Jose Protacio Rizal (Laong-Laan)
The national hero, was born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Teodora Alonso. Rizal went on to Ateneo Municipal de Manila and finished Bachelor of Arts with highes honours on March 23, 1876 at the University of Santo Tomas. Tomas.
Rizal studied studied medicine. He then went to Europe and finished medicine and philosophy at the Central University of Madrid in 1885. He took up graduate studies in France. Rizal became a linguist and learnt Greek and Latin. During his time in Europe, He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo Filibusterismo (The Rebel), which told of the oppression by Spanish colonial rule.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 1892. He founded La Liga Filipina, a forum for Filipinos to express their hopes for feedom from Spanish rule. His writings and La Liga Filipina were banned. Rizal was arrested as a revolutionary and imprisoned in Fort Santiago on July 6,1892. On July 14 he was exiled to Dapitan. He stayed there for four years, treating the sick, opened up a school and tried to make the place beautiful and safe.In order to escape his exile, Rizal volunteered to serve as a doctor for the Spanish forces with the breakout of the Cuban revolution for independence.
Rizal was arrested while in transit to Cuba and sent back to the Philippines. Again, he was jailed in Fort Santiago and on December 26,1896, the Spanish authorities tried him and found Rizal guilty of inciting rebellion and sedition. Rizal was executed by a firing squad on December 30,1896 at Bagumbayan (now Luneta) at the age of 35. On the eve of his execution,Rizal wrote his most famous poem Mi Ultimo Adios Adios (My Last Farewell).
Andres Bonifacio Bonifacio (Agap-ito Bagumbayan) Bagumbayan) was born to Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro, a Spanish mestiza, in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863. He supplemented his low education education through reading and self-study. self-study. Among the books he read read were Rizal's novels, the lives of presidents, Victor Victor Hugo's Le Miserables, the ruins of Palmyra, and the French Revolution. Those books prodded his spirit of rebellion and gave him impulse to organize the Katipunan. This organization spread rapidly in 1894 in many parts of the Philippines. He felt that he was about ready to lead a successful revolt in May 1896. However, before he could act, the Katipunan was discovered by the authorities.
More than 1,000 Katipuneros assembled with him at Pugad Lawin, Caloocan, on August 23, 1896 and tore their cedulas. More than 1,000 Katipuneros assembled with him at Pugad Lawin, Caloocan, on August 23, 1896 and tore their cedulas. Bonifacio with his family and men left Naic for Indang. On his return from Montalban, Aguinaldo sent men to arrest him, but Bonifacio resisted arrest and was wounded. He faced a trial for acts inimical to the existence of the new government and was given the death sentence by a military tribunal. Aguinaldo's men executed him in the mountains of Maragondon, Cavite on May 10,1987.
· Antonio Luna (taga-ilog) Born in Binondo, Manila on October 29, 1856 to Don Joaquin Luna and Doña Laureana Novicio, of Badoc, Ilocos Norte. He entered the Ateneo de Manila where he began to take interest in literature and chemistry. He obtained his Bachelor o f Arts in 1881. At the University of Santo Tomas, he won first prize for his composition “Dos Cuerpos Fundamentales de Quimica,” on the occasion of the elevation of Fr. Ceferino Gonzales to the Cardinalate. At the invitation of his brother, Juan, he left for Europe. He got a Licentiate in Pharmacy at the University of Barcelona. The Central University of Madrid conferred him his Doctor of Pharmacy in 1890. In Spain he wrote El Hematozoario Paludismo, acclaimed by leading bacteriologist in Europe as thorough and exhaustive scientific work. Using the pen name Taga -Ilog, he published in the La Solidaridad “Impresiones” a satirical observation of Spanish customs and idiosyncracies. he returned to the Philippines where he wrote less but was more vocal in advocating that the Philippines be made a province of Spain with the Filipinos enjoying the rights and privileges of Spanish citizens. He was not sympathetic to the Katipunan but advocated liberalism which caused his imprisonment in Madrid. After his release, he left for Belgium where he studied the art of military strategy under General Leman. In 1898, he surveyed the Manila-Dagupan terrain for possible defense perimeter against the American troops. In 1899, he was appointed Chief of War Operations with the rank of Brigadier General. After the fall of La Loma on February 5,1899, he saw the urgency of reorganizing the army. A military academy was created at Malolos to train officers for field command. Officers of the 1896 revolution were recruited. A Red Cross chapter was also organized. After the fall of Marilao, Bulacan on March 29, 1899, he was crushed not only by the defeat but by the lack of discipline among the Filipino troops. He tendered his resignation but Aguinaldo did not accept. He continues to fight in the fields of Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan against the Americans. On June 4, 1899, he received a telegram from Aguinaldo ordering him to go to Cabanatuan for a conference. He arrived at the Cabanatuan Catholic Church Convent only to learn that Aguinaldo had left for Pampanga. Greatly provoked, he uttered insults at the President and berated the guards who were the same men he disarmed after the battle of Caloocan. When going down the stairs of the headquarters, the assassins riddles him with bullets and he was stabbed. After he was buried in the churchyard, Aguinaldo took command of the troops and relieved Luna’s officers and men of their duties in the field.
Apolinario Mabini (Dimlas-ilaw) was born of Tanauan,Batangas on July 23, 1864. The second son of Inocencio Mabini and Dionisia Maranan. During his third year in high school, Mabini won first prize. a silver medal and a diploma of honor for the course in Universal History, in a competition for scholarship conducted by the college of San Juan de Letran in Manila. He was able to obtain a new teaching position in
the school of Sebatian Virrey. In March 1887, desirous of continuing his studies, Mabini took and passed the required examination at the University os Santo Tomas,obtaining the degree of Bachelor Of Arts completed the course in 1894. In the examination for Licentiate in Jurisprudence om March 2,1894, he obtained the grade of 'excellent '. He became a copyist in the court of first Instance of Manila. It was in January 1896 that he contracted a severe fever which resulted in his permanent paralysis. His physical condition prevented him fir taking a more active part in revolutionary movement. Despite of his physical condition , Mabini played a prominent part in the second period of revolution. He planned the revolutionary government and acted as the Prime Minister of Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo. He occupied the constitutional de la Republica Filipina was one of the models of the Malolos constitution. His works earned revolutionary congress elected him chief justice of the supreme court. Mabini was captured by the American's in December 1899. He was released from prison on October 3,1900. He lived in a small nipa house in Manila where he barely supported himself writing a p olitical articles. (El Simil de Alejandro) prompted the Americans to exile him to the island of Guam. After August 1901, because of his refusal to sign the required oath of allegiance to the U.S. after 17 months, he was convinced of the sincerity of American's good intension's in his country, he agreed to take the required oath. Mabini died of cholera in Manila on May 13, 1903 at the age of 39. Aporlinario Mabini was called the "Sublime Paralytic ," having been paralyzed by a fatal illness which struck his lower limps in 1894. A lawyer by profession, his earlier political exposure was through the revived La Liga Filipina, the organization established by Jose Rizal in 1892. Not withstanding his physical handicap, Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and named him his chief adviser. His thinking shaped the constitutional and political basis of the Philippine Republic, thus earning him the title the "Brains of the Revolution."
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Emilio Jacinto (Dimas-Ilaw)
was born on December 15,1875 in Trozo, Manila.His parents were Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. Because of hard life he was forced to live with her uncle, Don Jose Dizon. He was enrolled at the San Juan de Letran College; then he transferred to the University of Santo Tomas where he took up law.At the start of the Phillippine Revolution in the year 1896, Emilio gave up his studies and joined the Katipunan. The bad experiences he had with his Spanish classmates, his readings about the Spanish injustices, and the sufferings of the Filipino people made a mark in his heart, leading him to go against the will of his loved ones and become a katipunero. At the age of 19, he became one of the ablest leaders of Katipunan. He served as an adviser, secretary, and fiscal to Bonifacio. He also supervised the manufacture of gunpowder.His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan. He was reffered to as the "Brain of the Katipunan". He wrote the "Kartilla" the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations are contained. He edited the Katipunan's newspaper "Ang Kalayaan". A poet, Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizals' My Ultimo Adios.It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw"his pen name. He was known in the Katipunan as Pingkian. In February 1898, he fought the Spanish cazadores (riflemen) in Maimpis, Magdalena, Laguna. During this combat, he was wounded in the thigh and was taken to the Catholic church of Magdalena, where he was mercilessly dumped on the brickpaved platform of the stairway with his bleeding wound unattended. He was taken to the church of Santa Cruz where a Spanish surgeon kindly ministered to his wound, produced a pass from his pocket which identified him as Florentine Reyes. This saved his life. The truth was that the pass really belonged to a Filipino spy named Florentine Reyes whom Jacinto captured in Pasig some weeks before the battle in Maimpis. He took the pass and kept it in his pocket so that in case he should fall to the hands of the enemy, he could identify himself as a spy in the service of Spain. From his hideout, he wrote Apolinario Mabini in Malolos to express his plan to continue his law studies in the newly established Literary University of the Philippines. Mabini was happy
to receive his letter and speedily consulted Aguinaldo about this plan. Aguinaldo welcomed Jacinto's coming to Malolos because of his remarkable intelligence. Mabini wrote him, saying that Aguinaldo approved of his request and that the last day of enrolment in the University was December 1, 1898.Unfortunately, Jacinto was unable to proceed to Malolos, for he returned to Laguna upon the urgent appeal of the fighting patriots of the province who wanted him as their leader. Jacinto established his secret headquarters in the hills of Majayjay. There he contacted the malignant malaria which caused his death on April 6, 1899. He was only 24 years old. ·
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Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
started school in the College of Mr. Jose Flores. He transferred to the College of San Jose in Manila. He finished law in 1880. Marcelo H. del Pilar was more popularly known as Plaridel. He later married his cousin Marciana d el Pilar in 1878. They had seven children.Plaridel established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 to publish observations and criticisms on how the Spanish government in the Philippines was run.Pedro Serrano Laktaw helped him in publishing "Dasalan at Tuksuhan" and the "Pasyong Dapat Ipa-alab ng Puso ng Taong Bayan".In Spain, he and Graciano Lopez-Jaena published the "La Solidaridad" which was the o rgan which contained their desires in improving the Philippine Government. He succeeded Lopez-Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad.He died a poor man on July 4, 1896 in Barcelona, Spain. Marcelo H. del Pilar's reputation as a propagandist was already established before an order for his arrest forced him to flee the country in 1880. Gifted with the common touch, he found ready audiences in the cockpits, the plazas, and the corner tiendas of his native Bulacan. Unlike Rizal who wrote his novels in Spanish, a fact which cut him off from most Filipinos who did not know the language, del Pilar wrote his propaganda pamphlets in simple Tagalog -- lucid, direct and forceful.
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Graciano Lopez Jaena (Diego Laura) is a Philippine writer more known for his literary Fray Butod .'Butod' the word Hiligaynon for "bat" and it also slang equivalent to "tabatsoy". Graciano Lopez Jaena was born in Jaro,Iloilo, on December 18,1856 Founder and first editor of the newspaper La Solidaridad, which became the vehicle of expression for Filipino propaganda in Spain. Together wtih Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, he undertook propaganda campaigns in Spain.
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Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa)
Avenger of Filipino honor. Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863. A good friend and co-worker of Rizal. He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the historic campaign for reforms, more popularly called the Propaganda Movement. He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen names Jomapa and J.M.P. Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890.
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Pedro Paterno (Justo Desiderio Magalang) Statesman, poet, writer, and peacemaker. Born in Manila on February 27, 1858. He was the negotiator/mediator of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. He helped prepare the Malolos constitution. Died on April 26, 1911. He used " Justo Desiderio Magalang" as his pen name when he wrote Ninay the very first filipino novel written in tagalong.
