Guidebook for Defensive Drivers
Saudi Aramco Training & Career Development Defensive Drivers Development Program
Guidebook for Defensive Drivers
Saudi Aramco Training & Career Development Defensive Drivers Development Program
Prepared by: TRA TRAINING & CAREER DEVELOPM ENT
This training material is the exclusive property of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco). Distribution, reproduction, or any use of this material, without the express written consent of Saudi Aramco, is strictly prohibited.
© Saudi Aramco
•
November 2003
Contents Introduction Defensive Driving Driver Improvement Program
Page
Driver Improvement Training & Testing Flowchart
1 2 3
Vehicle Inspection Outside Your Vehicle Under the Hood Emergency and Special Equipment Final Preparation
5 6 7 8
Traf fic Rules Speed Limits Lane Usage Pavement Markings Traffic Lights Traffic Signs Intersections Are You Too Close? Point of No Return at Traffic Signals Turns Yielding the Right-of-Way Following a Vehicle Two-Second Rule Passing or Overtaking a Vehicle Def ensive-Driving Techniques Driving Errors Defensive-Driving Formula Space-Cushion Technique Perception Time and Distance Reaction Time, Braking Distance, & Stopping Distance
Types of Accidents to Avoid Safe-Driving Tips
9 10 11 14 16 33 35 35 36 38 40 41 42
45 46 47 51 51 53
56
Driving Situations City Driving Expressway Driving General Rules for Highway Driving Night Driving Safety Tips for Night Driving Desert Driving Navigation Car Breakdown and Other Emergencies Before Leaving the Road Making a Water Trap Emergencies Emergency Communication Parking
57 58 59 60 61 62 66 73 74 75 77 80 81
Adverse Driving Condit ions Driver Condition Vehicle Condition Road Condition Traffic Condition Light Condition Weather Condition
85 86 87 88 89 90
Saudi Aramco Policy Reporting an Accident G.I. 6.030 Summary
91 92
Introduction Defensive Driving Defensive-driving principles and techniques are the cornerstones of the Driver Improvement Program. Defensive driving is an attitude or approach one adopts when operating a motor vehicle. It means driving so as to prevent accidents, regardless of the bad driving habits of others. The defensive driver maintains his vehicle in good running condition and is always prepared for the unexpected. He is always ready to yield the right-of-way to others, even when the right-of-way should be yielded to him. He always knows how to drive in adverse driving conditions, heavy traffic, and during emergencies. This handbook is intended as a quick reference of light and medium categories of 2x4, 4x4 vehicles and trucks. It also contains a section on off-road driving related mainly to deep desert driving focused on light and medium 4x4 trucks to cover navigation techniques with map and compass, GPS receivers, and natural phenomena. A summary of General Instruction 6.030 is included for the review of Company employees and others operating assigned or privately owned vehicles in Saudi Aramco communities. This manual is not the final word on defensive-driving principles and techniques. But in conjuction with the Driver Improvement Program, it hopefully will provide useful information for even the most experienced drivers. Defensive driving is everyone’s responsibility. Do your part in helping make our roads safe.
1
Driver Improvement Program According to Loss Prevention General Instruction 6.030, the Driver Improvement Program (DIP) is mandatory for all employees who drive Saudi Aramco vehicles. The program includes: • Instruction on driving in the Saudi Arabian environment. • Instruction on proper vehicle preparation and inspection. • Defensive-driving principles and techniques. • A written examination. • Individual driver counselling during and after an on-the road evaluation.
The program is divided into two sessions. The first session is a six-hour classroom discussion. The second one-hour session comprises an on-the road evaluation. DIP provides defensive-driving knowledge for new employees required to drive Saudi Aramco vehicles, Saudi Arab employees, contractor drivers, and employees involved in traffic violations or motor vehicle accidents (MVA). 1. Porto-clinic test (for heavy Truck Drivers/Operators) • Peripheral vision. • Visual acuity. • Field of vision. • Depth perception. • Reaction time. • Night vision. • Glare recovery.
This test was discontinued as a pre-requisite requirement for DIP effective 06/01/1999, however, it remains as an integral part of Heavy Equipment Drivers/Operators tests required for their certification program.
2
Saudi Aramco employees who fail DIP may be enrolled in the On-Road Make Up Driving Evaluation Course. After completing DIP, each employee must attend the Driver Improvement Refresher Seminar (DIRS) once every three years for reevaluating his driving authorization.
Driver Improvement Training & Testing Flow chart (BASED ON GI.6.030)
3
Vehicle Inspection Just as safe driving is the responsibility of each driver, so is the condition of the vehicle (Ref. GI-6.029). If your assigned vehicle is not safe to drive, it doesn’t matter how defensively you drive. You are an accident waiting to happen. If your vehicle has a mechanical defect, take it to Saudi Aramco Inspection immediately. Most Company vehicles are shared-use (pooled) vehicles. Many drivers operate them. Some drivers may not be as responsible as they should be. To control vehicle use and establish responsibility, vehicle log procedures are used. These procedures vary from one location to another, but most require the following entries: • Date. • Employee name and ID number. • Destination. • Time of departure. • Estimated time of return. • Mileage.
The Defensive Driver Always Tells Someone Where He is Going And When He Will Return
Odometer readings and other information may be required. Follow your department’s vehicle log procedure carefully.
4
Outside Your Vehicle Before driving anywhere, always do the following: • Check for and report, as necessary, any physical damage (dents, scratches) found. • Check that nothing is in front, behind, or under your vehicle. • Check the wiper blades for cuts and wear. • Check that your headlights, signal lights, and taillights are clean and work properly. • Check that your windows are clean and nothing blocks your vision. Clean the entire windshield. • Check that side mirrors are clean and not broken. Replace all defective mirrors. • Check that the tires are properly inflated. Proper inflation varies according to vehicle, suspension system, tire specifications, weather, and other factors. Your area Transportation Division or Loss Prevention Division can give you the correct tire pressure for your vehicle. Always keep your tires inflated to the correct pressure. Improperly inflated tires are the major cause of tire blowouts. Make it a habit to check the tires (including the spare) for proper inflation.
5
Under the Hood The defensive driver periodically checks the following items under the hood: •
Engine oil level.
•
Radiator coolant level (do not open the radiator cap until the engine is cool).
•
Drive belts are tight, not worn (they should not flex more than 1/2” when pressed by your thumb).
•
Battery condition.
•
Water level in windshield washer.
•
Clutch/brake fluid level.
Make a mental checklist of the above items to insure the mechanical integrity of your vehicle. Remember: the safe condition of your vehicle is your responsibility. You Are the Only One Who Knows If Something Is Wrong With Your Vehicle
6
Emergency and Special Equipment Emergencies require immediate action. In an emergency situation there is no time to search for needed equipment. The defensive driver has the right equipment for every emergency. Before driving, check that you have the following emergency equipment: • Spare tire. • Jack. • Tire wrench. • Two warning triangles. • Fire extinguisher (if it is part of your work equipment). Before driving on a long trip, check that you have the following emergency equipment: • Drinking water. • Hand tools. • Extra vehicle supplies (i.e., spark plugs, fan belt, radiator hoses). • Shovel.
F I R S AI D T
• Map. • Compass. • Oil. • First aid kit.
When driving in the desert, additional equipment is required. Refer to Desert Driving on page 62 - 64 for additional information and a checklist. Defensive Drivers Keep the Correct Equipment for Emergencies
7
Final Preparation After getting in your vehicle and firmly shutting the doors, do the following before you start driving: • Adjust the seat. • Check that the gauges work properly. •
Test the floor pedals.
•
Check the fuel gauge.
•
Test the horn.
Make Seat Belts a Habit
• Examine the headlights (low and high beams). • Check the indicator lights (especially the brake and seat belt indicators). • Check the rearview mirrors. Adjust if necessary. • Ensure that the windshield wipers work. • Fasten your seatbelt. Make sure all passengers have fastened their seat belts. Now that you have checked everything inside and out, you are ready to drive. • Make certain the parking brake is on. • Shift into park (automatic transmission) or neutral (manual transmission). • Start the engine. • With your foot on the brake, shift into gear. • Release the parking brake. • Drive cautiously. But before you release your parking brake and merge into traffic, you must know the traffic rules.
8
Traffic Rules Traffic rules are guides to safe driving, so they should be obeyed. Disobeying rules is a major cause of traffic accidents. Defensive drivers obey the rules of the road. By following them they insure the safety of everyone.
Speed Limits Speeding is the major cause of fatal accidents. The defensive driver slows down for conditions and never exceeds speed limits.
SPEED KILLS!
Unless otherwise posted, follow established speed limits: • 50 kph for vehicles within city limits. • 30 kph maximum speed in school zones. • 80 kph for heavy trucks outside city limits. • 100 kph for passenger vehicles outside city limits, or as posted. Note: Crew-cab trucks are not passenger vehicles. Always drive slower than posted speed limits when hazardous conditions exist (bad weather, poor visibility, at night, etc.). Speeding can result in wrecked vehicles, injuries, disabilities, and death. U.S. National Safety Council statistics show that if you are driving at 120 kph (75 mph) and have an accident, you are likely to suffer serious or even fatal injuries. You have a one in eight chance of being killed in an accident at 120 kph (75 mph). At 100 kph (65 mph) you have a one in 20 chance of being killed. At 90 kph (55 mph) your chances are one in 50.
9
Lane Usage Specific rules govern the use of traffic lanes. To avoid having an accident obey the following rules. Single-lane roads have one lane in each direction. Always
stay in the right lane unless you are overtaking another vehicle. Don’t move out of your lane unless it is safe to do so.
Do Not Weave from Lane to Lane
Double-lane roads allow two lanes of traffic in each direction.
Slower vehicles and vehicles turning right should drive in the right lane. Faster vehicles and vehicles turning left should travel in the left lane. Do not block the left lane. Multiple-lane roads allow three or more lanes of traffic in
each direction. Vehicles turning right, or driving slower, use the right lane. Vehicles driving straight ahead use the middle lane. You may drive in the left lane when passing, making a left turn, or when traffic is merging from the right. The Defensive Driver Makes Few Lane Changes
10
Pavement Markings Pavement markings show the following: • Where you should be on the road. • Where overtaking is restricted. • Where to wait to make a right turn. • Where and how to park (alternating yellow and black lines on curbing means no parking; alternating white and black lines on curbing means you can park). • Where parking is prohibited. • Where pedestrians may cross. • Where to stop at an intersection.
Observe Pavement Markings
11
Two white solid lines are used to indicate that you must not overtake another vehicle. A broken line next to a solid line indicates that the vehicle on the side of the broken line can overtake a vehicle when it is safe. The vehicle to the right of the solid line must not overtake.
The Centerline is Your Lifeline
12
On some highways a physical barrier divides the roads. These barriers are called median islands or highway dividers. It is illegal to cross a highway divider or median. An open space can also be a highway divider. Never cross any highway divider.
Never Cross a No-Passing Centerline
13
Traffic Lights Traffic lights control traffic at intersections. They are meant for your safety and the safety of others. Obey them. When the light is red, STOP behind the crosswalk or at the intersection. Wait until the light is green.
When the light is yellow, SLOW DOWN AND PREPARE TO STOP. The light will turn red in only three to five seconds.
When the light turns green, make sure the intersection is clear. You must first yield the right-of-way to traffic and pedestrians that are still in the intersection, then proceed cautiously. Go in the direction of the arrow (right or left). Always yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other vehicles. If there is no arrow you must wait until the red light changes to green. Go straight ahead only. Do not turn left or right.
14
A red flashing light means STOP! Then proceed with extreme caution. Treat it the same as a stop sign.
A yellow flashing light means SLOW DOWN, look both ways, then drive with caution. Treat it the same as a yield sign. If a traffic light is out of order, treat the intersection as you would a four-way stop sign (see Intersections, page 33). You may see flashing red/yellow lights at dangerous intersections.
Running a Red Light is the Quickest Road to an Accident
Learn and Follow Traffic Signals Language
15
Traffic Signs International traffic signs are used in Saudi Arabia to safely control the flow of traffic. They point out dangers and give important information about directions, destinations, and points of interest. There are three basic traffic signs: Warning Signs
Triangular signs are cautionary and advisory. They warn of approaching danger. Black symbols indicate the type of danger. Regulatory Signs
Circular signs are either prohibitory (red), which inform drivers of restrictions that must be obeyed; or mandatory (blue), which regulate traffic movement. Specific directions are indicated by symbols against a white or blue background. Informative Signs
Rectangular signs are informational. They tell you what you need to know, such as traffic direction, names and distances of towns, public service stations, hospitals, and telephones.
Help Stop Accidents: Observe Traffic Signs
16
Warning signs are placed beside the road to alert drivers of possible dangers ahead. Extreme caution and speed reduction must be applied upon the appearance of warning signs. The following are examples of common warning signs:
Children Crossing
Animal Crossing
Pedestrian Crossing
Dangerous Bends L-R
Railroad Crossing w/o Gate
Dangerous Bends R-L
Left Bend
Road Narrows
Crossroads
Road Works
17
Uneven Road
Right Bend
Railroad Crossing with Gate
Overhead Powerlines
Falling Rocks
Two-Way Traffic
Traffic Lights
Side Road from Left
Road Intersection
Side Road from Right
Airstrip
Intersection of Main & Side Roads
Road Narrows on One Side
Cyclists
18
Motor Vehicles Prohibited
No U Turn
No Parking
No Stopping or Waiting
No Left Turn
Traffic Rotary (Roundabout)
60
No Overtaking
Entry Prohibited
Speed Limit 60 KPH
Closed to all Vehicles in Both Directions
Stop
Buses Prohibited
STOP
19
DETOUR
P H
Detour
Telephone
Parking Allowed
First-Aid Center
Hospital
Bus Stop
Unified Traffic Direction
Priority is yours
20
Camping Ground
International Road
Repair Center
Closed Road or Dead End
Closed Road or Dead End
Restaurant
Closed Road or Dead End
Gas Station
21
Parking Prohibited and Parking Restricted Signs Parking is restricted during specific hours or days indicated on a plaque below this sign.
Parking and stopping are prohibited at all times.
One-Way Sign This arrow sign indicates streets where traffic is allowed to travel in one direction only.
One-way (L)
One-way (R)
Signs that End Special Prohibitions Imposed on Moving Vehicles These signs indicate that prohibitory signs do not apply. Examples of these signs would be for ending a speed limit or ending prohibition for overtaking.
Restricted Speed Limit Ends
End of 35-KM Speed Limit Zone
End of Overtaking Prohibited
End of Overtaking by Trucks Prohibited
22
Mandatory Movement Signs Mandatory movement signs indicate the direction of traffic movement to be followed at intersections. Pairs Pairs of arrows indicate that either direction is allowed.
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Mandatory Movement
Pass This Side Sign Pass Either Side Sign These signs are placed on an island or before an obstacle on the highway and it means that vehicles must pass on the side(s) side (s) of the island or obstacle as indicated by the arrow(s).
Pass this Side
Pass this Side
23
Pass Either Side
Diagrammatic Signs
24
Route M arkers
Distinctive route markers are used on the various categories of highways. Route numbers are assigned in accordance with the functional classification criteria of Highway Design Manual 1-1.05. 1. Expressway (Primary System) route markers carry route numbers imposed on the outline of the Arabian Peninsula, white on green with black Naskh style numerals. Primary routes have up to two digit numbers.
Primary Route
2. Secondary highways are numbered in three digits affixed on white on green marker.
Secondary Route
25
3. Feeders are numbered in four digit numerals as per graphic below.
Feeders
4. Kilometer Posting a. Kilometer signs installed on all classes of highways. Numbering runs from west to east and from south to north. b. Kilometer posting also will be used on ring roads (loops). c. On two-lane roads, a kilometer post is placed along the right shoulder only, but with ascending-descending kilometers on either side whichever is appropriate.
Secondary Route
Kilometer Post
26
Interchange Informative Signs
1. Interchange Informative signs, in proper sequence, give all necessary route and destination information through interchanges. New destination information is introduced into the major signs sequence for an interchange. 2. Interchange Informative signs may carry few sets of information, some of which would be: •
Next exit number
•
Primary or expressways
•
Secondary Highways, above
•
Next town name
•
Distance to next exit
27
Typical Interchange Numbering for Mainline and Ring Routes
28
Cloverleaf Interchange
29
Diamond Interchange
3 6 35
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
3 6 35
N (Arabic) S
23
(Arabic)
N (Arabic)
ARABIC ENGLISH ARABIC
23 S
23
ENGLISH
ARABIC ENGLISH
(Arabic)
OR
23
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH) S
(Arabic)
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
23
TOWN NAME (ARABIC) TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
EXIT 22 (Arabic) TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
12
456
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
(Arabic)
EXIT
EXIT 22 (Arabic) TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
456
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
1 km
(Arabic)
EXIT 22 (Arabic) TOWN NAME (ARABIC)
456
TOWN NAME (ENGLISH)
2 km
30
(Arabic)
Typical Interchange Numbering Where Expressw ay Routes Overlap
31
Series of Closely Spaced Interchanges Using Sequence Signs and Sign Spreading
32
Intersections Traffic moves in many directions at intersections. More accidents occur at intersections than any other place on the road. These accidents happen because some drivers don't obey traffic rules. Intersections may be regulated with signals, rotaries (roundabouts), yield, and stop signs. The following rules should be obeyed at intersections:
At intersections controlled by stop signs, stop your vehicle completely behind the crosswalk. Look left, look right, look left again, proceed cautiously. If there is a stop sign at a blind intersection, come to a complete stop at the sign. Stop at the line, and stop again at the edge of the barrier which hides the oncoming traffic. If the way is clear, then cross.
Slow Down Before Entering an Intersection STOP
View Blocked
Crossing a Blind Intersection
33
At intersections controlled by yield signs, the driver should slow down, check traffic on both sides, then proceed cautiously if it is safe. Stop for cross traffic. At intersections controlled by a policeman, always obey his commands. A policeman’s directions overrule traffic signs and signals. An uncontrolled intersection has neither traffic signs nor lights. To safely drive through, apply the following four-point rule: • KNOW your course. • SLOW down; be ready to react to any situation. • SHOW others your intentions. • GO cautiously. P O T S
When Four Vehicles Stop at the Same Time at a Four-way Intersection, Courtesy and Communication is the Rule
T S O P P T O S
S T O P
At a Four-Way Stop Intersection
At a four-way stop intersection, follow the rule, “first stop, first go.” When two vehicles stop at the same time, the driver on the left must be ready to yield to the driver on the right.
34
Are You Too Close?
You are at a safe stopping distance behind a vehicle at a traffic light if you can see that vehicle's rear tires.
Point of No Return at Traffic Signals Slow down gradually when you approach intersections regulated by traffic signals. Be aware of: • Stale Green Light: A stale green light is one which has been green for an unknown length of time. If it remains green while you approach the intersection, slow down more; the light will soon turn yellow. • Point of No Return: A marginal distance, six to ten meters from the stop line at an intersection. When the light turns yellow, you must decide whether to stop or proceed. If stopping will cause a collision with the vehicle behind, you should go through the intersection if it is clear of traffic.
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Turns Turns enable a driver to change direction at intersections, junctions, detours, or roundabouts. Drivers must prepare to turn ahead of time to avoid accidents resulting from last-second decisions. The following procedure is recommended to perform a safe turn:
Don’t Take a Turn for the Worse: Drive Safely
1. Position your vehicle in the appropriate lane a block ahead of the turn. • For right turns, stay in the right lane, 50 cm away from the curb. • For left turns on multi-lane roads, stay in the left lane. • On single-lane roads, stay close to the centerline. 2. Signal your intention to turn 35 meters in advance. Signalling may be done either by electric turn signals or by hand. 3. Slow down and check the blind spot on the turning side. 4. Turn cautiously at a comfortable radius; do not cut corners. 5. Finish the turn in the same lane that you started in. Study the following diagrams. They show the proper lanes to use when making turns.
Left Turn on Two-Way Street
Left Turn on One-Way Street
36
Right Turn
When signal devices do not work, use the following hand signals.
Stop Forearm Vertical
Left Turn Palm Down, Arm Extended
Missing a Turn is Better Than Missing the Rest of Your Life
Right Turn Palm and Arm Curved to the Right
37
Yielding the Right-of-Way The defensive driver always yields the right-of-way to others. To yield means to slow down or stop to allow other drivers to continue. You yield to avoid an accident. When making a left turn, yield the right-of-way to any vehicle approaching or already in the intersection.
This Vehicle has the Right-Of-Way
Yield the Right-of-Way to Vehicles on Your Right
The Defensive Driver Yields to Arrive Alive
38
Always yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles when they sound their sirens or flash their lights. Emergency vehicles include ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. Pull off to the right side of the road. If you are in the middle lane, wait until it is safe to pull off the road.
Always Yield to Emergency Vehicles
When backing up, always yield to other vehicles and pedestrians.
Pedestrians always have the right-of-way at intersections. They have the right-of-way even if the intersection is unmarked.
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Tailgating Following another vehicle too closely is called tailgating. Tailgaters usually want to pass because they are in a hurry. Stopping suddenly in front of a tailgater can cause an accident. To avoid tailgating accidents, do the following: • Don't tailgate. • Allow a safe following distance between you and the car ahead using the two-second rule (see the next page). • Be aware of your surroundings.
If you are being tailgated, do the following: • Slow down gradually. • Communicate your intentions to move right or left. • Tap your brake. Watch Your Back for Tailgaters
• Look in blind spot • Move to the right.
There should be one car length (6 meters) between you and the vehicle ahead for each 16 kilometers per hour speed you are travelling.
This rule only applies in ideal conditions. If the road is wet, or vision is poor, increase the distance between you and the vehicle ahead.
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Tw o-Second Rule The best way to determine if you are following a vehicle at a safe distance under normal driving conditions is to apply the two-second rule. Watch the vehicle ahead of you. When it passes a fixed reference point, say a telephone pole or a road sign, start counting, “one Two Seconds of Awareness thousand one, one thousand two.” is all it
If your vehicle reaches the same fixed point Takes to Avoid before you finish counting “one thousand on Accident two,” you are following the other vehicle too closely. Slow down. Use the two-second rule again, until you are following at a safe distance.
Application of the Two-Second Rule
The two-second rule only applies under ideal conditions and when you are travelling at a moderate speed. If the road is wet, or visibility is poor, increase your distance by counting for three, four, or more seconds.
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Passing or Overtaking a Vehicle Passing or overtaking a vehicle is a normal part of driving, but it can be dangerous. A misjudgment can cost you your life. Learn and apply the following rules. When passing or overtaking a vehicle always: •
Ask yourself if there is any reason for the driver next to you to turn left or move into your lane.
•
Stay back, using the two-second rule.
•
Check the traffic ahead. The left lane must be clear.
•
Turn on your left signal to show your intention.
•
Check the traffic behind. Use your mirrors.
•
Turn your head to check your blind spot to the left (on multilane roads).
•
Move into the left lane. Leave enough room for the vehicle you are passing.
•
Accelerate, but do not exceed the posted speed limit.
•
Warn the driver ahead by tapping your horn lightly, or flash your headlights at night (if needed).
•
Switch on your right turn signal. Do not return to the right lane until the vehicle you passed is visible in your rearview mirror.
•
After moving to the right lane, stop your turn signal.
•
Resume your normal driving speed.
Before Passing, Check Your Blind Spot
42
When being passed: • Decrease your speed. • Move as far to the right as you safely can to allow others to pass. Never pass a vehicle in the following situations: Do not pass on hilltops.
Figure 1
Do not pass on curves when your view is obstructed.
Never Pass on Hills or Curves
Figure 2
NEVER pass at intersections.
Figure 3
43
Do not pass where there are double lines or a “No Passing” sign.
Figure 4
Never pass where there is a solid line in your lane. Never Pass at Intersections Figure 5
Never pass within 30 meters of a railroad crossing.
Figure 6
Never pass a long row of vehicles.
Figure 7
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Defensive-Driving Techniques
Driving Errors Driving errors are the major cause of traffic accidents. There are four common categories of driving error: traffic violations, vehicle abuse, poor planning, and discourtesy. Traffic violations are the worst kind of driving error. The
defensive driver always obeys all traffic rules. Driving is a privilege, not a right. You will lose your driving privilege if you break the rules. Vehicle abuse includes driving aggressively, speeding, and
overloading the vehicle. It also includes using company vehicles for personal business. Always use company vehicles with respect and care. Poor planning often results in accidents. The defensive driver
always considers distance, speed limits, weather, and road conditions when planning a trip. By planning your trip ahead of time you avoid having to hurry. Discourtesy is a lack of respect for other drivers and
pedestrians. The safe driver is always courteous to others. He always gives other drivers the right-of-way, even when it should be given to him. The safe driver is like a public relations man. He projects a positive image. He does this by being courteous. Avoid these common driving errors. Obey all traffic rules. Never abuse your vehicle or your driving privilege. Always plan your trips well ahead of time. Allow enough time to complete your trip safely. And always be courteous to others. In addition to avoiding common driving errors, use the following defensive-driving techniques. By applying these techniques with the traffic rules you have learned, you greatly reduce the risk of having a traffic accident.
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Defensive-Driving Formula The defensive-driving formula consists of three simple steps: 1. See Danger Before it Happens
Develop the ability to see potential danger on the road before it happens. Constantly be on the lookout for accidents waiting to happen. Never assume that all is safe. Never assume that everything is all right. Never drop your guard. Stay alert! 2. Know What to do When a Dangerous Situation Arises
Each dangerous situation requires a specific response. The defensive driver learns the specific response for each situation so he can apply it when the time comes. 3. Take Corrective Action in Time
Never assume the attitude that “maybe the other driver will change his mind and do the right thing.” Never assume that “maybe nothing bad will happen.” Assume the worst scenario and then act in time, before it’s too late! Take corrective action: • See danger before it happens. • Know what to do. • Act quickly and decisively.
Never Drop Your Guard: Stay Alert
The Defensive Driver Plans Trips Ahead
46
Space-Cushion Technique The space-cushion technique consists of five key points: 1. Aim High in Steering. 2. Get the Big Picture. 3. Keep Your Eyes Moving. 4. Leave Yourself an Out. 5. Make Sure Others See You. Keep a Space-Cushion Around Your Vehicle
1. Aim High: Look far ahead while driving. Train your eyes
to see where your vehicle will be 15 seconds from now. In the city look one block ahead. On highways look 400 meters ahead.
Scan Ahead to Stay Alive
Look Far Ahead While Driving
47
2. Get the Big Picture: See more than just what’s in front of
your eyes. See the potential accident that lurks behind every corner and ahead of every vehicle.
Daydreaming and Driving Don’t Mix: Keep Your Eyes Moving to Get the Big Picture
Get the Big Picture
To get the big picture, first establish a safe following distance by using the two-second rule. A safe driving distance is the key to good visibility. Slow down in dense traffic. Concentrate on driving, not talking.
48
3. Keep Your Eyes Moving: This helps you get and keep the
big picture. Because traffic is constantly moving, your eyes should too. Glance continuously to the right and left, near and far. Glance at your mirrors every five to eight seconds. Occasionally glance at the instrument panel. Avoid “fixed stare”: visually concentrating too long on one object. To avoid affecting your peripheral vision, do not stare at any fixed object for more than two seconds.
Avoid “Fixed Stare” Keep Your Eyes Moving
Look in the Rearview Mirrors Every five to eight Seconds
49
4. Leave Yourself an Out: Have an escape path available
should an emergency arise. Always keep an open area of space, a “space-cushion,” around your vehicle.
Don’t be Cornered into an Accident: Leave Yourself an Out Leave Yourself an Out
5. Make Sure Others See You: Use your lights, horn, vehicle
position, hand signals, body movements, and eye contact. Let other drivers know what you intend to do. By letting others know what you intend to do, you can avoid accidents. For example, tap your horn to let inattentive pedestrians know you are turning.
Make Sure Others See You
50
Perception, Reaction, Braking, and Total Stopping Distance The time required to identify a situation is called perception time. Perception time can vary according to visibility, the intensity of the situation, and the driver's condition. The distance covered by a vehicle during this time is called perception distance. Reaction Time is the amount of time a driver needs to react
to an emergency situation. The average reaction time is 3/4 of a second. The distance covered during reaction time is called the reaction distance. Braking Distance is the ground a vehicle covers between the
time the brakes are applied until it stops. Factors affecting braking distance include speed, the condition of brakes and tires, road surface, weather, vehicle load, etc. Stopping Distance is the total of reaction and braking
distances. Reaction, braking, and stopping distances increase with an increase in speed. See chart on page 52. Stopping distance involves three steps: 1. Identify the situation. 2. React safely. 3. Stop your vehicle. Each step takes adequate time. You’ll be surprised how much distance you cover.
See chart (2) on page 52
51
The Higher the Speed the Longer the Braking Distance
Total stopping distance is the ground a vehicle covers from the instant that the driver perceives a danger until the vehicle is totally stopped. The perception, reaction, braking, and total stopping distance will be adversely affected by speed. See the chart below. REACTION DISTANCE (2)
SPEED
KPH MPH
BREAKING DISTANCE (2)
STOPPING DISTANCE (1+2)
Meter
Foot
Meter
Foot
Meter
Foot
35
20
7
22
6-7
18-22
12-13
40-44
40
25
9
28
8-9
25-31
16-18
53-59
50
30
10
33
11-14
36-45
21-24
69-78
60
35
12
39
14-18
47-58
26-30
86-97
65
40
13
66
20-24
64-80
33-38
108-124
75
45
15
50
25-31
82-103
40-47
132-153
85
50
17
55
32-40
105-131
46-54
160-186
90
55
19
61
40-50
132-165
59-69
193-226
100
60
20
66
49-62
162-202
69-82
228-268
110
65
22
72
60-75
196-245
82-97
286-317
120
70
24
77
72-90
237-295
97-113
314-372
Chart (1): Reaction, Braking, and Stopping Distance
Defensive Driving is Everyone’s Responsibility: Including Yours! 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
1
KM 5
6
7
Stopping Distance 6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Reaction Distance 8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
8
9
0
1
8
9
0
M 8
PER PER 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HR 5
6
7
5
6
5
4
3
2
1
SEC
15
+ 5
6
7
8
5
6
7
8
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
10
9
0
1
2
3
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
16 8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
1
35
50
65
20
7
10
16
18
28
32
Braking Distance 9
Speed and Stopping Distances
Total Stopping Distances with Perfect Brakes on Best Road and Under Favorable Conditions. 8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
6
7
8
9
0
5
6
7
8
9
0
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
4
5
6
7
8
48
Reaction Distance 1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
Braking Distance 8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
25
9
0
1
2
3
18
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
22
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
29
9
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
26
6
1
34
9
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
85
100
120
45
72
97
63
94
123 3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Remember: These distances are for good brakes and good road surfaces. Increase your distance if roads are wet or slippery. 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Chart (2): Stopping Distance
52
Types of Accidents to Avoid Six common situations hold the potential for vehicle accidents: • Vehicles ahead of you. • Vehicles behind you. • Passing a vehicle. • When being passed.
Avoid the Six Common Accident Situations
• Oncoming vehicles. • Vehicles at intersections. Vehicles Ahead of You: The defensive driver doesn’t tailgate.
Always allow a safe following distance between you and the vehicle ahead by applying the two-second rule. Refer to the Two-Second Rule section on page 41. Vehicles Behind You: A tailgating driver could cause an
accident that involves you. To avoid this: • Signal early when turning or changing lanes. • Flash your brake lights ahead of time to warn other drivers that you may have to slow down or stop. • Carefully move to the right to let him pass. Passing a Vehicle: Overtaking and passing can be done safely
when conditions are ideal. To pass safely, ensure that: • Passing is legal. • Conditions are good. • There are no oncoming vehicles. • There is enough room to pass safely. • No vehicle is trying to pass you.
53
When Being Passed: The defensive driver should always
expect others to pass him. To reduce the possibility of an accident in this situation, the driver should: • Stay to the right side of his lane. • Travel at moderate speeds. • Frequently glance in the rearview mirrors. • Check the blind spots before turning or changing lanes. • Allow the passing vehicle to return to the right lane. Oncoming Vehicles: Collisions with oncoming vehicles are
particularly deadly. Do the following to avoid head-on collisions: • Slow down for better control. • Always watch the traffic condition at a good distance ahead. • Use your lights and horn as necessary to warn dozers. • If they show no response, glance over your right shoulder, and go off the right side of the road. Never drive off to the left. Vehicles at Intersections: More accidents occur at
intersections than anywhere else. Avoid this accident situation by doing the following: When turning right: Accidents Happen at Intersections Due to Driver’s Errors
• Get in the far right of the road or get in the right lane well in advance. • Flash the right turn signal at least 30 meters before the turn. • Allow 50 cm between your vehicle and the curb. This will discourage other drivers from squeezing between you and the curb.
54
• Be sure you have the right-of-way and there is no cross traffic. • Check both ways and any blind spots. When going straight through intersections: • Be sure you have the right-of-way. • Slow down and prepare to stop. • Count two seconds before moving when the light turns green. • Look left (traffic coming from the left is closest), look right, and then look left again. • Accelerate through the intersection when it is safe. When turning left: • Get in the left lane well in advance. • Turn on the left signal at least 35 meters before the turn. • Stop and yield the right-of-way to cross traffic and oncoming vehicles. • Turn when it is safe.
Passing and Overtaking is a Normal Part of Driving, but It Must be Done Carefully.
55
Safe-Driving Tips A defensive driver is always prepared for the unexpected. He develops skills in avoiding accidents. He is always expected to do the following: •
Fasten his seat belt and encourage passengers to do the same.
•
Plan his route before driving anywhere.
•
Anticipate all turns.
•
Avoid unnecessary lane changes.
•
Adjust his speed according to the flow of traffic and the road conditions.
•
Yield the right-of-way to others.
•
Constantly show others his intentions and communicate as situations arise.
•
Maintain a space-cushion.
•
Slow down before driving into a curve.
•
Keep both hands on the steering wheel and steer high.
•
Make courtesy a habit.
Go with the Flow
To avoid rear-end collisions, the defensive driver should routinely do the following: •
Check that his tail lights are working properly.
•
Frequently glance at his rearview mirrors.
•
Always signal well in advance.
•
Never stop suddenly. Slow down gradually.
•
Avoid driving too slowly. Go with the flow of traffic.
56
Driving Situations City Driving City driving requires different skills than those used when driving in the desert or on a highway. So keep the following in mind: •
Always watch for vehicles coming out of side streets.
If You Don't Notice Drivers in Parked Vehicles, It Doesn't Mean there are None
•
Always watch for vehicle doors opening.
•
Be patient when driving in slow-moving traffic.
•
Always watch for pedestrians and children.
•
Always plan your trip ahead of time.
•
Do not concentrate on non-traffic related objects.
57
Expressw ay Driving Most expressways provide acceleration and deceleration lanes. These lanes allow drivers to adjust their speed to match the flow of traffic. When exiting an expressway: •
Signal your intention.
•
Move to the lane nearest the off-ramp.
•
Pull into the exit before slowing down.
When entering an expressway:
Backing up on an Expressway is Suicidal
•
If the outer lane is clear, increase your speed gradually.
•
Use your signal.
•
Watch for an opening in expressway traffic.
•
Yield the right-of-way.
•
Pick up your speed to match the flow of traffic.
•
Do not stop at the end of the acceleration lane unless traffic is heavy.
•
Merge with traffic through the outer lane.
•
If you need to get in the inner lane, signal, view your mirrors, look into the blind spot, then change lanes.
58
General Rules for Highway Driving •
Always fasten your seat belt.
•
Plan your trip in advance so you will If You Can’t know where you want to get on and Reach off. Your Exit
•
Go with the flow of traffic.
•
Do not follow vehicles too closely. Always leave yourself an out in case of an emergency.
•
Drive in the right lanes and pass on the left.
•
Use your rearview mirrors to check the traffic behind you.
•
Pull over to the right shoulder to stop. Never stop on the road.
•
Allow enough room when passing.
•
Never try to flag or stop traffic. If you do, you may be hit by a passing vehicle.
•
Stay out of blind spots.
•
Constantly check your speed and fuel supply.
•
Be prepared for merging traffic.
59
Safely, Drive on to the Next One
Night Driving At night your vision is reduced. The average range of your headlights is limited to 150 meters. Because of this you must reduce your speed to avoid an accident. There is also the problem of the blinding glare. Don’t look directly into oncoming headlights. Look to the right side of the road. Defensive drivers use the low beam to avoid blinding other drivers. Always dim your headlights: • When an oncoming vehicle comes within 150 meters. • When you are 90 meters behind a vehicle.
Use High Beam Only When Driving in Open Areas Without Other Cars Near
Always Use Low Beam When Approaching Other Cars so as Not to Blind the Driver
Always: •
Turn your headlights on half an hour before sunset.
•
Use your lights until half an hour after sunrise.
•
Apply the four second rule to ensure stopping capability within the lighted span.
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Slow Down at Night
Safety Tips for Night Driving •
When you begin to feel tired or sleepy, park on the side of the road to rest.
•
Keep your eyes moving to avoid dangerous “fixed stare.”
•
Never wear sunglasses at night.
•
Use your headlights, not your parking lights.
•
Use your high beam only when you are driving outside cities and there are no oncoming vehicles or vehicles ahead of you.
•
Even with your high beam on, drive slower than you would during the day.
If an oncoming driver has high beams on, take these actions to avoid being blinded by the glare of those headlights: •
If the car is far enough away, flick your high beams on briefly to remind the oncoming driver to dim his lights.
•
If the oncoming driver continues to use high-beam lights, slow down and glance at the right edge of the road as a guide for your lane position.
•
Glance ahead frequently to check the position of oncoming traffic. Do not look directly at the bright headlights.
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Desert Driving Desert driving is extremely dangerous. The smallest mistake can lead to disaster. You must know preparation procedures and safety guidelines. Inexperienced drivers should know of the dangers before leaving and take necessary precautions. Remember: safety is a personal responsibility.
Vehicle Checklist When driving in the desert use a four-wheel drive. Never drive alone. Always travel with two or more vehicles. Preparation for desert driving requires a thorough vehicle check: • Fuel: Make sure you have enough fuel to reach and return from your destination. Carry extra fuel in a vapor-tight metal can. Never fill it completely. Leave room for the fuel to expand. Ensure that vehicles have extra fuel tanks. • Sand Tires: Check for cuts and wear. Check for proper inflation. Before driving in soft sand, lower the pressure 12 to 16 psi. Always use a pressure gauge. • Oil: Check the oil level; check for oil leaks (filter, gaskets, oil pan, etc.). • Cooling System: Check the radiator water level. Make sure the cap is tight. Check for leaks in the radiator, hoses, and engine block. Also check that the fan belts are tight and not cracked. • Electrical System: Check the following items: battery electrolyte level, battery cables, lights, starter, horn, and dashboard gauges. Make sure the engine runs smoothly.
A Mistake in the Desert Can be Fatal
• Undercarriage: Inspect for broken springs or loose parts.
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Supply Checklist After inspecting the vehicle, run through a checklist of supplies. The amount of supplies you will need is determined by the length of your trip. Following is a partial list: • Compass Compass for map reading, reading, GPS, GPS, or cell phone if avail available able.. • Map or a guide. • Water (five (five gallons gallons or 30 liter literss in summer summer,, and 15 15 liters liters in in winter per day, per person, with a minimum of a three-day three-d ay extra supply per person for emergencies). • Food (canned (canned or or dried, dried, not fresh fresh;; omit omit salty salty food items). items). • Can opener opener,, salt, salt, plasti plasticc or glass glass containe containerr for drinking. drinking. • First First-ai -aid d kit wit with h approp appropri riate ate medi medicin cines. es. • Pressur Pressuree bandag bandages, es, anti antisept septic ic loti lotion, on, and and other other suita suitable ble medicines. • Iodine Iodine or bleach bleach to disinfec disinfectt water water (five (five drops drops of iodine iodine for for each quart of clear water, 10 drops for dirty water, and let is stand for 30 minutes; 10 drops of bleach for each quart of clear water, 20 drops for dirty water, and let it stand for 30 minutes). • Two spare pare tires. es. • Lug Lug wre wrenc nch h for for chan changi ging ng tires. • Hydr Hydrau auli licc and and bump bumper er jacks.
Driving in the Desert? Don’t Forget Your Compass and Map
• Air an and fu fuel pumps umps.. • LowLow-pr pres essu sure re tir tiree gaug gauge. e. • Fan Fan belt belt,, radia radiator tor hoses, hoses, and band band clamp clamps. s. • Tool box contai containin ning g basi basicc tool tools. s. • Elect Electric rical al wire wire and and jumper jumper cable cables. s. • Water ater pump, carbur carbureto etorr, distribut distributor or (includ (including ing breaker breaker points) for older vehicles.
63
• Condenser. • Spar Spark k plu plugs gs and and wre wrenc nch. h. • Hose Hose 1/4” 1/4” x 8 met meter erss lon long. g. • Hand Hand pump pump for blowi blowing ng out gas lines. lines. • Frict Friction ion tape tape to to repa repair ir hose hose leak leaks. s. A Trip to the Desert Begins By Signing Out at the Main Gate
• CO2 fire extinguisher. • Shovel. • Sand Sand grat grates es (two (two mini minimu mum) m)..
• Nylon Nylon tow tow rope rope 20-met 20-meter er x 1” dia diamet meter er shack shackles les.. • One One lit liter er of engi engine ne oil. oil. • Wooden ooden blocks blocks (to (to put put under under vehicl vehiclee frame frame and and on sand to jack it out of a hole in the sand). • Sungl Sunglass asses, es, hat hat or hel helmet met,, tie rope ropess or twine twine.. • Signal flares. • Cotton Cotton shirt shirt (lon (long-s g-sle leeve eved) d) and and trou trouser sers. s. • Comfo omfort rtaable ble sho shoees. • Sleep Sleeping ing bag for overni overnight ght travel travel.. • Large-m Large-mouth outhed ed containe containers rs (four (four plastic plastic buckets). buckets). • Clot Clothe hesp spin inss (wo (wood oden en). ). • Tarpaulin arpaulin for prote protectio ction n from from the the sun (bright (bright color color). ). • Four large large plast plastic ic sheets sheets and 1/4” 1/4” nylon hose, 2 meters meters long. Driving on deflated tires in sand will shorten their life service.
Desert driving increases fuel consumption by 64% compared with on-road driving.
Loading the vehicle top will increase the possibility to over turn it.
64
0 c m
0 i n
1
0 . 5
2 1
3
1 . 5
4
5
2
6 0 3 3
2 . 5
3 0
0 0 3
6 0
0 4 2
1 2 0
1 5 0
0 1 2
4 1 0
TOKYO COMPASS
JAPAN
Do Not Drive in the t he Desert Desert W ithout it hout a Compas Compass s
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Navigation How to Use a Map-Reading Compass for Navigation A map-reading compass has a special function for using it with a map. It provides higher accuracy than a conventional pocket, wrist, or dashboard compass.
Figure 1
General Knowledge for Using a Compass Geographical North (Map North), Magnetic North and Variation (Declination)
Ordinarily we use the words "north," "south," etc., unconcernedly. However, we must realize there are two kinds of north; i.e., geographical north and magnetic north. Geographical north is established geographically. The circles of longitude of a map are drawn in correlation to the geographical poles, and the lines show the direction of the geographical north. The direction of these lines is different from the direction the magnetic needle points to. On an ordinary map, up is the direction of geographical north and
66
down is geographical south. The right and left sides of the map are east and west, respectively. The magnetic poles are close to the geographical poles, but are not coincidental. The angle between the straight lines pointing from the place of observation to the geographical poles and magnetic North Pole is called variation or declination of the place. The variation differs from place to place in the world. The lines of equal variation are very irregular; however, an area topographical map gives the local variation. (Refer to Figure 2) To get the geographically correct degree of a direction, you must either subtract or add the local variation, depending on which side of the zero declination line you are on. To obtain a true map bearing, read the bearing on your compass. If the local Figure 2 variation is western, subtract the variation from the reading; if it is eastern, add it to the reading. However, it is more practical for you to use the bearing you get when you set the magnetic north as 0 . °
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How to Use a Map Reading Compass How to Maintain the Direction of an Object
Suppose you can see an object like a communication pole. If you can see the pole while you are walking, there is no problem. However, on the way to the pole you may have to go through wadis or high hills where you cannot see the pole. In such cases, you may lose the direction of the pole and need your compass to find it. 1. Before you start walking, hold your compass as level as possible and point the arrow on the scale to the direction of the pole. 2. Turn the rotating ring and put N (0 ) in the direction of the N end (the luminous end) of the magnetic needle. °
3. Read the bearing at the index line. This is the bearing of the pole. Keep this bearing until you reach a place from where you can clearly see the pole again. For instance, in Figure 3 the direction of the object is 320 . (To express it exactly, you must adjust the local variations as explained. However, as long as you understand the meaning of variation, you can say the direction of the object is 320 from magnetic north.) °
0 2 3
°
Figure 3
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How to Reach the Destination Shown on a M ap Find your present location, the direction of the destination, and magnetic north. 1. First, spread the map and draw directional lines of magnetic north according to the variation given on the map. For drawing lines, use the sides of the compass or a ruler. If the variation of the place is 5 western, subtract 5 from 360 and set the bearing graduation 355 to the index line. Then make the arrows in the compass capsule parallel to the northsouth line of the map (longitude line or up-down frame lines of the map) without moving the rotating ring, and draw a line as shown in Figure 4. °
°
°
°
2. Find your present location and your destination on the map and draw a straight line between these two places. Place your compass on the line so the index line (arrow mark) points to the destination. Figure 4 Draw several lines parallel to the first magnetic north line you drew.
3. Then, turn the rotating ring and make the arrows in the compass capsule parallel to the magnetic north lines you drew in step 1. (At this stage you do not have to mind the position of the magnetic needle.)
Next, hold your compass and turn yourself slowly until the north end (the luminous end) of the magnetic needle is parallel to the arrows in the compass capsule.
69
Figure 5
Now proceed in the direction the arrow of the travel line points. Keep the magnetic needle parallel to the arrows of the compass capsule. Go in this direction until you reach the destination. When you arrive at the first destination, repeat the same procedure. Repeat the procedure until you reach your final destination. While you are proceeding toward the destination, you have to make sure of the direction by looking at your compass. Go as straight as possible. If the deviation to the right or left of the correct course is large, the error at your goal becomes even larger.
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Finding your Location on the M ap Locate yourself on a high point from where any two distinctive features of the landscape are visible. The two distinctive features must be shown on the map. Suppose you can see mountain A on the left and communication pole B on the right side. Point the index line (arrow) toward mountain A. Then, turn the rotating ring and set "N" of the dial to the north end of the compass needle. Place the compass on the map and adjust the map so that the magnetic north line on the map becomes parallel to the magnetic needle and the NS lines in the compass capsule. Keeping that state, slide the compass on the map until one side of the scale points to the mountain A on the map. Then, draw a line as shown in Figure 6.
Plan Your Trip Carefully so You do Not Get Lost in the Desert
Figure 6
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Then, turn towards communication pole B and repeat the same procedure. The point of intersection of these two straight lines is your present location on the map (Figure 7).
Figure 7
Flashlights or Flares are Handy to Signal with at Night
Mirages or Shamals may Hide Important Geographical Features
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Car Breakdown and Other Emergencies If your car breaks down or is stuck in sand or subkha, stay close by it. It is a large object that can be easily located by search teams. Signalling to Rescuers
Some of the signals used to attract the attention of rescuers are: • Lighting a fire by using a mixture of engine oil and 20% gasoline. • Burning a tire or bushes. • Using the internal rearview mirror of the car to signal to aircraft, other distant motorists, or beduins. • Spreading the colored (bright) tarpaulin 2 meters from the car. • Make sure the airplane pilot sees you before you start signalling the following:
Ground-To-Air Signal Code
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Before Leaving the Road Before leaving the road and driving into the desert, always establish your location. Look for landmarks (such as jebels or pipelines). Mark them down on your map or in a notebook as you pass them. Also note the sun and wind direction. The desert wind usually blows from the north. Always check weather conditions before beginning your trip. Never travel in windy or wet weather. Never drive off-road at night. This is the quickest way to get lost or have an accident. When stuck in the sand:
• Engage second gear low range before leaving the road.
Never Drive Off-Road at Night
• Take everybody out of the vehicle if your vehicle gets stuck in sand, and make them push. • Have the driver (the lightest person) apply power slowly. Be careful not to spin the wheels. • Determine which direction has firmer ground (forward or backward). If the vehicle remains stuck:
• Lower tire pressure to 15 psi. (Use automatic tire deflators.) • Dig sand away from front, back, and sides of tires (don’t dig too deep). • Stuff material (bushes, boards, or sand mat) under the wheels in the direction you will go. • Lighten the load by removing cargo. • It is always preferred to back up if the sand is softer ahead. Another method, if you are travelling with a second vehicle, is to use a tow line. Be careful the second vehicle doesn’t travel too closely. You don’t want it to get stuck too!
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When Lost in the Desert The first thing you should do is park on high ground. Don’t continue driving. Don’t panic. Do not abandon the vehicle and walk away. Vehicles are easier to spot in the desert than a walking person. Soak the spare tire in kerosene and light it. (Don’t use gasoline only; mix it with oil because gasoline is dangerous.) The black smoke will alert the search team of your location. Drink plenty of water and rest in the shade. Remain fully clothed to minimize sweating. If you are stuck overnight, make water traps to collect extra drinking water (four traps per person). Making a Water Trap
• Dig a hole 12 to 18 inches deep. • Place a wide-mouthed receptacle in the hole.
Lost in the Desert? Don’t Walk Away from Your Vehicle
• Stretch a plastic sheet across the hole, staking it down with rocks or sand. Make sure it is taut. • Place a small rock over the receptacle to create a slight sag in the plastic sheet. • Place one end of a hose in the bottom of the bucket. Fasten it to the bucket side with a clothes-pin. Keep the other end of the hose closed to prevent entry of dust and insects. During the night, condensation will create drops of water that fall in the receptacle. Make several water traps.
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Checking Before Leaving and After Returning Before beginning a desert trip, all Saudi Aramco employees must notify their supervisor(s) of their destination, their estimated time of arrival and return. For work trips you must sign out in the Industrial Security log at the nearest main gate. Sign in the same log upon returning. For recreational trips, inform the main gate and a good friend. Provide both with a map of where you intend to go and the time you expect to return. When you leave the desert and return to the road: • Disengage the front-wheel drive. • Remove the automatic deflators, if any. • Reinflate the tires to the designated psi. • Report to the main gate. • Notify your supervisor and friends. • Fill out designated Saudi Aramco forms if vehicular damages occurred. • Take the vehicle to the repair shop and use a replacement vehicle temporarily.
Never Drink Water from a Radiator: Coolant is Poisonous
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Emergencies An emergency situation can occur at any time. As a defensive driver, you must know what to do in an emergency. • Accelerator Sticks
Concentrate on your steering. Slap the pedal with your foot. If it remains stuck, shift to neutral and turn off the engine. Pull off the road and brake to a stop. • Brakes Fail
Pump the pedal several times to see if the pressure builds up. If it doesn’t, coast in gear and use the parking brake. Shift into a lower gear. If you are on a hill, look for something to sideswipe, like a guardrail. Honk your horn to warn pedestrians and other vehicles. • Wet Brakes
After driving through deep water, test the brakes lightly. If they are wet, they will pull to one side or not work at all. Drive slowly in low gear. Apply your brakes lightly to If Your Tire Blows Out, dry them. Don’t Brake… Decelerate Gradually
• Tire Blowout
If your tire blows out, keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. Don’t brake! Concentrate on steering. Slow down gradually and pull off the road. • Wheels Go Off the Pavement
Take your foot off the gas pedal. Hold the steering wheel firmly. Apply the brakes softly. Wait until there is no traffic, then turn both front wheels onto the pavement slowly. • Skidding
Skidding occurs when the tires lose their grip on the road. When your vehicle skids, turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. Do not apply the brake or clutch pedal. Reduce speed gradually.
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• Rollovers
Rollovers may occur when vehicles are forced off the road into the sand. The vehicle rolls over when the driver tries to drive back onto the road without slowing down. If you find yourself off the road, take your foot off the accelerator. Let the vehicle coast. Do not brake! Steer straight. • Hydroplaning
Hydroplaning occurs when water builds up on the tires. The vehicle is lifted off the road on a film of water. The driver does not have complete control of the vehicle. Drive slowly in heavy rain to avoid hydroplaning. Steer Clear of Accidents: Learn What to do in an Emergency At low speeds, a tire cuts through water at tire-road juncture, and remains in complete contact with the road.
At speeds above 50 kph, a water wedge may penetrate tire-road contact and partial hydroplaning occurs.
At speeds above 90 kph, a water wedge may increase and the tire loses complete contact with the road, causing total hydroplaning.
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• Vehicle Approaching in Your Lane
Steer to the right side of the road. Give the entire lane to the oncoming car. Sound your horn and flash your headlights. If you cannot leave your lane, brake sharply. This will lessen the impact if there is a collision. • Fire
If your vehicle catches fire, there is probably a short circuit. Try to extinguish the fire with your fire extinguisher. Use a jack handle or other tool to rip out burning wires. If you don’t have a tool, try to smother the fire with sand or a blanket. If the fire gets out of control, get away from the vehicle quickly. The gas tank may explode. Use good judgment. Personal safety comes first.
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• Emergency Communication
If your vehicle breaks down, use the emergency flashing lights to signal other drivers. Emergency flashing lights tell other drivers that you can't move, or if you can, you are moving very slowly. It is not safe to open the hood or trunk cover. Instead, turn on your four-way or emergency flashers. In fog or heavy rain, if visibility is so poor that driving is dangerous, pull off the road and park. Turn on your four-way flashers to warn others that your vehicle is not moving. When you think a tire is punctured, or the dashboard indicators signal engine failure, turn on your four-way flashers, reduce your speed gradually, and firmly move out of traffic toward the right shoulder of the road. Keep the flashers on after placing the warning triangles.
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Parking A vehicle doesn’t have to be moving to cause an accident. Improperly parked vehicles can cause accidents and even death. When parking, do the following: • Brin g y ou r v eh icl e to a complete stop. A Vehicle Doesn’t Have • Set the parking brake. to be Moving to • Turn your wheels toward the Cause an Accident sidewalk shoulder if you are parking downhill, and away from it if you are parking uphill. • Switch off the ignition. • Shift into park (automatic transmission) or first gear or reverse (manual transmission). • Remove your keys. • Lock the doors. Emergency Parking
In addition to following the above steps during an emergency parking situation, you must do the following: On two-way roads:
• Move your vehicle at least 2 meters away from the road. • Place one warning triangle 50 meters in front of the vehicle. • Place another warning triangle 100 meters behind the vehicle. On multi-lane roads:
• Place two warning triangles behind the vehicle: one at 10 meters, and another at 100 meters. • Don’t forget to retrieve the rear triangles on the road before moving your vehicle.
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Parallel Parking Contrary to what some people think, parallel parking is easy. Practice the following steps.
• Stop even with the vehicle ahead (about 60 cm away).
•
Turn the wheels sharply to the right and back slowly toward the vehicle behind.
Never Leave Your Vehicle Without Setting the Parking Brake
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• When your front door passes the back bumper of the vehicle ahead, straighten the wheels and continue straight back.
• When clear of the vehicle ahead, turn the wheels sharply to the left and back up slowly.
• Turn the wheels sharply to the right and pull toward the curb.
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Never Park:
• Next to any vehicle parked along a curb. (double park) • On a sidewalk. • In an intersection. • Where you obstruct traffic or entrances of garages. • On a bridge or overpass. • In a tunnel. • On railroad tracks. • Where signs prohibit parking. • Within 5 meters of a fire hydrant. • Within 6 meters of a fire station driveway. • Within 10 meters of a stop sign. • Near street excavation. • On highways. Move your vehicle off the road.
It is Against the Law to Double Park
Sidewalks are for Pedestrians, Not Vehicles: Don’t Park on Sidewalks
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Adverse Driving Conditions Most accidents are caused by driver error. This is particularly true when driving under adverse conditions. But even under the most adverse conditions (rain, fog, shamal, etc.), it is possible to drive safely.
Driver Condition The most important factors affecting safe driving are the physical, mental, and emotional condition of the driver. An alert and physically fit driver is able to respond to any situation. Never drive when you are tired or sleepy. If you are sleepy, pull off the side of the road and rest. Never drive when you are taking prescription drugs that cause drowsiness. Read instructions regarding possible side effects.
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Always take into consideration any physical impairments you may have. These include old age, poor vision, and disease. If you suffer from a physical impairment, consult your physician before driving.
Vehicle Condition The condition of your vehicle affects your ability to control it. It also affects your ability to see other drivers and pedestrians. Like the driver, the vehicle should be in excellent condition. When your vehicle has a mechanical defect, take it to a mechanic immediately. Never drive a vehicle that has faulty brakes. Never drive in the rain or fog if your windshield wipers are not working properly. Never drive if you have a defective muffler. It could cause your vehicle to fill with carbon monoxide, which will kill you. Make sure your tires are properly inflated and not worn. Defective tires cause skidding and blowouts.
The Condition of Your Vehicle Affects Your Ability to Control it
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Make sure your turn signal and headlights work properly. They affect both your vision and your ability to signal other drivers of your intentions. Make sure your horn works. In an emergency situation, you may need to sound a warning. Make sure the seat belts are in good condition. The defensive driver always fastens seat belts and enforces their use. Don’t Become Another Statistic: Keep Your Vehicle in Excellent Condition
Road Condition The condition of the road affects your ability to steer the vehicle. It also affects your ability to stop. Poor weather is the biggest factor affecting road condition. The defensive driver always adjusts his speed to the road surface condition. When the road surface is wet and slippery, decrease your speed. Posted speed limits are for ideal conditions only. Watch out for potholes and dips in the road surface. If you hit a pothole or dip too hard, you could misalign your front wheels or even lose control of your vehicle. Speed must be reduced when roads are: • Curved (bends, detours, and cloverleaf interchanges). • Undergoing maintenence or repair. • Uneven, rocky, or sandy. • About to become narrow. • Intersecting with railroads or bridges. • Fitted with speed bumps or rumble strips.
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Traffic Condition Traffic condition is determined by the number of other drivers on the road. It is also determined by the number of pedestrians. The amount of traffic depends on the time of day and the day of the week. Traffic is heavier during the morning and afternoon when people are going to and coming from work. When possible, avoid rush traffic. Remember: the more traffic, the greater the risk of an accident. If you are unable to avoid driving during rush traffic, plan your route to avoid heavily congested streets (feeders). When in heavy traffic, go with the flow. This means conforming to the pace of the traffic around you. If you drive faster or slower than the vehicles around you, you cause The Defensive Driver additional passing. Additional Avoids Rush Traffic passing increases the chance of an accident.
S T O P
P S T O
In Heavy Traffic Go with the Flow
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Light Condition The light condition affects your ability to see and be seen. Night driving is particularly dangerous. See Night Driving on page 60 for safe-driving techniques for nighttime driving. When driving in too much light, such as driving directly in the morning sun, wear sunglasses or use your sun visor.
Also remember that when you have difficulty seeing other drivers, they have difficulty seeing you. So take extra precautions. Take care so others can see you. Switch your headlights on at dusk and at dawn.
Always Reduce Your Speed at Night
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Weather Condition Bad weather includes rain, fog, and sandstorms. When your vision is reduced to 300 meters or less during the daytime because of bad weather, you should turn on your low-beam headlights.
Slow Down in Bad Weather When the weather is very bad, it is best not to drive at all. If you must drive, reduce your speed. Always be prepared to make an emergency stop. Always watch for red taillights. Do not drive with your flashers on. Turn your low-beam lights on in fog. If you are on the road and the weather gets worse, pull over and wait.
Never Drive Faster Than is Safe Under Existing Conditions
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Saudi Aramco Policy Reporting an Accident If you are involved in, or become aware of, a traffic accident, contact the nearest main gate. Use the telephone numbers listed below. If you do not have access to a telephone, send someone in person to the main gate. Dhahran
874-2055
Abqaiq
572-5291
Ras Tanura
673-5231
Safaniya
378-3301
‘Udhailiyah
577-8212
Yanbu’
321-4500
Abu’Ali
678-2228
Berri
678-7226
Ju’aymah
678-9227
Mubarraz
577-2344
Tanajib
378-3274
Riyadh
285-1812, 1816
Jiddah
427-5555
Dial 110 for Emergency Service
Do not leave the scene of the accident. If you must take someone to the hospital, return as soon as possible. Also, do not move your vehicle until you have been told to do so by the investigating traffic officer. Cooperate with the investigating officer. He is there to help you.
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G.I. 6.030 Loss Prevention General Instruction 6.030, states that all Saudi Aramco licensed driver employees and contractor employees assigned to drive company vehicles must satisfactorily complete the Driver Improvement Program. Unassigned Saudi Aramco drivers are also included. Following is a brief summary of important points: 1. Requirements to Drive a Company Vehicle:
• Hold a valid driver’s license recognized by the Government. • Complete DIP. • Take supervisor’s road test. • Off-road vehicles and heavy trucks drivers must pass the related *T&CD tests. • Authorized drivers should take a **DIRS every three years. 2. Motor Vehicle Accidents resulting in damage to Company
vehicles must be reported on Saudi Aramco form 1193, according to G.I. 6.029. 3. Criteria Determining Safe-Driving Incentives:
• Number of kilometers driven (refer to G.I. 50.007). • Number of days driven without MVA/violations. • Criteria of employee’s department. 4. Citations for Unsafe Driving Practice:
• Industrial Security is responsible for issuing citations for traffic violations using SA-2412 "Notice For Unauthorized Parking and Unsafe Driving Practice" • Department head takes corrective action. • A copy is kept in the employee’s file. Note:
Whether employees are assigned to drive Saudi Aramco vehicles or not, must complete DIP and take DIRS *T&CD **Driver Improvement Program Refresher Seminar
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5. Penalty points will be issued to the drivers involved in the
infraction. Penalty point categories are listed below. Penalty points assigned should reflect such factors as whether an *MVA or violation involved personal injury, damage to property, or repeated infractions. I. Motor Vehicle Accidents
1. Preventable MVAs: — Vehicle a total loss — $1,000 or more damage — Less than $1,000 damage 2. Reckless driving which results in injury 3. Non-preventable or non-recordable MVAs
14 9 4 14 0
II. Moving Traffic Violations
1. Reckless driving (combination of moving violations)
10
2. Speeding: Exceeding speed limit by — 10 kph or less — 10 to 20 kph — 21 to 30 kph — Over 30 kph
3 6 8 10
3. Driving on the wrong side of a divided roadway
10
4. Passing in a "No Passing" zone
6
5. Failure to obey a traffic signal or stop sign
8
6. Not using seat belts (drivers or passengers)
8
7. More than 3 people in front seat
5
8. Passengers in back of open pickup truck
4
* Motor Vehicle Accident
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III. Parking Offenses
1. Parking in an emergency route or emergency vehicle space
4
2. Parking in a posted Handicapped Parking area
4
3. Parking on the wrong side of the street (against the traffic flow)
3
4. Parking in a posted "No Parking" zone
2
5. Parking in a posted "Reserved" area
1
Multiple Violations
Driving is a
Could Lead to the End of Your
Privilege, Not a Right
Driving Privilege
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Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
