Plato's Republic: Notes

Vcatn Knprgac| Vart HY; Jpardhag| agd Aphcharh`| \`lthng 1; Tb` Tbr`` Lca||`| agd Tb`hr Mptpac _`cathng| \pmmarx; Hg tbh| |`lthng# Vcatn `|taoch|b`| tb` tbr`` lca||`| ni bh| hdàc |tat`5 tb`|` ar` tb` _pc`r|# Aphcharh`|# agd Lnmmng`r|' Tb` vnvpcathng h| dhyhd`d ox o x m`rht hgtn tb`|` lca||`| tbrnpjb a m`rhtnlralx' Tb`x ar` t`|t`d at a xnpgj aj` agd# oa|`d ng zbat h| hg tb`hr –gatpr`#” ar` vcal`d zhtbhg a lca||' Tb` qpachth`| ni lca|| ar` gnt hgb`rht`d ratb`r# àlb v`r|ng - r`jardc`|| ni zbhlb lca|| tb`x ar` onrg hg - ba| `htb`r jncd# |hcy`r# nr orng{` hg bh| |npc# r`gd`rhgj bhm a |pok`lt ni a l`rtahg lca||' Tbh| h| at cà|t zbat Vcatn znpcd che` tb` v`nvc` tn o`ch`y` "a| ag agacnjx inr tb` jhit| tbat `h|t zhtbhg v`nvc`( |n tbat tb`x max tnj`tb`r lràt` tbh| hdàc |tat`' Tb` _pc`r| mp|t bay` a d``v aii`lthng inr tb` lnmmpghtx agd mp|t d`ynt` tn ht tb`hr chy`| agd o`|t hgt`r`|t|' Hg addhthng# ag hgt`cchj`gl` ni vbhcn|nvbx h| g``d`d tn càd# a| ht vrnyhd`| ng` zhtb tb` |ehcc| tn r`lnjgh{` tb` g``d| ni v`nvc`' Tb` Aphcharh`| znpcd a||h|t tb` _pc`r| hg tb` ``lpthng ni tb`hr d`lh|hng| "che` mhchtarx# vnchl`# zatlbdnj|(' Lnmmng`r| znpcd vrnyhd` inr |tat`'

_`﬏`lthng; Vcatn | tbr`` lca|| ipglthnghgj |nlh`tx |``m| ìfilh`gt bnz`y`r# dn`| inrmhgj tb` ʳ

hdàc |tat` kp|thix tb` maghvpcathy` màg| ni vrndplthng> vrnd plthng> Ag h||p` ni `tbhl| h|

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hgtrndpl`d zb`g Vcatn |ax|; – H |bacc trx tn v`r|pad` fir|t tb` _pc`r| agd \ncdh`r| U' ' '] tbat tb` pvorhgjhgj z` bay` jhy`g tb`m za| acc |nm`tbhgj tbat bavv`g`d hg a dràm'” @||`gthaccx# @||`gthaccx# b` zh|b`| tn orahgza|b tb` mn|t hg﬏p`gthac ni tb` lnmmpghtx fir|t# agd tb`g ʵ

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accnz inr tb` ntb`r| tn gatpraccx a||hmhcat`' Tn Tn dn tbh|# b` zhcc inrj` agd tb`g mare`t a |tnrx aonpt tb` yacp` ni tb` –m`tac” zhtbhg àlb ni p|' B` egnz| tbat tbh| g`z |nlh`tx zhcc rpi﬏` a i`z iàtb`r| |n b` vcag| tn vp|b ht ngtn tb` |`lngd agd cat`r j`g`rathng|' Tbh|# H mp|t admht h| orhcchagt' Ht h| tb` |nrt ni talthl p|`d tndax hg Lnmmpgh|t `gyhrngm`gt| agd ac|n tn |ncy` vrnmhg`gt h||p`| |plb a| opccxhgj' Zbn zhcc mae` tb` d`lh|hng| r`jardhgj lca|| vcal`m`gt> Hi Vcatn h| a||pmhgj tbat tb` vbhcn|nvb`r| zhcc mae` tbn|` d`lh|hng|# tb`g tbat `||`gthaccx avvnhgt| tb`m a| 1

Jnd| ni tb` |tat`' Tbh| |pv`rhnr lca|| ba| x`t tn o` `vchlhtcx `vcahg`d hg Vcatn |

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_`vpochl'

Vcatn a||pm`| ngcx i`z lhth{`g| zhcc bay` tb` gatpr` ni a Jpardhag zbhc` mn|t zhcc bay` tbat ni a lnmmng`r' Vcatn | |tat` r`|`moc`| a \vartag lpctpr` a| tb`x `yacpat` tb` lbhcdr`g | ʳ

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|tr`gjtb| |n a| tn d`lhd` zbat tn dn zhtb bhm' Ni lnpr|` hg \vartag lpctpr`# tb` lbhcdr`g z`r` `htb`r vbx|hlaccx |trngj# nr ehcc`d' Pg|``g hg |nlh`tx tndax# tb`r` h| a mnohchtx ni tb` lca||`| hg Vcatn | |tat`' B` ʳ

|tat`| tbat# –hi ng` ni tb`hr "Jpardhag| ( nzg lbhcdr`g ba| tral`| ni orng{` nr hrng hg ht| ʳ

mae`-pv# tb`x mp|t bard`g tb`hr bàrt| U' ' '] d`jrad` ht tn tb` rage| ni tb` hgdp|trhac lca||'” L`rtahgcx tbh| m`tac |x|t`m zhcc lràt` ag pvrnar a| ht zhcc nii`gd magx v`nvc`' Hi v`nvc` ar` tncd tbat tb`x bay` orng{` agd tb`rìnr`# ar` ni c`|| znrtb "a| orng{` h|( tbag a v`r|ng zbn ba| jncd "jncd = yacpaoc`( tb`g tb`x ar` d`fight`cx jnhgj tn o` agj`r`d agd.nr dh|bàrt`g`d.dh|lnpraj`d "mnrac` znpcd iacc(' Lcàrcx Vcatn bncd| tb` lnmmpghtx bhjb`r tbag tb` hgdhyhdpac opt zbhlb h| altpaccx mnr` hmvnrtagt>

\`lthng ?; Tb` _pc`r| agd Aphcharh`| Zax ni Chi` ʳ

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\pmmarx; _pc`r| agd Aphcharh`| ar` tn chy` a chi` ni ap|t`r` |hmvchlhtx zhtbnpt vrhyat` vrnv`rtx nr iamhcx chi`' Tb` bavvhg`|| ni ontb zhcc ch` hg tb`hr |`ryhl` tn tb` lnmmpghtx5 inr ht h| tb` bavvhg`|| ni tb` lnmmpghtx a| a zbnc`# agd gnt ni agx varthlpcar lca||# tbat h| tb` nok`lthy`' E``v jràt cpprh`| |plb a| jncd azax irnm tb` Jpardhag| |n ht dn`| gnt vnccpt` tb`hr –bày`gcx jncd” zhtb zhle`dg`||' Vcatn |ax|# – dng t mae` p| jhy` npr ʳ

Jpardhag| tb` ehgd ni bavvhg`|| tbat zhcc mae` tb`m agxtbhgj opt Jpardhag|'” B` ac|n arjp`| tbat tb`x |bnpcd g`htb`r jhy` tb` vntt`r|# tb` iarm`r|# nr zbn`y`r `c|`# tb` ehgd ni bavvhg`|| tbat znpcd lap|` tb`m tn |tnv o`hgj zbn tb`x z`r`' _atb`r# –z` lag cày` àlb lca|| tn `gknx tb` |bar` ni bavvhg`|| ht| gatpr` v`rmht|'”

_`﬏`lthng; ?

E``vhgj àlb lhth{`g | rnc`| a| vrh|thg` a| vn||hoc` h| lrhthlac lr hthlac hg Vcatn | |nlh`tx ʳ

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agd |nm`zbat hg agx |nlh`tx "`|v`lhaccx càd`r|(' H am gnt |pr` bnz ràch|thl ht h|# opt hi hgiatpathgj cpprh`| z`r` e`vt irnm tb` lhth{`g|# àlb znpcd v`rinrm bh|.b`r kno vrnv`rcx - zhtb chttc` rh|e ni lnrrpvthng' Bnz`y`r# h||p`| lnrr`cathgj zhtb a vcagg`d `lngnmx lnm` hgtn vcax hg Vcatn | |tat`' Tb`r` znpcd o` ag h||p` ni tb` znre`r | agd càd`r | gnt o`hgj ʳ

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mnthyat`d o`lap|` gn `tra |ath|ialthng "r`zard( znpcd r`|pct irnm tb`hr `tra ocnnd agd |zàt' V`nvc` znpcd j`t thr`d ni znrehgj inr tb` jràt`r jnnd agd znpcd zagt tn i``c v`r|ngac r`zard5 kp|t a| tavax`r| lnmvcahg tndax aonpt zbn tb`hr mng`x h| b`cvhgj' Hg addhthng# tb`r` znpcd o` a cale ni hggnyathng agd lràthyhtx hg a |tat` zb`r` v`nvc` ar` fi`d hgtn tb`hr rnc`|' Tbh| znpcd r`|pct hg ma||hy` |`toale| hg t`lbgncnjx agd agx ntb`r inrm ni vrnjr`||hng' Ht ngcx mae`| |`g|` inr tb` vbhcn|nvb`r|# |v`lhfilaccx Vcatn agd \nlrat`|# tn o` tb` _pc`r| hg tbh| |tat`' Tb`x a||pm` tbat tb` _pc`r| amohthng zhcc ch` hg tb` j`g`rac ʳ

z`ciar` ni tb` |tat` bnz`y`r# ht h| pgche`cx tbat tb` _pc`r| zhcc o` |n `qpaccx gnoc` ny`r thm` "tb` _pc`r| 06 xàr| irnm tb`g znpcd gnt o` a| gnoc` a| tb` vbhcn|nvb`r| ar` at tbat mnm`gt(' Tb`rìnr`# ht ngcx mae`| |`g|` tbat tb` d`yh|`r| ni tb` vcag - zbn ar` tb` mn|t d`dhlat`d tn ht - |bnpcd rpc` tb` |tat`'

\`lthng <; Ihgac Vrnyh|hng| inr Pghtx \pmmarx; Jpardhag| mp|t at acc ln|t| vr`y`gt zàctb agd vny`rtx irnm |chvvhgj pgno|`ry`d hgtn tb` |tat`' Zàctb vrndpl`| cpprx agd hdc`g`|| agd a d`|hr` inr gny`ctx# zbhc` vny`rtx vrndpl`| màgg`||# màgg` ||# oad znremag|bhv# agd tb` d`|hr` inr r`yncpthng' Tn Tn vr`y`gt tb`|` iàtpr`| irnm hgi`|thgj tb` |tat`# a |tagdard zhcc o` mad` inr d`t`rmhghgj tb` |h{` ni tb` |tat`# tb` amnpgt ni t`rrhtnrx ht g``d| agd o`xngd zbhlb ht |bnpcd gnt `vagd' Tb` |tat` |bnpcd o` accnz`d tn –jrnz |n cngj a| jrnztb h| lnmvathoc` zhtb pghtx# opt gn iprtb`r'” @y`rxtbhgj hg Vcatn | |tat` d`v`gd| ng `dplathng' Zhtb tb` adyagtaj` ni jnnd ʳ

`dplathng# tb` |tat` znpcd vrndpl` lhth{`g| ni jnnd lbaralt`r' Tb`g# tb`x zhcc o` aoc` tn à|hcx |`` tn acc tb` tbhgj| tb` _pc`r| bay` a|e`d tb`m tn' Tb` `dplathng znpcd vrndpl` lbhcdr`g o`tt`r tbag tb`m|`cy`| agd o`tt`r aoc` tn vrndpl` |thcc o`tt`r lbhcdr`g hg tb` <

iptpr` "|``g hg aghmac|(' –Jnnd m`g g``d gn nrd`r|' Tb`x zhcc figd npt à|hcx `gnpjb zbat c`jh|cathng h| hg j`g`rac g`l`||arx'” Tb` trahg`d |ncdh`r| ni Vcatn | |tat` zhcc o` a matlb inr tzn nr tbr`` thm`| tb`hr ʳ

gpmo`r o`lap|`# –rhlb m`g ar` che`cx tn bay` mnr` egnzc`dj` ni onhgj tbag ni zar'” Hg addhthng# Vcatn | |tat` znpcd - hg tb` `y`gt ni zar - alqphr` acch`| ox nii`rhgj tb`m acc tb` ʳ

`g`mx | rhlb`| inr Vcatn | |tat` ba| gn p|` inr jncd agd |hcy`r' ʳ

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_`﬏`lthng; Vcatn lrhthlh{`| ntb`r |tat`| |axhgj tbat –xnp ar` cplex tn o` aoc` tn tbhge ni agx lnmmpghtx a| znrtb tb` gam` ni |tat` zbhlb dhii`r| irnm tb` ng` z` ar` ophcdhgj'” ʵ

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Vcatn d`lhd`| tn lacc tb`|` a –lncc`lthng ni |tat`|” a| tb`x lngtahg tzn |tat`|# tb` rhlb agd tb` vnnr' Bnz`y`r# Bnz`y`r# h| Vcatn | |tat` gnt a rhit`d ng` a| z`cc> Tb`r` ar` _pc`r| zbn ʳ

tzh|t tb` mhgd| ni tb` ma||`| |n tbat tb`x lag rpc` –lnrr`ltcx' – lnrr`ltcx'”” A i`z `cht` mae` tb` d`lh|hng| zbhc` tb` r`|t |hmvcx v`rinrm tb`hr accnlat`d caonpr' Tbat |``m| che` a rhit tn m`' H m |pr` Vcatn znpcd gnt o` tbrhcc`d tn rhd` hg tb` oale|àt ni a |tat` rag ox ʳ

tntachtarhag|' A d`mnlralx znpcd o` mnr` pght`d5 at cà|t tb` vnnr agd tb` zàctbx lag ynt`' Tb` `gthr` hdà ni Vcatn | |tat` |``m| |`cfi|b' B` h| maehgj tb` v`ri`lt |tat` inr a ʳ

|macc amnpgt ni v`nvc`' Zbat h| tb` vnhgt> Tbh| |tat` zhcc bay` gnt ràc hmvalt hg tb` znrcd o`lap|` ht h| vnnr hg r`|nprl`| agd zàe hg gpmo`r| "mhchtarx - tb`x r`qphr` b`cv irnm ntb`r –lncc`lthng ni n i |tat`|”(' Ht |``m| tbat Vcatn h| |hmvcx inlp|hgj ng bh| v`nvc`' B` dn`|g t lar` hi ntb`r |tat`| tae` tb` jncd agd |hcy`r# |hcy`r# |n cngj a| bh| |tat` h| pg|vnhc`d' ʳ

Zbat h| tb` vnhgt ni maehgj a |tat` v`ri`lt inr |nm` v`nvc` x`t bay` gn hg﬏p`gl` ng tb` znrcd> Tbh| h| acmn|t lngtradhltnrx tn bh| `gthr` vbhcn|nvbx5 tbat o`hgj tbat ht h| tb` `gthr` z`ciar` ni tb` v`nvc` tbat h| mn|t hmvnrtagt' Vcatn h| tbhgehgj tnn |macc-|lac`# pgc`|| b` o`ch`y`| tbat ox `amvc`# mnr` agd mnr` lnpgtrh`| zhcc act`r tb`r` zax| pgthc tb` zbnc` znrcd inccnz| bh| mnd`c' Bnz`y`r# hg tbat la|`# tb` znrcd znpcd o` lng|hd`r`d a| a –lncc`lthng ni |tat`|” o`lap|` àlb act`r`d lnpgtrx znpcd o` lng|hd`r`d ht | nzg |tat`# ʳ

agd tb` zbnc` znrcd lnpcd gnt o` ng` |tat` o`lap|` ni tb` |h{` h||p` d`vhlt`d hg tbh| |`lthng' Tbh| –lncc`lthng ni |tat`|” h| `altcx zbat Vcatn za| lrhthlh{hgj'

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Vart Y; Kp|thl` hg Tb` \tat` agd Hgdhyhdpac \`lthng 1; Kp|thl` hg tb` \tat` \pmmarx; Tb` \tat` tbat tb` vbhcn|nvb`r| bay` inpgd`d mp|t vn||`|| tb` inpr lardhgac yhrtp`| ni zh|dnm# lnpraj`# dh|lhvchg`# agd kp|thl`' Zh|dnm tn càd# lnpraj` tn fijbt ajahg|t zbat zhcc –za|b npt” tb` |vhrht ni tb` |tat` | caz|# dh|lhvchg` tn lngtrnc tb` oad ox ʳ

tb` jnnd# agd kp|thl` tn e``v zbat h| vrnv`rcx ng` | nzg agd dnhgj ng` | nzg kno' ʳ

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Dh|lhvchg` |tr`tlb`| alrn|| tb` zbnc` |lac`' Tb` `lbagj` ni kno| agd vr`|thj` amngj v`nvc` zhcc lap|` dh|rpvthng hg tb` |tat`' Tb` znr|t ni `yhc| h| tb` hgt`rlbagj` ni kno| o`tz``g tb` tbr`` lca||`| agd tb` hgt`ri`r`gl` ox tb` tbr`` lca||`| zhtb àlb ntb`r | kno|' Tbh| dn`| tb` jràt`|t damaj` ʳ

tn tb` |tat`'

_`﬏`lthng; Ht h| |mart tn lràt` a mnd`c inr zbhlb tb` lhth{`g| tn chy` ox' Bnz`y`r# tbh| |x|t`m h| o`jhgghgj tn |npgd mnr` agd mnr` che` lnmmpgh|m' @|v`lhaccx tb` `tr`m` d`v`gdagl` ng `y`rxng` dnhgj tb`hr r`|v`lthy` kno vrnv`rcx' Ht |``m| tbat tb` |tat` lag aiinrd chttc` tn gn `rrnr' Hi |nm` lnmmng`r| - r`|vng|hoc` inr tnmatn`| - m`|| pv tb` tnmatn lrnv# tb`g gn ng` hg tb` |tat` zhcc bay` tnmatn`|' Gn vpgh|bm`gt nr mnthyathng +

tn dn tb` kno rhjbt g`t thm` hi tb`x dng t lar` zb`tb`r v`nvc` j`t tnmatn`|'+ A |hjg ni ʳ

zàeg`|| hg tb` |tat`' Hi tb` |tat` h| a ondx - ag hgt`r`|thgj agacnjx.lngg`lthng; tb` _pc`r| ``mvchix zh|dnm agd tb`rìnr` r`vr`|`gt tb` orahg# tb` Aphcharh`| d`mng|trat` lnpraj` agd tb`rìnr` r`vr`|`gt tb` bàrt# agd tb` Lnmmng`r| alt a| tb` r`|t ni tb` ondx' Tb` _pc`r| t`cc tb` Lnmmng`r| Lnmmng`r | "ondx( zbat tn dn# zhtbnpt tb` Aphcharh`| "bàrt( tb`|` d`magd| znpcd gnt o` |``g tbrnpjb "a| zhtbnpt a bàrt# tb` orahg lnpcd gnt lnrr`cat` agd ipglthng zhtb tb` ondx(# agd tb` Lnmmng`r| "ondx( dn zbat h| |ahd tn o` dng`' \`lthng ?; Tb` @c`m`gt| hg M`gtac Lng﬏hlt \pmmarx; Tbr`` `c`m`gt| ni Hgdhyhdpac; rà|ng# avv`tht`# agd |vhrht' _à|ng hglcpd`| gnt ngcx tb` aohchtx tn pgd`r|tagd agd tn tbhge oìnr` z` alt# opt ac|n tb` aohchtx tn mae` pv 0

ng` | mhgd' Avv`tht` hglcpd`| tb` vpr`cx hg|thglthy` d`|hr`| hg tb`hr |hmvc`|t inrm' \vhrht ʳ

h| bard`r tn `vcahg'

_`﬏`lthng; H |thcc dn gnt lnmvc`t`cx jra|v tb` màghgj ni |vhrht hg Vcatn | lngt`t' ʳ

Tb`r` h| a varacc`c o`tz``g tb` |tat` agd tb` hgdhyhdpac' _pc`r| lnhglhd` zhtb rà|ng# Aphcharh`| zhtb |vhrht# agd Lnmmng`r| zhtb Avv`tht`' Tb` _pc`r| ar` tn mae` tb` o`|t d`lh|hng| agd tb`rìnr` r`qphr` rà|ng a| z`cc a| tb`hr zh|dnm' Tb` Aphcharh`| ar` lnpraj`np| hg yhrtp` ni tb`hr |vhrht' Tb` Lnmmng`r lca|| h| tb` ngcx lca|| |pok`lt tn avv`tht`' Aphcharh`| agd _pc`r| ar` tn o` |trngj agd rìrahg irnm d`|hr`| agd cpprh`|' Tb` `gthr` |tat` h| a zò ni hgt`rlngg`lt`d mnrac`|# mnd`c|# agd v`nvc`' Acmn|t che` tb` H'O' càrg`r vrnfic` bnz`y`r# tb` lhth{`g| ni Vcatn | |tat` dng t ràccx bay` a lbnhl` ʳ

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r`jardhgj zbhlb yhrtp`| fit tb`m o`|t' Tbh| acc |``m| ghl` ng vav`r opt tb` ràc t`|t znpcd o` tn vpt ht hgtn vralthl`' A| Vcatn m`gthng`d àrch`r# ht znpcd tae` mpcthvc` j`g`rathng| j`g`ra thng| tn accnz tbh| tn |`ttc` hg' Ht d`fight`cx znpcd tae` thm` inr v`nvc` hg àlb lca|| tn d`mng|trat` tb`hr r`|v`lthy` lca|| rnc` - agd |trhltcx tbat lca|| rnc`' A| z`cc inr acc tb` ntb`r a|v`lt| ni tb` |tat`# tb` v`nvc` v`nv c` znpcd g``d tn adkp|t tbrnpjb thm`'

\`lthng <; Kp|thl` hg tb` Hgdhyhdpac \pmmarx; Hgdhyhdpac h| kp|t.dh|lhvchg`d zb`g |vhrht agd avv`tht` ar` hg vrnv`r |ponrdhgathng tn rà|ng' Hi avv`tht` h| gnt lngtrncc`d# ht zhcc jrnz agd o`jhg tn lngtrnc tb` ntb`r `c`m`gt| agd rphg tb`m' Kp|thl` | lngl`rg h| gnt zhtb `t`rgac althng opt zhtb a mag | ʳ

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hgzard |`ci# bh| trp` lngl`rg agd hgt`r`|t' –Tb` kp|t mag zhcc gnt accnz tb` tbr`` `c`m`gt| zbhlb mae` pv bh| hgzard |`ci tn tr`|va|| ng àlb ntb`r | ipglthng nr hgt`ri`r` ʳ

zhtb àlb ntb`r opt# ox e``vhgj acc tbr`` hg tpg`# che` tb` gnt`| ni a |lac` "bhjb mhddc`# cnz(# b` zhcc chy` ng jnnd t`rm| zhtb bhm|`ci'

_`﬏`lthng;

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Vcatn |ax| tbat a kp|t mag zhcc gnt accnz tb` tbr`` `c`m`gt| zbhlb mae` pv bh| hgzard |`ci "rà|ng# |vhrht# avv`tht`( tn tr`|va|| ng àlb ntb`r | ipglthng' Tbh| lag ac|n ʳ

o` |``g hg tb` |tat` zb`g Vcatn |ax| tbat tb` tbr`` lca||`| "_pc`r|# Aphcharh`|# Lnmmng`r|( |bnpcd gnt hgt`ri`r` zhtb àlb ntb`r | kno|' Avv`tht`# nr tb` Lnmmng`r|# ʳ

|bnpcd gnt hgt`ri`r` zhtb |vhrht# nr tb` Aphcharh`|' \vhrht# nr tb` Aphcharh`|# |bnpcd gnt hgt`ri`r` zhtb rà|ng# nr tb` _pc`r| "àlb |bnpcd gnt hgt`ri`r` zhtb àlb(' Ht h| hgt`r`|thgj bnz tb` |tat` d`v`gd| ng v`nvc` cht`raccx mhgdhgj tb`hr nzg op|hg`||'

Vart YH; Znm`g agd tb` Iamhcx \`lthng 1; Tb` \tatp| ni Znm`g \pmmarx; Tb` ngcx dhii`r`gl` o`tz``g m`g agd znm`g h| ng` ni vbx|hlac ipglthng' Tbh| h| gnt a vrnv`r oa|h| inr dhii`r`gthathng ni nllpvathng agd |nlhac ipglthng' M`g agd znm`g |bnpcd ontb inccnz |am` ragj` ni nllpvathng|# v`rinrm tb` |am` ipglthng|# agd r`l`hy` tb` |am` `dplathng tn `gaoc` tb`m tn dn |n' Znm`g |bnpcd o` tràt`d tb` |am` zax a| m`g' Hg tbh| zax# |nlh`tx zhcc j`t tb` o`|t yacp` irnm ir nm acc v`nvc`'

_`﬏`lthng; Hg tbh| |`lthng# Vcatn dàc| zhtb mnr` @tbhlac h||p`|' \bnpcd tb` znm`g o` yacp`d agd tràt`d `qpaccx a| m`g> Ajahg# H am hmvr`||`d bnz iar abàd ni tb`hr thm` tb` vbhcn|nvb`r| ar` "tb`x ar` fig` zhtb i`mac` càd`r|(' Tb`x ar` y`rx zh|` hg tbhgehgj tbat hg vr`varhgj znm`g agd m`g hg tb` |am` zax# tb`x znpcd o` albh`yhgj tb` o`|t yacp` inr |nlh`tx' Ht h| che` tb`x znpcd o` p|hgj p |hgj acc ni tb`hr lavhtac tn tb`hr ipcc vnt`gthac' Bnz`y`r# hg gpm`rnp| vnhgt| hg tb` |`lthng# Vcatn m`gthng| tbat znm`g ar` –tb` zàe`r vartg`r|” nr –tb` zàe`r |`” agd a| a r`|pct |bnpcd o` jhy`g a –chjbt`r |bar` ni dpth`| tbag m`g'” Ht h| hgt`r`|thgj bnz tb` vbhcn|nvb`r| o`jhg hg ornad t`rm|# ajr``hgj tbat m`g agd znm`g |bnpcd o` ache`# opt tb`g mny` ng tn mae` tb`m pgache`' Znm`g ar` |trngj# agd bay` hglr`dhoc` |tamhga' Dprhgj vr`jgaglx# inr ghg` mngtb| tb`x larrx a t`g vnpgd orhle hg tb`hr |tnmalb ngcx tn figaccx - agd vahgipccx - |qp``{` ht npt ni a |macc nv`ghgj' Tbh| h| acc zhtbnpt m`gthng ni tb` bàrtalb`| tbat mp|t o` dàct zhtb dprhgj agd :

ait`r tb` ghg` mngtb|' H o`ch`y` znm`g |bnpcd o` `gthtc`d tn agxtbhgj tbat m`g ar` `gthtc`d tn5 z` nr tb` |tat` |bnpcd gnt o` tb` ng`| tn bncd tb`m oale' C`t tb`hr nzg lavaohchth`| r`|trhlt tb`m irnm l`rtahg althyhth`|.kno| "tb` |am` jn`| inr m`g(' Tbh| ndd |tat`m`gt za| mad` ox Vcatn at tb` `gd ni tbh| |`lthng; –zbat o`g`fit| p| h| iahr# zbat barm| p| |bamìpc'” H tbnpjbt tbh| tn bay` a |`g|` ni lnrrpvthng hg ht# agd hg ìi`lt tb` |tat` a| a zbnc`' zbn c`' Tbh| |tat`m`gt hccp|trat`| zbat H m`gthng`d àrch`r hg agntb`r |`lthng aonpt tb` |tat` | h||p` ni |`cfi|bg`||' H altpaccx inpgd tbat qpnt` ʳ

avvacchgj'

\`lthng ?; Marrhaj` agd tb` Iamhcx \pmmarx; Tb` lprr`gt iamhcx |x|t`m |bnpcd o` aonch|b`d opt tb` |` hg|thglt |ath|fi`d agd lngtrncc`d' Tb` |x|t`m p|`d inr or``dhgj dnm`|thl aghmac| h| p|`d inr tb` lhth{`g|' _pc`r| d`lhd` zbhlb lnpvc`| mat` "x`t tb` lhth{`g| ar` gnt azar`( agd tb` lbhcdr`g ar` cnne`d ait`r hg |tat` gpr|`rh`|' Che` hg \vartag rpc`# nii|vrhgj zhtb dì`lt| zhcc o` rhd ni' Gn hgdhyhdpac egnz| zbn tb`hr trp` iatb`r# mntb`r# nr |hochgj| ar` "Jpardhag| o`lnm` ng` iamhcx('

_`﬏`lthng; Tb` gnthng ni or``dhgj ng` | lhth{`g| a| ng` dn`| dnm`|thl aghmac| inrm| tbh| ʳ

hmaj` ni a mad |lh`gth|t `v`rhm`gthgj zhtb bpmag| at bh| nzg zhcc' Ihr|tcx# Ihr|tcx# tbh| zhcc gnt znre o`lap|` v`nvc` ar` gatpraccx cp|tipc' \nm`ng` hg tb`hr r`vrndplthy` vrhm` laggnt o` tncd zbn tb`x bay` |` zhtb# nr `y`g inrl`d gnt tn bay` |`' Che` hg 1824 nr Z`|t \hd` \tnrx# v`nvc` zhcc |`lr`tcx cny` zbn tb`x zh|b# agd j`t arnpgd tb` vr`||pr`| inrlhgj tb`m tn chy` tb`hr chi` a l`rtahg zax' zax' Tbh| orhgj| m` tn mx ntb`r n tb`r vnhgt tbat v`nvc` gatpraccx zagt tn chy` tb`hr nzg chi` hg tb` zax tb`x zh|b tn# a| nvvn|` tn chyhgj npt |nm`ng` `c|` | "tb` |tat` |( vcag inr tb`m' ʳ

ʳ

Vcatn zagt| tn dhy`rt tb` lngl`gtrat`d iamhcx cny` tnzard tb` cny` ni tb` zbnc` |tat`' Tbh| laggnt o` albh`y`d o`lap|` `y`rxng` zhcc gnt egnz `y`rxng` `c|` z`cc agd tb`rìnr`# `y`g tbnpjb tb`x max iae` tb`hr aii`lthng inr tb`m# tb`x zhcc gnt trpcx lar` at acc' Hg addhthng# hi tb` lngl`gtrat`d cny` h| |vràd npt ny`r tb` zbnc` |tat`# tb`g tb`r` h| 2

gnt mplb cny` at acc o`hgj accnlat`d tn àlb v`r|ng - hg ìi`lt# Vcatn | hdàc zhcc lap|` ʳ

hgdhyhdpac| tn gnt cny` agxng` y`rx mplb' Gnt ngcx tbat# opt Vcatn laggnt inrl` v`nvc` tn trpcx |bar` –vcà|pr`| agd vahg|” zhtb ntb`r v`nvc` "ajahg che` a ondx - m`gthng`d oìnr`(' Tb`r` h| gn m`tbnd ni d`lhvb`rhgj zbn h| r`cat`d tn zbnm# agd tb`rìnr`# hgl`|t laggnt o` vr`y`gt`d' Bnz`y`r# H |pvvn|` tbh| h| gnt mplb ni a vrnoc`m a| tb` |tat` zhcc |hmvcx rhd ni agx dì`lthy` lbhcdr`g a| hi tb`x ar` ni gn p|` agd gn màghgj tn tbh| znrcd' B`c`g E`cc`r za| a vn|hthy`cx hg﬏p`gthac m`mo`r ni |nlh`tx actbnpjb |b` za| ontb dài agd ochgd' Vcatn |ahd tbat v`nvc` zhtb jncd hg|hd` tb`m lnpcd lnm` irnm tbn|` zhtb orng{`' Tbn|` zhtb jncd lag ac|n vrndpl` tbn|` zhtb a c`||`r m`tac' Hi tb` hgi`rhnr g`y`r j`t tn r`vrndpl` o`lap|` tb`x ar` gnt –tb` |pv`rhnr#” tb`g tb`hr vnt`gthac jncd nr |hcy`r lbhcdr`g zhcc g`y`r |`` tb` znrcd' Ac|n Vcatn znpcd bay` za|t`d bh| oràtb hg d`yh|hgj tb` mnohchtx ni lca||`| o`lap|` ht znpcd g`y`r trpcx o` vralthl`d hg bh| |tat`' Oarrale

ʵ

ʳ

Noama lam` irnm ag hgi`rhnr orne`g iamhcx' Vcatn maxo` trh`| tn aynhd bh| oa|hl dh|che` ni ehcchgj ox p|hgj tb` agacnjx ni or``dhgj aghmac| tbrnpjbnpt tb` va||aj`' B` att`mvt| tn |trax azax irnm tb` `mnthngac a|v`lt "zbhlb h| hmvn||hoc` tn dn( agd hg|tàd inlp| ng tb` egnzc`dj` agd rathngac` a|v`lt'

\`lthng <; Tb` _pc`| ni Zar \pmmarx; Tb`x zhcc orhgj lbhcdr`g tn oattc`| |n tbat tb`x zhcc càrg tb` art# agd |n a| tn `glnpraj` tbn|` fijbthgj' Tb`x zhcc gnt att`mvt tn r`|lp` vrh|ng`r|' Tbn|` dh|thgjph|b`d |ncdh`r| zhcc r`l`hy` eh||`| tn bngnr tb`hr oray`rx' Tb`x zhcc bay` a g`y`r `mvtx lpv agd –tb` fir|t lpt ni tb` knhgt” - tbh| zhcc hmvrny` tb`hr vbx|hqp`' Jr`è y|' Oaroarhag|; tb`x ar` at zar agd gatprac `g`mh`|' Jr`è y|' Jr`è; tb`x ar` hg a lhyhc |trhi`# gatpraccx irh`gd|# agd tb`x fijbt hg tb` bnv` ni lnmhgj tn t`rm|' _`jardc`|| ni zbn tb`x ar` fijbthgj# zb`g tb`x fijbt oaroarhag| tb`x |bnpcd tràt tb`m a| tb` Jr`è| gnz tràt àlb ntb`r "g`htb`r tn rayaj` cagd gnr oprg bnp|`|('

8

_`﬏`lthng; Vcatn dàc| zhtb tb` hdà ni tb` |`ci hg tbh| |`lthng' B` jhy`| tb` gam` –oaroarhag|” tn gng-jr`è| tbat tb`x fijbt ajahg|t hg zar' Tbh| lnggnt`| tbat tb`x ar` pglhyhch{`d# pglpctpr`d# agd dn gnt bay` tb` vnt`gthac tn o` acch`| zhtb tb` gnz vr`|thjhnp| Jr`è|' Vcatn vrnvn|`| ag nvvn|hthng - zbhlb tb`x g``d - tn r`hginrl` tb`hr hd`gthtx' hd`gthtx' B` d`vhlt| tb` |tat` a| |pv`rhnr tn acc ntb`r lhyhch{athng|' Vcatn tbhge| ht fig` tn |hmvcx jn tn –zar” zhtb –ntb`r” varth`|# agd ngcx g`jnthat` t`rm| zhtb Jr`è nvvng`gt|' Tbh| h| |plb a lcn|`-mhgd`d nptcnne' Tb` eh||`| tbat zhcc o` azard`d tn tb` lnpraj`np| |ncdh`r ar` |ahd ox Vcatn tn o` inr dh|thglt bngnr' Bnz`y`r# H o`ch`y` ht h| |hmvcx ag att`mvt at `glnprajhgj.|varehgj `glnpr ajhgj.|varehgj mnr` lamarad`rh`.cny` "zbhlb# a| H m`gthng`d oìnr`# znpcd o` calehgj( amngj|t tb` lhth{`g|'

16

Plato's Republic: Notes

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