FORÇA AÉREA BRASILEIRA ESCOLA DE ESPECIALISTAS DE AERONÁUTICA
PNEUMÁTICA BÁSICA DE AERONAVES VOLUME 1
BMA CFS 2012 IMPRESSO NA SUBSEÇÃO GRÁFICA DA EEAR
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MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA COMANDO DA AERONÁUTICA ESCOLA DE ESPECIALISTAS DE AERONÁUTICA
PNEU PNEUMÁT MÁTIC ICA A BÁSIC BÁSICA A DE AERON AERONAV AVES ES I
Apostil Apostilaa da da discipli disciplina na Pneumá Pneumática tica básica básica de aeronaves, da Especialidade BMA, do Curso de Formação de Sargentos. Elaboradores: Elaboradores: Rosinei Ferreira Ferreira Frazão Frazão - SO BMA BMA Denilson dos Anjos – 1S BMA
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SUMÁRIO Introdução .................................... ...................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................................04 .................04 1 PNEUMÁTICA................. PNEUMÁTICA ..................................... ...................................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ....05 05 1.1 Generalidades ...................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ............05 05 1.2 Compressores pneumáticos ..................................... ....................................................... ...................................... .............................. ..........07 07 1.3 Motores turbojatos ...................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ....................................... ....................... .....10 10 1.4 Resumo ...................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................... 13 2 COMPONENTES COMPONENTES BÁSICOS................................................ BÁSICOS.................................................................... ...................................... ............................. ...........14 14 2.1 Válvulas de corte ..................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ....................................... .......................... ........14 14 2.2 Regulador de pressão ..................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................16 16 2.3 Válvula reguladora de pressão .................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ........................... .......17 17 2.4 Válvulas unidirecionais .................................... ...................................................... ....................................... .....................................18 ................18 2.5 Cápsula aneróide................. aneróide ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................................... .......................... ........21 21 2.6 Interruptor de pressão .................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................21 21 2.7 Bulbo............................................. Bulbo............................................................... ...................................... ......................................... .....................................22 ................22 2.8 Termostatos........................... Termostatos................................................ ......................................... ...................................... ....................................... ........................ ...22 22 2.9 Ductos compensadores ..................................... ....................................................... ....................................... .....................................23 ................23 2.10 Silenciadores.................. Silenciadores ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ............24 24 2.11 Unidade de refrigeração refriger ação................. ..................................... ...................................... ....................................... ..................................24 .............24 2.12 Separador d’água ...................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ....................................... ....................... .....24 24
2.13 Resumo ..................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................... 25 3 SISTEMA PNEUMÁTICO BÁSICO .................................... ...................................................... ...................................... .............................. ..........27 27 3.1 Descrição Descriç ão e finalidade................ finalidade .................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................28 28 3.2 Subsistemas pneumáticos ..................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ..................................29 .............29 3.3 Sistemas de ciclo de ar...............
34
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4 INTRODUÇÃO
Em nosso cotidiano, convivemos freqüentemente com um tipo de energia que passa despercebida despercebida por todos nós. Ela está presente presente em quase todos os setores setores de nossa vida, quer nas fábricas, hospitais, oficinas, aviões ou mesmo dentro de nossos lares. O trabalho que ora lhe apresento, vai tratar dessa energia maravilhosa, que é o ar comprimido. Esta apostila apostila visa dar aos alunos da especialidade especialidade BMA, noções básicas básicas de Pneumática, mostrando mostrando desde a obtenção do ar comprimido comprimido até as suas diversas aplicações nas aeronaves. aeronaves. Com isso, esperamos esperamos que você alcance os objetivos propostos, propostos, estudando estudando passo a passo os textos, observando observando atenciosamente atenciosamente as figuras e retirando suas dúvidas.
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5
1 PNEUM PNEUMÁTI ÁTICA CA É a ciência que estuda as características características físicas físicas dos gases e as leis sobre eles aplicadas, quando em movimento ou estáticos. Atualm Atualmente ente temo temoss algumas algumas aplicaç aplicações ões da pneum pneumátic áticaa usando usando o ar comprim comprimido ido como como elemento:
BROCAS DE DENTISTAS; ELEVADORES DE AUTOS; PISTOLAS DE PINTURA; FREIOS EM GERAL; ACIONAMENTO DE PORTAS MÁQUINAS INDUSTRIAIS; AR CONDICIONADO DE AVIÕES; PRESSURIZAÇÃO DE AVIÕES;
1.1 Generalidades O ar comprimido é provavelmente uma das mais antigas formas de transmissão de energia que o homem conhece, empregada empregada e aproveitada aproveitada para ampliar sua capacidade física. O reconhecimento da existência física do ar, bem como a sua utilização mais ou menos consciente para o trabalho, são comprovados há milhares de anos. O primeiro homem que com certeza sabemos ter-se interessado pela pneumática, isto é, o emprego do ar comprimido como meio auxiliar de trabalho, foi o grego Ktesíbios. Há mais de 2000 anos, ele construiu uma catapulta a ar comprimido. Um dos primeiros livros sobre o emprego emprego do do ar comprim comprimido ido como como tran transmis smissão são de energia energia,, data data do 1º sécul séculoo d.C. d.C. e descrev descrevee equipamentos que foram acionados com ar aquecido. Dos antigos gregos provém a expressão “PNEUMA” que significa fôlego ou vento, e filosoficamente alma. Derivando da palavra “PNEUMA”, surgiu entre outros o conceit o de movimentos dos gases. gases. “PNEUMÁTICA”: “PNEUMÁTICA” : a matéria dos movimentos
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6
1.1.1 1.1.1 Caracte Característ rísticas icas principa principais is:
O ar a ser comprimido se encontra em quantidades ilimitadas, praticamente em todos os lugares.
O ar comprimido é facilmente transportável por tubulações, mesmo para distâncias consideravelmente grandes. Não há necessidade de se preocupar com o retorno do ar.
No estabelec estabelecimento imento não é necessário necessário que que o compressor compressor (componente (componente responsável responsável pela pela obtenção do ar comprimido), comprimido), esteja em funcionamento funcionamento contínuo. contínuo. O ar comprimido comprimido pode ser armazenado armazenado em um reservatório, reservatório, e posteriormente posteriormente utilizado. utilizado.
O ar comprimido é relativamente limpo. O ar que eventualmente escape das tubulações ou outros componentes componentes inadequadamente inadequadamente vedados, não polui polui o ambiente. Esta limpeza é exigência, exigência, por exemplo, exemplo, nas indústrias indústrias alimentícia alimentícias, s, madeireiras madeireiras,, têxteis, curtumes curtumes e na aviação.
O ar comprimido é um meio de trabalho muito veloz e permite alcançar altas velocidades de trabalho.
A velocidade velocidade e força dos componentes componentes a ar comprimido comprimido são são reguláveis. reguláveis.
O escape de de ar comprimido comprimido é ruidoso, mas com o desenvolvi desenvolvimento mento de silenciado silenciadores, res, este problema está atualmente solucionado.
O ar comprimido requer uma boa preparação. Impurezas e umidade devem ser evitadas, pois provocam provocam desgaste nos componentes componentes pneumáticos. pneumáticos.
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7
UMIDADE: É a quantidade de água, na forma de vapor, existente no ar. É medida em valores percentuais.
PRESSÃO: Trata-se de uma força distribuída em uma determinada área. Quando estática é a mesma em todos os pontos de aplicação. É medida por instrumentos denominados Pound per Square Inch, que significa manômetros, geralmente graduados em PSI ( Pound libras por polegada quadrada) ou Kg/cm2.
PRESSÃO ABSOLUTA: É a pressão medida, medida, partindo-se partindo-se do vácuo. vácuo.
PRESSÃO DIFERENCIAL: É a diferença entre duas pressões opostas.
FLUXO DE AR: É a quantidade de ar que escoa em um determinado tempo, por certo Pound per minutes mi nutes, que significa ponto. É medido por fluxômetros em litros/min, PPM ( Pound libras por minuto), Cm3 /min, etc...
SANGRIA DE AR: É a extração de ar de um motor a jato, com a finalidade de alimentar o sistema pneumático. Geralmente esta extração é feita do último estágio de compressão, onde obtemos um ar com temperatura e pressão elevadas.
VÁLVULA "BLEED AIR": É a válvula responsável pela liberação, para o sistema pneumático, do ar sangrado do último estágio de compressão.
1.2 Compressores Compressores pneumáticos pneumáticos Como citado anteriormente, para a produção de ar comprimido são necessários compressores compressores pneumáticos, pneumáticos, os quais comprimem comprimem o ar para uma uma pressão de trabalho trabalho desejada. desejada. Na maioria dos acionamentos e comandos pneumáticos encontra-se, geralmente, uma
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8
turbo compress compressores ores compressores que trabalham com este princípio dinâmico são os turbo e os compressores de êmbolo com movimento rotativo. O diagra diagrama ma a seguir seguir mostra mostra todos todos os tipos tipos e modelos modelos de compr compresso essores res existe existentes ntes atualmente, sendo que nos prenderemos somente àqueles mais importantes para o nosso estudo. MODELOS DE COMPRESSORES CO MPR ESSORDE ÊMBO LOCO M MO VIM IMENTO LIN INEA R C O M P R E S S O R D EÊ M B O L O
COMPRESSOR DEÊMB O LO RO TATIV IVO
COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR DEMEM BR AN A RO TATIV IVO HELIC ICO IDAL MULTIC ICELU LAR DEDO ISEIXO S (PA LHETAS) (PA RA FUSO S)
TURBOCOMPRESSOR
C O M P R E S S O R "R O O T "
C O M P R E S S O R R AD IAL
C O M P R E S S O R A X IA L
1.2.1.1 1.2.1.1 Compressor Compressor de êmbolo com movimento movimento linear Estes Estes compre compressor ssores es trabalha trabalham m com com o princípi princípioo de redução redução de volum volume. e. A compr compress essão ão é realizada realizada através do movimento linear linear do êmbolo (pistão). Os modelos mais comuns comuns deste tipo são: compressor de êmbolo ou pistão e o de membrana.
1.2.1.1.1 Compressor de êmbolo ou pistão
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9 lado para o outro, ocorrendo assim, a compressão do mesmo. Os modelos mais encontrados encontrados deste tipo são: compressor rotativo rotativo multicelular multicelular ou palhetas, helicoidal de dois eixos ou parafusos e o compressor root.
1.2.1.2.1 1.2.1.2.1 Compressor Compressor root Este Este modelo modelo de compr compresso essorr indepen independent dentee fornece fornece um grand grandee fluxo fluxo de ar e é util utilizad izadoo na aeron aeronave ave C-91 C-91 Avro Avro..
Compressor “ROOT” Figu Figura ra 2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.3 Turbocompressores Turbocompressores Estes compressores compressores são utilizados utilizados na aviação e trabalham trabalham segundo segundo o princípio de fluxo e são adequados para o fornecimento fornecimento de grandes vazões. Os turbocompressor turbocompressores es são construídos em
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10 1.2.1.3.2 1.2.1.3.2 Compressor Compressor radial radial A compressão, neste tipo de compressor processa-se pela aceleração do ar aspirado, de câmara para câmara, em direção à saída. O ar é impelido axialmente axialmente (na direção direção do eixo) para as paredes da câmara, câmara, dirigindo-se dirigindo-se posteriormente, no sentido radial, para a outra câmara (2 estágio de compressão) e assim sucessivamente.
Compressor Radial Figu Figura ra 4 OBSERVAÇÕES
O acionamento dos compressores será por motor elétrico ou motor a explosão. Em instalações instalações industriais, industriais, aci aioria dos m motor elétrico
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11 Em um motor a jato, o ar é absorvido pelos compressores e imediatamente comprimido para o interior das câmaras de combustão, onde o combustível é pulverizado e queimado. queimado. A queima queima se inicia inicia através através de uma vela vela de ignição ignição (ignitor), (ignitor), sendo mantida mantida continuamente pela constante injeção de ar comprimido e combustível. O resultado dessa combustão é a chama sempre presente à frente do bico injetor de combustível de cada câmara de combustão combustão existente no motor (motor (motor com câmaras tubulares). tubulares). Por causa da elevada temperatura temperatura dessa chama (≈2000°C), a massa de ar contida no interior das câmaras de combustão, irá se expandir. Como Como o recinto é restrito, o resultado será sempre uma grande aceleração aceleração dessa massa de ar, no sentido da roda da turbina. turbina. A passagem passagem rápida da massa gasosa gasosa (ar + produtos da combustão) combustão) sobre as palhetas da roda da turbina, turbina, provoca a rotação da mesma, determina determinando ndo a transformação da energia cinética (velocidade da massa) em energia mecânica ou potência do rotor (rotação).
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MOTOR DO AMX Figu Figura ra 6 Observação: No C-130, 8% da pressão de ar gerada pelos compressores do motor é extraída através de tubulações para o sistema pneumático. No Hércules, a pressão do sistema pneumático
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1.4 1.4 Resum Resumoo PNEUMÁTICA vem do grego “PNEUMA” e quer dizer fôlego ou vento. Filosoficamente quer dizer “ALMA”. O ar comprimido comprimido foi utilizado a mais de 2000 anos, pelo grego Ktesíbios. Ktesíbios. A Pneumática, que é o estudo das características físicas dos gases e suas aplicações, foi introduzida na produção industrial no século XIX (1950). O ar é encontrado em quantidades ilimitadas, praticamente em todos os lugares. DEFINIÇÕES BÁSICAS: expansibilidade (o ar ocupa todo o espaço que lhe é dado ); elasticidade (retornar ao estado primitivo após cessar a compressão); densidade (massa relacionada a um volume); temperatura (quantidade de calor em um corpo ou meio); umidade força aplicada em uma área); pressão (quantidade de água em um meio gasoso); pressão ( força absoluta (é medida a partir do vácuo absoluto); pressão diferencial (diferença entre pressões opostas); fluxo de ar (quantidade de ar que escoa por um ponto em um determinado tempo); válvula bleed air
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2 COMPONENTES BÁSICOS 2.1 2.1 Válvu Válvulas las de cor corte te Nos sistemas pneumáticos poderemos encontrar os mais diversos tipos de válvulas para os mais variados fins. fins. Existem válvulas válvulas operadas por pressão de ar e válvulas que funcionam funcionam mediante o uso de um motor elétrico. As válvulas de corte são as responsáveis pela interrupção de um fluxo de ar quando necessário.
2.1.1 Válvula de corte corte operada operada por pressão de de ar (comandada (comandada por solenóide). solenóide). A princípio permanecem fechadas, até que comandemos sua abertura a fim de liberar o fluxo de ar para algum componente pneumático. Cada sistema pneumático possui a sua válvula de corte.
2.1.1.1 2.1.1.1 Componentes: Componentes:
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VÁLVULA DE CORTE OPERADA POR PRESSÃO DE AR (ABERTA) Figu Figura ra 9 Observação
A válvula responsável pela liberação do ar sangrado para o sistema pneumático é chamada de válvula de corte de sangria ou Bleed ou Bleed Air shut off valve. valve . O C-95 utiliza duas válvulas operadas por pressão de ar como válvulas de corte de
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UNIDIRECIONAL TIPO “CONE”
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2.5 Cápsula Cápsula aneróide aneróide É uma cápsula metálica corrugada, hermeticamente fechada e com vácuo em seu interior.
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2.7 2.7 Bu Bulb lboo É um
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2.10 2.10 Silencia Silenciadore doress
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