PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING AMERICAN PERIOD (1898 – 1945)
THE ACTIVE AROUSAL IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE STARTED TO BE FELT IN THE FOLLOWING NEWSPAPER
EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day ) Established by Sergio Osmena in 1900.
EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of The Nation) Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900.
EL RENACIEMENTO (The Rebirth) Founded by Rafael Palma in 1900.
HISTORY
The Filipino Revolutionists won against the t he Spaniards who colonized for more than 300 years. June 12, 1898 raised the Philippine Flag as a symbol of our independence at Kawit, Cavite by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo – First President of the Philippines.
t he 1903 – 1903 – The Filipino-American war resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar.
Many Filipino started writing again and the NATIONALISM of the people remain undaunted.
Their writings clearly depicted their LOVE FOR COUNTRY and their LONGINGS FOR INDEPENDENCE.
IN 1910
A new group started started to write in English. English.
Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally English, were the mediums used in literature during these times.
The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue. The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.
IN 1920
The UP College Folio was later replaced by the Philippine Collegian.
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez stand out
as a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message.
THERE WERE ALSO PLAYS WRITTEN, INCLUDED HERE WERE THE FOLLOWING:
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) written by Aurelio Tolentino
TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad
MALAYA by Thomas Remigio
WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes
OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS EDUCATION became a very important issue for the United States Colonial Government, since it allowed it to spread their cultural values, particularly the English language, to the Filipino people.
By 1901, Public Education was institutionalized in the Philippines, with English serving the medium of instruction.
CHARACTERISTIC CHARACTERISTIC OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD A. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
CECILIO APOSTOL – APOSTOL – wrote “A RIZAL” and considered the best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
FERNANDO MA. GUERERO – GUERERO – he collected the best of his poem in a book called Crisalidas, and 1
one of the poems written in this book “INVOCACION A RIZAL”
JESUS BALMORI – BALMORI – well known for his pen name of Batikuling . He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on theb topic – “REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS”. He was elected Poet Laureate in spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE – BERNABE – is a lyric poet. He was more attractive to the public in a debate with Balmori because of the melodious words he used. He defended OLVIDO .
CLARO M. RECTO – RECTO – he collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS . One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is “ANTE EL MARTIR”.
JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA CLASSIFIED THREE KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS: 1. POET OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG PUSO)
ADELINA GUERREA – GUERREA – was first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish. She obtained the Nobel Prize in her EL NIDO .
ISIDRO MARPORI – MARPORI – became famous for his four books entitled AROMA DE ENSUENO ENSUENO .
MACARIO ADRIATICO – ADRIATICO – wrote of Legend of Mindoro entitled LA PUNTA DE SALTO .
EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS
B. FILIPINO LITERATURE
LOPE K. SANTOS – “Father of the National Language Grammar” , he was also called “apo” of the Tagalog writers. “BANAAG AT SIKAT” was his master piece.
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS – JESUS – known as huseng batute, he was also called the poet of love in his time. “AG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY”, an elegy, is believed to be his masterpiece.
ARMANDO V. HERNANDEZ – HERNANDEZ – was dubbed “Poet of the Laborers”, his masterpiece is “ ANG PANDAY”
VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PENA – PENA – known as Tandang Anong, he considers “NENA AT his masterpiece. NENENG “ his
These included Lope K. Santos, Inigo Ed. Regalado,. Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Santos, Amado Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. POETS OF LIFE (MAKATA NG BUHAY)
OTHER WRITERS IN SPANISH
INIGO ED REGALADO – REGALADO – a popular story teller, novelist and newspaper man. He reach the peak of his success by the “sumpong” of his pen.
Led by Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon De Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez
3. POETS OF THE STAGE (MAKATA NG TANGHALAN)
Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
CHARACTERISTIC OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD A. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
In a way, we can say that we can trace the beginnings of the Philippine Literature in English with the coming of the Americans. For this purpose, we can divide this th is period into three time frames, namely:
THE PERIOD OF REORIENTATION (1898-1910)
English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation occupation in August August 13, 1898 and and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history.
By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public school. From the
2
American forces were recruited the first teacher of English.
By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded.
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910 –1924)
By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. They were then groping their way into imitating American and British British models which which resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity.
PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama.
ZARZUELA
is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance. derive from the name of a Royal hunting lodge, the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid.
this type of entertainment was first presented to the court
The palace was named after the place called "La Zarzuela" because of the profusion of brambles (zarzas) that grew there, and so the festivities held within the walls became known as "Zarzuelas"
Two main forms of zarzuela 1. Baroque zarzuela
>> the earliest style >> a mixture of gods, mythological creatures and rustic or pastoral comedy characters. 2. Romantic zarzuela
Zarzuela in the Philippines
a strong tradition in the Philippines where it is also known as sarswela/sarsuela. sarswela/sarsuela.
reflects the culture and different scenarios of life in the Philippines
It was influenced i nfluenced by the Spaniards when they colonized the country, and it became a part of the Philippine culture.
“the zarzuela was brought to Manila in 1879…”
WALANG SUGAT BY SEVERINO REYES Severino Reyes >> He was
the fifth child born in Santa Cruz, Manilla in
1861. >> Reyes would complete his Bachelor of Philosophy from the University of Santo Tomas >> one of the most renowned literary talents of Filipino descent and he is considered to be one of the most talented writers and playwrights of Tagalog literature. >> He is very well-known and respected for his literary talents. In fact, for many, he is known as the “Father of Filipino Plays” >> Reyes was famous famous for writing "Mga Kuwento Kuwento ni Lola Basyang" (Tales of Lola Basyang), a series of fairy tale stories told by Lola Basyang, an old woman with loadful of ancient stories stuck in her ancient baul . >> He was nicknamed "Don Binoy". 3
>> One of the most cited and famous plays that he created was the zarzuela "Walang Sugat" (No Wounds) .
PLOT
>> Reyes died on September 15, 1942 at the age of 81.
Exposition
WALANG SUGAT FEATURES:
Tenyong and Julia were lovers during at the time of Spaniard Rulings. Rising Action
Meaning “no wound” or “unwounded”
An 1898 Tagalog Tagalog Language Language Zarsuela
At the time being, the Philippine Philippine Revolution Revolution arose and many Filipinos joined in the revolution.
Music by a Filipino composer Fulgencio Fulgencio Tolentino
Climax
Written by Filipino playwright Severino Reyes
Tenyong was one of those Filipinos that joined in the revolution. This instance causes the two lovers, tenyong and Julia to be apart.
CHARACTERS:
During those times, Julia was pressured to marry someone else.
Tenyong - a person who loves his family, love ones and country
Julia - the “love of my life” of Tenyong
Juana - mother of Julia
Lucas - Tenyong’s grantor of favors
Miguel - person who wants to marry Julia
Denoeument
Tadeo - father of Miguel
During the wedding ceremony of Julia, it was interrupted by someone telling that Tenyong was fatally wounded and he returns with a dying wish.
- has a secret love for Juana
Kapitan Inggo - father of Tenyong
- husband of Putin
Falling Action
While the battle prolongs, there were no words from Tenyong and so Julia gave in to marry Miguel.
Out of the knowledge of Julia that it was just a trap to stop and interrupt the wedding so that they can live together again.
Kapitana Putin - mother of Tenyong
- wife of Inggo
General - close friend of Tenyong
Kura - the priest who listened to Tenyong’s confession
Mediko - cured Tenyong
Monica - Tenyong’s grantor of favors
Marcelo - who leads the city
Religioso 1 and Religioso 2 - cruel priests
THEME “Love always prevails.” “Promises are meant to be fulfilled.” “Fight against oppression of rights and injustice.”
MORAL 1. Forgiveness 2. Fight for your own right
4
