$e*%& e7ac%& de d$cha )$e-a e* (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$-# Ade'0s, de6$d& a (as 'ay&res uer-as 4ue se *eces$%a* )ara &6%e*er de%a((es 9*&s e* (a )ar%e, es%e )r&ces& re4u$ere e4u$)& de '0s ca)ac$dad# Las a(eac$&*es de a(u'$*$& y 'a/*es$& s&* adecuadas, e* es)ec$a( )ara e( &r.ad& de )rec$s$+*, de6$d& a (as car/as y %e')era%uras de &r.ad& re(a%$1a'e*%e 6a.as 4ue e7$/e*= %a'6$5* se )uede* u%$($-ar (&s acer&s y e( %$%a*$& e* e( &r.ad& de )rec$s$+*# 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
O)erac$+* carac%er;s%$ca de &r.ad& y ca($dad de (&s )r&duc%&s# P&r (& /e*era(, u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& c&')re*de (a s$/u$e*%e secue*c$a de )as&s: !# Pre)arar u*a )$e-a de 'e%a(, %&ch& & )re&r'a 'ed$a*%e )r&ces&s c&'& c$-a((ad& rec&r%e, aserrad& & %r&*-ad&# De ser *ecesar$&, ($')$ar (as su)er9c$es )&r 'ed$&s c&'& (a ($')$e-a c&* ch&rr& de /ra*a((a# 2# Para &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, ca(e*%ar (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& e* u* h&r*& a)r&)$ad& y des)u5s, de ser *ecesar$&, e($'$*ar (a cascar$((a %ras e( ca(e*%a'$e*%& c&* u* ce)$((& de a(a'6re, ch&rr& de a/ua, 1a)&r & ras)ad&# La cascar$((a %a'6$5* se )uede e($'$*ar dura*%e (as e%a)as $*$c$a(es de( &r.ad&, ya 4ue es 4ue6rad$-a y se des)re*de dura*%e (a de&r'ac$+*# 3# Para &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, )reca(e*%ar y (u6r$car (as 'a%r$ces= )ara &r.ad& e* r;&, (u6r$car (a 'a%r$-# @# ?&r.ar e( %&ch& e* (as 'a%r$ces a)r&)$adas y e* (a secue*c$a adecuada# De ser *ecesar$&, e($'$*ar cua(4u$er e7ces& de 'a%er$a( c&'& (as re6a6as )&r 'ed$& de rec&r%ad&, 'a4u$*ad& & es'er$(ad&# <# L$')$ar (a &r.a, 1er$9car sus d$'e*s$&*es y de ser *ecesar$& 'a4u$*ar(a has%a &6%e*er (as d$'e*s$&*es 9*a(es y (as %&(era*c$as es)ec$9cadas# "# Eec%uar &)erac$&*es ad$c$&*a(es, c&'& e*dere-ad& y %ra%a'$e*%& %5r'$c& )ara 'e.&rar (as )r&)$edades 'ec0*$cas# Ade'0s, rea($-ar (as &)erac$&*es de aca6ad& 4ue sea* *ecesar$as, c&'& 'a4u$*ad& y rec%$9cad&# # I*s)ecc$&*ar (a &r.a e* cas& de cua(4u$er deec%& e7%er*& e $*%er*&# La ca($dad, %&(era*c$as d$'e*s$&*a(es y aca6ad& su)er9c$a( de u*a &r.a de)e*de* de cu0* 6$e* se eec%a* y se c&*%r&(a* es%as &)erac$&*es# P&r (& /e*era(, (as %&(era*c$as se c(as$9ca* e*%re #< y ! de (as d$'e*s$&*es de (a &r.a# E* u*a 6ue*a )r0c%$ca, )&r (& /e*era( (as %&(era*c$as )ara &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e de( acer& s&* 'e*&res a " '' !@ )u(/ada= e* e( &r.ad& de )rec$s$+*, )uede* ser has%a de #2< '' #! )u(/ada# O%r&s ac%&res 4ue c&*%r$6uye* a (as $')rec$s$&*es d$'e*s$&*a(es s&* (&s 0*/u(&s de sa($da, (&s rad$&s, (&s 9(e%es, e( des/as%e y c$erre de (as 'a%r$ces s$ c$erra* 6$e* & *& y (a as$'e%r;a de (as '$s'as# E( aca6ad& su)er9c$a( de (a &r.a de)e*de de (a )re)arac$+* de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%&, e( aca6ad& su)er9c$a( de (a 'a%r$-, e( des/as%e de 5s%a y (a e9cac$a de( (u6r$ca*%e# 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
Di"&-a- o."&aion"- d" %o&/ado A*ado2 Se %ra%a de u* )r&ces& de &r.ad& e* 'a%r$- cerrada 4ue )&r (& /e*era( se u%$($-a e* e( %r&4ue(ad& de '&*edas, 'eda((as y .&yer;a# Ca""ado2 Ta'6$5* c&*&c$d& c&'& &r.ad& )&r reca(cad&, e( ca6ecead& es 60s$ca'e*%e u*a &)erac$+* de reca(cad& 4ue )&r (& /e*era( se eec%a e* e( e7%re'& de u*a 6arra red&*da & a(a'6re )ara au'e*%ar (a secc$+* %ra*s1ersa(# L&s e.e')(&s %;)$c&s s&* (&s c(a1&s, (as ca6e-as de %&r*$((&s, (&s )er*&s, re'aches y 'uch&s &%r&s su.e%ad&res# P"n"$&ado2 Es%e es u* )r&ces& de )e*e%rac$+* de (a su)er9c$e de u*a )$e-a de %ra6a.& au*4ue s$* )asar a %ra15s de e((a c&* u* )u*-+* )ara )r&duc$r u*a ca1$dad & u*a $')res$+*# P*n+onado d" aidad"- o #aado2 Es%e )r&ces& c&*s$s%e e* )re*sar u* )u*-+* e*durec$d& c&* u*a /e&'e%r;a es)ec$a( de (a )u*%a, de*%r& de (a su)er9c$e de u* 6(&4ue de 'e%a(# )o&/ado o&i$a#2 Es%e es u* )r&ces& e* e( 4ue (a 'a%r$- su)er$&r se 'ue1e a (& (ar/& de u*a %rayec%&r$a &r6$%a( y da &r'a a (a )ar%e de 'a*era )r&/res$1a# )o&/ado .&o5&"-io2 E* es%e )r&ces&, se &r.a u*a )$e-a e* 6ru%& d0*d&(e &r'a c&* u*a herra'$e*%a 4ue (a %ra6a.a e* 1ar$&s )as&s )e4ue&s# )o&/ado i-o$6&mio2 Ta'6$5* se c&*&ce c&'& &r.ad& )&r 'a%r$- e* ca($e*%e# Las 'a%r$ces e* es%e )r&ces& se ca($e*%a* a (a '$s'a %e')era%ura 4ue (a de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& ca($e*%e# )o&/ado &o$a$o&io2 E* es%e )r&ces& %a'6$5* c&*&c$d& c&'& &r.ad& rad$a(, &r.ad& r&%a%&r$& & s$')(e'e*%e es%a')ad&, u*a 6arra s+($da & %u6& se s&'e%e a uer-as de $')ac%& rad$a( )&r 'ed$& de u*a ser$e de 'a%r$ces rec$)r&ca*%es de (a '04u$*a#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
E7$&*-i!n La .a#a&a "7$&*-i!n .&oi"n" d" &a'"- #a$ina-8 d" #a o+ 9"7$&*-:o;8 9"7$&*-iu.& on$in*o on .&"-i!n8 $"n-i!n o %*"&+a#
Es%e )r&ces& de e7%rus$+* %*" .a$"n$ado "n 1>?> .o& *n m"@nio " in"n$o& &i$@nio ##amado o-". B&ama8 cua*d& $*%e*%& hacer u* %u6& de )(&'&# Pr&ces& 4ue se 6asa6a e* )reca(e*%ar e( 'e%a( )ara as; des)u5s )asar(& )&r u* %r&4ue( a %ra15s de u* e'6&(& a 'a*&# Per& ue has%a e( ao 10 *ando "-$" .&o"-o %*" d"-a&&o##ado .o& Toma- B*&& *i"n on-$&*o #a .&im"&a .&"n-a id&@*#ia, y ue has%a ese e*%&*ces 4ue a( )r&ces& se (e de*&'$*a6a 9-*i&$in5;# M0s %arde A(e7a*der D$cB )r&)a/& e( )r&ces& de e7%rus$+* a a(eac$&*es de 6r&*ce y c&6re# La e7%rus$+* y e( es%$rad& %re9(ad& %$e*e* *u'er&sas a)($cac$&*es e* (a 'a*uac%ura de )r&duc%&s c&*%$*u&s y d$scre%&s a )ar%$r de u*a /ra* 1ar$edad 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
de 'e%a(es y a(eac$&*es# E* (a e7%rus$+*, u*a )a(a*4u$((a c$(;*dr$ca se uer-a a %ra15s de u* dad& & 'a%r$- 9/# !<#! de 'a*era s$'$(ar a c&'& se a)r$e%a e( %u6& de (a )as%a de*%a( & se e7%ruye P(ayFD&h u*a 'asa )ara *$&s e* 1ar$as secc$&*es %ra*s1ersa(es e* u*a )re*sa de .u/ue%e# P&r 'ed$&de (a e7%rus$+* se )uede* )r&duc$r u*a /ra* 1ar$edad de secc$&*es %ra*s1ersa(es s+($das & huecas, 4ue u*da'e*%a('e*%e s&* )ar%es se'$%er'$*adas# U*a carac%er;s%$ca de (a e7%rus$+* de( (a%;* e7%rudere, 4ue s$/*$9ca sacar )&r (a uer-a es 4ue )uede* &curr$r /ra*des de&r'ac$&*es s$* rac%uras 1er secc$+* 2#2# )&r4ue e( 'a%er$a( se s&'e%e a c&')res$+* %r$a7$a( e(e1ada# De6$d& a 4ue (a /e&'e%r;a de( dad& )er'a*ece s$* ca'6$&s dura*%e (a &)erac$+*, )&r (& /e*era( (&s )r&duc%&s e7%ru$d&s %$e*e* u*a secc$+* %ra*s1ersa( c&*s%a*%e# E* e( s$/(& QVIII, (&s %u6&s de )(&'& se )r&duc;a* )&r 'ed$& de e7%rus$+*# C&'& se descr$6e e* (a secc$+* !K#2, (&s )(0s%$c&s se e7%ruye* a')($a'e*%e#
E*%re (&s )r&duc%&s c&'u*es a6r$cad&s 'ed$a*%e e7%rus$+* se e*cue*%ra* (&s r$e(es )ara )uer%as c&rred$-as, (&s 'arc&s de 1e*%a*as, (a %u6er;a de d$1ersas secc$&*es %ra*s1ersa(es, (as esca(eras de a(u'$*$& y *u'er&sas &r'as es%ruc%ura(es y ar4u$%ec%+*$cas# L&s e7%rud$d&s se )uede* c&r%ar a (as (&*/$%udes deseadas, 4ue des)u5s se c&*1$er%e* e* )ar%es d$scre%as, c&'& s&)&r%es, e*/ra*es y /a*ch&s )ara r&)a 9/# !<#2# L&s 'a%er$a(es c&'*'e*%e e7%ru$d&s s&* e( a(u'$*$&, c&6re, acer&, 'a/*es$& y )(&'&= %a'6$5* se )uede* e7%ru$r &%r&s 'e%a(es y a(eac$&*es, c&* d$ere*%es *$1e(es de d$9cu(%ad# De6$d& a 4ue e* (a e7%rus$+* e7$s%e u*a c0'ara, cada )a(a*4u$((a se e7%ruye de 'a*era $*d$1$dua(, as; 4ue 5s%e es u* )r&ces& )&r (&%es & se'$c&*%$*u&# La e7%rus$+* )uede ser ec&*+'$ca %a*%& )ara c&rr$das de )r&ducc$+* /ra*des c&'& )ara (as c&r%as# P&r (& /e*era(, (&s c&s%&s de( herra'e*%a( s&* 6a.&s, e* )ar%$cu(ar )ara )r&duc$r secc$&*es %ra*s1ersa(es s$')(es y s+($das 2
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
E7$&*-i!n "n a#i"n$" Para 'e%a(es y a(eac$&*es 4ue carece* de su9c$e*%e duc%$($dad a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e & )ara reduc$r (as uer-as re4uer$das, (a e7%rus$+* se eec%a a %e')era%uras e(e1adas %a6(a !<#!# C&'& e* %&das (as de'0s &)erac$&*es de %ra6a.ad& e* ca($e*%e, (a e7%rus$+* e* ca($e*%e %$e*e re4u$s$%&s es)ec$a(es de6$d& a (as a(%as %e')era%uras de &)erac$+*# P&r e.e')(&, e( des/as%e de u* dad& )uede ser e7ces$1&, y e( e*r$a'$e*%& de (as su)er9c$es de (a )a(a*4u$((a ca($e*%e e* (a c0'ara '0s r;a y de( dad& )uede )r&1&car u*a de&r'ac$+* 'uy )&c& u*$&r'e 9/# !<#"c# Para reduc$r e( e*r$a'$e*%& de (a )a(a*4u$((a y )r&(&*/ar (a 1$da de( dad&, (&s dad&s de e7%rus$+* se )uede* )reca(e*%ar, c&'& se hace e* (as &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e# Cua*d& (a )a(a*4u$((a es%0 ca($e*%e, desarr&((a u*a ca)a de +7$d&, a 'e*&s 4ue se ca($e*%e e* u* h&r*& de a%'+sera $*er%e# Es%a ca)a )uede ser a6ras$1a 1er secc$+* 33#2 y aec%ar e( )a%r+* de >u.& de( 'a%er$a(# Ta'6$5* da c&'& resu(%ad& u* )r&duc%& e7%ru$d& 4ue )uede ser $*ace)%a6(e cua*d& se re4u$ere u* 6ue* aca6ad& su)er9c$a(# Para e1$%ar (a &r'ac$+* de ca)as de +7$d& e* e( )r&duc%& e7%ru$d& e* ca($e*%e, e( 6(&4ue de a)&y& c&(&cad& de(a*%e de( )$s%+* 9/# !<#! se a6r$ca de u* d$0'e%r& '0s )e4ue& 4ue e( c&*%e*ed&r, y e* 5s%e se 4ueda, e* c&*secue*c$a, u* cascar+* de(/ad& c&s%ra 4ue es%0 c&*s%$%u$d& 1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
)r$*c$)a('e*%e )&r (a ca)a e7%er$&r &7$dada de (a )a(a*4u$((a# Des)u5s se e7%rae (a c&s%ra de (a c0'ara#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
E7$&*-i!n "n %&'o Desarr&((ada e* (a d5cada de !K@, (a e7%rus$+* e* r;& es u* %5r'$*& /e*era( 4ue c&* recue*c$a de*&%a u*a c&'6$*ac$+* de &)erac$&*es, c&'& (a e7%rus$+* y e( &r.ad& d$rec%& e $*d$rec%& 9/# !<#!!# La e7%rus$+* e* r;& se u%$($-a a')($a'e*%e )ara c&')&*e*%es de au%&'+1$(es, '&%&c$c(e%as, 6$c$c(e%as y a)ara%&s e(5c%r$c&s, y e* e4u$)& de %ra*s)&r%e y a/r;c&(a#
Es%e )r&ces& u%$($-a %r&-&s de 'e%a( c&r%ad&s de 6arras, a(a'6res & )(acas %er'$*adas e* r;& & (a'$*adas e* ca($e*%e# L&s %r&-&s de d$0'e%r&s 'e*&res a @ '' !#< )u(/adas se c$-a((a* c&r%a* y, de ser *ecesar$&, se escuadra* sus e7%re'&s 'ed$a*%e )r&ces&s c&'& reca(cad&, 'a4u$*ad& & rec%$9cad&= (&s %r&-&s de d$0'e%r&s 'ay&res se 'a4u$*a* a )ar%$r de 6arras e* (&*/$%udes es)ec;9cas# Se )uede* a6r$car )ar%es e7%ru$das e* r;& 4ue )esa* has%a @< B/ ! ($6ras y 4ue %$e*e* (&*/$%udes has%a de 2 ' )u(/adas, au*4ue (a 'ay&r;a de es%as )ar%es )esa* 'uch& 'e*&s# Ta'6$5* )uede* e7%ru$rse e* r;& %r&-&s de 'e%a(es e* )&(1& )re&r'as# A(/u*as de (as 1e*%a.as )r$*c$)a(es 4ue 6r$*da es%e (a e7%rus$+* '0s a((0 de (&s )r&ces&s 'a*uac%urad&s s&* (a des%re-a & s&(%ura )ara &r$/$*ar secc$&*es %ras1ersa(es de su'a c&')(e.$dad c&* 'a%er$a(es 4ue s&* %&@5i#"- &om.i#"-, )ues%& 4ue e( 'a%er$a( s&(& c&*s$/ue uer-as de c&')res$+* y de c$-a((a'$e*%&# Ge*era('e*%e (&s 'a%er$a(es u%$($-ad&s )ara e( )r&ces& de e7%rus$+* s&* m"$a#"-8 "&@mia-8 .o#'m"&o-8 o&mi5!n .&od*$o- a#im"n$iio- # Ade'0s (a e7%rus$+* )uede ser de &r'a c&*%$*ua, 4ue se rea($-a )r&duc$e*d& de 'a*era $*de9*$da 'a%er$a(es (ar/&= & )&r &%r& (ad& se'$c&*%$*ua, 4ue se rea($-a )r&duc$e*d& 'uchas )ar%es# 9*a('e*%e e( )r&ces& se )uede ((e1ar a ca6& c&* e( 'a%er$a( a#i"n$" o %&io#
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
1430011 2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#
Thursday, 3 de March de
