IDENTIFICACIÓN IDENTIFICACIÓN Y CUANTIFICACIÓN CUANTIFICACIÓN DE ALGUNOS FACTORES EN LA PERMEABILIDAD DE CONCRETOS Y MORTEROS.
Juan Camilo Gómez Cano ASESOR: Yosef Farbiarz Farbiarz
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA FACULTAD DE MINAS MAESTRIA EN INGENIERIA DE MATERIALES Y PROCESOS 2008
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RESUMEN
En Colombia no existe una normatividad que controle los valores de la permeabilidad en las mezclas de concreto y que limite de alguna forma esta propiedad, teniendo en cuenta la relevancia que tiene en la durabilidad de las obras. [46] Por lo tanto, tanto, se hace indispensable, partiendo del conocimiento del fenómeno, de los mecanismos y ensayos de medida y de sus causas y consecuencias, analizar la influencia de algunos factores en los valores de la permeabilidad, enfocados hacia una optimización que permita tener una referencia que pueda presentarse como una base parcial o inicial hacia una normatividad Colombiana en cuanto a la durabilidad, teniendo en cuenta las reglamentaciones internacionales de otros países donde se le ha puesto mayor importancia a este tema.
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TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................. ........................................................................... ........................................... .................. 8 2 OBJETIVOS ................................................. ........................................................................... .................................................. ........................ 10 3 METODOLOGIA ............................................... ........................................................................ ............................................. .................... 11 3.1 Recopilación bibliográfica ........................................ .................................................................. .................................... .......... 11 3.2 Identificación y cuantificación de los factores más importantes que influencian la variación de permeabilidad en concretos concre tos y morteros; ..................... 11 3.3 Evaluación y cuantificación........................ cuantificación.................................................. .................................................. ........................ 11 3.4 Especificaciones y guías ......................................................... ............................................................................. .................... 11 4 ANTECEDENTES ................................................. .......................................................................... ......................................... ................ 12 5 MARCO TEORICO ............................................... ........................................................................ ......................................... ................ 14 5.1 DURABILIDAD DE LAS MEZCLAS DE CONCRETO ................................. 14 5.2 FACTORES DE DETERIORO DEL CONCRETO ....................................... ....................................... 16 5.2.1 Humedad:................................................................. .......................................................................................... ................................ ....... 17 5.2.2 Temperatura..................................................................... ............................................................................................. ........................ 17 5.2.3 Presión ................................................... ............................................................................. .................................................. ........................ 17 5.3 VIDA ÚTIL DE UNA ESTRUCTURA ........................................................ ........................................................... ... 20 5.4 PERMEABILIDAD DEL CONCRETO .................................. .......................................................... ........................ 22 5.5 CONSECUENCIAS DE LA PERMEABILIDAD EN EL CONCRETO Y MORTEROS................................................................. .......................................................................................... ......................................... ................ 23 5.6 LA HUMEDAD EN EL CONCRETO ............................................................ ............................................................ 26 5.7 NORMATIVIDAD DE DURABILIDAD ...................................... .......................................................... .................... 27 5.8 RELACION ENTRE PERMEABILIDAD Y POROSIDAD DE CONCRETOS 40 5.9 PERMEABILIDAD AL AIRE................................................. ......................................................................... ........................ 44 6 FACTORES DE MAYOR INFLUENCIA EN LA PERMEABILIDAD DE LOS CONCRETOS ................................................. ........................................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 46 6.1 Relación agua/cemento ...................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ................ 48 6.2 Porosidad de la pasta .................................................. ........................................................................... ................................ ....... 50
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7.2
Evaporación ................................................. .......................................................................... ......................................... ................ 59
7.3 Absorción de agua liquida ................................................. ..................................................................... .................... 59 7.4 8
Succión capilar................................................. ........................................................................... ..................................... ........... 59
PRINCIPALES METODOS PARA LA CUANTIFICACION Y MEDICION DE LA
PERMEABILIDAD DE CONCRETOS Y MORTEROS .......................................... 61 8.1
Métodos basados en las propiedades p ropiedades eléctricas del concreto. ............. 62
8.2
Métodos basados en la medida del ingreso de sustancias hacia el
interior de la matriz cementante. ce mentante. ................................................ .................................................................... .................... 63
9
8.3
Métodos basados en aplicación de presión ...................... .......................................... .................... 64
8.4
Presentación de los métodos ................................................ ................................................................ ................ 64
SELECCIÓN Y DISEÑO DE EQUIPO DE ENSAYO ...................................... ...................................... 68
9.1
PREPARACIÓN DE LA PROBETA: ........................... ..................................................... ................................. ....... 70
9.2
10
PROCEDIMIENTO PROCEDIMIENTO DE ENSAYO: .................................................................. 71
VALORES DE COMPARACION Y ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RELACIONES
DE LOS DIFERENTES VALORES................................................ ........................................................................ ........................ 76 10.1
NTC 4483....................................................................................................... 76
10.2
PERMEABILIDAD DEL CONCRETO VS. CORRIENTE ALTERNA. .............. 77
10.3
METODO DE SUCCION CAPILAR [59]. ........................................................ 77
10.4
PERMEABILIDAD PERMEABILIDAD AL AIRE DEL CONCRETO [49]. ....................................... 78
10.5
PRUEBA DE PERMEABILIDAD PERMEABILIDAD RÁPIDA A CLORUROS [29]. ...................... 79
10.6
CUADRO COMPARATIVO DE VALORES DE REFERENCIA Y NIVELES DE
PERMEABILDAD PERMEABILDAD ......................................................................................................... 80
11
ESPECIFICACIONES PARA PERMEABILIDAD EN EL DISEÑO DE
MEZCLAS ................................................... ............................................................................. .................................................... ................................ ...... 82 12
CONCLUSIONES.................................................................... ........................................................................................ .................... 86
13
RECOMENDACIONES ................................................... ............................................................................ ............................ ... 89
14
BIBLIOGRAFÍA....................................................... ................................................................................. ..................................... ........... 90
15
ANEXOS ........................................... ..................................................................... ................................................... ................................ ....... 98
15.1
COSTO ESTIMADO EQUIPO DE PERMEABILIDAD AL AGUA DE
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LISTA DE TABLAS ecanismos de daño en el concreto [48] .............................................. TABLA 1. M ecanismos .............................................. 17 TABLA 2. Clasificación de las estructuras según su vida útil[13] .......................... .......................... 21 TABLA 3. Especificaciones para durabilidad en las NSR-98 [2]........................... [2]........................... 29 a). Estimación de la relación agua/cemento por durabilidad ................................. ................................. 29 b). Relaciones agua/cemento para diversas condiciones de exposición ............... 29 TABLA 4. Clases generales de exposición relativas a la corrosión de las armaduras (Tabla. 8.2.2 EHE) ............................................................ ....................................................................... ........... 31 TABLA 5. Clases especificas de exposición relativas a otros procesos de deterioro distintos de la corrosión (Tabla 8.2.3.a EHE) ................................................. ................................................. 32 TABLA 6. Clasificación de la agresividad química (Tabla 8.2.3.b EHE) ................ 33 TABLA 7. Abertura Abe rtura máxima de fisuras para diferentes ambientes [10] ................. 33 TABLA 8. Máxima relación agua/cemento y mínimo contenido de cemento [10] .. 34 TABLA 9. Máxima relación agua/cemento, contenido de cemento y porcentaje de aire incluido [10]. .......................................... .................................................................... .................................................. ........................ 34 TABLA 10. Recubrimientos mínimos [10] ................................................... .............................................................. ........... 34 TABLA 11. Resistencias mínimas compatibles con los requisitos de durabilidad [10]. .................................................. ............................................................................ ................................................... .................................... ........... 35 TABLA 12. Contenido total de aire para concreto con aire incorporado ( Tabla C.4.1) [2] .................................................. ............................................................................ .................................................... .............................. 35 TABLA 13. Requisitos expuestos a químicos que impidan impidan el congelamiento congelamiento (Tabla C.4.3 ) [2] ....................................................................... ................................................................................................. ................................ ...... 36 TABLA 14. Requisitos para concreto expuesto a soluciones que contienen sulfatos ( Tabla C.4.4 ) [2] .................................... ............................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... 36 TABLA 15. Categorías y clases de exposición (Tabla 4.2.1) [2]........................... [2]........................... 37 TABLA 16. Requisitos para el concreto según la clase de exposición .................. 38 (Tabla 4.3.1) 4 .3.1) [2] .................................................. ............................................................................ .................................................. ........................ 38
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TABLA 20. Comparación de la permeabilidad p ermeabilidad y la porosidad capilar [15] ............. 56 TABLA 21. Influencia del humo h umo de sílice en la permeabilidad del concreto .......... 56 TABLA 22. 2 2. Tamaño de poros po ros [19]. ........................................ .................................................................. ................................ ...... 60 TABLA 23. Porosidad [19] ................................................. .......................................................................... .................................... ........... 60 TABLA 24. Comparativo ensayos y procedimientos medida de permeabilidad ... 65 TABLA 26. Permeabilidad de concreto [15] ................................................... .......................................................... ....... 76 TABLA 27. Permeabilidad del concreto in situ (variación del método a presión)[25]. presión )[25]. ................................................ .......................................................................... ................................................... ............................................. .................... 77 TABLA 28. Permeabilidad del concreto vs resistencia eléctrica [15] ..................... 77 TABLA 29. Permeabilidad del concreto por succión capilar con equipo de Torrent [59] ................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................... .................................... ........... 78 TABLA 30. Permeabilidad al aire del concreto [15] ........................... ............................................... .................... 79 TABLA 31. Permeabilidad del concreto ASTM C .............................. .................................................. .................... 79 TABLA 32. C omparativo omparativo de valores de medida de permeabilidad ........................ 80 TABLA 33. Propuesta de relación de permeabilidad con clases generales de exposición ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... .............................. 85
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LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1. Desarrollo de la vida útil [33] ................................................... .............................................................. ........... 21 FIGURA 2. Tipos de porosidad ......................................................... ............................................................................. .................... 41 FIGURA 3. Relación entre permeabilidad y porosidad capilar de la pasta [33] ..... 43 FIGURA 4. Relaciones entre permeabilidad y mecanismos de transporte en el concreto [40]. .................................................... ............................................................................. ............................................. .................... 47 FIGURA 5. Efecto de la relación a/c y el tiempo de curado [10]........................... ........................... 51 FIGURA 6. Efectos de la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la velocidad del viento con la velocidad de evaporación e vaporación del agua agu a [47] .............................................. .............................................. 52 FIGURA 7.Efecto del tiempo de curado cu rado sobre la permeabilidad [33] .................... .................... 54 FIGURA 8. Resistencia por p or tipo de curado [57] .................................................. ..................................................... ... 55 FIGURA 9. Estructura porosa del concreto [45] ................................ .................................................... .................... 60 FIGURA 10. Dispositivo de medición de permeabilidad de concretos .................. 73 FIGURA 11. Detalle de la celda .................................................... ............................................................................ ........................ 74 FIGURA 12. Detalle discos con orificios centrales ................................ ................................................ ................ 74
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1 INTRODUCCIÓN En Colombia la normatividad que hace referencia a durabilidad del concreto es escasa. Por otra parte, a pesar de las evidencias de la significativa relación entre la permeabilidad en el concreto y su durabilidad, no hay especificaciones ni guías que indiquen procedimientos y criterios de calificación de la permeabilidad en concretos.
Existe abundante literatura que reporta investigaciones sobre la
cuantificación de la influencia de los diversos factores que intervienen en los procesos de permeabilidad, pero aún faltan especificaciones y recomendaciones mínimas para garantizar, en los procesos constructivos, procedimientos para alcanzar y verificar el grado de permeabilidad requerido para obtener un material cuya durabilidad sea aceptable para las condiciones y uso de la estructura y coherente con el periodo de vida útil especificado por el diseñador y esperado, de buena fe, por el consumidor. [48] A pesar de su capacidad mecánica y su aparente robustez, las estructuras de concreto se exponen no sólo a acciones de tipo mecánico, sino también a acciones físicas y químicas que generan deterioro y que a diferentes plazos producen degradación del material, en procesos que son directamente proporcionales a su permeabilidad.
Es a todas luces insuficiente especificar
limitaciones a la relación agua: cementantes y a la resistencia mínima a
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Los primeros cuatro capítulos giran alrededor de la presentación del problema, la definición de los objetivos del estudio, el planteamiento de la metodología que se utiliza y la exposición de antecedentes pertinentes. El quinto capítulo constituye la recopilación bibliográfica que establece claramente la relación entre permeabilidad y durabilidad. En los capítulos 6 y 7 se presentan los factores que afectan significativamente la permeabilidad de los concretos y los mecanismos de transporte de humedad en su interior. En los Capítulos 8 a 11 se estudian y comparan los métodos y equipos para medir permeabilidad, se establecen relaciones entre medidas y clasificación de la permeabilidad y se ofrecen recomendaciones para control y ensayo, incluyendo el diseño de un aparato práctico y económico para medir permeabilidad en probetas de concreto. Por último, en los capítulos 12 y 13, se plantean especificaciones para el diseño de mezclas en función también de su permeabilidad y se relacionan las conclusiones obtenidas con el desarrollo del trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos pueden aplicarse directamente, no solo en el campo académico y normativo, sino en el práctico, ya que las industrias productoras de concretos y las constructoras se pueden beneficiar ante cualquier avance en cuanto al conocimiento y aplicación de diseño y verificación de las propiedades del concreto.
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2 OBJETIVOS General Determinar y cuantificar la influencia de diversos factores en el índice de permeabilidad de concretos.
Específicos Establecer relaciones entre permeabilidad y porosidad de concretos. Identificar los factores de mayor influencia en la permeabilidad de los concretos. Identificar los mecanismos de transporte en el concreto. Determinar los principales métodos para la cuantificación y medición de la permeabilidad de concretos y morteros, identificando sus ventajas, desventajas y procedimientos. Seleccionar y diseñar un equipo para la medición de la permeabilidad en concretos. Plantear valores de comparación y establecer relaciones que permitan definir criterios para comparación de muestras. Presentar recomendaciones de control para la obtención de índices de
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3 METODOLOGIA 3.1 Recopilación bibliográfica Se recoge lo pertinente a la descripción del fenómeno de permeabilidad, a la modelación en concretos y morteros, a la evaluación de la permeabilidad y a la relación entre permeabilidad y durabilidad. 3.2 Identificación y cuantificación de los factores más importantes que influencian la variación de permeabilidad en concretos y morteros; Se estudian entre otros la relación agua/cemento, la cantidad neta de concreto, la cantidad neta de agua, la duración del curado y la presencia o no de adiciones. 3.3 Evaluación y cuantificación Se evalúan algunas propuestas para la cuantificación de la permeabilidad de concretos y morteros, con el ánimo de especificar una metodología apropiada y establecer en caso de ser necesario algunas propuestas a la actual NTC 4483 (Método de ensayo para determinar la permeabilidad del concreto en agua) 3.4 Especificaciones y guías De acuerdo con los resultados se establece un esquema guía para la especificación de durabilidades mínimas asociadas con la permeabilidad y porosidad de concretos y morteros.
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4 ANTECEDENTES El aumento de la construcción ante el crecimiento de las ciudades, las condiciones climáticas, el cambio de uso de las edificaciones y los fenómenos naturales, hacen necesario un manejo adecuado de los materiales en la construcción bajo parámetros de calidad y aprovechamiento adecuado de sus propiedades [34]. La mayoría de los procedimientos de diseño y construcción se basan en la especificación y verificación de la capacidad y estabilidad estructurales, y muy poca atención se brinda a los aspectos de especificación de periodos de vida útil y verificación y cuantificación de las propiedades de durabilidad [41]. [41]. Es necesario aplicar conceptos de calidad de las construcciones, no sólo en los aspectos de capacidad e integridad estructurales, sino también bajo parámetros de durabilidad, conservación y alargamiento de la vida, evitándose la intervención y rehabilitación temprana de la estructura.
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En el mundo y en Colombia, se han realizado innumerables estudios
e
investigaciones; en las revistas de concreto y cemento se encuentra gran cantidad de artículos referentes al tema de la permeabilidad de concretos y morteros a sustancias liquidas y en estado gaseoso, pero en Colombia no existe una normatividad que recoja los resultados arrojados por estos estudios. Muchas de las estructuras construidas hace relativamente poco tiempo están presentando en la actualidad patologías diversas, asociadas a la calidad de los procesos constructivos, a la calidad y uso de los mismos materiales o a problemas asociados con la ausencia de mantenimiento.
Las
especificaciones de la
resistencia a las acciones mecánicas son insuficientes para garantizar la durabilidad de un concreto, lo que hace importante el establecimiento de especificaciones y recomendaciones en este campo [53].
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5 MARCO TEORICO 5.1 DURABILIDAD DE LAS L AS MEZCLAS DE CONCRETO La durabilidad del concreto depende de la capacidad para resistir la acción del medio ambiente que lo rodea, de los ataques químicos o biológicos, de la abrasión y/o de cualquier otro proceso de deterioro. La durabilidad de un material está asociada con su vida en servicio bajo ciertas condiciones ambientales dadas. Depende básicamente de la permeabilidad de la mezcla de concreto o mortero y de la presencia de agentes agresivos, especialmente aquellos disueltos en el agua y está condicionada por los constituyentes y por las condiciones de exposición durante la vida útil [14]. Existen diversas técnicas que se utilizan en el análisis de la durabilidad del concreto, las cuales se enfocan principalmente en el estudio de los factores químicos y físicos que puedan afectarlo [53]. Actualmente es necesario construir estructuras con altos estándares de calidad y
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Existen criterios de evaluación de durabilidad que han sido reportados por la experiencia de largos años de práctica, pero hasta el momento no existe una norma estándar para la cuantificación, control y verificación de la durabilidad de un determinado tipo de concreto [53]. En el mundo diferentes comités de normalización ACI, ASTM, RILEM, están trabajando en la investigación, análisis y desarrollo de técnicas específicas para utilización en concretos y en la revisión de los criterios de evaluación [53]. Los factores básicos en el diseño de una mezcla de concreto son los siguientes: economía, facilidad de colocación y consolidación, velocidad del fraguado, resistencia, durabilidad, impermeabilidad, peso unitario, estabilidad de volumen y apariencia adecuada [53]. El estudio de la durabilidad de los materiales asociados al concreto se hace importante en la medida que permite la reducción de costos en cuanto a mantenimiento y reparación de las obras y además asegura el buen
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Sin embargo, hasta ahora sólo se sigue el primer punto, puesto que para los otros dos no existe apoyo de guía, especificaciones y métodos estándares aceptados universalmente
y de probada confiabilidad.
Se hace urgente
unas
especificaciones de durabilidad para las estructuras, considerando la situación actual en cuanto a materiales, conocimiento, aplicación, experiencia, procesos actuales y posibilidad de cumplimiento [19].
5.2 FACTORES DE DETERIORO DEL CONCRETO Las estructuras, sean de concreto o de otro material, se ven sometidas a acciones físicas, mecánicas, químicas o biológicas, propias de las características y usos del material. Para cada fenómeno se presentan unas causas de daño, para las cuales existen metodologías tanto de evaluación como para su diagnóstico. De acuerdo con las referencias bibliográficas se pueden considerar dos tipos:
o
Factores propios del material tales como:
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condiciones biológicas y velocidad de fluido en contacto. Existen tres fenómenos que concentran la acción de los fenómenos de deterioro y son:
5.2.1 Humedad: La presencia de agua es indispensable para que se genere deterioro y por lo tanto el estado de humedad en el concreto, más que en la atmósfera circundante es el factor más importante importante para considerar. En la Tabla 1 se presentan ejemplos de
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enfriamiento en especial, en estructuras sumergidas bajo el agua donde la presión ejerce un papel importante. Algunos factores que indirectamente facilitan y aceleran los procesos proce sos de deterioro son: Fallas durante la concepción y diseño del proyecto: Ausencia de cálculos o no valoración de todas las cargas y condiciones de servicio. Ausencia de un diseño arquitectónico apropiado. El diseño estructural debe
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Ausencia de un factor de seguridad apropiado en el diseño de la mezcla. Ausencia o no aplicación de d e la curva de relación re lación agua/material cementante de los materiales disponibles. Mezclas excesivamente pobres y porosas. Mezclas excesivamente ricas con alta contracción y fisuración. Exceso de mortero. Exceso de agregado grueso Retardos excesivos en el fraguado. Falso fraguado.
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Ausencia de procedimientos adecuados de protección y curado del concreto. Precarga de la estructura antes de que el concreto tenga suficiente capacidad resistente. Perforación de la estructura para soportar o conectar instalaciones anexas. Fallas por operación de las estructuras Abuso de la estructura. Cambio de uso.
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TABLA 2. Clasificación de las estructuras según su vida útil[13]
ESTRUCTURA
VIDA UTIL
Temporales
Menos de 10 años
Reemplazables
Más de 10 años
Edificios industriales, reformas
Más de 30 años
Edificios nuevos, reformas edificios Más de 60 años públicos Obras de de arte, edificios públicos nuevos Más de 120 años
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Adicionalmente, deben analizarse las condiciones cond iciones de exposición, la importancia de la estructura y deben definirse medidas mínimas de inspección, monitoreo y mantenimiento preventivo.
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X; espesor del espécimen Kp: coeficiente de permeabilidad.
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capa también la atacan los cloruros cuando alcanzan el acero de refuerzo. Cuando penetra la carbonatación hasta la profundidad del refuerzo y el pH desciende por debajo de 9.5, la capa de óxido protectora y pasivadora deja de ser estable,
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Criptoeflorescencias: igual al anterior pero la evaporación y cristalización se produce al interior de los paramentos especialmente porosos, generándose
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Ácidos. El origen calcáreo del concreto lo hace demasiado susceptible a este ataque. La idea es evitar todo contacto mediante barreras impermeables y resistentes al ácido. Si adicionalmente alcanzan el refuerzo generan corrosión.
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