Pile Driving Formula | Engineering News Formula Many attempts have been made in the past to determine the relationship between the dynamic dynamic resistance resistance of a pile during driving driving and static load carrying carrying capacity of the pile. These relationships are called pile driving formula and have been established theoretically and empirically. Of many pile – driving driving formula, which have been, proposed Engineering Engineering News Formula, Hiley Formula and Janbu Formula are widely used. Among these the Hiley Formula and Janbu Formula are convenient to use and give reasonable predictions of ultimate bearing capacity of driven piles in granular soils. Engineering News Formula
As per the Engineering News formula the allowable load of driven pile is given by: Qa = Wh/{F(s+c)} Where, Qa = Allowable load in kg W = Weight of hammer h = Height of fall in cms s = Final settlement per blow known as set c = Empirical constant (c = 2.5 cm for drop hammer and 0.25 cm for single acting and double acting hammer) F = Factor of safety (Usually taken as 6)
Janbu Formula
The relation suggested by Janbu for ultimate capacity of the pile is: Qu = [{(ηWH)/s}à [{(ηWH)/s}à — 1/K 1/K u] ——— - (1) Where,
K u = Cd[1 + (1 +√(1 + λe/C d)] ——— - (2)
Cd = 0.75 +0.15W p/W ——— - (3) and λe = (ηWHL)/(AEs 2) ——— - (4) Where, Cd, λe = Empirical constants H = Height of fall W = Weight of hammer W p = Weight of pile L = Length of pile A = Cross-sectional area E = Modulus of elasticity of pile material s = Final set η= Efficiency factor
The design chart is given in Fig.1. The efficiency factor η is dependent on the pile driving equipment, the driving procedure adopted, the type of pile and the ground conditions. Values of η can be chosen as follows. η = 0.7 for good driving conditions η = 0.55 for average driving conditions η = 0.4 for difficult or bad driving conditions
Hiley Formula
The relation suggested by Hiley for ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is: Qu = (KηHW)/(s + c/2) ——— - (5) Where, K = Hammer coefficient c = Sum of elastic compression ( c = c p + cc + cq) c p = Compression of pile cc = Compression of pile head cq = Compression of ground W = Weight of hammer H = Height of fall of hammer s = Final Set η = Efficiency of blow It should be noted that η depends on the coefficient of restitution, which is given in Table 2, η being obtained from Fig.2. Hammer coefficient is given in Table 1
Table 1 Values of Hammer Coefficient K Hammer Drop Hammer, Winch operated Drop Hammer, Trigger release Single Acting Hammer BSP Double Acting Hammer McKiernan-Terry Diesel Hammers
K 0.8 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.0
Values of c p, cc, cq and η can be obtained from figs.2 to 7. A = concrete pile, 75 mm packing under helmet B = concrete or steel pile, helmet with dolly or head of timber pile C = 25 mm pad only on head of RC pile
Comparison of Formula – A
detailed investigation into the validity of pile driving formula suggests that there is little to choose between the Hiley and Janbu formula. In order to obtain minimum factor of safety of 1.75 for any one pile, it has been shown shown that it is necessary necessary to use F = 2.7 with the Hiley formula formula and VF = 3 with the Janbu formula. Janbu formula gives e slightly better correlation between tested and calculated bearing capacity.
Overdriving of Piles – It
is sometimes necessary to drive piles through dense sands and gravels, for example, either to penetrate an underlying clay layer, or because because of the possibility possibility of scour in riverbeds. riverbeds. Damage Damage to the pile due to overdriving overdriving must be avoided, both when penetrating an overlying hard layer and when driving into the bearing stratum to develop the full healing capacity. In this condition it should be remembered that a penetration up to five pile diameters into dense granular material may be necessary to develop fully end bearing capacity.
Table 7.3 Values of the Coefficient of Restitution, e, after BSP Pocket Book (1969) Types of pile
Head Condition
Reinforced Helmet with composite plastic or Concrete Greenheart dolly and packing on top of pile Helmet with timber dolly (not Greenheart) and packing on top of pile Hammer directly on pile with pad only Steel Driving cap with composite plastic or Greenheart Greenheart dolly dolly Timber
Single acting or drop-hammer or diesel-hammer 0.4
Double acting hammer
0.25
0.4
–
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
– 0.25
0.5 0.4
Driving cap with timber (not Greenheart dolly) Hammer directly on pile Hammer directly on pile
0.5
The Hiley formula can be used to determine the failure load, Q u, and then the peak driving resistance, P d is given by: Pd = [(Qu/A){2√(η -1)}] Janbu suggests that the driving energy (WH) c, needed to avoid damage is limited by: (WH)c = (L/2500 +2s) à — σ — σ0 à — A A ——— - (6) Where, L = length of pile s = set A = cross-sectional area of the pile
σ0 = half of compressive strength
Pile Driving Formula Di Susun Oleh : M. Febry E. P. Bangun 1405131049
Teknik Sipil Teknik Perancangan Jalan dan Jembatan Politeknik Negeri Medan 2016
