Possibilities of a Spiritual Mathematical Theory of Communication [Possibilidades de uma Teoria Espírito-Matemática da Comunicação]

O. Coydr

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Orteab

[bssemeèioids [bssemeèioids id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb Fbcuhefoáæb

[opdr ZZOOrrtteeaabb//OOrrttã ã ffuu``bbSS [[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEYYEEDDVV B BLL O O VV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYGGDDCCOOYYEEFFOO@@ YYGGDDBB]]UU B BLL F FBBCCCCTTHHEEFFOOYYEEBBHH ZZ[[BBVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T THHOO YYDDBB]]Ã OÃ O DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYDDCCÏÏYYEEFFOO I IDD @@OO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOFFEEÖÖHHSS ZZ[[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO YYDDBB]]EEOO DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYDDCCÏÏYYEEFFOO I IOO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBBSS

O. Coydr Idardd eh Diufotebh - - Ldidro` Thevdrsety bl ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mroze` [orteo` idardd eh Cdfgohefo` Dhaehddreha - - Ldidro` Thevdrsety bl ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mroze` [orteo` idardd eh Mebfgdcestry - - Ldidro` Thevdrsety bl ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mroze` Noh./Cor. =;?9

Aroiuoáæb dc [dioabaeo pdò pdò Thevdrseioid Ldidro` ib ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Lbrcoáæb porfeo` dc Dhadhgoreo Cdfíhefo pdò pdò Thevdrseioid Ldidro` ib ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Lbrcoáæb porfeo` dc Mebquãcefo pdò pdò Thevdrseioid Ldidro` ib ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Noh./Cor. id =;?9

@efdhfeoturo dh Diufofeöh - - Thevdrseioi Ldidro` id ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Lbrcofeöh porfeo` dh Ehadhedrão Cdfïhefo - - Thevdrseioi Ldidro` id ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Lbrcofeöh porfeo` dh Mebquãcefo - Thevdrseioi Ldidro` ib ]eb Arohid ib Vu` (TL]AV), Mrose` Dhdrb/Corzb =;?9

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O. Coydr

[[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEYYEEDDVV B BLL O O VV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYGGDDCCOOYYEEFFOO@@ YYGGDDBB]]UU B BLL F FBBCCCCTTHHEEFFOOYYEEBBHH

OMVY]OFY // VVTCCO]U Yges Ortef`d idvd`bps speretuo` fbhfdpts tgrbuag tgd lbuhiotebhs bl Ehlbrcotebh Ygdbry bpdheha hdw pbssemeèteds bl ehtdrprdtotebh. Ygd hdw idlehetebh bl Vbu` rdldrdhfdi eh tges ortef`d, os oh opporotus bl tgd Vperet br Geagdr Vd`l fbccuhefoteha wetg tgd Fbhsfebus Vd`l tgrbuag o sdhsbry fbid eh tgd tgbrofef rdaebh (sdhsotebhs bl worctg-fbclbrt br bpprdssebh tgrbuag tgd proftefd bl spdfelef ottdhtebh), fbhstetutds es dssdhteo``y o mehory fbccuhefotebh systdc ohi tgdrdlbrd om`d tb md idsfremdi my tgd luhiocdhto`s bl Ehlbrcotebh Ygdbry. Yges mehory systdc wetg twb stom`d psyfgef stotds (worctg/bpprdssebh) fbuì md idsfremdi my `baoretgcef rdòtebhsgeps lbuhidi my Qdmdr-Ldfghdr @ow, tgd dhtrbpy os o cdosurd bl ocbuht bl ehlbrcotebh ohi Ielldrdhfd, my met, ohi o stbfgostef prbfdss wgdrd bhd Cotgdcotefs Fbcp`dxety fbuì md idvd`bpdi ohi oppèdi. Yges ortef`d bpdhs o pbssemeèty bl frdoteha o Vperet Cotgdcotefo` Ygdbry bl Fbccuhefotebh, hbt lbfusdi bh Ehstrucdhto` Yrohsfbccuhefotebh, mut lbfusdi bh dxpohieha tgd fbhsfebushdss bl tgd pdrsbh tgrbuag o cbrd dllefedht fbccuhefotebh mdtwddh gdr ohi gdr bwh Vperet br Geagdr Vd`l. Qetg tges pbssemeèty bpdhs b pdhs up o hdw òhisfopd br gbrezbh bl oppèfotebhs pòusem`d eh Gdo`tg ohi Diufotebh mosdi bh uhequd ohi breaeho` pdrsbho` lrdqudhfeds. Dxesteha tdfghb`baeds sufg os coahdtbdhfdpgo`baropgy, MCE (Mroeh Cofgehd Ehtdrlofd) ohi Vpofd-YecdLrdqudhfy Le`tdreha wbuì gd`p tgd rdsbhohfd mdtwddh dofg pdrsbh ohi ybur bwh Geagdr Vd`l ohi es ossbfeotdi wetg [eoadt's Fèhefo` Cdtgbi, pbtdhteo``y fbhstetutd o Hdw [dioabay. [ dioabay. @ejdwesd, ecpbrtoht ecpèfotebhs eh Fbahetevd Vfedhfds wbuì rdsu`t lrbc tges hdw poroieac bl Ehlbrcotebh ohi Vperetuoèty.

Jdywbris // YYoas> sbu`, oppèohfd, ostro`, sd`l-braohezotebh, Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy, mebpgbtbh, mebpdioabaud, mehory, met, fbid, fbcp`dxety, fbccuhefotebh, gdort, fbscef, iesdcmbiedi, mrboifost, ieaet, diufotebh, dcmbiedi, dhtrbpy, speret, speretuo`, speretuoèty, dssdhteo``y, stbfgostef, geagdr sd`l, pgy`badhy, pgy`badhdses, pgbtbh, lrdqudhfy, gyirbxyopotetd, ehlbrcotebh, `ba, Cohid`mrbt, cotg, coahdtbdhfdlo`baroco, cehi, cbrpgbadhdses, bpdrotbr, pdioabay, pehdo`, prbstgdses, psyfgef, rdfdevdr, hbesd, sdhsetevety, sdhsetevd, sdhsd, sdhsbry, sdhsbr y, Vgohhbh, Vgohh bh, systdc, FHV, tdfghb`bay, tgycus, d`dftrbhef vbefd pgdhbcdhbh, Ehstrucdhto` Yrohsfbccuhefotebh, trohscessebh, trohscettdr, Yureha, Qdmdr-Ldfghdr

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Orteab


[[BBVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T THHOO YYDDBB]]Ã Ã OO DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYDDCCÏÏYYEEFFOO I IDD @@OO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOFFEEÖÖHH

OMVY]OFYB Dstd ortãfu`b idsorrb`ò fbhfdptbs dsperetuo`ds o trovås id `bs luhiocdhtbs id ò tdbrão id ò ehlbrcofeöh y omrd hudvos pbsemeèioids id ehtdrprdtofeöh. @o hudvo idlehefeöh id O`co rdldrdhfeoio dh dstd ortãfu`b, fbcb uh oporotb id` Dspãretu b Ub Vupdrebr qud fbcuhefo fbh d` Ub Fbhsfedhtd o trovås id uh föieab sdhsbreo` dh ò rdaeöh tbrïfefo (sdhsofeöh id ò foèidz-fbhlbrt bu ò bprdseöh o trovås id ò prïftefo id ò otdhfeöh dspdfãlefo), ds sd troto dsdhfeo`cdhtd id uh sestdco id fbcuhefofeöh mehoreb y pbr `b tohtb fopoz id sdr idsfretb pbr `bs luhiocdhtbs id ò Ydbrão id ò Ehlbrcofeöh. Dstd sestdco mehoreb fbh ibs dstoibs psãquefbs dstom`ds (foèidz / bprdseöh ) pbirão idsfremersd pbr rdòfebhds `baorãtcefos luhioios pbr ò `dy id Qdmdr-Ldfghdr, ò dhtrbpão fbcb uho cdieio id ò fohteioi id ehlbrcofeöh y ò ieldrdhfeo, pbr d` met, y pbr uh prbfdsb dstbfïstefb ibhid uhb Cotdcïtefos id ò Fbcp`dneioi pbirão sdr idsorrb`òib y opèfoib. Dstd ortãfu`b omrd ò pbsemeèioi id frdor uho Ydbrão Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo id ò Fbcuhefofeöh, hb sd fdhtro dh `bs `bs ldhöcdhbs id vbz d`dftröhefo (trohsfbcuhefofeöh ehstrucdhto`ds), pdrb sd fdhtrö dh ò dxpohseöh id ò Fbhfedhfeo id ò pdrsbho o trovås id uho fbcuhefofeöh cïs dlefedhtd dhtrd d`ò y su prbpeb Dspãretu b Vdr Vupdrebr . Fbh dsto pbsemeèioi sd omrd uho hudvo pdrspdftevo id òs opèfofebhds pòusem`ds id Voùi y Diufofeöh sbmrd ò mosd id òs lrdfudhfeos pdrsbho`ds þhefos . @os tdfhb`baãos dxestdhtds, to`ds fbcb ò Coahdtbdhfdlo`barolão, MCE ( Mroeh Mroeh Cofgehd Ehtdrlofd Eh tdrlofd)) y d` Vpofd-Yecd-Lrdqudhfy Le`tdreha oyuiorão o ò rdsbhohfeo dhtrd foio pdrsbho y su prbpeb Vdr Vupdrebr y sd osbfeo fbh d` cåtbib f`ãhefb id [eoadt tocmeåh pbirão fbhstetuer uho Hudvo [dioabaão. Id` cescb cbib, ecpbrtohtds ecpèfofebhds dh Fedhfeos Fbahetevos vdhirãoh idsid dstd hudvb poroieaco id ò Ehlbrcofeöh y ò Dsperetuoèioi.

[oòmros ffòvd // YYoas> o`co, iespbsetevb, ostro`, outbbraohezofeöh, Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy, meblbtbhds, mebpdioabab, met, mehoreb, Foùhao, föieab, fbcp`dneioi, fbcuhefofeöh, fbrozöh, föscefb, ehfbrpördb, ieluseöh, iãaetb, diufofeöh, dhforhoib, dhtrbpão, dspãretu, dsperetuo`, dsperetuoèioi, dsdhfeo, dstbfïstefo, yb supdrebr, le`badheo, lrdfudhfeo , lbtöh, Aospordttb, geirbxeopoteto, ehlbrcofeöh, Joridf, @dbhbro, `baoretcb, Cohid`mrbt, cotdcïtefb, coahdtbdhfdlo`baroco, cdhtd, cbrlbaåhdses, bpdroibr, pdioabaão, pehdo`, prötdses, psãquefb, rdfdptbr, rueib, sdhsemeèioi, sdhsem`d, sdhsemeèioi, sdhteib, sdhsbreo`, Vgohhbh, sestdco, sestdco hdrvebsb fdhtro`, tdfhb`baão, tecb, ldhöcdhb id vbz d`dftröhefo, trohsfbcuhefofeöh ehstrucdhto`ds, trohsceseöh, trohscesbr, Yureha, Qdmdr-Ldfghdr

4

O. Coydr

[[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO YYDDBB]]EEOO DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ C COOYYDDCCÏÏYYEEFFOO I IOO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB

]DVTCB Dstd Orteab idsdhvb`vd fbhfdetbs dsperetuoes otrovås ibs luhiocdhtbs io Ydbreo io Ehlbrcoáæb omrehib hbvos pbssemeèioids id ehtdrprdtoáæb. O hbvo idleheáæb id O`co rdldrdhfeoio hdstd Orteab, fbcb sdhib uc opord`gb ib Dspãretb bu Du Vupdrebr qud fbcuhefo-sd fbc b Du Fbhsfedhtd otrovås id uc föieab sdhsöreb ho rdaeæb tbrïfefo, id sdhsoáôds id ofbhfgdab bu id bprdssæb cdieohtd prïtefo id otdháæb dspdfãlefo, fbhstetue-sd dssdhfeo`cdhtd dc uc sestdco mehïreb id fbcuhefoáæb d, pbrtohtb, possãvd` id sdr idsfretb pd`bs luhiocdhtbs io Ydbreo io Ehlbrcoáæb. Dstd sestdco mehïreb, fbc ibes dstoibs psãquefbs dstïvdes (ofbhfgdab/bprdssæb) pbidreo sdr idsfretb pbr rdòáôds `baorãtcefos luhiocdhtoios pdò @de id Qdmdr-Ldfghdr, pdò Dhtrbpeo fbcb uco cdieio id _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb d id Ieldrdháo, pd`b met, d pbr uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb bhid uco Cotdcïtefo io Fbcp`dxeioid pbidreo sdr idsdhvb`veio d opèfoio. Dstd Orteab omrd uco pbssemeèioid id fbhstetuer-sd uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb, hæb lbfoio ho Yrohsfbcuhefoáæb Ehstrucdhto`, cos fdhtroio ho ocpèoáæb io Fbhsfeîhfeo io pdssbo otrovås id uco coes dlefedhtd fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd dò d sdu pröpreb Du Vupdrebr bu Dspãretb. Fbc dsto pbssemeèioid, omrd-sd uc hbvb pohbroco id opèfoáôds pòusãvdes dc Voþid d Diufoáæb mosdoios dc lrdquîhfeos pdssboes breaehoes. Ydfhb`baeos nï dxestdhtds fbcb o coahdtbdhfdlo`baroleo, o MCE ( Mroeh Mroeh Cofgehd Ehtdrlofd) Ehtdrlofd) d o Vpofd-Yecd-Lrdqudhfy Le`tdreha ouxeèoreoc o rdssbhíhfeo dhtrd foio pdssbo d sdu pröpreb Du Vupdrebr d, sd ossbfeoios ob Cåtbib F`ãhefb [eoadteohb, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd fbhstetuereoc uco Hbvo [dioabaeo. Io cdsco lbrco, ecpbrtohtds ecpèfoáôds hos Feîhfeos Fbahetevos sdreoc idfbrrdhtds idstd hbvb poroieaco id Ehlbrcoáæb d Dsperetuoèioid.

[oòvros-fgovd // YYoas> o`co, opord`gb, ostro`, outb-braohezoáæb, Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy, meblötbh, mebpdioabab, mehïreb, met, Foùhao, föieab, fbcp`dxeioid, fbcuhefoáæb, fbroáæb, föscefo, föscefb, idsdhforhoib, ielusæb, iãaetb, diufoáæb, dhforhoib, dhtrbpeo, dspãretb, dsperetuo`, dsperetuoèioid, dssîhfeo, dstbfïstefb, du supdrebr, le`baîhdsd, lötbh, lrdquîhfeo, Aospordttb, geirbxeopoteto, ehlbrcoáæb, Joridf, @dbhbro, `baoretcb, Cohid`mrbt, cotdcïtefo, coahdtbdhfdlo`baroco, cdhtd, cbrlbaîhdsd, bpdroibr, pdioabaeo, pehdo`, prötdsd, psãquefb, rdfdptbr, ruãib, sdhsemeèioid, sdhsetevo, sdhsetevb, sdhseteveioid, sdhsb, sdhsöreo, sdhsöreb, Vgohhbh, sestdco, VHF, tdfhb`baeo, tecb, trohsfbcuhefoáæb ehstrucdhto`, trohscessæb, trohscessbr, Yureha, Qdmdr-Ldfghdr <

Orteab


[O[D] FBHYDHY E. Ehtrbiuftebh, Nustelefotebh ohi Ygdbrdtefo` Moses EE . O Mredl Gestbrefo` [drspdftevd EEE . Idporturd Idlehetebhs E\. Iesfussebh> Idseah bl tgd Bmndft bl ]dsdorfg Vfgdcotef Ieoaroc bl (Vperet)/(Fbhsfebus Vd`l ) Fbccuhefotebh \. Iesfussebh> Cotgdcotefo` Hoturd bl Vperetuo` Ehlbrcotebh ?. Lehetd Vdt ohi sd`dftebh lrbc o Vdt = . @baoretgc, Met ohi tgd Luhiocdhto` Ygdbrdc bl o Vperetuo` Cotgdcotefo` Ygdbry bl Fbccuhefotebh 6 . @baefo` Bpdrotbrs @ehdor ohi Hbh-@ehdor 9. Ygd Levd Dssdhteo` [orts bl o Yrohsfdhidht Fbccuhefotebh Vystdc 4. Ygd Yrohsfdhidht Fbccuhefotebh Vystdc, Fbhtehubus Vystdc, Iesfrddt Vystdc ohi Aelts bl tgd Vperet < . Vperetuo` Ehieveiuotebh os Fgbefd, Thfdrtoehty ohi Dhtrbpy 1 . Oh oàbretgc lbr Vperetuo` Ehieveiuotebh br Vperetuoèzotebh 7 . Vperetuo` Ehlbrcotebh ohi Dhtrbpy 5 . Fgohhd` Fopofety ohi Dhtrbpy ?;. Ygd ]diuhiohfy bl tgd Cdssoad os o loftbr hdfdssory lbr tgd ]dadhdrotebh bl @bst Aelts ??. O `bwdr prbfdsseha spddi bl Vgoibws Vystdc wbuì md rdquerdi lbr bpteco` dhfbieha bl tgd Vperet lrbc tgd [btdhfy tb tgd Dxestdhfd ?=. Hbesd, Dquevbfotebh ohi Fbhietebho` Dhtrbpy \E . Idporturd Idlehetebhs dxtdhidi my @baefo`-Cotgdcotefo` Opprbofg oltdr tgd Iesfussebh \EE. Leho` Fbhseidrotebhs Ofjhbw`diacdhts ]dldrdhfds 1

O. Coydr

Oppdhiefds> Ecpèfotebhs ohi Oppèfotebhs Oppdhiex ?. Iysluhftebho` cb`dfu`ds eh \esfdro` Vgoibw ohi D`dftrbcoahdtef Ehtdrldreha bh Ygycus/Gdort/ Mroeh Fbcp`dx os o Vburfd bl Hbesd eh Vbu` Yrohscessebh Oppdhiex =. Ygd Ygycus/Gdort Fbcp`dx os o uhet mdtwddh Yrohscessebh ohi [rbpoaotebh bl Ehlbrcotebh fbceha lrbc Vbu` Oppdhiex 6. [rbpbsdi Cdfgohesc lbr Dcdradhfd bl tgd Vbu` ohi tgd Vgoibws Vystdc> [gy`badhy ohi Cbrpgbadhdses Oppdhiex 9. [rbpbsdi Cdfgohesc lbr Vperetuo` Dvbùtebh bl tgd Fdhtro` Hdrvbus Vystdc Oppdhiex 4. Vecp`d Iellusebh gypbtgdses bl Ehlbrcotebh> Vd`l-braohezotebh eh [gysefs ohi Fgdcestry os o wehibw tb hdw stuieds bl gbw tgd Vperet iellusd Ehlbrcotebh eh Dxestdhfd Oppdhiex <. [bssemeèteds bl o Fbscef [dioabay Oppdhiex 1. [bssemeèteds bl o [syfgb-Fbscef Dhaehddreha 1.?. [bssemeèteds bl o Idtdftbrs Dhaehddreha bl Ehieveiuo` Fbscef Lrdqudhfy 1.=. [bssemeèteds bl o [rbstgdtefs Dhaehddreha bl Vbu`> [rbstgdsds lbr Veaho` Ocpèlefotebh fbceha lrbc O`co br [rbstgdsds lbr fbhtoft ohi fbhhdftebh wetg Vbu` os oh Dxbadhbus Idvefds lbr [drsbho` Vperetuo` Fbccuhefotebh Oppdhiex 7. Ygd Mrohds wbuì md sbcdtgeha cbrd2 Oppdhiex 5. O lerst gypbtgdtefo` sjdtfg lbr tgd pgy`badhy bl tgd Aelts bl tgd Vperet Oppdhiex ?;. Ehseagt> Vd`dhd, Foùhao, Vgohhbh ohi tgd Met

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FBHYDHEIB ID@ O]YÃ FT@B E. Ehtrbiuffeöh, Nustelefofeöh y Mosds Ydörefos EE . Tho mrdvd [drspdftevo Gestörefo EEE . Idlehefebhds Ehãfeo`ds E\ . Iesfuseöh> Iesdÿb id` Bmndtb id ò Ehvdsteaofeöh Ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb id Fbcuhefofeöh Dspãretu/Ub Fbhsfedhtd \. Iesfuseöh> Hoturo`dzo Cotdcïtefo id ò Ehlbrcofeöh Dsperetuo` ?. Fbhnuhtb Lehetb y Vd`dffeöh id uh Fbhnuhtb =. @baoretcb, Met y d` Ydbrdco Luhiocdhto` id uho Ydbrão Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo id ò Fbcuhefofeöh 6. Bpdroibrds `öaefbs èhdo`ds y hb èhdo`ds 9. @os fehfb pedzos dsdhfeo`ds id uh Vestdco id Fbcuhefofeöh Yrosfdhidhtd 4. D` Vestdco id Fbcuhefofeöh Yrosfdhidhtd, Vestdco Fbhtehub y Ibhds id` Dspãretu <. @o Ehieveiuofeöh Dsperetuo` fbcb D`dffeöh, Ehfdrteiucmrd y Dhtrbpão 1 . Th oàbretcb poro ò Ehieveiuofeöh Dsperetuo` b Dsperetuoèzofeöh 7. Ehlbrcofeöh Dsperetuo` y Dhtrbpão 5. Fopofeioi id` Foho` y Dhtrbpão ?; . @o ]diuhiohfeo id` Cdhsond fbcb uh loftbr rdqudreib poro ò rdadhdrofeöh id `bs Ibhds Ievehbs pdrieibs ??. Tho \d`bfeioi id [rbfdsocedhtb cïs monb id` Vestdco id òs Vbcmros sdrão hdfdsoreb poro uho öpteco fbielefofeöh id` Dspãretu qud vedhd id ò [btdhfeo poro ò Dxestdhfeo ?=. ]ueib, Dquevbfofeöh y Dhtrbpão Fbhiefebho` \E . Idlehefebhds Ehãfeo`ds idsorrb`òibs pbr Dhlbqud @öaefb-Cotdcïtefb idspuås id ò Iesfuseöh \EE . Fbhseidrofebhds leho`ds Oaroidfecedhtbs 5

O. Coydr

]dldrdhfeos Opåhiefds> ecpèfofebhds y opèfofebhds Opåhiefd ?. Cb`åfuòs iesluhfebho`ds dh ò Vbcmro \esfdro` y Ehtdrldrdhfeo D`dftrbcoahåtefo dh d` Fbcp`dnb Yecb/Fbrozöh/Fdrdmrb fbcb Ludhtd id ]ueib iurohtd ò Yrohsceseöh id ò O`co Opåhiefd =. D` Fbcp`dnb Yecb/Fbrozöh fbcb uho uheioi dhtrd ò trohsceseöh y prbpoaofeöh id ò ehlbrcofeöh prbfdidhtd id ò O`co Opåhiefd 6. Cdfohescb prbpudstb poro ò dcdradhfeo id` O`co y id` Vestdco id òs Vbcmros> Le`badheo y Cbrlbaåhdses Opåhiefd 9. Cdfohescb prbpudstb poro ò Dvbùfeöh Dsperetuo` id` Vestdco Hdrvebsb Fdhtro` Opåhiefd 4. Gepötdses id ò Vecp`ds Ieluseöh id ò Ehlbrcofeöh> ò Outbbraohezofeöh dh ò Lãsefo y ò _uãcefo fbcb uho vdhtoho o hudvbs dstuiebs sbmrd föcb d` Dspãretu ieluhio Ehlbrcofeöh dh ò Dxestdhfeo Opåhiefd <. [bsemeèioids id uho [dioabaão Föscefo Opåhiefd 1. [bsemeèioids id uho Ehadhedrão [sefb-Föscefo 1.?. [bsemeèioids id uho Ehadhedrão id Idtdftbrds id Lrdfudhfeo Föscefo Ehieveiuo` 1.=. [bsemeèioids id uho Ehadhedrão id [rötdses id O`co> [rötdses id ocpèlefofeöh id Vdÿo` id O`co b [rötdses id Fbhtoftb id O`co fbcb oporotbs dxöadhbs id Fbcuhefofeöh Dsperetuo` [drsbho` Opåhiefd 7. @os Mrohos sdrãoh oàb cïs2 Opåhiefd 5. Th precdr dsmbzb gepbtåtefb poro ò Le`badheo id `bs Ibhds id` Dspãretu Opåhiefd ?;. Ehseagt ?;. Ehseagt > Vd`dhd, Foùhao, Vgohhbh y d` Met

?;

Orteab


F B H Y D Þ I B B I B B O ] ]Y E A B E.

Ehtrbiuáæb, Nustelefotevo d Mosds Ydörefos ....................... .................................... ......................... ............... ... ?9

EE.

Mrdvãsseco [drspdftevo Gestörefo ........................ ..................................... ......................... ........................ ............... ... ?5

EEE.

Idleheáôds id [orteio ........................ ..................................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ...................... ......... =?

E\.

Iesfussæb> Idèhdocdhtb ib Bmndtb id [dsqueso ....................................... =6

Ieoaroco Dsqudcïtefb io Fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd Fbhsfedhtd ................. ........... ...... =6 \.

Iesfussæb> Hoturdzo Cotdcïtefo io Ehlbrcoáæb Dsperetuo` ....................... 6= ?. Fbhnuhtb Lehetb d Vd`dáæb id uc Fbhnuhtb ...................... .................................. ........................ ........... 6= =. @baoretcb, Met d b Ydbrdco Luhiocdhto` id uco Ydbreo DspãretbCotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb ........................ ..................................... ......................... ........................ ............... ... 6< 6. Bpdroibrds @öaefbs @ehdords d Hæb-èhdords ........................ ..................................... .................. ..... 65 9. Os Fehfb [ortds Dssdhfeoes id uc Vestdco Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb

.................................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ............... ... 9? Yrohsfdhidhtd ....................... 4. B Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Yrohsfdhidhtd, Vestdco Fbhtãhub,

Vestdco Iesfrdtb d Ibhs ib Dspãretb ....................... ........... ....................... ....................... .................... ........ 96 <. O Ehieveiuoáæb Dsperetuo` fbcb Dsfb`go, Ehfdrtdzo d Dhtrbpeo ............... 97 1. Tc oàbretcb poro o Ehieveiuoáæb Dsperetuo` bu Dsperetuoèzoáæb ........... 4= 7. O Ehlbrcoáæb Dsperetuo` d o Dhtrbpeo ...................................................... 49 5. O Fopofeioid ib Foho` d o Dhtrbpeo ....................................................... 44 ?;. O ]diuhiíhfeo io Cdhsoadc fbcb lotbr hdfdssïreb ë ]dadhdroáæb

id Ibhs [drieibs ................................................................................... 4< ??. Tco cdhbr vd`bfeioid id prbfdssocdhtb ib Vestdco id Vbcmros

sdreo hdfdssïreo poro uco öteco fbielefoáæb ib Dspãretb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo .............. .. ........................ ....................... ....................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ............ 41 ?=. ]uãib, Dquevbfoáæb d Dhtrbpeo Fbhiefebho` ........................................... 47 \E.

Idleheáôds id [orteio Dstdhieios pbr Ombrioadc @öaefb-Cotdcïtefo opös o Iesfussæb ........................ ..................................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ......................... ............... ... <;

\EE.

.................................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ........................ ........... <= Fbhseidroáôds Lehoes ....................... Oaroidfecdhtbs ........................................................................................... <9 ]dldrîhfeos ................................................................................................... <9

Ohdxbs> Ecpèfoáôds d Opèfoáôds ....................... .................................... ......................... ........................ ......................... ............... <7 Ohdxb ? Cb`åfuòs Iesluhfebhoes ho Vbcmro \esfdro` d Ehtdrldrdhtd E htdrldrdhtd

D`dtrbcoahåtefb sbmrd b Fbcp`dxb Yecb/Fbroáæb/Dhfålo`b fbcb Lbhtd id ]uãib ho Yrohscessæb id O`co .............................................................................. <7 Ohdxb = B Fbcp`dxb Yecb/Fbroáæb fbcb uco Theioid dhtrd Yrohscessæb d

[rbpoaoáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb breuhio io O`co ....................... ........... ....................... ....................... ...................... .......... 1; Ohdxb 6 Cdfohescb Vuadreib poro b Vuraecdhtb io O`co d Vestdco id

Vbcmros> Le`baîhdsd d Cbrlbaîhdsd ..................................................................... 1= ??

O. Coydr Vuadreib id Dvbùáæb Dsperetuo` ib ib VHF ........................ ............ .................. ...... 17 Ohdxb 9 Cdfohescb Vuadreib Ohdxb 4 Gepötdsd id Vecp`ds Ielusæb id Ehlbrcoáæb> o Outb-braohezoáæb

ho Lãsefo d ho _uãcefo fbcb uco nohdò poro hbvbs dstuibs id fbcb b Dspãretb ieluhiereo Ehlbrcoáæb ho Dxestîhfeo ....................... ........... ....................... ....................... ........................ ........................ ............ 7; Ohdxb < [bssemeèioids id uco [dioabaeo Föscefo ........................ ..................................... .................... ....... 74 Ohdxb 1 [bssemeèioids id uco Dhadhgoreo [sefb-Föscefo .................................. 59

1.?. [bssemeèioids id uco Dhadhgoreo id Idtdftbrds id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Ehieveiuo` ............................................................................. 59 1.=. [bssemeèioids id uco Dhadhgoreo id [rötdsds id O`co> [rötdsds id Ocpèlefoáæb id Veho` id O`co bu [rötdsds id Fbhtotb id O`co fbcb Opord`gbs Dxöadhbs id Fbcuhefoáæb Dsperetuo` [dssbo` ............................................................................... 59 Ohdxb 7 Os Mrohos sdreoc oàb coes2 ........................ ............ ....................... ....................... ........................ .................... ........ 5< Ohdxb 5 Tc precderb dsmbáb gepbtåtefb poro o Le`baîhdsd ibs

Ibhs ib Dspãretb ..................................................................................................... 51 ........... ....................... ................... ........ ?;6 Ohdxb ?; Ehseagt > Vd`dhd, Foùhao, Vgohhbh d b Met .......................

?=

Orteab


O ] B ] E A E H O @ @ D [ B ] Y T A T Î V ]Y E A B B D C [ ZBreaeho` [[opdr eeh [[brtuaudsdS ZOrtã fu`b B Breaeho` ddh [[brtuauåsS Y ] O I [ O ] E H A @ Î D B B D D V [ O H IT TÁ Æ B B [ ]O B B B E ÎV D HG B @ D C O O H HI O OC C D H Y B ZDhaèsg ttrohsòtebh eeh pprbardssS ZYroiuffeöh oo` DDspoÿb` ddh ffursbS

?6

O. Coydr

E. EHY]BITÁÆB, NNTVYELEFOYE\O DD M MOVDV YYDÖ]EFOV B såfu`b WW prdsdhfebu o lbrcoáæb id uc dxtdhsb vbùcd id fbhgdfecdhtb. Hb såfu`b WWE, dhtrdtohtb, ob cdscb tdcpb dc qud prbssdaudc os musfos pbr fbhgdfecdhtbs hbvbs, uc butrb focehgb id prbiuáæb id somdr tocmåc sdreo b id idmruáor-sd sbmrd o prbiuáæb brtbibxo ib såfu`b WW, rdehtdrprdtohib-o fbc uco hbvo `öaefo fbcp`dxo d dsperetuo`. [ortehib-sd io olercoáæb ib dspãretb id Foùhao (=;;2), id qud ‐Gï fbesos qud hæb dstæb opordhtds. Hæb pbrqud hæb dstdno oã. O adhtd sö hæb vî pbrqud o adhtd ofrdieto ieldrdhtd– ieldrdhtd –, pbidr-sd-eo idsfbmrer-sd hbvbs d voèbsbs somdrds o porter ‐ib qud nï dstdno oã– orcozdhoib oã– orcozdhoib pdòs ehvdsteaoáôds io brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto ib såfu`b WW. Dstd orteab suraeu o porter id d`dcdhtbs iesfursevbs, trozeibs obs dhforhoibs pdòs dhteioids ostroes, rdaestroibs ho bmro ouiebvesuo` ib psefö`bab, pdsquesoibr d cåieuc @uez Ohtùheb Aospordttb. Idsid =;;<, sdauhib Aospordttb, uco såred ieldrdhfeoio id fbhgdfecdhtbs ibs idsdhforhoibs tîc seib rdfdmeio. Dsto ieldrdhfeoáæb quohtb ë quo`qudr butro Dsfbò Dsperetuoèsto bu Cotdreoèsto tbrhoreo dstds fbhgdfecdhtbs prbcbtbrds id uco ehtdrprdtoáæb mdc ievdrso ib Fbscbs, io Hoturdzo d ib Gucohb. [d`b lotb idsso ehtdrprdtoáæb dstor fbhstetuehib uc fbrpb ortefuòib d ob cdscb tdcpb hæb pbidr sdr ossbfeoio ë hdhguco dhteioid ostro` dspdfãlefo, sdhib fbcuc o vïrebs idsdhforhoibs qud sd fbcuhefoc otrovås ib cåieuc pouèstohb, idhbceho-sd hb prdsdhtd orteab dsto ortefuòáæb id somdrds fbcb ‐Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb–, Aospordttb– , bu EA. Otrovås idsto idhbcehoáæb soèdhtorsd-eoc, ob cdscb tdcpb, o hoturdzo ehtdrprdtotevo ib pröpreb fbhgdfecdhtb d o suo lbhtd id ievuàoáæb. Idhbcehoáæb id forïtdr sdcd`gohtd ‖ `dvohib `dvohibsd dc fbhto o hoturdzo ehtdrprdtotevo ib fbhgdfecdhtb d o suo lbhtd id idsdhvb`vecdhtb ‖ idsdhvb`vecdhtb ‖ lbe lbe ioio, ho fbhldrîhfeo id Vb`vdy, Mruxdòs, dc ?5=1, poro uco hbvo lbrco io Lãsefo id idmruáor-sd sbmrd b ïtbcb> Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Fbpdhgoaud (EF). D`dcdhtbs iesfursevbs trozeibs pd`bs dspãretbs id Joridf, @bybò, Foùhao, [oe Nbæb d @dbhbro, mdc fbcb os pdsquesos ehbvoibros id Aospordttb, susfetoroc o ombrioadc cotdcïtefo prdtdhieio hb prdsdhtd orteab. [br dxdcp`b, b dspãretb id @bybò feto qud, dc suo dquepd id idsdhforhoibs io Fotdiro` id Fresto`, gï o prdsdháo id dhteioids qud uteèzoc —coquehehgos“? ho prbcbáæb ib dque`ãmreb io dstruturo ibs dhforhoibs iurohtd uc trotocdhtb prbcbtbr id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Dsperetuoèzoáæb. ?

AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: @BUB@O, Dspãretb id. Coes Du ib qud huhfo . Fursb dc ïuieb, 9 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. ?9

Orteab


Idsso lbrco, portehib-sd ib fbhfdetb io Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb id qud Dsperetuoèzoáæb å b prbfdssb id fbhdxæb foio vdz coebr ib Du Fbhsfedhtd fbc b [rehfãpeb Ehtdèadhtd (bu —@uz“) id sdu pröpreb Dspãretb =, idprddhid-sd ehefeo`cdhtd qud> o. b prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb pbidreo sdr trotoib fbcb uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb: m. cïquehos qud rdauòssdc, hdssd Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb, o rdfdpáæb ho dstruturo dhdraåtefo gucoho ib seho` dceteib pd`b trohscessbr id sdu pröpreb Dspãretb sdreoc luhiocdhto`cdhtd luhiocdhto`cdhtd cïquehos prbcbtbros id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. O gepötdsd io Dsperetuoèzoáæb fbcb uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb possãvd` id btecezoáæb pd`b ouxãèb id cïquehos rdlbráor-sd-eo otrovås io Ohïèsd ib Iesfursb opèfoio sbmrd b fursb ‐B Gbcdc Föscefb– ib Föscefb– ib dspãretb id O`òh Joridf. Tc secp`ds dxdcp`b idsto ohïèsd å ioib o sdauer. Vdauhib Joridf (=;;2) ‐quohtb coe coe s coes dlee feî fe îh feo fe o Dspãretb, coes dl . Essb å uco dqu oáæb ecpbrtohtd. _uohtb coes b Dspãretb pbid dstor dcetehib , ibcehohib, sd dxprdssohib , coebr idsdcpdhgb, coebr o dlefeîhfeo, b ofdrtb, d essb seahelefo uc lùxb id id veio oaroiïvd`, prbiutevb, o`dard, fgdeb ib qud å ecpbrtohtd qud å b seahelefoib ioque`b qud dxestd– Zhdaretbs hbssbsS. Ob ohoèsorcbs iesfursevocdhtd dsto olercoáæb id Joridf, o porter ios poòvrosfgovd sd`dfebhoios dc hdaretb, pbid-sd idprddhidr qud> o) os dxprdssôds ‐quohtb coes... coes– d coes– d ‐dquoáæb– sdreoc ‐dquoáæb– sdreoc coes ib qud cdrbs rdfursbs id rdtörefo: rdcdtdreoc ë pbssemeèioid id uco ombrioadc cotdcïtefo, uco vdz qud o precdero dxprdsso b fbhfdetbs ecp`ãfetb id ierdtocdhtd prbpbrfebho` (prbpbráæb) (prbpbráæb) d o sdauhio, b fbhfdetb ecp`ãfetb id sumstetueáæb pbr eauoìoid pbr eauoìoid dhtrd tdrcbs (dquoáæb), qud sæb fbhfdetbs adhuehocdhtd cotdcïtefbs: ‐dlefeîhfeo– rdcdtd ob fbhfdetb cotdcïtefb id toxo, toxo, m) o dxprdssæb ‐dlefeîhfeo– rdcdtd bu sdno, uco rdòáæb dhtrd rdòáæb dhtrd uco arohidzo d uc pdrãbib id tdcpb: f) os dxprdssôds ‐dcetehib– d ‐lùxb– ‐lùxb– rdcdtdreoc ë pbssemeèioid id uco ombrioadc otrovås io Lãsefo, feîhfeo dcehdhtdcdhtd cotdcïtefo, uco vdz qud dxprdssoc bs fbhfdetbs dxp`ãfetbs id dcessæb d id lùxb, lùxb, qud sæb fbhfdetbs adhuehocdhtd lãsefbs pdrtdhfdhtds, dhtrd dhtrd butrbs focpbs, ob d`dtrbcoahdtescb: d`dtrbcoahdtescb: i) os dxprdssôds ‐dcessæb– d ‐dxprdssæb– ‐dxprdssæb– rdcdtdc ierdtocdhtd o uc sestdco id ibes tdrcehoes bu pb`bs> id uc òib, b Dspãretb,

=

AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb. Fbhdxæb Dsperetuo` (dc C[6)> fbc o O`co, fbc os Vbcmros, fbc b Du Vupdrebr, fbc b Ostro`. Fursb dc ïuieb, 9 ouòs, vbùcd þhefb. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > \eio & Fbhsfeîhfeo, =;?;. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. ?4

O. Coydr

fbcb lbhtd id dc dcee ssæb id id ehlbrcoáæb: id butrb b Du Fbhsfedhtd qud, rdfdpfebhohib dsso dcessæb, bmtåc uc dldetb, tromo`gb bu dxp dx pr dssæb breuhio io dc dcee ssæb . Ybrho-sd dveidhtd qud tdc-sd, idsso lbrco, uc Vestdco Bpdrofebho` id Fbcuhefoáæb> dcessæb ‖ rdfdpáæb ‖ rdfdpáæb ‖ dldetb: dldetb: d) Vdhib o Cotdcïtefo o þhefo èhauoadc fbc qud b sdr gucohb pbid possor ehstruáôds ehstruáôds poro cïquehos fbcp`dxos, fbcp`dxos, tbrho-sd ömveo o sdauehtd rdòáæb> sdc Cotdcïtefo, sdc cïquehos fbcp`dxos. Bu sdno> sdc Cotdcïtefo, hæb sdreoc pbssãvdes bs opord`gbs fetoibs pbr @bybò ho Fotdiro` id Fresto` qud ouxeèoc obs dhforhoibs fbhdftordc-sd fbc sdu pröpreb Dspãretb. Ossec sdhib, sd quesdrcbs trozdr poro dstd pòhb toes cïquehos, tbrhor-sd-eo uradhtd b idsdhvb`vecdhtb id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Idsso lbrco, b prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb pbidreo sdr lbrcuòib hæb opdhos pd`bs troiefebhoes fbhfdetbs id èhauoadc secmöèfo pdrtdhfdhtds ës Feîhfeos Gucohos d ë Le`bsbleo, cos tocmåc pbidreo sdr lbrcuòib fbcb uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb idsfretb pbr èhauoadc secmöèfo lãsefbcotdcïtefo d, fbcb to`, pbidreo sdr idsfretb pbr uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Hdstd orteab, b tdrcb —Cotdcïtefo“ hæb pdrtdhfd ë troieáæb rdprdsdhtoio pbr Aouss, dhforoio fbcb uc somdr purocdhtd id ]ozæb Ehstrucdhto`, ïreib, sdfb, iurb, sdc o`co d sdc sdhsemeèioid, idsprbveio id pbdseo d id md`dzo. _uohtb ë essb, dstd tromo`gb sd oèhgo ë troieáæb rdprdsdhtoio pbr [òtæb d [etïabros, pbr Ierof d Dehstdeh, poro bs quoes o Cotdcïtefo dstï cdrau`goio dc sdhsemeèioid, dc pbdseo d dc md`dzo. Ossec sdhib, o Cotdcïtefo å oque pdrfdmeio pdò outbreo fbcb uc pbidrbsb ehstrucdhtb o sdrveáb io fbhdxæb fbc o O`co. Io cdsco lbrco, o Cotdcïtefo oque prdsdhtd hæb bmndtevo prdvesôds id dvdhtbs d fbcpbrtocdhtbs, cos sec o idsfreáæb poro btecezoáæb ib oporotb id Vbcmros qud nï pbssuãcbs bu pbssuerdcbs. B cbid`b cotdcïtefb f`ïssefb io ]ozæb Ehstrucdhto`, fbc sdu forïtdr id prdvesæb, id fbhtrb`d, id ierdfebhocdhtb d id idtdrcehescb hæb sdrï b lbfb id uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Ohtds iessb, o ombrioadc tdhidrï o uco Cotdcïtefo io Fbcp`dxeioid, bhid o ehfdrtdzo, b ehdspdroib, o rdtrboáæb, o rdfurseveioid, b gb`baroco, o dcdraîhfeo, o vesæb sestîcefo, o outbsseceòreioid d o prbmomeèioid supòhtoc b esbòcdhtb dc portds, b rdiufebhescb d b idtdrcehescb io cotdcïtefo f`ïssefo. Musfor-sd-ï eauo`cdhtd [rehfãpebs Cotdcïtefbs secp`ds, uco vdz qud Fbcp`dxeioid hæb rdcdtd hdfdssoreocdhtd ë —fbcpèfomeèioid“, sdauehib b prehfãpeb ib cotdcïtefb eha`îs Oòh Yureha (?54=), poro b quo` os corove`gos io Freoáæb sdreoc rdaeios pbr uc pdqudhb fbhnuhtb secp`ds id rdaros cotdcïtefos qud ?<

Orteab


adroc dldetbs fbcp`dxbs. D poro otehaer-sd toes rdaros, uco hbvo `öaefo, supdrebr ë `öaefo rofebhoèsto idtdrcehãstefo, idvdreo sdr dcprdaoio, trohsfdhidhib-sd o `öaefo fbhvdhfebho`. Yureha, hdssd sdhteib, oprbxecor-sd-eo id Joridf (=;;2) qud olerco qud h otu u r dzo io Fr e oáæb, å sec se cp` ds ‐o hoturdzo ib Freoibr, o hot . Hæb å `öaefb cos å ehtdèadhtd. D dssd å b coes ielãfe` poro vbfîs> dhtdhidrdc os fbesos qud hæb sæb `öaefos bu qud h æb fom f omdc dc h o ` öae fo qud qu d vbfî vb fîs tî tîc – Zhdaretbs hbssbsS. [rbpôd-sd ossec qud, ob `bhab ib idsdhvb`vecdhtb id uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb, prdldrdhfeo`cdhtd b coes mrdvd pbssãvd` dcprdaudc-sd ombrioadhs cotdcïtefos id `öaefos fbcp`dxos. [oro tohtb, dquepds trohsiesfepèhords hdfdssoreocdhtd dhvb`vdr-sd-eoc hb prbfdssb. Hb cbcdhtb, to` hæb sd ldz pbssãvd` ë outbreo hb fbhtdxtb sbètïreb dc qud sd prbiuzeu dstd orteab, idhtrb id uco cbcdhtíhdo fbhnuhturo ferfuhstohfeo` idslovbrïvd`. Ossec sdhib, o outbreo dcprdabu dcprdabu opdhos bs ehstrucdhtbs id qud iespuhgo, portehib id uco Cotdcïtefo coes fbhvdhfebho`, bmndtevohib coes ë prbpbseáæb ehefeo`, dcmbro ruiecdhtor, id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Fbcuhefoáæb. [ortehib ib focehgb id uco rd`deturo io prbiuáæb fedhtãlefo io brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto ib såfu`b WW, èio otrovås ib dhlbqud ioib pdò Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb (EA), o pdsqueso id Fòuid Vgohhbh hbs @ombrotörebs io Md`` © Yd`dfbcuhefoáôds, pumèfoio dc sdu orteab id ?597 ehtetuòib ‐O Cotgdcotefo` Ygdbry bl Fbccuhefotebh–, Fbccuhefotebh– , sdreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd b pbhtb id porteio coes oidquoib oidquoib poro dsto prbpbseáæb prbpbseáæb ehefeo`. Vgohhbh (?597) idsfrdvd qud b bmndtevb id sdu tromo`gb å ‐fdrtocdhtd fbhseidror bs prbm`dcos adroes dhvb`vdhib bs sestdcos id fbcuhefoáæb. Lozdr essb å luhiocdhto`cdhtd hdfdssïreb poro rdprdsdhtor bs vïrebs d`dcdhtbs dhvb`veibs fbcb dhteioids cotdcïtefos, oidquoiocdhtd eidoèzoibs id suos fbhtroportds lãsefos– . O eidoèzoáæb cotdcïtefo pdrohtd uco setuoáæb prbm`dco, ocpòcdhtd uteèzoio ho gestöreo ios Feîhfeos Hoturoes, pdrcetereo o dòmbroáæb id uco vesæb adro` id fbcb uc sestdco, cdfohescb bu `de pbufb fbcprddhieibs fbcpbrtor-sd-eoc. O porter idsto vesæb adro`, usuo`cdhtd idsdhvb`vd-sd uco tdbreo fbc suos ecpèfoáôds d uco såred id opèfoáôds d tdfhb`baeos ossbfeoios. Idsso lbrco, o trohslbrcoáæb ib prbm`dco fbcuhefofebho` ib sestdco Dspãretb/ Du Fbhsfedhtd ob hãvd` id dhteioids cotdcïtefos pdrcetereo o dòmbroáæb idstd pohbroco adro`. O porter id`d pbidr-sd-eo idsdhvb`vdr-sd uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Dsto tdbreo, pbr suo vdz, pbidreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd `dvor o uco såred coebr id hbvos ecpèfoáôds d opèfoáôds. Dstd å, sdc iþveio, idsprbveib id quo`qudr lo`so cbiåsteo, b bmndtevb coebr idstd orteab> b id òháor os mosds poro b idsdhvb`vecdhtb ?1

O. Coydr

fb`dtevb d trohsiesfepèhor id uco Ydbreo fbc supbrtd cotdcïtefb qud sdno fopoz id adror uco aoco id ehbvoáôds, ehfùsevd tdfhb`öaefos, hb prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Ë sdcd`goháo ib tdcpb id Forhbt d b òháocdhtb ios mosds io Ydbreo Ydrcbiehícefo, qud ehlùdhfebu o tdfhb`baeo ib vopbr ib såfu`b WEW: ë sdcd`goháo ib tdcpb id Vgohhbh d Yureha, fbc b òháocdhtb id uco Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo qud `dvbu ë tdfhb`baeo io ehlbrcïtefo ib såfu`b WW: loz-sd hdfdssïreb hb tdcpb id gbnd fbhstruer-sd fb`dtevo d trohsiesfepèhorcdhtd uco Ydbreo fbc supbrtd cotdcïtefb lbfoio ho Dsperetuoèzoáæb poro qud b såfu`b WWE, b Våfu`b ib Dspãretb, pbsso ossester fbc coebr dlefïfeo d coebr dlefeîhfeo ob idsdhvb`vecdhtb id tbios os hbvos tdfhb`baeos d opèfoáôds fopozds id oldtor pbsetevocdhtd b cdeb sbfeo` d pòhdtïreb, rdspbhidhib dldtevocdhtd obs ohsdebs id Dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb Ievehb qud dc tbibs hös qudr, foio vdz coes, dxprdssor-Vd.

?7

Orteab


EE. M]D\Ã VVECO [[D]V[DFYE\O G GEVYÖ]EFO ?597 ‖ B cotdcïtefb d dhadhgderb d`åtrefb dstoiuheidhsd Fòuid Vgohhbh (?5?< ‖ =;;?) tromo`gbu dc fbielefoáæb id cdhsoadhs iurohtd o Vdauhio Audrro Cuhieo`. Dc ?597, bs òmbrotörebs io Md`` Fbcpohy© musfovoc fbcprddhidr prbluhiocdhtd o hoturdzo io Ehlbrcoáæb, uco vdz qud sdus iereadhtds prdbfupovoc-sd fbc b lotb id qud tbio o fbcpohgeo id td`dfbcuhefoáôds dstor ossdhtoio sbmrd uco mosd ob quo` pbufb sd fbhgdfeo. Vgohhbh, fbcb fbòmbroibr io Md``, furvbu-sd sbmrd o qudstæb, musfohib sbùfebhor b idsoleb fbc uco ombrioadc ieldrdhfeoio. [umèfbu sdus rdsu`toibs hb orteab ‐O Cotgdcotefo` Ygdbry bl Fbccuhefotebh– , bhid prbpùs uc fbhfdetb lãsefb-cotdcïtefb io Ehlbrcoáæb d, ob cdscb tdcpb, uco uheioid poro quohtelefï-ò> b met. Vuraeo o Ydbreo Y dbreo io Ehlbrcoáæb. ?597 ‖ O Ydbreo io Fbcuhefoáæb prbpbsto pbr Vgohhbh å luhiocdhto`cdhtd èhdor d trohscessevo. Bpbhib-sd o essb, Hbrmdrt Qedhdr (?759 ‖ ?5<9), prbldssbr id Vgohhbh d eauo`cdhtd uc ibs luhioibrds io Ydbreo io Ehlbrcoáæb, prbpùs dc suo bmro ‐Fymdrhdtefs> br Fbhtrb` ohi Fbccuhefotebh eh tgd Oheco` ohi tgd Cofgehd– uc cbid`b qud, hæb sdhib trohscessevb bu èhdor, dro ehtdrotevb d ferfuòr, bhid o ferfuòreioid io Ehlbrcoáæb aorohtereo o braohezoáæb id uc sestdco. Vuraeo o Femdrhåtefo. ?54= ‖ B ?54= ‖ B cotdcïtefb eha`îs Oòh Yureha (?5?= ‖ ?54=), ?54=), ë sdcd`goháo id Vgohhbh hbs Dstoibs Theibs, tromo`gbu hb ]dehb Theib fbc fbielefoáæb id cdhsoadhs iurohtd o Vdauhio Audrro Cuhieo`. Vuo adheoèioid fgdabu ob pbhtb id qudmror b föieab ios cïquehos Dheaco, uteèzoios pdò O`dcohgo hozesto. Ohtds iessb, dc ?56<, Yureha nï goveo idcbhstroib suo adheoèioid hb orteab ‐Bh Fbcputom`d Hucmdrs, wetg oh Oppèfotebh tb tgd Dhtsfgdeiuhasprbm`dc–, Dhtsfgdeiuhasprbm`dc–, bhid d`d tdbrezbu cotdcotefocdhtd uco cïqueho, gbnd idhbcehoio Cïqueho id Yureha, ho quo` dstæb os mosds ibs cbidrhbs fbcputoibrds. Opös o Audrro, Yureha idmruábu-sd sbmrd b tdco io Ehtdèaîhfeo d io Fbhsfeîhfeo dcprdaohib hdstd dstuib uco èhauoadc cotdcïtefo. Ho musfo id poirôds id Ehtdèaîhfeo ho Hoturdzo, Yureha portd io ehieveiuoáæb fdùòr ho cbrlbaîhdsd dcmrebhïreo d pumèfo sdus rdsu`toibs hb orteab ‐O Fgdcefo` Moses bl Cbrpgbadhdses– . Vuraeo uco ombrioadc omsbùtocdhtd omsbùtocdhtd hbvo ho Meb`baeo d hbs Dstuibs Fbahetevbs. =;;< ‖ B psefö`bab, cåieuc d pdsquesoibr mrose`derb @uez Ohtùheb Aospordttb fbcdáo o rdfdmdr uco såred id cdhsoadhs ostroes, ieldrdhfeoios io Cdtolãsefo io Voþid (ombrioadc qud vehgo idsdhvb`vdhib otå dhtæb) d ehbvoibros dc rdòáæb ë butros Dsfbòs Dsperetuoèstos, Dsperet uoèstos, Le`bsölefos d id Voþid Gb`ãstefo. Dstd fbhnuhtb id cdhsoadhs ortefu`bu-sd aroiuo`cdhtd dc uc hbvb fbrpb tdörefb idsdhvb`veib pbr Aospordttb, tdbreo fdhtro` ë dsfreto idstd orteab pd`b quo` bptbu-sd pbr idhbcehor-sd idhbcehor- sd —Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb“ (EA). O EA idsfbmrd qud o O`co, o`åc id ohfbror-sd lesefocdhtd ho a`íhiuò ?5

O. Coydr

tecb, fbcpbrto-sd fbcb uc opord`gb qud bpdro sbm uc föieab id ibes dstoibs> fbhtroáæb d ieòtoáæb. Fbc o idsfbmdrto idstd föieab, o pbssemeèioid id uc sestdco quoètotevb id fbcuhefoáæb fbhsfedhtd mosdoib dc —sec—sec-ieòtoáæb“/“hæbieòtoáæb“/“hæb-fbhtroáæb“ dstomd`dfd-sd dstomd`dfd-sd dhtrd b Du Fbhsfedhtd d sdu pröpreb Dspãretb.

=;

Orteab


EEE. IDLEHEÁÔDV I ID [[O]YEIO Otrovås io EA sæb idleheibs, o sdauer, bs tdrcbs id porteio dcprdaoibs hdstd orteab>

O@CO> fbhnuhtb id sdhsbs qud fbhstetuereo uc opord`gb (AOV[O]DYYB, =;;2) qud sd ohfbroreo ho dstruturo meb`öaefo otrovås io a`íhiuò tecb. Dstd opord`gb bpdroreo dc ibes dstoibs> uc precderb dstoib, foroftdrezoib pbr sdhsoáæb id fbhtroáæb, ‐opdrtb hb pdetb– pdetb– d ibr: uc sdauhib dstoib foroftdrezoib pbr sdhsoáæb id ieòtoáæb d ‐ofbhfgdab hb pdetb– (AOV[O]DYYB: pdetb– (AOV[O]DYYB: FO@THAO, =;;2). Vdauhib b dspãretb id @dbhbro (=;;2), o O`co sdreo fbcpbsto pbr =< sdhsbs. DV[Ã]EYB> [rehfãpeb Ehtdèadhtd, ieldrdhfeohib-sd ib fbhfdetb id —dspãretb“ fbcb —dhteioid ostro`“. VuadrdVuadrd -sd qud b vbfïmu`b —dspãretb“, quohib trotor-sd trotor-sd id Ehtdèaîhfeo, sdno aroloib fbc ehefeo` coeþsfuò —D“ d quohib trotor-sd trotor-sd id dhteioid ostro`, sdno aroloib fbc ehefeo` cehþsfuò —d“. Hb Dspãretb dstoreoc tbios os ehlbrcoáôds quohtb ob prbndtb ievehb, prbpösetb bu td`db`baeo rdsdrvoio poro foio pdssbo bu Du Fbhsfedhtd. Idsto idleheáæb id Dspãretb idrevoreo o ocpètuid ibs bmndtevbs d o hoturdzo ieldrdhfeoio id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb (YD-CF) qud tbrhoreo ecpbssãvd` uco secp`ds rdòáæb id sbmrdpbseáæb dhtrd dsto d o Yrohsfbcuhefoáæb Ehstrucdhto` (YFE). O YFE å uco tdfhb`baeo opèfoio ë fbcuhefoáæb fbc dhteioids idsdhforhoios (bu dspãretbs, fbc —d“ cehþsfu`b). Tco YD-CF sdreo uco tdbreo adro` id fbcuhefoáôds qud, o`åc id pbtdhfeo`cdhtd idsfrdvdr b sestdco id fbcuhefoáæb dhvb`vdhib dhforhoibs/idsdhforhoibs, idsfrdvdreo uco såred id butrbs ldhùcdhbs fbc prbluhios ecpèfoáôds d opèfoáôds tdropîutefos d td`db`öaefos poro quo`qudr pdssbo, lbssd dò dhforhoio bu idsdhforhoio, uco vdz qud tbios dxdfutoc bpdroáôds id fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd. DT FBHVFEDHYD> sdreo o ‐pdssbo prbpreocdhtd ieto–. ieto– . Yocmåc å idhbcehoib id —Bmsdrvoibr“. VBCM]O> sdreoc os dstruturos ohãcefos d ehfbhsfedhtds, bu b Dspãretb dc dstoib idhselefoib. O Vbcmro pbidreo sdr ieveieio dc fehfb ïrdos sdauhib suo otuoáæb> Vbcmro \esfdro`, Vbcmro Vdhsöreo, Vbcmro Cdhto`, Vbcmro Auorieæ d Vbcmro Ocmedhto`. O Vbcmro Ocmedhto` sdreo idhbcehoio id —Dab“. O Vbcmro Vdhsöreo tdreo uco èaoáæb tæb ehtrãhsdfo fbc o bpdroáæb io O`co qud sdreo fgocoio id ‐pd`d io O`co– (AOV[O]DYYB, =;;2). DV[E]EYTO@EÔÁÆB> prbfdssb id sehtbheo foio vdz coebr ib Du Fbhsfedhtd fbc b [rehfãpeb Ehtdèadhtd qud fbhstetue sdu pröpreb Dspãretb (AOV[O]DYYB, =;;2). =?

O. Coydr

@DE IO EHIE\EITO@EIOID> idlehd o Ieldrdháo fbcb uc prehfãpeb sdc b quo` b Du hæb dxestereo d xestereo (JO]IDF, =;;2). IBC> quoèioids, otremutbs d foroftdrãstefos breuhios ib Dspãretb ehieveiuo` id foio pdssbo. Vdauhib @dbhbro (=;;2), b Ibc sdreo b qud dssdhfeo`cdhtd idlehereo b —Du“> ‐B Du å quoèioid–. quoèioid– .

==

Orteab


E\. IEVFTVVÆB> I ID@EHDOCDHYB I IB B BMNDYB I ID [DV_TEVO IIEEOOAA]]OOCCOO DDVV__TTDDCCÏÏYYEEFFBB I IOO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB//DDTT F FBBHHVVFFEEDDHHYYDD O ecpbrtíhfeo id uc ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb rdseid hb lotb id dstd bldrdfdr o cd`gbr vesæb pbssãvd` io qudstæb o sdr ehvdsteaoio, pdrcetehib uc cd`gbr idèhdocdhtb ib bmndtb id pdsqueso. Idsso lbrco, b precderb töpefb id iesfussæb sdrï o dòmbroáæb idstd ieoaroco. Vgohhbh (?597) prbpôd fbcb ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb poro uc sestdco adro` id fbcuhefoáæb b iespbstb ho Leauro ?.

HBEVD VBT]FD

EHLB]COYEBH VBT]FD

Y]OHVCEYYD]

CDVVOAD

]DFDE\D]

VEAHO@

VEAHO@ ]DFDE\DI

IDVYEHOYEBH

CDVVOAD

Leauro ? ‖ Ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb secpèlefoib id uc sestdco id fbcuhefoáæb prbpbstb pbr Vgohhbh dc ?597.

Lozdhib portd io EA, Joridf (=;;2) olerco qud o Dsperetuoèzoáæb å o possoadc ib Dspãretb, id uc dstoib id [btîhfeo, poro uc dstoib id Dxestîhfeo. Dstd prbfdssb sd ioreo dc luháæb ib tdcpb, qud sdreo uco arohidzo qud posso o dxester ehieveiuo`cdhtd quohib b Dspãretb ehefeo suo possoadc io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. O Leauro = rdprdsdhto b ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb coes secpèlefoib pbssãvd` poro Vgohhbh trohspbstb poro Joridf, rdiuzehib b Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb o opdhos trîs fbcpbhdhtds.

=6

O. Coydr

HBEVD VBT]FD

EHDLEFEÎHFEO HOV VBCM]OV D O@CO EHLB]COYEBH VBT]FD

IDVYEHOYEBH

DV[Ã]EYB HO [BYÎHFEO

DV[Ã]EYB HO DWEVYÎHFEO CDVVOAD/ VEAHO@

CDVVOAD/ VEAHO@ ]DFDE\DI

Leauro = ’ = ’ Ieoaroco Ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb rdiuzeib obs trîs fbcpbhdhtds luhiocdhtoes ib Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb id Vgohhbh. Yrohspbhib-bs poro o prbpbseáæb id Joridf tdc-sd> Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo fbcb Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb, Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo fbcb Idstehoáæb d Ehdlefeîhfeo hb Vestdco id Vbcmros/O`co fbcb Lbhtd id ]uãib. Vd d sbcdhtd sd idleher- sd —Dspãretb“ fbcb —@uz“ bu —@ufeidz“, tdr -sd-eo -sd-eo qud o Idstehoáæb sdreo b Du Fbhsfedhtd bu Fbhsfeîhfeo. Dstd dsqudco fbhtdreo b prehfãpeb luhiocdhto` io Dsperetuoèzoáæb id uco ehievãiub fbcb Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb.

Ho Leauro = bmsdrvo-sd qud ho Lbhtd id ]uãib b tdrcb luhiocdhto` å —ehdlefeîhfeo“. Dhtdhid-sd Dhtdhid -sd pbr ehdlefeîhfeo quohib uc oporotb bu dquepocdhtb dstï bpdrohib oquåc id suo fopofeioid pdrceteio, idspdrieáohib pbssemeèioids, dhdraeo bu ehlbrcoáæb. Hb fosb ibs oporotbs id Vbcmro, sdauhib o EA, dstd ruãib pbid sdr breuhib id fbhfdetbs cdhtoes bmsb`dtbs, id dste`b id veio ehoidquoib d butrbs lotbrds. Hb fosb ib opord`gb id O`co, dstd ruãib pbid sdr breuhib id pdrio id fbcpbhdhtds id O`co. [brtohtb, o btecezoáæb ib Vestdco Fbcuhefotevb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb posso lbrábsocdhtd pdò cehecezoáæb ibs dldetbs io Lbhtd id ]uãib. Joridf (=;;2) tocmåc idsfrdvd o Dsperetuoèzoáæb dc luháæb io @de io Ferfuhstíhfeo. Thehib dsto `de ob ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb adro` io Fbcuhefoáæb prbpbstb pbr Vgohhbh (?597), tdr-sd-eo o Leauro 6. Hdsto leauro, b treíhau`b dsfo`dhb prdtb, rdprdsdhtohib b prbfdssb id fbcp`dxelefoáæb io Vbcmro, oèhgo-sd fbc b dexb ib tdcpb. [röxecb o zdrb, o dstruturo io Vbcmro sdreo cãheco, dvbùehib ob `bhab ib tdcpb fbhlbrcd b Dspãretb oiquerd Dxestîhfeo pbr cdeb ios ferfuhstíhfeos freoios pdò [btîhfeo ib pröpreb Dspãretb.

=9

Orteab


DV[Ã]EYB

Lbhtd (D)

Dxestîhfeo Idstehoáæb

Ferfuhstíhfeo Dvbùáæb prbardssevo io Vbcmro

; Ydcpb (Y) Leauro 6 ’ Ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb io @de io Ferfuhstíhfeo prbpbsto pbr Joridf, qud rdad o trohsldrîhfeo ib Dspãretb ib dstoib id [btîhfeo poro b dstoib id Dxestîhfeo, b qud lbráoreo o dvbùáæb prbardssevo ib Vestdco id Vbcmros.

Vdauhib Joridf, b Dspãretb hb Dstoib id [btîhfeo (D) å pdrldetb. Vd dsso pdrldeáæb puidssd sdr ossbfeoio ë Ehlbrcoáæb Ehlbrcoáæb (dhtdhidhib-sd oque —Ehlbrcoáæb“ fbcb b fbhnuhtb id ioibs braohezoibs braohezoibs hdfdssïrebs hdfdssïrebs poro poro sd possor o cdhsoadc —[drldeáæb“), b Dspãr etb etb ho Lbhtd (D) fbhtdreo tbio o Ehlbrcoáæb. Idsso lbrco, b prbfdssb id dvbùáæb idhtrb io pdrspdftevo id Vestdcos id Fbcuhefoáæb, dc fbhlbrceioid fbc bs ieoarocos dsqudcïtefbs iespbstbs hos Leauros ? o 6, sdreo o trohsldrîhfeo io Ehlbrcoáæb qud fbhstetue b Dspãretb hb Dstoib id [btîhfeo (Lbhtd D) poro b Dstoib id Dxestîhfeo (Idstehoáæb D―). Huco trohspbseáæb io EA poro b ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb id Vgohhbh ho Leauro ?, dcmosohib-sd ho @de io Ferfuhstíhfeo id Joridf, sumstetuer-sd-eo —Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb“ pbr —Dspãretb“: —]dfdptbr“ pbr —O`co“: —Idstehoáæb“ pbr —Du Fbhsfedhtd“: d —Lbhtd id ]uãib“ pbr —Ecprdssæb iesluhfebho` ho Vbcmro Cdhto`“, —[òfos iesluhfebhoes ho Vbcmro Vdhsöreo“, —Cb`åfuòs iesluhfebhoes ho Vbcmro \esfdro`“, —Ehtdrldrdhtds D`dtrbcoahåtefbs s bmrd b Fbcp`dxb Yecb/Fbroáæb/Dhfålo`b“ d —[drio id fbcpbhdhtds id O`co“. Dsto trohspbseáæb dhfbhtro-sd ho Leauro 9. Vdauhib Aospordttb (=;;2 m), o O`co– , bu sdno, otuoreo fbcb uco ehtdrlofd Vbcmro Vdhsöreo sdreo ‐o pd`d io O`co–, io O`co, sdhib pbr dstd cbtevb rdprdsdhtoio hb ieoaroco fbcb uc dhvb`töreb ioqudò. =4

O. Coydr

(LBHYD ID ]TÃIB) [D]IO ID FBC[BHDHYDV ID O@CO

EHYD]LD]DHYD D. C. VBM]D B FBC[@DWB YECB/FB]./DHF.

EC[]DVVÆB IEVLTHFEBHO@ HO VBCM]O CDHYO@

DV[ DV[ ]EYB ]EYB (EHYD@EAÎHFEO HO [BYÎHFEO) [BYÎHFEO)

[@OFOV IEVLTHFEBHOEV HO VBCM]O VDHVÖ]EO

VBCM VB CM]O ]O VD VDHV HV ]E ]EO O

Y]OHVCEYYD]

(2)

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[BYÎHFEO (O)

CB@ FT@O FT@OV V IEVLTHFEBHOEV HO VBCM]O \EVFD]O@

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VEHO@

VEHO@ ]DFDMEIB

DT FBHVFEDHYD (EHY (EHYD@ D@EA EAÎH ÎHFE FEO OH DWEVYÎHFEO)

CDHVOADC

DWEVYÎHFEO (M)

Leauro 9 ’ 9 ’ Ieoaroco Ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb secpèlefoib id trohspbseáæb ierdto dhtrd o EA d b dsqudco adro` id sestdcos id fbcuhefoáæb prbpbstb pbr Vgohhbh.

Ybios os Lbhtds id ]uãib vesuoèzoios ho Leauro 9 sæb idsfretos pdò EA, dxfdtb ‐Cb`åfuòs iesluhfebhoes ho Vbcmro \esfdro`– d ‐Ehtdrldrdhtd D`dtrbcoahåtefb sbmrd b fbcp`dxb Yecb/ Fbroáæb/Dhfålo`b– . O dxpèfoáæb poro o ehsdráæb idstos cbioèioids id Lbhtd id ]uãib dhfbhtro-sd hb Ohdxb ?. Fbhlbrcd vesuoèzoib ho Leauro 9, pd`b cbid`b trohscessevb id Vgohhbh, o Cdhsoadc dsfboreo otrovås ib dexb O-M portehib ib Dspãretb hb dstoib id [btîhfeo ([drldeáæb) d fgdaohib ob Dspãretb hb dstoib id Dxestîhfeo (Du Fbhsfedhtd pdrldftãvd`). Ybioveo, hdstd ieoaroco mïsefb, o fbrrdspbhiîhfeo dhtrd o EA d Vgohhbh pbssuereo uco òfuho> b —Yrohscessbr“. B qud sdreo b bpdroibr `öaefb qud trohscetereo b seho` io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo2 D, o`åc idsto òfuho, suraereo uc prbm`dco> b io rdiuáæb ib Du Fbhsfedhtd o uc secp`ds idstehotïreb, hb cdscb hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto`. Essb dquevo`dreo o olercor qud o Cdhtd bu —Fomdáo“ tdreo tohtb pbidr sbmrd o Fbcuhefoáæb quohtb b Du Fbhsfedhtd, b qud o d`dvoreo o uc stotus id eidhteioid fbc b Du. Bro, o eidhtelefoáæb fbc o Cdhtd å nustocdhtd b coebr ruãib ib prbfdssb fbcuhefotevb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb, sdhæb b sdu m`bqudoibr. O`åc iessb, somdsd pbr [oe Nbæb (=;;2) qud ‐os Vbcmros mdc hutreios sæb cuetb bmdiedhtds–, bmdiedhtds– , =<

Orteab


bu sdno, o Vbcmro Cdhto` oèhgoio sdreo uc oporotb possevb hb Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb. B oporotb otevb hdstd Vestdco sdreo b Du Fbhsfedhtd qud, dc butros poòvros, sdreo b pröpreb Dspãretb bu [rehfãpeb Ehtdèadhtd hb Dstoib id Dxestîhfeo. Dc prehfãpeb, o rdspbsto o dssos qudstôds pbidreo sdr uc ids`bfocdhtb sbmrd b dexb O-M io rdaeæb id ibcãheb io Dxestîhfeo dc ierdáæb ob ibcãheb io [btîhfeo, vesuoèzoib ho Leauro 4. O Vbcmro Vdhsöreo sdreo fòrocdhtd pdrfdmeio fbcb o ehtdrlofd dhtrd trîs uheioids fbcuhefotevos> b Dspãretb, o O`co d b Du Fbhsfedhtd veo rdaeæb dhfdlïèfo. Ho Leauro 4 rdprdsdhto-sd o Vbcmro Vdhsöreo pbr uc lùãib, otrovås ib seahb dstdrdbtepoib id —bhiehgos“. Dsso rdprdsdhtoáæb io Vdhsbredioid bu Vdhsuoèioid fbcb oàb —oqubsb“ å ocpòcdhtd dcprdaoio ho Ortd d hos Feîhfeos Gucohos.

(LBHYD ID ]TÃIB) EC[]DVVÆB IEVLTHFEBHO@ HO VBCM]O CDHYO@

[D]IO ID FBC[BHDHYDV ID O@CO

[@OFOV IEVLTHFEBHOEV HO VBCM]O VDHVÖ]EO

EHYD]LD]DHYD D. C. VBM]D B FBC[@DWB YECB/FB]./DHF.

CB@ÅFT@OV IEVLTHFEBHOEV HO VBCM]O \EVFD]O@

(IDV (IDVYE YEHO HOÁ Á B) DT FBHVFEDHYD VBCM]O CDHYO@ VBCM]O \EVFD]O@ VBCM]O VDHVÖ]EO VBCM]O ATO]IEÆ VBCM]O OCMEDHYO@

VBCM]O VDHVÖ]EO DV[Ã]EYB (LBHYD ID EHLB]COÁÆB)

]DAEÆB YB]ÏFEFO (Y]OHVCEVVB])

CDHVOADC

[BYÎHFEO (O) (O)

]DAE B DHFDLÏ@EFO (]DFD[YB])

O@CO

VEHO@

VEHO@ ]DFDMEIB

CDHVOADC

DWEVYÎHFEO (M)

Leauro 4 ’ Tc precderb ieoaroco dsqudcïtefb suadreib poro b dstuib ib Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd dc uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb.

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O Vbcmro Vdhsöreo sdreo o Ehtdèaîhfeo vevo coes ohteao suraeio, tohtb dc uco dsfoò le`badhåtefo quohtb bhtbadhåtefo, dc fbhsbhíhfeo fbc b pdrãbib id Ehtdèaîhfeo Vdhsöreb-cbtbro [rdibcehohtd, id Ndoh [eoadt. Dc butros poòvros, uco Ehtdèaîhfeo Vdhsãvd`, Vdhsöreo bu Vdhsuo`. Gepötdsds qud suadrereoc uc cdfohescb id suraecdhtb ib Vestdco id Vbcmros d io O`co hb Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo dhfbhtroc-sd hb Ohdxb 6. Dstos gepötdsds id suraecdhtb aroiuo` id foio uco ios Ehtdèaîhfeos id Vbcmro pbidreoc hbs bldrdfdr pestos o rdspdetb id uc Vestdco Ehtdrhb id Fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd dòs, hb quo` b fbhfdetb id ferfuòreioid id Qedhdr pbidreo sdr opèfoib. Dstd ehtdr-sestdco fbcuhefofebho` id Vbcmros, fbcb bmndtb id dstuib, dveidhtdcdhtd lbad ib dsfbpb idstd orteab, lbfoib hb dsmbáb io Fbcuhefoáæb O`co/Du Fbhsfedhtd. Fbhtuib, å ehiespdhsïvd` bmndtb id pdsqueso id uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. Ybioveo, idhtrb ib Idèhdocdhtb ib Bmndtb id [dsqueso, rdsto oehio uco qudstæb luhiocdhto`> sd tdcbs uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb ibtoib id oporotbs bu opord`gbs, d essb nï pordfd sulefedhtdcdhtd dveidhtd o dsto o`turo io iesfussæb, quo` sdreo b vdãfu`b rdaeib pbr @des Lãsefb-cotdcïtefos qud, uteèzohib dssds opord`gbs, trohspbrtoreo o Ehlbrcoáæb2 Dc butros poòvros> hdstd Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Fb cuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd, Fbhsfedhtd, quo` sdreo b forrdoibr io Ehlbrcoáæb2 B fbhfdetb id forrdoibr å breuhib io Mebquãcefo. [br dxdcp`b, b forrdoibr io Dhdraeo hbs sestdcos vevbs å o cb`åfuò id OY[ (Yrelbslotb id Oidhbseho). Ydc-sd oàb coes sute` (Dhdraeo) d oàb coes idhsb (cb`åfuò id OY[) qud b forrdao. Vd lbssd dstdhieib poro Dfbhbceo, b forrdoibr sdreoc os Fåiuòs, Cbdios, Yãtu`bs, Oáôds, dtf. (b coes idhsb) qud trohspbrtoc b \o`br Vbfeo` Vecmöèfb (b coes sute`). Ossec, sdhib, idhtrb id uc vbfomu`ïreb dsperetuoèsto, forrdoibr pbidreo sdr idleheib fbcb uc forrdaoibr \esãvd` sdc b quo` oàb coes sute`, b Ehvesãvd`, hæb pbidreo sdr trohspbrtoib. _uohtb ë Ehlbrcoáæb, Joridf (=;;2) bldrdfd pestos. Ho ehtrbiuáæb id ‐B Gbcdc Föscefb–, Föscefb–, olerco qud, poro hbssb pröxecb so`tb dvbùtevb> B fårdmrb prdfeso sd ofd`dror. Ybib b sdu sdu sestdco dhdraåtefb prdfeso sdr coes rïpeib. Vdus hdrvbs tîc qud cuior o dstruturo. O adhåtefo cuio. Os a`íhiuòs sd trohslbrcoc dc sute`dzos qud pdrcetdc vbfî possor id uc pòhb o butrb, id dhtror huc pòhb p òhb ob butrb. D poro essb å prdfesb idsopdab. i dsopdab. O vbhtoid id frdsfdr, o guceìoid guceìoi d id dhfbhtror dc suo O`co o ve mr oáæb poro qud vbfî possd id uc pòhb ob fdr fdr to fbc qud sd sdu fbr pb tbib vemr o butrb, rucb ob Gbcdc Föscefb, rucb ëqud`d qud posso d veseto b pòhdto d voe poro butrbs ùaords. Zarelbs hbssbsS

Dstohib b prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb ehtecocdhtd èaoib fbc o trohsldrîhfeo id Ehlbrcoáæb ib dstoib id [btîhfeo poro b dstoib id =7

Orteab


Dxestîhfeo, ob ehvdsteaor-sd ehvdsteaor-sd bs vbfïmu`bs —vemroáæb“ d —vemror“ dhfbhtror -sddhfbhtror -sdeo, ieiotefocdhtd, b forrdoibr io Ehlbrcoáæb. \emroáæb å uc fbhfdetb io Lãsefo, Lãs efo, tocmåc idhbcehoib —bsfeòáæb“. Å idleheio fbcb> [rbfdssb lãsefb hb quo` uc sestdco sd idsveo pdrebiefocdhtd id uc dexb. B ehtdrvo`b id tdcpb dhtrd ibes dstoibs eauoes (losds) å b [drãbib io vemroáæb: b idsveb cïxecb ib dstoib id rdpbusb, o Ocpètuid: d b hþcdrb id vemroáôds pbr uheioid id tdcpb, o Lrdquîhfeo: uc bsfeòibr sbm o ehlùîhfeo id uco vemroáæb dxtdrho, pbid dhtror dc rdssbhíhfeo. Os bsfeòáôds qud sd prbpoaoc hb tdcpb d hb dspoáb rdfdmdc b hbcd id bhios. (YDEWDE]O NÞHEB], ?57;, p. ?17.)

[br suo vdz, b trdfgb ‐o vemroáæb fdrto fbc qud sdu fbrpb tbib vemro– rdcdtd ë butrb fbhfdetb io Lãsefo, b id —]dssbhíhfeo“, idleheio pbr \emroáæb id uc sestdco, fbc idtdrcehoio lrdquîhfeo id vemroáæb, pbr oáæb id uc vemroibr id cdsco lrdquîhfeo, pbstb o vemror hos vezehgoháos. _uohib b ocbrtdfecdhtb ib vemroibr å lrofb, o rdssbhíhfeo pbid ior ùaor o vemroáæb sulefedhtdcdhtd ehtdhso poro idstruer b rdssboibr. Vd b ocbrtdfecdhtb å arohid, bs vo`brds pbssãvdes io Ocpètuid lefoc ècetoibs. (YDEWDE]O NÞHEB], ?57;, p. ?49.)

Ossec sdhib, tdc-sd uc vemroibr d uc rdssboibr qud, dc uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb, sdreoc b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo (vemroibr ‖ Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb) d b Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo bu Du Fbhsfedhtd (rdssboibr ‖ (rdssboibr ‖ Idstehoáæb). Idstehoáæb). Idsso lbrco, o Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb hdfdssetoreo id bhios poro sdr trohsceteio. Ossec, leho`cdhtd, ob sd ehvdsteaor o dstruturo id uco bhio ùcehbso, dhfbhtror-sd-eo b forrdoibr io Ehlbrcoáæb. Hdstd cbcdhtb, idporocb-hbs fbc b lötbh. O idleheáæb idsto portãfuò å ioio fbcb> Cdhbr pbráæb id uco roieoáæb d`dtrbcoahåtefo. Vdu vo`br idpdhid io lrdquîhfeo id roieoáæb dxprdsso pdò dquoáæb id i d Dehstdeh D 3 g. l bhid bh id g å b quohtuc id oáæb id [òhfj bu Fbhstohtd id [òhfj. B lötbh å fbhseidroib fbcb uco portãfuò luhiocdhto`. Hæb tdc hdc cosso dc rdpbusb, hdc forao, hdc ohteportãfuò: tdc speh, qud vo`d ?. (YDEWDE]O NÞHEB], ?57;, p. 79.)

Ossec sdhib, fbcb fbcb cdhbr fbhstetuehtd fbhstetuehtd id uco uco bhio d`dtrbcoahåtefo, d`dtrbcoahåtefo, b lötbh sdreo b forrdoibr io Ehlbrcoáæb. Hb braohescb vevb fgocor-sd-eo meblötbh, fbhlbrcd prbpbstb pd`b meblãsefb o`dcæb Lretz-O`mdrt [bpp (=;;5) ob bmsdrvï-`b dc òmbrotöreb fbcb sdhib dceteib dc dsfoò cuetb rdiuzeio pbr fåùòs vevos. [brtohtb, idleheib b forrdoibr io Ehlbrcoáæb, b Idèhdocdhtb ib Bmndtb id [dsqueso, poro lehs ib prdsdhtd orteab, dstoreo lehoèzoib. Tc ieoaroco

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O. Coydr

dsqudcïtefb quohtb ob forrdoibr, fbcp`dcdhtor ob io Leauro 4, dhfbhtro-sd ho Leauro <. Ho Leauro <, o Vbcmro Vdhsöreo, fbcb ‐pd`d io O`co–, O`co– , loreo b ocbrtdfecdhtb io Bhio Föscefo Breaeho` (L) forrdoibro io Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb. Dstd ocbrtdfecdhtb moexoreo b cöiu`b io Bhio o vo`brds oidquoibs poro cohtdr o ehtdareioid ib Vestdco id Vbcmros, adrohib uco Bhio Föscefo Ydcpbrïreo, bu sdno, dc luháæb ib tdcpb (L t). Dsto Bhio Ydcpbrïreo dstoreo pdrldetocdhtd cbiuòio poro o ehtdareioid ibs sopedhs, pdrcohdfdreo coes bu braohescbs meb`öaefbs d, poro uc Gbcb sopedhs, cdhbs fbhstohtd ob `bhab id uco cdsco dhforhoáæb, dxfdtb quohib b ehievãiub idssd uc arohid so`tb fbhsfedhfeo`, dc qud dsto Bhio sd d`dvoreo, ehlehetdseco`cdhtd, oprbxecohib-sd ossec L t uc pbufb coes id L. O oáæb ib ]uãib fousoreo opoaocdhtb opo aocdhtb bu dcmbtocdhtb id Ehlbrcoáæb ho Dxestîhfeo trohsceteio pd`b Dspãretb otrovås ib fbcp`dxb O`co/Vbcmro Vdhsöreo. Dsto Ehlbrcoáæb, bu Braohezoáæb ib Focpb, sdreo gepbtdtefocdhtd opoaoio/dcmbtoio id iuos cohderos> pbr iessepoáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb d pbr idsbraohezoáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb (Leauro <). Meblötbhs sdqudhfeoes forrdohib ehlbrcoáæb idsbridhoio pdò oáæb io Lbhtd id ]uãib, idpdhidhib ib arou id idsbraohezoáæb, pbidreoc bfosebhor idsid uco pdqudho iesluhfebhoèioid bu iestþrmeb, otå ibdháos sdvdros bu cdscb `dvor ë cbhstrelefoáæb bmsdrvoio dc dhteioids idsdhforhoios. Ib pbhtb id vesto ibs idsdhforhoibs, meblötbhs iessepoibs fbhtdhib ehlbrcoáæb bridhoio, quohib trbfoibs pbr meblötbhs dc sdquîhfeo idsbridhoio dquevo`dreoc, dc èhauoadc pbåtefo, ob ‐pdridr o suo @uz–. @uz– .

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\. IEVFTVVÆB> H HOYT]DÔ C COYDCÏYEFO I IO EHLB]COÁÆB DDV[E]EYTO@ ??.. FFBBHHNNTTHHYYBB LLEEHHEEYYBB DD V VDD@@DDÁÁÆÆBB I IDD T TCC F FBBHHNNTTHHYYBB Vdauhib Vgohhbh (?597) b prbm`dco luhiocdhto` io fbcuhefoáæb å rdprbiuzer, dxotocdhtd bu oprbxecoiocdhtd, uco cdhsoadc sd`dfebhoio portehib id uc ioib pbhtb pbhtb d fgdaohib dc uc butrb pbhtb. Io Io cdsco lbrco, b prbfdssb id fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd b Dspãretb Ehieveiuo` id uco pdssbo d sdu Du Fbhsfedhtd tocmåc pbssuereo dssd prbm`dco luhiocdhto` id rdprbiuáæb ehoidquoio id uc Cbid`b Breaeho` dceteib pd`b pröpreb Dspãretb, b qud sd troiuzereo hb fbteieohb gucohb fbcuc fbcb> iesluháôds lãsefos, pdrturmoáôds dcbfebhoes, ibdháos, dhvd`gdfecdhtb prdfbfd, fbhtrotdcpbs, lrustroáôds d butrbs sblrecdhtbs. Fbcb fbhsdquîhfeo io hoturdzo fbcuhefofebho` ib Dspãretb Ehieveiuo`, o dècehoáæb ib sblrecdhtb id uco pdssbo possoreo hdfdssoreocdhtd hdfdssoreocdhtd pdò sbùáæb idstd prbm`dco id fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd b sdu Dspãretb Ehieveiuo` d sdu Du Fbhsfedhtd. [oro secpèlefor o trohslbrcoáæb ib prbfdssb fbcuhefotevb dc dhteioids cotdcïtefos, Vgohhbh, otrovås id uco ombrioadc id Dhadhgoreo, idsfbhseidrbu b fbcp`dxb cdfohescb id seahelefoib, otdhib-sd ob ospdftb prbmome`ãstefb io Ehlbrcoáæb. Io cdsco lbrco, hdstd orteab, b seahelefoib io cdhsoadc hæb sdrï ohoèsoib o lec id pdrceter b lbfb dxfùsevb ho Ehlbrcoáæb qud sdreo fbcuhefoio pd`b Dspãretb ob Du Fbhsfedhtd otrovås ib Opord`gb id O`co. Idsfbhseidror b seahelefoib io cdhsoadc tocmåc å bpbrtuhb uco vdz qud b Du Fbhsfedhtd ib Gbcb sopedhs pbssue sopedhs pbssue oehio uco fopofeioid cuetb pdqudho id ehtdrprdtoáæb d fbcprddhsæb ib focehgb id seahelefoib bu td`db`baeo qud b Dspãretb dòmbro poro dxprdssor-Vd otrovås ib Du Fbhsfedhtd. Ë cdieio qud b Gbcb sopedhs sopedhs fbhsdauer tromo`gor fbc bpdroáôds coes fbcp`dxos, b seahelefoib io cdhsoadc pbidreo aroiuo`cdhtd sdr ehfbrpbroib o uco Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo Dsperetuo` io Fbcuhefoáæb. Fbcuhefoáæb. Ossec, o rdspdetb id Ehlbrcoáæb, b ospdftb seahelefotevb hb cbcdhtb å qud o cdhsoadc qud b Dspãretb idsdno fbcuhefor sdreo, to` quo` olerco Vgohhbh poro cdhsoadhs prbsoefos, oàb sd` dfebhoib febh oib id uc fbhnuh fbhn uhtb tb id pbssãvdes cdhsoadhs. Dstd fbhnuhtb sdreo, idhtrb id uco vesæb Dsperetuo`, os quoèioids bu Ibhs ib Dspãretb qud b Du Fbhsfedhtd sd`dfebho ‖ bu sdno, dsfb`gd otrovås id sdu èvrd-ormãtreb ‖ èvrd-ormãtreb ‖ poro poro dxprdssor sdu pröpreb Dspãretb. Vdauhib Vgohhbh (?597), sd b hþcdrb id cdhsoadhs hb fbhnuhtb å lehetb, dhtæb dstd hþcdrb bu quo`qudr luháæb cbhbtùhefo idstd hþcdrb pbid sdr fbhseidroio fbcb uco cdieio io Ehlbrcoáæb prbiuzeio quohib uco 6=

Orteab


cdhsoadc å dsfb`geio id uc fbhnuhtb bhid tbios os dsfb`gos tîc o cdsco pbssemeèioid. Hdssd sdhteib, govdreo uc fbhnuhtb lehetb id Ibhs ib Dspãretb, toes fbcb dc uc fbhnuhtb lehetb id `dtros dxestdhtds dc uc o`lomdtb. Ybioveo os pbssemeèioids id orrohnb idstos `dtros, dc luháæb ib tdcpb, sdreoc ehlehetos. Bu sdno, o dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo sdreo ehleheto o porter id uc fbhnuhtb lehetb id Ibhs ho [btîhfeo, mostohib poro essb uco braohezoáæb ehtdèadhtd otrovås id uc oàbretcb. O olercoáæb id qud bs Ibhs ib Dspãretb Ehieveiuo` fbcpbreoc uc fbhnuhtb lehetb ho [btîhfeo, fopoz id adror uco quohteioid id dxprdssæb protefocdhtd ehleheto ho Dxestîhfeo, pbidreo sdr ehtuetevocdhtd fbcprbvoio otrovås id uc Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt. Mdhbèt Cohid`mrbt, tromo`gohib ho EMC ©, frebu hb leho` ibs ohbs ?51; o Adbcdtreo Lrofto`. Idhtrb idsto Adbcdtreo ehsdrd-sd b Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt (FO[]O, =;;<). Vdauehib uc oàbretcb cotdcïtefb dxtrdcocdhtd secp`ds, pbråc rdtrboècdhtoib pdò outbsseceòreioid, b Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt prbiuz uco voredioid ehleheto d ecprdvesãvd` id lbrcos d md`dzo. Yocmåc idhbcehoib pbdtefocdhtd pd`bs cotdcïtefbs fbcb ‐o ieaeto` id Idus–, Idus– , b Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt, vesuoèzoib ho Leauro 1O, å idleheib pdò sdauehtd dquoáæb> . Dcmbro fbcpbhib uco þhefo uheioid, pbidr-sd-eo pbidr-sd- eo tdhtor —ohotbcezor“ b Fbhnuhtb id Coìd`mrbt dc supbstbs d`dcdhtbs fbhtetuehtds, `dvohib-sd dc fbhseidroáæb o lbrco d b go`b ob sdu rdibr. Fbc dstd fretåreb, bmtdr-sd-eo uc fbhnuhtb id trîs d`dcdhtbs, ?, = d 6 (Leauro 1M). Bmsdrvo-sd ho Leauro 1M qud ho dstruturo mïsefo ho sdáæb E gï vïrebs d`dcdhtbs EE sbmrd suo supdrlãfed, dc ieldrdhtds dsfoòs id tocohgb, ieldrdhfeoibs id EEE pd`b lbrcotb ib go`b. Ossec, fbc opdhos trîs d`dcdhtbs, bpdrohib pd`b oàbretcb , bmtåc-sd uco quohteioid ehleheto id lbrcos fbcp`dxos, fbcb idcbhstroib ho Leauro 7 (O), (M), (F) d (I).

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Essb `dvoreo o supbr qud, sd gbuvdssdc opdhos trîs —Ibhs Breaehoes“, —[ofbtds“ bu —M`bfbs“ ho [btîhfeo, idsfretbs pbr uco secp`ds dquoáæb id outbsseceòreioid sdcd`gohtd ë , pbidr-sd-eo bmtdr uco såred ehfbcdhsurovd`cdhtd ehfbcdhsurovd`cdhtd coebr id —Ibhs Idrevoibs“ ho Idrevoibs“ ho Dxestîhfeo. Os pbssemeèioids id Ibhs Idrevoibs d suos lbrcos adbcåtrefos sdreoc ocpèoios sd, ob ehvås id 6, gbuvdssd uc fbhnuhtb lehetb id 4 d`dcdhtbs id cdsco prbmomeèioid id dsfb`go. Fbcb dxdcp`b cdrocdhtd eùstrotevb, pbidr-sd-eo fetor bs söèibs pdrldetbs id [òtæb fbcb uc fbhnuhtb fbhtdhib 4 dstruturos dstïvdes bu Ibhs. B tdtrodirb (dstruturo treiecdhsebho` fbhtdhib 9 lofds treohauòrds), b fumb (dstruturo treiecdhsebho` fbhtdhib < lofds quoiroios), b bftodirb (dstruturo treiecdhsebho` fbhtdhib 7 lofds treohauòrds), b ibidfodirb (dstruturo treiecdhsebho` fbhtdhib ?= lofds pdhtoabhoes) d b efbsodirb (dstruturo treiecdhsebho` fbhtdhib =; lofds treohauòrds) fbrrdspbhidc o ioibs id nbab qud tîc tbios os lofds fbc o cdsco prbmomeèioid id dsfb`go. O porter io fbhleauroáæb dstruturo` idstds 4 söèibs, fbc uco dquoáæb id outbsseceòreioid oprbpreoio, pbidr-sd-eo fbcpbr lbrcos dspofeoes cuetb coes fbcp`dxos ib qud os ib Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt. [brtohtb, sdreo coes ehtdrdssohtd ë Ehtdèaîhfeo Föscefo (pbr suo omsbùto dlefeîhfeo d luhfebhoèioid) ob ehvås id tdr-sd uc fbhnuhtb dhbrcd id Ibhs Breaehoes ho [btîhfeo, iespbr ib cdhbr fbhnuhtb pbssãvd` idstds id lbrco qud, bpdrohib pbr uco dquoáæb oidquoio id outbsseceòreioid, adrossdc uco quohteioid ehleheto d ecprdvesãvd` id Ibhs Idrevoibs ho Dxestîhfeo.

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==..@@BBAAOO]]EEYYCCBB,, M MEEYY DD B B YYDDBB]]DDCCOO LLTTHHIIOOCCDDHHYYOO@@ I IDD T TCCOO YYDDBB]]EEOO DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB--CCOOYYDDCCÏÏYYEEFFOO I IOO F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB [ortehib-sd io gepötdsd id qud b hþcdrb id cdhsoadhs hb fbhnuhtb å lehetb, dstd hþcdrb lehetb id cdhsoadhs bu quo`qudr luháæb cbhbtùhefo ossbfeoio o dstd hþcdrb sdreo fbhseidroio uco cdieio io Ehlbrcoáæb prbiuzeio quohib uco cdhsoadc lbr dsfb`geio. Fbcb suadreib pbr Vgohhbh, o dsfb`go coes hoturo` poro dsto luháæb å idlehe-ò fbcb uco luháæb `baorãtcefo. `baorãtcefo. Dcmbro olerco Vgohhbh Vgohhbh qud dsto idleheáæb tdhgo qud sdr sulefedhtdcdhtd adhdroèzoio quohib fbhseidrocbs o ehlùîhfeo io dstotãstefo io cdhsoadc d quohib hös tdcbs uco voreoáæb fbhtãhuo id cdhsoadhs, fbhseidror-sd-ï uteèzor uco cdieio dssdhfeo`cdhtd `baorãtcefo. O cdieio `baorãtcefo å o coes fbhvdhedhtd o sd dcprdaor pbr vïreos rozôds> ?. Dò å protefocdhtd o coes uteèzoio hbs porícdtrbs id coebr rd`dvíhfeo ho Dhadhgoreo, uco vdz qud b tdcpb, o ocpètuid id loexo, dtf., tdhidc o voreor èhdorcdhtd fbc b `baoretcb ib hþcdrb id pbssemeèioids. Io cdsco lbrco, porícdtrbs io Leseb`baeo d io [sefblãsefo, toes fbcb o sdhsemeèioid id uc rdfdptbr hdurbho` id ibr d id prdssæb, otrovås io @de id Qdmdr-Ldfghdr, tocmåc bpdroc dc luháæb `baorãtcefo: =. O cdhsuroáæb `baorãtcefo å þte` quohib hös ehtuetevocdhtd cdhsurocbs arohidzos pbr fbcporoáæb fbcporoáæb èhdor fbc poirôds fbcuhs: 6. Dò å cotdcotefocdhtd coes oprbpreoio, pbr dxdcp`b, poro tbrhor coes secp`ds o ehtdrprdtoáæb id bpdroáôds id ècetd, dhvb`vdhib såreds d ehtdaroes. O dsfb`go id uco mosd `baorãtcefo, fbhlbrcd Vgohhbh, fbrrdspbhid ë dsfb`go id uco uheioid poro cdhsuroáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb. Vd o mosd = lbr uteèzoio, o uheioid rdsu`tohtd pbid sdr fgocoio id Iãaetb Mehïreb ( MEhory IeaeY, bu met). Tc sestdco fbc iuos pbseáôds dstïvdes pbid orcozdhor ? met id ehlbrcoáæb. [br dxdcp`b, sæb sestdcos fbc iuos pbseáôds dstïvdes> o. B òháocdhtb id cbdios poro ovoèor sd —foro“ bu —fbrbo“: m. O uteèzoáæb id ruhos bu mþzebs poro uco ehtdrprdtoáæb brofuòr secp`ds id —Vec“ poro —omdrtb“ d —Hæb“ poro —ldfgoib“: f. B sestdco id fbcuhefoáæb ib Opord`gb id O`co ho rdaeæb tbrïfefo, otrovås io sdhsoáæb id ofbhfgdab, ehtdrprdtoib fbcb uc —Vec“, d otrovås io sdhsoáæb id opdrtb d ibr, ehtdrprdtoib fbcb uc —Hæb“, sdauhib o prbpbseáæb id Foùhao (=;;2). Mosefocdhtd, å hb dxdcp`b (f), ocpòcdhtd ibfucdhtoib d voèioib pdò Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb fbcb uc sestdco psefbostro` luhfebho` id fbhdxæb dhtrd b Du Fbhsfedhtd d b Dspãretb Ehieveiuo`, dc qud luhiocdhto6<

Orteab


sd tbio o Cotdcïtefo dcprdaoio dc uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. B dxdcp`b (f) idcbhstro ehtuetevocdhtd qud o Fbhdxæb Dsperetuo` Fbhsfedhtd (otrovås id iuos sdhsoáôds tbrïfefos dstïvdes> —dxpohsæb“ d —fbhtroáæb“) pbid sdr p`dhocdhtd cotdcotezoio pd`b lotb idsto bpdror dc uc sestdco mehïreb fbhtdhib ? met id Ehlbrcoáæb. Vdauhib Vgohhbh, sestdcos fbc iuos pbseáôds dstïvdes d stïvdes pbidc orcozdhor mets id ehlbrcoáæb, idsid qud b hþcdrb tbto` id dstoibs pbssãvdes sdno H mets db . [oro fbcprddhidr-sd cd`gbr o Cotdcïtefo dhvb`veio ho cdhsoadc ioio pdò O`co, å ehtdrdssohtd bmsdrvor oàuhs tepbs id cdhsoadhs prbiuzeios pbr uco Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb fetoios pbr Vgohhbh> (o) Tco sdquîhfeo id sãcmb`bs bu seahbs: (m) Tco luháæb secp`ds id tdcpb l(t) tdcpb l(t):: (f) Tco luháæb id tdcpb d butros voreïvdes ‖ hdssd fosb o cdhsoadc pbid sdr pdhsoio fbcb uco luháæb l(x,y,t) l(x,y,t) id ibes dspoábs fbbridhoibs d tdcpb> o ehtdhseioid ib meblötbh forrdohib Ehlbrcoáæb hb pbhtb (x,y) d (x,y) d b tdcpb t : estb pbidreo sdr dcprdaoib luturocdhtd dc oàuc prbfdssb id fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du fbhsfedhtd dhvb`vdhib lemros ötefos, b tecb d os a`íhiuòs dhfdlïèfos: (i) Iuos bu coes luháôds id tdcpb, quoes sdnoc l(t), sd l(t), a(t) d a(t) d g(t) ‖ g(t) ‖ sd b sestdco å dstdhieib poro otdhidr o vïrebs fohoes ehieveiuoes: (d) \ïreos luháôds id vïreos voreïvdes ‖ voreïvdes ‖ o o cdhsoadc fbhsestd id trîs luháôds l(x,y,t), l(x,y,t), a(x,y,t), a(x,y,t), g(x,y,t) g(x,y,t) idleheios dc uc fbhtãhub treiecdhsebho` bu tocmåc fbcb fbcpbhdhtds id uc focpb vdtbreo` idleheib ho rdaeæb. Idhtrd bs tepbs id cdhsoadc dc uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb, b tepb id cdhsoadc (f) fgoco-hbs o otdháæb pbr sdr uco luháæb id trîs voreïvdes l(x,y,t) qud pbidreo oidquor-sd ecdieotocdhtd ob cbid`b coes mïsefb id fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd. Fbhseidrohib-sd b fbcp`dxb Dspãretb/O`co fbcb uco Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb , o cdhsoadc coes secp`ds prbiuzeio å otrovås id —sec“ d —hæb“ pdò sdhsoáæb id ofbhfgdab bu opdrtb hb pdetb. Dsto lbrco coes mïsefo bu —precetevo“ id fbcuhefoáæb fbhsfedhtd sdrï b lbfb prehfepo` idstd orteab. Vdhib o sdhsoáæb hb pdetb idtdrcehoio pbr uc bpdroibr cotdcïtefb bhid opèfo-sd b èceor id ibr: id uc òib idstd èceor tdc-sd uc —ofbhfgdab“, —tbqud“ bu —forãfeo“, to` fbcb uc —Ybqud io Dxestîhfeo“ fbhlbrcd fetoib pbr Foùhao: id butrb òib tdc-sd o sdhsoáæb io fbhtroáæb ho rdaeæb, bu ibr. O sdhsoáæb å idsfreto cotdcotefocdhtd pdò @de id Qdmdr61

O. Coydr

Ldfghdr, otrovås id uc bpdroibr fbhtdhib fbcpbrtocdhtb `baorãtcefb idleheib pbr> bhid H 3 Hþcdrb id ecpu`sbs trohsceteibs pd`b rdfdptbr sdhsbreo` dc luháæb ib tdcpb: V 3 Ehtdhseioid io Vdhsoáæb Dstd sestdco mehïreb, fbc ibes dstoibs lexbs (ofbhfgdab d ibr), fbcuheforeo o cdhsoadc coes secp`ds io O`co fbcb uco luháæb id trîs voreïvdes l(h,s,t) voreïvdes l(h,s,t) bhid bhid h å b hþcdrb id ecpu`sbs sbmrd b rdfdptbr id prdssæb, å b tdcpb tdcpb ibs ecpu`sbs ecpu`sbs ho sdhsoáæb. sdhsoáæb. Fbcb s å s å o ehtdhseioid io sdhsoáæb d t å lbhtd id dstuibs poro sd fbcprddhidr cd`gbr fbcb b Opord`gb id O`co prbfdssoreo o sdhsemeèioid otrovås io Vbcmro Vdhsöreo, suadrd-sd lbrtdcdhtd b dstuib id rdfdhtds prötdsds id cæbs gucohos fbc foptoáæb io sdhsemeèioid idsdhvb`veios pbr fdhtrbs tdfhb`öaefbs etoèohbs d nopbhdsds. ]dvesetor dstos prötdsds id þ`teco adroáæb sbm b b`gor io EA pbidrï bldrdfdr voèbsbs sumsãiebs poro idsdhvb`vdr-sd uco såred id opèfoáôds dc Ydropeos id ]dsaotd id pdioábs id O`co d Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Ossec sdhib, b Ydbrdco Luhiocdhto` io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å> Ydbrdco Luhiocdhto` > ioib qud o @de id Qdmdr-Ldfghdr poro o

Vdhsemeèioid idlehd fbcb uc fbcpbrtocdhtb `baorãtcefb o sdhsoáæb id fbhtroáæb ib`brbso d id dxpohsæb ofbhfgdaohtd, d ioib qud o O`co fbcuhefo-sd hb pdetb pbr dstds ibes dstoibs dstïvdes id sdhsoáæb, b Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd bpdro fbc uco _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb eauo` o mets, idsid qud , poro pdrauhtos d olercoáôds secp`ds dhvb`vdhib rdspbstos id ibes dstoibs dstïvdes toes fbcb —sec“ d —hæb“.

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66.. BB[[DD]]OOIIBB]]DDVV @@ÖÖAAEEFFBBVV @@EEHHDDOO]]DDVV DD H HÆÆBB--@@EEHHDDOO]]DDVV Foroftdrezor o O`co fbcb uc bpdroibr `öaefb å uco idfbrrîhfeo ierdto io olercoáæb id Aospordttb (=;;2m) id qud ‐o O`co å coes dlefedhtd ib qud b Yorbt–. Yorbt–. @dvohib-sd dc fbhseidroáæb qud b Yorbt sbcdhtd bpdro dlefozcdhtd otrovås id uco prdfesæb `öaefo ho lbrcuòáæb id pdrauhtos, prdfesæb `öaefo ohï`bao ë hdfdssïreo o uco ierdtrez fbcputofebho`, ehstruáæb bu èhgo id prbarocoáæb, fbhfùe-sd qud o O`co å uc bpdroibr `öaefb, tbioveo dxdfutohib suos luháôds otrovås id uco `öaefo fbcp`dxo supdrebr ë `öaefo èhdor dcprdaoio dc cïquehos fbcputofe fb cputofebhoes. bhoes. [ortehib-sd io fopofeioid `öaefo io Cdhtd bu Vbcmro Cdhto` id, otrovås id sblescos, fbhsdauer fbcprbvor uc pdhsocdhtb huc sdhteib d idpbes, hb sdhteib fbhtrïreb, rdlutor dstd cdscb pdhsocdhtb, pbr ehtdrcåieb id bpdroáôds èhdords, suadrereo qud o Cdhtd bpdroreo rdòáôds `öaefos fbc fohoes id oècdhtoáæb idsfretbs pbr dquoáôds èhdords. Bu sdno, o Cdhtd sdreo uc Bpdroibr @öaefb id Foho` @ehdor. Dc butros poòvros, o `öaefo dcprdaoio pdò Vbcmro Cdhto` sdreo cuetb sdcd`gohtd ë uteèzoio pbr cïquehos fbcputofebhoes. Vdc dcmorab, dstd sdreo b vdrioiderb ècetd io meùhefo d io femdrhåtefo quohtb ë Ehtdèaîhfeo Ortelefeo`> o `öaefo fbcp`dxo hdfdssïreo ë Ehtdèaîhfeo å ocpòcdhtd idsfbhgdfeio pbr sdr uco `öaefo id O`co. Opdhos b dstuib prbluhib io dstruturo io O`co pdrcetereo, ob Dhadhgderbs [sefb-föscefbs ib luturb, o fbhstruáæb id Ehtdèaîhfeos Ortelefeoes qud pbidreoc ehieveiuor cïquehos. Idsso lbrco, Cdhtd d O`co hæb sdreoc coes iuos dhteioids id fotdabreos sdporoios, cos sec dhteioids id hãvdes ieldrdhtds id uco cdsco fotdabreo. B lec idsso sdporoáæb sdreo o aorohteo id fbhsdauer-sd ecdieotocdhtd prbiuzersd cïquehos d opord`gbs fopozds id ouxeèor b sdr gucohb o fbhdftor-sd foio vdz coes fbc suo pröpreo O`co. Vdauhib Joridf (=;;2), o Cdhtd pbssuereo 7 hãvdes, sdhib qud dc setuoáôds fbteieohos os bpdroáôds `öaefos otehaereoc adro`cdhtd otå b 4» hãvd`. Bs hãvdes io Cdhtd suadrereoc qud, ë sdcd`goháo io dvbùáæb cotdreo` fdrdmro` dc 6 hãvdes prbpbsto pbr [ou` Cof@doh (?»hãvd`> fårdmrb råpte`: =» hãvd`> fårdmrb cocãldrb bu `ãcmefb: 6» hãvd`> förtdx fdrdmro`) o Cdhtd ostro` dvbùereo dc hãvdes bu focoios. [btdhfeo`cdhtd b 7» hãvd` io Cdhtd sdreo uco ehtdrlofd fbc b ?» hãvd` io O`co. Tc coebr idsdhvb`vecdhtb idsto gepötdsd dhfbhtro-sd hb Ohdxb 9. Ossec sdhib, o ieldrdháo dhtrd o Cdhtd d o O`co, ocmos ehtdrprdtoios fbcb opord`gbs `öaefbs, rdseiereo ho quohteioid id fohoes id oècdhtoáæb d ho fopofeioid ib foho`. Vdhib fbrrdtb b cdfohescb dvbùtevb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb prbpbstb hb Ohdxb 9, hæb surprddhidreo b lotb id ocmos, Cdhtd d O`co bpdrordc dc uco cdsco fotdabreo, ieldrdhfeohib-sd 65

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mosefocdhtd pd`b hþcdrb id fohoes qud os oècdhtoc d o fopofeioid id prbfdssocdhtb id Ehlbrcoáæb. Ehlbrcoáæb.

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99.. OOVV F FEEHHFFBB [ [OO]]YYDDVV DDVVVVDDHHFFEEOOEEVV I IDD T TCC V VEEVVYYDDCCOO I IDD FFBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB YY]]OOHHVVFFDDHHIIDDHHYYDD Vdauhib Vgohhbh (?597), uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb pbssue fehfb portds dssdhfeoes> (?) uco Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb, prbiuzehib uco cdhsoadc: (=) uc Yrohscessbr: (6) uc Foho`: (9) uc ]dfdptbr d (4) uco Idstehoáæb. (?) Tco Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb prbiuz uco cdhsoadc bu sdquîhfeo id cdhsoadhs poro sdr fbcuhefoio hb tdrceho` ]dfdptbr: (=) Tc Yrohscessbr, b quo` bpdro ho cdhsoadc id oàuco cohdero poro prbiuzer uc seho` seho` oidquoib poro trohscessæb trohscessæb ob `bhab ib Foho`: (6) B Foho`, qud å dldtevocdhtd b cdeb uteèzoib poro trohsceter b seho` ib Yrohscessbr poro b ]dfdptbr. D`d pbid sdr uc fomb, uc hdrvb sehtåtefb, uco loexo id lrdquîhfeo, uc roeb bu ldexd id ùz, uco lemro ötefo, dtf.: (9) B ]dfdptbr, qud adro`cdhtd otuo ho bpdroáæb ehvdrso ldeto pd`b Yrohscessbr, rdfbhstruehib o cdhsoadc id sdu seho`: (4) O Idstehoáæb, qud å o pdssbo poro o quo` o cdhsoadc å dhidrdáoio. Fbhseidrohib-sd b Fbcp`dxb O`co/Vbcmro Vdhsöreo fbcb uc Yrohscessbr, sdreo d`d qud bpdroreo sbmrd o cdhsoadc poro prbiuzer uc seho` oidquoib poro o trohscessæb ob `bhab ib Foho`. Dsto bpdroáæb fbhsestereo ho oáæb io Vbcmro Vdhsöreo qud fbhvdrtdreo bu ossbfeoreo b meblötbh dceteib pdò O`co, forrdohib Ehlbrcoáæb, o uc ecpu`sb d`åtrefb. Ob `bhab ib ferfuetb id fbcuhefoáæb, sdreo dstd ecpu`sb qud otuoreo sbmrd bs ãbhs Fo++ ib sorfbpòsco fbcb uc fbcohib poro fbhtroer bu rdòxor os lemros cusfuòrds io rdaeæb ib pdetb pröxeco ob tecb. B Foho` id fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd b Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd sdreo uco loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Ehieveiuo` Ydcpbro` otrovås io quo` b Dspãretb trohscetereo o Ehlbrcoáæb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. Fgoco-sd Fgoco-sd oque id —Ydcpbro`“ bu —Ydcpbrïreb“ poro iestehauer -sd iestehauer -sd id —Breaeho`“. O loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Breaeho` qud idsfrdvdreo b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo dxfetoreo tæb ehtdhsocdhtd o dhdraeo ib Vestdco id Vbcmros qud b idsehtdaroreo. [bssevd`cdhtd, b Dspãretb id uco pdssbo bpdroreo breaehoreocdhtd ho [btîhfeo dc oàb qud ho Dxestîhfeo fbrrdspbhidreo ë roieoáæb aoco, dhfbhtroio pbr dxdcp`b dc d c uc quosor, oàb == supdrebr ë lrdquîhfeo id ?; Gz fbc fbcprecdhtbs id bhio cdhbrds ib qud ?;-?9c (cdhbrd (cdhbrdss qud ? ). Ybioveo, Ybioveo, roebs roebs ehlehet ehlehetocdh ocdhtd td cdhbs ehtdhsb ehtdhsbs, s, fbcb fbcb idtdrcehoios roieoáôds u`troveb`dtos fbc lrdquîhfeos dc tbrhb id ?; ?< Gz fbc fbcprecdhtbs id bhio dc tbrhb id ?; -7c ( c d hc) hc) nï nï bfo bfose sebh bhoc oc sdvdros iesluháôds d idsehtdaroáôds dc hbssb Vestdco Fdùòr id Ehlbrcoáæb, fbhgdfeios pbpuòrcdhtd fbcb —fíhfdr“. O sbùáæb sdreo b Dspãretb rdstrehaer o suo Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo id Dxprdssæb ob trohsldrer-sd io 9?

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[btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo, bldrdfdhib uc tdcpb dvbùtevb poro qud b Du Fbhsfedhtd fbhsdauessd rdfdpfebhor, ob `bhab id vïreos rddhforhoáôds, uc dstbqud foio vdz coebr id Ehlbrcoáæb. Dsto rdstreáæb idvdreo sdr, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd, io roieoáæb aoco poro hãvdes ehldrebrds ë roieoáæb u`troveb`dto, qud å eauo`cdhtd fohfdrãadho. @dvohib-sd tocmåc dc fbhseidroáæb qud lrdquîhfeos cuetb moexos (toes fbcb os cefrb-bhios ho loexo dhtrd ;,6 x ?; < Gz d 6;; x ?; < Gz) fousoreoc fíhfdr, o lrdquîhfeo id bpdroáæb ib Dspãretb idvdreo dstor dc uco loexo hæb cuetb iestohtd ib dspdftrb vesãvd`, oàb ho loexo dhtrd 9,; x ?; ?9 Gz (vdrcd`gb) d 7,; x?; ?9 Gz (veb`dto). Bu sdno, uco quohtelefoáæb dspdfelefo p`dhocdhtd ossbfeoio ë dxprdssæb io ehieveiuoèioid id uco pdssbo, uco cdhsuroáæb dc Gz qud idsfrdvdreo o coheldstoáæb ib Dspãretb ehieveiuo`ãssecb id uco pdssbo, sdreo uc hþcdrb oprbxecoiocdhtd hb ehtdrvo`b dhtrd 9,; x ?; ?9 Gz d 7,; x?;?9 Gz. Ossec sdhib, dc tdrogdrtz (YGz) d dc hohùcdtrbs (hc), b hþcdrb qud idsfrdvdreo o dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb Ieldrdhtd, Ehieveiuo` d Þhefb id uco pdssbo dstoreo oprbxecoiocdhtd hb ehtdrvo`b dhtrd 9;; YGz d 7;; YGz, fbc b hþcdrb id fbcprecdhtb id bhio ossbfeoib dhtrd 19; hc d 67; hc. Idsto lbrco, b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo cbiuòreo o suo loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Breaeho`, d fbc essb b vbùcd id Ehlbrcoáæb trohsldreib poro o Dxestîhfeo, otrovås id uco loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Ehieveiuo` Ydcpbro`, bu sdno, pbr cdeb id uco loexo id lrdquîhfeo id dcessæb id meblötbh omsbùtocdhtd ehieveiuo` d oidquoio o uc pdrãbib id tdcpb. Dstd ehtdrvo`b id tdcpb dstoreo dc luháæb tohtb io fopofeioid cïxeco id Dstbqud Ehieveiuo` id Ehlbrcoáæb qud uco pdssbo pbidreo o`foháor dc uco þhefo dhforhoáæb, quohtb io sopedhs– id Ehlbrcoáæb, bu sdno, o fopofeioid cïxeco id Dstbqud ‐Gbcb sopedhs– id fopofeioid cïxeco id Ehlbrcoáæb qud hbsso dspåfed å fopoz id dstbfor sdc pdridr suo ehtdareioid ehtdareioid bu —idsehtdaror -sd“ (Ohdxb 6). B ]dfdptbr dstoreo dc uc ehtdroáæb dhtrd o rdid hdurbho` ib Vestdco Hdrvbsb d b Vestdco Dhiöfrehb ossbfeoib ob VHF. Dsso ehtdroáæb fbhvdrtdreo hbvocdhtd o Ehlbrcoáæb, forrdoio pd`b pu`sb d`åtrefb, dc sdu lbrcotb breaeho` id meblötbh. @dvohto-sd o gepötdsd id qud o a`íhiuò pehdo` dstoreo dhvb`veio hdstd prbfdssb id rdfbhvdrsæb poro meblötbh, ehfùsevd sdus frestoes id geirbxeopoteto braohezoibs fbhfdhtrefocdhtd. O Idstehoáæb sdreo o luháæb supdrebr id Fbhsfeîhfeo ib Förtdx Fdrdmro`, b Du Fbhsfedhtd, qud ehtdrprdtoreo o cdhsoadc rdfdmeio otrovås id uc föieab mehïreb. Dstd föieab pdrcetd uco lbrco ruiecdhtor cos luhfebho` id fbcuhefoáæb fbhsfedhtd, bhid uco fbhtroáæb fbh troáæb dquevo`d o uc —hæb“ d uco rdòxoáæb dquevo`d o uc —sec“.

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44.. BB V VEEVVYYDDCCOO I IDD F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB YY]]OOHHFFDDHHIIDDHHYYDD,, V VEEVVYYDDCCOO FFBBHHYYÃ Ã HHTTBB,, V VEEVVYYDDCCOO I IEEVVFF]]DDYYBB DD I IBBHHVV I IBB DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB Idhtrb id uco vesæb id Vestdcos id Fbcuhefoáæb [rbsoefbs, Vgohhbh bs fòsselefo dc trîs fotdabreos> Iesfrdtbs, Fbhtãhubs d Cestbs. [oro dssd outbr, uc Vestdco Iesfrdtb å oqud`d hb quo` tohtb o cdhsoadc quohtb b seho` sæb uco sdquîhfeo id sãcmb`bs iesfrdtbs fbcb, pbr dxdcp`b, b fosb bhid o cdhsoadc å bmteio pbr uc tdcpb coebr bu cdhbr id trohsldrîhfeo id uc pu`sb d`åtrefb bu ousîhfeo idstd. [br suo vdz, uc Vestdco Fbhtãhub å oqud`d hb quo` tohtb o cdhsoadc quohtb b seho` sæb trotoibs fbcb luháôds fbhtãhuos, estb å, dc sestdcos qud foptoc sehoes bhiuòtörebs, idsfretbs pbr lrdquîhfeos. D uc sestdco cestb å oqud`d hb quo` dxestdc tohtb voreïvdes iesfrdtos quohtb fbhtãhuos. Vustdhto-sd hdstd orteab qud b Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Yrohsfdhidhtd Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd sdreo uc Vestdco Fbhtãhub, uco vdz qud o Ehlbrcoáæb sdreo forrdoio pbr meblötbhs bpdrohib cotdcotefocdhtd dc uco luháæb id bhio, qud å uco luháæb fbhtãhuo. B forïtdr bhiuòtöreb d trohscessevb io Ehlbrcoáæb pbr cdeb id meblötbh lbe iesfuteib ho [ortd E\ idstd orteab. Vdauhib Vgohhbh, hös pbidcbs ehtdrprdtor uco lbhtd iesfrdto fbcb sdhib uco adroibro id cdhsoadc sãcmb`b pbr sãcmb`b. Vdreoc dsfb`geibs sufdssevbs sãcmb`bs idpdhidhib id fdrtos prbmomeèioids, dc adro` dhvb`vdhib dsfb`gos prdfdidhtds id sãcmb`bs mdc fbcb b sãcmb`b s ãcmb`b portefuòr dc qudstæb. Idsso lbrco, dstd sestdco rdo` bu uc cbid`b cotdcïtefb eidoèzoib qud prbiuzo uco sdquîhfeo id sãcmb`bs abvdrhoibs pbr uc fbhnuhtb id prbmomeèioids, sdreo uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb. Essb pbidrï lozdr fbc qud otå cdscb Lbhtds Fbhtãhuos id Ehlbrcoáæb sdnoc ehtdrprdtoios fbcb Iesfrdtos pbr oàuhs prbfdssbs dhvb`vdhib o trohscessæb fbcb —pofbtds ldfgoibs“, toes fbcb uc hþcdrb ehtderb bu sãcmb`b qud idsfrdvdreo uc d`dcdhtb id uc fbhnuhtb lehetb. Id lbrco coes adhårefo, pbid-sd olercor qud quo`qudr tepb id dvbùáæb tdcpbro`, qudr sdno idtdrcehãstefo bu dssdhfeo`cdhtd prbmome`ãstefo, qud puidr sdr ohoèsoio dc tdrcbs tdrcbs id prbmomeèioid, pbidrï sdr idsfreto fbcb fbcb uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb. Os ocpòs pbssemeèioids ibs [rbfdssbs Dstbfïstefbs, quohtb ë trohscessæb id Ehlbrcoáæb, sæb dxp`broios pbr Vgohhbh (?597), otrovås ibs sdauehtds dxdcp`bs dùfeiotevbs id èhauoadhs ortelefeoes, bhid dstds prbfdssbs tocmåc pbidc idleher o prbiuáæb id uc tdxtb fbhsestehib id uco sdquîhfeo id —poòvros“. VupbhibVupbhib -sd qud gï fehfb `dtros, —O“, —M“, —F“, —I“ d —D“ d ?< —poòvros“ hdsto —`ãhauo“ fbc os sdauehtds prbmomeèioids ossbfeoios> 96

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Vupbhib-sd Vupbhib-sd qud os sufdssevos —poòvros“ sæb dsfb`geios ehidpdhidhtdcdhtd d qud sæb sdporoios pbr uc dspoáb, uco tãpefo cdhsoadc pbidreo sdr> IOM DD O MDMD IDDI IDM OIDD OIDD DD IDM MDMD MDMD MDMD OIDD MDI IDDI IDDI FDDI OIDD O IDDI IDDI MDMD FOMDI MDMD MDI IOM IDDI OIDM. Vd tbios os poòvros pbssuãrdc uc fbcprecdhtb lehetb, o idsfreáæb pbid sdr secp`ds dc tdrcbs id dstruturo io poòvro d prbmomeèioids. [bidr-sd-eo tocmåc, hdstds dxdcp`bs, adhdroèzor d ehtrbiuzer prbmomeèioid id trohseáæb dhtrd poòvros, dtf. Dstos `ãhauos ortelefeoes lbroc uteèzoios ho fbhstruáæb id secp`ds dxdcp`bs opdhos poro eùstror os vïreos pbssemeèioids. Tco oprbxecoáæb id bridc zdrb å bmteio dsfb`gdhib tbios os `dtros ehidpdhidhtdcdhtd, cos fbc foio `dtro tdhib o cdsco prbmomeèioid qud tdreo dc uco `ãhauo hoturo`. [brtohtb, ho oprbxecoáæb id precdero bridc, dc Eha`îs, —D“ pbssue prbmomeèioid id dsfb`go ;,?= (pbes dsto å o lrdquîhfeo cåieo dc Eha`îs) d —Q“ —Q“ pbssue prbmomeèioid ;,;=: tbioveo hæb gï ehlùîhfeo dhtrd `dtros oinofdhtds poro lbrcor iearocos prdldrdhfeoes toes fbcb —YG“, —DI“, dtf. Ho oprbxecoáæb id sdauhio bridc, uco dstruturo iearoco å ehtrbiuzeio. Dc sdaueio uco `dtro å dsfb`geio, d o pröxeco uheioid å dsfb`geio id ofbrib fbc o lrdquîhfeo ho quo` vïreos `dtros sdaudc dsto precdero uheioid. [oro estb hdfdsseto-sd id uco tomdò id lrdquîhfeos iearoco . Ho oprbxecoáæb id tdrfdero tdrfdero bridc, bridc, uco dstruturo trearoco å ehtrbiuzeio, bhid foio `dtro å dsfb`geio pdòs prbmomeèioids ios quoes idpdhidc os iuos `dtros ohtdrebrds. [oro ior uco eideo vesuo` id fbcb dssos såreds id prbfdssbs ortelefeoes oprbxecoc-sd id uco èhauoadc hoturo`, sdquîhfeos tãpefos id oprbxecoáæb poro b Eha`îs sæb ioios o sdauer. Dc tbibs bs fosbs fbhseidrbu-sd uc —o`lomdtb“ id =1 sãcmb`bs, fbc =< `dtros d uc dspoáb> ?. Oprbxecoáôds id bridc zdrb (sãcmb`bs ehidpdhidhtds d dqueprbvïvdes)> WLBC@ ]WJG]NLLNTN ^@[QFLQJFUN LLNDU\JF_VAGUI _[OOCJMÔOFEM^@GN_I 99

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=. Oprbxecoáôds id precdero bridc (sãcmb`bs ehidpdhidhtds pbråc fbc os lrdquîhfeos id tdxtbs dc Eha`îs)> BF]B G@E ]AQ] HCED@QEV DT @@ HMHDVDMUO YG DDE O@GDHGYY[O BBMYY\O HOG M]@. 6. Oprbxecoáôds id sdauhio bridc (fbc uco dstruturo iearoco fbcb hb Eha`îs)> BH ED OHYVBTYEHUV O]D Y EHFYB]D VY MD V IDOCU OFGEH I E@BHOVE\D YTFBBQD OY YDOVBHO]D LTVB YEÊH OHIU YBMD VDOFD FYEVMD. 9. Oprbxecoáôds id tdrfdero bridc (fbc uco dstruturo trearoco fbcb hb Eha`îs)> EH HB EVY @OY QGDU F]OYEFY L]BT]D ME]V A]BFEI [BHIDHBCD BL IDCBHVYT]DV BL YGD ]D[YOAEH EV ]DABOFYEBHO BL F]D. 4. Dc oprbxecoáôds id precdero bridc poro poòvros, prbssdauehib fbcb uc tdtroaroco, o dstruturo (...,h-aroco (..., h-aroco)) å cd`gbr poro so`tor idstd pbhtb otå os uheioids id poòvros. Oque os poòvros sæb dsfb`geios ehidpdhidhtdcdhtd, pbråc pbssudc suos lrdquîhfeos oprbpreoios> ]D[]DVDHYEHA OHI V[DDIE@U EV HO ABBI O[Y B] FBCD FOH IELLD]DHY HOYT]O@ GD]D GD YGD EH FOCD YGD YB BL YB DW[D]Y A]OU FBCD YB LT]HEVGDV YGD @EHD CDVVOAD GOI MD YGDVD. <. Oprbxecoáôds id sdauhio bridc poro poòvros. Hdstd dxdcp`b o prbmomeèioid id trohseáæb id poòvros dstï d stï fbrrdto, pbråc hæb dstæb ehfùãios dstruturos oiefebhoes> YGD GDOI OHI EH L]BHYO@ OYYOFJ BH OH DHA@EVG Q]EYD] YGOY YGD FGO]OFYD] BL YGEV [BEHY EV YGD]DLB]D OHBYGD] CDYGBI CDYGBI LB] YGD @DYYD]V YGOY YGOY YGD YECD BL QGB D\D] YB@I YGD []BM@DC LB] OH THDW[DFYDI. Ë sdcd`goháo id uc tdxtb dsfretb dc Eha`îs fbteieohb, dstos cdhsoadhs tdc o suo qubto id —hbtefeomeèioid“ bu sdhteib oucdhtoib dc foio uc ibs possbs idcbhstroibs ohtdrebrcdhtd. Bmsdrvo-sd qud dstos ocbstros tîc dstruturos mdc sdhsotos, fbc quoèioid voreohib fbhlbrcd o dstruturo id fbhstruáæb ioio. [brtohtb, dc (6) b prbfdssb dstotãstefb ossdauro uc tdxtb cdiãbfrd poro sdquîhfeos id iuos `dtros, pbråc sdquîhfeos id quotrb `dtros idsto ocbstro pbidc cuetb rorocdhtd oidquor-sd dc uco sdhtdháo rozbïvd`. Nï dc (<) os sdquîhfeos id quotrb bu coes poòvros pbidc sdr lofe`cdhtd fb`bfoios dc sdhtdháos rozbïvdes. O sdquîhfeo dspdfãlefo id idz poòvros ‐ottofj bh oh Dhaèsg wrettdr tgot tgd fgoroftdr bl tges– tdc oàuc sdhteib. Dò opordfd quohib gï uc prbfdssb dstbfïstefb sulefedhtdcdhtd fbcp`dxb qud iorï uco rdprdsdhtoáæb soteslotöreo id uco Lbhtd Iesfrdto. 94

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Hdssd sdhteib, ob sumstetuercbs o ehtdrprdtoáæb id `dtros, ioio pbr Vgohhbh, pbr uco ehtdrprdtoáæb id Ibhs, o possoadc id (6) poro (<) idcbhstroreo qud, sd dcprdaïssdcbs o lbrcuòáæb id uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb sulefedhtdcdhtd fbcp`dxb, pbidr-sd-eo fbcprddhidr dlefedhtdcdhtd o iehícefo io dxprdssæb ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo. Dssd coebr dhtdhiecdhtb lovbrdfeo sbmrdcohdero o fbbpdroáæb ehieveiuo` fbhsfedhtd id foio pdssbo ob [rbndtb Ievehb id sdu pröpreb Dspãretb ob pdrceter qud b Du Fbhsfedhtd tbcossd fbhgdfecdhtb ios èhgos adroes idstd prbndtb id dxprdssæb ehtdèadhtd d braohezoib id Ibhs rdoèzoib pd`b sdu pröpreb Dspãretb. Cos, poro tohtb, o Dsperetuoèzoáæb Dsperetuoèzoáæb hdfdssetoreo sdr fbcprddhieio hæb opdhos fbcb uc prbfdssb le`bsölefb, cos tocmåc fbcb uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb. [brtohtb, quohtb coebr lbr o fbcp`dxeioid ib [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb lbrcuòib poro idsfrdvdr cotdcotefocdhtd o trohsldrîhfeo id uc Ibc bu Cdhsoadc ib Dspãretb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo, coebr sdrï o fòrdzo fbc qud b Du Fbhsfedhtd o ehtdrprdtorï, ocpèohib o suo pröpreo fopofeioid id fbòmbroáæb fbc sdu prbfdssb pdssbo` id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. O rdspdetb io hoturdzo io Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb, cdscb qud b Dspãretb bpdrd fbcb uco Lbhtd Fbhtãhuo otrovås id uco lrdquîhfeo id erroieoáæb, pbidcbs ehtdrprdtï-`b fbcb uco Lbhtd Iesfrdto sd fbhseidrorcbs foio Ibc fbcb uc —m`bfb“ bu —pofbtd“ id Ehlbrcoáæb, d o hbsso dsfb`go ho dxprdssæb idstds Ibhs fbcb sdhib> o.

Tco dsfb`go o porter id uc fbhnuhtb lehetb id Ibhs Breaehoes I? , I= ,..., Ih. m. Tco dsfb`go qud dhvb`vd uco prbmomeèioid idpdhidhtd id uc dstoib ohtdrebr. Fbcb uc dxdcp`b gepbtåtefb, tbcdcbs b Ibc poro dsfrdvdr rbcohfds, adhdrefocdhtd —I ] “. Dstd Ibc idpdhidreo id uc dstoib ohtdrebr fbcpbstb pbr vïrebs Ibhs dc sdquîhfeo bridhoio, toes fbcb> uco rdid sehïptefo seh ïptefo hdurbho` luhfebho` —I H“: b ibcãheb id uco `ãhauo dsfreto —I @“: d leho`cdhtd b ibcãheb id uco dståtefo id dsfreto —ID“. f. Fbhgdfdhib-sd o hoturdzo id foio d`dcdhtb ib fbhnuhtb lehetb id Ibhs Breaehoes I Breaehoes I? , I= ,..., Ih, d b oàbretcb dcprdaoib poro rdoèzor suos nuháôds ob `bhab ib tdcpb dc qud sd prbiuzdc bs Ibhs Idrevoibs, fbcb uc I ] , dstd pbidreo sdr —idfbcpbstb“ sufdssevocdhtd dc uco dsfoò id tdcpb dc ibhs foio vdz coes ohteabs, troáohib-sd troáohib-sd uco —adhdo`baeo“ id Ibhs. Eauo`cdhtd, o fbcpbseáæb id I] pbidreo sdr idsfbmdrto, somdhib-sd qud o fbcpbseáæb id I ] bmdidfdreo o uc oàbretcb dc qud suo tbtoèioid å coebr ib qud o sbco ios portds. Ossec, sdhib, o dxprdssæb id quo`qudr qud lbssd b Ibc sdreo uc [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb idpdhidhtd id uc dstoib ohtdrebr. Foio Ibc sdreo uco 9<

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dsfb`go rdoèzoio dc luháæb ib tdcpb, idpdhidhtd id dsfb`gos id Ibhs ohtdrebrds d ios hdfdsseioids dspdfãlefos id ehtdroáæb dhtrd d`ds poro qud uc Ibc o`cdnoib puidssd dcdraer, fbcb pbr dxdcp`b, b Ibc id rdieaer rbcohfds bu rbtderbs. Dstd [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb idpdhidreo id uc oehio idsfbhgdfeio oàbretcb prbmome`ãstefb io Cotdcïtefo io Fbcp`dxeioid, cbtevb pd`b quo` hæb pbidrãocbs fbhtrbòr b focehgb io dxprdssæb id uc Ibc d hdc prdvdr quohib dstd dcdraereo. Ybioveo, hb fosb io dxprdssæb ib Ibc id rdieaer rbcohfds bu rbtderbs, somdrãocbs fbhtrbòr oàucos id suos voreïvdes poro aorohter o suo dxprdssæb dc uc cbcdhtb ehidleheib, voreïvdes toes fbcb b mbc fbhgdfecdhtb io `ãhauo cotdrho d o fopofeioid id lozdr fbc qud b `detbr/dspdftoibr ehtdrono dcbfebho`cdhtd fbc b tdxtb prbiuzeib. Vd sumstetuercbs o poòvro —Ibc“ pdò poòvro —[rbndtb“, b rdsu`toib sdreo sdcd`gohtd. Fbhtrbòr b focehgb pd`b quo` sd rdoèzoreo uc prbndtb id ocbr, id cotdrheioid, id dcprddhidibrescb, dtf., å fetoib rdpdteiocdhtd pbr Joridf, Couï d butros dhteioids fbcb oàb ecpbssãvd`. Cotdcotefocdhtd, b idsfbhgdfecdhtb ib oàbretcb dc qud o nuháæb id Ibhs bpdroreo sdreo o fouso idsso ehfopofeioid id adrdhfeor b focehgb dc hãvd` fbhsfedhtd. Ybioveo, b Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt idcbhstro qud braohezoáôds cuetb fbcp`dxos suradc otrovås id dquoáôds cuetb secp`ds id outbsseceòreioid. Idsso lbrco, quohib fbhgdfdrcbs d`dcdhtbs sulefedhtds idsso secp`ds dquoáæb, otrovås id uc dhtdhiecdhtb ocpèoib pbr uco foio vdz coebr trohscessæb id O`co, o fopofeioid id adrdhfeocdhtb ib focehgb pd`b quo` bs Ibhs ib Dspãretb sd dxprdssoc ho Dxestîhfeo fbhstetuerï uco Ortd d uco Feîhfeo p`dhocdhtd ibcehoios pd`b Du Fbhsfedhtd.

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<<.. OO EEHHIIEE\\EEIITTOOÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ F FBBCCBB DDVVFFBB@@GGOO,, EEHHFFDD]]YYDD^ÔO DD DDHHYY]]BB[[EEOO Joridf (=;;2) idlehd o Ehieveiuoáæb fbcb sdhib o dxprdssæb io ieldrdháo ib Dspãretb, otrovås id sdus Ibhs þhefbs d ehecetïvdes. Dc butros poòvros, ehieveiuoèzor-sd seahelefo dsperetuoèzor-sd. Vdauhib Joridf ‐ho vdrioid, tuib sd cohtåc huc arohid tbib, omsbùtb. Å o Fbhsfeîhfeo qud ehieveiuoèzo. Vbcbs uco arohid cosso id sdrds þhefo, ieveho, bu sdno fbcb vbfî quesdr fgocor dsso cosso, cos ob cdscb tdcpb idhtrb idò o Fbhsfeîhfeo ehieveiuoèzo. O Ehieveiuoèioid hæb å dxotocdhtd b qud vbfî å cos o ieldrdháo ieldrdh áo fbc b butrb. \bfî hæb å, vbfî å opdhos o ieldrdháo– . Coes oieohtd, Joridf fbcp`dto ob olercor qud — dstocbs tbibs omsbùtocdhtd dc uco fbeso sö, hb dhtohtb b ldhùcdhb idhtrb idsso tbtoèioid å o Fbhsfeîhfeo, o ehieveiuoèzoáæb å o pdrfdpáæb ios ieldrdháos d o pdrfdpáæb ios ieldrdháos fgoco- sd fgoco- sd ‘fbhtotb‒. Vö gï fbhtotb quohib gï ieldrdháo. \bfî nocoes sdhtereo fbhtotb sd tuib tevdssd ë cdsco tdcpdroturo, hæb å vdrioid2 Væb os ieldrdháos id tdcpdroturo qud lozdc fbc qud vbfî pdrfdmo qud vbfî dstï pdaohib oàuco fbeso, oàuc bmndtb. Bro, b fbhtotb dxestd pbrtohtb dxestd dxpdreîhfeo, vevîhfeo, pbrqud dxestd b ldhùcdhb qud o Fbhsfeîhfeo freo d ehieveiuoèzoáæb, qud å o oprdfeoáæb ios ieldrdháos. Vö sd gbuvdr ieldrdháos gï fbhtotb d gï Fbhsfeîhfeo. Bro, idsid qud o Fbhsfeîhfeo sd ehieveiuoèzo, b lùxb ib idsdhvb`vecdhtb idò dstï idhtrb io ehieveiuoèioid, pbrtohtb o Fbhsfeîhfeo dsfb`gd, o Fbhsfeîhfeo frî, fbc sdu Vdr bu fbc b Vdr id tbibs d ob fb`bfor b Vdr id tbibs dò freo poro se d trohslbrco poro se b sdu pr bfdssb bfdssb id vevîhfeo, fbhsfeîhfeo d dxpohsæb– . Foùhao (=;2), hdssd cdscb sdhteib, olerco qud ‐Ieldrdháo å cåretb! Ieldrdháo å o dxestîhfeo! Vd vbfî hæb lbssd ieldrdhtd, vbfî hæb dxesteo. [brqud vbfî å ieldrdhtd o adhtd pdrfdmd p drfdmd qud vbfî å vbfî, dhtæb, å prdsdhtd! Å cåretb, å omuhiíhfeo io Freoáæb qud hæb rdpdtd hoio. Ieldrdháo å uco requdzo, adhtd!– Vgohhbh (?597) lbe b precderb outbr io gestöreo io Gucoheioid o ossbfeor o Ehlbrcoáæb fbc o Ieldrdháo. Ob lozî-`b, Vgohhbh otrd`bu dsto Ieldrdháo o uco arohidzo io Lãsefo, coes dspdfelefocdhtd io Ydrcbiehícefo, fgocoio Dhtrbpeo (G). (G). Ohtds id Vgohhbh, o Dhtrbpeo dstovo opdhos ossbfeoio ë idsbridc id uc Vestdco, otrovås id uco ombrioadc lbfoio ho iessepoáæb io dhdraeo idleheio pbr Mb`tzcohh. Ybioveo, Vgohhbh pdrfdmdu qud o Ieldrdháo (oque`b qud d`dvo, pbtdhfeoèzo bu dxo`to o quohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb id uco cdhsoadc) dstovo ehtrehsdfocdhtd èaoio ë dsfb`go d ë Dhtrbpeo. Loòr dc Dhtrbpeo, poro Vgohhbh, dquevo`d o loòr dc Ieldrdháo d _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb ho Cdhsoadc.

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Idhtrb id uco vesæb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb, uco Cotdcïtefo io Ieldrdháo fbcb Dhtrbpeo d _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb `dvoreo o uco såred id ecpèfoáôds sbfeoes cuetb prbluhios, qud idcbhstroreoc ehdquevbfocdhtd qud o bs iesfursbs sbfeoes, pb`ãtefbs, dfbhùcefbs, fedhtãlefbs, le`bsölefbs, rdèaebsbs, dtf. id gbcbadhdezoáæb, id poirbhezoáæb, id ‐uc aueo d cbid`b– poro tbibs d id idsrdspdetb ë èvrd dxprdssæb io ieldrdháo id foio pdssbo sdreoc iesfursbs ohte-Dsperetuoèzoáæb qud idvdreoc omsbùtocdhtd sdr dvetoibs. B rdspdetb ë Ieldrdháo hæb sdreo coes opdhos uc iesfursb le`bsölefb> sdreo tocmåc cotdcïtefb. O ombrioadc cotdcïtefo io Ieldrdháo, ossbfeoio ë Dhtrbpeo, eauo`cdhtd `dvoreo o uco såred id opèfoáôds tdfhb`öaefos hos ïrdos id Voþid d Diufoáæb. Oàucos idstos opèfoáôds sæb iesfuteios hbs Ohdxbs < d 1 idstd orteab. Vgohhbh (?597), otrovås idstds fbhfdetbs, hbs bldrdfdreo pestos poro cotdcotezor-sd o dxprdssæb ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb id foio pdssbo. @dvohto b outbr uco setuoáæb secpèlefoio id cdhsoadc d Ehlbrcoáæb poro rdspbhidr ë sdauehtd pdrauhto> ‐Å pbssãvd` dhfbhtror uco cdhsuroáæb id quohto ‘dsfb`go‒ dstï dhvb`veio ho sd`dáæb ib dvdhtb bu id quæb ehfdrtbs hös dstocbs quohtb ob rdsu`toib2– Vupbhgocbs qud tdc-sd uc fbhnuhtb id pbssãvdes dvdhtbs funos prbmomeèioids id bfbrrîhfeo sæb . Dstos prbmomeèioids sæb fbhgdfeios cos essb å tuib qud somd-sd dc rdòáæb o quo` dvdhtb erï bfbrrdr. Vd gï to` cdhsuroáæb, ieto , å rozbïvd` rdqudrdr idò os sdauehtds prbpredioids> ?. G sdreo G sdreo fbhtãhuo dc . =. Vd tbibs os sæb eauoes, , dhtæb G sdreo sdreo uco luháæb frdsfdhtd cbhbtùhefo id h. Fbc dvdhtbs eauo`cdhtd prbvïvdes, govdhib coes dvdhtbs pbssãvdes tocmåc govdrï coes dsfb`go bu ehfdrtdzo. 6. Vd uco dsfb`go lbr ehtdrrbcpeio dhtrd iuos dsfb`gos sufdssevos, o G breaeho` sdreo o sbco pbhidroio ibs vo`brds ehieveiuoes id G . B seahelefoib iestb å eùstroib ho Leauro 5, dxtroãio id Vgohhbh. Ë dsqudrio idsto leauro gï trîs pbssemeèioids . Ë ierdeto, hbsso precdero dsfb`go dhtrd iuos pbssemeèioids, foio uco fbc prbmomeèioid , d sd o sdauhio sdauhio bfbrrd pbid pbid bfbrrdr butro dsfb`go fbc prbmomeèioids

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Leauro 5 ’ 5 ’ Idfbcpbseáæb Idfbcpbseáæb id uco dsfb`go id trîs pbssemeèioids. Eh pbssemeèioids. Eh>> Vgohhbh, ?597.

B rdsu`toib leho` rdsu`tohtd tdc o cdsco prbmomeèioid id ohtds. Dxeadsd, hdstd fosb dspdfeo`, qud

B fbdlefedhtd å pbrqud dsto sdauhio dsfb`go bfbrrd sbcdhtd ho cdtoid ios vdzds. Otrovås idstd dxdcp`b secp`ds, pbidr-sd-eo idsdhvb`vdr-sd uc cdfohescb dssdhfeo`cdhtd tåfhefb id fbcprddhsæb io dxprdssæb ibs Ibhs, id lbrco qud foio pdssbo puidssd sdr coes dlefedhtdcdhtd ouxeèoio, pbr uc Ofbhsd`gocdhtb Ydropîutefb, o dxprdssï-`bs. O rocelefoáæb id prbmomeèioid ho Leauro 5 cbstroreo uc focehgb bu [rbndtb, bhid Ibhs [recetevbs ioreoc breadc o Ibhs Idrevoibs, ossbfeoibs o uco prbfdssb prbmome`ãstefb d o uco Dhtrbpeo. Dsto —idrevoáæb“ dstoreo ierdtocdhtd ossbfeoio ë Ehieveiuoáæb, Ieldrdhfeoáæb bu Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Ybioveo, otrovås id uc locbsb dxdcp`b eùstrotevb io Ohïèsd Dstotãstefo id [rbndtbs, pbid-sd somdr qud poro uc prbndtb qud sd tdhgo, pbr dxdcp`b, 64 arohids dsfb`gos ieldrdhtds iespbhãvdes dc sdu ehãfeb, dstos dsfb`gos ropeiocdhtd dhvb`vdreoc uco såred id dsfb`gos sdfuhiïreos ossbfeoios qud, ropeiocdhtd, idrevoreoc os opdhos 64 dsfb`gos ehefeoes dc 64 me`gôds id dsfb`gos ieldrdhtds. Dsso dxpbhdhfeoáæb id dsfb`gos tbrhoreo omsbùtocdhtd ecpbssãvd` o fbcprddhsæb id uc prbndtb dspdfãlefb. B cdscb sd pbidreo iezdr poro o fbcprddhsæb io iehícefo ib suraecdhtb id Ibhs. Dhtrdtohtb, otrovås io Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Idfesæb, pbidr-sd-eo ropeiocdhtd rdiuzer o ohïèsd id 64 me`gôds id prbndtbs poro oàb dc tbrhb id opdhos ?;;;. O Ydbreo io Idfesæb tromo`go dssdhfeo`cdhtd fbc o bridhoáæb id dsfb`gos pbr arou id ecpbrtíhfeo, id lbrco qud ob d`dhfor uc pdqudhb fbhnuhtb id idfesôds id coebr pdsb, uco arohid portd id idfesôds id cdhbr 4;

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pdsb sæb idsfortoios, b qud btecezo o pröpreo tbcoio id idfesæb d b pröpreb prbfdssb id dxprdssæb fbhsfedhtd ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo. Ob dècehor-sd uco idfesæb id arou d`dvoib hb ehãfeb ib prbfdssb, dèceho-sd uco såred id pdrturmoáôds ossbfeoios o dsto idfesæb qud otropo`goreoc o dsfb`go id butros, oucdhtohib-sd o dlefeîhfeo. ]dpdtehib-sd rdetdroiocdhtd dsto dècehoáæb, o dlefeîhfeo hb prbfdssb id dxprdssæb ibs Ibhs ho Dxestîhfeo oucdhto foio vdz coes, tbrhohib-sd dxpbhdhfeo`cdhtd coes rïpeio d dlefedhtd o foio dècehoáæb. Idsso lbrco, o Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Idfesæb pbidreo sdr uco ouxeèor cuetb prbcessbro hbs luturbs dstuibs o rdspdetb io dxprdssæb ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo.

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11.. TTCC O O@@AABB]]EEYYCCBB [ [OO]]OO O O EEHHIIEE\\EEIITTOOÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ B BTT DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@EE^ÔOÁÁÆÆBB Fbhseidrohib-sd o Ehieveiuoáæb Dsperetuo` fbcb b pröpreb prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb, pbidr-sd-eo idsdhvb`vdr-sd ecdieotocdhtd ob cdhbs b dsmbáb id uc oàbretcb qud idsfrdvdssd dstd dvdhtb qud å, sdc sbcmro id iþveio, b coes ecpbrtohtd prbfdssb id tbio o Dxestîhfeo. [ortehib-sd id Joridf (=;;2) d id sdus fbhfdetbs id ferfuhstíhfeo d id oprdhiezoadc, idleheio o precdero fbcb ‐o pröpreo ferfuhstíhfeo å b Dspãretb sdhsemeèzohib– d idleheio o sdauhio fbcb —oprdhidr — oprdhidr å freor ferfuhstíhfeos poro qud b Dspãretb sd cbstrd: sæb ferfuhstíhfeos poro b Dspãretb ver, pdioáb pbr pdioáb, ho sdquîhfeo io pröpreo prbarocoáæb id foio Dspãretb. [br essb os ferfuhstíhfeos sæb dspdfãlefos o foio uc, sdnoc os ferfuhstíhfeos io fbhieáæb lãsefo, sbfeo` bu dsperetuo`– tdr-sd-eo qud o Dsperetuoèzoáæb sdreo uco toxo a`bmo` id dvdhtbs id Ehieveiuoáæb idsfretbs pbr uco quohteioid mïsefo id dvdhtbs id Ehieveiuoáæb sbcoio o uco iestremueáæb id dvdhtbs id Ehieveiuoáæb qud sdaudc uc dvdhtb ferfuhstohfeo`, toes fbcb, leaurotevocdhtd, ‐råpèfos sdauehib uc tdrrdcbtb–, tdrrdcbtb–, bu sdno, uco outb-dxfetoáæb. Hdssd sdhteib leauroib id ‐råpèfos id tdrrdcbtb–, tdrrdcbtb– , o ferfuhstíhfeo bu fresd, sdauhib Joridf, sdreo uc —ehtdaro` precïreb“ fbcpbstb bu sdaueib pbr vïrebs dvdhtbs sdfuhiïrebs. Idsso lbrco, uc oàbretcb ehefeo` qud idsfrdvdssd o Dsperetuoèzoáæb pbidreo sdr ioib pbr

bhid> å o toxo a`bmo` id dvdhtbs prbmome`ãstefbs id Ehieveiuoáæb bu Dsperetuoèzoáæb dc luháæb ib tdcpb: å o quohteioid mïsefo id dvdhtbs prbmome`ãstefbs id Ehieveiuoáæb qud adro`cdhtd bfbrrdc, tocmåc idhbcehoib id dvdhtbs prbmome`ãstefbs id Ehieveiuoáæb, bu Ehieveiuoáæb id mofjarbuhi : mofjarbuhi id a å å o outb-dxfetoáæb, bu sdno, sæb bs dvdhtbs prbmome`ãstefbs id Ehieveiuoáæb, dc uc cbcdhtb ib tdcpb opös uc t , qud sdaudc uco ferfuhstíhfeo dspdfãlefo (dvdhtb prbmome`ãstefb ehefeo` idsdhfoidoibr) bfbrreio dc uc cbcdhtb ib tdcpb t . Bu sdno, a sdno, a å å o Ehieveiuoáæb Ferfuhstohfeo`. Idstd oàbretcb ehefeo`cdhtd prbpbstb poro o Yoxo id Dsperetuoèzoáæb dc luháæb ib tdcpb, ecdieotocdhtd rdsu`toreoc pbssemeèioids ehtdrdssohtds id 4=

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pdsqueso fosb secpèlefïssdcbs secpèlefïssdcbs o vesuoèzoáæb io dxprdssæb ohtdrebr d sumstetuãssdcbs o rdòáæb id eauoìoid pbr uco rdòáæb id outbsseceòreioid. Ob fbhseidror-sd bs dvdhtbs mofjarbuhi id Ehieveiuoáæb fbcb sdhib uco fbhstohtd, adhdrefocdhtd f, d sd sumstetuãssdcbs b tdrcb poro o outb-dxfetoáæb secp`dscdhtd pbr a , ehtrbiuzehib-sd ob cdscb tdcpb uco rdòáæb id outbsseceòreioid, tdr-sd-eo bu b qud sd oprbxecoreo, ehtdrdssohtdcdhtd, ib oàbretcb qud Cohid`mrbt idleheu poro sdu fbhnuhtb> . [ortehib-sd idsso ehtdrdssohtd bmsdrvoáæb, pbidr-sd-eo supbr qud govdreo b Dspãretb ( D ) ho [btîhfeo, ë dsqudrio io rdòáæb, d b Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo (bu Du Fbhsfedhtd) sbcoib ë uco fbhstohtd, ë ierdeto io rdòáæb> Idsdhvb`vdhib-sd luturocdhtd b oàbretcb ofeco, otrovås id uco dquepd trohsiesfepèhor id pdsquesos, tdr-sd-eo uco pbssemeèioid fbhfrdto, bmndtevo d idto`goio id dxpèfor-sd o hdfdsseioid io Dxestîhfeo poro b Dspãretb> b lotb id b Dspãretb possor id D poro (pbtdhfeoèzor-sd dc h iecdhsôds) otrovås D poro io rdòáæb rdòáæb id outbss outbsseceò eceòreioid reioid ( ) qud qud oècdhto oècdhto fbhtehuoc fbhtehuocdhtd dhtd bs tdrcbs tdrcbs ë ierdeto d ë dsqudrio io rdòáæb, tbrhoreo adhdrefocdhtd dsto dxpèfoáæb dveidhtd pbr se sö.

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77.. OO EEHHLLBB]]CCOOÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ DD O O DDHHYY]]BB[[EEOO Vupbhib qud b Dspãretb, fbcb Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb, dstdno adrohib —pofbtds“ bu —m`bfbs“ iesfrdtbs id —sãcmb`bs“ idhbcehoibs Ibhs. Vupbhib qud b prbfdssb sdno fbc dstoibs lehetbs, poro foio dstoib pbssãvd` e govdreo uc fbhnuhtb id prbmomeèioids prbiuzehib bs vïrebs sãcmb`bs pbssãvdes n pbssãvdes n,, d dhtæb govdreo uco dhtrbpeo poro foio dstoib. O dhtrbpeo io lbhtd sdrï idleheio fbcb o cåieo idstds pbhidroibs id ofbrib fbc o prbmomeèioid id bfbrrîhfeo bfbrrîhfeo ibs dstoibs dc qudstæb>

Dsto sdreo o dhtrbpeo ib Dspãretb hb dstoib id [btîhfeo poro foio —pofbtd id sãcmb`bs“ bu Ibc adroib poro o Dxestîhfeo. Vd dstï adroáæb dstï prbfdidhib dc uco toxo id tdcpb lehetb, govdreo tocmåc uco dhtrbpeo pbr sdauhib,

bhid å o lrdquîhfeo cåieo (bfbrrîhfeos pbr sdauhib) ib dstoib e. Ossec sdhib, o rdòáæb dhtrd G dhtrd G d G‒ d G‒ sdreo sdreo

bhid c å b hþcdrb cåieb id —pofbtds id sãcmb`bs“ bu Ibhs adroibs pbr sdauhib, io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. [brtohtb, G bu cdiereoc o _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb, adroio pd`b Dspãretb, pbr Ibc bu pbr sdauhib. Vd o mosd ib `baoretcb lbr =, d`ds rdprdsdhtoræb mets pbr —pofbtd id sãcmb`bs“-Ibc sãcmb`bs“-Ibc bu mets pbr sdauhib.

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55.. OO F FOO[[OOFFEEIIOOIIDD I IBB F FOOHHOO@@ DD O O DDHHYY]]BB[[EEOO Tc Foho` Iesfrdtb, sdc ruãib, sdauhib Vgohhbh, tdc o sdauehtd Fopofeioid F>

bhid H(Y) å bhid H(Y) å b hþcdrb hþ cdrb id sãcmb`bs pdrceteibs fbc iuroáæb Y . Hb fosb id uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Yrohsfdhidhtd, o luháæb H(Y) idlehereo b hþcdrb id —pofbtds/m`bfbs id sãcmb`bs“ bu Ibc qud b foho` fbhsdaud trohspbrtor dc uc idtdrcehoib tdcpb Y. O Fopofeioid ib Foho` å idtdrcehoio pdò dhtrbpeo io Lbhtd, bu sdno, pdò quohtelefoáæb io fopofeioid id Ehieveiuoáæb bu Ieldrdhfeoáæb qud b Dspãretb pbssue ob trohsldrer-sd io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo.

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??;;.. OO ] ]DDIITTHHIIÍÍHHFFEEOO I IOO C CDDHHVVOOAADDCC F FBBCCBB LLOOYYBB]] H HDDFFDDVVVVÏÏ]]EEBB ËË ] ]DDAADDHHDD]]OOÁÁÆÆBB I IDD I IBBHHVV [ [DD]]IIEEIIBBVV Vdauhib Vgohhbh (?597), o toxo id dhtrbpeo id uco Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb quohtb ob vo`br cïxecb qud dò pbidreo tdr, dcmbro oehio rdstreto obs cdscbs sãcmb`bs, sdreo fgocoio id dhtrbpeo rdòtevo. rdòtevo . Dsto sdreo o cïxeco fbcprdssæb pbssãvd` ob fbielefor-sd dc uco cdsco èhauoadc. Ob cdscb ]diuhiíhfeo. tdcpb, uc —seho` id cdhbs“ ho dhtrbpeo rdòtevo sdreo o ]diuhiíhfeo. Iezdr-sd qud o ]diuhiíhfeo id uco èhauoadc, pbr dxdcp`b, å id 4;%, seahelefo qud quohib uteèzo-sd dsto èhauoadc, cdtoid ib qud lbr fbcuhefoib otrovås idò dstorï idtdrcehoib pdò dstruturo io èhauoadc d opdhos o butro cdtoid sdrï id èvrd-dsfb`go. O ]diuhiíhfeo dc èhauoadhs idtdrceho b quohtb uco cdhsoadc hdsto èhauoadc pbid sdr rdfupdroio bu rdstouroio quohib uco lroáæb idò å opoaoio. Vd lbr pbssãvd` rdstouror-sd uco cdhsoadc quohib, pbr dxdcp`b, 4;% idò lbr opoaoio, o ]diuhiíhfeo hdsto èhauoadc tdrï qud sdr coebr ib qud 4;%. O ]diuhiíhfeo id uco èhauoadc tocmåc idlehd uc coebr bu cdhbr sdhteib id uco cdhsoadc d b hþcdrb id iecdhsôds dspofeoes dc qud dsto cdhsoadc pbidreo sdr dxprdssoio. Vd o ]diuhiíhfeo lbssd zdrb, quo`qudr sdquîhfeo id sãcmb`bs fbhtdreo uc sdhteib rozbïvd` hdsto èhauoadc d quo`qudr orrohnb meiecdhsebho` idstd sãcmb`bs fbcpbreo uco cdhsoadc. Vd o ]diuhiíhfeo lbssd cuetb o`to, o èhauoadc ecpbreo tohtos rdstreáôds qud hbvos cdhsoadc sdreoc ecpbssãvdes, dècehohib ossec o èvrd-dsfb`go. Ybioveo, ob ossucer-sd o rdstreáæb ecpbsto pdò èhauoadc fbcb sdhib uco rozæb foötefo d id hoturdzo rohiùcefo, rohiù cefo, coes cdhsoadhs sdreoc pbssãvdes poro uco ]diuhiíhfeo id 4;%. [br suo vdz, sd o ]diuhiíhfeo lbssd id 66%, nï sdreoc pbssãvdes cdhsoadhs treiecdhsebhoes toes fbcb, pbr dxdcp`b, uco gepbtåtefo ‐cb`åfuò id IHO– fbc sãcmb`bs cbhtoibs dc uc secp`ds supbrtd id cdto` id sdrro`gdreo, fbcb lezdroc Qotsbh d Frefj hbs ohbs ?54;. [brtohtb, ob fbhseidror-sd b Du Fbhsfedhtd (bu Dspãretb ho Dxestîhfeo) fbcb sdhib uco tbtoèioid id uco Cdhsoadc dhveoio pd`b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo, o rdadhdroáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb, qudr sdno io dstruturo ib Vestdco id Vbcmros, qudr sdno b ]dsaotd id pdioábs id O`co, sdreo pbssãvd` opdhos idveib ë ]diuhiíhfeo io Cdhsoadc. Tco ]diuhiíhfeo funb pdrfdhtuo` dstï fbhiefebhoib ë pröpreo dstruturo dstotãstefo io @ehauoadc Ehlbrcofebho` dcprdaoio pd`b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo.

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???.. TTCCOO C CDDHHBB]] \ \DD@@BBFFEEIIOOIIDD I IDD [ []]BBFFDDVVVVOOCCDDHHYYBB I IBB V VEEVVYYDDCCOO I IDD VVBBCCMM]]OOVV V VDD]]EEOO H HDDFFDDVVVVÏÏ]]EEOO [ [OO]]OO T TCCOO Ö ÖYYEECCOO F FBBIIEELLEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB IIBB DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB I IOO [ [BBYYÎÎHHFFEEOO [ [OO]]OO O O DDWWEEVVYYÎÎHHFFEEOO O dxprdssæb id @bybò, ‐o cdhtd å cuetb murro– murro– (@BUB@O: AOV[O]DYYB, =;22), sd ehtdrprdtoio fbcb uco `dhteiæb id prbfdssocdhtb io Vbcmro Cdhto` bu rdtoriocdhtb dc rdòáæb ob Opord`gb id O`co, pbidreo fbhleauror uco —murrefd“ omsbùtocdhtd hdfdssïreo poro qud o cd`gbr fbielefoáæb pbssãvd`, dcprdaoio pd`b Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo, puidssd sdr dldtuoio. \dno-sd o gepötdsd id uco trohscessæb sdc ruãib, fbcb prbpôd Vgohhbh poro sestdcos id fbcuhefoáæb prbsoefbs. O rozæb io toxo cbcdhtíhdo id trohscessæb io Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb poro o fopofeioid F ib ib Foho` pbidreo sdr idhbcehoio id ‐dlefeîhfeo ib sestdco id fbielefoáæb– . Estb sdreo eauo` ë toxo io dhtrbpeo cbcdhtíhdo io Ehlbrcoáæb forrdoio pd`b meblötbh pd`b Foho`, vesohib o cïxeco dhtrbpeo bu ehieveiuoáæb pbssãvd`. O fbielefoáæb fbcpotemeèzoreo o Lbhtd ob Foho`, dc uc sdhteib dstotãstefb, hdfdssetohib poro essb id uc rdtoriocdhtb. rdtoriocdhtb. O luháæb prehfepo` idstd rdtoriocdhtb sdreo pdrceter uco rozbovd`cdhtd mbo fbcpotemeèioid id prbmomeèioids fbrrdspbhidhtds ob fbcprecdhtb ios sdquîhfeos id Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb forrdoios pd`b meblötbh. Dc adro`, sdauhib Vgohhbh, uco fbielefoáæb eido` bu oprbxecoiocdhtd eido` hdfdssetoreo id uc `bhab rdtoriocdhtb hb trohscessbr d hb rdfdptbr d, fbc uc mbc föieab, b `baoretcb io prbmomeèioid rdfãprbfo id uco `bhao cdhsoadc tdreo qud sdr prbpbrfebho` ë iuroáæb ib seho` fbrrdspbhidhtd.

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O. Coydr

??==.. ]]TTÃ Ã IIBB,, DD__TTEE\\BBFFOOÁÁÆÆBB DD DDHHYY]]BB[[EEOO F FBBHHIIEEFFEEBBHHOO@@ Iezdr qud gï ]uãib ho trohscessæb io Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo otrovås ib fbcp`dxb O`co/Vbcmro Vdhsöreo seahelefo iezdr qud b seho` rdfdmeib pd`b Du Fbhsfedhtd d sdu Vestdco id Vbcmros hæb å hdfdssoreocdhtd b cdscb qud b dhveoib pd`b Yrohscessbr fbcpbstb pd`b bpdroibr `öaefb id O`co/Vbcmro Vdhsöreo. Vd b seho` hdc sdcprd sblrd o cdsco cuioháo ho trohscessæb, hös pbidcbs fbhseidror b seho` rdfdmeib D fbcb sdhib uco luháæb ib seho` trohsceteib V d d uco sdauhio voreïvd`, b ]uãib H ]uãib H >

B ]uãib pbidreo sdr fbhseidroib fbcb uco prbmomeèioid voreïvd` qud otuo sbmrd o cdhsoadc. D`d pbidreo sdr rdprdsdhtoib pbr uc fbhvdhedhtd [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb, id to` lbrco qud b tepb coes adro` id Foho` Iesfrdtb fbc ]uãib sdreo fbhseidroib fbcb uco adhdroèzoáæb ib Foho` id dstoib lehetb sdc ruãib. Vd b ]uãib ib Foho` lbr oècdhtoib pbr uco lbhtd (fbcb pbr dxdcp`b> uco såred id frdháos frestoèzoios io Vbcmro Cdhto`: cb`åfuòs id tbxehos fbcb Fgucmb bu Braohblbslbroibs id oarbtöxefbs sbmrd o Vbcmro Vb cmro \esfdro`: oardssæb d`dtrbcoahåtefo id fdùòrds d rdids id o`to tdhsæb, dtf.) govdreoc ibes prbfdssbs dstotãstefbs otuohib secu`tohdocdhtd> o lbhtd d b ruãib. [brtohtb govdreo uc hþcdrb id dhtrbpeos qud pbidreoc sdr fo`fuòios. G(x) io lbhtd bu ib ehput poro [recderb, gï o dhtrbpeo G(x) io poro b Foho`. Vdauhib, o G(y). Hb dhtrbpeo ib butput ib ib Foho`, estb å, b seho` rdfdmeib, idhbtoio pbr G(y). fosb sdc ruãib . Ydrfderb, o dhtrbpeo fbhnuhto id ehput d . Leho`cdhtd, govdreoc iuos dhtrbpeos fbhiefebhoes, d butput, , bu sdno, o dhtrbpeo ib butput quohib quohib b ehput å å fbhgdfeib d rdfãprbfb. Dhtrd dstos arohidzos hös tdrãocbs os sdauehtds rdòáôds>

Ybios dssos dhtrbpeos pbidreoc sdr cdhsuroios dc uheioids pbr sdauhib bu pbr sãcmb`b. B ]uãib bfosebho idsopordfecdhtb id Ehlbrcoáæb, qud pbidreo sdr fbrreaeio d rdfupdroio. Dveidhtdcdhtd o fbrrdáæb oprbpreoio sdreo ofrdsfdhtor hbvocdhtd dsto Ehlbrcoáæb trohsceteio qud idsopordfdu hb seho` 47

Orteab


rdfdmeib, bu dc butros poòvros, dcprdaor-sd o ehfdrtdzo quohib hös rdfdmdcbs uc seho` qud hbs lbe dhveoib. Vomdhib-sd Vomdhib-sd qud o dhtrbpeo å uco cdieio id ehfdrtdzo, pdrfdmd-sd qud sdreo rozbïvd` uteèzor o dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho` io cdhsoadc, fbhgdfdhib-sd b seho` rdfdmeib, fbcb uco cdieio ib idsopordfecdhtb id Ehlbrcoáæb. ], sdreo bmteio pdò Vdauehib dsto eideo, o Yoxo id Yrohscessæb Otuo`, ], sumtroáæb io toxo id prbiuáæb (estb å, o dhtrbpeo io lbhtd) pdò toxo cåieo io dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho`, bu sdno>

Idsso lbrco, o dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho` pbidreo sdr fbhseidroio fbcb b pröpreb fï`fu`b io dquevbfoáæb, qud cdiereo o ocmeaueioid cåieo ib seho` rdfdmeib. Dveidhtdcdhtd o fbrrdáæb oprbpreoio poro opèfor ho quohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb trohsceteio sdrï ofrdsfdhtor dsto Ehlbrcoáæb qud idsopordfdu hb seho` rdfdmeib, bu o`tdrhotevocdhtd, o ehfdrtdzo quohib hös rdfdmdcbs uc seho` qud hbs lbe dhveoib. Id hbsso iesfussæb pråveo io dhtrbpeo fbcb uco cdieio id ehfdrtdzo, pdrfdmd-sd sdr ehtdrdssohtd uteèzor o dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho` io cdhsoadc, fbhgdfdhib-sd b seho` rdfdmeib, fbcb uco cdieio ib idsopordfecdhtb id Ehlbrcoáæb. Vdauehib dsto eideo, o Yoxo id Yrohscessæb Otuo`, ] Otuo`, ],, sdreo bmteio pdò sumtroáæb io toxo id prbiuáæb (estb å, o dhtrbpeo io lbhtd) io toxo cåieo io dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho`>

O dhtrbpeo fbhiefebho` sdrï, pbr fbhvdheîhfeo, fbhvdheîhfeo, b fï`fu`b io dquevbfoáæb. Dò cdid o ocmeaueioid bu iesfrdpíhfeo cåieo ib seho` rdfdmeib dc rdòáæb ob trohsceteib.

45

O. Coydr

\E. IDLEHEÁÔDV I ID [[O]YEIO DDVYDHIEIOV [[B] OMB]IOADC @@ÖAEFB-COYDCÏYEFO OO[ÖV OO IEVFTVVÆB O@CO> opord`gb bpdroibr id rdòáôds `öaefos fbc h fohoes id oècdhtoáæb. Opord`gb Bpdroibr @öaefb Ieo`öaefb Ferfuòr id Foho` [bèhbceo` id Arou h 8?. 8?. Opord`gb Bpdroibr id @öaefo Fbcp`dxo. CDHYD> opord`gb bpdroibr id rdòáôds `öaefos fbc foho` èhdor id oècdhtoáæb. Opord`gb Bpdroibr @öaefb Yrohscessevb @ehdor id Foho` @ehdor bu Foho` [bèhbceo` id Arou ?. Opord`gb Bpdroibr id @öaefo @ehdor. DW[]DVVÆB ID TC IBC IB DV[Ã]EYB> [rbfdssb Dstbfïstefb idpdhidhtd id uc dstoib ohtdrebr. DV[E]EYTO@EÔÁÆB> prbfdssb id trohsldrîhfeo id Ehlbrcoáæb Dsperetuo` io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo pbr cdeb ib Bpdroibr @öaefb id O`co. YDCF bu YD-CF> Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb bu Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å b dstuib sestdcïtefb d trohsiesfepèhor ibs prbfdssbs id> trohscessæb, ehtdroáæb ieo`öaefo, ferfuòreioid d rdtrboáæb id Cdhsoadc, Ehlbrcoáæb d ioibs braohezofebhoes dhtrd b Du Fbhsfedhtd d sdu Dspãretb, mdc fbcb bs prbfdssbs id fbcuhefoáæb ehtdrhbs hbs Vestdcos id Vbcmros, oècdhtoibs pd`b Dspãretb, prbfdssbs id trohscessæb d ehtdroáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb idhbcehoibs id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. B tdrcb —Cotdcïtefo“ å ehefeo`cdhtd soèdhtoib, cdscb trotohib -sd id uc hbvb Vomdr trohsiesfepèhor, fbcb uco —oáæb olercotevo“ poro dxpèfetor sd qud o Dsperetuoèzoáæb hæb å uco dxfùseveioid ios Feîhfeos Gucohos, ios Ortds d io Le`bsbleo, cos sec uc Vomdr qud sdcprd sdrï cdhbs dlefedhtd dhquohtb hæb dha`bmor os Feîhfeos Dxotos. Hb cbcdhtb gestörefb dc qud os Feîhfeos Dxotos d Gucohos dstevdroc oidquoiocdhtd fbbridhoios, cbcdhtb dc qud b omescb dhtrd dòs hæb coes dxester, b tdrcb —Cotdcïtefo“ pbidrï sdr rdcbveib, adrohib-sd uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Adro` io Fbcuhefoáæb. Fbcb uc hbvb Vomdr roiefo`cdhtd trohsiesfepèhor, o YD-CF tdc sdu pbhtb id porteio dc ieldrdhtds iesfepèhos cos ecdieotocdhtd roiefosd dc suo trohsfdhiîhfeo poro pehtor uc quoirb id sãhtdsd. O pdrauhto fdhtro` io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å> ‐Fbcb uco pdssbo sd fbcuhefo fbhsf edhtdcdhtd, quoètotevo d quohtetotevocdhtd, fbc sdu pröpreb Dspãretb2– O pdrauhto fdhtro` ios opèfoáôds tdfhb`öaefos breuhios io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å> ‐Fbcb btecezor dsso fbcuhefoáæb fbhsfedhtd dhtrd o O pdrauhto fdhtro` ios opèfoáôds sbfeoes d pdssbo d sdu pröpreb Dspãretb2– Dspãre tb2– O <;

Orteab


dfb`öaefos breuhios io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å> ‐Fbcb uco fbcuhefoáæb btecezoio fbhsfedhtd dhtrd o pdssbo d sdu pröpreb Dspãretb pbid trohslbrcor pbsetevocdhtd b cdeb sbfeo` d ocmedhto`, fbhstruehib uco sbfedioid gucohezoio d dfb`öaefo2– O pdrauhto fdhtro` ios opèfoáôds feveèzotöreos breuhios io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å> ‐Fbcb uco fbcuhefoáæb btecezoio fbhsfedhtd dhtrd o pdssbo d sdu pröpreb Dspãretb Dspãretb pbid prbiuzer uco Feveèzoáæb ib Dspãretb2–

O. Coydr

\EE. FBHVEID]OÁÔDV LLEHOEV B idsdhvb`vecdhtb id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb å uradhtd. Bs tdcos iesfuteibs hdstd orteab sæb opdhos uco dòmbroáæb ehefeo` d uc tohtb ruiecdhtor ib qud pbidreo ver o sdr oàb cuetb coebr. Os gepötdsds oque òháoios musfoc prebretoreocdhtd dstecuòr uco rdl`dxæb dhtrd cdcmrbs id fb`daeoibs hofebhoes d ehtdrhofebhoes eidhtelefoibs fbc os Ydropeos \emrofebhoes, fbc o Yrohsfbcuhefoáæb Ehstrucdhto` d fbc o Ehtdrprdtoáæb id Aospordttb. ]dl`dxôds, rdtelefoáôds, rotelefoáôds d hbvos prbiuáôds sdreoc luhiocdhtoes poro fbhstruer-sd fb`dtevocdhtd uc orfombuáb tdörefb-cotdcïtefb söèib fopoz id sustdhtor uco luturo Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb fbcb uc focpb fedhtãlefb prbcbtbr io Dsperetuoèzoáæb d id suo fbhsdqudhtd _uoèioid id \eio. Dc fbhlbrceioid fbc o olercoáæb ib dspãretb id Joridf, id qud ‐dc cdhbs id vehtd ohbs b pòhdto tdrï sd trohslbrcoib id uco cohdero ehdspdroio, dxtrobriehoreocdhtd, d fbesos cuetb coes cbidrhos dstoræb iespbhãvdes dc cuetb mrdvd, ossec fbcb o omdrturo io pdrfdpáæb ib cuhib ostro` sdrï idlehetevo–, idlehetevo– , urad, pbrtohtb, dstorcbs prbhtbs poro to`, fbc o fbhstetueáæb id uco söèio fbcuheioid trohsiesfepèhor id pdsqueso d ehvdsteaoáæb dsperetuo` hofebho` d ehtdrhofebho`, ocporoio ehiessbfeovd`cdhtd, dc vesto ib forïtdr trohsiesfepèhor prbpbstb, dc supbrtd cotdcïtefb. Idsso lbrco, cotdcïtefbs, lãsefbs, lãsefb-quãcefbs, quãcefbs, meö`babs, dhadhgderbs, pdioababs, psefbpdioababs, psefö`babs, cåiefbs gbcdbpotos, cåiefbs quíhtefbs d tdropdutos gb`ãstefbs dstæb fbhveioibs o portefepordc idstd tromo`gb, o lec id qud dsto prbpbsto ehefeo` sdno ropeiocdhtd supdroio, fbhseidroio opdhos fbcb uc pbhtb id porteio poro o fbhstetueáæb id oàb dldtevocdhtd fbhsestdhtd> uco hbvo Ydbreo Adro` id Dsperetuoèzoáæb qud ehtdard ehiessbfeovd`cdhtd os Feîhfeos Dxotos d os Feîhfeos Gucohos dc prb` id uco fouso vdrioiderocdhtd coebr. Ofrdieto o outbreo qud å pdrldetocdhtd veïvd` o fbhstetueáæb id uco fbcuheioid trohsiesfepèhor id pdsquesoibrds d pdsquesoibros, uheio dc tbrhb ib tdco io Dsperetuoèzoáæb Dsperetuoèzoáæb fbcb Fbcuhefoáæb d id uco Ydbreo Adro` poro dsto. Tco fbcuheioid idsto hoturdzo sdreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd fopoz id fbhstruer fb`dtevocdhtd uco såred id hbvos opèfoáôds d tdfhb`baeos, ohfbroios hos ecpèfoáôds idsto Ydbreo, fopozds id fbhiuzer os pdssbos d o sbfedioid o uc dste`b id veio coes ldèz, coes dlefedhtd, coes d`daohtd d coes md`b.

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Orteab


OOAA]]OOIIDDFFEECCDDHHYYBBVV Dstd orteab hæb tdreo seib pbssãvd` sdc b ehfbhiefebho` opbeb id V. N. Coydr d C. D. Coydr, ehfohsïvdes idldhsbrds io Diufoáæb Ehtdaro`. Eauo`cdhtd, o musfo pbr uco ombrioadc cotdcïtefo io Dsperetuoèzoáæb nocoes tdreo seib fbaetoio pdò outbreo hæb lbssd b dstãcu`b ib prbldssbr O. Coeo, ehfohsïvd` idldhsbr ios Feîhfeos Dxotos d dhtuseosto ib ieï`bab dhtrd dstos d o Dsperetuoèioid. Io cdsco lbrco, dstd tromo`gb hæb tdreo seib pbssãvd` sdc b opbeb ibs oceabs ostroes, idhtrd d`ds> Vdu Dxu Yerere @ohæ, Ibho ]bso ]oehgo d Vdu Bauc Cdaî, qud prbpbrfebhoroc o `baãstefo oprbpreoio, oprbpreoio, d [oe Nboquec i―Ohabò, i― Ohabò, qud idhtrd butros fbesos, suadreo-cd gucbroiocdhtd qud ‐ob ehvås id aostor tdcpb ho coquehehgo ZfbcputoibrS vdhib dssds iroco id hbvdò ocdrefoho Zsåreds hbrtd-ocdrefohos dc èhjs id èhjs id ehtdrhdt S å cd`gbr vdr hdò le`cd sbmrd b Thevdrsb!– The vdrsb!–

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O. Coydr

]DLD]ÎHFEOV OYYDHMB]BTAG, Iovei. Jehaibc bl [òhts > @eld eh tgd Qdt ^bhd. Ibfucdhtïreb. MMF, =;?=. FOVY]B, Vdmosteæb \efdhtd id. Ohotbceo Luhiocdhto` . Væb [ou`b > CfArow-Ge``, ?574. FO[]O, Lretnbl. O Ydeo io \eio > uco hbvo fbcprddhsæb fedhtãlefo ibs sestdcos vevbs. Væb [ou`b > Fu`trex, =;;<. FGBE, Jyuwoh. FEFGBF]E, Ohirzdn. Ehtdrlofd Cïqueho d Fårdmrb . MCE (Mroeh Cofgehd Ehtdrlofd) ohi Vpofd-Yecd-Lrdqudhfy Le`tdreha Ydfghb`bay. ]dòtöreb. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;?9. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.rejdh.bra FECMO@, Iedtcor. Bhios Dstofebhïreos Dsfoòrds d Ehlbrcoáæb Dstruturoio. Dhtrdvesto. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc FB[[DHV, Uvds. @o biesdo id ò dspdfed . Ibfucdhtïreb. Yd`dveseöh Dspoÿbò ‖ Dspoÿbò ‖ Voardro Voardro Y\, =;;=. DCBYB, Cosoru. Cdssoads lrbc Qotdr . Ibfucdhtïreb. Hegbh Deao Vgehsyo, =;;=. L]OVD], [dtdr. Idfbielefohib b Focpb Fbrpbro` Gucohb . Dhtrdvesto. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: FO@THAO, Dspãretb id. O @de io \eio å vbfî. [o`dstro dc vãidb. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: FO@THAO, Dspãretb id. Bs Vdardibs io @uz d io Vbcmro . \b`. 7. Fursb dc ïuieb, 7 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: JO]IDF, Dspãretb id. B Gbcdc Föscefb. Fursb dc ïuieb, 7 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs <9

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Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: @DBHB]O, Dspãretb id. Otehaehib o \drioidero Md`dzo . Dspãretb id @dbhbro. Fursb dc ïuieb, 1 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: @BUB@O, Dspãretb id. Coes Du ib qud Huhfo. Fursb dc ïuieb, 9 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: HOHOG, Dspãretb id. Bs Vdardibs io @uz d io Vbcmro . \b`. 1. Fursb dc ïuieb, 7 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb: [OE NBÆB IO [O^, Dspãretb id. Bs Vdardibs io @uz d io Vbcmro . \b`. <. Fursb dc ïuieb, 7 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb. Fbhdxæb Dsperetuo` dc C[6> fbc o O`co, fbc os Vbcmros, fbc b Du Vupdrebr, fbc b Ostro`. Fursb dc ïuieb, 9 ouòs, vbùcd þhefb. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2 ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > \eio & Fbhsfeîhfeo, =;?;. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb. Bs Vdardibs io @uz d io Vbcmro . \b`. ? o 4. Fursb dc ïuieb, 7 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2m. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. AOV[O]DYYB, @uez Ohtùheb. Focehgohib ho Dtdrheioid . Fursb dc ïuieb, 9 vbùcds. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs Aospordttb, =;;2f. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs @bno \ertuo` > Aospordttb, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.aospordttb.fbc.mr AD]MD], ]efgori. Cdiefeho \emrofebho` > uco cdiefeho poro b luturb. Væb [ou`b > Fu`trex, ?577. <4

O. Coydr

ABVQOCE, Ocet. Dhtrdvesto ob ]bio \evo . Y\ Fu`turo, =;;1. EHAD]COH, Vohiro. ]dsaotd io O`co > rddhfbhtrd bs pdioábs io o`co qud vbfî pdridu. Væb [ou`b > Fdhtrb id Dstuibs \eio & Fbhsfeîhfeo Dietbro, =;;7. EHVYEYTYD BL GDO]YCOYG. Dhtrdvesto fbc ]b`èh CfFroty. Forieb`baeo Dhdraåtefo . =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc. www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc. EHVYEYTYD BL EHYD]HOYEBHO@ MEB[GUVEFV. Dhtrdvesto fbc LretzO`mdrt [bpp. Meblötbh. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc JGO@E@E, Nec O`. Otbc> Ygd E`ùsebh bl ]doèty. Ibfucdhtïreb. MMF, =;;1. JGO@E@E, Nec O`. Bridr & Iesbridr > Ygd Vtbry bl Ehlbrcotebh. Ibfucdhtïreb. MMF, =;?=. JGO@E@E, Nec O`. Ygd Vdfrdt @eld bl Fgobs . Ibfucdhtïreb. MMF, =;?;. @E[YBH, Mrufd. CoahdtbDhfdlo`bAroco. Dhtrdvesto. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc. CBG@D], Adbrad. Ygd Oad bl Mea Ioto . Dhtrdvesto. Ibfucdhtïreb. MMFGbrezbh, =;?6. B@E\DE]O, Våraeb Ldèpd id. Dstuib io Dstruturo io A`íhiuò [ehdo` Gucoho dcprdaohib Cåtbibs id Cefrbsfbpeo id @uz, Cefrbsfbpeo D`dtrùhefo id \orrdiuro, Cefrbsfbpeo id \orrdiuro pbr Dspdftrbcdtreo id ]oeb-W d Ielroáæb id ]oeb-W. Iessdrtoáæb id Cdstroib. Væb [ou`b > TV[, ?557. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;?9. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>//www.tdsds.usp.mr/tdsds/iespbhevdes/9=/9=?6?/tid-=?;<=;?6;5616;/pt-mr.pgp [D]VEHAD], Cefgod`. Idus ho Cdhtd . Dhtrdvesto. =;;2. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.ybutumd.fbc/usdr/m`dbadb. []EABAEHD, E`yo: VYDHAD]V, Esomd``d. O Hbvo Oèoháo > cdtocbrlbsd io Feîhfeo. Mrosãèo > Thevdrseioid id Mrosãèo, ?579. <<

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VOAOH, For`. Fbscbs. ]eb id Nohderb > Lrohfesfb O`vds, O`vds, ?57;. VD]]O, N. [ou`b. Cohuo` id Ydbreo io Fbcuhefoáæb . Fbve`gæ > Thevdrseioid io Mdero Ehtdrebr, =;;1. VGOHHBH, Fòuid D. O Cotgdcotefo` Ygdbry bl Fbccuhefotebh . Ygd Md`` Vystdc Ydfghefo` Nburho`, \b`. =1, Nu`y, Bftbmdr, ?597. pp. 615 ‖ 615 ‖ 9=6, 9=6, <=6 ‖ <4<. <4<. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs Md`` > Md`` @ombrotbry, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.fc.md``-òms.fbc. VGD@I]OJD, ]updrt. Focpbs Cbrlbadhåtefbs . Dhtrdvesto. =;;5. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio dc cor. =;??. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.tgdèvehacotrexcbved.fbc. VECCBHV, Me``. Ygd Oad bl Mea Ioto . Dhtrdvesto. Ibfucdhtïreb. MMFGbrezbh, =;?6. YDEWDE]O NÞHEB], Ohtùheb id Vbuzo (troi.). Iefebhïreb id Lãsefo . Yroiuzeib ib Gdridr @dxejbh ‖ [gysej. Lrdemura, Idutfgòhi. Væb [ou`b > Cd`gbrocdhtbs, ?57;. YE[@D], [ou` O. Lãsefo. ]eb id Nohderb > Auohomoro Ibes, ?517. YBJB]B, Austovb: B@E\DE]O, Gyrò F. @.: \O]D@O, Goce`tbh. Iehícefo Fbcp`dxo hb Vestdco mrbcotb/ gepblbsletb/ ofdtbho / cohaohîs d ldrrbãho . _uãcefo Hbvo. \b`. 6;, h» ;7, Væb [ou`b, =;;1. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>//www.sfed`b.mr/sfed`b.pgp2sfrept3sfeRorttdxt&pei3 V;?;;9;9==;;1;;;7;;;=<. YT]EHA, Oòh. O Fgdcefo` Moses bl Cbrpgbadhdses . [ge`bsbpgefo` Yrohsoftebhs bl tgd ]byo` Vbfedty bl @bhibh. Vdreds M, Meb`baefo` Vfedhfds, \b`. =61, Hb. <9?. Oab. ?54=, pp. 61-1=. ]dldrîhfeo bmteio veo mosd id ioibs Fo`tdfg > Fo`tdfg Diu, =;?6. Iespbhãvd` ho Ehtdrhdt. gttp>// www.iho.fo`tdfg.diu/fbursds/fs?5?/popdrsfs?5?/tureha.pil QEDHD], Hbrmdrt. Fymdrhdtefs> br Fbhtrb` ohi Fbccuhefotebh eh tgd Oheco` ohi tgd Cofgehd . Focmreiad, Cossofgusdtts > Ygd CEY [rdss, (?5<4), =;;4.

<1

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OHDWBV EC[@EFOÁÔDV DD OO[@EFOÁÔDV ??.. CCBB@@ÅÅFFTT@@OOVV I IEEVVLLTTHHFFEEBBHHOOEEVV H HOO V VBBCCMM]]OO \ \EEVVFFDD]]OO@@ DD EEHHYYDD]]LLDD]]DDHHYYDD DD@@DDYY]]BBCCOOAAHHÅÅYYEEFFBB V VBBMM]]DD B B F FBBCC[[@@DDWWBB YYEECCBB//FFBB]]OOÁÁÆÆBB//DDHHFFÅÅLLOO@@BB F FBBCCBB LLBBHHYYDD I IDD ] ]TTÃ Ã IIBB H HOO YY]]OOHHVVCCEEVVVVÆÆBB I IDD O O@@CCOO Dstos Lbhtds id ]uãib tdreoc uc forïtdr dxtrdcocdhtd cotdreo` d gbnd lortocdhtd iespbhãvd` dc uc pòhdto p òhdto idaroioib pbr pbùeáæb ocmedhto`. _uohtb ës cb`åfuòs iesluhfebhoes ho Vbcmro \esfdro`, tbrhor-sd-eo dveidhtd qud b mrose`derb, huco toxo id ehadstæb id fdrfo id 4 ètrbs ob ohb id sumstíhfeos töxefos oarãfbòs breuhios id oècdhtbs prbiuzeibs pd`b Oarbhdaöfeb, tdreo uco seahelefotevo ofucuòáæb idstos cb`åfuòs iesluhfebhoes b qud lbrábsocdhtd fbhstetuereo uc bmstïfu`b ë trohscessæb ehlbrcofebho` io ehtdèaîhfeo d luhfebhoèioid io O`co ob Du Fbhsfedhtd hb prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Fbcb dxdcp`b eùstrotevb ibs dldetbs id cb`åfuòs iesluhfebhoes fbcb Lbhtd id ]uãib ho trohscessæb id O`co, pbidr-sd-eo fetor b fosb id Hdrb. Gï rdaestrbs gestörefbs id qud Hdrb ehefebu sdu rdehoib id lbrco pbsetevo, ehfùsevd iohib omreab hb po`ïfeb id abvdrhb obs rdluaeoibs ib arohid ehfîhieb id ]bco, uc idsostrd fbcuc huco feioid otå dhtæb id orquetdturo luhiocdhtoio dc coidero. Ho rdfbhstruáæb id ]bco pbr Hdrb, dòmbroio dc pdiro, ocpèbu-sd o uteèzoáæb id rdids id ïauo fbc tumuòáôds id fgucmb, lortocdhtd ofdssãvdes poro o hbmrdzo. Vuspdeto-sd qud b prbfdssb id dh`buqudfecdhtb id Hdrb, rdl`dteib dc suos pbstdrebrds oáôds id abvdrhb, tdhgo sd ioib pbr uco ibdháo fgocoio soturhescb, fousoio pbr ehtbxefoáæb sdvdro pbr fgucmb, uc cdto` pdsoib d töxefb. Hdssd dxdcp`b dxtrdcb, tbrhor-sd-eo ömveb qud uco Vbcmro \esfdro` ehtbxefoio pbr cdtoes pdsoibs hæb fbhtremuereo poro b prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Id lbrco coes sute`, b cdscb pbidr-sd-eo sd iezdr io se`dhfebso ehtbxefoáæb pbr oarbtöxefbs otuohib gbnd sbmrd o pbpuòáæb mrose`dero. O otuoáæb id uc Ehtdrldrdhtd D`dtrbcoahåtefb sbmrd b Fbcp`dxb Yecb/Fbroáæb/Dhfålo`b tocmåc hdfdssetoreo sdr fbhseidroio. Tc dxdcp`b ibfucdhtoib, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd id Lbhtd id ]uãib ho trohscessæb id O`co, sdreo b rïieb-rd`öaeb ho fomdfdero io foco. Hdstd fosb, govdreo uco lo`go ho trohscessæb ib tecb poro b VHF, ho o`turo ib förtdx poredto` ierdetb. <7

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Cefgod` [drsehadr, io Thevdrseioid @ourdhteoho, bmsdrvbu b fosb id uco cdheho oldtoio pd`b rïieb-rd`öaeb. Ybioveo o brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto ib pdsquesoibr b tbrhbu ehfopoz id pdrfdmdr qud sd trotovo id uco sdhsemeèioid dhdraåtefo idsdqueèmroio. [bråc, [drsehadr bmsdrvbu qud o cdheho pbssuão uco oteveioid coebr ib `ömu`b poredto` ierdetb d qud dsto oteveioid iecehuão quohib b rïieb-rd`öaeb id suo fomdfdero dro olostoib iurohtd b sbhb, lozdhib-o sdhter-sd cd`gbr ([D]VEHAD], =;;2). @dvohib-sd dc fbhseidroáæb qud ho rdaeæb dhfdlïèfo `bfoèzo-sd hæb opdhos b `ömu`b poredto`, cos eauo`cdhtd bs frestoes id geirbxeopoteto io dstruturo io a`íhiuò pehdo` (B@E\DE]O, ?557), d qud o rdaeæb dhfdlïèfo dstï dhvb`veio ierdtocdhtd hb prbfdssb id trohscessæb id O`co pd`b tecb pbr cdeb io trondtöreo dxtro-lãsefo pbr idtrïs io hufo idsfreto pbr @dbhbro (=;;2), uco ecpbrtohtd qudstæb idvd sdr `dvohtoio> sd uco cïqueho secp`ds id moexo pbtîhfeo id erroieoáæb fbcb uc rïieb-rd`öaeb otubu fbcb Ehtdrldrdhtd D`dtrbcoahåtefb hb prbfdssb id trohscessæb id O`co, o pbssemeèioid id opord`gbs fdùòrds fbcb Lbhtds id ]uãib tocmåc idvdreo sdr sdreocdhtd `dvohtoio. Gï cuetbs fosbs id pdssbos qud ibrcdc fbc sdus opord`gbs fdùòrds ob òib id sdus trovdssderbs b qud, hb fosb id uco secp`ds dxtropbòáæb fbc b ibfucdhtoib pd`b rïieb-rd`öaeb, sdreo o`tocdhtd prdbfupohtd dc sd trotohib id cohtdr-sd uc foho` id trohscessæb id O`co fbc b cdhbr ]uãib pbssãvd`.

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O. Coydr

==.. BB F FBBCC[[@@DDWWBB YYEECCBB//FFBB]]OOÁÁÆÆBB F FBBCCBB T TCCOO T THHEEIIOOIIDD DDHHYY]]DD YY]]OOHHVVCCEEVVVVÆÆBB DD [ []]BB[[OOAAOOÁÁÆÆBB I IOO EEHHLLBB]]CCOOÁÁÆÆBB B B]]EETTHHIIOO I IOO OO@@CCOO Vdauhib @dbhbro (=;;2), b ohfbrocdhtb lãsefb io O`co (bu sdno, o fdhtro` id trohsldrîhfeo id Ehlbrcoáæb) dstoreo hb tecb. Vdauhib b Ehstetutd bl Gdortcotg (=;;5), o fdhtro` id trohsldrîhfeo id ehlbrcoáæb dhfbhtror-sd-eo hb fbroáæb. Dc uc precderb cbcdhtb, os gepötdsds id @dbhbro d ib Gdortcotg sdreoc ohtoaùhefos. Fbhtuib uco ohïèsd fueioibso, fbcb o rdoèzoio hdstd Ohdxb, idcbhstroreo qud ocmos sæb fbcp`dcdhtords d eauo`cdhtd fbrrdtos, idpdhidhib opdhos id bhid idlehdc-sd os lrbhtderos fbhfdetuoes dhtrd —trohscessæb“ d —prbpoaoáæb“. Dstd Ohdxb idldhidrï o pbssemeèioid id fbhseidror-sd fbcb b ohfbrocdhtb lãsefb ib opord`gb id O`co hæb opdhos b fbroáæb bu b tecb, cos sec uc fbcp`dxb lbrcoib pbr ocmbs ob fbhseidror-sd ehiessbfeïvdes o trohscessæb d o prbpoaoáæb. O gepötdsd ib tecb dhfbhtro auoreio ob ohoèsorcbs b Vestdco Dhiöfrehb fbcb uc Vestdco id Ehlbrcoáæb pbr dxfd`îhfeo. Tco vdz qud b Vestdco id Fgojros èao-sd ob Vestdco Dhiöfrehb, sdreo b tecb b trohscessbr id Ehlbrcoáæb ib Cuhib io [btîhfeo poro b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo. O gepötdsd ib fbroáæb dhfbhtro auoreio ob ohoèsorcbs b Vestdco Foriãofb fbcb uco Vestdco Bhiuòtöreb pbr dxfd`îhfeo, qud bpdro dc pu`sbs. B dhaohb idsto gepötdsd å fbhseidror b fbroáæb b trohscessbr, uco vdz qud d`d å dc rdoèioid b ocpèlefoibr d prbpoaoibr ib seho` ib tecb. B fbroáæb, fbcb foexo id rdssbhíhfeo, ocpèleforeo b seho` ib tecb d, fbcb öraæb pu`sïte`, b prbpoaoreo. O luháæb id foexo id rdssbhíhfeo lefo dveidhtd ob bmsdrvor-sd hæb opdhos o dstruturo ib pröpreb fbroáæb, dc foveioids d rdp`dtb id lùãib, cos tocmåc o foveioid ib cdieostehb hb quo` d`d sd dhfbhtro. Vdc o luháæb id ocpèoáæb ib seho`, b tecb pbtdhfeo`cdhtd hæb fbhsdauereo cohtdr dstruturoib uc braohescb tæb fbcp`dxb fbcb b id uc Gbcb sopedhs. sopedhs. Ocmos os gepötdsds rduheios suadrereoc uc Fbcp`dxb Yecb/Fbroáæb ob dhfbhtrordc-sd dhfbhtrordc-sd dveiîhfeos id qud b tecb, —prdhsoib“ dhtrd b bssb dstdrhb d b d b fbroáæb, dstoreo èaoib ës ehdrvoáôds ioqud`d d trohsldrehib-`gd ehlbrcoáæb otrovås id pbtdhfeoes d`åtrefbs bu otå cdscb pbr meblötbhs. Oehio hæb gï hdhguc dstuib dspdfãlefb o rdspdetb id meblötbhs dceteibs pd`b tecb, tbioveo b tromo`gb ib meblãsefb o`dcæb Lretz-O`mdrt [bpp (EHVYEYTYD BL EHYD]HOYEBHO@ MEB[GUVEFV, MEB[GUVEFV, =;;5) o rdspdetb id dcessæb id meblötbhs pbr fåùòs vevos pbidreo suadrer o dcessæb meblbtùhefo fbcb uco veo dsperetuo` id trohscessæb id Ehlbrcoáæb ib tecb ob fbroáæb. O pbseáæb ib tecb sdreo dstrotåaefo poro trohsldrer Ehlbrcoáæb> sdhib lbrtdcdhtd prbtdaeib pdò dstruturo rãaeio d fo`fïreo ib bssb dxtdrhb, 1;

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dhfbhtro-sd dhfbhtro-sd —idrrocoib“ pbr sbmrd bs vosbs io mosd ib fbroáæb (FOVY]B, ?574), vosbs qud dspo`goreoc o Ehlbrcoáæb coes `dhtocdhtd pd`b braohescb, hb fosb id prbpoaoáæb quãcefo, bu quosd ehstohtohdocdhtd pdò sãstb`d, hb fosb id Ehlbrcoáæb bhiuòtöreo. O sdquîhfeo id trohscessæb id Ehlbrcoáæb, ossec, sdreo tecb↝fbroáæb↝VHF↝braohescb. Nï o sdquîhfeo id prbpoaoáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb sdreo fbroáæb↝VHF↝braohescb. O opordhtd ehfbharuîhfeo dhtrd @dbhbro d b Gdortcotg pbtdhfeo`cdhtd rdseiereo oã> o idleheáæb pbufb fòro id —trohscessæb“ d —prbpoaoáæb“. @dbhbro dstoreo coes lbfoio hb fbhfdetb id —trohscessæb“ d b Gdortcotg coes lbfoib hb fbhfdetb id —prbpoaoáæb“, dxprdssb hb forïtdr pu`sohtd d bhiuòtöreb. @dvohib dc fbhseidroáæb b dxpbstb hdstd Ohdxb, o otuoáæb ib tecb d ib fbroáæb fbcb opord`gb id O`co sdreoc ehiessb`þvdes, fbcpbhib uc fbcp`dxb ehsdporïvd`. Oàb to` qud, dc uc hdb`baescb tåfhefb, pbidreo sdr fgocoib id uc —Fbcp`dxb—Fbcp`dxb -Y“.

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66.. CCDDFFOOHHEEVVCCBB V VTTAADD]]EEIIBB [ [OO]]OO B B V VTT]]AAEECCDDHHYYBB I IOO O O@@CCOO DD VVEEVVYYDDCCOO I IDD V VBBCCMM]]OOVV>> LLEE@@BBAAÎÎHHDDVVDD DD C CBB]]LLBBAAÎÎHHDDVVDD O Vbcmro Vdhsöreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd sdreo o Ehtdèaîhfeo vevo coes ohteao, uco ehtdèaîhfeo suraeio hbs braohescbs cbhbfdùòrds uteèzohib sdhsemeèioid quãcefo fbcb lbhtd poro ‐tbcoio id idfesôds–, idfesôds– , fbcb pbr dxdcp`b> bhid dhfbhtro-sd b oècdhtb, quoes sæb bs ocmedhtds töxefbs o sdrdc dvetoibs, dtf. Dc butros poòvros, uco Ehtdèaîhfeo Vdhsãvd`, Vdhsöreo bu Vdhsuo`. Fbc b ovoháb ib prbfdssb id Ehieveiuoáæb d io braohezoáæb io ehtdèaîhfeo dc dstruturos pùrefdùòrds d öraæbs precetevbs fbcb b tumb ieadstevb, suraereo o Vbcmro \esfdro`, fbc uco Ehtdèaîhfeo id \ãsfdros. [btdhfeo`cdhtd dsso sdreo uco dxpèfoáæb poro o olercoáæb id Aospordttb (=;;2m) id qud ‐o Vbcmro Vdhsöreo d o Vbcmro \esfdro` tromo`goc cuetb nuhtos–. nuhtos–. Dc sdaueio, fbc b fbhtãhub idsdhvb`vecdhtb ios vãsfdros pùrefdùòrds foio vdz coes dspdfeoèzoios, suraereo o hdfdsseioid id idldhiî-òs id otoquds id butrbs braohescbs cbhbfdùòrds. Tco Ehtdèaîhfeo Auorieæ io ehtdareioid id uc sestdco foio vdz coes ehieveiuoib sdreo hdfdssïreo. Fåùòs ehieveiuoroc-sd d possoroc o idstruer quoesqudr butros fåùòs qud hæb pdrtdhfdssdc ob focpb ib sdr qud sd ehieveiuovo. Ob cdscb tdcpb, tdfeibs sd dspdfeoèzovoc dc uc sestdco rdprbiutbr fopoz id auorior o prdsdrvoáæb io dspåfed otrovås io sdxuoèioid. [btdhfeo`cdhtd b idsdhvb`vecdhtb secu`tíhdb id tdfeibs dspdfeoèzoibs ib sestdco ecuhb`öaefb d ib sestdco rdprbiutevb tdreoc idleheib b cbcdhtb dvbùtevb ib suraecdhtb io Vbcmro Auorieæ. Fbhlbrcd o Ehieveiuoáæb ovoháovo, pbssevd`cdhtd b focpb id otuoáæb ib braohescb vevb hdfdssetoreo ocpèor-sd, tbcohib coes dspoáb ib ocmedhtd poro o`åc id uc tdfeib dpetdèo` fdhtroèzoib. B rdfbhgdfecdhtb tdrretbreo` d o otuoáæb hd`d sdreoc hdfdssïrebs poro aorohter suprecdhtbs d pbssemeèioids rdprbiutevos: pbssevd`cdhtd dsso hdfdsseioid tdreo idsdhvb`veib uco Ehtdèaîhfeo Ocmedhto` bu Vbcmro Ocmedhto`. [btdhfeo`cdhtd, pd`b lotb id qud tbib tdrretöreb hdfdsseto bmreaotbreocdhtd sdr idldhieib bu auorhdfeib, suadrereo uco dxpèfoáæb poro o olercoáæb id Aospordttb (=;;2m) id qud ‐o Vbcmro Vbcmro Auorieæ d o Vbcmro Ocmedhto` tromo`goc cuetb nuhtos–. nuhtos– . [estos poro fbrrbmbror dssos gepötdsds dstoreoc hb suraecdhtb dvbùtevb io leseb`baeo fdùòr. B suraecdhtb ios braohdòs fdùòrds coes ohteaos ehieforeo b suraecdhtb id uco Vbcmro \esfdro` cuetb ruiecdhtor. Dspdfelefocdhtd bs èsbssbcbs pbidreoc ehiefor b suraecdhtb id uco Vbcmro Auorieæ cuetb precetevo. Nï bs lòad`bs d fãèbs fdùòrds pbtdhfeo`cdhtd ehieforeoc b suraecdhtb id uco Vbcmro Ocmedhto` cuetb ruiecdhtor. 1=

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[br suo vdz, b suraecdhtb id uco Ehtdèaîhfeo Cdhto` dstoreo rdòfebhoib ë dspdfeoèzoáæb ib tdfeib ib tumb hduro` iohib breadc ob Vestdco Hdrvbsb Fdhtro`. Vuadrd-sd oque qud bs 7 hãvdes io Cdhtd, fetoibs pbr Joridf (=;;2), dxpèforeoc os ieldrdháos id fopofeioid id bpdroáôds cdhtoes dhtrd os ieldrdhtds dspåfeds. @dvohto-sd oque o gepötdsd id qud b 7» hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto` dstoreo ossbfeoio ës luháôds coes supdrebrds ib Förtdx Fdrdmro` d qud uc Gbcb sopedhs sopedhs qud dstevdssd dc uc ioib cbcdhtb bpdrohib fbc suo Vbcmro Cdhto` dc 7» hãvd`, dstoreo bpdrohib hb cïxecb id fopofeioid qud o fbhstetueáæb meb`öaefo id hbsso dspåfed pdrcetereo. Ossec, hb prbfdssb id Fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/ Du Fbhsfedhtd, o ehtdrlofd dhtrd o O`co fbcb Yrohscessbr d b Du Fbhsfedhtd fbcb ]dfdptbr dstoreo `dhtocdhtd fbcuhefohib io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo b idsdhvb`vecdhtb id uco hbvo dstruturo meb`öaefo id Ehtdèaîhfeo poro o`åc ib Förtdx. [btdhfeo`cdhtd dsso fbcuhefoáæb dstoreo ecpèfetocdhtd rdldreio ho olercoáæb id @dbhbro (=;;2) id qud ‐poro dxprdssor tbibs bs Ibhs id O`co sdreo hdfdssïreb uc fårdmrb coes rdlehoib–. Ybioveo, pbr qud o Vbcmro Vdhsöreo sdreo o ‐pd`d io O`co–2 O`co– 2 [rbpôd-sd oque uc cbid`b gepbtåtefb, qud pbidreo rdspbhidr o dsso qudstæb, ib suraecdhtb id uco dstruturo dhdraåtefo vevo rdvesetohib o Dcmreb`baeo d b Dvbùfebhescb pbr cdeb id uco vesæb Dsperetuo`. Dstos iuos Feîhfeos tromo`goc fbc b fbhfdetb id —dspdfeoèzoáæb“, opèfoib ë fåùòs d tdfeibs, uc fbhfdetb qud huco ombrioadc Dsperetuo` sdreo fgocoib id —Ehieveiuoáæb“. Gepbtdtefocdhtd, o Ehlbrcoáæb Ehieveiuoèzoio bu Dspãretb fbcpbreo b Cuhib Dsperetuo` (tocmåc fgocoib id Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb bu Cuhib ios Breadhs) to` quo` uco cdcmroho. O Dhdraeo bu \etoèioid fbcpbreo b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo bu io Vbcmro, tocmåc dhtdhieib fbcb uco cdcmroho. [br gepötdsd, os iuos cdcmrohos sd tbforeoc dc uc pbhtb iecdhsebhïvd`. Hdstd pbhtb sd lbrcoreo uc foho` pd`b quo` o Ehlbrcoáæb, to`vdz pbr secp`ds ielusæb, fbcdáoreo o lùer poro idhtrb ib Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo. Dstd pbhtb bu foho` sdreo o O`co. Fbcb dsto å Ehlbrcoáæb, braohezoreo ob sdu rdibr uco ioio quohteioid id Vbcmro, lbrcohib uco dstruturo. Dsto dstruturo dhvb`vdreo o Ehlbrcoáæb id O`co to` quo` uco cdcmroho bu pd`d> dstd sdreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd b suraecdhtb io Vbcmro Vdhsöreo. Cos pbr qud o O`co, vesto oque fbcb uc Foho`/Yrohscessbr d hæb fbcb o ehieveiuoèioid ib Dspãretb (Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb), leforeo hb tecb d hæb hb fårdmrb2 B Dvbùfebhescb hbs suadrereo pestos. Vdhib o O`co fbc suo cdcmroho Vdhsöreo b ehãfeb id uco lbrco id veio ‐focehgohib ho Dtdrheioid–, Dtdrheioid–, b fbcp`dxb O`co/Vbcmro Vdhsöreo sdreo o mosd ib suraecdhtb, pbr dxdcp`b, id uco moftåreo cbhbfdùòr. cbhbfdùòr. Otrovås id uc foho` id O`co, sopedhs, Ehlbrcoáæb fbhtehuoreo cuetb ruiecdhtor sd fbcporoib ob ib Gbcb ib Gbcb sopedhs, 16

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—dsfbrrdhib“ bu —ieluhiehib—ieluhiehib -sd“ ib Cuhib Ehlbrcofebho` ib Dspãretb, D spãretb, b qud braohezoreo bs orrdibrds io moftåreo adrohib fb`ùheos id moftåreos. Dstos fb`ùheos, fbc coes Ehlbrcoáæb, fbcdáoreoc o lbrcor tdfeibs dspdfeoèzoibs, prdldrdhfeo`cdhtd prdldrdhfeo`cdhtd ob rdibr ib foho` id Ehlbrcoáæb. Fbc b tdcpb, dssd orrdibr sd oprdsdhtoreo ho lbrco, pbr dxdcp`b, id uc pöèpb corehgb. Tc pöèpb å mosefocdhtd uc törox d omiùcdh luhieibs uc hb butrb, ehieldrdhfeoibs. Hæb gï fomdáo, hæb gï pdsfbáb, hæb gï cdcmrbs, tbios dstruturos coes rdfdhtds ho dsfoò id tdcpb dvbùtevb. Essb suadrereo prbfuror o O`co bu Foho` id Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb ho dstruturo fbrpbro` coes ohteao fbhgdfeio> b törox d b omiùcdh. O O`co tocmåc, hdfdssoreocdhtd, prdfesoreo sdr uc öraæb fdhtro` id Ehlbrcoáæb, d bs þhefbs fdhtrbs id Ehlbrcoáæb hb törox d omiùcdh sæb os a`íhiuòs, otrovås id Ehlbrcoáæb quãcefo veo gbrcùhebs. Ob cdscb tdcpb, sdhib uc öraæb id Ehlbrcoáæb, o O`co hdfdssetoreo dstor pröxeco id uc öraæb id idspofgb io Ehlbrcoáæb, oàb fbcb uco mbcmo qud `dvossd o Ehlbrcoáæb ropeiocdhtd pd`b fbrpb. Dsto mbcmo å b fbroáæb. Ossec, sdhib, o O`co hæb leforeo hb omiùcdh pbrqud dstd hæb å uco rdaeæb fdhtro` qud btecezoreo b trohspbrtd id Ehlbrcoáæb. Hdc leforeo ho fomdáo, hb —moioòib“ fårdmrb, pbrqud o`åc io fomdáo sdr uco dstruturo dvbùfebhïreo coes hbvo ib qud b törox, b förtdx fdrdmro` dc se cdscb dstï dc lrohfo trohslbrcoáæb. Tco sdid id Foho` id Ehlbrcoáæb hdfdssetoreo lefor dc uc `bfo` dstïvd`, hæb dc uco `bfoèzoáæb tæb ehstïvd` dvbùtevocdhtd fbcb b förtdx fdrdmro`. B törox sdreo, dhtæb, b ùaor pbr dxfd`îhfeo poro o O`co. Tc dstuib tocmåc prbvdhedhtd io brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto, ossec fbcb Vgohhbh, d qud idvdreo hdfdssoreocdhtd sdr rdvesetoib sbm uc hbvb b`gor, sdreo ‐O Fgdcefo` Moses bl Cbrpgbadhdses– , ib cotdcïtefb eha`îs Oòh Yureha. Hdstd dstuib, Yureha ehefeo uco musfo pdssbo`, opös o cbrtd id uc dhtd qudreib, poro fbcprddhidr cotdcotefocdhtd o ievesæb fdùòr d o braohezoáæb ib dcmreæb fbcb uc prbfdssb id fbhstruáæb io Fbhsfeîhfeo. Yureha ehefeo suadrehib uco Cotdcïtefo id mosd hdfdssïreo ë ombrioadc io ielusæb id sumstíhfeos d fåùòs idhtrb ib dcmreæb poro prbiuzer braohezoáæb. Vd, fbhtuib, fbhseidrïssdcbs qud dc uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Yrohsfdhidhtd uc Bmsdrvoibr hæb ehtdrldressd d, pbrtohtb, hæb gbuvdssd hdhguco oáæb id suo Lbhtd id ]uãib, d qud eauo`cdhtd suo Otdháæb hæb ehtdrldressd fousohib so`tbs id —pofbtds“, —m`bfbs“ bu Ibhs id Ehlbrcoáæb, pbidrãocbs dvdhtuo`cdhtd fbhseidror qud o Ehlbrcoáæb lùereo io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo pbr —secp`ds ielusæb“, bu sdno, ib cdeb —coes fbhfdhtroib id Ehlbrcoáæb“ poro b —cdhbs fbhfdhtroib“ (vdno -sd Ohdxb 4). Hdssd sdhteib, id ombrioadc —pbr ielusæb“, o Cotdcïtefo id mosd rdfbcdhioio pbr Yureha pbidreo, ob cdhbs ehefeo`cdhtd, sdr dcprdaoio dc uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb. 19

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Fbcprddhidhib o ielusæb tocmåc fbcb uco bsfeòáæb, Yureha rdfbcdhio dquoáôds ieldrdhfeoes èhdords fbc fbdlefedhtds fbhstohtds, qud tocmåc sæb dcprdaoios dc bsfeòáôds cdfíhefos d bsfeòáôds d`åtrefos. O sbùáæb idstos dquoáôds iæb-sd ho lbrco id uco sbco, , bhid os quohteioids O d m pbidc sdr hþcdrbs fbcp`dxbs, bu sdno, fbhtdhib bs ecoaehïrebs ho lbrco , bhid d sæb briehoreocdhtd hþcdrbs rdoes d . Yureha ehtdrprdto uc seahelefoib ho rdoèioid lãsefbcotdcïtefo ios vïreos pbssãvdes sbùáôds purocdhtd cotdcïtefos idstos dquoáôds, fbcb sd sdaud> (o) Idsid qud os sbùáôds sdnoc hbrco`cdhtd rdoes, dhtæb dòs pbidc sdr dsfretos ho lbrco bu , bhid seahelefo ‐o portd rdo` id–: id–: (m) Vd dstd O dstd O lbr eauo` o d m lbr eauo` o , bhid bhid O‒ O‒ , , , sæb rdoes, dhtæb . [brtohtb bs tdrcbs rdprdsdhtoc> uco bsfeòáæb sdhbeio` sd : uco bsfeòáæb iocpdi sd : d uco bsfeòáæb id ocpètuid sdcprd frdsfdhtd sd : (f) Vd quo`qudr uc ibs hþcdrbs m tdc uco portd rdo` pbsetevo, b sestdco dc qudstæb å ehstïvd`, cutïvd` bu voreïvd`. Yureha idsfrdvd cotdcotefocdhtd o dspdfeoèzoáæb bu ieldrdhfeoáæb fdùòr ho cbrlbaîhdsd fbcb uco qudmro id secdtreo bu qudmro id gbcbadhdeioid. Hdssd sdhteib, o dhtrbpeo prbpbsto pbr Vgohhbh fbcb cdieio id quohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb pbidreo sdr dcprdaoio, uco vdz qud ob qudmror-sd o gbcbadhdeioid oucdhto-sd o dhtrbpeo d o Ehlbrcoáæb hb sestdco. Vomdhib-sd b qud å idsfbhgdfeib poro o brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto, tbrhor-sd-eo dveidhtd qud o ehndáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb hb prbfdssb id Cbrlbaîhdsd ior-sd-eo pdò Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb prdvesto hb Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Yrohsfdhidhtd prbpbstb hb prdsdhtd orteab. Luturocdhtd, govdreo o pbssemeèioid id hæb opdhos o Cbrlbaîhdsd cos tocmåc o Le`baîhdsd ios dspåfeds pbidr sdr cotdcotefocdhtd idsfreto pbr dstd Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb. _uohtb ë Le`baîhdsd Dsperetuo` ios Dspåfeds fbcb uc prbfdssb breuhib ib lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb Ehlbrcoáæb id uc Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` Ehlbrcofebho` poro b hbssb Thevdrsb Lãsefb-cotdcïtefb, pbidreo sdr prbcessbr rdvesetor bs dstuibs id secdtreo id Yureha quohtb ë idsfreáæb id secdtreos L d secdtreos [. Hdssd sdhteib, tocmåc sdreo ehtdrdssohtd sdauer o ehiefoáæb qud Yureha iï quohtb ob sdu luturb tromo`gb id Le`btoxeo, qud hæb pùid sdr rdoèzoib uco vdz qud b outbr idsdhforhbu pbufbs cdsds opös o pumèfoáæb id ‐Ygd Fgdcefo` Moses bl C brpgbadhdses–: brpgbadhdses–: Yureha soèdhto, ob leho` id sdu orteab, qud dquoáôds èhdords sdreoc ehsulefedhtds otå cdscb ho Cbrlbaîhdsd d qud, pbrtohtb, dcprdaoreo dcprdaoreo ho Le`btoxeo dquoáôds dquoáôds hæb-èhdords. Lozdhib uco oho`baeo fbc bs bsfeòibrds d`åtrefbs, Yureha bmsdrvbu qud hdstds quo`qudr iestþrmeb hb ferfuetb, funo lrdquîhfeo sdno eauo` ë lrdquîhfeo 14

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hoturo` ib bsfeòibr, erï fb`bfï-`b dc bsfeòáæb. Idsto lbrco, b idstehb leho` idstd sestdco sdreo uc dstoib id bsfeòáæb dc suo lrdquîhfeo pröpreo, pbssuehib uco ocpètuid ocpètuid d uco lbrco id bhio qud sdreoc idtdrcehoios idtdrcehoios pd`b ferfuetb. Oho`baocdhtd, lbfoib hb iestþrmeb ehefeo` dhtdhieib fbcb uco prdsdháo id errdauòreioid bu ieldrdháo possãvd` id sdr idsfreto pbr lùtuoáæb lùtuoáæb dstotãstefo, Yureha olerco qud sd b sestdco dcmrebhïreb pbssuer uc tepb oprbpreoib id ehstomeèioid o gbcbadhdeioid ib dcmreæb idsopordfdrï d o ieldrdhfeoáæb sd ehefeorï. Yureha tocmåc cotdcotezo, quohtb ë Cbrlbaîhdsd, bhios ossbfeoios ë ehstomeèioid qudmrohib o gbcbadhdeioid qud tocmåc sdreoc bmsdrvoios, fbc uc fbcpbrtocdhtb sdcd`gohtd id ehstomeèioid bhiuòtöreo, pd`b quãcefb russb Md`busbv oehio hbs ohbs ?54;> o ]doáæb id Md`busbv (vdno-sd b Ohdxb 4). _uohtb ës bhiuòáôds, Yureha rdoèzo uco idsfreáæb cotdcïtefo adro` ho lbrcoáæb id poirôds id bhio dc bhios dstofebhïreos fbc fbcprecdhtbs id bhio dxtrdcocdhtd `bhabs, fbc fbcprecdhtbs id bhio dxtrdcocdhtd furtbs d fbc fbcprecdhtbs id bhio lehetbs. Dsto idsfreáæb cotdcïtefo adro` id bhios dstofebhïreos ossbfeo bs poirôds id bhio ës fbhieáôds cotdcïtefos poro o ehstomeèioid idsdhfoidoibro io Cbrlbaîhdsd d ë trohslbrcoáæb io secdtreo dslårefo dc uco secdtreo pbèabho`. Hdssd sdhteib, å ehtdrdssohtd troáor rdòáôds fbc os olercoáôds o lercoáôds ib meblãsefb Iedtcor Fecmo`, qud iez qud ‐b fbrpb gucohb å, dc rdoèioid, Ehlbrcoáæb dstruturoio, bu sdno uc focpb id dhdraeo id Bhios Dstofebhïreos Dsfoòrds qud dstæb braohezoios prbpbrfebho`cdhtd d fbhtåc arohid quohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb– (FECMO@, Ehlbrcoáæb– (FECMO@, =;;5). Yureha tocmåc bmsdrvo, quohtb ob cbid`b cotdcïtefb dcprdaoib poro qudmro id gbcbadhdeioid bu dspdfeoèzoáæb huco supdrlãfed id dsldro idsdhvb`vdhib uc poiræb id lbrco, porfeo`cdhtd opèfïvd` ho aostruòáæb io m`ïstuò, qud b poiræb io qudmro io gbcbadhdeioid gbcbadhdeioid å oxeo`cdhtd secåtrefb. [bråc dsto secdtreo hæb å sbmrd b dexb breaeho` io dsldro id fbbridhoios pbòrds cos sbmrd uc hbvb dexb idtdrcehoib idtdrcehoib pdò ehlùîhfeo ib iestþrmeb. iestþrmeb. ]dvesetor Yureha sbm uc hbvb b`gor, o`åc io brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto, tocmåc bldrdfdreo uco pbssemeèioid cotdcïtefo id dxpèfoáæb io cbiuòáæb io ocpètuid io loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Breaeho` ho quo` b Dspãretb, hb dstoib id [btîhfeo, bpdroreo. Dsto cbiuòáæb (vesto fbcb hdfdssïreo, ho portd \-9 ib prdsdhtd orteab, poro cohtdr o ehtdareioid ib Vestdco id Vbcmros, dvetohib sdu fbòpsb d idsehtdaroáæb pbr Ehlbrcoáæb dxfdssevo hb sestdco) pbidreo dstor sdhib porfeo`cdhtd idsfreto ho sdauehtd dquoáæb ieldrdhfeo` id Yureha d hos fbhieáôds idleheios poro dvetor o fgocoio Ehstomeèioid Fotoströlefo> , bhid j tdreo arohid ecpbrtíhfeo. Vd j lbr lbr pbsetevb, b dldetb ib tdrcb —prdhid“ b frdsfecdhtb dxpbhd dxp bhdhf hfeo` eo` id 1<

hb vo`br vo`br

. Estb Estb fbh fbhleh lehore oreoo mostoh mostohtd td o ehstom ehstomeè eèioi ioidd d, fbc

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essb, os bhios pbidreoc sbcdhtd o`foháor uco ocpètuid leheto, d dsto ocpètuid tdhidreo o zdrb sd o ehstomeèioid tdhidssd o zdrb. Fbhtuib, sd j lbr hdaotevb, o ocpètuid tbrhor-sd-eo ehleheto dc uc tdcpb lehetb, adrohib o fgocoio Ehstomeèioid Fotoströlefo. [bssevd`cdhtd, b fbhlehocdhtb dstoreo idhtrb id uco loexo id ocpètuid id bhio fbhseidroio —sdauro“ dc luháæb id uc tdcpb lehetb t poro poro qud b Dspãretb puidssd dxprdssor-Vd io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. Dxestîhfeo. [brtohtb, rdvesetohib-sd luturocdhtd b tromo`gb id Yureha, otrovås id uco Dquepd Yrohsiesfepèhor id [dsqueso io Hoturdzo Cotdcïtefo io Ehlbrcoáæb Dsperetuo`, d fbrreaehib sdus dquãvbfbs id ombrioadc otrovås io EA, os dquoáôds id Yureha pbtdhfeo`cdhtd lbrhdfdreoc ecpbrtohtds pestos poro b idsdhvb`vecdhtb id uco fbhsestdhtd ombrioadc cotdcïtefo ib prbfdssb id Ehieveiuoáæb ib Dspãretb-O`co bu Dsperetuoèzoáæb. [dsquesos idsso hoturdzo pbidreoc `dvor ob idsdhvb`vecdhtb id opèfoáôds dc Voþid d Diufoáæb qud pbtdhfeo`cdhtd ouxeèoreoc dldtevocdhtd os pdssbos dc sdu prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb, qud fbhstetue pbr se sö b coes ecpbrtohtd prbfdssb io Dxestîhfeo. Vuadrd-sd ossec, coes dspdfelefocdhtd, qud hb luturb os dquoáôds id Yureha : iespbstos dc lbrco seceòr hb sdu porïarolb ?=, cdrdfdreoc uco otdháæb dspdfeo` pdò pbtdhfeoèioid id ouxeèordc cotdcïtefbs qud luturocdhtd idsdndc idcbhstror qud o fbcp`dxeioid ib prbfdssb id Ehieveiuoáæb ib Dspãretb, suo ieldrdhfeoáæb dc Ibhs þhefbs d ehfbcporïvdes dc foio sdr, pbidreo sdr rdaeio pbr uc uc prbfdssb cotdcïtefb cotdcïtefb surprddhidhtdcdhtd surprddhidhtdcdhtd secp`ds.

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99.. CCDDFFOOHHEEVVCCBB V VTTAADD]]EEIIBB I IDD DD\\BB@@TTÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ I IBB VVEEVVYYDDCCOO H HDD]]\\BBVVBB F FDDHHYY]]OO@@ Vdauhib Joridf (=;;2), b fbhtotb fbc o \drioid [dssbo` d Ieldrdhfeoio ib Dspãretb dstï dc ‐uc butrb hãvd` id fbhtotb, id fbhvdrso: hæb å o cdhtd supdrlefeo`, cos prbluhio (...) b cdhto` tdc hãvdes> betb.– Dc setuoáôds fbteieohos os bpdroáôds `öaefos otehaereoc adro`cdhtd b 4» hãvd`. O Cdhtd braohezoio dc hãvdes suadrereo qud, ë sdcd`goháo io dvbùáæb lãsefo d quãcefo fdrdmro` dc trîs hãvdes prbpbsto pbr [ou` Cof@doh (sdauhib VOAOH (?57;)> fårdmrb råpte` bu Fbcp`dxb-]: fårdmrb cocãldrb bu @ãcmefb: Förtdx Fdrdmro`) o Cdhtd ostro` dvbùereo dc hãvdes bu focoios. [btdhfeo`cdhtd sdreo dssd idsdhvb`vecdhtb io Cdhtd ostro` dc focoios qud idtdrcehoreo b suraecdhtb lãsefb d quãcefb io dstruturo ib VHF prbpbsto pbr Cof@doh. Essb suadrereo qud o portd coes rdfdhtd ib 7» hãvd` io Cdhtd ostro`, o Cdhtd coes dvbùãio, sdreo uco ehtdrlofd fbc b ?» hãvd` io O`co, bu sdno, b hãvd` cdhbs sute` io O`co. Vuadrd-sd hdstd Ohdxb qud o O`co braohezorsd-eo dc hãvdes o lec id btecezor o fbcuhefoáæb fbc b sestdco id Vbcmros, uco vdz qud uc hãvd` cuetb suteèzoib id O`co supbstocdhtd fousoreo uco idsfbhtehueioid id ehtdrlofd fbcuhefotevo fbcuhefotevo fbc os Vbcmros. [ortehib-sd io supbseáæb id qud o td`db`baeo, dvbùáæb dsperetuo` bu Dsperetuoèzoáæb bfbrrdreo pbr uc Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb erroieoib poro b Vestdco id Vbcmros (Cdhto`, Vdhsöreo, \esfdro`, Auorieæ d Ocmedhto`) o porter ib foho` id O`co, uc ofbpòcdhtb io portd coes ovoháoio ib 7» hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto` pd`b ?» hãvd` io O`co, fbc o ecprdssæb d ehfbrpbroáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb (bu sdno, ioibs prbfdssoibs pd`b Bpdroibr @öaefb, fbhstetuehib dstruturos d rdids id sdhteib) ib ?» hãvd` id O`co poro b 7» hãvd` id Vbcmro Cdhto`, ioreo hosfecdhtb o uc 5» hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto`. Ybioveo, pd`b secpèlefoib prehfãpeb èhdor id trohsldrîhfeo prbpbstb pbr Vgohhbh, fbhseidrohib-sd oque o O`co fbcb dcessbr omsbùtb d o Vbcmro Cdhto` fbcb rdfdptbr omsbùtb, id bhid sdreo trohsldreio dhdraeo poro oècdhtor b prbfdssb id trohsldrîhfeo id Ehlbrcoáæb ib ?» hãvd` io O`co poro b ïpefd ib 7» hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto`2 Vdhib o trohsldrîhfeo uc prbfdssb èhdor, dsto sö pbidreo bfbrrdr èhdorcdhtd id uco lbhtd poro uc rdfdptbr. Dstd sdreo uc poroibxb Dhdraeo x Ehlbrcoáæb seceòr ob ib Idcùheb id Coxwd``. B —Idcùheb“, adstbr io Ehlbrcoáæb, pororeo pbr lo`to id —motdreo“ ob `bhab ib tdcpb t . O sbùáæb poro b poroibxb, hdstd cdfohescb, sdreo fbcprddhidr b Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd fbcb uc prbfdssb ferfuòr id ehtdroáæb, fbcb prbpbstb pbr Qedhdr (?5<4/=;;4) ho Femdrhåtefo. Idsso lbrco, govdreo uco o`tdrhíhfeo Dcessbr/]dfdptbr qud oècdhtoreo fbc dhdraeo breuhio ib Vestdco id Vbcmros b prbfdssb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Dsto dhdraeo d fdrto quohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb, trohsldreio io Cdhtd poro o O`co, 17

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pbidreo dstruturor uc =» hãvd` id O`co dc sumstetueáæb ob precderb qud lbe ehfbrpbroib pd`b 7» hãvd` io Vbcmro Cdhto` quohib prbiuzeu-sd b 5» hãvd` io Cdhtd. O ferfuòreioid d o ehtdroáæb prbpbsto pdò Femdrhåtefo id Qedhdr, dc bpbseáæb ë èhdoreioid id Vgohhbh, dxpèforeo b cdfohescb mïsefb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb d rdsb`vdreo b —ie`dco“ ib Idcùheb id Coxwd``. Ossec sdhib, o Dsperetuoèzoáæb sdreo, dc tdsd, o ecprdssæb d ehfbrpbroáæb aroiuo` id hãvdes id O`co pd`b Vestdco id Vbcmros, b qud soèdhtoreo o ecpbrtíhfeo io Vbcmro Cdhto` bpdror sbm o `öaefo ib —Wdrbx ©“, cdhfebhoio pbr Joridf (=;;2). [btdhfeo`cdhtd dstd cdfohescb dxpèforeo o dvbùáæb meb`öaefo. Idsso lbrco, uc 5» hãvd` io Cdhtd lbrábsocdhtd adroreo uco 9» dstruturo fdrdmro` meb`öaefo, poro o`åc ib Förtdx Fdrdmro` fbhgdfeib. Yo`vdz dstd cdfohescb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb oque prbpbstb (uco dspåfed id coquehïreb id uparoid bpdrohib huco sdquîhfeo fãfèfo id ofbpòcdhtb ‖ ecprdssæb ‖ ehfbrpbroáæb) lbssd uco rdspbsto ës olercoáôds id Joridf (=;;2), poro b quo` ‐o \eio tdc hãvdes d hãvdes d hãvdes id dxestîhfeo– , d id @bybò (=;;2), poro b quo` ‐b Dspãretb loz fbrpbs d fbrpbs d fbrpbs– . Io cdsco lbrco, to` cdfohescb dxpèforeo o olercoáæb id @dbhbro (=;;2) o rdspdetb io ehfopofeioid ib fårdmrb gucohb otuo` id ofbcpohgor b prbndtb id dxprdssæb ib sdu Dspãretb.

15

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44.. GGEE[[ÖÖYYDDVVDD I IDD V VEECC[[@@DDVV I IEELLTTVVÆÆBB I IDD EEHHLLBB]]CCOOÁÁÆÆBB>> OO O OTTYYBB--BB]]AAOOHHEE^ÔOÁÁÆÆBB H HOO LLÃ Ã VVEEFFOO DD H HOO _ _TTÃ Ã CCEEFFOO F FBBCCBB TTCCOO N NOOHHDD@@OO [ [OO]]OO H HBB\\BBVV DDVVYYTTIIBBVV I IDD F FBBCCBB B B DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB IIEELLTTHHIIEE]]EEOO EEHHLLBB]]CCOOÁÁÆÆBB H HOO DDWWEEVVYYÎÎHHFFEEOO Hdstd orteab, iesfbrio-sd io `deturo ldeto pdò Dsfbò Cotdreoèsto Brtbibxo quohtb ë Outb-braohezoáæb sdhib uc ldhùcdhb ehidleheiocdhtd —outb“ qud ‐sdcprd mrbtoreo ib hoio–, hoio– , fbcb uco dspåfed id ‐Adroáæb Dspbhtíhdo id Braohezoáæb d Ehlbrcoáæb–. Ehlbrcoáæb– . O brtbibxeo iesfurso ë sdcd`goháo ib quãcefb mdào Ndoh-Moptest \oh Gd`cbht qud, sd trozeib id -sd dspbhtohdocdhtd, ?1;1 poro =;?9, to`vdz olercossd ‐sdr pbssãvd` prbiuzer -sd otrovås io Outb-braohezoáæb, rotehgbs femdrhåtefbs braohezoibs vevbs fb`bfohib-sd dc uc rdfepedhtd, iurohtd =? ieos, uco foceso suoio nuhtb fbc aræbs id treab d uc cbusd qudmroib–. Dveidhtdcdhtd, sd poirôds braohezotevbs dcdradc dc uc sestdco, to` dcdraîhfeo dcdraîhfeo hæb pbidreo sdr —outb“ bu —ib hoio“, cos sec portehib id uco iecdhsæb bu Thevdrsb, fgocoib pbr dxdcp`b id —[btîhfeo“ bu —Cuhib Ehlbrcofebho`“, poro uco butro iecdhsæb bu Thevdrsb, fgocoib pbr dxdcp`b id —Dxestîhfeo“ bu —Thevdrsb Lãsefb-C Lãsefb -Cotdcïtefb“. otdcïtefb“. Oleho`, Oleho`, rotehgbs hæb mrbtoc ib hoio bu outb-dcdradc id supbstos fbhieáôds lofeètoibros, toes fbcb focesos suoios d aræbs id treab. Ybioveo, bs poirôds braohezotevbs hdfdssetoreoc id uc foho` poro dcdraerdc ib Cuhib Ehlbrcofebho` poro b Cuhib Lãsefb-cotdcïtefb. D dstds fohoes pbidreoc sdr dstuioibs, idleheibs èhauestefocdhtd d idsfretbs cotdcotefocdhtd. [ortehib id Vgohhbh (?597) d id suo fòsselefoáæb id Fohoes, sd fbhseidrocbs o O`co bpdrohib fbcb uc Foho` Iesfrdtb d Fbhtãhub ob cdscb tdcpb, voreohib o lbrco id bpdroáæb dc luháæb io Otdháæb (bu Fbhsfeîhfeo) iespbhãvd` ib Bmsdrvoibr, o —Outb—Outb -braohezoáæb“ idexoreo id sdr —outb“ poro tbrhor -sd —ierdfebhoio“ quohib b Bmsdrvoibr ehndtossd hb Vestdco id Fbcuhefoáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb o dhdraeo breuhio ib sdu pröpreb otb id Bmsdrvoáæb. Fbcb Foho` Iesfrdtb, o Ehlbrcoáæb lùereo obs so`tbs, dc —pofbtds“ bu —m`bfbs“, forrdoibs pbr cdfohescbs oècdhtoibs pbr dhdraeo sup`dcdhtor bldrdfeio pdò Otdháæb ib Bmsdrvoibr. Dsto lbrco pbidreo sdr o prdibcehohtd hbs ossec fgocoibs fgocoi bs —Dspãretbs id @uz“ d pbtdhfeo`cdhtd sdreo b cdfohescb otuohtd iurohtd prbfdssbs id cdietoáæb d rdòxocdhtb otrovås io prïtefo io Otdháæb d Bmsdrvoáæb. Fbcb Foho` Fbhtãhub, o Ehlbrcoáæb lùereo pbr secp`ds ielusæb, pbr ieldrdháo id aroiedhtd id fbhfdhtroáæb ehlbrcofebho`. Dsto lbrco sdreo o 7;

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þhefo, dcprdaohib-sd uc vbfomu`ïreb xocíhefb, o otuor hb ‐Dspãretb io [diro–, [diro–, hb ‐Dspãretb ib Yocmbr–, Yocmbr– , hb ‐Dspãretb ib Fdùòr–, Fdùòr– , dtf. B Foho` Fbhtãhub fbhtehuoreo o sdr b þhefb otuohtd, ehfùsevd dc prãbhs d vãrus, otå b suraecdhtb id sdrds uhefdùòrds fbcb os feohbmoftåreos, fbc b suraecdhtb io sdhsemeèioid bu Vbcmro Vdhsöreo. Hdòs, uc tîhud Foho` Iesfrdtb ehefeoreo suo lbrcoáæb. Å ecpbrtohtd bmsdrvor qud, dc setuoáôds fbteieohos lbro id prbfdssbs cdietotevbs, o O`co cohtåc o ehtdareioid ib Vestdco id Vbcmros, dc gorcbheo fbc b Cbid`b Breaeho`, bpdrohib otrovås id uc Foho` Fbhtãhub qud sdreo gb`barícefb. Dhtdhid-sd pbr Foho` Fbhtãhub Gb`barícefb uc foho` qud rdprbiuzereo b Cbid`b Breaeho` fbcp`dtb ib Dspãretb ho [btîhfeo (uc Vdr Ecdhsb, [drldetb dc uco Ybtoèioid) otå o Dxestîhfeo (uc Du Fbhsfedhtd pdqudhb, pbråc [drldetb dc uco Ybtoèioid), to` fbcb iez o pbdseo> ‐O cbhtohgo dstï ho pdiro / pdiro / d o pdiro dstï ho cbhtohgo/ o ïrvbrd dstï hb mbhsoe/ d b mbhsoe dstï ho ïrvbrd .– .– Idsso lbrco, o oho`baeo io Dsperetuoèzoáæb fbcb uc — Ibwh`boi — Ibwh`boi Gb`barícefb“, bhid b —orquevb breaeho`“ dstï ob cdscb tdcpb ho [btîhfeo d ho Dxestîhfeo dhquohtb å —trohsldreib io huvdc pbr ibwh`boi “, “, pehtoreo oidquoiocdhtd ‐uco ecoadc poro o dro ieaeto` ib såfu`b såfu`b WWE– ib qud sdreo dsperetuoèzor-sd. dsperetuoèzor-sd. _uohtb ë —Outb—Outb -braohezoáæb“ d fohoes, [oe Nbæb (=;;2) hbs bldrdfd uco pesto id pdsqueso ob olercor qud b lbab å uc pbrto`. Dsto olercoáæb pbidreo sdr fbrrbmbroio pbr le`coadhs rdtrboècdhtoios (bu sdno, uco fícdro id vãidb le`cohib uco cdsco ecoadc prbndtoio pbr uco fícdro id vãidb), id uc löslbrb ofdsb dc cbvecdhtb, bhid o fgoco prbiuz dldetbs id ecoadc ehdspdroibs, sdcd`gohtds o lùxbs bu fohoes. Bs poirôds dstruturoes idstos ecoadhs lbroc ossbfeoibs pd`bs pdsquesoibrds brtbibxbs fbcb poirôds outbbraohezotevbs seceòrds ob ib Fbhnuhtb id Cohid`mrbt. Vuadrd-sd hdstd orteab qud le`coadhs rdtrboècdhtoios bldrdfdreoc pestos poro dstuior-sd uc Foho` id Fbcuhefoáæb id Ehlbrcoáæb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. Ybioveo, suadrd-sd hdstd orteab qud govdreo uc secp`ds d ofdssãvd` dxpdrecdhtb id mohfoio, nï ocpòcdhtd dstuioib pdò brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto, qud pbidreo bldrdfdr cd`gbrds sumsãiebs poro dstuib ib lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo pbr cdeb id secp`ds ielusæb pbr aroiedhtd id fbhfdhtroáæb. Yroto-sd io ]doáæb id Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy, dstuioio pd`b quãcefb d lãsefb russb E`yo [reabaehd d sdus fb`daos io Thevdrseioid T hevdrseioid @evrd id Mruxdòs, qud dstuioroc dxtdhsocdhtd rdoáôds seceòrds idhbcehoios —rd`öaebs quãcefbs“ (FO[]O, =;;<). Hdstd orteab prbpôd-sd prbpôd -sd qud dsto rdoáæb `dvoreo o arohids pbssemeèioids id pdsqueso, sbm o ötefo id uco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb, otrovås id uc hbvb b`gor sbmrd b tromo`gb id [reabaehd, b quo` pbidreo trozdr ioibs o rdspdetb ib Foho` id Fbcuhefoáæb dhtrd b Dspãretb/Du Fbhsfedhtd. [reabaehd idsdhvb`vdu uco Hbvo Ydbreo Ydrcbiehícefo Hæb-èhdor dc Vestdcos Omdrtbs Olostoibs ib 7?

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Dque`ãmreb. Dsto tdbreo tocmåc å fbhgdfeio fbcb Ydbreo ios Dstruturos Iessepotevos d pbidreo, otrovås ib fbhfdetb id Dhtrbpeo, sdr uheio ë Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb id Vgohhbh. O ]doáæb id Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy bu ]doáæb M^ prbiuz lbrcos ehdspdroios (Lbtbs ? d =), sdcd`gohtds ë lùxbs bu fohoes fbhfîhtrefbs dc lbrcotb id o`vb (Ybjbrb, Bèvdero, \ordò, =;;1). Dsto rdoáæb, idsfbmdrto pbr Md`busbv dc ?547 d dstuioio dc sdaueio pbr ^gombtehsjy, troto-sd io bxeioáæb id uc ïfeib braíhefb, fbcb pbr dxdcp`b b ïfeib co`ùhefb, pbr uc mrbcotb id pbtïsseb, dc prdsdháo id uc fotoèsoibr oprbpreoib, to` fbcb cohaohîs, ldrrbãho bu fåreb. Hb cdscb sestdco, fbhieáôds dxpdrecdhtoes ieldrdhtds pbidc prbiuzer uc rd`öaeb quãcefb, uco ieldrdhfeoáæb dspofeo` dstïvd` bu o lbrcoáæb id lrdhtds id bhio id oteveioid quãcefo ids`bfohib-sd otrovås ib cdeb rdotevb dc iestíhfeos cofrbsföpefos ([]EABAEHD: VYDHAD]V, ?579, p. ?=?). Furebsocdhtd, dsto dstruturo å seceòr ë bmsdrvoio dc ohåes id frdsfecdhtb id bssbs gucohbs d hos òcdòs fbhfîhtrefos ohdòios id frestoes id geirbxeopoteto ho a`íhiuò pehdo` gucoho (B@E\DE]O, ?557). Ho pehdo`, ossec fbcb hbs bssbs, b hþcdrb id òcdòs fbhfîhtrefos oucdhto fbc o eioid, b qud pbidreo ehiefor qud bs frestoes lbrcor-sd-eoc sdauehib uco adbcdtreo id trohsldrîhfeo id Ehlbrcoáæb, bu sdno, b coes pröxecb pbssãvd` o uc —tdrceho` id soãio“ id Ehlbrcoáæb bu butput io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo. B dldetb ehdspdroib ho ]doáæb M^ d ho le`coadc rdtrboècdhtoio id lbab, fgocoib pdò Dsfbò Cotdreoèsto id Outb-braohezoáæb, pbidreo sdr ho rdoèioid uc Lùxb id Braohezoáæb, fousoib pdò trohscessæb id Ehlbrcoáæb pbr cdeb id lrdhtds id bhio. [brtohtb, `dvohto-sd hdstd orteab o gepötdsd id qud o ]doáæb id Md`busbv sdreo uc ruiecdhtor foho` bu pbrto` poro b Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb (tocmåc fgocoib id Cuhib Dsperetuo` bu Cuhib ios Breadhs). Tc foho` cuetb secp`ds, dc qud o Ehlbrcoáæb ib Cuhib ios Breadhs possoreo poro o Dxestîhfeo pbr secp`ds ielusæb pbr cdeb id aroiedhtd id fbhfdhtroáæb, bu sdno, uc lùxb ib cdeb ‐coes fbhfdhtroib id Ehlbrcoáæb– poro Ehlbrcoáæb– poro b cdeb ‐cdhbs fbhfdhtroib id Ehlbrcoáæb–. Ehlbrcoáæb– . Vdauhib dsso gepötdsd, o ]doáæb id Md`busbv sdreo uc foho` secp`ds, vesãvd` d lofe`cdhtd rdprbiutãvd` dc òmbrotöreb, b qud pbidreo bldrdfdr o pbssemeèioid dxpdrecdhto` id dstuior-sd os prbpredioids id uc Foho` id Ehlbrcoáæb qud bpdrossd pbr secp`ds ielusæb dhtrd o [btîhfeo d o Dxestîhfeo, qud bldrdfdreo pbtdhfeoes sumsãiebs poro dstuior-sd fohoes id fbcuhefoáæb coes fbcp`dxbs fbcb b lbrcoib pd`b opord`gb id O`co gucohb. [bidr-sd-eo, gepbtdtefocdhtd, bmtdr-sd fbc b ouxãèb io ]doáæb M^, uco dveiîhfeo id qud o Outb-braohezoáæb sdreo dldtevocdhtd fousoio pd`b lùxb

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id Ehlbrcoáæb id uc Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` poro dstd Thevdrsb LãsefbCotdcïtefb dc qud dstocbs. Tco vdz qud o Ehlbrcoáæb sd iessdcehoreo omuhiohtdcdhtd hdstd hbssb Thevdrsb pbr Vecp`ds Ielusæb, to` dveiîhfeo hdfdssetoreo sdr bmteio bm teio o porter id uc focpb dc qud dsto Vecp`ds Ielusæb id Ehlbrcoáæb hæb bfbrrdssd bu bfbrrdssd id lbrco seahelefotevocdhtd o`tdroio. Bu sdno, poro sd bmtdr uco dveiîhfeo hdfdssetor-sd-eo freor-sd uc Focpb id Vehauòreioid ib Lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb. @dvohto-sd o gepötdsd id qud uco Mbmeho id Ydsò sulefedhtdcdhtd pbtdhtd sdreo hæb opdhos uc adroibr d fbhiutbr id d`dtrefeioid sdc lebs cos tocmåc uc adroibr id Focpb id Vehauòreioid ib Lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb. Fosb dsto gepötdsd dstdno fbrrdto, uco ]doáæb id Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy tdreo sdus poirôds id lrdhtds id bhio seahelefotevocdhtd seahelefotevocdhtd o`tdroibs hdstd focpb. @dvohib-sd dc fbhseidroáæb qud> idsid Cefgod` Loroioy fbhgdfd-sd o èaoáæb dhtrd d`dtrbcoahdtescb d ùz, bu sdno, dhtrd foraos d`åtrefos d b lötbh: qud idsid Nocds Coxwd`` d suo idcbhstroáæb cotdcïtefo, somd-sd qud o ùz å uco roieoáæb d`dtrbcoahåtefo, bu sdno, qud o ùz å d`dtrefeioid vemrohib dc lrdquîhfeo dxtrdcocdhtd o`to: d sdhib b lötbh/meblötbh b forrdoibr id Ehlbrcoáæb Braohezotevo poro sestdcos hæb-vevbs/vevbs, uco Mbmeho id Hejbò Ydsò sulefedhtdcdhtd pbtdhtd pbidreo freor uc Focpb id Vehauòreioid qud o`tdrossd b lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb qud possossd pbr dstd focpb. Dsso o`tdroáæb pbidreo sdr idtdftoio otrovås id cuioháos seahelefotevos hbs poirôds id lrdhtds id Bhio id uco ]doáæb M^ dxpbsto o dstd focpb. Dstohib dsto gepötdsd fbrrdto, b fbcpbrtocdhtb o`tdroib ios lrdhtds id bhio ib rd`öaeb quãcefb io ]doáæb M^ bldrdfeo dveiîhfeos poro fbcprbvorsd qud o Outb-braohezoáæb sdreo uc lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb id uc `bfo` lbro ib Thevdrsb Lãsefb-Cotdcïtefb fbhgdfeib poro fï, b qud pbidreo bldrdfdr uc hbvb gbrezbhtd ës pdsquesos sbmrd Dsperetuoèzoáæb. O`åc iessb, o ]doáæb id Md`busbv, fbcb uc —foho` id secp`ds ielusæb“ io Ehlbrcoáæb, pbidreo bldrdfdr pestos quohtb ob prbfdssb id Ehieveiuoáæb dc sdrds hæb-vevbs otrovås io rdfdpáæb fbhtãhuo id Ehlbrcoáæb pbr dstds. Yo`vdz dstd cdfohescb id foho` id secp`ds ielusæb lbssd uco rdspbsto ë fdùòr– bu ë olercoáæb ib Dspãretb id Foùhao quohtb ob ‐Dspãretb ib fdùòr– sdauehtd olercoáæb id Joridf (=;;2) quohtb ë foidero, id qud ‐bs bmndtbs ofomoc tdhib pdrsbhoèioid. Tco foidero pbid hæb abstor id soer io suo foso d vb`tor. Dò hæb ohio cos b fãrfu`b voe d oqudò pdáo vb`to poro vbfî. D gï oqudòs qud abstoc qud hæb qudrdc soer, vbfî pdabu poro ior, qudmro. ‘Bro, å uco fohdfo, å uc bmndtb ehohecoib‒... Hæb... Å lbrco d sd å lbrco å ldeto pd`b Vdr d sd b Vdr fb`bfbu O`co oè, o è, qudr iezdr, fb`bfbu cuetb cotdreo` ib Vdr, aohgo lbráo d pdrsbhoèioid.– 76

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Leho`cdhtd, hdstd Ohdxb, rdfbcdhio-sd lbrtdcdhtd qud, poro dstuior-sd oidquoiocdhtd o dstruturo ib Foho` pd`b quo` b Dspãretb dhveo Ehlbrcoáæb ë dstruturo id Vbcmros, o sdauehtd ètdroturo id [reabaehd sdno rdvesetoio luturocdhtd> []EABAEHD, E`yo. Iessepotevd Vtrufturds eh Fgdcefo` Vystdcs“ eh Vteda Fòdssbh (bra.). Lost ]doftebhs ohi [recory [rbfdss eh Fgdcefo` Jehdftefs. Ehtdrsfedhfd Ehtdrsfedhfd > Hdw Ubrj, ?5<1. ? 5<1. []EABAEHD, E`yo. Lrbc Mdeha tb Mdfbceha. Voh Lrohfesfb > Lrddcoh, ?57;. []EABAEHD, E`yo: A@OHVIB]LL, [ou`. Ygdrcbiyhohef Ygdbry bl Vtrufturd, Vtomeèty ohi Lùftuotebhs. Hdw Ubrj > Qe`dy, ?51?. []EABAEHD, []EABAEHD, E`yo: VYDHAD]V, Esomd``d. Bridr but bl fgobs, ?579.

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<<.. [[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO [ [DDIIOOAABBAAEEOO F FÖÖVVCCEEFFOO Ho bmro ètdrïreo io outbreo, ‐\eoadhs id Vd`dhd> uc fbhtb dsperetuo` pbp d hdri dc 1 pbstoadhs–, pbstoadhs– , hb fopãtu`b =, b tdco ‐Tco [dioabaeo Föscefo– lbe ehtrbiuzeib id lbrco —pbåtefo“ d dxpòhoib otrovås io Le`bsbleo d io Ohtrbpb`baeo, pbr uco ombrioadc tãpefo ios Feîhfeos Gucohos. [rdtdhid-sd oabro ior-`gd ior-`gd prbssdauecdhtb fbcp`dtevb otrovås io —prbso“, bu sdno, ombriï ò otrovås ios Feîhfeos Dxotos d Ydfhb`öaefos. Y dfhb`öaefos. Tco [dioabaeo Föscefo tdc suo pdiro luhiocdhto` ho loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio qud b Dspãretb id foio freoháo uteèzo poro dxprdssor-sd otrovås ib bpdroibr `öaefb id O`co io pröpreo freoháo. O braohezoáæb io rdid dsfbòr, ios dsfbòs, ib furrãfu`b, io ieiïtefo, d tuib b qud fbcpôd b uhevdrsb dsfbòr, idvd oioptor ob Dspãretb io freoháo d nocoes b fbhtrïreb. O rozæb ib lrofossb ib sestdco dsfbòr hæb opdhos ib såfu`b WW, cos tocmåc ibs þ`tecbs ce` ohbs, idsid o Dsfb`ïstefo Cdiedvo` otå os [dioabaeos [ös-Cbidrhos, rdseid nustocdhtd dc lbráor b fbcp`dxb DspãretbO`co o oiopto-sd ë Dsfbò. D`d huhfo b lorï, io cdsco lbrco qud b Vb` nocoes sd oioptorï ë Ydrro> å o Ydrro qud sd oiopto ob Vb`. B drrb luhiocdhto`, id bmreaor qud b fbcp`dxb Dspãretb-O`co oioptd-sd o uco dstruturo dsfbòr cbhtoio pdò Vbcmro Cdhto`, adro b drrb idrevoib> o [oirbhezoáæb. Dsto [oirbhezoáæb uhelbrcezo ‐uco diufoáæb poro tbibs–> tbibs– > tbibs dstæb sundetbs o uco þhefo ]did Dsfbòr, tbibs dstæb sumcdteibs ë uc þhefb Furrãfu`b Dsfbòr bu [orícdtrbs Furrefuòrds Hofebhoes, tbibs dstæb otrdòibs ë uc þhefb cbid`b id Ierdtrezds Furrefuòrds Hofebhoes. Hæb gï dspoáb poro uco `daeteco ieldrdhfeoáæb, ehieveiuoáæb bu, dc butros poòvros, vdrioidero dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb-O`co þhefb, ehecetïvd` d pdrsbho`ãssecb id foio freoháo. Dxestdc opdhos oàucos o`tdr hotevos o`tdr hotevos tãceios id —ieldrdhfeoáæb“ prdvestos hb Vestdco Dsfbòr, toes fbcb o ieldrdháo dhtrd dsfbòs ruroes d urmohos, bu dhtrd os dsfbòs ehiãadhos d hæb-ehiãadhos. [bråc dsto —ieldrdhfeoáæb“ hæb å roiefo`, fbhstetuehib-sd fbhstetuehib -sd mosefocdhtd dc uco lorso poro tdhtor `daetecor, otrovås id uc pbètefocdhtd fbrrdtb d corjdteha sbfeo`, o dstruturo dsfbòr sdc O`co cbhtoio pdò Vbcmro Cdhto`. O Ieldrdhfeoáæb bu Ehieveiuoáæb ib Vestdco Dsfbòr posso, lbrábsocdhtd, pdò loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio ib Dspãretb-O`co id foio freoháo, mdc fbcb io ibs prbldssbrds qud tromo`goc ierdtocdhtd fbc os freoháos. Eidhtelefor dsto loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Ehieveiuo` fbcpôd b precderb possb id uco [dioabaeo Föscefo. Ossbfeor dsto Lrdquîhfeo Ehieveiuo` ës foroftdrãstefos, Ibhs d otremutbs dspdfãlefbs dxprdssbs pdò freoháo fbcpôd b sdauhib possb. Idhtrb idsso dtopo, sdreo hdfdssïreb uc tromo`gb cotdcïtefb ieldrdhfeoib, luhiocdhto` ë dstruturoáæb ios ]dids id Dhsehb qud fbcpbreoc b Vestdco id Diufoáæb. [dsquesohib-sd os loexos id Lrdquîhfeos 74

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Ehieveiuoes d bs Ibhs Ehieveiuoes bu prbpredioids qud dstos Lrdquîhfeos dxprdssoc, fgdaorãocbs o uc cbcdhtb dc qud tdrãocbs uco —l`brdsto föscefo“ ecdhso idstos, ë sdcd`goháo ib —^bb`öaefb id [ortãfuòs“ io Lãsefo Otùcefo ibs ohbs ?5<;. [oro sbùfebhor dstd prbm`dco luturb, suadrd-sd hdstd orteab o cdsco sbùáæb ioio pbr Curroy Ad``-Cohh poro sbùfebhor o prbm`dcïtefo ib —^bb`öaefb id [ortãfuòs“dc ?5<1> o Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo id Arupbs. O Ydbreo ibs Arupbs pbtdhfeo`cdhtd lbrhdfdreo uco oidquoio braohezoáæb ios Lrdquîhfeos d suos [rbpredioids dc poirôds secp`ds d secdtreos. Vuspdeto-sd qud govdreo uco èaoáæb dhtrd os loexos id Lrdquîhfeos Föscefos d bs d`dcdhtbs quãcefbs. Fbhlercohib-sd dsto èaoáæb dc pdsquesos ib luturb, ehfùsevd otrovås ibs ioibs bmteibs pdò Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo ibs Arupbs, uc Vestdco Dsfbòr pbidreo sdr braohezoib ë sdcd`goháo io Yomdò [dreöiefo ibs D`dcdhtbs, bu sdno, ossbfeoib ës ?< locãèos (7O + 7M) d obs 9 arohids arupbs> cdtoes, hæb-cdtoes, sdce-cdtoes d aosds hbmrds. Coes ib qud essb, fbcprbvohib-sd luturocdhtd o gepötdsd id os loexos id Lrdquîhfeos Föscefos d bs d`dcdhtbs quãcefbs dstordc rdòfebhoibs, tbios os prbpredioids io Yomdò [dreöiefo ibs D`dcdhtbs pbidreoc dvdhtuo`cdhtd sdr opèfoios ho braohezoáæb id uc Vestdco id Dhsehb. Dstruturoib, gepbtdtefocdhtd, uc Vestdco id Dhsehb fbcpbstb pbr 9 ]dids Dsfbòrds hos quoes iestremudc-sd ?< dsfbòs bu ?< furrãfu`bs fòrocdhtd ieldrdhfeoibs dhtrd se, b tdrfderb d þ`tecb possb id uco [dioabaeo Föscefo sdreo dstruturor, hos soòs id ouò idstos ?< dsfbòs ieldrdhtds, os vevîhfeos hdfdssïreos poro qud dxprdssdc-sd bs Ibhs id loexos id Lrdquîhfeos ios freoháos oarupoios pbr sdcd`goháo dc foio uco idstos dsfbòs. Idsso lbrco, portehib idstds trîs possbs, uco [dioabaeo Föscefo pbidreo sdr secp`dscdhtd rdsuceio dc opdhos trîs poòvros> Lrdquîhfeo ‖ Ibc ‖ Ibc ‖ \evîhfeo. \evîhfeo. @dvohib-sd dc fbhseidroáæb qud> (?) O loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Breaeho` ib Dspãretb io freoháo bpdroreo dc cöiu`bs supdrebrds ?; == Gz, bu sdno, ho bridc io ]oieoáæb Aoco, d qud o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio poro uco rddhforhoáæb dspdfãlefo io freoháo bpdroreo dc cöiu`bs ofdssãvdes ob meblötbh, supbstocdhtd ho loexo dhtrd 9,; x ?; ?9 Gz (vdrcd`gb) d 7,; x?;?9 Gz (veb`dto), bu sdno, ho bridc ib Dspdftrb id ]oieoáæb \esãvd`: (=) Ob `bhab ios rddhforhoáôds o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio (LF―) tdhidreo, dc luháæb ib tdcpb d ios pbssemeèioids id dxprdssæb d vevîhfeo, ë loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Breaeho` (L F), sdauhib o dquoáæb : govdreo dhtæb uco rdòáæb fbcprbvoio id ferfuòreioid dhtrd Lrdquîhfeo d \evîhfeo. Hdssd sdhteib, o Lrdquîhfeo adroreo b Ibc, b 7<

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Ibc adroreo o \evîhfeo d o \evîhfeo rdoècdhtoreo b fef`b pdrcetehib qud coes Dhdraeo sbmrd o Lrdquîhfeo lbssd ehtrbiuzeio hb sestdco. Hb fbhtb ‐\eoadhs id Vd`dhd–, Vd`dhd– , `dvohto-sd o fbcp`dxo prbm`dcïtefo id eidhtelefor-sd o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo id uco freoháo hb quo` sdu Dspãretb fbcuhefo-sd fbc dò io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo poro, otrovås idsto eidhtelefoáæb quohtezoio bhiuòtöreb, fb`bfï-ò dc uco ios vïreos ieldrdhtds ]dids id Dhsehb, huco dsfbò dspdfelefocdhtd ieldrdhfeoio idsto ]did qud `dfebhossd fbhgdfecdhtbs olehs fbc o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo d bs Ibhs idsto loexo id Lrdquîhfeo ib Dspãretb-O`co idsso freoháo. O sdauer prbpôd-sd uco sbùáæb poro dstd prbm`dco otrovås id uc idtdftbr d id uc cåtbib id idtdfáæb.

CÅYBIB CDATD Ho ecpbssemeèioid otuo` id cdhsuror-sd ierdtocdhtd o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio ho quo` bpdroreo b Dspãretb io freoháo ib Dstoib io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo, idveib ë tdfhb`baeo d b fbhgdfecdhtb iespbhãvdes dc =;?9 sdrdc dxtrdcocdhtd ruiecdhtords, hdfdssetor-sd-eo cdier oàuc dldetb ehierdtb b coes pröxecb pbssãvd` io erroieoáæb ib Dspãretb sbmrd b Vestdco id Vbcmros io freoháo. Tc pbssãvd` cåtbib ehierdtb id idtdfáæb å prbpbstb o sdauer, lbrcuòib pd`b fretåreb id coebr prbxeceioid pbssãvd` dhtrd o Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb/Yrohscessbr (Dspãretb-O`co ho [btîhfeo) d b ]dfdptbr/Idstehoáæb (Du Fbhsfedhtd), musfohib-sd dvetor ob cïxecb os idtdfáôds coes ehierdtos. [rbpôd-sd o CoahdtbDhfdlo`bArol o CoahdtbDhfdlo`bAroleo eo Thelefoio id Dxpbseáæb d Dxprdssæb Dxprdssæb bu CDATD. O vohtoadc idstd cåtbib sdreo o nï dxestîhfeo id opord`gbs id coahdtbdhfdlo`baroco d id cåtbibs f`ãhefbs peoadteohbs bu cåtbibs f`ãhefbs psefbpdioaöaefbs id idtdfáæb id fdhtrbs id ehtdrdssd io freoháo. B cåtbib CDATD fbhsestereo dc rdoèzor uco såred id quohtelefoáôds d`dtrbcoahåtefos dceteios pdò freoháo quohib dò dstï dc ehtdroáæb fbc oàb dspdfãlefb qud lbqud o suo otdháæb otrovås ib prozdr. [bstdrebrcdhtd uhelefor-sd-eo dsto såred id cdieáôds d ehtdroáôds o lec id prbiuzer-sd uco tbtoèioid dxprdsso dc uc þhefb vo`br id loexo id lrdquîhfeo ossbfeoib ë prozdr, lbfb d sdhsoáæb id rdoèzoáæb. O loexo id lrdquîhfeo d`dtrbcoahåtefo bmteio fbc dsto uhelefoáæb bldrdfdreo uco oprbxecoáæb tohtb cd`gbr io otuo` loexo id Lrdquîhfeo id Bpdroáæb ib Dspãretb io freoháo quohtb coes prozdr, lbfb d sdhsoáæb id rdoèzoáæb lbssdc idtdftoibs, ob cdscb tdcpb dc qud prå-sd`dfebhoreo bs Fdhtrbs id Ehtdrdssd qud b Dspãretb Þhefb d Ehieveiuo`ãssecb io freoháo ohseoreo dhfbhtror dc uco Dsfbò poro dxprdssorVd d Dsperetuoèzï-ò. Ossec, fbc b CDATD sd fbhstruereoc Furrãfu`bs ievdrselefoibs prbcbtbrds id Ehieveiuoáæb, ]dids ievdrselefoios id Dsfbòs 71

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prbcbtbros id Ehieveiuoáæb d Dsfbòs, oarupoios pbr sdcd`goháo sdcd`goháo huco cdsco ]did, qud prbcbvdssdc ehieveiuoáôds loceèords bu sdcd`gohtds. Vdreo dc uco Dsfbò fbcb dsto qud b Dspãretb io freoháo sd ehieveiuoreo b cïxecb pbssãvd`, trohslbrcohib ossec o rddhforhoáæb io freoháo dc uc vdrioiderb sufdssb d o Dsfbò ho coebr ehstetueáæb sbfeo` prbcbtbro io Dsperetuoèzoáæb. Vdhib b CDATD uc cåtbib id Dxpbseáæb d Dxprdssæb, o Dxpbseáæb sdreo secp`dscdhtd dxpbr o freoháo o oàuc tdco dspdfãlefb cbstroib dc uco tdò id fbcputoibr, prbfdidhib cdhsuroáôds d`dtrbcoahåtefos sehfrùhefos fbc b oprdsdhtoib hdsto tdò. Fbc o tdfhb`baeo id CoahdtbDhfdlo`bAroco iespbhãvd` dc =;?9, o Dxpbseáæb nï å pdrldetocdhtd veïvd`. O Dxprdssæb ib cåtbib CDATD sdreo iespbhemeèzor ë freoháo uc ocmedhtd poro oáæb d ehtdroáæb veo Cåtbib F`ãhefb [eoadteohb dc oteveioids dspdfãlefos d prbfdidr cdhsuroáôds d`dtrbcoahåtefos sehfrùhefos fbc b idsdhrbòr idstos oteveioids, sdhib tbib b prbfdssb le`coib dc ïuieb d vãidb. O le`coadc d os cdhsuroáôds dstoreoc sehfrbhezoios. Idveib obs opord`gbs id CoahdtbDhfdlo`bAroco otuoes sdrdc cuetb arohids d dxeaerdc ecbmeèioid io freoháo iurohtd o cdhsuroáæb, uco o`tdrhotevo id cdhsuroáæb d`dtrbcoahåtefo idvdreo sdr dcprdaoio. Fbcb tbib cåtbib oho`ãtefb, o CDATD pbssue lbhtds id drrb. Dstos pbidreoc, ehefeo`cdhtd, ehefeo`cdhtd, sdr fòsselefoios dc 6 fotdabreos> Drrb id Ydfhb`baeo D`dtrbcoahåtefo> sdreo b drrb prbfdidhtd ib oporotb d`dtrùhefb, to` fbcb lo`to id foèmroáæb, lbhtds ehtdrldrdhtds d`dtrbcoahåtefos dxtdrhos, d dtf.: Drrb id [rbfdiecdhtb> sdreo b drrb pdrtehdhtd ë opèfoáæb ib tdstd sdc sdauer-sd prbtbfb`bs id prbfdiecdhtb bpdrofebho` poiræb prbiuzeibs fbc b bmndtevb id aorohter Mbos [rïtefos bu AC[: Drrb id Cåtbib F`ãhefb> sdreo b drrb prbvdhedhtd id uco sd`dáæb ehoidquoio ibs tdcos ob quoes o freoháo sdreo dxpbsto d b ocmedhtd qud `gd sdreo iespbhemeèzoib, mdc fbcb drrbs breuhibs id uco ehtdrprdtoáæb dquevbfoio id prozdr d id ehtdrdssd. B prozdr d b ehtdrdssd o sdrdc idtdftoibs idvdc sdr bs dcohoibs d sdhteibs pd`b fbcp`dxb Dspãretb/O`co io freoháo d hæb bs sbfeo`cdhtd oiquereibs pbr ehtdroáæb, hdsso rddhforhoáæb bu dc butros, dcohoibs pdò rofebhoèzoáæb. Dc butros poòvros, bs Fdhtrbs id Ehtdrdssd d [rozdr o sdrdc pdrsdaueibs pd`b cåtbib sæb bs sdhteibs io O`co d hæb bs rofebhoèzoibs pdò Vbcmro Cdhto`, uco vdz qud o O`co å o fdhtro` id Ehtdèaîhfeo Vupdrebr ob quo` o Cdhtd dstï sumbriehoio, nocoes b fbhtrïreb. Idtdftbrds id cdhsuroáæb id pbtdhfeo` d`åtrefb fb`bfoibs ho pd`d io rdaeæb ib törox, ho o`turo ib bssb dstdrhb (pröxecb ob fbcp`dxb tecb/fbroáæb) pbidreoc dc tdsd ieldrdhfeor uc prozdr id O`co d uc prozdr 77

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sbfeo`cdhtd oiquereib pdò Vbcmro Cdhto`. Io cdsco lbrco, cdhsuroáôds id CoahdtbDhfdlo`bAroleo ossbfeoios o pefbs id sdhsoáôds id prozdr d id rdoèzoáæb bmsdrvïvdes pdòs le`coadhs ib Cåtbib Fèhefb [eoadteohb pbidreoc ieldrdhfeor uc prozdr id Vbcmro Cdhto` id uc [rozdr id O`co (pefbs coebrds, pbssevd`cdhtd ossbfeïvdes o dstoibs prbluhibs id îxtosd bu cdietoáæb). Ossec sdhib, uco Diufoáæb vb`toio poro o dldtevo Dsperetuoèzoáæb uteèzo-sd io idtdfáæb ib prozdr d ib ehtdrdssd id O`co poro prbiuzer-sd uc Furrãfu`b d uco Dsfbò o coes ehieveiuoèzoio d ehieveiuoèzohtd (bu ieldrdhfeoio d ieldrdhfeïvd`) pbssãvd` poro cotrefuòr-sd o freoháo.

D_TE[DV Y]OHVIEVFE[@EHO]DV> DYELs O tordlo id ehvdsteaor d eidhtelefor b cd`gbr pbssãvd` o loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio io freoháo å id to` lbrco fbcp`dxo d ob cdscb tdcpb ecpbrtohtd ho veio io freoháo qud tocohgo rdspbhsomeèioid hæb pbidreo rdfoer opdhos sbmrd uc prblessebho`. Loz-sd hdfdssïreb uco dquepd id ievdrsbs prblessebhoes qud tromo`gdc hæb pùreiesfepèhorcdhtd, hdc ehtdriesfepèhorcdhtd, cos trohsiesfepèhorcdhtd. O loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo id bpdroáæb ib Dspãretb sdreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd, idhtrd tbios os fbesos, o coes ehsumcesso ë `öaefo id lroacdhtoáæb ecpbsto pdòs iesfepèhos. B Dspãretb å uco Ybtoèioid d poro idsvdhior bs sdus cestårebs, o trohsfdhiîhfeo ios iesfepèhos d id suos —foexos esbòios“ å omsbùtocdhtd hdfdssïreo. Ossec, prbpôd-sd o freoáæb id Dquepds Yrohsiesfepèhords Yrohsiesfepèhords id Ehvdsteaoáæb id Lrdquîhfeo, Lrdquîhfeo , bu DYELs, poro rdoèzor dstd tromo`gb. Dsto dquepd pbidreo sdr lbrcoio pbr dspdfeoèstos dhadhgderbs: dspdfeoèstos dc dspdftrbsfbpeo: dspdfeoèstos lãsefbs: dspdfeoèstos pdioababs: dspdfeoèstos psefö`babs: dspdfeoèstos dc Ohtrbpb`baeo d dc brïfu`bs (Yorbt, Mþzebs, ]uhos, dtf.) poro ossbfeor —leèoáôds id Ievehioids“ fbc bs cetbs rdspdftevbs: dspdfeoèstos dc Ydropeo Gb`ãstefo: fbbridhoibs pbr uc supdradhdroèsto> b mebpdioabab. Dstd hbvb prblessebho`, id lbrcoáæb o`tocdhtd trohsiesfepèhor, rduhereo os ehlbrcoáôds ibs dspdfeoèstos d cbhtoreo fbc o dquepd uco —tbtoèioid“ ib qud lbe ehvdsteaoib o rdspdetb io freoháo. B mebpdioabab dhtæb, fbcb fbbridhoibr io DYEL, dhveoreo o freoháo poro uco idhtrd os idzdssdes dsfbòs ib Vestdco id Diufoáæb qud coes sd oidquossd ë suo loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Cbiuòio. Ho dvdhtuoèioid id hæb govdr hdhguco dsfbò dspdfãlefo qud mdc sd oioptd ë loexo id Lrdquîhfeo io freoháo, cos coes id uco, suadrd-sd qud o freoháo lrdqudhtd dssos dsfbòs secu`tohdocdhtd, ë sdcd`goháo id fursbs uhevdrsetïrebs qud bldrdfdc iesfepèhos dc coes id uc focpus. Ho dvdhtuoèioid id hdhguco dsfbò dxestdhtd oioptor-sd ës hdfdsseioids dxestdhfeoes io loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo io freoháo, loz-sd hdfdssïreb ehvdsteaï-ò fueioibsocdhtd d, o porter idstos pdsquesos, fbhstruer-sd uco fòssd oioptoio 75

O. Coydr

ë dsto freoháo, fbc uc furrãfu`b pröpreb. Vd suraerdc vïreos butros freoháos fbc foroftdrãstefos id Lrdquîhfeo sdcd`gohtds, coes qud uco fòssd d sec uco hbvo dsfbò idvdrï sdr freoio poro dòs, sbcohib-sd ës idzdssdes dsfbòs nï dxestdhtds.

L]D_TÎHFEOV FÖVCEFOV [DVVBOEV> HBCDV DVFB@O]DV IOV F]EOHÁOV Dhfbhtroios pdò DYEL os quohtelefoáôds ios Lrdquîhfeos Föscefos Cbiuòios ios Freoháos pbidr-sd-eo, ehefeo`cdhtd id lbrco cdrocdhtd oprbxecoio pd`b ruiecdhtor Cåtbib CDATD d pbstdrebrcdhtd otrovås id hbvos tdfhb`baeos d cåtbibs luturos oprbpreoibs, ossbfeor-sd uc fbhnuhtb id lbhdcos ë dstos quohtelefoáôds. Dstds lbhdcos pbidreoc dhtæb lbrcor sãòmos oidquoios, id vo`br dståtefb d luhfebho`, qud fbcpbreoc uc —hbcd dsfbòr“ bu —cohtro“ ossbfeoib ë freoháo. Dstd D std hbcd, ibtoib gepbtdtefocdhtd id vo`br vemrofebho`, pbidreo sdr þte` hæb opdhos poro idsfrdvdr porfeo`cdhtd bs Ibhs Breaehoes d þhefbs idsto freoháo cos tocmåc poro ouxeèor ho prbcbáæb id suo Ehieveiuoáæb, fbhsfedhtezohib hæb opdhos dò cos tocmåc tbio o dquepd dsfbòr io hdfdsseioid id dxprdssor foio vdz coes, d coes lofe`cdhtd, bs sdus Ibhs Þhefbs> sdhib dstd b bmndtevb io rddhforhoáæb, ouxeèor o freoháo ob cïxecb o otehaer dstd bmndtevb å b idvdr cïxecb io Ehstetueáæb Dsfbòr. Iez-sd Iez-sd —Hbcd Dsfbòr“ uco vdz qud, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd, os locãèos hos quoes os freoháos rddhforhordc rorocdhtd dstoreoc ehstrucdhtoèzoios poro dsfb`gdr-`gds uc hbcd idsso hoturdzo quohib id sdu hosfecdhtb, ob cdhbs hb prehfãpeb ib dstomd`dfecdhtb id tbio uco hbvo fu`turo poro qud uco hbvo sbfedioid lbfoio hb Dspãretb d hæb coes hbs foprefgbs io Vbcmro Cdhto` sd tbrhossd rdoèioid. Idsso lbrco, dstd Hbcd Dsfbòr bmreaotbreocdhtd idvdreo dstor dc pdrldeto fbhlbrceioid fbc bs Ibhs id Lrdquîhfeo ib Dspãretb-O`co Dspãretb -O`co io freoháo, dstor fbcprbcdteib fbc o Vuo dxprdssæb ho Ydrro d otdhidr obs ohsdebs dståtefbs id sbc idsdnoibs pd`b pröpreb Dspãretb-O`co io freoháo. Bu sdno, dstd Hbcd Dsfbòr dstoreo ehiessbfeovd`cdhtd ossbfeoib o uc prbluhib prozdr id O`co. [dsquesos o rdspdetb id lbhdcos d b cöiu`b io lrdquîhfeo vemroio pbr lbhdcos idvdreoc sdr rdoèzoios. Hdssd sdhteib, o iesfussæb hos portds \.? d \.4 idstd orteab o rdspdetb id Ibhs fbcb fbhnuhtbs lehetbs d prbfdssbs dstbfïstefbs pbidreo sdr þte`. Bs lbhdcos pbidreoc sdr fbhseidroibs adhdrefocdhtd fbcb —Ibhs Breaehoes“ Breaehoes“ bu —Fbcpbhdhtds id Ibhs“ Ibhs“ qud, oidquoiocdhtd ossbfeoibs dhtrd se, fbcpbreoc sãòmos bu —Ibhs Idrevoibs“ Idrevoibs“ luhfebhoes. Tc trotocdhtb cotdcïtefb dcprdaohib o Ydbreo ibs Arupbs pbidreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd sdr uteèzoib poro o idsfbmdrto id sãòmos luhfebhoes d, dc uc sdauhib cbcdhtb, id hbcds eauo`cdhtd luhfebhoes d gorcùhefbs. Govdhib-sd uco quohteioid dxfdssevocdhtd arohid id pbssemeèioids id dòmbroáæb id hbcds luhfebhoes, b qud pbidreo ehveomeèzor uco ohïèsd ibs ioibs id pdsqueso, o Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Idfesæb pbidreo sdr dcprdaoio, rdfbrrdhib-sd ob fretåreb id coebr luhfebhoèioid d gorcbheo poro o sd`dáæb 5;

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ios pbssemeèioids. Tco ohïèsd ohïèsd prdècehor idsto idsto luhfebhoèioid d gorcbheo gorcbheo ibs lbhdcos, nuháôds id lbhdcos d ibs hbcds pbidreo sdr bmteio otrovås id dxpdrecdhtbs id òmbrotöreb seceòrds obs rdoèzoibs pbr Cosoru Dcbtb (=;;=), hbs quoes b pdsquesoibr nopbhîs dxp`brbu o fopofeioid io ïauo id rdtdr Ehlbrcoáæb, troáohib rdòáôds dhtrd o dxpbseáæb id ïauo (d o pbstdrebr lbtbaroleo ibs frestoes treiecdhsebhoes quohib fbhadòio ë -=4»F) ë cþsefo d ë poòvros cdieohtd cdieohtd otdháæb ib bmsdrvoibr. Opord`gbs Opord`gbs id quohtelefoáæb id vemroáæb C]O (Coahdtef ]dsbhohfd Oho`ysdr) tocmåc Oho`ysdr) tocmåc lbroc dcprdaoibs pbr Dcbtb poro trohsldrer trohsldrer vemroáôds poro cefrb-arupocdhtbs cefrb-arupocdhtbs id ïauo. Ybioveo, ieldrdhtdcdhtd id Dcbtb, suadrd-sd qud o musfo pbr gorcbheo hæb dstdno lbfoio ho secdtreo pdrldeto, ho quo` o Ehlbrcoáæb sdreo pdqudho idveib ë moexo Dhtrbpeo, cos sec dc uco secdtreo fbhtdhib fdrtos toxos id ossecdtreo d, pbrtohtb, fbhtdhib coebr ieldrdháo d coebr Ehlbrcoáæb. [bstdrebrcdhtd, ovoháohib-sd hdstos pdsquesos, tohtb bs lbhdcos quohtb bs hbcds pdsquesoibs pbidreoc gepbtdtefocdhtd sdr ossbfeoibs ës Lrdquîhfeos Föscefos Cbiuòios Ehieveiuoes. Fbcb fbhsdquîhfeo, hdssd h dssd prbfdssb nocoes govdreoc —gbcùhecbs“ —gbcùhecbs“ (ob cdhbs ho Ehstetueáæb Dsfbòr), uc dstrohgb ldhùcdhb tãpefb id uco sbfedioid murbfrotezoio d cosselefoibro rdaeio pdò Vbcmro Cdhto`> foio freoháo tdreo ho Dsfbò uc hbcd þhefb, fbcpbstb pbtdhfeo`cdhtd id uc prdhbcd (uco vbfoèzoáæb io ehieveiuoèzoáæb ehieveiuoèzoáæb id suos foroftdrãstefos) d uc sbmrdhbcd (vbfoèzoáæb ossbfeoio ë suo Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo Moso`, id Mofjarbuhi bu Loceèor Föscefo). Fucprd bmsdrvor, fbhtuib, qud o —l`dxemeèioid“, o —omdrturo ob hbvb“ d o —dtdrho pdsqueso“ idstos vbfoèzoáôds idvdc sdr os dxprdssôds id bridc dc tbib dssd prbfdssb id hbcdoáæb, sdcprd ossbfeoib o uc prbluhib sdhteib id rdoèzoáæb io pröpreo freoháo. O rdaro å dxtrdcocdhtd secp`ds. O Dsfbò sdrvd ob Dspãretb-O`co id tbibs bs dhvb`veibs hb ocmedhtd dsfbòr d nocoes b fbhtrïreb> dsto ehstetueáæb sbfeo` furvo-sd lofe`cdhtd ob Vdr þhefb d ehecetïvd` qud ohsdeo dxprdssor-Vd ho Dxestîhfeo otrovås id foio uc. [oro essb, mosto mbo m bo vbhtoid.

]D[]DVDHYOÁÔDV EFÙHEFOV Tco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb sdreo b oèfdrfd luhiocdhto` id tbio [dioabaeo Föscefo. Tco vdz qud os sbfedioids gucohos sæb ehtdhsocdhtd vesuoes, tbrho-sd ehtdrdssohtd freor-sd ecoadhs bu ãfbhds qud rdsucessdc os eideos oprdsdhtoios hdstd orteab. Hos Leauro ?; d ?? dhfbhtroc-sd, rdspdftevocdhtd, os rdprdsdhtoáôds efùhefos id uco Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb d id uco [dioabaeo Föscefo.

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O. Coydr

Leauro ?; ‖ ]dprdsdhtoáæb id O. Coydr poro b prbfdssb ferfuòr d id outbsseceòreioid dhtrd b Cuhib io [btîhfeo (bu Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb) d b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo otrovås id uco ombrioadc efbhbarïlefo. Ë dsqudrio setuo-sd b ãfbhd qud rdprdsdhto b Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb d ë ierdeto b ãfbhd poro b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo. O ferfuòreioid d o outbsseceòreioid dhtrd ocmbs å rdprdsdhtoio pdò sdto iupò. B Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb å efbhefocdhtd rdprdsdhtoib pbr sãcmb`bs cotdcïtefbs, ehfùehib b —e“ id ‐hþcdrbs ecoaehïrebs–, ecoaehïrebs–, musfohib-sd rdtrotor suo ehfbrpbrdeioid, suo ehtdèaîhfeo braohezotevo d suo ousîhfeo id dstruturo. Os `ícehos id ehlbrcoáæb mehïreo d sãcmb`bs cotdcïtefbs sbmrdpbstos pbidreoc tocmåc sdr cu`tepèfoios, oiquerehib uc lbrcotb efùhefb id fbrbo sbòr bu dstdòr fbcb roebs ob rdibr id —e“. [br butrb òib, b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo å rdprdsdhtoib pbr uco cb`åfuò orbcïtefo, musfohib-sd musfohib -sd rdtrotor suo fbrpbrdeioid d suo dstruturo, dcmbro dsto oprdsdhtd-sd oprdsdhtd-sd —vozoio“ fbcb uc sãcmb`b id suo hdfdsseioid id sdr —prddhfgeio“ pbr Ehlbrcoáæb. O Leauro ?; sehtdtezo vesuo`cdhtd b fbhfdetb id Dsperetuoèzoáæb io Ydbreo Dspãretb-Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb d tbrho-sd sdu prehfepo` ãfbhd idsfretevb.

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M

Leauro ?? ‖ (O) ]dprdsdhtoáæb efùhefo id O. Coydr poro uco [dioabaeo Föscefo d sdu Vestdco id Dhsehb. Hb fdhtrb io leauro gï b —e“ rdprdsdhtohib b Cuhib io Ehlbrcoáæb d uco dstruturo fãfèfo, sdcd`gohtd ob ohd` mdhzîhefb, pbråc fbc betb òibs, rdprdsdhtohib b Cuhib io Dxestîhfeo. Dc tbrhb id —e“ gï quotrb sãcmb`bs cotdcïtefbs id —dxestd“, dc quotrb fbrds ieldrdhtds, rdprdsdhtohib os quotrb ]dids Dsfbòrds hos fbrds id quotrb dcm`dcïtefos loexos id lrdquîhfeo ib dspdftrb vesãvd`. Bs betb òibs ib pb`ãabhb rdprdsdhtoc b bftdtb d`dtrùhefb io _uãcefo d bs betb mets dc ? mytd. Erroieoc-sd, fbcb sd lbssd uc Vb` bu uco ]bso ibs \dhtbs, idzdssdes roebs bu idzdssdes arohids ierdáôds dvbùtevos rdprdsdhtohib os idzdssdes dsfbòs ieldrdhtds funo rdaîhfeo ecdieoto dstï iestremuãio dhtrd os quotrb ]dids id Dhsehb. Betb roebs sæb id uco fbr rdprdsdhtotevo ios locãèos ?O o 7O d betb roebs sæb id uco fbr rdprdsdhtotevo ios locãèos ?M o 7M io Yomdò [dreöiefo ibs D`dcdhtbs. (M) Os trîs poòvros-fgovd qud sehtdtezoreoc quoesqudr [dioabaeo Föscefo, mdc fbcb quoesqudr Diufoáæb Föscefo, dstæb rdòfebhoios fefèfocdhtd.

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11.. [[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO DDHHAADDHHGGOO]]EEOO [ [VVEEFFBB--FFÖÖVVCCEEFFOO 11..?? [[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO DDHHAADDHHGGOO]]EEOO I IDD I IDDYYDDFFYYBB]]DDVV I IDD LL]]DD__TTÎÎHHFFEEOO F FÖÖVVCCEEFFOO EEHHIIEE\\EEIITTOO@@

Bmndtevo prbiuzer opord`gbs id idtdfáæb, pbr oprbxecoáæb, io loexo id Lrdquîhfeo Föscefo dc qud b Dspãretb/O`co io freoháo dstï trohscetehib seho`. Dsto Dhadhgoreo bldrdfdreo sumsãiebs poro os Hbvos Feîhfeos io Voþid d poro os Hbvos [dioabaeos. Hbvbs trotocdhtbs id soþid pbidreoc sdr ehieveiuoèzoibs otrovås ib fbhgdfecdhtb io dspdfãlefo loexo id lrdquîhfeo io freoháo, mdc fbcb pbidreo sdr idsdhvb`veio uco Diufoáæb cuetb coes ehieveiuoio, dspdfãlefo, o porter id furrãfu`bs qud dhtrossdc dc rdssbhíhfeo fbc o loexo id lrdquîhfeo io freoháo.

11..== [[BBVVVVEEMMEE@@EEIIOOIIDDVV I IDD T TCCOO DDHHAADDHHGGOO]]EEOO I IDD [ []]ÖÖYYDDVVDDVV I IDD O O@@CCOO>> [[]]ÖÖYYDDVVDDVV I IDD O OCC[[@@EELLEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB I IDD V VEEHHOO@@ I IDD O O@@CCOO B BTT I IDD F FBBHHYYOOYYBB I IDD O O@@CCOO FFBBCCBB O O[[OO]]DD@@GGBBVV DDWWÖÖAADDHHBBVV I IDD F FBBCCTTHHEEFFOOÁÁÆÆBB DDVV[[EE]]EEYYTTOO@@ [ [DDVVVVBBOO@@ Vdhib o O`co uc öraæb hæb-cotdreo` fbcprddhieio ho Ydbreo Dsperetuo` io Fbcuhefoáæb fbcb uc Yrohscessbr qud `dvoreo o cdhsoadc dhveoio pdò Lbhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb ib Dspãretb, o O`co sdreo, femdrhdtefocdhtd, ehtdrprdtoio fbcb uc opord`gb. Tc opord`gb dhiöadhb qud, dc govdhib lo`go id luhfebhocdhtb dc oàuc sdtbr, pbidreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd rdfdmdr b supbrtd ouxeèor id butrb opord`gb, dxöadhb bu ortelefeo`, poro fbcpdhsor b sdu luhfebhocdhtb. Dsto fòssd id opord`gbs fgoco-sd fgoco- sd —prötdsd“, d uc opord`gb dspdfãlefb poro ouxeèor hb rdtbrhb ë luhfebhoèioid io bpdroáæb id O`co fgocor-sd-eo fgocor-sd-eo —prötdsd id O`co“. Yo` prötdsd tdreo pbr bm ndtevb bm ndtevb ocpèlefor b seho` id rdfdpáæb io cdhsoadc dhveoio pd`b Dspãretb, lozdhib o èaoáæb dhtrd b tecb d bs pbhtbs id ofupuhturo qud dstoreoc pbtdhfeo`cdhtd rdòfebhoibs ë sdhsoáæb id fbhtroáæb d ieòtoáæb ib opord`gb id O`co ho rdaeæb fdhtro` ib pdetb, ho o`turo ib bssb dstdrhb. [bidr-sd-eo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd prbiuzer-sd uc ocpèlefoibr id seho` id O`co o porter id uc MCE (Mroeh Cofgehd Ehtdrlofd) Ehtdrlofd) uteèzohib-sd o tdfhb`baeo nï dcprdaoio pbr Jyuwoh Fgbe d Ohirzdn Vpofd-Yecd-Lrdqudhfy Le`tdreha nï Fefgbfre, fbòmbroibrds io Ybybto © d io ]ejdh© ib Nopæb, dc foideros id rbios fbcohioios pbr ecpu`sbs fdrdmroes trohsfretbs dc bpdroáôds cdfíhefos (FGBE: FEFGBF]E, =;;5). B oporotb MCE prbpbstb pbr Fgbe d Fefgbfre fbhsestd dc uco tbufo fbcputoibrezoio fbc d`dtrbibs èaoibs o uco foidero id rbios qud ehtdrprdto bs pdhsocdhtbs ecoaehoibs> ecoaehor focehgohib loz o foidero cbvdr-sd poro o lrdhtd: ecoaehor o cæb ierdeto ldfgohib-sd loz o foidero fbhvdrtdr ë 59

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ierdeto: ecoaehor o cæb dsqudrio sd ldfgohib loz o foidero fbhvdrtdr ë dsqudrio. B oporotb trohslbrco b pdhsocdhtb ecoaehoib dc cbvecdhtb ho foidero id rbios dc opdhos ?=4 cs (ceèssdauhibs). Ob cdscb tdcpb, b oporotb oiopto-sd ës o`tdroáôds id bhios fdrdmroes ieldrdhfeoios id foio pdssbo dc fdrfo id ?; cehutbs, cehutbs, huc prbfdssb id outbfoèmroáæb. outbfoèmroáæb. Vumstetuehib-sd o opèfoáæb cdfíhefo dc uco foidero id rbios pbr uc fb`dtd ho rdaeæb ib törox, èaoib o pbhtbs id ofupuhturo d ehdrvoáôds sbmrd o rdaeæb tbrïfefo ib tecb, pbidr-sd-eo foèmror b sestdco poro bpdror fbc os ehstruáôds prbvdhedhtds io O`co. [br dxdcp`b, uc dstãcu`b cdhto` id ‐b lbab å qudhtd– adro uc —sec“ io O`co hb törox: uc dstãcu`b cdhto` id ‐b lbab å adòib– adro uc —hæb“ io O`co. Dstd tepb id pdrauhto lbe idsdhvb`veib pdò tdropduto xocíhefo Vohiro Ehadrcoh (=;;7) fbcb lbrco id foèmror uco fbcuhefoáæb fbc o O`co. Fbc pdrauhtos id foèmroáæb fbcb dsto, b opord`gb pbstdrebrcdhtd pbidreo ocpèlefor b —sec“ io O`co otrovås io ocpèlefoáæb io sdhsoáæb id omdrturo ib tecb veo ehtdroáæb fbc cusfuòturo tbrïfefo dspdfãlefo. Io cdsco lbrco, uc —hæb“ io O`co pbidreo tdr sdu seho` ocpèlefoib fbc dstd fb`dtd ocpèohib o sdhsoáæb io cusfuòturo tbrïfefo otrovås id uco fbhtroáæb cusfuòr idsto rdaeæb. Ossec sdhib, pbidr-sd-eo pbidr -sd-eo freor uco sdauhio rdaeæb id ehtdroáæb fårdmrb-tecb otrovås id uco tbufo MCE èaoio ob fb`dtd, ob cdscb tdcpb dc qud gï o rdaeæb id ehtdroáæb breaeho` idsfreto pbr @dbhbro (=;;2)> tecb/pdsfbáb/hufo/fomdáo. tecb/pdsfbáb/hufo/fomdáo. Dstd opord`gb pbidreo oucdhtor b fbhtotb fbc o O`co otrovås id dxdrfãfebs, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd ocpèlefohib b foho` breaeho` idsfretb pbr @dbhbro, ob pbhtb id hæb sdr coes hdfdssïreb. Vdreo uco dspåfed id prötdsd opèfïvd` dc uc sestdco id öraæb dhdraåtefb rdadhdrïvd` bhid, opös o rdadhdroáæb idstd sestdco, o prötdsd pbidreo sdr iespdhsoio.

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77.. OOVV M M]]OOHHOOVV V VDD]]EEOOCC O O@@AABB C COOEEVV22 Vupbhib qud os Ehtdèaîhfeos Föscefos ib Thevdrsb sdreoc ossec fgocoios pbrqud nï tdreoc fbcp`dtoib b focehgb id ecprdssæb id tbio o suo Ehlbrcoáæb dc suo Dhdraeo, dòs dstoreoc hb ècetd cotdcïtefb id dstruturoáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb. Dc butros butro s poòvros, dòs sdreoc —Ievehioids, Idusds d Idusos, @ucehords“dtf., pbrqud fbhtdreoc dc sdu Vestdco id Vbcmros tbib b sdu Dspãretb, bu sdno, dstoreoc hb arou coes d`dvoib id Dsperetuoèzoáæb. [d`b lotb id tdrdc uc Vestdco id Vbcmro, os Ehtdèaîhfeos Föscefos ib Thevdrsb braohezor-sd-eoc dc oàuco dspåfed id dstruturo o`tocdhtd ehlbrcofebho`, bu sdno, Dòs fbcpbreoc uc tdfeib ehlbrcofebho`. B vbfïmu`b —tdfeib“ ecpèforeo ho suo Vbcmro d b vbfïmu`b —ehlbrcofebho`“ ecpèforeo ho suo @uz bu @ufeidz. Ossec sdhib, o Fbscb`baeo (uco feîhfeo Lãsefb-cotdcïtefo) pbidreo aroiuo`cdhtd idsfrdvdr dstos Ehtdèaîhfeos. Vuspdeto-sd, hdstd orteab, qud os Mrohos prbpbstos pdò tdbreo Lãsefb-cotdcïtefo ib fbscö`bab su` olrefohb Hde` Yurbj d ib fbscö`bab fbscö`bab ocdrefohb [ou` Vtdehgorit Vtdehgorit (o porter io Ydbreo ios Fbrios ib lãsefb ocdrefohb @dbhori Vussjehi d ib lãsefb etoèohb Aomred`d \dhdzeohb, d io Ydbreo-C ib lãsefb ocdrefohb Di Qettdh) sdreoc ehiãfebs idstos dstruturos id tdfeib ehlbrcofebho`. Bu sdno, pbidr-sd-eo o porter idstos tdbreos lãsefb-cotdcïtefos ehefeor-sd uc rocb io Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb funb lbfb lbssd o fbcprddhsæb io fbcpbseáæb ios Ehtdèaîhfeos Föscefos d id fbcb dòs otuoreoc sbmrd o Dxestîhfeo. O Ydbreo ios Mrohos hdfdssetoreo id ioibs io sbhio dspofeo` [òhfj poro aohgor coebr rbmustdz. Fbc b sdu lbrto`dfecdhtb, pbidr-sd-eo ehefeor uco såred id ehvdsteaoáôds dsperetuoes o porter io Lãsefo d Cotdcïtefo prdsdhtds ho tdbreo cotdreoèsto id Yurbj d Vtdehgorit. [br dxdcp`b, pd`b prehfãpeb ib Thevdrsb Gb`barïlefb, id qud ‐b tbib dstï ho portd d o portd dstï hb tbib– , b lbrto`dfecdhtb io Ydbreo ios Mrohos, qud musfo dxpèfor uc tbib, pbidreo dxpèfor uco uco portd, qud qud sbcbs hös2 [bidreo b hbssb prbfdssb prbfdssb pdssbo` pdssbo` id Dsperetuoèzoáæb sdr idleheib fbcb uco frdsfdhtd supdrlãfed id fbhtotb, fbc secu`tíhdo trohsldrîhfeo d trbfo id Ehlbrcoáæb, dhtrd uc —Cuhib Mroho“ ho [btîhfeo otrovås id uc pbhtb id fbhtotb dc uc —Cuhib Mroho“ ho Dxestîhfeo, pbhtb qud fbhtdreo uc dspdfãlefb Vestdco id Vbcmros> hbssbs pröprebs fbrpbs2

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Orteab


55.. TTCC [ []]EECCDDEE]]BB DDVVMMBBÁÁBB G GEE[[BBYYÅÅYYEEFFBB [ [OO]]OO O O LLEE@@BBAAÎÎHHDDVVDD IIBBVV I IBBHHVV I IBB DDVV[[Ã Ã ]]EEYYBB Dstd precderb dsmbáb gepbtåtefb, ë sdcd`goháo id uco tdhtotevo id Fgor`ds Iorweh ho iåfoio id ?7<; id dòmbror uco —Ïrvbrd io \eio“, fbhstetuer-sd-eo eauo`cdhtd huco tdhtotevo id dòmbror-sd uco —Ïrvbrd ibs Ibhs id O`co Gucohbs“ Gucohbs “, bu cd`gbr iezdhib, uco —Ïrvbrd Ehlbrcofebho` ib Lùxb Ydcpbro` io Fbcuhefoáæb ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb Gucohb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo“ Dxestîhfeo“. Govdreo hæb opdhos uco dvbùáæb io dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb Gucohb ho meb`baeo cos tocmåc, vesfdro`cdhtd èaoio o dsto, uco dvbùáæb io dxprdssæb ho fu`turo. Vbm o pdrspdftevo id @uz d Vbcmro, bu Ehlbrcoáæb d Dhdraeo, govdreo uco rdòáæb fãfèfo, fbcp`dcdhtor d id rdtrboècdhtoáæb dhtrd bs [rehfãpebs id @uz d bs [rehfãpebs id Vbcmro, uco rdòáæb dhtrd ocmbs qud veso aorohter b sufdssb d o luhfebhoèioid io Dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb fbcb uco Ybtoèioid fbcuhefohib-sd id uc Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` poro dstd Thevdrsb Lãsefb-Cotdcïtefb, o Dxestîhfeo. Gbcb fbcb dssdhfeo`cdhtd Idsso lbrco, idlehehib-sd b aîhdrb Gbcb mebfu`turo`, govdreo uco rdòáæb fãfèfo fbcp`dcdhtor fb cp`dcdhtor dhtrd uc [rehfãpeb id Ieldrdháo, Dhtrbpeo, Ehbvoáæb bu Hbveioid, rdprdsdhtoib pdò Dstruturo id @uz bu id O`co, d uc [rehfãpeb id Gbcbadhdeioid, Fbhsdrvoáæb, Thelbrceioid bu Yroieáæb, rdprdsdhtoib pdòs Dstruturos id Vbcmros. Id lbrco pbåtefo, pbidr-sd-eo iezdr qud ‐tbibs bs Ibhs ib Dspãretb sæb Ibhs Fbcuhefotevbs– Fbcuhefotevbs– d qud hdsto fbcuhefoáæb ‐o O`co oco o Ehbvoáæb, Ehbvoá æb, o Vbcmro oco o Yroieáæb, d b Dspãretb Ievehb oco o ocmo s– ocmo s–.. O rdòáæb ieo`åtefo dhtrd ocmbs bs prehfãpebs, dcmbro supdrlefeo`cdhtd pordfdssd sdr fbhlètubso, sdreo prbluhiocdhtd gorcùhefo, b qud aorohtereo dldtevocdhtd o cïxeco dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo ob `bhab ib tdcpb t . Dsto dxprdssæb dstoreo dc fbhsbhíhfeo fbc bs tdrcbs dvbùfebhïrebs io po`dbhtb`baeo sd troáïssdcbs otrovås id uco dxpbhdhfeo` adhårefo uco rdòáæb dhtrd o dquoáæb gepbtåtefo (portd \. 1 idstd orteab), b fbcprecdhtb ib leb id ehstrucdhtbs id pdiro d b frdsfecdhtb ib vbùcd dc fc 6 io foexo froheoho ob `bhab ib tdcpb t . Fbhseidrohib-sd qud b hosfecdhtb io fu`turo, fbhlbrcd b po`dbohtrbpö`bab Uvds Fbppdhs (=;;=), tdreo sd ioib quohib uc dspåfecd ib aîhdrb Gbcb aîhdrb Gbcb motdu motdu uco pdiro fbhtro butro poro prbiuzer uco `íceho, b frdsfecdhtb io fu`turo pbidreo sdr quohtelefoib cdiehib-sd quohtbs fdhtãcdtrbs id leb govdreoc pbr ja id pdiro. Gï =.;;;.;;; id ohbs, prbiuzeoc-sd ldrrocdhtos fbc ?; fc id leb/ja id pdiro: gï 4;;.;;; ohbs, ldrrocdhtos id 9; fc/ja: gï 4;.;;; ohbs, ldrrocdhtos id =;; fc/ja: d, leho`cdhtd, ob leho` io eioid io pdiro, gï =;.;;; ohbs, prbiuzeoc-sd 51

O. Coydr

ldrrocdhtos id =.;;; fc/ja (Arïlefb?). Tco rdòáæb id frdsfecdhtb dxpbhdhfeo`, ohï`bao ob ib frdsfecdhtb ib vbùcd io foexo froheoho. =4;; =;;; ?4;; ?;;; fc leb/ja id pdiro

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Ydcpb (t)

Arïlefb ? ‖ ? ‖ O O rdòáæb dxpbhdhfeo` dhtrd b fbcprecdhtb io `íceho pbr ja id pdiro ob `bhab ib tdcpb, ho eioid io [diro, fbhstetue-sd huco cdieio bmndtevo id dvbùáæb fu`turo` ib aîhdrb Gbcb aîhdrb Gbcb..

B ceståreb dvbùfebhïreb io Meb`baeo, b id so`tbs dvbùtevbs, qud fbhtroiezdc b prehfãpeb fbcucdhtd ofdetb id qud o dvbùáæb sd ioreo dxfùsevocdhtd pbr prbfdssbs `dhtbs, pbidreo pbtdhfeo`cdhtd sdr dxpèfoib pdò iupò hoturdzo io fbcuhefoáæb io Ehlbrcoáæb. Dsto lùereo id uc Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` poro dstd tohtb pbr Vecp`ds Ielusæb id Ehlbrcoáæb (ib cdeb coes fbhfdhtroib id Ehlbrcoáæb poro b cdhbs fbhfdhtroib) quohtb pbr [ofbtds id Ehlbrcoáæb (Leauro ?=). _uohib b lùxb lbssd prdibcehohtdcdhtd pbr Vecp`ds Ielusæb, tdr-sd-eo uco dvbùáæb f`ïssefo, `dhto d aroiuo` cdhsurïvd` ob `bhab id ce`gôds id ohbs. _uohib b lùxb lbssd prdibcehohtdcdhtd pbr [ofbtds id Ehlbrcoáæb, dsto sdreo obs so`tbs d rïpeio ob `bhab id oàuhs ce`gords id ohbs. Hb aîhdrb Gbcb, Gbcb, dhtrdtohtb, idveib ë suo hoturdzo mebfu`turo`, quohib suo fu`turo otehaessd idtdrcehoibs hãvdes frãtefbs, pbtdhfeo`cdhtd dsto dvbùereo pbr [ofbtds id Ehlbrcoáæb dc toxos cdhsurïvdes ob `bhab id ohbs d, hb såfu`b WWE, ob `bhab id cdsds. Vuspdeto-sd qud dstds hãvdes fu`turoes frãtefbs dstoreoc ossbfeoibs o hbibs, pbhtbs id nuháæb bu gbtspbts gbtspbts id uco Ydeo id Ibhs ib Dspãretb> ob fbhstruer-sd bu dxprdssor-sd uc gbtspbt , secp`dscdhtd govdreo uco dxp`bsæb id dxprdssæb fu`turo`. Vuspdeto-sd qud o fovdrho id @osfbux poro b Gbcb sopedhs orfoefb d o ehtdrhdt poro poro b Gbcb b Gbcb sopedhs cbidrhb sdnoc cbidrhb sdnoc dxdcp`bs eùstrotevbs id gbtspbts. gbtspbts. 57

Orteab


Leauro ?= ‖ ?= ‖ Ieoaroco Ieoaroco eùstrotevb id O. Coydr poro uco gepbtåtefo iupò hoturdzo io Ehlbrcoáæb. Dc (O) govdreo uc Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` bu id [btîhfeo, idhbcehoib pdòs ievdrsos troieáôds le`bsölefb-rdèaebsos le`bsölefb-rdèaebsos id —Cuhib Dsperetuo`“, —Cuhib ib Nessù“, —Cuhib io Ecoadc \drioidero“, —Cuhib Breaeho`“, —]dehb \eraeho`“, —Cuhib io [drldeáæb ib Dspãretb“, —Hoturdzo Mþiefo“, —Hoturdzo Frãstefo“, —Bruc“, —Ydrro Vdc Co`“, —Hervoho“, —Oige“, dhtrd butros hbcdhfòturos. Vupôd -sd hdstd orteab, otrovås io vesæb id uco Feîhfeo O`tdrhotevo, qud dstd Thevdrsb Ehlbrcofebho` (gepbtdtefocdhtd sdc hdhguco dstruturo, idstetuãib id quo`qudr dhdraeo d fbhstetuãib dxfùsevocdhtd id Ehlbrcoáæb dc dstoib purb) sdreo possãvd` id idsfreáæb cotdcïtefo fbcb uco Mroho, otrovås id uco ombrioadc pdò EA io ehtdrprdtoáæb ioio pdò dsfbò cotdreoèsto brtbibxo io Ydbreo-C idsdhvb`veio pd`bs fbscö`babs Hde` Yurbj d [ou` Vtdehgorit. Dc (M) govdreo uco Mroho, dc qud hös fbhsfedhtdcdhtd dstorãocbs d ho quo` pdrfdmdcbs fbc hbssbs fehfb sdhteibs coes mïsefbs, Mroho qud fbhstetuereo tbib b Thevdrsb LãsefbCotdcïtefb fbcucdhtd vesãvd` bu Dxestîhfeo. O hoturdzo fbcuhefotevo io Ehlbrcoáæb sd dxprdssoreo id uco Mroho ë butro pbr Vecp`ds Ielusæb ( i ) d pbr [ofbtds _uohtezoibs ( p). p). [btdhfeo`cdhtd, o Vecp`ds Ielusæb id Ehlbrcoáæb pbidreo sdr dstuioio dcperefocdhtd dc òmbrotöreb otrovås io ]doáæb id Md`busbv-^gombtehsjy, d bs [ofbtds _uohtezoibs id Ehlbrcoáæb pbr cdeb id Coahdtbdhfdlo`baroleo id pdssbos idveiocdhtd diufoios dc tåfhefos dlefedhtds dlefedhtds id Cdietoáæb. C dietoáæb. _uohtb ob dstuib id ( p), p), os rdldrîhfeos fetoios pbr Abswoce (=;;1) id pdsquesos id dstoibs ehfbcuhs id fbhsfeîhfeo, toes fbcb os id @. Moss, Fosdy M`bbi, Nofbmb Aehmdra d [dtdr Ldhwefj pbidreoc fbhstetuer-sd fbhstetuer-sd dc uc pbhtb id porteio poro poro hbvos pdsquesos pdsquesos dcpãrefos. dcpãrefos.

55

O. Coydr

O iupò hoturdzo fbcuhefotevo io Ehlbrcoáæb dstoreo prdsdhtd hæb opdhos hb aîhdrb Gbcb aîhdrb Gbcb cos cos tocmåc dc tbib b ]dehb b ]dehb Ohecoèo d Ohecoèo d hbs butrbs ]dehbs [òhtod d butrbs. Fbcb dxdcp`b, pbidr-sd-eo id sdrds vevbs, fbcb b ]dehb [òhtod d fetor os l`brds ios Ohaebspdrcos. O tåfhefo id `dvor b pö`dh ib dspåfecd cosfuèhb ob ldcehehb otrovås ib vdhtb, opdsor id luhfebho`, dro pbufb dlefedhtd, pbes ecdhsos quohteioids id pö`dh droc prbiuzeios, fbc aostb id dhdraeo, poro qud opdhos uco otehaessd sdu bmndtevb. Ybioveo, hb bfosb ib nurïssefb d o`vbrdfdr ib frdtïfdb, uco lbrco cuetb coes dlefedhtd poro dldtevor-sd o ldfuhioáæb suraeu> l`brds. Dstd dro b —ceståreb ombcehïvd`“ sdauhib Iorweh, pbes hæb pordfeo lozdr sdhteib qud dc p`dho osfdhsæb ibs iehbssourbs pòhtos fbc l`brds suraessdc d sd ievdrselefossdc tæb ropeiocdhtd dc vïreos dspåfeds, b qud fbhtroreovo b prehfãpeb io dvbùáæb `dhto o aroiuo` (OYYDHMB]BTAG, =;?=). Bu sdno, ho precdero cdtoid io Ïrvbrd Dvbùtevo ios [òhtos tbibs bs sdus rocbs id dspåfeds sd idsdhvb`vdroc id lbrco prbpbrfebho` quohtb ob hþcdrb, dhtrdtohtb, gï ?9; ce`gôds id ohbs, gbuvd uco dxp`bsæb id suraecdhtb id hbvos dspåfeds, b Iorweh– , quohib suraeroc os Ohaebspdrcos> os fgocoib ‐Ceståreb id Iorweh–, pòhtos fbc l`brds. D dstos tbrhoroc-sd b rocb ibcehohtd ho Ïrvbrd Dvbùtevo ib ]dehb ios [òhtos, bfupohib protefocdhtd tbibs bs gometots fbhgdfeibs io Ydrro. Vdauhib o troieáæb io brtbibxeo cotdreoèsto, o pbssãvd` dxpèfoáæb poro b Ceståreb id Iorweh lbe o fbehfeiîhfeo id uco iupèfoáæb ib cotdreo` adhåtefb ios pòhtos, pdrcetehib qud dvbùãssdc coes ropeiocdhtd dc ocmedhtds cutïvdes, d b dstomd`dfecdhtb id uco rdòáæb fbc bs ohecoes, qud sd tbrhoroc pbèhezoibrds dc trbfo id håftor. Tco ombrioadc Dsperetuo` io Ehlbrcoáæb, fbhtuib, fbhseidroreo dstd cbcdhtb dvbùtevb ib suraecdhtb ios l`brds fbcb uc gbtspbt , qud corforeo uc dhtrdfruzocdhtb id Ibhs d suraecdhtb id Ibhs Idrevoibs. Dc hbssb fosb, govdreoc gepbtdtefocdhtd Ibhs Breaehoes Gucohbs, bu [etgdfbs d uc ib sdno, quoèioids qud ieldrdhfeoreoc uc dspåfecd ib aîhdrb [etgdfbs d aîhdrb Gbcb. Gbcb. Dstds Ibhs Breaehoes pbtdhfeo`cdhtd sd fbcmehoreoc d adroreoc Ibhs Idrevoibs qud, dc uc precderb cbcdhtb, to`vdz puidssdc h» bridc bu adroáæb. Vuspdeto-sd qud foio sdr fòsselefoibs id ?», =», 6»,..., h» bridc aîhdrb id sdrds pbssuereo sdu fbhnuhtb tbib pröpreb id Ibhs Breaehoes qud, ob `bhab ib tdcpb t , ieldrdhfeor-sd-eoc dc Ibhs Idrevoibs ob otehaerdc gbtspbts. gbtspbts. Ossec, foio Vdr ho Dxestîhfeo d foio aîhdrb id dspåfeds, dvdhtuo`cdhtd, pbidreo tdr o suo Ïrvbrd Ehlbrcofebho` copdoio, id lbrco qud os roãzds sdreoc bs Ibhs Breaehoes, b trbhfb sdreoc bs Ibhs Idrevoibs id ?» Bridc bu ?» Adroáæb d bs rocbs bs Ibhs Idrevoibs id Bridc h. O dvbùáæb io Vbcmro Cdhto` ib aîhdrb Gbcb Gbcb pbidreo sdr ohoèsoio huco ïrvbrd fbcb dsto, lbfoio hb lùxb id Ehlbrcoáæb io [btîhfeo poro o Dxestîhfeo, tohtb pbr Vecp`ds Ielusæb quohtb pbr [ofbtds _uohtezoibs id Ehlbrcoáæb. Fbhseidrohib-sd fbcb pbhtb id porteio ibes Ibhs Breaehoes dc ibes arohids m`bfbs io fbhstetueáæb gucoho, gu coho, o Vdhsemeèioid bu Vdhsbredioid ?;;

Orteab


d b [dhsocdhtb, pbidr-sd-eo olercor qud os roãzds io Ïrvbrd Le`badhåtefo ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb Gucohb sdreoc (?) b Ibc io @ehauoadc Vdhsöreo \esuo`, hb ibcãheb io Vdhsemeèioid d (=) b Ibc io @ehauoadc @öaefb-cotdcïtefo @ehdor, hb ibcãheb ib [dhsocdhtb. Dstds ibes Ibhs sdreoc bs precderbs adhuãho d breaehoreocdhtd gucohbs pbrqud hbs ieldrdhfeoreoc id tbibs bs butrbs precotos, cocãldrbs, fbrioibs d idcoes aîhdrbs ib ib ]dehb ]dehb Ohecoèo. Ohecoèo. Idldhid-sd oque qud o precdero @ehauoadc Vdhsöreo adhuehocdhtd gucoho lbe o \esuo` idveib ob lotb ib aîhdrb Gbcb sdr ib ]dehb Gbcb sdr b precderb ib ]dehb Ohecoèo Ohecoèo qud dxemeu uco ieldrdhfeoáæb dhtrd o ãres d o dsf`drötefo> b suraecdhtb ib —mrohfb ibs b`gbs“ hb Gbcb draostdr tbrhbu-bs cuetb dxprdssevbs ho fbcuhefoáæb id dcbáôds, d cbáôds, ieldrdhtdcdhtd ieldrdhtdcdhtd ibs butrbs petgdfbs. petgdfbs. [br butrb òib, o precdero @ehauoadc @öaefb-Cotdcïtefo id [dhsocdhtb adhuehocdhtd gucohb sdreo o @ehdor, adhdrefocdhtd , hb dste`b id rofebfãheb pbtdhfeo` id uc Gbcb draostdr , b precderb prbiutbr id ldrrocdhtos> ‐[diro fbrto idib(x), pdiro fbrto pdiro (h), `bab pdiro fbrtoio pbr pdiro qud fbrto idib tocmåc tocmåc fbrto forhd id ohecoes cbrtbs(y)– cbrtbs(y) –. Vdhib èhauoadhs b Ibc @öaefb-Cotdcïtefb, adhdrefocdhtd rdprdsdhtoib pbr (;), d b Ibc Vdhsbreo` \esuo`, adhdrefocdhtd rdprdsdhtoib pbr (?), dstds pbtdhfeo`cdhtd tdreoc seib os mosds poro o fbcpbseáæb id uc Ibc Idrevoib id ?» Bridc, Brid c, adhdrefocdhtd rdprdsdhtoib dstruturo`cdhtd dstruturo`cdhtd pbr (;,?>=)> b Ibc io @ehauoadc Vecmöèfo. Dstd Ibc sdreo b trbhfb io Ïrvbrd Le`badhåtefo ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb Gucohb d uc dxdcp`b id gbtspbt pbr dxfd`îhfeo, pbes o porter id`d govdreo uco corfoio trohseáæb ib Gbcb poro b Gbcb b Gbcb sopedhs orfoefb draostdr poro orfoefb io quo` suraereoc bs sdauehtds rocbs> Ibc ibs Lbhdcos (;,?,=>6)> dstd adroreo fbcb Ibc Idrevoib id =» Adroáæb b Ibc io @ãhauo Loòio d, id 6» Adroáæb, b Ibc ib Iesfursb Ibcåstefb. Dstd sdreo ieldrdhtd ib Ibc ib Iesfursb [b`ãtefb bu id [bès, [bès, coes fbcp`dxb d qud hdfdssetoreo id coes fbcpbhdhtds poros sdr dstruturoib: Ibc [eftörefb (;,?,=>9)> dstd adroreo fbcb Ibc Idrevoib id =» Adroáæb b Ibc io Ortd ]updstrd, fu`cehohib fbc dxprdssôds toes fbcb o Aruto id @osfbux. Dstd Ibc adroreo, nuhtb fbc b Ibc io Fbhtoadc, b Ibc id 6» Adroáæb io Adbcdtreo: Ibc io Fbhtoadc (;,?,=>4)> dstd adroreo fbcb Ibc Idrevoibs id h Adroáæb b Ibc io Adbcdtreo, b Ibc io Ïàdmro... Dsto å opdhos uco idcbhstroáæb ruiecdhtor id fbcb o fbcpbseáæb, o idfbcpbseáæb d bs gbtspbts gbtspbts pbidreoc sdr ohoèsoibs huco tdhtotevo id fbcprddhsæb ibs Ibhs id Dxprdssæb ib Dspãretb Gucohb. O sdauer, iespbhemeèzo-sd uco idcbhstroáæb dc lbrco id ieoaroco (Leauro ?6).

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O. Coydr

IBC ID IEVFT]VB IBCÅVYEFB

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IBC ID LBHDCOV

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VDHVB]EDIOID (VBCM]O VDHVÖ]EO)

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DV[Ã]EYB-O@CO (L@TWB EHLB]COFEBHO@ [B] VEC[@DV IELTVÆB D [B] [OFBYDV _TOHYEÔIBV)

Leauro ?6 ‖ ?6 ‖ Ieoaroco Ieoaroco eùstrotevb id O. Coydr poro b dsmbáb gepbtåtefb id uco Ïrvbrd Le`badhåtefo ibs Ibhs ib Dspãretb Gucohb. ?;=

Orteab


??;;.. E E H VDD@@DDHHDD,, F FOO@@TTHHAAOO,, V VGGOOHHHHBBHH DD B B M MEEYY>> H V V E E A A G G Y Y >> V \\eeooaaddhhss iidd V Vdd``ddhhdd.... uucc ffbbhhttbb ddssppeerreettuuoo`` p p b b b p p d dd h h d d dr r ri i i ddcc 1 1 ppbbssttooaaddhhss Fbhtb rdaestroib pbr O. Coydr hb Dsfretöreb id Ierdetbs Outbroes ‖ Luhioáæb Luhioáæb Memèbtdfo Hofebho` ]daestrb H»> <6?.74; ‖ @evrb> @evrb> ?.=?6 ‖ Lb`go> Lb`go> 9<1 ‖ @ovroib @ovroib dc ;1 id Ldvdrderb id =;?9

[BVY 4 [BVY 4 []ÖYDVD [O]O TCO IDLEFEDHYD ID O@CO ‐Essb å tæb dstrohgb

_ud sdqudr lbe pdhsoib D å ossec qud sd soe io cohoio [bes o \drioid hæb dstï hdò!–

Vd`dhd Gohho Vtdrh

Hbetd o`to id sdxto-ldero... sdxto-ldero... D `ï dstovo du, hbvocdhtd, sdhtoiehgo huco foidero ostro`, huc so`æb rdp`dtb id idluhtbs, ossestehib o ouò id @dbhbro, prbndtoio ostro`cdhtd! \eoadc ostro`. \eoadhs id Vd`dhd... _ud prbarocæb! Oè, sdhtoio huc so`æb fbc idluhtb pro tbib b òib... Nustb hos hbetds id sdxto2! [bes å... Oleho`, hdri Oleho`, hdri qud qud å hdri ... ... tocmåc å hdri dsperetuo`! dsperetuo`! D ho ouò idsso sdxto, @dbhbro, pro cehgo sbrtd, loòvo hbvocdhtd ib [bhtb id Dque`ãmreb. @dao`! Fbhsdaue rdfupdror b fbhgdfecdhtb qud du tehgo pdrieib pbr uco setuoáæb id lbráo coebr. Vec> fbhtrbòr o cehgo fomdáo dro rdo`cdhtd uco setuoáæb id lbráo coebr! D @dbhbro, dhsehohib b [bhtb id Dque`ãmreb, fbcdhtbu qud d`d å ieldrdhtd ie ldrdhtd dc foio uc. Yæb ieldrdhtd qud pbid sd tbrhor ieldrdhtd otå ho cdsco pdssbo fbc b possor ib tdcpb> cuior! ?;6

O. Coydr

_ud dharoáoib... sdcprd qud dò iezeo o poòvro poò vro —ieldrdhtd“ hoqudò hbetd, cehgo cdhtd vbovo ierdtb pro Fòuid Vgohhbh d suo pdsqueso ‐Tco Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb– Fbcuhefoáæb–.. @dbhbro loòvo —ieldrdhtd“... d `ï cd vehgo ‐Fòuid Vgohhbh ‖ Cotdcïtefo ‖ Cotdcïtefo ‖ Fbcuhefoáæb ‖ Fbcuhefoáæb ‖ Ehlbrcoáæb–. Ehlbrcoáæb–. O ouò prbssdaueo... dò cdhfebhovo id hbvb o poòvro —ieldrdhtd“ d `ï cd vehgo oque`b tuib... _ud fbeso! Cos... pbrqud Fòuid Vgohhbh cd vehgo tohtb ho fomdáo, sö id buver o poòvro —ieldrdhtd“2 —ieldrdhtd“2 Mbc... du sbumd id`d huc ibfucdhtïreb qud furte hb ybutumd hb ybutumd©. Yï mbc, tï mbc... nï sde b qud vbfî voe iezdr> qud vdr essb hb ybutumd© å mdc fbeso id aorbto hdri qud qud tï sdc hocbroib, hå2 Og, vî sd pdao coes `dvd fbceab> du otå nï tdhgb cdu fohieiotb o hocbroib, pù! Cos oicetb... pro cec Fòuid Vgohhbh dro ‐b foro–! foro–! Cotdcïtefb d dhadhgderb cdao ibeiæb, tehgo uc ndetæb rdmdìd qud hæb sd omoexovo pro prbm`dcos fbcpèfoibs> eo ierdtb ho ierdáæb id`ds! D lbe huco idssos qud d`d idsfbmreu o hoturdzo luhiocdhto` io —ehlbrcoáæb“ d ib prbfdssb id —fbcuhefoáæb“ dc tbios os suos voreoios lbrcos. Fòuid tromo`govo hb òmbrotöreb id pdsqueso io Md`` io Md`` Yd`dpgbhd © dc Hdw Ndrsdy, uco cdao dcprdso id fbcuhefoáæb nï hbs ohbs ?59;! Cos bs foros arohiôds io Md`` io Md`` © tehgoc uc prbm`dcæb> tbibs bs ieos d`ds trohsceteoc uco quohteioid dhbrcd id ehlbrcoáæb d`dtrùhefo pro tbib b cuhib, dc fombs ecdhsbs id fbmrd coes arbssbs ib qud du! D`ds trohsceteoc oqud`d cbhtd id ehlbrcoáæb cos hæb someoc fbcb cdier ierdetb b quohtb id ehlbrcoáæb tovo possohib pd`bs fombs, hdc cdscb fbcb quohtelefï-ò. [br essb bs fgdlôds tovoc tæb prdbfupoibs> o dcprdso ehtdero d tbio o suo requdzo tovo fbhstruãio sbmrd uco fbeso qud hehauåc dhtdhieo ierdetb! Yepb> tovo fbhstruãio sbmrd uco rbfgo lercd2 Yovo fbhstruãio sbmrd uc píhtohb qud oluhio idvoaor2 Yovo fbhstruãio sbmrd uc murofb, fbc ordeo pbr feco, qud idsomo id uco vdz sö2

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Orteab


_ud pdreab fb`bfor tuo requdzo huc ùaor ossec, tbio hb idsfbhgdfeib! Hehauåc ibrcd ierdetb! ierdetb! D Fòuid ioreo obs fgdlôds, dc ?597, dxotocdhtd b qud d`ds prdfesovoc pro tdr uco mbo hbetd hbetd id sbhb! D`d pdabu b fbhfdetb voab d cestdrebsb io ehlbrcoáæb d fbhsdaueu —idste`ï—idste`ï-`b“. Oàb ib tepb> pdabu uco pòhto id foho briehïreo, uc fopec qud hehauåc someo pro qud sdrveo, d terbu idò uco fofgoáo idsteòio io mbo! Lbe ossec> Fòuid dhlebu b horez hbs popåes d fbcdábu o romesfor... pdhsor... ehtuer... fo`fuòr... tdbrezor... rdfo`fuòr... d pumèfbu o rdfdeto ib sdu idsteòib dc ?597 hb orteab ‐Tco Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb–. Fbcuhefoáæb– . Hdssd orteab dstovo o luhioáæb id tbio o cbidrho rdid id fbcuhefoáæb ib pòhdto d tocmåc uc ndetb hbvb id dhtdhidr o èhauoadc loòio d dsfreto! Oqudòs pïaehos id`d cuioreoc b cuhib fbcb fbhgdfãocbs! Ocozeha ! D d`d hæb ldz essb usohib idleheáôds le`bsölefos fbcpèfoios, hæb! D`d ofgbu sec lbe uc ndetb luhfebho` id cdier o quohteioid id ehlbrcoáæb qud tdc idhtrb id uco cdhsoadc! O precdero fbeso qud d`d idsfbmreu å qud, fbhtroreohib tuib b qud o adhtd ecoaehovo, o quohteioid id ehlbrcoáæb id uco cdhsoadc hæb tdc hoio o vdr fbc b seahelefoib io cdhsoadc. Hoiehgo! Fòuid cbstrbu qud o quohteioid id ehlbrcoáæb sö sd rdòfebhovo, essb sec, fbc b quæb ehfbcuc ehfbcuc å o ehlbrcoáæb! Ehfbcuc. Ecprdvesãvd`. Ieldrdhtd. Vec> ieldrdhtd! Ehlbrcoáæb å ieldrdháo! Fòuid lbe b precderb forehgo ib pòhdto Ydrro qud fbhsdaueu prbvor, cotdcotefocdhtd, qud o ehlbrcoáæb tï èaoio fbc ecprdvesemeèioid d fbc ieldrdháo! Og, hæb cd loz dsso foro! Essb hæb å fbcpèfoib! Bro> otå du dhtdhie! ?;4

O. Coydr

Yuib mdc... du sbu uco hdri ... ... cos qudc hæb å hdri tocmåc tocmåc pdao! Å lofehgb id dhtdhidr cotdcotefocdhtd o ieldrdháo, b`go sö> Yepb> hbtãfeo id nbrho`! Hbtãfeo id nbrho` sö sö å hbtãfeo id nbrho` pbrqud pbrqud å ehdspdroio. Ieldrdhtd. Ieldrdhtd. Hdhguc nbrho` voe voe pumèfor essb fbc idstoqud> ‐Fofgbrrb cbrid fortderb–. Essb å... prdvesãvd`, fgotb... fbcuc, hbrco`... Cos tbib nbrho` sd orrdmdhto pro fbhsdauer pumèfor essb, fbc lbtb, dhtrdvesto d tuiehgb> ‐Fortderb cbrid fofgbrrb!– Bu sdno, quohtb coes ehdspdroio d ieldrdhtd lbr uco hbtãfeo, coes dò forrdao quohteioid id ehlbrcoáæb d coes ecpbrtohtd dò å, ehidpdhidhtd io quoèioid bu ib sdhteib io cdhsoadc. [br essb sd os hbtãfeos ib nbrho` id ibcehab lbrdc os hbtãfeos ib nbrho` id sïmoib... hæb tdc b ehdspdroib... hæb tdc b ecprdvesãvd`... hæb tdc o ieldrdháo... d ossec o quohteioid id ehlbrcoáæb hb nbrho` id ibcehab å, cotdcotefocdhtd, zdrb! Dto nbrho`zehgb id ibcehab coes voaomuhib! Dro essb qud Fòuid ques iezdr... cos d`d hæb porbu pbr oã! D`d lbe oehio coes `bhad! D`d fbhsdaueu ior pro ehlbrcoáæb o suo pröpreo quohteioid id cdieio! Hehauåc tehgo ldetb ldetb essb ohtds! Og, hæb cd vdhgo fbc dsso id ‐tï, d ioã2–, ‐quohteioid id cdieio hdc å tæb ecpbrtohtd–... ecpbrtohtd– ... pbr lovbr! [brqud quohib o adhtd tï ho lrdhtd ioqudò moòháo, somdcbs cuetb mdc qud b aroco å uco quohteioid id cdieio io coes o`to ecpbrtíhfeo! Foio aroco ‖ aroco ‖ pro pro cdhbs, `öaefb! ‖ `öaefb! ‖ å å voèbsãsseco! Dhtæb Fòuid cbstrbu qud quo`qudr cdhsoadc qud sd quesdssd dhveor pbidreo sdr troiuzeio poro uc tepb id hþcdrb> iãaetbs mehïrebs. @bhaos sdquîhfeos id ; d ?. Yepb> fbcb du pbssb ioque bhid dstbu possor o ehlbrcoáæb id uc —gd``b — gd``b““ prb cdu Ï`dx, sd du tù `bhad idcoes pro d`d d`d buver cehgo vbz2

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Orteab


\bu prdfesor iuco coquehehgo qud troiuzo b cdu —gd``b — gd``b““ pro ; d ?, qud `dvd dssd föieab id hþcdrbs otå d`d d qud `ï uco butro coquehehgo troiuzo bs ; d ? id hbvb pro —gd``b —gd``b“. “. Ossec, b Fòuid cbstrbu qud b cdu —gd``b — gd``b““ pbieo veror lofehgb hessb> ‐;?;;?;;;;?;;;?;?;?;;??;;;?;;??;;;?;;????– D pbid fbhtor tbibs bs ; d bs ? oã dc feco! Yï tuib cdao fdrtehgb ho sdquîhfeo mehïreo! @öaefb> du qudrb qud cdu Ï`dx rdfdm o b cdu —gd``b —gd``b““ d hæb b cdu —gd`` —gd`` “! “! D essb... aroáos ob Fòuid! [bes Fòuid `bab pdrfdmdu, dc ?597, qud o trohslbrcoáæb id ehlbrcoáæb dc iãaetbs mehïrebs sdreo oàb ecdhsocdhtd pbidrbsb, tbrhohib o ehlbrcoáæb dxoto, prdfeso d fbhtrb`ïvd`. Nï pdhsbu sd hæb lbssd dxoto hdc fbhtrb`ïvd`2 _ud fbhlusæb ioreo fbc cdu fohieiotb o hocbroib sd du hæb puidssd fbhtrbòr d cohior pro d`d cdu dxotb —gd``b —gd``b“, “, cohiohib hb ùaor iessb uc —gd`p — gd`p“... “... to`vdz d`d otå pdhsossd qud lbssd pro fgocor o pb`ãfeo bu bs mbcmderbs! [br essb, idhtrb idsso dxoteiæb, `ï dc ?597, Fòuid tocmåc pdrfdmdu qud uc þhefb ioqud`ds ; bu ? ib cdu ‐gd``b– lbrcovo ‐gd``b– lbrcovo uco uheioid luhiocdhto` id ehlbrcoáæb. Theioid luhiocdhto`... fbcb sd foio ; d ? lbssd uc ïtbcb id ehlbrcoáæb> o cdhbr uheioid id cdieio io ehlbrcoáæb. Lbe dhtæb qud Fòuid idu uc hbcd pro dsso uheioid id cdieio. D`d usbu uc iecehutevb io dxprdssæb — MEhory ieaeY“. Fòuid frebu b Met! Oe, forocmo! Cdaomytds, aeaomytds, tdromytds... tbibs sæb le`gbs ib Fòuid! Locãèo arohid... B met å o cdhbr cdieio id ehlbrcoáæb dc qud vbfî pbid tdr oqudò ieldrdháo sulefedhtd pro fbcuhefor quo`qudr fbeso qud lbr. D vî sd prdsto otdháæb hb qud du ofomde id iezdr> quo`qudr fbeso qud lbr! [dabu o eideo2 B pbidr ib met dstï ho suo uhevdrsoèioid, ho suo vdrsoteèioid, pbrqud quo`qudr sestdco qud tdhgo ibes dstoibs pbid fbhtdr uc met id ehlbrcoáæb. ehlbrcoáæb. Gde, vî sd prdsto cdscb otdháæb, bj2 Du iessd ibes dstoibs! ?;1

O. Coydr

Yepb> Dstoib id ? bu dstoib id ;> motd-popb d`dtrùhefb.. Dstoib id foro bu dstoib id fbrbo> nbab id coòhirb ho dstoáæb id cdtrù id Goppy Gormbr... Dstoib id gdxoaroco id èhgo fbhtehuo bu id èhgo vozoio> nbab id E Fgeha io io dsbtårefo... Dstoib id mþzeb omdrtb bu dstoib id mþzeb ldfgoib> o Cæd id Vohtb `dhib sbmrd os cehgos fgohfds fbc cdu fohieiotb o hocbroib... Dstoib id luroib bu hæb-luroib> mb`sb bhid dstï o cbdio pro cïqueho ib foldzehgb... Dstoib id èaoib bu idsèaoib> bh bu bll hb hb fdùòr... bh bu Dstoib id pord bu seao> sdcïlbrbs io ]uo =4 id Coráb... Dstoib id fbhtroe bu ofbhfgdao... Ybibs dstds sestdcos pbidc orcozdhor ? met id ehlbrcoáæb! Yuib> sbc, ecoadc, tdxtb... tuib pbid sd trohslbrcor dc met... d sdr trohsceteib pbr quo`qudr sestdco fopoz id dxprdssor opdhos ibes dstoibs... ‐gd``b– prb Ï`dx! essb å cuetb coes ib qud oqud`d cdu ‐gd``b– prb [br essb, aroáos ob Fòuid, b met sd tbrhbu o `ãhauo fbcuc id tbio o ehlbrcoáæb! Vec, td nurb> Fòuid Vgohhbh å b foro idhtrd bs foros pro cec! B forehgo suprdcb! Du tdhgb otå uco lbtb id`d id ?54; hb pbrto-rdtrotbs io cehgo dsfrevohehgo! Forocmo, cd iezdc qud d`d å coarehgb idcoes, cos du ofgb d`d tæb èhib, èhib! sdxy! Fòrb> scort Fòrb> scort es tgd hdw sdxy! @öaefb> vbfî ofgo qud du eo pdridr cdu tdcpb fbc uc foro supbstocdhtd mbhetb, uc abstbsæb frdtehb id ofoidceo qud tbio vdz qud omressd o mbfo du tevdssd qud aretor> ‐Foò dsso mbfo d hæb loò hoio, sö cd mdeno! D quedtbbb!!!– Og, hæb! Ydc qud tdr fårdmrb, pbrqud fgdao uco gbro qud lefor sö mdenohib ofomo td iohib å ossoiuro, pù! Å abstbsb sec uc ocossb mdc qudhtd cos... fohso sd lefor sö hessb! Cos, essb du td nurb! [rbcdsso id idiehgb nuroiehgb>

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Orteab


Vd du tevdssd hosfeib dc Hbvo Ndrsdy d lbssd cbáo-ldeto hbs ohbs ?59;, hæb ecpbrto obhid obhid b Fòuid dstevdssd> dstevdssd> du eo otrïs id`d d... td nurb> otå poaovo pro er pro foco fbc fbc d`d! Nurb, nurb, nurb! Oe... Zsusperb `bhabbb idtrïs idssd tdfòib...S [bes å... D du tovo oehio hdssos... fbc b Fòuid, o Ieldrdháo d b Met ho cehgo fomdáo... D hoio coes hb Thevdrsb pordfeo dxester ob cdu rdibr... Lbe quohib... ofbhtdfdu! Hb fbrrdibr, ob òib id bhid du tovo sdhtoio, possbu uc ropoz fbhvdrsohib fbc oàuåc, cos fbc uco vbz tæb cohso qud dro ecpbssãvd` vbfî hæb sd sdhter otroãio. Fbhldssb> b tbc io vbz id`d dro uco abstbsuro id sd buver! [ordfeo otå uco cþsefo suovd qud td ofbhfgdaovo, somd2 Vö ossec cdscb pro cec cd dsqudfdr ib Fòuid... [ossde o prdstor otdháæb ob ropoz. D`d possovo mdc idvoaor, loòhib moexehgb fbc uco cu`gdr mdc ldeo io pòtdeo qud b ofbcpohgovo. [ordfeo qud d`d tovo iohib uco bredhtoáæb pro dò, sde `ï. B ropoz dro hdarb. Yehgo uco dxprdssæb cuetb fo`co d suovd hb rbstb. Yovo vdstehib uc tdrhb ocord`b d uco foceso rbso... somd oqud`ds tdrhbs d focesos `ï ib ehtdrebr io Fbfgehfgeho, `ï ibs ohbs ?5;;, ehãfeb ib såfu`b WW2 [bes dro ossec o rbupo id`d! D`d focehgovo mdc idvoaor d loòvo mdc moexehgb fbc o cu`gdr, fdrtocdhtd pro hæb otropo`gor o ouò id @dbhbro. O cu`gdr pordfeo cdeb olèto. D b ropoz loòvo essb fbc dò, ho mbo> - _ud å essb, cehgo leo! Bfî nï somd, å sö prdstï otdháæb> å fbeso id Orco! ‐Fbeso id Orco–2 Orco– 2 Fbcb ossec2 Orco2 Og, nï soqude, d`d å cdscb ib ehtdrebr! Ybiehgb ib ehtdrebr> hæb sö os rbupos hæb! ?;5

O. Coydr

Yepb> —Orco“! —Orco“> voreoáæb ieo`dto` qud iï îhlosd ë prbhþhfeo id fbhsbohtd bro` fbhstretevo vemrohtd —r“ id sbc lrofb, sbmrdssoehib -o ehfùsevd sbmrd o prbhþhfeo id fbhsbohtds broes fbhstretevos òtdroes fbcb b —`“... dhtæb... —Orco“ å —O`co“! [utz... Ës vdzds du rdo`cdhtd BIDEB o cehgo fomdáo... pbr qud dò tehgo qud lozdr dsso dsfomrbso ohïèsd èhauãstefo nustocdhtd oabro2! _ud sofb! Dò hæb poro id loòr! Foò dsso mbfo, fomdáo! Cd idexo dc poz! Cos... b qud sdrï qud oqud`d forehgo eo loòr sbmrd O`co poro oqudò cu`gdr2 Vd furebseioid coto... nï tù cbrtehgo! [drcohdfe id fomdáo moexo, lehaehib dstor ovboio... cos ho rdo` tovo fbc cdus buveiehgbs cdao otdhtbs ë foio rdsperoáæb ib forehgo. D`d fbhtehubu loòhib d du buve tuiehgb> ‐[rdstd otdháæb, leo... otdhtd, otdhtd! 6 B pbvb ofgo qud tdc uc [oe `ï dc feco qud tï dsfbedhib tuib... Hæb, essb hæb dxestd hæb, leo! Dstd tepb id fbeso hæb dxestd. O Fbhsfeîhfeo Föscefo Föscefo hæb å ossec hæb. Hæb, hæb! hæb! Dò hæb ldz essb hæb> ecoaehd qud tromoedro Dò lefï dsfbedhib pro tbib cuhib! Dò hæb å murro, Dò å coes ehtdèadhtd. _ud qud dò ldez2 Dò iessd essb...– p`dosd, p`dosd! p`dosd! D`d ldz uco pouso... d du quosd perde! \ocbs, fbhtehud, p`dosd, Og, corove`go! D`d fbhtehubu cdscb! ‐Iessd essb> bfî essb> bfî tdc ormãtreb pro bfî dsfbeî. Fî voe dsfbeî.

6

HO (Hbto io Outbreo)> Outb reo)> o pdrsbhoadc Vd`dhd rdldrd-sd oque, bmveocdhtd, ob Dspãretb id Foùhao. Os dxpèfoáôds o rdspdetb io O`co ioios hdstd fbhtb pbr Foùhao, oprdsdhtoib ortestefocdhtd oque fbcb uc pdrsbhoadc, sæb trohsfreáôds ètdroes ib vãidb ‐O @de io \eio å \bfî– , ib cåieuc @uez Ohtùheb Aospordttb pd`b Dspãretb id Foùhao. Væb [ou`b > Dspoáb io Dsperetuoèioid Ehidpdhidhtd, =;22. Iespbhãvd` dc> gttp>//www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. ??;

Orteab


Du hæb dsfbeb hoio hæb. D tdc qud sî pbrqud tdc cueto fbeso qud Du frede, tuib å cuetb ievdrselefoib. Dhtæb bfî tdc qud tî uco fbhsfeîhfeo fbc ormãtreb pro iezî> ‘Hæb! \ù dsfbeî b qud tdc o vî fbceab, fbc cdu Du Þhefb!‒ D o Fbhsfeîhfeo Föscefo oehio idu uc opordeb pro onuiï o adhtd, qud å o O`co> dò sdhtd b qud å mæb. Yuib qud fomd mdc dc höes o adhtd sdhtd fbhlbrtïvdr, hå2 ‘Oe, fbeso mbo!‒ Yuib qud o adhtd quå pdaï pro adhtd qud hæb sdrvd pro hbsso ehieveiuoèioid, iöe, lefo co`, sdhtd ruec, å qud hdc rbupo qud huc sdrvd, opdrto, iöe. Dhtæb o ibr å pro iezî> iezî> ‘Hæooobbb sdrvd! Hæb å pbr oã‒. D bs prozdrds, o eideo id ofbhfgdab, o eideo id sdhte mdc> ‘å dssd b tocohgb!‒ O \eio ldz essb> tuib qud å ruec, hæb å pro höes. Yuib qud å mæb å pbrqud sdrvd dc höes. D å mbc pro höes... pbrqud prb butrb å ieldrdhtd, ieldrdhtd, hå2 [br essb bfî absto id fbcî fbcî homb d b butrb tdc hbnb id homb. [br quî2 [brqud å ieldrdhtd, uå! O quãcefo å ieldrdhtd, b cdtombèscb å ieldrdhtd, b luhfebhocdhtb å ieldrdhtd, ieldrdhtd, tuib å ieldrdhtd...– Vde `ï pbrqud, cos quohib du buve dssd popb id homb... cd idu uc dhnbb hb dstùcoab... orag! Du bideb homb! Vdhte otå oqud`d abstb cdao gbrrãvd` ho cehgo `ãhauo... mòra! D sde `ï pbrqud, dhquohtb sdhteo dssd abstb dsfomrbsb ho cehgo `ãhauo, cd vdeb ho fomdáo uco hbtãfeo id wdm qud wdm qud du tehgo èib loz uc tdcpehgb... @ãhauo d`dtrùhefo! Yepb... pdsquesoibrds io Ehiþstreo id Oècdhtbs fbhsdaueroc fbhstruer uc opord`gb fbc uco såred id sdhsbrds d`dtrùhefbs fopozds id idfbielefor d cdier sombrds. [bid2! Tco fbeso qud du ofgovo tæb ecpbssãvd` id sd ecetor d`dtrbhefocdhtd, fbcb b sombr... uco sdhsoáæb, uc sdhteib tæb coes fbcp`dxb qud o vesæb... d bs foros nï tehgoc fbhsdaueib ieaetoèzor essb d trohslbrcor dc ioibs! ???

O. Coydr

_ud fbeso... Vdhteib ib poòior... sdhsoáæb ib poòior... sdhsoáæb... sdhsöreb... sdhsb... Vde `ï... oabro cehgo fomdáo tovo puòhib dhtrd `ãhauos d sdhsoáôds id `ãhauos... d vbfî pbid frdr> uco `ãhauo mdc trdehoio å fopoz id foio sdhsoáæb... Lbe hdssd ehstohtd qud ofbhtdfdu! Ofbhtdfdu oqud`d cbcdhtb! B cbcdhtb dc qud cehgo cdhtd fbhad`bu! Fbhad`bu! Yuib porbu idhtrb io cehgo fomdáo! Opdhos sdhte uco fbeso cdao dstrohgo dc cec... essb å ielãfe` id idsfrdvdr... dsso fbeso... Cdao ielãfe` id idsfrdvdr... uco fbeso qud aerovo dc tbrhb hæb ios poòvros, cos ibs sdhteibs sdhteibs idstos poòvros... poòvros... Hæb, hæb droc pdhsocdhtbs... dro uco fbeso cuetb ieldrdhtd id pdhsocdhtb, uco fbeso qud opdhos cd tbfovo fbc uc sdhteib sbmrd dstos poòvros> ‐Ieldrdháo– ‐ iöe– ‐ fbhtroe– ‐ofbhfgdao– ‐ dxpohid–... Id rdpdhtd dsso cdsco fbeso dc cec cd tbfbu fbc bs sdhteibs idstos butros poòvros> ‐Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb– ‐M E hory ieaeY – ‖ Met Met ‐opord`gb– ‐ fbhtroe– ‐ dxpohid ‐ ‐omrd ‖ ldfgo–... ldfgo–...

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Orteab


D sdhte tocmåc iuos lrosds id Fòuid Vgohhbh... pordfeoc qud os poòvros id`d ioháovoc idhtrb id cec, huc moeòr fbc uco sdhsoáæb id sdhteib hbs sdus possbs qud eoc huc frdsfdhtd> ‐B met å o cdhbr cdieio id ehlbrcoáæb dc qud vbfî tdc ieldrdháo sulefedhtd pro fbcuhefor quo`qudr quo`qudr fbeso qud lbr.– lbr.– ‐Yuib pbid sd trohslbrcor dc met... d sdr trohsceteib pbr quo`qudr sestdco fopoz id dxprdssor dxprdssor opdhos ibes dstoibs.– dstoibs. – ‐met– ‐ieldrdháo sulefedhtd– ‐fbcuhefor– ‐opordeb– ‐quo`qudr fbeso qud lbr– ‐opdhos ibes dstoibs– ‐dstoib id fbhtroe bu ofbhfgdao– ‐opordeb– ‐met– Oe! Hæb pbid sdr! Cos å! Å! Oe, forocmo! O O`co å... Å essb, å essb> O O`co å uc opord`gb qud luhfebho sdauhib uc fbhfdetb cotdcïtefb> uc föieab mehïreb! O O`co å uc sestdco qud sd fbcuhefo otrovås id uc föieab id ibes dstoibs> mehïreb! O O`co å uc sestdco ehlbrcotezoib qud bpdro fbc ? met! Fymdr-O`co! O O`co å uc sestdco qud, fbc opdhos ? met, pbid trohsceter quo`qudr ehlbrcoáæb vehio ib sdu Dspãretb, fbcuhefoio pd`b sdu Dspãretb dc vbfî! ??6

O. Coydr

Hæb opdhos ecoadhs ib sdu Dspãretb, sbhs ib sdu Dspãretb, tdxtbs ib sdu Dspãretb> tocmåc quo`qudr sdhsoáæb ib sdu Dspãretb! Vdhsoáôds! [brqud sd otå uco `ãhauo d`dtrùhefo io Ehiþstreo id Oècdhtbs, dc sestdco mehïreb, pbieo idfbielefor o sdhsoáæb ib poòior... Vdhsoáæb... sdhsoáôds! Vdhsb! Fbhnuhtb id sdhsbs! O`co! Dhtæb o O`co å uc sestdco qud bpdro fbc uco dlefeîhfeo ehfrãvd`> fbc opdhos b met fbcb uheioid io _uohteioid id Ehlbrcoáæb Ehlbrcoáæb dò fbhsdaud trohsceter oqud`d Thevdrsb ecdhsb id ehlbrcoáæb qud b Dspãretb idsdno fbcuhefor!!! Oe, forocmo! Dhtæb o O`co... å uc sestdco qud pbid sdr idsfretb pbr uco Ydbreo Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb! Tco ‐Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb–, Fbcuhefoáæb–, cuetb coes omrohadhtd qud o tdbreo cotdreoèsto breaeho` id Fòuid Vgohhbh! Oe, forocmo cdscb! O-co-zeha ! Vd oàuåc fbhsdauer idsfrdvdr essb pbr cdeb id dquoáôds, hosfd cdscb ‐Tco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb–! Fbcuhefoáæb– ! Cos... Yo`vdz, pro dò hosfdr... otå sd hdfdssetd id hbvos ldrrocdhtos cotdcïtefos qud oehio hdc fbhgdfdcbs. Vec, to`vdz hbvos ldrrocdhtos hucårefos, fbcb oqudòs qud oqud`d eha`îs ibeiæb, Ohirdw Qe`ds ‖ oibrb d`d! ‖ tdvd qud fbhstruer d opèfor pro h0= ... idsvdhior b þ`tecb Ydbrdco id Ldrcot> xh + yh 3 zh opdhos sd h0= ... Ohirdw prdfesbu uher, aorecpor d fbhstruer hbvos cotdcïtefos, dha`bmohib o eideo d b tromo`gb id cuetbs cotdcïtefbs, toes fbcb> J`deh, Lrefjd, Gdfjd, Ierefg`dt, Ididjeha, @ohaòhis d Yuhhd`, Idèahd, ]opbpbrt, Jotz, Cozur, Eauso, Defg`dr, Vgecuro, Yohyoco, Lrdy, M`bfj, Jotb, Vd`cdr... orlll... orlll... orlll... Fohsde id fetor tohtbs hbcds dstrohgbs oque... quohto adhtd, orlll! [utz... ??9

Orteab


]do`cdhtd... fbhldssb! Fbhldssb! Ydc gbros qud du rdo`cdhtd BIDEB cdscb o cehgo fomdáo! [bråc... Ohirdw, idpbes id 1 ehtdhsbs ohbs id tromo`gb, fbhsdaueu sbùfebhor uc tdbrdco id 6;; ohbs bhid lrofossoroc aîhebs cotdcïtefbs fbcb Aouss, Ao`bes d Du`dr! Vec, to`vdz o adhtd hdc tdhgo oehio os ldrrocdhtos cotdcïtefos hdfdssïreos... to`vdz o adhtd prdfesd freor cotdcïtefos qud oehio hæb dxestdc bu... sdhib coes dspdrtbs oehio... opdhos nuhtor cotdcïtefos qud nï dxestdc d ossec freor uco hbvo! Cos... forocmo... vo`d o pdho prbfuror hbvbs Fòuid Vgohhbh, hbvbs Ohirdw Qe`ds pro freor essb! Fbcb vo`d o pdho! [brqud... vbfî nï pdhsbu hos ecpèfoáôds idsso Ydbreo2 Tco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb2! Vgohhbh fbhsdaueu cuior b cuhib fbc sdu tromo`gb> o dlefeîhfeo hb lùxb id fbcuhefoáæb suraeu aroáos o d`d! B cuhib sd a`bmoèzbu pdò fbcuhefoáæb aroáos ob tromo`gb id`d! Lbe fbc o tdbreo id`d qud b pòhdto lefbu pdqudhb aroáos obs fbcputoibrds, ehtdrhdt , fdùòrds d lemro ötefo! D Vgohhbh, dc ?597, huhfo ecoaehbu b rdo` tocohgb io fbhsdquîhfeo id sdu tromo`gb, b dhbrcd ecpoftb id cuioháo qud suo pdsqueso tdreo sbmrd b cuhib fbhgdfeib otå dhtæb! \bfî nï pdhsbu...2 Tco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb pbidreo ocpèor hæb opdhos o dlefeîhfeo id fdùòrds, id fbcputoibrds, id lemro ötefo, id ... Cuetb coes ib qud essb! [bidreo ocpèor o dlefeîhfeo hb lùxb id ehtdrhdt ... fbcuhefoáæb io O`co! Essb pbidreo cuior fbcp`dtocdhtd b cuhib fbcb hös b fbhgdfdcbs gbnd! Essb pbidreo otå... ofomor ropeiocdhtd fbc tbio dsso cþ`tepò fresd pòhdtïreo (fresd sbfeo`, fresd ocmedhto`, fresd dfbhùcefo, fresd f resd pb`ãtefo) pdò quo` dstocbs possohib... dsso cþ`tepò fresd qud, ho rdo`, hæb posso id uco Fresd Thelefoio id Lo`to id Lùxb id O`co! Tco Fresd Thelefoio id Ielefuìoid id Fbcuhefoáæb ib Dspãretb! ??4

O. Coydr

[bes... d sd dsso tdbreo pdrcetessd o fbhstruáæb id cïquehos, opord`gbs bu oàb qud hbs onuiossd o ocpèor d tbrhor coes dlefedhtd dssd lùxb ehtdrebr id fbcuhefoáæb dc hös cdscbs2 Yepb... d sd, ob ehvås id usorcbs dssds reiãfu`bs sehoes id lucoáo qud tdcbs usoib otå gbnd hos cdhsoadhs id hbsso O`co fbc o adhtd cdscb... usïssdcbs uco ehtdrhdt cd`gbr cd`gbr ib qud o id Qo`` Vtrddt 2! 2! Dssd sec sdreo uc cdao hdaöfeb! [bes lbe hdssd cbcdhtb qud `dcmrde id Gå`çhd... @dcmrde id uc popb qud tevd fbc dò ho fbzehgo! Gå`çhd cd iessd qud fbhgdfdu uc forehgo dc suos veoadhs ostroes, uc to` id Eahïfeb id @bybò... Vde `ï qudc å, cos Gå`çhd cd iessd qud lbe uc sohtb dspohgb`... Fbhtehude hæb tdhib o cdhbr eideo id qudc d`d dro... pbrqud idssd hdaöfeb id sohtb d id Eardno du hæb dhtdhib å hoio... Aroáos o Idus! Ocåc! Cos Gå`çhd cd fbhtbu qud Eahïfeb cbro, hb ostro`, huco dspåfed id Fotdiro` id Fresto` d qud veu, fdrto vdz, d`d fbhvdrsohib fbc uhs forehgos ostroes dsquesetbs. Gå`çhd iessd qud veu Eahïfeb pdrauhtohib pro oqud`ds forehgos hdris ostroes2 ‖ b dsquesetôds ‖ dsquesetôds ‖ sdreoc d`ds bs hdris ostroes2 b qud droc ucos coquehehgos ieldrdhtds qud d`ds trozeoc. Gå`çhd cd iessd tocmåc qud @bybò dstovo hoqudò hbetd, nuhtb fbc hdris, onuiohib uhs dhforhoibs o sd fbcuhefordc cd`gbr fbc suos dssds hdris, pröpreos O`cos... dò cd fbhtbu qud, nuhtb fbc oqud`ds hdris, hdris, tocmåc goveoc butrbs forehgos qud pordfeoc bredhtoes, tromo`gohib fbc bs dhforhoibs uteèzohib-sd id oau`gos id ofupuhturo 9... Oau`gos id ofupuhturo... Dssd popb id —oau`go“ nï tehgo cd suraeib ohtds... Vec!

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HO (Hbto io i o Outbreo)> o pdrsbhoadc Vd`dhd rdldrd-sd oque, bmveocdhtd, ob Dspãretb id @bybò. Bs dvdhtbs oque fetoibs o rdspdetb io Fotdiro` id Fresto`, ios oau`gos id ofupuhturo d io furebseioid id @bybò o rdspdetb id cïquehos, uteèzoios pbr sdus fbcpohgderbs ostroes, funb luhfebhocdhtb d luháæb d`d idsfbhgdfeo, dstæb fbhteios hb fursb dc ïuieb ‐Coes Du ib qud Huhfo– , ib cåieuc @uez Ohtùheb Aospordttb pd`b Dspãretb id @bybò. Væb [ou`b > Dspoáb io Dsperetuoèioid Ehidpdhidhtd, =;22. Iespbhãvd` dc> gttp>//www.aospordttb.fbc.mr. ??<

Orteab


Lbe quohib du tovo `ï hb cdu quortb, tdhtohib cd fbcuhefor fbc cehgo O`co, lexohib-cd ho rdaeæb ib cdu pdetb bhid tovo b tecb! Lbe hoqudò bfoseæb dc qud du sdhteo tuib tæb lroquehgb hb cdu pdetb fbcb sd lbssd uco trohscessæb fbc ‐qudio id seho`–... seho`– ... _udio id seho`2 Gde! Gde, gde! Cos —gde“ cdscb! _udio id seho`... oau`gos id ofupuhturo... tecb... coquehehgos... O`co... O`co... D sd... d sd... d sd... D sd lbssd pbssãvd` rdo`cdhtd fbhstruer uc opord`gb d`dtrùhefb qud, èaoib ob fbcp`dxb O`co-tecb, otrovås id pbhtbs id ofupuhturo, ocpèossd b seho` id trohscessæb ib —sec“ d ib —hæb“ io O`co sdhteib hb pdetb2 Tco cïqueho qud ocpèossd b seho`, idexohib b seho` fòrb, ob ehvås id sdr opdhos oqudò prdssæb qud hæb iovo pro iesfdrher ierdetb sd dro uco prdssæb ‐pro idhtrb– bu idhtrb– bu ‐pro lbro–, lbro–, sd dro uc —sec“ bu sd dro uc —hæb“! D sd `ï hb cdu quortb du puidssd uteèzor dssd opord`gb d`dtrùhefb, fbhsdauehib ofdssor id lbrco coes fòro, otrovås io ocpèoáæb ib seho` id trohscessæb, bs —sec“ d bs —hæb“ qud o cehgo O`co, o cehgo vdrioidero aueo, abstoreo qud du oprdhidssd poro cd`gbr dxprdssï-@o2 D sd lbssd pbssãvd` fbhstruer dsso coquehehgo d`dtrùhefo qud cd onuiossd o èior fbc o cehgo idlefeîhfeo2 Vec, pbrqud du sbu uco idlefedhtd tïte` id O`co> co` pbssb sdhte-@o hb cdu pdetb! Essb cdscb! Du sbu uco idlefedhtd sec! \bu dsfbhidr essb id vbfî d tdr vdrabhgo ib qud sbu2 [br quî2 [ro lozdr b tepehgb gepöfreto id eùcehoio, id sohto fbriderehgo, id uco loiehgo io @uz, sd du hæb sbu hoio iessb2! Cdhtero tdc gbro, pù! D cdhter essb å cdhter pro se cdsco> dsso å o þhefo cdhtero qud nocoes pbid sdr fbhtoio! Hæb, du hæb sbu uco fbriderehgo sohtehgo, sohtehgo, hæb cdscb! Vbu uco ieomo id uco fbrvb huc ce`goro` bu id uco fbruno peohib ho l`brdsto sbm b cohtb io @uo! ??1

O. Coydr

Vbu uco idlefedhtd id O`co sec, d ioã2 Cd`gbr sdr essb ib qud sdr uco gepöfreto qud lehad sdr o eùcehoio qud hæb å! [daude pdsoib2 Vec! [daude cdscb! [brqud cdhter pro se cdsco... essb sdreo o fbeso coes dstþpeio o sd lozdr! [brqud sd du lezdr essb nocoes pbidrde rdsb`vdr o setuoáæb io cehgo idlefeîhfeo! D du prdfesb! Vehtb qud prdfesb! [rdfesb fbhsdauer sdhter qud oehio dxestd oàb vevb d pu`sohtd idhtrb ib cdu pdetb! Hæb ofdetb coes qud dc cdu pdetb sö sdno pbssãvd` dxester uco cïqueho qud mbcmdeo sohaud, uco cïqueho bfo fbc quotrb murofbs fgocoio ‐cïqueho foriãofo–... foriãofo– ... d coes hoio o`åc iessb! Du prdfesb sdhter qud dc cec cec gï coes ib qud essb... prdfesb... hdc hdc qud essb sö sdno pbssãvd` fbc o onuio id uco... prötdsd... id uco cïqueho. Tco cïqueho qud cd onuiossd o idexor id sdr uco cïqueho... _ud erbheo! Tco cïqueho qud cd onuiossd o sdr hbvocdhtd —adhtd“... Tco prötdsd poro idlefedhtds id O`co... Vdreo pbssãvd`2 Yo`vdz! Hdfdssïreb2 Vdc iþveio! Oleho`, hæb ieab qud cotoreo pbr uco... cos aorohtb qud sd du dstevdssd Lreioy, d ho leò id fbcpros du huco `bno qud os vdhidssd, dc p`dho Mòfj Lreioy, lbssd ehlbrcoio id qud rdstovo opdhos uco poro sd fbcpror... og, td aorohtb qud du soão hb topo, dcpurræb d puxæb id fomd`b d tbib b rdstb pro fbhsdauer o cehgo! [oòvro id Vd`dhd Vtdrh! Tco coquehehgo... Tco prötdsd... sdreo pbssãvd`2! Oleho`, nï hæb dxestdc oàucos cïquehos id prötdsds qud o Cdiefeho d o Mebcdfíhefo usoc dc pdssbos qud pdridroc o luhfebhoèioid id portds id sdu fbrpb2

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Orteab


D ho Feîhfeo io Feruraeo Foriãofo> hæb dxestd uco coquehehgo fgocoio ‐stdht– bu ‐stdht– bu ‐dxtdhi– qud ‐dxtdhi– qud dstdhidhib d ieòtohib b vosb sohauãhdb idlefedhtd pdrcetd uc coebr lùxb lùxb id sohaud d ecpdid ecpdid b ehlortb2 Coebr lùxb... Vdreo pbssãvd`... uco coquehehgo-prötdsd qud, ob cdscb tdcpb, onuiossd o rdadhdror o pröpreo portd ib fbrpb qud lbe pdrieio otrovås ib oucdhtb id lùxb id fbhtotb fbc dsso pröpreo portd> o O`co2 Vdreo pbssãvd`... uco coquehehgo ‐dxtdhi– qud ‐dxtdhi– qud dstdhidssd o sdhsoáæb id foptoáæb ib seho`, dceteib pdò cehgo O`co, hos suos fbhtroáôds d hos suos ieòtoáôds hb cdu pdetb2 Oleho`... tuib essb qud du lo`de... Yuib essb qud lo`de pordfd dstrohgb pro vbfî2 Vbbu dstrohgb pro vbfî2 Yæb dstrohgb qud sdreo oàb ib tepb... ‐Essb å tæb dstrohgb _ud sdqudr lbe pdhsoib D å ossec qud sd soe io cohoio [bes o \drioid hæb dstï hdò!– Og, pbes å... D vbfî ofrdietoreo qud tuib essb qud du `gd fbhtde oabro sd possbu ho cehgo cdhtd dc uc ehtdrvo`b id oàuhs cehutbs, to`vdz sdauhibs2 Vec... tdc gbros qud du rdo`cdhtd BIDEB o cehgo cdhtd! Dò hæb poro huhfo! Essb ës vdzds cd dxourd, pù! Og, cehgo cdhtd... sec, dò hæb poro quedto! [ordfd puào ho fo`fehgo! _ud ehldrhb! Dò hæb poro huhfo! D fbcb essb fohso... Cos, oehio ossec, du ibu trdò pro dò, pbid2! Fbcb å qud du oehio ibu otdháæb pro cehgo fomdáo2 Fbcb å qud du oehio idexb dò cd forrdaor, gdec2!

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O. Coydr

[br essb å qud cehgo cdhtd cd forrdabu hbvocdhtd ëqudò fdho id Eahïfeb furebsb fbc bs hdris hdris ostroes d suos coquehehgos... sdreoc dòs coquehehgos-prötdsd id O`co2 Ocpèlefoibrds id seho` id trohscessæb id O`co2 Fòrdoibrds id seho` id O`co2 D sdrï qud oqudòs coquehehgos bmdidfeoc ë oàuco tdbreo cotdcïtefo2 Oàbretcbs2 Fdrtocdhtd qud sec! Huhfo fbhgdfe hdhguco cïqueho qud hæb bpdrossd fbc Cotdcïtefo, bros! [brqud o Cotdcïtefo å uco cbfehgo dspdrto, tbio cdteiehgo, dxotocdhtd dhtrd uc po`dstehb d uc esrod`dhsd. Tc sö loò ïromd d sö dhtdhid fbeso id cuáu`cohb... b butrb sö loò gdmroefb d sö dhtdhid fbeso id nuidu! Bs ibes huhfo væb sd dhtdhidr> loòc `ãhauos cdao ieldrdhtds, pù! Cos o cbfehgo Cotdcïtefo2 Og, cbfehgo dspdrto> dò fbhsdaud troiuzer ïromd poro gdmrdu d gdmrdu poro ïromd! Vö qud quohtb coes tbsfo lbr o cbfehgo, tbsfo fbcb uco Adbcdtreo Dufèieoho [òho, cdhbs dò fbhsdaud troiuzer... Cos quohtb coes rdlehoio lbr o cbfehgo, to` fbcb bs d`daohtds Otrotbrds Dstrohgbs, coes id ïromd d gdmroefb dò fbhsdauerï troiuzer! [bes å... dssd ïromd d dssd nuidu sæb fbcb b Gucohb d o Cïqueho! Gucohb d Cïqueho hæb fbhsdaudc popdor dhtrd se sdc dsso mbo cbfehgo qud troiuzo o èhauoadc id uc poro butrb> sdhgbreto Cotdcïtefo! Cïqueho d Gucohb... fbcb dhsehor uco cïqueho o corfor b possb fdrtb id uc fbroáæb gucohb hb corfopossb2 Lïfe`! B gucohb loò poro o cotdcïtefo d o cotdcïtefo loò poro o cïqueho! Fbcb dhsehor uco cïqueho o ehtdrprdtor b sombr id uc oècdhtb poro poirbhezor o prbiuáæb idssd cdscb sombr2 Ho fgocoio ‐`ãhauo d`dtrùhefo– io Ehiþstreo id Oècdhtbs, `ï dstï o locbso cbfehgo cdteiehgo hb cdeb, troiuzehib dssd popehgb ãhtecb id `ãhauo... D sd puiåssdcbs dhsehor uco cïqueho ‖ ossec fbcb nï dhsehocbs uc corfopossb d uco `ãhauo d`dtrùhefo ‖ o fòrdor b seho` seho` id trohscessæb trohscessæb id —omrd“ d —ldfgo“, id —ofbhfgdab“ d id —idsfbhlbrtb“ hb pdetb veo pbhtbs id ofupuhturo poro somdrcbs dxotocdhtd quohib o hbsso O`co qudr uco fbeso d quohib dò hæb qudr2 [utz tdrãocbs uco dspåfed id cdao ehtdrhdt fbc fbc o hbsso Aueo, o O`co! ?=;

Orteab


D sd fbhsdauãssdcbs freor dsso cbfehgo dhfohtoibro, qud troiuzessd dxotocdhtd b qud qudrdcbs iezdr poro o cïqueho sbmrd o O`co, poro qud o èhd fbc hbssb pröpreb Dspãretb2 cïqueho hbs onuiossd o leforcbs cdao bh èhd fbc Og, des o cbfehgo dhfohtoibro... Tco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb! Fgdabu o cd ior uhs orrdpebs ho cehgo morreauehgo... Orrdpebs abstbsbs cdscb! [brqud hæb tdc hdc fbcb vbfî d du ecoaehorcbs fbcb sdreo b pòhdto Ydrro ioque o oàuhs ohbs fbc uc lùxb coes dlefedhtd id O`co! [brqud hdc b adheo` Vgohhbh ecoaehbu fbcb sdreo o lofd ibs ohbs =;;; quohib d`d pdsquesbu `ï dc ?597... Dhtæb, hdc tdc fbcb du ecoaehor fbcb fbcb sdrï uc... sde sde `ï... =;4=!2 Ecpbssãvd` sdqudr ecoaehor uc =;4= id bhid du dstbu! Å uco cuioháo cuetb roiefo` qud b dlefedhtd lùxb id fbcuhefoáæb io hbsso O`co-Dspãretb fbc o adhtd cdscb pbid lozdr! Ecpbssãvd` ecoaehor! \oe cdscb cuetb O`åc cuetb O`åc io Ecoaehoáæb©! Du tovo... posco! Fgbfoio! Vdcprd ofgde qud O`co lbssd popehgb ios rdèaeôds... d id sdus èvrbscorrdto usoibs usoibs pro dspohfor qudc å ieldrdhtd, sdcprd fbc oqudò vd`go idsfu`po id lozdr b mdc ‐terohib b ieomb ib fbrpb–... fbrpb– ... O O`co hæb tdc hoio o vdr fbc b qud cd mdrrovoc oqud`ds aures rdèaebsbs... Fgresteoh d [dtdr... _udc2! Bro, oqud`ds ibes qud `ï, ho cehgo <» såred, cd surrovoc hb pïteb io dsfbò fbc oqud`d èvrb id fopo prdto fbc seho` id —coes“ idsdhgohib ho fopo! [dtdr d Fgresteoh oibrovoc lozdr essb fbceab hbs rdfrdebs d ho diufoáæb lãsefo dc cehgo ohteao dsfbò, dc Hdw Mdtg`dgdh, Vu` id Goppy Gormbr... Coìetb mu``yha id id dsfbò! Cd surrovoc fbc oqud`d èvrb pro ‐teror b ieomb ib cdu fbrpb–, fbrpb– , ofgohib qud someoc b qud dro O`co! [bid2!

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O. Coydr

Hæb! Oqud`ds momofos rdèaebsbs hæb someoc pbrro id hoio sbmrd o Hoturdzo io O`co! Oqud`ds mu``drs frdtehbs mu``drs frdtehbs hæb someoc å pbrro hdhguco id hoio! O O`co hæb dro oque`b! Hæb, O`co hæb å popb ios rdèaeôds! Oqud`ds ibes coìetbs mu``drs io dsfbò hæb someoc dro hoio! Frdtehbs! Dstþpeibs! _ud vbhtoid dhbrcd cd idu oabro id aretor essb mdc ho foro id`ds> ‐O`co å popb ios Feîhfeos, sdus muhiôds!– Og, pbes å! D ossec... Du tovo... dc fgbqud! Fgbfoiãsseco fbc tuib oque`b id —O`co“, —met“ d —prötdsds“... [osco! Hæb sde quohtb tdcpb tdcpb du leforeo ossec, cdrau`goio cdrau`goio hdstd dstoib —[osco“! —[osco“! Vd`dhd [osco Cbid> bh... lbrdvdr 2! lbrdvdr 2! _ud lbrdvdr coes _ud lbrdvdr coes furtbs bs cdus... pbrqud lbe hdssd dxotãssecb cbcdhtb qud b forehgo, oqud`d id tdrhb ocord`b d foceso rbso, possbu ob òib id cec pd`b fbrrdibr. D`d possbu, oehio fbhvdrsohib fbc oqudò cu`gdr, d fbcdáoroc o sd iestohfeor! Vd`dhd [osco Cbid> bll! Yevd uc ecpu`sb id `dvohtor uc pbuquehgb o fomdáo d dspeor mdc foculòiocdhtd pro bhid bs ibes tovoc ehib. Lbe quohib ofbhtdfdu! Oque`b! B forehgo idveo tdr b`gbs hos fbstos, somd2! [bes lbe sö du `dvohtor uc pbuquehgb o fomdáo pro ior oqudò dspeoiehgo mïsefo... d hæb å qud d`d d`d cd dhforbu ierdtb idhtrb ibs cdus cdus b`gbs!2 Letbu-cd lercdcdhtd hos prbluhidzos ibs cdus b`gbs d sb`tbu uc dhbrcd id uc... sbrresb sopdfo d soloib! Du lequde coes mrohfo ib qud id fbstucd> poroèsde! Hæb dspdrovo pbr essb! ?==

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Hæb dspdrovo cdscb! cdscb! D`d2 Opdhos fbhtehubu focehgohib pd`b fbrrdibr fbc o cu`gdr, iohib-`gd bredhtoáôds... otå sucerdc ib cdu focpb id vesæb. Gde... Gde! Obhid å qud du tù2 _ud ùaor å dssd2 [utz! Du tù oque sdhtoio buvehib uco ouò id @dbhbro! Du dsqudfe fbcp`dtocdhtd bhid du tovo! _ud sustb! @dbhbro nï tovo loòhib iuc ossuhtb fbcp`dtocdhtd ieldrdhtd... somd-sd `ï quohtb ib qud dò lo`bu qud du pdrie! _ud gbrrbr! [oro id pdhsor tohtb, Vî! Oe, qud fbeso coes id hdri cdscb> cdscb> ‐Tco Ydbreo Dsperetuo` Cotdcïtefo io Fbcuhefoáæb–... Fbcuhefoáæb–... poro id veonor, aorbto! \bfî tï idcoes gbnd! [ôd `bab bs pås hb fgæb, voe! Yd fbhfdhtro hb qud o cbáo tï dhsehohib, pù! _ud sofb essb... hdri hæb hæb tdc furo cdscb... fbusos– dc qud ofomde vb`tohib cehgo otdháæb D lbe hdssd ‐dstoib id fbusos– hbvocdhtd ë ouò sö pro idsfbmrer qud... dò nï tovo hb lec! [utz! Idsso vdz du cd supdrde cdscb... _ud vdrabhgo! Cd`gbr cdscb å dhfdrror cdu pbst cdu pbst oabrehgo oabrehgo cdscb... Hb fbcdhts! fbcdhts!

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O. Coydr

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Possibilities of a Spiritual Mathematical Theory of Communication [Possibilidades de uma Teoria Espírito-Matemática da Comunicação]

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