MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
PEOPLE AS RESOURCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
1.
2.
3.
IMPORTANT TERMS Resources : Any material which can be transformed in a may that it becomes more valuable and useful is known as Resources . Natural Resource : A natural resource is anything in, on or above the earth that people use to meet their needs. Human Resources : By the term human resources we mean the size of population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organizational abilities and farsihtedness. Skilled workers : A skilled worker is one who has proper training and education to work in a particular field. Economic activities : All these activities that give income to the people are called Economic activities. Primary Activities : These include those occupations which are closely related to man’s natural environment e.g. Agriculture, hunting etc. Secondary Activities : It occupations which produce finished good by using the product of primary activities as raw material. Tertiary activity : It consists of all service occupations Disgulsed unemployment : It is situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than required. Seasonal unemployment : It is type of unemployment under which people are employed during some parts of the year and remain without work during the rest of the year owing to the seasonal nature of work. Literate : According to the census of 200 I, a person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language. Investment : The existing stock of physical capital assets such as machinery, building, plant and equipment. Productivity : The out of goods and service compared to the inputs used. It is measure of efficiency of factors of productions INTRODUCTION Resource : Any material which can be transformed in a way that it become more valuable and useful is known as Resource. Natural Resource : A natural resource is any ting in, on or above the earth that people use to meet their needs. Human Resource : By the term human resources we mean the size of population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, organizational abilities and farsightedness. Though natural resources plays – vital orle in the economic development of a country but human resource are considered the most important resources of a nation because it is the human resources which convert the natural resource into more useful form. HOW PEOPLE BECOME RESOURCES Most of the developing and backward countries of the word are economically backward not because they lack source but because they lack quality human resources. The force by which all kinds of productivity is achieved by the use of natural resource are called productive forces and human resource is the most important productive force. Factors which improve the quality of Human : Skill development : A skill worker is one who as proper training and education to work in a particular field. Training and education increases the productivity of workers. Skill development also ensures continuous employability of a worker, it helps the worker to absorb the new technology and prepare in him to compete with the labou force of the other developed countries. Technology : It help the human of convert natural resources into more useful form. For example, coal and mineral oil present below the earth have no value until human have the technology to dug them and use them in various machines. Education : Illiteracy is the single most important factor holding back economic development in developing countries, Education also widen the mental horizon of the people and gives them scientific attitude. Education also help in the national harmony of a country.
MANISH KUMAR 4.
1. 2.
3.
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Health : Health also not mean survival only. It concern physical, economic and social well – being of an individual as well. An investment in health not only improves the quality of life. Out is also a part of human resource developing. Which in turn affects economic and social development of the country. A wide rage of activities are conered under health such as population control, family welfare prevention of food adulteration, during control, immunizations and eradication of major communicable and non communicable diseases as health concerns. SYEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR IMPROVING HELAHT STATUS Control of common disease : Many common diseases like plague, malaria, small pox etc. have been controlled. to a large extent. Health Programme : Basides, major national health programmes for control and eradications of Polio, Tuberculosis, AIDS, Leprosy, Blindness, Cencer, Iodine Deficiency, Diabetes etc. and nation wide immunizations. programme have substancially helped in the reduction of mortallity arte. Health center : Government has created an extensive network of 2, 935 Community Health Centres (CHC) 22,975 Primary Health Centres (PHC) and 137271 Health sub centres to take care of health services in rural areas, Apart from public sector, private sector also provides health care services to the people. ECONOMIC AND NON – ECONOMIC – ACTIVITIES I Economic Activities : All these activities that gave income to the people are called economic activities. All the economic activities contributes to that flow of goods and services in economy e.g. A teacher teaching in a class. A man of women working in a bank. A farmer ploughing his filed. A worker working in a mine. All the economic activities are classified into three categories. Primary Activity : It includes those occupations. Which are closely related to man’s natural environment e.g Secondary Activity : The occupations which produce finished goods by using the produce of primary activities as raw material are included in secondary activity Manufacturing of cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane and steel from iron are examples of secondary activity. Tertiary Activity : Tertiary activity consists of service occupation. For both primary and secondary activities we require a substantial amount of support service. Transport. Communication, trade, health, education and administration are example of tertiary activity. Non – Economic Activity : These are those activities which do not give income in return. They also do not contribute to flow of goods and services in the economy e.g. Teaching by father to his son at home. Domestic work by the housewife. Washing of father’s car by the son. Scholarship to a student. Reasons : (A) These activities have negligible impact of rest of the economy. (B) These service are not produced for the market. So their valuation becomes difficult. S
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment : It is situation when a person is willing to work but fails to find gainful work or job. Types of Unemployment :
(A) Disguised Unemployment:It is a situation in which more people are engaged in an activity than required. The people who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employment but are not fully employed. In such cases, even if he surplus labourers are removed from work, production does not fails. For example to
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
cultivation filed only 4 persons are required, but if 9 persons are working the additional 5 persons are considered as disguisedly unemployment. It is known as under employment.
MANISH KUMAR 1. 2. 3.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Factor Responsible : Over dependent of agriculture. Absence of alternative employment opportunities. Lock of diversification of agriculture.
(B) Seasonal Unemployment : It is a type of unemployment under which people are employed during some pats of the year and remain without work during the rest of the year owing to the seasonal natural of work. For example – agriculture in India is a seasonal activity. During the harvesting and sowing season more labourer are required but after the season it over these labourer become unemployed (c) 1. 2. 3. 4
Structural Unemployment : It is that situation in which unemployment occur due to Lack of capital. Lack of resources. Under workers of natural resources. Surplus workers as compared to demand. Indian economy is facing structural unemployment as work force is more than the demand. Cyclical unemployment : It is a type of unemployment which occurs due to slackning of demand for goods. This type of unemployment generally occur in capitalist countries. This type of unemployment prevails for short duration only.
Technical Unemployment : If unemployment occurs owing to change in technology. It is referred to as technical unemployment.
MAGNITUDE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA There are two ways by which the magnitude of unemployment is measured in India. Conducing sample surveys and population census. The information provided by employment exchange.
1 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
PROBLEMS DUE TO UNEMPOLYMETN Many youth with matriculation, graduction degrees are not able to fine a job. It leads to wastage of man power resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. Inability of a educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste. 6. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. 7. The dependence of tends to unemployment on the working population increase. 8. Unemployment has detrimental impact on the over all growth of an economy. 9. Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy. It also wastes the resources. STRAETIGNS TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMETN (A) Rural works Programme : 1. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) : it is the self employment programme for the rural people. It was lanched on 1 Aril 1999. It replace the earlier self employment programmes. 2. Sampoorna Gramin Rozager Yojana : It was launched on the 1st Sep – 2001 Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana and Employment. Assurance scheme were integrated into a single yojana. 3. National Rural Employment Gurantee Scheme : It was lauched by Prime Minister M.M Singh in 2007 It targer SC. ST. and poor women who suffered from poverty. 4. Skill development : With a view to impart skills through training, The Central Board of Wokers’s Education (CBWE) has been created to create understanding enthusiasm among workers for the success of industrial growth.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
(B) Entrepreneurial Development Entrepreneur is the basic input or factor of production. Entrepreneur hires and organize other factor (land, labour and capital) for production of goods and services. So to increase the production of goods and services. Indian government has launched various schemes to promote entrepreneurship 1.
Low cost capital : The government has implemented as number of schemes for providing low cost capitals to small enterprise and self employed persons.
2.
Financial Institution : Financial Institution like banks and cooperative societies have been opened to provide credit facilities a concessional rates. These measures have brought about positive result in recent years.
REASON OUT WHY
(i)
Why is education an input of growth ? 1. It opens new horizon for people . 2. It provides new aspiration to the people. 3. It develops value of life.
(ii)
Why has the mid – day meal scheme been implemented ? It has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional statues.
(iii) Why are women employed in low paid – work ? There is no denying the fact that women are generally employed in low paid work and they are paid low as compared to men. The reasons for the same are the following : 1.
Education is one of the major determinants so the earning of any individual in the market. As majority of women have meagre education so they are paid less as compared to men.
2.
Along with education skill is also an important determinant which affects the pay of the individuals.
3.
It is also pointed out the women cannot do as much physical work as man can be. So natural they are paid less than men.
4.
Women are mostly attached with their home – duties and they cannot be as regular as men in their duties so they are employed in low paid worlcand paid less compared to men.
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Economic and Non – Economic Activities :
Economic Activities : All such activities which give us some income are called, economic activities. Pulling cycle – rickshaws clearining houses, selling vegetables and working in schools, shope, factories, hospitals, banks, farms and the like are economic activities :
Non – Economic Activities : All such activities which do not give any income in return are called noneconomic activities, Visiting a temple, doing social work, helping the poor, educating the illerate without any charges are some non – economic )
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERICSE VARY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. How can a large population be turned into an asset for the country . 2. How does investment in human resource lead to higher returns in future. 3. How does quality of population depend upon ? 4. Why are women employed in wow paid work ? 5. How have investment in education help in human capital formation ? 6. How have countries like Japan become rich and developed ? 7. Why is it difficult to break out of the vicious cycle of illiteracy and ill health ? 8. Many children and women are not working. Called unemployed. Why. 9. Why is literacy rate higher among males in India ? 10. What major changes, Indicate improvement of health in India ? 11. What facts indicate the growth of medical facilities in Indian 12. Why is education an important input of growth ? 13. Why is activities are included in the primary sector ? 14. How is the human capital superior to other resources like land and physical capital ? 15. Name any four important factor of production. 16. Name and four factor which can improve the quality of human resources. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS What do you understand by people as a resource ? What is role of education in human capital formation ? What part does health play in individual’s working life ? Suggest some measures in the education system to migrate the problem of the education unemployed ? What are economic activities ? Explain Mention any four peculiarity of literacy in India What steps taken by the government to promote education ? What are the two types of unemployment which are prevailing in rural areas ? Write and four factors responsible for this ? Define unemployment ? What are rte major types of unemployment prevailing in India ? What is disuised unemployment ? Explain with the help of an example. Distinguish between natural resources and human resources. Explain the factors which improves the quality of human. Mention any two steps which have been taken by the government for skill development What is the important of financial institution in an economy ? Mention the major objective of rule works programme. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS What are the disadvantage of unemployment ? Explain. Explain the employment scenario in the three sectors. Explain any three Yojana’ with their objective. What is importance of enterprenerial development ? Explain various steps taken by government for entrepreneurial development. Suggest some measures to reduces unemployment. Which Capital would you consider the best land. labour physical capital and the human capital Distinguish between – (A) Economic and Non – Economic activities. (B) Disguised and cyclic unemployment (C) Seasonal and structural unemployment.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
NAZISMA AND RISE OF HITLER Nazism was a system. A structure of ideas about the world and politics. In may 1975, when Germany surrendered to the Allies, Hister, his propaganda minister and his family committed suicide as they feared punishment. An International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was set up to punish Nazi’s for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity, Nazi’s conducted genocidal wars they killed six million Jaws, 2,00,000 gypsies, 1 million Polish and 70,000 Germans, Many were killed by gassing them in gas chambers. However the Nuremberg Tribunal only sentenced to death 11 leaders, many were imprisoned. The punishment of Nazi’s was for less compared to brutality and extend of their crimes.
1.
BIRTH OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC Germany, England, France and Russian fought the 1st World War hopping to gain from a quick victory. The did not realize the war would stretch on, leading to loss of resources and finally are defeat of Germany. The defeat of Germany gave the parliamentary parties an opportunity to recast Germen politics. The National Assembly met at Weimer and established a Democrat constitution with a federal structure. Deputies were elected to the Reichnsteg (German Parliament) on the basis of adult franchise. The new Republic was not liked because people thought they were responsible for the defeat in 1st World War and the disgrace at Versailes. According to treaty of Versailes Germany lost its overseas population.
2.
Germany lost 1/10 of its population
3.
Germany lost 13% of Its territories, 75% of its on and 26% of its coal
4.
Germany was reduced.
5.
The Allied armies occupied the resources rich Rhineland.
1.
EFFECTS OF WAR Europe was destroyed psychologically and financially.
2.
Europe turned from creditor to a debtor
3.
The supported of Weimer Republic i.e. Socialist Catholics and Democrats became easy targets of attack in conservative national circles and were called November criminals.
4.
Soldiers got preference over civilians.
5.
Politicians wanted man to be aggressive strong and masculine.
6.
Media glorified trench life.
7.
Soldiers in trenches suffered (a) They lived with rats feeding on corpses. (b) They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling (c) Ranks reduced rapidly.
8.
Aggressive war propaganda and national honour were important.
9.
Corservative dictatorship became popular.
10.
Democracy and not survive instability of interwar Europe.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
POLITICA RADICALISM AND ECONOMIC CRISES The separatist leagues was active in Berlin and they wanted a govt. like the Bolsheviks. The supporters of Weimer Republic supported the uprising with help of free corps. The separatist leaders then formed a communist party. Then communist and socialist became enemies and could not units to destroy Hitler. In the economic crisis in 1923 Germany suffered tremendously Germeny had taken loans to fight the war, they also had to pay war damages in gold. This depleted their gold reserves. In 1923 Germany paper refused to pay so France took away the industrial area of Rurh. Germany retaliated by recklessly printing paper money. The result was the fall in value of German mark. By Dec 1923 1 US Dollar was equally to 98,860,00 Marks. Subsequently prices of commodities rose. This crisis was called hyper inflation, luckily America helped Germany by reworking the terms of paying war damages.
YEARS OF DEPRESSION Between 1994 and 1928 there was some stability Germany depended on American short term loans to help her investments and industrial recovery. In 1929 the Wall Street Exchange crashed. In one day 19 million shares were sold. The Great Economic Depression started between 1929 and 1932 National Income of America felly by half, factories shut down, exports fell, formers were badly hit, people withdrew their money from banks. The Economic Crisis felt World wide.
1.
Germany was the worst hit Industrial production reduced by 40%
2.
Workers lost their jobs or received reduced wages.
3.
6 million were unemployment.
4.
People wore placards saying “Willing to do anywork”
5.
Unemployed youth wasted time or queued outside local employment exchange.
6.
Youth took up to criminal activities.
7.
Savingsdiminished when currency lost list value.
8.
Business failed.
9.
Business men, self employment and retailers feared proletarianisation
10.
Agricultural prices fell and women were unable to feed their children.
1. 2.
The Weimar Constitution had some defects Proportional representation made ruling by one party impossible. Article 48 gave President the right to declare emergency. So in a short time there were 20 different cabinets lasing 239 days on average. Thus people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system and in paved the way for dictatorship. HITLERS RISE TO POWER Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria in poor family. When 1st World War broke out the enrolled for the army acted as a messenger for the front and got medals for bravery. He was angry over Germany’s defeat and treaty of Versailles. In 1919 He joined Germen Worker’s Party which was later called National Socialist Germen Workers Party. This came to be known as Nazi Party. In 1923 Hitler tried to capture Bavaria and march to Berlin but he was captured and later released.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
When the economic crisis took place Nazi party stirred hope in the minds of the people. Hitler a great speaker told the people he would build a strong nation, undo the injustice of treaty of Versailles, give employment to people and provide a secure future for the youth. He promised to remove foreign influences and resist foreign conspiracies. Hitler understood the important of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization, Nazi’s held rallies, public meeting, saluted Red banners with swastika sings, applauded after every speech of Hitlers. Hitler was propagated as a messiah a savior who would deliver then from their distress and humiliation, Who would restore their lost dignity and pride.
DESTRUCTION OF DEMOCRACY On 30 Jan, 1933 the President made Hitler the Chancellor but now Hitler wanted to remove democratic rule. A mysterious fire broke out in Fed helped Hitler greatly. The fire Decrees of 28 Feb 1933 helped Hitler to suspend freedom of press, speech and assembly. The communist were sent to concentration camps. On 3 March 1933 he passed the Enabling Act. This act established dictatorship. All parties were banned except the Nazi Party, The govt. had complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary. Special security forces were established to control society apart from the regular police, the SA or Storm Troopers, there was the gestapo or secret police. The SS (protection squads) and the SD (security service) . These organizations gave the Nazi state the reputation of being the most dreaded criminal state. People were sent to torture chambers, concentration camps, deported or arrested at will. Hitler gave the responsibility of economic developme : Jt to an economist Hjalmar Schacht. He aimed at full production and full employment. He established the famous German superhighways and the volkswagon Hitler withdrew from leagues of Nations, he reoccupied Rhineland, he integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan – ‘One people one empire and one leader. “He took Sudentenland from Czechslovakia and later the whole country. Hitler was warned by Schacht not to spend in rearmament, Hitler did not like cautious people, so Schacht had to leave. Hitler used war to overcome economic crisis, In Sept 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. This started a war with England and France. In Sept 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan singed the Tripartite Pact. This gave Hitler international power and by end of 1940 Hitler was at the height of his power. Hitler aimed at conquering Eastern Europe in order to ensure food supplies. He made a mistake by attacking SU in 1941. This exposed the Germen western front to British bombing and eastern front to Soviet attack. The Soviet Red Army defecated Germany Stalingrad and later entered Berlin establish Soviet supremecy over Eastern Europe. USA did not initially want to join the war. But Japan bombed Pearl Pearl Harbour an American bases so USA entered the war. The war ended in May 1945 with Hitlers defeat in August USA bombed Japan.
THE NAZI WORLD VIEW Nazi ideologies were based on Hitlers world view. There was no equality among people on racial hierarchy. The Germany Aryan were at the top and the Jaws at the lowest ring, all other coloured people depending on their external features were placed in between. Hitlers ideas were influenced by the theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. In keeping, with the Survival and fittest theory Nazi’s believed that the Aryan race being the finest should retain it purity. become stronger and dominate the would. Hitlers ideology related to the concept of lebensraum or living space. He believed that new territories had to be acquired. This would enhance the area of the mother country and the settlers on the new land could retain it
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
) e like with the place of origin. Hitler wanted to extend German territories toward the East and Poland became the laboratory for this experimentation.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RACILA STATE As soon as Nazi’s came into power they began to eliminate all those who were considered undesirable and wanted to have a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. Even German who were unhealthy had no right to live under the Euthananisa Programs German officials condemned to death Germans who were considered mentally or physically unfit. Beside Jaws Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were also considered inferior and widely persecuted. Russians and poles were also considered subhuman and they were forced to work as save labor. Many died because of hard work and starvation. Jews were fhe worst affected, Jaws were considered killers of Jesus Christ, So were also persecuted through ages. Hitler believed that problem of Jews can only be solved by eliminating them not by conversion. From 1933 fa 1938 Nazi’s treated Jaws so badly, Jaws were terrorized pauperized and segregated that they were forced to laves the country. Many were killed in gas chambers. THE RACIAL UTOPIA Under the pretence of war Nazi’s carried out their murderous racial ideals. Genocide and war became the two side of the same coin. The Polish people within the Germany territory were forced to leaves their hones and property for the Germans. The poles were sent to the General Govt. Where “Undesirable’ lived. The intelligent Poles were killed. Polish children looking Aryans were snatched from their parents and had to undergo examinations by race experts. If they passed the test they were adopted by German families and not they were sent to orphanages where they perished. YOUTH IN NAZI GARMANY Hitler believed that a strong Nazi society can be established by teaching inside and outside school Nazi ideology. In the school all teaches who were Jaws or politically unreliable were dismissed. German and Jews could not sit together. Gypsies and Jews were dismissed and in 1940 were sent to chambers. German children had to undergo Nazi ideology training. Text books were re – written. Racial science was introduced. Children were had to undergo and submissive, hate Jaws, worship Hitler. Sports were held to encourage violence and aggression. Hitler flex boxing made Children iron hearted, strong and masculine. Youth organization hod to build sprit of Notional socialism among youth. 10 year olds joined the Jungvolk and 14 yr old the Hitler Youth. They learnt to worship war, glorify, aggression and violence, condemn democracy, hate jews, communist and Gypsies. Then at 18 they joined labour service and had to join the armed forces. All other youth organization were systematically dissolved and finally banned. NAZI CULT OF MOTHERHOOD Nazi children were told that women were radically different from men. Boys had to aggressive masculine and steel heated but girls were told to become good mothers, teach and Children Aryan and Nazi ideologies, look after the home and keep away from Jaws. Woman were not always treated equally. Those who bore racially undesirable Children were punished and others rewards by giving them favored treatment in hospitals and concessions in shops, theatre tickets and railway fares. Honour Crosses were give to woman. A bronze cross for having 4 Children, silver for 6 and gold for more than 8 children. If Aryan women did not follow the Nazi code they were severely punished. Those who hod contact with Jews, poles or Russians were paraded with their heads shaves, faces blackened, some recd, jail sentences and lost their civic honour as well as husbands and families.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
ART OF PROPAGANDA Nazi used language and media withcare. Nazi never used words like kill or murder, Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution (for jews) . euthanasia (for disabled) Evacuation meant sending people to gas chambers. Media was used carefully to win support. Nazi ideas spread through visual images, films radios, posters, slogans and leaflets, In posters the German enemies were mocked, abus,ed and described as evil. Socialist and liberals were shown as weak and degenerate3. Films were made to create hatred for jews. In the film The Eternal Jew, the Jews were shown with flowing beards, wearing kaftans, They were referred to os vermin rats and pests The Nazi tried to win the support of different sections of the population by suggesting that only Nazis could solve all their problems. ORDINARY PEOPLE AND THE CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY] The common people wereso influenced by Nazi ideology that they spoke their mind in Nazi language. They felt anger and hatred for Jew, They marked Jew houses. They belived that Nazism would bring them prosperity. But many Germans opposed Nazism braving police repression and death. Many Germans were passive and were too scared to act, to differ or to protest. According to Chalotte Beradt Jews began to themselves believe that were undesirable they dreamt of their hooked noses, black hair and eyes, Jewish looks and body movement. Even in dreams Jews were troubled by Nazis. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST It was actually only after the 2nd World War was over that people become aware of German horrors.Germans were preoccupied with their own plight, as a defeated nation, but the Jews wanted t5he people to remember their suffering under the Nazi-also called holocaust. Many who suffered under Nazi wrote diaries, kept notebooks, but the Nazi after the war distributed petrol to destroy all available evidences in offices. The history of the Holocaust lives on in memories, fiction. Documentaries, poetry, memorials and museums in many parts of the World. IMPORTANT TERMS Dictatorship : It is a form of government in which a paerson or a group of persons possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Nazism : A political system introduced by Hitler in Germany. Akin to dictater; Ship and fascism, it also propagated extreme hatred against the Je4ws. Nazi : The short form of Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party. Formed by Hitler in 1921, it propagated Nazism. Axis Power: Italy, Germany and. Japan formad the axis powers. Allied Poweeers: Britain, France, Russia and U.S. A were the allied powers. Second World War : The global war which took place from September 1939 to May 1945 in which over 50 million people were killed and many cities were reduced to rubble. The great Depression : A worldwide economic slump lasting from 1929 to 1935. During these years. trade between nations dropped and around 25 million people lost their jobs. P earl H arbor : Situated on the Hawaiian island of Honolulu, it was the main base of the US pacific fleet. Japanese planes launched from aircraft. Carriers attacked the base on 7the December 1941. They destroyed 120 aircraft and killed 2,400 people.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Gestapo : Short for Geheime Steetspolizet the secret state police in Nazi Germany. It had the power to arrest people without trial and torture and kill them, As a result they were the most hated and feared organization on Nazi – occupied Europe. Holocaust : It comes from the Greek world holos and kautose which literally means ‘ completely burnt. It is used toe describe the persecution and mass murder of Jaws by German Nazis between 1993 and 1945 Semite : Usually someone who belongs to any of the peoples, o, f South – west Asia, especially Jews and Arabs. In Nazi Germany the world was used to describe only Jewish people. Semite : It came from the Greek world holos and kautos which literally means completely burnt’. It is used to describe the persecution and mass murder of Jaws by German Nazis between 1933 and 1945 Semite : Usually someone who belong to any of the people of, South – west Asia, especially Jaws and Arabs. In Nazi Germany the world was used to describe only Jewish people. Reichstag : The name give to the Germany Parliament Reparation : Making up for a wrong done : Wall Street Exchange : The name of the World’s biggest stock exchange located in the U.S.A Propaganda : Specific type of message directly aimed at influencing the opinion. of people through the use of posters, films and speechs. Concentration camp : A camp where people were isolated and detained without the due process of law. Persecution : Systematic, organized punishment of those belonging to a group or religion,
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES :
Adolf Hitler : Founder of the Nazi Party, he led Germany during the second World War and committed suicide on 30th April 1945 Frankin D. Roosevelt : The only American President to enjoy four successive terms in office. He led the U.S.A. during the second World War and introduced the New Deal. General You Paulus : Commander of the German 6th army which was forced to surrender at Stalinrgad in February 1943. This defeat shattered belief in the invincibility of Hitler’s army. President Harry S.Truman : The American President who was responsible for dropping two atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and forcing Japan to surrender thus bringing the Second World War to an end. Winston Churchill : A great leader, author and orator, he led Britain to victory during the second World War. the attack on Peal Harbour Which brought America into the second World War.
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS : 1914 1918 1919
: : :
1929 1933
: :
1934 1935.
: :
First World War beings Weimer Republic is established Treaty of Versailles was singed by Germany. Hitler joins the ‘National Sociallist Germany workers Party. The Economic Depression occurs in U.S.A. (a) President Roosevelt introduces the New Deal to deal with the Economic Depression. (b) Hitler becames Chancellor of Germany. Hitler becomes President of Germany. (a) Italy attacks Ethiopia
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
:
(b) Anglo – Germen Navel Agreement signed between Britain and Germany. (a) A new constitution is Introduced by Stalin
:
(b) Hitler occupies the Rhineland. (c) Civil War state in Spain
1937
:
(a) Japan attacks China
1938
:
(a) Hitler’s troops march into Austria
1936.
(b) Munch pact is signed. German troops acquire Sudeten land. 1939
:
(a) Germany attacks Czechoslovakia (b) Soviet Union sings non – aggression pact with Germany (c) 1st September : Germany invades Poland (d) 3rd September Britain and France declare war on Germany
1940
:
(a) Italy declares war on Britain and France (b) Battle of Britain begins (c) Italy attacks Egypt (d) Germany invades Norway and Sweden (e) France surrenders.
1941
:
(a)8th April : Germany invades the Balkans (b) 22nd June : Germany invades the Soviet Union. (c) 15th September : Siegs of Leningard by the Gramans (d) 7th December : Japan attacks Pearl Harbour. America Joins the war (e) 11th December : Germany and Italy declare war on America.
1942
:
United Nations declaration singed by the representatives of 26 nations
1943
:
Germany Italy defeated by the Allied powers in North. Africa
1944
:
6th June : D –Day – Opening of the Second Front
1945
:
(a) 25th – 26th August
:
Liberation of Paris
(b) 28 April
:
Italian partisans shoot Mussolini
(c) 30 May
:
Hitler partisans shoot Mussolini
nd
:
Soviet army enters Berlin
th
:
Germany surrenders
th
(f) 8 May
:
VE (Victory in Europe) Day celebrated
(g) 9th May
:
Stalin announce defeat of the German forces by the Red
th
(d) 2 April (e) 7 May
Army German navel fleel surrendes th
(h) 6 August
:
U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima
:
Soviet Union declares war on Japan
(j) 9 August
:
Soviet Union declared on Japan
th
:
Japan surrenders
:
The second World war ends.
th
(i) 8 August th
(k) 14 August nd
(I) 2 , September
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE (in) 24th October
:
U.N.O. comes into existance.
EXERCISE
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTOINS
1. 2. 3. 4.
Mention two steps taken by the Weimer Republic in 1923 to acquire political stability in Germany Mention two result of the surrender of the German armies on 7th April 1945 Mention two reasons why the U.S.A entered the second World War. What is referred to as Fascism in History Mention two Fescist powers which existed during the second World War. Mention the country in which the Weimer Republic was established. Why was it called the Weimer Republic ? Who was Adolf Hitler ? What was the main reason for his popularity ? Mention two main ideas expressed by Hitler in hi book “Mein Kampf. What is referred to as the Great Depression ? How did the U.S.A help Germany to overcome the 1923 inancial crisis ? Why did Germany attack Poland ? What were its consequences ? Why and by whom was the Munich Pact singed ? Why did Germany want Sudetenlend ? Name did incident that started the second World war. Why did Hitler attack Poland ? How was Poland captured within three weeks ? Name the first country that developed the atom bomb. Why did it do so ? What serious mistake did Hitler make when he attacked the Soviet Union ? Why did Germany attack the Soviet Union ? When did the second World War end in Europe ? Why did the U.S.A enter the second world War ? Mention any two causes of the second World war. ?
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Explain the threefold plan of Hitler after becoming Chancellor of Germany to consolidate the Nazi power. Explain any two problems by Hitler by the Weimer Republic from the vary begining Explain the steps taken by Hitler to militaries Germany Explain the main causes of the Great Economic Depression in USA in 1929 Mention the developments that followed the signing of the Non – Aggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1939 Critically examine the Nazi barbarities which occurred during the Second World War. Explain the impact of the Great Economic Depression (1929) on Europe. What was the effect of Nazism on Germany ?
MANISH KUMAR 9.
Write short notes on following (a) The Anschluss (b) Anti – Semitism
SOCIAL SCIENCE
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
10.
Describe the main causes behind the entry of USA into Wore War II.
11.
Account for the fall of Berlin and the end of the Third Reich in Germany
12.
Which country used atomic weapons during Second World War and why ?
13.
What are the inherent defects of the Weimar Constitution ?
14.
What was the new style of Politics devised by Hitler ?
15.
What were the provisions of the Enabling Laws ?
16.
How did the common people react to Nazism ?
17.
How did the world come to know about the Holocaust ?
18.
What did the peculiar features of Nazi thinking ?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
How did the Nazi seek to implement a pure German racial state ?
2.
Give an account of the rise of Hitler (Nazis)
3.
The second World War was the most destructive war in history”. Substantiate this statement.
4.
Describe the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
5.
Explain the policies of the fascist. How did they lead to the Second World War
6.
Explain the main c&uses of the Second World War.
7.
What steps were taken by Hitler to popularize Nazi ideology.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INIDA
The interior of the Earth extremely hot and the steam generated tries to escape towards the surface producing converctional currents. These currents tears tears the earths and divides them into larger fragments called tectonic of lithospheric plates. SEVEN MAJOR PLATES 1. The Pacific 2. North America 3. South America 4. Eurasia 5. Africa 6. Antarctica 7. Indo – Australia These plates either move away from each other or come towards each other. This divergence and convergence causes the earth’s crust of fold and fracture. These movements have changed the position and size of the continents over millions of years. India was a part of the Gondwana lans, ds but when the Indo – Australian plat got separated from the Gonwanalands. It started drifting towards the Eurasian plant under the impact of this collisions the mighty Himalayas came into existence . A depression was formed south of the Himalayas. Gradually this depression got filed up by the alluvium brought down by the rivers. When the Himalayas. Formed a volcanic eruption book place and also a part of the Deccan Plateau subsided. The India Ocea rushed to occupy this depression and thus the Arabian Sea came into existence. MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS (i) The Great Mountain of the North (ii) The North Indian Plains (iii) The Penin sular plateau (iv) The Coastal Pleins (v) The island The Great Mountain of the North From the Pamir knot a no. of ranges ran in different direction. Hindu – kush, to the west. Tien Shah to the North – East, Kunlun to the East, Karakoram to the south – East Range to the Far East. K2 or Mount Godwin Austin is the highest peak of the Karakoram range, Baltoro and Siachen are the famous glaciers of this region. South of the Karakoram lies the Ladakh and Zasker Range. The river Indus passes the ‘ Kaiiash, Ladakh and Zaskar Range and enters Pakistan. Later, it meets the Arabian Sea. Extend : The Himalayas extend from Indian in the west to Brahmaputra in the East. Total length 2,400 km width varies from 400 to 150 km. Range : The Himalayas consist of three rages : (a) Himadri Average altitude 600 m Highest Parbat Mount Everest (8, 848 m, Nepal ) Kanchenjunga or Khangchendzonga (8,598 m, Sikkim) Nanga Parbat (8,126 m, J and K) Nanga Davi (7,817 m, Uttaranchal) (b) Himachal Average altitude 3,700 to 4,500 m Average width 50 km. Imp. Ranges Pir Panjab, Dholadhar and Mahabharat, Imp. Hill Stations Dharamshala, Dalhousie Shmla, Mussoria, Darjaeeling
(c) Shiwalika Average Altitude Average Width
- 900 to 1100 m - 10 to 50 km
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Contains flat bottom valleys made of gravel and alluvium deposits called ‘duns’ Example: Dehradun and Patlidun.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Sections : Longitudinally Himalayas are divided into four sections : (a) Punjab Himalayas – This lies between the Indus and Satluj. Coves J and k and H.P. (b) Kumoan Himalayas – Lies between Satluj and River kali. Covers Unttaranchal. (c) Nepal Himalayas – Lines between River Kali and River Tista. Covers Nepal. (d) Assam Himalayas – Lies between River Tista and Dihang (Brahmaputra) Passes : Imp. Rivers are – Indus, Satluj, Yamuna, Ganga, Kosi, Brahmaputra, Tista, Indus, Satluj and Brahmaputra orginates in the Kailash Mansarowar region. At the Namcha Barwa (775m) Brahmaputra turns and entres Indio. These rivers form garges i.e I shaped valleys with steep sides. Valleys : The Himalayas are known for their beautiful valleys Kashmir, Kullu and Kangra and are world famous for their scenic beauty Eastern Himalayas :The Eastern Himalayas are also called Purvanchal. They most consist fo the Gharo, Ghasi, Jaintia, Patkai, Naga and Mizo Hilly The Northern Plains are formed due to the deposit of alluvium. Its rich soil cover favourable climate and adequate water supply support agriculture. Features : Some features in the Northern Plains are alluvial fan, flood plains, levees, channel bars and bluffs, A tributary joins a main river by adding to its water whereas a distributary carries away a part of the water from the main river when a river divides itself into many channels and over a large area in a triangular shape it is called a dalta. Extant : The Northern Plains extend between the mouth of the Indus and the Ganga, Brahmaputra, It covers a dist of 3,200 km. Its width varies between 300 and 150 km. it is divided into three parts (a) Indus river system in the west. (b) The Gange river system (c) Brahmaputra river system in the East The Indus and its tributaries flow westward and meets the Arabian sea. The land between two rives is called Doab. Punjab has obtained its name because it is a plain made by 5 rivers. The Gange enters the Northern Plain at Haridwar. It is joined by many tribuatries. On reaching West Bengal, it meets Brahmaputra and entes Bangladesh. Where the Ganga and Brahmaputra forms the largest and the fastest growing delta of the world. The Brahmaputra enters India at Arunachal Pradesh. In Bangladesh. It meets Ganga and then drains into the Bay of Bangle. Relief: The relief of the plains is divided into four parts – (i) Bhabar : At the foot of the Shiwalik there is a narrow balt covered with pebbles brought down by the river. This belt of 8 to 16 kilometers width is called Bhabar. (ii) Tarai : It liest next to the Bhabar zone. It consist of wed and marshy lands thick forest and a variety of wildlife. (iii) Bhangar : This is a plain of old alluvium caused by deposition and is now higher than the level of the flat plain. (iv) Khadar : This is the new alluvium soil which is deposited on the flood – plains. Peninsualr Plateau It is the oldest part of the county. It is triangular in shape. It has its base towards the Northern Hills and is apex at Kanyakumari. It has an average height of 6,00 to 9,00 m, In the North rarts into the Arabian Sea, whereas all the other South rivers flow into Boy of Bangal. The Peninsular Plateau is subdivided into 2 parts. (a) Central Highlands (b) Deccas Plateau (a) It forms the Northern part of the Peninsular Plateau and is made up of igneous rocks.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Location : (i) North – west part are the Aravalli Ranges which are old fold mountains. They fun from Gujarat to Delhi. Thar Desert lies to the West of Aravalli’s (ii) Southern Boundary of the Central Highlands lies between the Aravalli’s and the Vindhaya Ranges. It consist of Malwa Plateau and the Bundelkhand Plateau. It is drained by R. Chambal and and R. Betwa. On its Norther side lies Gangetic Plain. (iii) The middle section of the central Highlands lies between R. Narmada and R. Son. Escarpment are formed by the Vindhaya and Kaimur Ranges (An Escerpment is a steep slope of a right rising above the surrounding land). Chhota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand is also a part of this region. (iv) The Rajmahal Hills and the shillong Plateau are also part of the Central Highlands with have now been buried by the alluvium brought down by the Genga Plains. Extend : It extends from Satpura, Mahadev and Mikal Ranges to the Southern tip of the Peninsula. North Western part is formed by lave. It run uninterruptedly along the Arabin coast. It is known as sahyadri in Maharashtra The southern part of the western ghats consist of two high peaks – Dodo Beta in Karnataka and Anai Mudi in kerala. These peak are much smaller in height compared to the Himalaya. The Eastern ghats consist of discontinous hill rages of very low height no more than 900 m. The ranges of the Eastern ghats are (i) Nallamala (ii) Palkonda (iii) Malayagiri
Coastal Plains The Coastal Plains divided into 2 parts, Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains Western Coastal Plains : (i) Extends from Gujarat to Kerala. (ii) It is generally narrow, Highly rigid and dissected. (iii) It is called Konkan it the north and in the South Malabar Coast (iv) It consist of 2 rivers – Narmada nad Tapi. (v) Both rivers form estuatries. (iv) Western Coast consist of natural harbours such as Mumbai , Marrmgoa, (viii) kerala Coast consist of Salt water lakes called laqoons. Eastern Coastal Plains : (i) They extend from Orissa to Tamil Nadu. (ii) They are wider then the Wastern Coastal Plains. (iii) They are called Northern Circars in the North and Coromondal in the South. (iv) They consist of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. (v) All rives from deltas. (vi) It has famous posts such as Madras. Vishakapatnam, Paradip. (vii) It constains salt water lakes called lagoons.
Islands Indian Islands can be divided into 2 group, Lakshwadeep and the andoman and Nicober Islands (A.N) Lakshadweep Islands. (i) Consist of many small islands. (ii) Lie opposite to the coast of kerala. (iii) They lie inn the Arabian Sea. (v) The southem most Island is very close to Maldives. (vi) The islands are formed of coral deposite. (vii) The islands is in shape of a horse shoe and is called a atolls in Malayalam. (viii) They are 27 in. on. out of which 17 are inhabitant. Andoman and Nicobar Islands.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (i) There are many island but bigger in size. (ii) They lie opposite to Tamil Nadu for away from the coast. (iii) They lie in the Bay of Bengal. (iv) hey are of volcanic origin. (v) They are about 200 in the Andoman group and 19 in Nicbar group. (vi) They spread over a dist. of 350 km. (vii) The Southern most tip of the Nicobar island is called Indira Point. It lies very close to the Equator. Conclusion : (i) Northern Mountains are the Major source of water and forest wealth (ii) Northern Plains are the granaries of the country. (iii) The Peninsular Plateau is a store house of minerals. (iv) The coastal region and islands provide sites for fishing and port activities. (v) All the natural regions compliment each other and makes the country rich in its nafural resources. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
IMPROTNAT TERMS Tarai zone : It is Zone next to the bhabar is wet and marshy. It has a thick forest cover and a variety of wildlife. Water divide : The upland that separates the flow of rivers of river system Delta : It is a triangular deposition of sediment at mouth of a river. The river become slow at the mouth of the sea, so mud and silt settle down and from the delta. Estuary : It is a narrow deep valley at the mouth of river where currents of tides are strong of the current of the river itself is swift. Tributary : A river which joins the main dver and increase the volume of water. Plate Techtonic : The scientific concept which explains the movement s of different plates of the crust of the earth. Gondawana land : A major portion of the crust which one incorporated Australia, Peninsular India south Africa and south America. Tethys Sea : A narrow sea with a sinking bottom lying between Gondwana land in the south Angaral in the north. Flood Plain : A Plain formed by the sediment deposited by the rivers years after year. Bar : A deposit of Sand of mud in the river channel. Levees: An elevated bank flanking the channel of a river and standing above the level of the flood plains. Lagoon : A salt water lake separated from the sea by the sandbars. Glaciar : Slow moving rivers of snow & ice. Pass : A gap in mountain range providing a natural route across. Alluvial Plains : Flat low lying lands made of the alluvium. Diverging plate : Plates which are moving away form each other Converging Plate : Plates which are coming together. Pernnial Rivers : Rives which flow through out the year. Fold mountain : The fold mountains formed during the most recent major phase of folding in the eath’s crust.
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERCISE VARY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTOINS 1. Why are Shivaliks prone to l. andslides ? 2. What are the dunes and where and they found ? 3. What are tectonics plates ? 4. Explain plains are more fertile. Give two reasons. 5. Which continents of today were a part of Godwana land ? 6. Mention the three types of plates movements. 7. Name the oldest landmass of the Indian sub – continent. 8. What was the Gondwana land ? 9. Name the major rivers of the nor, then India. 10. What is meant by doab ? 11. How is the northern plain divided on the basis of the difference in relief ? 12. What is Taral Zone ? 13. What is barchan 14. Name any two peaks of the western Ghat ? 15. Name tow rivers which form estuaries ? 16. Name two rivers which form estuaries ? 17. What are the dunes made up of ? Give an example 19. Name two passes of Eastern Himalayas ? 20. Name two passes major tectonic Himalayas ? SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. The land of India is characterized by a great diversity in its relief or physical features”. Justify the statement. 2. Write four points to explain the extent, length width and height of the Himalayas. 3. How are the Himalayas divided in the east – west direction ? 4. What is the bhabar explain. 5. Write any four major characteristics of the northern plains of India. 6. Write any four characteristics of Gangs Bhamputra delta. 7. Mention some features of e Ganga Basin. 8. Why are Himalayas called the young fold mountains ? 9. Explain how the Himalayas act as boon for India 10. Distinguish between delta and an estuary. 11. Mention any four features of the Peninsular plateau. 12. What is Purvanchal ? 13. Write brief facts about lakshdweep Island. 14. Write any three features of Karakoram mountains range. 15. Differentiate between western Himalaya eastern Himalayas. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Name the major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south . 2. Give an account of the northern Plains. 3. Give an account of the Island groups of India. 4. Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular Plateau. 5. Name the four physical division of India and explain anyone 6. Give a brief account of the great plains of North India.
MANISH KUMAR 7.
What are the uses of the Himalayas ? Explain.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
MANISH KUMAR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Important Notes