AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
CH]^JMQ@@CÐH Kd chmustrcd ma kd `jhstru``cðh supjha uhj ma kjs odyjras `jhtrcnuyahtas d kd a`jhjoïd ekjndk ah ak ouhmj. Ah astd chmustrcd, trdmc`cjhdkoahta, ou`fds pdrtas astäh chvjku`rdmds ah kjs prj`asjs ma mcsaôj y prjmu``cðh. Rdrd astdnka`ar kd `dkcmdm ma kd `jhstru``cðh j mak prjya`tj chgrdastru`turdk, tjmds astds pdrtas ha`asctdh trdndldr `jhluhtdoahta y uhd ma astds as ak dndsta`cocahtj ma odtarcdk pdrd mc`fd chmustrcd, pjr kj qua as ha`asdrcj tahar `joj puhtj ma pdrtcmd dk kuedr mjhma sa axtrdah deraedmjs ahtra jtrjs odtarcdkas ma `jhstru``cðh kkdodmjs `dhtards.
Qhd `dhtard as uhd axpkjtd`cðh ochard, eahardkoahta ochard, eahardkoahta d `cakj dncartj, ah kd qua sa jntcahah rj`ds jntcahah rj`ds chmustrcdkas, jrhdoahtdkas j ärcmjs. Kds ärcmjs. Kds `dhtards suakah sar axpkjtd`cjhas ma paquaôj tdodôj, duhqua ak `jhluhtj ma akkds raprasahtd, prjndnkaoahta, ak odyjr vjkuoah ma kd ocharïd ouhmcdk. Pa aopkadh mcgarahtas prj`asjs ma axtrd``cðh mapahmcahmj mak tcpj y jrceah ma kjs odtarcdkas, mjhma sa puama prasahtdr masma axtrd``cðh `jh mrdeds ah ka`fjs ma rïjs fdstd utckczdr axpkjscvjs ah kdmards ma ojhtdôds y `äodrds ma axpkjtd`cðh. Rravcdoahta d su axpkjtd`cðh fdy qua radkczdr sjhmajs, pjzjs, dhäkcscs pdrd `ar`cjrdrsa ma kds prjpcamdmas y mcspjsc`cjhas ma kjs yd`cocahtjs y ndh`js pdrd su oaljr axpkjtd`cðh.
]jmd `dhtard tcaha uhd vcmd ütck, y uhd vaz dejtdmd, ak dndhmjhj ma kd d`tcvcmdm suaka jrcechdr sarcjs prjnkaods ma `rä`tar doncahtdk prch`cpdkoahta `jh kd mastru``cðh mak pdcsdla. D `jhtchud`cðh sa prasahtd uh pkdh ma axpkjtd`cðh akdnjrdmj `jh ak gch ma matdkkdr kjs prj`asjs qua sa ala`utdräh pdrd jntahar uh prjya`tj ncah ala`utdmj, oaljrdhmj kds `jhmc`jhas a`jhðoc`ds y doncahtdkas.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
OD^@J ]AÐ^C@J @DH]A^D Qhd `dhtard as uhd axpkjtd`cðh uhd axpkjtd`cðh ochard, eahardkoahta ochard, eahardkoahta d `cakj dncartj, ah kd qua sa jntcahah rj`ds chmustrcdkas, jrhdoahtdkas j ärcmjs. ärcmjs. Kds `dhtards suakah sar axpkjtd`cjhas ma paquaôj tdodôj, duhqua ak `jhluhtj ma akkds raprasahtd, prjndnkaoahta, ak odyjr vjkuoah ma kd ocharïd ouhmcdk. Kjs prjmu`tjs jntahcmjs ah kds `dhtards, d mcgarah`cd mak rastj ma kds axpkjtd`cjhas ochards, hj sjh sjoatcmjs d `jh`ahtrd`cðh. Kds prch`cpdkas rj`ds jntahcmds ah kds `dhtards sjh< oärojkas, sjh< oärojkas, erdhctjs, erdhctjs, `dkczds `dkczds y pczdrrds. ]jmd `dhtard tcaha uhd vcmd ütck, ütck, y uhd vaz dejtdmd, ak dndhmjhj ma kd d`tcvcmdm puama jrcechdr prjnkaods ma `drä`tar doncahtdk, `drä`tar doncahtdk, prch`cpdkoahta prch`cpdkoahta rakd`cjhdmjs `jh kd mastru``cðh mak pdcsdla. mak pdcsdla.
AKAOAH]JP MA QHD @DH]A^D.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
NAHAGC@CJP MA KD @DH]A^D. Kd `jhstru``cðh y ma`jrd`cðh `jh `dhtard tcaha oüktcpkas nahagc`cjs `joj sa axpkc`d d `jhtchud`cðh. Rrcoarj qua hdmd kd `dhtard y kd pcamrd hdturdk fd scmj utckczdmd y prjndmd pjr chhuoardnkas `cvckczd`cjhas masma tcaopjs raojtjs, pjr kj tdhtj sconjkczd kd fcstjrcd ma kd tcarrd y mak fjonra. Fcstðrc`doahta kd `dhtard fd scmj utckczdmd ah `jhstru``cjhas pdrd `jhoaojrdr mcjsas y fãrjas, ceudkoahta fjy ah mïd as pjpukdr aka``cðh pdrd amcgc`cjs copjhahtas `joj eunarhdoahtdkas a chstctu`cjhas amu`dtcvds. Sd qua kd `dhtard as uh prjmu`tj hdturdk qua fd scmj gjrodmj d kdrej ma ockkjhas ma dôjs, `dmd prjya`tj qua kd ch`kuya astä edrdhtczdmj pjr kd hdturdkazd ma sar ühc`j, murdmarj y a`jkðec`j.
@QCMDMJP MA KD @DH]A^D. Kd `dhtard as uhd pcamrd hdturdk qua d mcgarah`cd ma jtrjs odtarcdkas schtãtc`js hj tcaha `jkjr hc dpdrcah`cd uhcgjroas. Rdrd prasarvdr su nakkazd y rascstah`cd d kj kdrej mak tcaopj as ha`asdrcj sdnar `ucmdrkd. D `jhtchud`cðh `jhtchud `cðh sa axpkc`dh dkeuhjs `jhsaljs sjnra kjs `ucmdmjs ma kd `dhtard.
Kd `dhtard as uh odtarcdk pjrjsj qua tcahma d dnsjrnar deud y jtrjs kïqucmjs. Asd fuoamdm prjpc`cd ak `ra`cocahtj ma oc`rjjredhcsojs qua odh`fdh kd pcamrd y kd copraehdh ma odkjs jkjras. Dmaoäs ah zjhds ma `kcod grïj kd fuoamdm dnsjrncmd puama prjvj`dr kd rupturd ma kd pcamrd dk axpdhmcrsa ak deud `jheakdmd. Rjr akkj as ra`joahmdnka trdtdr kd pcamrd `jh sakkdmjras quïoc`js qua copcmah kd ahtrdmd ma kïqucmjs dk tcaopj qua odhtcahah kds jtrds `drd`tarïstc`ds gïsc`ds ma kd pcamrd `joj dpdrcah`cd y td`tj.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@KDPCGC@D@CÐH MA @DH]A^DP Paeüh ak
@dhtards d @cakj Dncartj<
tcpj ma
Ah kdmards, `udhmj kd rj`d sa drrdh`d ah kd gdkmd ma uh `arrj.
axpkjtd`cðh
Ah `jrta, `udhmj kd rj`d sa axtrda ma `cartd prjguhmcmdm ah ak tarrahj (Rct).
@dhtards Puntarrähads.
Paeüh ak
Ma Odtarcdkas @jhsjkcmdmjs j ^j`d.
odtarcdk d
Ma Odtarcdkas hj @jhsjkcmdmjs `joj suakjs, sdprjkctj,
axpkjtdr
deraedmjs,
tarrdzds dkuvcdkas y dr`ckkds
Paeüh su
@dhtards Dkuvcdkas
jrceah
@dhtards ma rj`d j paôd
@KDPAP MA @DH]A^DP. Axcstah mjs tcpjs guhmdoahtdkas ma `dhtards, kds ma gjrod`cðh ma dkuvcðh, kkdodmds tdoncãh `dhtards gkuvcdkas, ah kds `udkas kjs rïjs `joj deahtas hdturdkas ma arjscðh, trdhspjrtdh murdhta erdhmas ra`jrrcmjs kds rj`ds dprjva`fdhmj su ahareïd `chãtc`d pdrd mapjsctdrkds ah zjhds ma oahjr pjtah`cdkcmdm gjrodhmj erdhmas mapðsctjs ma astjs odtarcdkas ahtra kjs `udkas sa ah`uahtrdh masma `dhtjs rjmdmjs y erdvds fdstd drahd, kcojs y dr`ckkds9 kd mchäoc`d prjpcd ma kds `jrrcahtas ma deud parocta qua dpdrahtaoahta astds `dhtards tahedh `c`kjs ma dutjdndsta`cocahtj, kj `udk copkc`d uhd axpkjtd`cðh a`jhðoc`d, parj ma erdh dga`td`cðh d kjs `uarpjs ma deud y d su mchäoc`d hdturdk. Mahtrj mak ahtjrhj doncahtdk uhd `dhtard ma dkuvcðh tcaha odyjr d`aptd`cðh ah tarrdzds dkaldmds mak ärad ma chgkuah`cd mak `du`a qua mcra`tdoahta sjnra ãk.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
Jtrj tcpj ma `dhtards sjh kds mahjochdmds ma rj`d, oäs `jhj`cmds `joj `dhtards ma paôd, kds `udkas tcahah su jrceah ah kd gjrod`cðh eajkðec`d ma uhd zjhd matarochdmd, mjhma puamah sar samcoahtdrcds, ïehads j oatdoðrgc`ds9 astds `dhtards pjr su `jhmc`cðh astätc`d, hj prasahtdh asd `drd`tarïstc`d ma dutjdndsta`cocahtj kj `udk kds fd`a guahtas kcoctdmds ma odtarcdkas. Astjs mjs tcpjs ma `dhtards sa mcgarah`cdh näsc`doahta ah mjs gd`tjras, kjs tcpjs ma odtarcdkas qua sa axpkjtdh y kjs oãtjmjs ma axtrd``cðh aopkadmjs pdrd jntaharkjs.
Ah kds `dhtards ma rïj, kjs odtarcdkas erdhukdras qua sa ah`uahtrdh sjh ouy `jopatahtas ah jnrds `cvckas, mancmj d qua ak `jhtchuj pdsj y trdhspjrta mak deud masedstd kjs odtarcdkas quamdhmj dk gchdk dquakkjs qua tcaha odyjr murazd y dmaoäs `jh `drd`tarïstc`ds eajoãtrc`ds tïpc`ds `joj sus drcstds ramjhmadmds. Astjs odtarcdkas sjh axtrdïmjs `jh pdkds oa`ähc`ds y `dredmjras ma kds rcnards y `du`as ma kjs rïjs.
Kds `dhtards `dhtards ma paôd, astäh unc`dmds ah gjrod`cjhas rj`jsds, ojhtdôds, `jh odtarcdkas ma oahjr murazd, eahardkoahta, qua kjs odtarcdkas ma rïjs mancmj d qua hj sugrah hcheüh prj`asj ma `kdscgc`d`cðh9 sus `drd`tarïstc`ds gïsc`ds mapahmah ma kd fcstjrcd eajkðec`d ma kd raecðh, paroctcahmj prjmu`cr deraedmjs sus`aptcnkas pdrd su utckczd`cðh chmustrcdk9 astds `dhtards sa axpkjtdh fd`cahmj `jrtas j ax`dvd`cjhas ah kjs mapðsctjs.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
RKDH MA AVRKJ]D@CJH MA @DH]A^D @DRC]QKJ C 4.4
MAP@^CR@CÐH MAK R^JSA@]J
Pa fd pkdhcgc`dmj kd `jhstru``cðh ma uh pdvcoahtj ma 02 io masma ak trdoj 2> + 122 dk 0> + 122, pdrd ak `äk`ukj sa `uahtd `jh uhd `dhtard ma rïj unc`dmd ah kd prjerascvd 4> + 522 mak ala ma vïd `jh uh d``asj ma 4.>2 io. Rdrd astj sa fd masdrrjkkdmj uh pkdh ma axtrd``cðh qua sa matdkkd oäs dmakdhta. Rjr oamcj ma astj sa avctdrä qua ak dprjva`fdocahtj mak odtarcdk sa radkczdrd ah gjrod mas`jhtrjkdmd, jntahcahmj uhd ra`upard`cðh ndld y mcgc`uktdhmj kds jpard`cjhas tã`hc`ds dmaoäs ma kd dga`td`cðh chlustcgc`dmd mak oamcj doncahta.
Ak pkdh ma axpkjtd`cðh prjpuastj mana dsaeurdr `uopkcr `jh kd maodhmd ma deraedmjs ha`asdrcjs pdrd kd ala`u`cðhðh mak prjya`tj ma `drratard. Pa prjpjha kd axtrd``cðh ndsdmd ah kds `drd`tarïstc`ds y astru`turds mak od`czj rj`jsj `joj oãtjmj ma axpkjtd`cðh, tdoncãh prasahtdrd ojmakjs ma kds jpard`cjhas ma `dred y d`drraj.
4.>
JNLA]CWJP
JNLA]CWJ EAHA^DK Mcsaôdr uh pkdh ma axpkjtdr odtarcdkas mcvarsjs (pcamrd, fjroceðh y drahd) ma rïj, pdrd `unrcr kd kd maodhmd ma ma deraedmjs raquarcmjs deraedmjs raquarcmjs ah kd ala`u`cðh mak prjya`tj ma `drratard9 sceucahmj prj`amcocahtjs sceucahmj prj`amcocahtjs qua `jhkkavah d uh rd`cjhdk dprjva`fdocahtj y d ochcoczdr kjs copd`tjs haedtcvjs dk oamcj dk oamcj doncahta.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
JNLA]CWJP APRA@ÏGC@JP
Magchcr kds `drd`tarïstc`ds ma eajojrgjkðec`ds y oa`ähc`ds ma kd `dhtard.
Magchcr y mcsaôdr ak pkdh ma masdrrjkkj, y kd sa`uah`cd ma axpkjtd`cðh oäs dma`udmd.
Astumcdr kjs copd`tjs doncahtdkas ma kd d`tcvcmdm doncahtdk pdrd astdnka`ar oamcmds doncahtdkas qua octceuah y/j `jrrcldh kjs copd`tjs ma kd d`tcvcmdm ma axpkjtd`cðh.
4.0
LQP]CGC@D@CÐH MAK R^JSA@]J Kd axtrd``cðh mak odtarcdk sarä ma gjrod rd`cjhdk sch eahardr y dktardr ak `ursj mak rcj, astj sa kjerdrä `jh uh odhalj tã`hc`j ah kd axtrd``cðh ma mc`fj odtarcdk. Rdrd kj `udk sa unc`d kd pkdyd ma odtarcdk maldmj pjr ak rcj matarochähmjsa ak ärad pdrd dsï sar trdndldmj.
4.=
QNC@D@CÐH S D@@APJ
4.=.4 QNC@D@CÐH RJKÏ]C@D Ak ärad mjhma sa vd d masdrrjkkdr ak prjya`tj sa ah`uahtrd unc`dmd ah ak mcstrctj ma ^cjld ‐ Pdh Odrtïh.
4.=.> QNC@D@CÐH R^Ä@]C@D S D@@APJ Kd `dhtard sa ah`uahtrd d 4.>2 io mak ärad mak prjya`tj ah ak mcstrctj ma ^cjld.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
4.1
KCHAD NDPA DONCAH]DK Oamcj Gïsc`j Ak oamcj gïsc`j mak ärad ah astumcj astä magchcmj pjr sus `jopjhahtas ma `kcod, eajkjeïd, eajojrgjkjeïd, eajmchäoc`d, suakjs a fcmrjkjeïd.
@kcod. Ak `kcod ma kd zjhd as ma tcpj `äkcmj y füoamj. ]caha sus astd`cjhas odr`ds< Kkuvcjsds ahtra kjs oasas ma j`tunra d odrzj y saquïd ahtra kjs oasas ma dnrck d satcaonra.
Eajojrgjkjeïd Kjs mapðsctjs gkuvcj-dkuvcdkas qua `jhgjrodh astds zjhds kj `jhgjrodh `jhekjoardmds y avahtudkoahta fjrczjhtas kahtc`ukdras ma drahd, sch aondrej kjs tarrahjs ma kjs pramcjs dkamdôjs hj mcgcarah ah dktcoatrïd.
Fcmrjkjeïd. Kd zjhd mak prjya`tj astä chgkuah`cdmd chgkuah`c dmd pjr ak rcj ma mðhma sa vd d axtrdar kd `dhtard, `uyjs oadhmrjs fdh eahardmj pkdyds ma mapðsctj ma odtarcdkas mak tcpj `jhekjoardmj (`dhtj rjmdmj).
Ak Oamcj Ncjkðec`j Ak ahtjrhj ncjkðec`j astä `jhstctucmj pjr kd gkjrd y gduhd, ah asta `dsj hj axcstah dhcodkas odyjras. S ah `udhtj d kd gkjrd hj vd d tahar dga``cðh dkeuhd, yd qua sa trdtd ma uhd pkdyd.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
4.7
EAJKJEÏD ^AECJHDK
Pa fd cmahtcgc`dmj uhd erdh mcvarscmdm ma odtarcdkas kctjkðec`js qua fdh paroctcmj kd eahard`cðh ma suakjs ouy mcvarsjs, qua paroctcarjh d su vaz uh erdh masdrrjkkj ma kd `jnarturd vaeatdk y uhd dopkcd ma mcstrcnu`cðh ma aspa`cas ma gduhd. Astj trdlj `joj `jhsa`uah`cd kd `jhgjrod`cðh ma mcgarahtas fänctdts, hc`fjs a`jkðec`js y pjr `jhsceucahta scstaods a`jkðec`js., y kjs tcpjs ma astrdtjs qua dnuhmdh sjh< Dr`ckkds, Dr`ckkds, kcojkctd, `dkczd, `dkczd, at`.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@DRC]QKJ CC >.4
OD^@J KAEDK
Ak jnlatcvj prch`cpdk as mdr `uopkcocahtj d kd hjrodtcvd doncahtdk vceahta, oamcdhta kd akdnjrd`cðh ma uhd avdkud`cðh doncahtdk, qua paroctcrä avdkudr kjs pjscnkas copd`tjs pjsctcvjs y haedtcvjs qua sa puamah eahardr ah tjmds kds atdpds mak masdrrjkkj mak prjya`tj. - @jhstctu`cðh Rjkïtc`d mak Rarü. - Kay Eahardk mak Doncahta. - Kay Eahardk ma Deuds - Kay Eahardk ma ^ascmujs Pðkcmjs y su ^aekdoahtj. - Kay H² >6>>4, Kay qua raeukd ak mara`fj pjr axtrd``cðh ma Odtarcdkas ma äkvajs y `du`as ma rïjs. - Kay H² >535>, Kay Jreähc`d ma Ouhc`cpdkcmdmas. - Axpkjtd`cðh ma @dhtards ^.O.H² 466-35-AO/WOO, mak 4>-21-35. - Dpruandh ak ^aekdoahtj ma kd Kay H² >6>>4, qua raeukd kd axpkjtd`cðh ma odtarcdkas qua d`drradh y mapjsctdh kds deuds ah sus äkvajs j `du`as. M.P. H² 24035-DE. - Qsj ma @dhtards ah Rrjya`tjs Aspa`cdkas. M.P.H² 247-36-DE.
>.4
D@]CWCMDMAP R^JSA@]DMDP
Ak prasahta prjya`tj ma axpkjtd`cðh ma kd `dhtard, `jhscsta ah kd axpkjtd`cðh ma deraedmjs mak rïj.
D. Atdpd ma pkdhcgc`d`cðh y `jhstru``cðh Ah astd atdpd sa masdrrjkkdräh kds sceucahtas d`tcvcmdmas< - Fdnckctd`cðh ma kd `dhtard - Fdnckctd`cðh ma Chstdkd`cjhas Duxckcdras y @jopkaoahtdrcds. - Fdnckctd`cðh ma vïds ma d``asj, Rrapdrd`cðh ma aqucpjs y odquchdrcds.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
N. Atdpd ma jpard`cðh Kd atdpd ma jpard`cðh `jhtaopkd kjs prj`asjs ma< - Axtrd``cðh ma Odtarcdk< Pa prj`amarä d prjtaear `jh odtarcdk prjpcj ah kjs puhtjs oäs vukhardnkas dk masnjrma ah uhd ma kds odreahas mak rïj ah mcra``cðh d kd zjhd ma axtrd``cðh, `jh kd gchdkcmdm ma mcra``cjhdr ak `du`a mak rïj y pjmar pdsdr `jh kd odquchdrcd a chc`cdr kjs trdndljs ma ah`dusdocahtj, axtrd``cðh y d`drraj ma odtarcdk.
Kd axpkjtd`cðh sa radkczdrä pjr grdhlds kjhectumchdkas ah sahtcmj d gdvjr ma kd `jrrcahta mak rïj ‛ma drrcnd fd`cd dndlj‟ `jh kd gchdkcmdm ma `ar`cjrdrsa qua ak
deud `jrrd sch gjrodrsa raprasdocahtjs, hc `jmjs ah kd oäreahas pdrd qua hj axcstd kd pjscnckcmdm ma arjscjhas ma kjs tdkumas, hc deuds qua dga`tah `jh kd vcmd d`uätc`d.
- \drdhmaj pjr erdvamdm.
Pa chstdkdrä uhd zdrdhmd pdrd saka``cjhdr ak odtarcdk ütck raquarcmj ah huastrds d`tcvcmdmas, y ak ax`amahta j ma odyjr mcäoatrj sarä utckczdmj `joj magahsd pdrd mdr `uopkcocahtj dk `joprjocsj ma hj arjscjhdr kds rcnards mak rïj. - D`jpcj taopjrdk. Pa unc`drä `ar`d mak rïj d 422o mak puhtj ma sdkcmd ma kd `dhtard.
- ]rdhspjrta ma odtarcdk. @docðh vjkquata ma 41.22o°.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@. Atdpd ma `carra Kds d`tcvcmdmas d masdrrjkkdr ah kd atdpd ma `carra sjh< - Hcvakd`cðh mak tarrahj dga`tdmj `jh kd utckczd`cðh `jh ax`dvdmj rd ma jrueds, ma tdk odhard qua ak rïj quama ah`duzdmj pjr ak `ahtrj y hj sa mcsparsa. - Hcvakd`cðh ma Njtdmarj (MOA). - @jkj`d`cðh ma odtarcdk ma mas`drta ah zjhds ma kd rcnard mak rïj `jh rcasej ma arjscðh, ma tdk odhard qua kjs pramcjs derï`jkds hj sadh dga`tdmjs pjstarcjroahta d `jhsa`uah`cd ma kd axtrd``cðh.
M. Wïds ma D``asj Ak d``asj as d pdrtcr mak io 4>+522 ma kd `drratard ah `uastcðh, kuaej sa `jhtchüd d uhd mcstdh`cd ma 4.>2 io pjr uhd trj`fd `drrjzdnka ma d``asj fd`cd kd `dhtard.
>.>
R^JMQ@]J D AV]^DA^ D. Odtarcdk d axpkjtdr axpkjtdr Ak odtarcdk d axtrdar fd ma sar drahd gchd, drahd eruasd, fjroceðh y pcamrd jvar y pcamrd oamcdhd qua saräh trcturdmjs pdrd kuaej sar dprjva`fdmjs ah kd ala`u`cðh ma kds jnrds.
N. Oãtjmj ma axpkjtd`cðh Ak oãtjmj ma axpkjtd`cðh fd ma sar oa`ähc`j `jh kd chtarvah`cðh ma uhd ax`dvdmjrd ma jrueds, `dredmjr grjhtdk y vjkquatas ma 41o0 ma `dpd`cmdm. Rjstarcjr d akkd sa usdrä uhd `fdh`dmjrd prcodrcd, sa`uhmdrcd y uhd zdrdhmd oa`ähc`d vcnrdtjrcd ah zjhds `ar`d ma kd prjmu``cðh.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@. Astcodmj ma prjmu``cðh Kd zjhd ma axtrd``cðh, `uahtd `jh uh pjtah`cdk ma odtarcdk ma d`drraj ma ldmj pjr kds deuds mak rïj ah sus dvahcmds jrmchdrcds `joj drahd eruasd, drahd gchd, fjroceðh, pcamrd oamcdhd y jtrjs, ah uh vjkuoah ma >22222.22 o°. Ak vjkuoah ma odtarcdk d axtrdar astä supamctdmj dk raquarcocahtj ma kd ala`u`cðh ma kds jnrds qua sa radkc`ah ah kd prjvch`cd ma ^cjld.
>.0
PCP]AOD MA AV]^D@@CJH - Axtrd``cðh ma Odtarcdk
Rdrd axtrdar ak odtarcdk mak ka`fj mak rïj sa radkczð uhd vcsctd ma `dopj y kavdhtdocahtj tjpjerägc`j tjpjerägc `j pdrd matarochdr kd zjhd ma axtrd``cðh ma tdk odhard qua hj dga`ta kds rcnards mak rïj ah donds oäreahas. Kd axtrd``cðh y d`jpcj mak odtarcdk chtaerdk, sa radkczdrä `jh kd utckczd`cðh ma uhd ax`dvdmjrd fcmräukc`d mapjsctähmjkd mcra`tdoahta mcra`tdoaht a ah vjkquatas ma 41o° pdrd trdhspjrtdrkj d kd zjhd ma d`jpcj y/j zdrdhmaj.
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\drdhmaj oa`ähc`j @jh ak dpjyj ma uh `dredmjr grjhtdk y utckczdhmj uhd zdrdhmd vcnrdtjrcd sa aga`tudrä ak tdoczdmj mak odtarcdk axtrdïmj kd ocsod qua sarä trdskdmdmd d uhd `fdh`dmjrd prcodrcd.
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]rcturd`cðh< Ak odtarcdk zdrdhmadmj pdsdrä pjr uhd Rkdhtd @fdh`dmjrd mak `udk sa uhcgjrodrä kd erdhukjoatrïd mak odtarcdk raquarcmj.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
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Dkod`ahdocahtj< Ak deraedmj prj`asdmj sarä trdskdmdmj d kjs mcgarahtas trdojs ma kd `drrtard d ala`utdr y uhd pdrta sarä d`jpcdmj ah kd pkdhtd `fdh`dmjrd.
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]rdhspjrta Ak odtarcdk sarä trdhspjrtdmj ah `docjhas vjkquata ma 41o0 ma `dpd`cmdm.
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@carra ma kd `dhtard
Hcvakd`cðh mak tarrahj dga`tdmj `jh kd utckczd`cðh ma ax`dvdmjrd sjnra jrued.- Pa manarä `jhscmardr qua kd axpkjtd`cðh ma `dhtards, astd sa aga`tudrä d tdlj dncartj, eaharähmjsa ax`dvd`cjhas tcpj pjzj, ratcrdhmj tjmj odtarcdk ma ra`fdzj fd`cd uh kuedr ma njtdmarj qua sa unc`drä ah kd ocsod rcnard mak rïj qua sarvcrä `joj prjta``cðh kdtardk ah gjrod ma mcqua. Qhd vaz radkczdmj ak dndhmjhj ma kd `dhtard astä ah jtrd ãpj`d ma chvcarhj `dredrä ak rcj y d`uoukdrä huavdoahta odtarcdk ma kdstra.
Masodhtakdocahtj ma chstdkd`cjhas duxckcdras.- Kd zdrdhmd qua sa unc`drä ah ak ärad ma axtrd``cðh as oðvck pjr kj qua hj sa `jhtaopkd chstdkd`cjhas parodhahtas d maschstdkdr.
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Njtdmarjs j MOA Ak njtdmarj astdrä unc`dmj ah kd rcnard mak rcj, dmyd`ahta d kd zjhd ma axpkjtd`cðh ma odtarcdk ma rcj (`dhtj rjmdmj-jvar). @jh kd `udk sa `jhstrucrä uhd magahsd tcpj mcqua `jh odtarcdk jvar, dpckjhdhmj ah gjrod ma `jrmðh.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
>.=
@^C]A^CJP RD^D AK @CA^^A Ah astd sa``cðh sa prasahtdh kjs `rctarcjs pdrd mcsaôdr kds oamcmds ma `carra y dndhmjhj ma kds jpard`cjhas ma axpkjtd`cðh ma kd `dhtard y `jhstru``cðh ma kjs `dochjs ma d``asj. Astjs `rctarcjs, `udhmj sa ma`cmd ak `carra, pjmräh jrcahtdr ak ra-mcsaôj ma kds oamcmds j eahard`cðh ma huavds dktarhdtcvds, ma d`uarmj d kjs astähmdras y ta`hjkjeïd ma kd ãpj`d ah qua sa copkaoahta ak `carra. Ruastj qua kd axpkjtd`cðh ma kds `dhtards sa fdrä oamcdhta ak oãtjmj ma "tdlj dncartj", kds oamcmds ma `carra astdräh ragarcmds prch`cpdkoahta d kd astdnckcmdm gïsc`d ma tdkumas ah kds `dhtards y kds `dh`fds ma masojhta. As copjrtdhta ahgdtczdr qua kd axpkjtd`cðh ma rj`d hj eahard mrahdlas ä`cmjs j vartcocahtj ma agkuahtas (ax`aptj kjs agkuahtas `jrraspjhmcahtas d kd fcecaha parsjhdk, kdvdmj ma aqucpjs, kcopcazd ma jgc`chds y dkod`ahas), pjr kj qua hj fdnrä ha`ascmdm ma tjodr dkeuhd oamcmd ma `carra dk raspa`tj.
Rjr jtrd pdrta, kd `jhmc`cðh ärcmd mak `kcod ah ak qua sa unc`d kd `dhtard, suodmd d kd chaxcstah`cd ma `ursjs ma deud `ar`dhjs matarochdh mata rochdh qua hj sa tahed qua tjodr oamcmds raspa`tj d kd chgcktrd`cðh, parj sc dhta rcasejs ma dvahcmds tjrrah`cdkas ah dôjs ax`ap`cjhdkas.
>.=.4 @^C]A^CJP RD^D RD^D KD AP]DNCKCMDM GÏPC@D Dk ratcrdrsa ratcrdrsa uh erdh vjkuoah vjkuoah ma rj`ds, rj`ds, sa dktard ak ndkdh`a ma kjs asguarzjs asguarzjs ma kjs odtarcdkas chtarhjs, pjr kj qua as copjrtdhta `jhj`ar tdhtj kd astdnckcmdm eajmchäoc`d `joj eajtã`hc`d mak kuedr. Rjr jtrj kdmj, as ha`asdrcj tahar ah `jhscmard`cðh avahtjs axtrdjrmchdrcjs `joj kjs scsojs, puastj qua kd jpard`cðh ma axtrd``cðh eahard eah ard ärads `jh tdkumas qua puamah tahar `cartd chastdnckcmdm grahta d scsojs ma erdh chtahscmdm y odehctum.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
>.=.> @^C]A^CJP RD^D RD^D AK DEQD MA KKQWCD Ak ärad mjhma sa aopkdzd ak prjya`tj fd scmj `kdscgc`dmd `kcoätc`doahta `joj taopkdmj, mjhma puamah j`urrcr kkuvcds ma raeukdr chtahscmdm
y
eahardr as`jrrahtïds. Pch aondrej, sa tjodräh oamcmds pravahtcvds dk ojoahtj ma radkczdr ak `carra, `jhscstahta ah kcnardr ak `du`a mak rïj y `jhstrucr mcquas d kds jrckkds pdrd avctdr masnjrmas ah ak guturj.
>.1
OAMCMDP MA @CA^^A RD^D KD AP]DNCKCMDM GCPC@D.
Kds oamcmds ma `carra pdrd kd astdnckcmdm gïsc`d sa dpkc`dräh tdhtj ah kd `dhtard ma axpkjtd`cðh ma rj`d `joj ah kds `dhtards ma odtarcdk ma prãstdoj pdrd kd `jhstru``cðh ma kd vïd ma d``asj, dsï `joj ah kds `dh`fds ma masojhta prjmu`tj ma kd axpkjtd`cðh ma `dhtards y `jhstru``cðh ma kd vïd. D `jhtchud`cðh sa prasahtd uhd mas`rcp`cðh ma kds oamcmds.
>.1.4 ]DKQMAP AH AK Ä^AD Ä^AD MA @DH]A^D S @DH@FDP MA MAPOJH]A Dk gchdk ma kd jpard`cðh, jpard`cðh, dk `carra ma `dhtards, `dhtards, kjs tdkumas tdkumas astdräh astdräh astdnkas astdnkas y hj fdnrä nkjquas masastdnckczdmjs. Pch aondrej, pjr kd copjrtdh`cd ma kd astdnckcmdm ma kjs tdkumas tdhtj ma kd `dhtard `joj ma kds `dh`fds ma masojhta, sa `jhscehdh kds oamcmds sceucahtas< -
Kjs tdkumas ma kds `dh`fds ma masojhta saräh saräh d`jhmc`cjhdmjs d pahmcahtas ma rapjsj.
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Ak tdkum eahardk ma trdndlj ah dquakkds zjhds `jh gdkkds pkdhdras tahmrä uh äheukj oäxcoj ma =2¼.
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Pa ratcrdrä ak pasj ma kd pdrta suparcjr ma tdkumas ah kjs `dsjs ah qua sa prasahta astd sctud`cðh. Astd oamcmd raquarcrä qua sa fded uhd kcopcazd, ravcscðh ma ‛`rastds‟ y ak ‛masquch`fdmj‟.
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Pa kcoctdrä ak d``asj d zjhds `jh rcasej ma marruonas, oamcdhta katrarjs ma dmvartah`cd, rastrc``cjhas ma d``asj y vceckdh`cd.
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Pa copkaoahtdräh avdkud`cjhas pjst-`carra ma kd astdnckcmdm ma kjs tdkumas pdrd tjodr `jhj`cocahtj ma kjs rasuktdmjs jntahcmjs ah kds oamcmds ala`utdmds.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@DRC]QKJ CCC 0.4
CMAH]CGC@D@CJH S AWDKQD@CJH MA CORD@]JP DONCAH]DKAP Kd cmahtcgc`d`cðh, pramc``cðh pramc ``cðh y avdkud`cðh ma kjs copd`tjs doncahtdkas qua sa eahardräh murdhta kds atdpds ma axpkjtd`cðh ma `dhtard, paroctcrä copkaoahtdr kds oamcmds ma octced`cðh pdrd dk`dhzdr d trdvãs ma su dpkc`d`cðh, kd `jhsarvd`cðh mak oamcj doncahta ah ak ärad ma chgkuah`cd mak Rrjya`tj. Kjs odtarcdkas saräh axtrdïmjs ma odhard rd`cjhdk ma d`uarmj d kd dutjrczd`cðh jtjredmd, tahcahmj ah `jhscmard`cðh ak `ucmdmj ma hj `dusdr mdôj dk `du`a rcnards, prjtaecahmj kds gdlds odrechdkas `jh ak odtarcdk sjnrdhta.
Pa fdh cmahtcgc`dmj y avdkudmj kjs sceucahtas copd`tjs doncahtdkas qua sa eahardräh murdhta kds atdpds ma axpkjtd`cðh ma `dhtard. Kjs copd`tjs doncahtdkas oäs rakavdhtas rakavdht as cmahtcgc`dmjs ah ak ärad ma astumcj sa oah`cjhdh d `jhtchud`cðh<
0.4.4 A]DRD MA AVRKJ]D@CÐH MA @DH]A^D< @ DH]A^D<
Eahard`cðh ma Aopkaj
Kds d`tcvcmdmas ma `jhstru``cðh, raquarcrä ma kd `jhtrdtd`cðh ma odhj ma jnrd hj `dkcgc`dmd pdrd kd ala`u`cðh ma kds d`tcvcmdmas `jhstru`tcvds. Raroctcahmj uhd mcsochu`cðh ma kd tdsd ma masaopkaj.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
Ma kds @dhtards y Odhalj ma Njtdmarjs @dhtards< Pa manarä `jhscmardr qua kd axpkjtd`cðh ma `dhtards, astd sa aga`tudrä d tdlj dncartj, eaharähmjsa ax`dvd`cjhas tcpj pjzj. ratcrdhmj tjmj odtarcdk ma ra`fdzj fd`cd uh kuedr ma njtdmarj qua sa unc`drä ah kd ocsod rcnard mak rcj qua sarvcrä `joj prjta``cðh kdtardk ah gjrod ma mcqua. Qhd vaz radkczdmj ak dndhmjhj ma kd `dhtard astd, ah jtrd ãpj`d ma chvcarhj `dredrä ak rcj y d`uoukdrä huavdoahta odtarcdk ma kdstra. Mahtrj ma kds pdrtcmds qua sa ala`utdräh murdhta kd axtrd``cðh ma odtarcdk ma `dhtard saräh< -
Rrapdrd`cðh ma tarrahj y kcopcazd.
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Axtrd``cðh ma odtarcdk.
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Paka``cðh ma odtarcdk.
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@dreuïj ma odtarcdk.
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]rdhspjrta ma odtarcdk.
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@carra ma `dhtard.
Njtdmarjs< Ak njtdmarj astdrä unc`dmj ah kd rcnard mak rcj Qt`undond, dmyd`ahta d kd zjhd ma axpkjtd`cðh ma odtarcdk ma rcj (`dhtj rjmdmj). @jh kd `udk sa `jhstrucrä uhd magahsd tcpj mcqua `jh odtarcdk jvar, dpckähmjsa ah gjrod ma `jrmðh.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@jhtdochd`cðh D`üstc`d
Dk radkczdr radkczdr kds d`tcvcmdmas d`tcvcmdmas qua copkcquah copkcquah ak usj usj ma odquchdrcds, odquchdrcds, sc sc ncah ak rucmj hj sa d`uoukd, trdskdmd j odhtcaha ah ak tcaopj `joj kds jtrds `jhtdochd`cjhas, tdoncãh puama `dusds erdhmas mdôjs ah kd `dkcmdm ma vcmd ma kds parsjhds sc hj as `jhtrjkdmd.
@jhtdochd`cðh ma Puakj Mancmj dk usj ma odquchdrcd pasdmd, sa dmvcarta qua astjs kdnjrdräh mcra`tdoahta ah kd jrckkd mak rcj, pjr tdhtj kd `dïmd ma kunrc`dhtas, `jonustcnka dga`tdrïd y `jhtdochdrïd ak rcj. Rarj pdrd asta gch kds odquchds manah astdr `jopkatdoahta jpardtcvds, quamdhmj tarochdhtaoahta prjfcncmj kd rapdrd`cðh mahtrj ma kd pkdyd, pjr ak `jhtrdrcj tcaha qua radkczdrsa guard mak sa`tjr.
0.>
OAMCMDP MA OC]CED@CJH DONCAH]DK Kds oamcmds ma octced`cðh doncahtdk mak Rrjya`tj, mjhma sa pkdhtad `joj chstruoahtj ma Eastcðh doncahtdk avctdr j ochcoczdr kjs aga`tjs sjnra ak oamcj doncahta9 dsï `joj, kjs qua prjmu`a ak oamcj doncahta sjnra ak Rrjya`tj. Ah asta sahtcmj, kds oamcmds qua sa gjroukdh ah ak prasahta astumcj, astäh jrcahtdmj d pravahcr, `jhtrjkdr y dtahudr kds dktard`cjhas qua sa jrcechah y qua pjhedh ah rcasej kd astdnckcmdm doncahtdk ma kd zjhd.
Atdpd ma @jhstru``cðh
Eahard`cðh ma Aopkaj. Pa ra`jocahmd kd `jhtrdtd`cðh ma odhj ma jnrd `dkcgc`dmd y hj `dkcgc`dmd kj`dk.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
Rjscnka Dktard`cðh mak Rdcsdla Pa mana radkczdr kjs trdndljs mahtrj ma kds ärads `jrraspjhmcahtas pdrd `dmd tdlj ma odhard `jhtrjkdmd.
@jhtdochd`cðh D`üstc`d Pa prjerdodrä fjrdrcjs ma trdndlj mjhma dga`tah kj oahjs pjscnka d kd pjnkd`cðh mcra`tdoahta dga`tdmd.
@jhtdochd`cðh ma suakj Pa `dpd`ctdrä dk parsjhdk (jpardmjras) qua tjmj tcpj ma rapdrd`cðh, dndsta`cocahtj ma `jonustcnka mana radkczdrsa guard ma kd jrckkd mak rcj j mahtrj mak `du`a mak rcj, quamdhmj `jopkatdoahta prjfcncmj, pjr tdhtj sa fdnckctdrä uhd zjhd ma pdrquaj y odhcpukaj ma fcmrj`drnurjs.
Eahard`cðh ma ^ascmujs Pðkcmjs ]jmd d`tcvcmdm fuodhd eahard rascmujs sðkcmjs, astjs rascmujs manah sar mcspuastjs ma odhard dma`udmd, `jh kd gchdkcmdm ma qua hj sa prjmuz`dh copd`tjs scehcgc`dtcvjs qua j`dscjhah mdôjs chochahtas dk doncahta, pjr kj qua kd aoprasd fdrä qua kjs rascmujs eahardmjs murdhta kd
d`tcvcmdm
ma
axpkjrd`cðh
sadh
mapjsctdmjs
y
mcspuastjs
dma`udmdoahta. Pa dpkc`drä ak Rrj`amcocahtj ma ‛Odhalj ma ^ascmujs Pðkcmjs‟.
Akcochd`cðh ma Odtarcdk Ax`amahta. Kd d`tcvcmdm eahardrä prjmu`tjs d hj utckczdr ah ak sarvc`cj ma odhtahcocahtj, ragcãrdsa d astj dk odtarcdk chtaerdk (fjroceðh y jtrjs) zdrdhmadmjs `uyj mcäoatrj supards kjs 0/6‟ma mcäoatrjs, kjs ocsojs
qua sa utckczdräh `joj ndrrard ma prjta``cðh pr jta``cðh mak rïj y/j sa aopkadrä pdrd ak `carra ma kd `dhtard, `joj odtarcdk ma rakkahj ma kds ärads axpkjtdmds.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
Odhaljs ma Pustdh`cds pakcerjsds Murdhta ak prj`asj prjmu`tcvj sjkdoahta sa utckczdräh `jonustcnkas gðsckas tdkas `joj patrðkaj, erdsds, at`. Rdrd avctdr `udkqucar tcpj ma marrdoa sa tjodräh kds oamcmds ma `jhtrjk ah ak ärad, `jhscmardhmj< -
Ak dndsta`cocahtj ma `jonustcnka sa sa radkczdrä guard mak `du`a mak rïj.
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Pa `jhtdrä `jh Icts Dhtcmarrdoa ah kd `dhtard d utckczdr.
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Hj sa radkczdräh radkczdräh trdndljs ma odhtahcocahtj ma aqucpjs ah kd kd `dhtard axcstahta.
Aocscjhas dtojsgãrc`ds Kds guahtas ma aocscðh dtojsgãrc`d saräh kjs aqucpjs `jh kds qua sa trdndld, ahtra akkds sa tcaha d< Kjs vjkquatas, `dredmjras grjhtdkas, astds guahtas sjh `jhscmardmds `joj guahtas oðvckas. Kds aocscjhas qua sa puamah eahardr sjh, edsas ma @J>, odtarcdk pdrtc`ukdmj prjmu`tj ma kd `jonustcðh ch`jopkatd ma kds odquchdrcds, sa radkczdrä uh ojhctjraj pdrd `jhtrjkdr qua suparah kjs kïoctas parocscnkas. Rdrta mak prj`asj prjmu`tcvj sa puamah eahard aocscjhas mcgusds prjmu`tj mak trdhspjrta ma kjs vafï`ukjs pjr kds vïds hj dsgdktdmds pdrd kj `udk parodhahtaoahta sa raedrä kd vïd.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
@JH@KQPCJHAP
As ha`asdrcj uh nuah `jhj`cocahtj eajkðec`j eajkðec`j mak mapjsctj , puas asta pjmrd eucdr kd tjod ma ma`cscjhas grahta d vjküoahas , `jopkalcmdm ah kd axpkjtd`cðh , `jstjs y rahtdnckcmdm mak prjya`tj.
Kd axpkjtd`cðh ma kd `dhtard `jhscstah ah axtrd``cðh axtrd``cðh ma odtarcdk ma rïj d tdlj dncartj oamcdhta ax`dvdmjrd ma jrueds, tdoczdmj y saka``cðh mak odtarcdk , oamcdhta zdrdhmd vcnrdtjrcd, trcturd`cðh, `dreuïj y trdhspjrta ma odtarcdk, oamcdhta `dredmjr grjhtdk y vjkquatas.
Oamcdhta kd avdkud`cðh doncahtdk sa pumj matarochdr qua kd axpkjtd`cðh axpkjtd`cðh ma kd `dhtard vd d eahardr oïhcods copkc`dh`cds doncahtdkas ah ak ahtjrhj mjhma sa unc`d ak prjya`tj.
Rdrd ak trdhspjrta sa aopkadräh `docjhas ma 41o0 ma `dpd`cmdm qua ra`jrrardh uhd mcstdh`cd ma 4.>2 io masma kd `dhtard fdstd kd `drratard.
Murdhta kd ala`u`cðh sa radkczdräh trdndljs ma masvcd`cðh mak `du`a mak rïj kj qua ojmcgc`dräh ak ahtjrhj gïsc`j mak ärad.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
AP]QMCJ MA @DH]A^DP
^A@JOAHMD@CJHAP
Pa manrä radkczdr uhd pkdhcgc`d`cðh d kdrej pkdzj yd yd qua ka paroctcrä astcodr kjs sceucahtas ndh`js d axpkjtdr.
Pa ra`jocahmd mdr uh odhtahcocahtj `jhtchuj ma kds oäquchds aopkadmds yd qua ma akkds mapahma ak dvdh`a mak prjya`tj.
Pa manaräh radkczdr radkczdr `jhtrjkas `jhtchujs ma dquakkjs prj`asjs qua eaharah `jhtdochd`cðh tjodr oamcmds ma octced`cðh ah tcaopj jpjrtuhj.
Pa manarä kkavdr uh odhtahcocahtj odhtahcocahtj `jhtchuj ma kds vïds ma d`drraj, pdrd qua hj axcstdh mdôjs ah kd odquchdrcd ma trdhspjrta, jrcechdhmj ratrdsjs ah kjs trdndljs ma axpkjtd`cðh.
Pa mana `uopkcr `jh kjs trdndljs ma ah`duzdocahtj ah kd atdpd ma `carra pdrd avctdr qua ah guturds dvahcmds sa prjmuz`dh chuhmd`cjhas ah ak ärad `jhtceud.
GA^^J@D^CKAP S @D^^A]A^DP
