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1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to explain the polysystem theory in the direction of Itamar EvenZohar’s thoughts.
In this paper the definition definition of polysystem polysystem theory will be examined and some theorists’ theorists’ ideas will take place.
2. POLYSYSTEM THEORY
olysystem theory was suggested in the !"#$s. Its foundations had been laid by %ussian &orm &ormal alism ism in the the !"'$ !"'$s( s( and and Israe Israeli li schol scholar ar Itam Itamar ar Even Even-Zo -Zoha harr borro borrowe wed d idea ideass from from &ormalists &ormalists and developed the theory in order to deal with dynamics( dynamics( diversity and change in cultur cultures. es. In additi addition( on( Even-Zo Even-Zohar har is also also known known as a pionee pioneerr of the theory theory of cultur cultural al repert repertoir oires. es. Even-Z Even-Zoha oharr assumes assumes a dynam dynamic ic structu structurali ralism sm or in other other words words a dynam dynamic ic functionalism rather than a static( a-historical text-based approach to literature and culture.
)ccording to Even-Zohar’s model( the polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous and hierarchi*ed conglomerate +or system, of systems which interact to bring about an ongoing( dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole. &rom the first part of this definition( it follows that polysystems can be postulated to account for phenomena existing on various levels( so that the polysystem of a given national literature is viewed as one element making up the larger socio-cultural polysystem( which itself comprises other polysystems besides the literary( such as for example the artistic( the religious or the political +aker and almk/0r !""12!#3( !##,.
oreover( being put in this manner in a larger socio-cultural context 4literature’ is regarded as a collection of texts5 however( however( it is a set of factors factors governing governing the production( production( promotion promotion and reception of these texts.
olysystem theory is defined as a theory to account for the behaviour and evolution of literary system system in the 6ictio 6ictionary nary of Transla ranslatio tion n 7tudie 7tudies. s. The The term term polys polysyst ystem em means means a layered layered conglo conglomer merate ate of interco interconne nnected cted8co 8cohes hesive ive element elementss that that change changess and mutates mutates while while these these elements are in interaction with one another.
In polysystem theory( a literary work is not studied isolatedly but as part of a literary system. ut it differently( literature is a part of social( cultural( literary and historical framework. ) literary system can affect other ones. That is( the translated literature which is being imported to a country can influence the native writings. )ccording to some effects and causes( these influences can be more or less.
)ccording to 9olmes’s statement( :Even-Zohar and his colleagues have posited that 4literature’ in a given society is a collection of various systems( a system-of-systems or polysystem( in which diverse genres( schools( tendencies(;4literature’ is no longer the stately and fairly static thing it tends to be for the canonists( but a highly kinetic situation in which things are constantly changing< +7nell-9ornby !"112'=,.
Thereupon( 7nell-9ornby states that a polysystem is not only characteri*ed by constant shifts and changes( but also by internal oppositions( including those between :primary< and :secondary< models and types +!"112'=( '>,. That is( the position of translated literature is not stable and it may occupy a primary or a secondary position in polysystem. rimary texts are the innovative ones( which introduce new ideas( new methods( new ways of looking at literature and the world into a literary polysystem. The secondary texts are the conservative ones which support and uphold the existing system. rovided that translated literature is primary( it plays an active role in shaping the centre of the polysystem. Even-Zohar gives three ma/or cases when translated literature occupies the primary position2 !. when a 4young’ literature is being established and looks initially to 4older’ literatures for ready-made models5 '. when a literature is 4peripheral’ or 4weak’ and imports those literary types which it is lacking. This can happen when a smaller nation is dominated by the culture of a larger one. =. when there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient( or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country +unday '$$!2!!$,.
If translated literature undertakes a secondary position( it exposes a peripheral system within polysystem. It has not any fundamental effect over the central system and further it becomes a conservative factor( maintaining conventional forms and applying to the literary norms of the
target system. Even-Zohar states that this secondary position is 4normal’ one for translated literatures.
Even-Zohar posits that translation strategy is determined by translated literature’s position in the polysystem. If it is primary( translators are free to keep target literature models and more prepared to break common norms. &or this reason( a TT which is close to the 7T in terms of ade?uacy is produced. @n the other hand( if it is secondary( existing target literature models are used. Thus( a more non-ade?uate translation is produced. 7nell-9ornby points to translation system within polysystem and writes that in this theory literary translation is seen as one of the elements participating in the constant struggle for survival and domination. Israeli scholars emphasi*ed that translations play a primary( creative and innovative role within the literary system. 9ence( in this approach( translation is seen essentially as a text-type in its own right( as an integral part of the target culture and not merely as a reproduction of another text +7nell-9ornby !"112'>,. Even-Zohar points out that it seems that there is neither awareness of the function of translated literature for a literature as a whole or of its position within that literature( nor awareness of the possible existence of translated literature as a particular literary system. The valid concept is rather that of AtranslationA or /ust Atranslated worksA treated on an individual basis. Ben*tler emphasi*es that the polysystem theory performs a significant improvement for translation studies. The pros of this are2 ! Citerature itself is studied alongside the social( historical and cultural forces. ' Even-Zohar moves away from the isolated study of individual texts towards the study of translation within the cultural and literary systems in which it functions. = the non-prescriptive definition of e?uivalence and ade?uacy allows for variation according to the historical and cultural situation of the text +unday '$$!2!!!, It should be aware that translated literature can possess its own influences( which not only can be to certain extent but also even be exclusive to it. 7o( these points make it /ustifiable to talk about translated literature.
3. CONCLUSION
)s a conclusion( there is a paradox that polysystem has probably been transformed into research under various labels. It has probably lost its programmatic identity while /ust promoting research more than the institutionali*ation of particular resea rch labels. olysystem does not exist on its own( certainly not as an organi*ed frame( but that it has changed the scope of Translation 7tudies and that it has probably contributed to changes in other ones.
WORK CITED
)DE%( ona +ed., and )CDF% +ass.,( Dirsten. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Condon and Gew Hork2 %outledge( !""1. http288books.google.com8booksJidKT1t1@bE@LMNpgK)!#3Nd?KitamarOeven*oharOpolysystemOtheoryNhlKtrPvKonepageN?KitamarQ'$even-*ohar Q'$polysystemQ'$theoryNfKfalseR Gov =$( '$$" !"2'3
SG6)H( eremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. Condon and Gew Hork2 %outledge( '$$!.
7GECC-9@%GH( ary. Translation Studies an Integrated Approach. )msterdam and hiladelphia2 ohn en/amins ublishing Mompany( '$$3.
