PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BUDHAGAON, SANGLI.
A ‘SEMINAR REPORT’ ON
“RECYCLING OF WASTE PAPER” SUBMITTED BY B.E. (CHEMICAL)
YEAR OF SUBMISSION 2015-2016
RECYCLING OF WASTE PAPER Seminar Report
SUBMITTED BY: CHANDANSHIVE PRIYANKA S. BE CHEMICAL ROLL NO: 02
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar report undertaken is submitted by Miss Priyanka S. Chandanshive. Has successfully completed his seminar report for B.E. Part-I (B.E. Chemical Engineering) Degree as per the rules and regulations of Shivaji University, Kolhapur for the year 2015-16. This report represents bonafide work of the student.
Prof. A. D. Patil (GUIDE)
Prof. U. S. Patil (H.O.D.)
Prof. (Dr.) S. V. Joshi (PRINCIPAL)
ABSTRACT: Paper recycling makes us feel proud of taking an important step towards reducing pollution and saving trees. Here we discusses recycling of paper, its definition, environmental issues, its benefits, steps involved in recycling of waste paper like sorting, collection and transportation, storage, cleaning, deinking, refining, bleaching, colour stripping and paper making. Also specified here is one of the case study that belongs to reuse of waste paper ie Preparation Of Plastering Mortar, properties and conclusion of this case study. Finally, here we discusses various applications, advantages and disadvantages in recycling of waste paper.
CONTENTS: 1) Introduction 2) Steps involved in recycling of paper: 2.1) Sorting 2.2) Collection and Transportation 2.3) Storage 2.4) Pulping and Screening 2.5) Cleaning 2.6) Deinking 2.7) Refining, Bleaching and color stripping 2.8) Papermaking 3) Applications of recycling paper 4) Case Study 4.1) Preparation of Plastering Mortar 4.2) Testing of Physical & mechanical properties 4.3) Conclusion of Case Study 5) Advantages of recycling of waste paper 6) Disadvantages of recycling of waste paper 7) References
INTRODUCTION: Definition:
“Paper recycling is process of manufacturing of new, usable paper products from old waste paper.” Paper has become an integral part of our lives. From notebooks, posters, to magazines and cardboard boxes, we simply cannot do without paper. Contrary to the fact that paper cannot be replaced in our lives, you might be surprised to know that more than 40% of waste that we throw regularly is paper. Environmentalists say that recycling of daily newspaper everyday can alone save around 41,000 trees. A variety of utility products can be created from recycled paper such as paper towels, egg cartons, toilet paper, tissue, phonebooks, paper bags, newspaper, stamps, calendars, business cards, calendars and notebooks. One of the biggest advantages of paper recycling process is that it uses very less amount of bleaches and chemicals. When paper breaks down in landfill it creates methane, a major greenhouse gas with the global warming capacity 21 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Manufacturing paper and cardboard products from recycled material not only conserves trees, it also uses up to 50% less energy and 90% less water than making them from raw materials. It is important not only to recycle your paper, but also to purchase recycled paper products. These days, good quality office and printing paper, as well as many other paper products are available with recycled paper content of up to 100%. For every 100 reams of recycled office paper that is printed doubled sided, the savings are estimated at two trees, more than one tonne of greenhouse gases and almost a cubic metre of landfill space, compared with using 100 reams of non-recycled paper or printing singlesided.
STEPS INVOLVED IN RECYCLING OF PAPER: SORTING:
Successful recycling requires clean recovered paper, so you must keep your paper free from contaminants, such as food, plastic, metal, and other trash, which make paper difficult to recycle. Contaminated paper which cannot be recycled must be composted, burned for energy, or landfilled. Recycling centers usually ask that you sort your paper by grade, or type of paper. Your local recycling center can tell you how to sort paper for recycling in your community. To locate your nearest dealer, look in the yellow pages of your phone book under “waste paper” or “recycling.”
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION: You may take your sorted paper to a local recycling center or recycling bin. Often, a paper stock dealer or recycling center will collect recovered paper from your home or offi ce. Your local dealer can tell you the options available in your community. At the recycling center, the collected paper is wrapped in tight bales and transported to a paper mill, where it will be recycled into new paper.
STORAGE: Paper mill workers unload the recovered paper and put it into warehouses, where it is stored until needed. The various paper grades, such as newspapers and corrugated boxes, are kept separate, because the paper mill uses different grades of recovered paper to make different types of recycled paper products. When the paper mill is ready to use the paper, forklifts move the paper from the warehouse to large conveyors.
PULPING AND SCREENING:
The paper moves by conveyor to a big vat called a pulper, which contains water and chemicals. The pulper chops the recovered paper into small pieces. Heating the mixture breaks the paper down more quickly into tiny strands of cellulose (organic plant material) called fibers. Eventually, the old paper turns into a mushy mixture called pulp. In the PULPER, a cocktail of Water + Caustic Soda + Hydrogen Peroxide + Sodium Silicate + Talc + Pelletized Soap and Fatty Acids is used in conjunction with mechanical stirring (e.g. rotation of tank or rotor) to break down the DRY Cellulose fibres in the feedstock to WET Cellulose fibres separated from the coloured inks. The chemicals are added for the following reasons:Caustic Soda- break down fibre Soap and Fatty Acid- Initial Ink Collection Talc-Initial Dispersing agent Sodium Silicate-wetting agent Hydrogen peroxide -bleaching Large unwanted debris (coarse rejects) is also removed during this process e.g. plastic bags, CD’s etc. Continuous production pulpers are becoming more popular, they are constructed as large horizontal rotating vessels rather than the vertical orientation of batch production units. The pulp is forced through screens containing holes and slots of various shapes and sizes. The screens remove small contaminants such as bits of plastic and globs of glue. This process is called screening.
CLEANING:
Fig no 1: Cyclone seperator Mills also clean pulp by spinning it around in large cone-shaped cylinders called cyclone separator. The Cyclone Cleaner combines the principle of a centrifugal screen with a hydrocyclone. The feed into the screen is tangential, heavy rejects like staples fall under gravity to the bottom outlet, fibre is centrifuged through the perforated basket and lightweight rejects exit from the top of the cleaner. Lighter contaminants collect in the center of the cone and are removed. This process is called cleaning.
DEINKING: “Deinking is the industrial process of removing printing ink from paper fibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp.” Process used : 1) 2) 3) 4)
Froth floatation Wash deinking Combined washing and floatation Dissolved air floatation
Froth floatation:
During flotation deinking, pulp is fed into a large vat called a flotation cell, where air and soap- like chemicals call surfactants are injected into the pulp. The surfactants cause ink and stickies to loosen from the pulp and stick to the air bubbles as they fl oat to the top of the mixture. The inky air bubbles create foam or froth which is removed from the top, leaving the clean pulp behind. Froth flotation was adapted from the flotation process used in the mining industry in the 1960s. It is the most common deinking process in Europe used to recover recycled paper. Often most of the collector is added to the inlet of the flotation. The process temperatures are normally in the range 45 - 55 °C. Air is blown into the pulp suspension. The collector has affinity both to the ink particles and air bubbles, causing them to attach. The air bubbles lift the ink to the surface and form a thick froth that can be removed. Normally the setup is a two stage system with 3, 4 or 5 flotation cells in series . Flotation deinking is very effective in removing ink particles larger than about 10 µm. As you have learned, ink and stickies are trapped in the froth produced during flotation deinking. This material is collected, and much of its water is removed and reused in the mill. The remaining material, which is still 30%-50% water, also contains very small fibers which have washed out of the pulp during the deinking process
Wash deinking: Wash Deinking consists of a washing stage where dispersants are added to wash out the printing inks. When the pulp slurry is dewatered (thickened), the medium to fine particles are washed out. This process is most useful for removing particles smaller than about 30 µm, like water-based inks, fillers, coating particles, fines and micro stickies. This process is more common when making deinked pulp for tissue. The processing equipment are belt filters, pressure belt filters, disk filters and static filters. This stage is much more efficient than normal washing / dewatering stages.
Combined washing and flotation:
High quality deinking of office wastes and other printing papers often commonly uses a combination of washing and flotation.
Other deinking processes: Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is used by some mills in the deinking stage and will remove some ink and filler (ash); however, it is mainly used to clarify the process water.
REFINING, BLEACHING AND COLOR STRIPPING: During refining, the pulp is beaten to make the recycled fibers swell, making them ideal for papermaking. If the pulp contains any large bundles of fibers, refining separates them into individual fibers. If the recovered paper is colored, color stripping chemicals remove the dyes from the paper. Then, if white recycled paper is being made, the pulp may need to be bleached with hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, or oxygen to make it whiter and brighter. If brown recycled paper is being made, such as that used for industrial paper towels, the pulp does not need to be bleached.
PAPERMAKING: Now the clean pulp is ready to be made into paper. The recycled fiber can be used alone, or blended with new wood fiber (called virgin fiber) to give it extra strength or smooth- ness. The pulp is mixed with water and chemicals to make it 99.5% water. This watery pulp mixture enters the headbox, a giant metal box at the beginning of the paper machine, and then is sprayed in a continuous wide jet onto a huge fl at wire screen which is moving very quickly through the paper machine.
On the screen, water starts to drain from the pulp, and the recycled fibers quickly begin to bond together to form a watery sheet. The sheet moves rapidly through a series of feltcovered press rollers which squeeze out more water. The sheet, which now resembles paper, passes through a series of heated metal rollers which dry the paper. If coated paper is being made, a coating mixture can be applied near the end of the process, or in a separate process after the papermaking is completed. coating gives paper a smooth, glossy surface for printing. Finally, the finished paper is wound into a giant roll and removed from the paper machine. One roll can be as wide as 30 feet and weigh as much as 20 tons! The roll of paper is cut into smaller rolls, or sometimes into sheets, before being shipped to a converting plant where it will be printed or made into products such as envelopes, paper bags, or boxes.
APPLICATIONS: 1) To make cardboard, newspaper, phonebooks, Calendars, buiseness cards, paper tags, tissue, stamps, wrapping gift paper. 2) Plastering mortars. Plasterboard, cellulose fiber insulation
CASE STUDY (PREPARATION OF PLASTERING MORTAR): The study was performed in four mortar recipes whose composition is as shown in table: Recipe
Cement
Sand(0-
Water
Copy
Newsprint
Used
(kg)
4)
(l)
paper
paper (kg)
paper(%
(Kg)
(kg)
)
I
200
300
320
810
-
50
II
400
400
440
810
-
40
III
400
400
440
-
810
40
IV
500
400
440
-
810
38
Table no. 1
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORTAR & PLASTER: Mortars are used in masonry for joining stones, bricks, blocks etc. and plasters are used for rendering on the outside and inside of walls. The differences between mortar and plaster lie in the capacity of plasters to take better finish, which depend to a very large extent on the type of sand used in the mix. For plasters we use finer sand. However the term mortar is also used loosely to refer to both plasters and mortar.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this context, the study on the use of waste paper in order to obtain ecological plastering mortar is presented. The material used for this experiment is Portland cement 32.5, sand with 0-4 mm granularity, water, newsprint paper or copy paper. The applied method for preparation of mortars with paper waste is:
Preparation of paper waste ( the waste papers cut into shreds n soaked in water and after two days material is drained), weighing of materials, homogenization of component materials, casting of test tubes ( 4*4*16 cm prisms and cubes with a 7 cm sides.) Physical, mechanical and fire behaviours are performed after 28 days in test tube cast and stored according to standards during this period. The following physical and mechanical characteristics are determined in the test tubes. The apparent density of set mortar, addesion to the support layer, bending and compressive strength, water absorption by capillary and fire behavior.
The results are obtained following the performance of physical-mechanical distribution as shown in table 2 :
Table No. 2
CONCLUSION OF CASE STUDY: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
The optimum proportion of paper in the mortar recipe is around 40% Plastering mortar is light material, Apparent density:842-1147 kg/m3 Compressive strength: class CS1 or CS2 Water absorption: class W0 or W1 Fire resistance is good Very good thermal insulation
ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING OF PAPER :
1) Protects environment 2) Reduces Energy Consumption 3) Reduces pollution 4) Reduces Global Warming 5) Judicious and Sustainable use of Resources 6) 1Conserves Natural Resources 7) Reduces Amount of Waste to Landfills 8) Create Green Jobs
DISADVANTAGES RECYCLING OF PAPER:
1) Not always Cost Effective 2) Recycled Products May not Last for Long 3) Unsafe and Unhygienic Recycling Sites 4) Not widespread on Large Scale 5) High Initial Cost
REFERENCES:
1) Technology of paper recycling, by R Mckinney, published by Blackie Academic and Professional, an impart of chapman and hall 2) © 2013 The authors, published by Elsevier Ltd. selection and peer-review under responsibility of the petru major university of tirgu mures. 3) SOY chemicals for paper processing, by Connie Howe, Robina Hogan, Steve Wildes, published by Omni Tech International ltd 4) ERPC europian declaration on paper recycling, citation work, 2011-2015,pp-7 5) Ervasti I(2006): Limits to the recycling of waste paper, cellulose and paper no1. p.17