Pemrograman Matlab

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=& >& <& 3& 8& 0& 1& 5& ;& =9& ==& =>& =<& =3& =8& =8& =0&

Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h = ' Yhfcmexdx Yhfcmexdxmf mf Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h > ' @xfa|k Gmshgmskb Gmshgmskbm m Dmfjxs Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h
JMF\ EHFC^[ / \> SH XAG 9;


Yhfcmexdxmf Sex~|cm{$ @hn~xm~{ =1$ >9== <:9< YG

\hshdme mfcm |xcme ghgmemgk shfsmfa gmsdmn cmf cm|m~'cm|m~f{m$ dhlsx~h kfk mbmf ghdmfjxsbmf yhfahsmexmf mfcm dhnke ghfcmdmg shfsmfa gmsdmn& Cmdmg dhlsx~h kfk mbmf cknh~k smgnmemf shfsmfa gmsh~k `xfa|k gmshgmskb$ `xfa|k cmdmg gms~kb|$ ydosskfa a~m`kb {mfa fosmnhfh mbmf |mfams nh~axfm cmdmg yhgnhdmjm~mf gmsdmn dhnke cmdmg& \mfams ckmbxk nmeqm `xfa|k' `xfa|k {mfa mcm cmdmg gmsdmn nmf{mb |hbmdk$ |hekfaam jkbm cknh~kbmf |hnmamk cm|m~'cm|m~ gmsdmn shfsx mbmf ghgnxms mfcm no|mf cmf nkfaxfa bm~hfm sh~dmdx nmf{mb `xfa|k& @xfa|k'`xfa|k {mfa mbmf |m{m nh~kbmf fmfsk mcm {mfa nm~x cmf mcm {mfa nh~axfm |hnmamk yhf{hch~emfm cmdmg bogyxsm|k& Gk|mdbmf cmdmg ghfaeksxfaghmf$ cmdmg gmsdmn shdme ck|hckmbmf& Smyk ck dhlsx~h mqmd |m{m skcmb ghgnh~kbmf %bhlxmdk cmdmg |omd+ bm~hfm |m{m kfakf ghdmske mfcm ghgy~oa~mg cmdmg gmsdmn chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf jhfk|'jhfk| oyh~m|k {mfa mcm cmdmg gmsdmn& Dhnke dmfjxs |m{m mbmf ghgnh~kbmf gmsh~k yhg~oa~mgmf cmdmg gmsdmn$ {mfa mbmf ghgnmfsx mfcm cmdmg ghf{hdh|mkbmf yh~gm|mdmemf bogyxsm|k |hlm~m sh~|k|shg& Chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf shbfkb yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa mcm cmdmg gmsdmn$ mfcm nk|m ghf{hdh|mkbmf gm|mdme {mfa dhnke bogydhb|& \hk~kfa chfamf qmbsx$ |m{m mbmf ghfmgnmebmf kfò~gm|k'kfò~gm|k {mfa |m{m mfaamy yh~dx xfsxb mfcm bh smexk ghdmdxk dhlsx~h kfk& \hdhnkef{m mfcm nk|m ghflm~k kfò~gm|k cm~k EHDY Gmsdmn& Smyk mfcm skcmb yh~dx ghfaemymd cmf ghfahsmexk |hgxm `xfa|k cmdmg gmsdmn |hbm~mfa$ bm~hfm bhskbm mfcm ghfhgxbmf gm|mdme {mfa skcmb sh~|hdh|mkbmf chfamf yhfahsmexmf gmsdmn {mfa mfcm gkdkbk |hbm~mfa$ |m{m {mbkf kfsxk|k mfcm mbmf nh~bhgnmfa xfsxb ghflm~k smex dhnke dmfjxs shfsmfa `xfa|k'`xfa|k dmkf {mfa nk|m mfcm gmf`mmsbmf cmdmg gmsdmn& \mgm emdf{m chfamf dhlsx~h cm|m~'cm|m~ gmsdmn$ |m{m jxam mbmf ghgnh~kbmf lofsoe smyk skcmb cmdmg jxgdme nmf{mb& Bm~hfm emf{m mbmf ghf{km'f{kmbmf qmbsx mfcm& \m{m mbmf ghgnh~k smfsmfamf bhymcm mfcm cmdmg nhfsxb |omd'|omd& Cmf |omd'|omd sh~|hnxs jxam mbmf |m{m nh~kbmf yhf{hdh|mkmf |hekfaam mfcm nk|m ghfjmckbmf ksx |hnmamk ~h`h~hf|k& \mms kfk |m{m jxam |hcmfa ghghamfa nxbx gmsdmn {mfa ghfx~xs |m{m nmax|$ smyk |m{mfaf{m cmdmg nmem|m kfaa~k|& \m{m mbmf ghf{hdh|mkbmf |omd'|omd {mfa mcm cmdmg nxbx sh~|hnxs& Dmdx |omd'jmqmn sh~|hnxs mbmf |m{m yxndk|e jxam xfsxb ghfmgnme gmsh~k dmskemf mfcm& Cmdmg dhlsx~h bmdk kfk |m{m mbmf shsmy ghgnh~kbmf gmsh~k {mfa |hch~emfm chfamf nmem|m {mfa nkm|m |hekfaam mfcm gxcme xfsxb ghfah~skf{m& Mfcm nodhe |mjm gh~m|m no|mf$ bm~hfm ksx fo~gmd& Fmgxf bhskbm mfcm |xcme ghfhgxbmf |hgmfams bhgnmdk$ gmbm bhgnmdkdme bh y~oa~mg mfcm cmf |hdh|mkbmfdme gmsh~k {mfa mcm& Yh|mf |m{m$ jmfamf ghgmb|mbmf bhymdm mfcm xfsxb nh~`kbk~ bhskbm mfcm nhdxg |kmy$ k|sk~memsdme |hjhfmb& Dmdx bhgnmdkdme bhskbm mfcm |xcme nhfm~'nhfm~ |kmy& Bm~hfm xfsxb ghfaxm|mk gmsh~k kfk |hnhfm~f{m mfcm skcmb ghgnxsxebmf qmbsx {mfa nmf{mb& Goeof gmm` nkdm mcm |mdme bmsm$ bm~hfm kfk mcmdme lmsmsmf |m{m {mfa |m{m nh~kbmf bhymcm mfcm&

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Dhlsx~h = ' @xfa|k Gmshgmskbm Gmshgmskbm Dmfjxs


\xfcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >9$ >9== ;:8< MG

Cmdmg dhlsx~h kfk |m{m mbmf ghfaemck~bmf nhnh~mym `xfa|k gmshgmsk| {mfa |hnhdxgf{m skcmb ckemck~bmf cmdmg cm|m~'cm|m~ gmsdmn& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm|$ dmfa|xfa |mjm bksm nmem|& =& @xfa|k `mlso~kmd& @xfa|k kfk axfmf{m xfsxb ghfaeksxfa `mbso~kmd cm~k |hnxme mfabm& @mbso~kmd nk|m nh~axfm bhskbm mfcm ghf{h dh|mkbmf yh~gm|mdmemf cmdmg y~onmnkdksm| cmf |smsk|skbm& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 82 66 `mb_m 7 `mlso~kmd%m+ `mb_m 7 =>9 >& @xfa|k ~mfc& @xfa|k kfk axfmf{m xfsxb ghgnmfabksbmf fkdmk'fkdmk mlmb& @xfa|k ~mfc%+ mbmf ghfaem|kdbmf fkdmk mlmb mfsm~m 9 cmf =& Mfcm nk|m ghgmfaakd fkdmk mlmb s xfaamd msmx |bmdm~$ msmx nk|m |mjm cmdmg nhfsxb gms~kb|& Xfsxb ghgnxms ~mfah nkdmfamf mlmb dhnke nh|m~ cm~k 9'=$ gmbm mfcm yh~dx ghfamdkbmff{m chfamf |hgnm~mfa fkdmk$ gk|mdbmf |mjm mfcm kfakf ghfjmckbmff{m cmdmg ~mfah 9'=9$ gmbm mfcm em~x| ghfamdkbmf `xfa|k ~mfc%+ chfamf mfabm =9& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 ~mfc%+ m7 9&599< 66 m 7 ~mfc%+*=9 m7 3&>=10 66m 7 ~mfc%>$<+ m7 9&;=81 9&;8;8 9&9<81 9&1;>> 9&0881 9&53;= 66 m 7 ~mfc%>+ m7 9&;<39 9&1811 9&0151 9&13<= Ck cm|m~'cm|m~ gmsdmn$ |m{m shdme ghfaemck~bmf cxm jhfk| yhgò~gmsmf {mfa dmzkg ckaxfmbmf& Mcm nhnh~mym yhgò~gmsmf dmak {mfa nk|m mfcm axfmbmf$ {mbfk: =& ò~gms dofa h Fosm|k |lkhfsk`kl chfamf =8 ckaks ch|kgmd& Lofsoe: 66 ò~gms dofa h 66 <<=/; mf| 7 <&011111111111115h"99= >& ò~gms |eo~s h

Fosm|k |lkhfsk`kl chfamf 3 ckaks ch|kgmd& Lofsoe: 66 <<=/; mf| 7 <&0115h"99= <& ò~gms dofa a @domskfa yokfs chfamf =8 ckaks sh~yhfskfa& Cmdmg emd kfk$ fkdmk ck chymf bogm sh~gm|xb eksxfamf& Lofsoe: 66 ò~gms dofa a 66 <<=/; mf| 7 <0&1111111111115 3& ò~gms |eo~s a @domskfa yokfs chfamf 8 ckaks sh~yhfskfa& Cmdmg emd kfk$ fkdmk ck chymf bogm sh~gm|xb eksxfamf& Lofsoe: 66 ò~gms |eo~s a 66 <<=/; mf| 7 <0&115 8& ò~gms nmfb Ckaks chfamf emf{m > ch|kgmd& Cmdmg yhgnxdmsmf mfabm yhfskfa$ kfk |h~kfa ckaxfmbmf& Lofsoe: 66 ò~gms nmfb 66 <<=/; mf| 7 <0&15

Chgkbkmfdme smgnmemf xfsxb dhlsx~h `xfa|k gmshgmskbm& \m{m nh~em~my nmeqm |hgxm `xfa|k {mfa s hdme ckymym~bmf$ nk|m ghfmfamfk oyh~m|k sh~shfsx {mfa mcm ck cmdmg y~oa~mg mfcm&


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Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 9$ >9== ;:8< MG

Xfsxb dhlsx~h bmdk kfk |m{m mbmf ghfaemck~bmf nhnh~mym oyh~m|k ymcm gms~kb| {mfa dmdmk |m{m emck~bmf cmdmg dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m& =& @xfa|k dkf|ymlh& @xfa|k kfk mbmf ghfmgykdbmf ghfmgykdbmf nkdmfamf'nkdmfamf |h|xmk chfamf hdhghf yh~smgm ekfaam hdhghf mbek~ |h~sm jxgdme |ym|k {mfa mfcm nh~kbmf$ emf{m |mjm `xfa|k kfk mbmf ghfmgykdbmf chfamf |ym|k f{m |hlm~m osogmsk|& Nh~kbxs kfk mcmdme nhfsxb xgxgf{m: Pm~ 7 dkf|ymlh%hdhghf yh~smgm$ hdhghf mbek~$ jxgdme |ym|k%f++ Mam~ dhnke jhdm|$ yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs: 66 m 7 =2 66 n 7 =92 66 f 7 52 66 mfabm 7 dkf|ymlh%m$n$f+ mfabm 7 =&99

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Nkdm mfcm skcmb ghfxdk|bmf fkdmk f gmbm gmsdmn mbmf shsmy ghfmgykdbmf em|kdf{m$ smyk jxgdme f{m |hnmf{mb =99 nxme nkdmfamf& >& Ghfaemyx| k|k sh~shfsx cm~k |hnxme Phbso~ Nkdm ymcm cm|m~'cm|m~ gmsdmn bksm shdme ghgyhdmjm~k nhnh~mym nhnh~mym oyh~m|k ymcm phbso~$ |hbm~mfa |m{m mbmf ghfaemck~bmf nmamkgmfm lm~m ghfaemyx| hdhghf sh~shfsx cmdmg phbso~& [mbfk chfamf ghgnh~kbmf ekgyxfmf ekgyxfmf bo|ofa ymcm dobm|k hdhghf sh~|hnxs& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 R=$>$<$3$8W m7 = > < 66 m%<+7 RW

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<& Ghfaemyx| nm~k| msmx bodog cm~k Gms~kb| Xfsxb ghfaemyx| bodog msmx nm~k| cm~k |hnxme gms~kb| |mfams |hch~emfm& Emgyk~ |mgm chfamf lm~m xfsxb phbso~& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs& Lofsoe: 66 M 7 R=:323:121:=92=9:=
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3& @xfa|k ckma& Mcmdme `xfa|k {mfa nk|m ghfak|k ckmaofmd |hnxme gms~kb| msmxyxf xfsxb ghgnxms gms~kb| ckmaofmd& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs kfk& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 R=$>$
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Xfsxb ghfmgykdbmf ckmaofmd ckmaofmd cm~k |hnxme gms~kb| %emf{m fkdmk ckmaofmdf{m ckmaofmdf{m |mjm+ mcmdme : 66 l 7 ckma%N+ l7 = > < 8& @xfa|k dhfase& \hnhdxgf{m |m{m shdme ghfjhdm|bmf shfsmfa `xfa|k |kzh%+ cmf fxghd%+& @xfa|k dhfase%+ axfmf{m xfsxb ghfaeksxfa jxgdme hdhghf cm~k phbso~& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 R=2>2<2328W2 66 y 7 dhfase%m+ y7 8 0& @xfa|k ~h|emyh& @xfa|k kfk ckaxfmbmf xfsxb ghf{x|xf xdmfa gms~kb| {mfa nh~ckghf|k ~ nm~k| cmf | bodog ghfjmck |hnxme gms~kb| nm~x {mfa nh~ckghf|k g nm~k| cmf f bodog& Yh~dx ckkfams nmeqm ~ ckbmdk | em~x| |mgm chfamf g bmdk f& Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k yhfaaxfmmf `xfa|k mcmdme: N 7 ~h|emyh%M$g$f+

Lofsoe: Fkdmk gms~kb| M ck|kfk mcmdme gms~kb| em|kd yhgosofamf bodog {mfa ckdmbxbmf ymcm yokfs %3+ ckmsm|& 66 M%:$<+7RW M7 = 3 1 =9

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\s~kfa |hnmamk M~~m{

Gms~kb| cmf phbso~ {mfa shdme ckjhdm|bmf ck ymcm dhlsx~h kfk cmf dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m gh~xymbmf jhfk| cm~k m~~m{& M~~m{ jxam nk|m ghfamfcxfa |s~kfa |hnmamk hdhghff{m& Xfsxb ghfch`kfk|kbmf |s~kfa$ {mfa ckaxfmbmf mcmdme pm~kmnhdlem~ cmf |s~kfa ck myks odhe smfcm myo|s~oyeh msmx bxsky sxfaamd$ nkdm mfcm ghfaaxfmbmf bxsky conhd gmbm mbmf sh~jmckh~~o~ & Xfsxb dhnke jhdm| yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs: Lofsoe: 66 m 7 !gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn! m7 gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn

' Ghfaeksxfa ymfjmfa cm~k m~~m{& Chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k dhfase%+& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk: Lofsoe: 66 n 7 dhfase%m+ n7 =;

' Ghfmgykdbmf nmakmf sh~shfsx cm~k m~~m{ Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk& Lofsoe: 66 l 7 m%0:=>+ l7 nhdmjm~

' Ghfaemyx| nmakmf sh~shfsx msmx ghfaamfskbmff{m& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk& Lofsoe: ghfaemyx| hdhghf 66 m%0:=>+7RW m7 gm~k gmsdmn Lofsoe: ghfaamfsk k|k hdhghf 66 m%0:=>+7 !gmbmf ! m7 gm~k gmbmf

' Ghgnmdkb yo|k|k hdhghf cmdmg m~~m{& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk$ |m{m mbmf ghgnmdkb x~xsmf cm~k m~~m{ m& Lofsoe: 66 c 7 m%n:'=:=+ c7 nmdsmg ~mjmdhn k~mg

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Bhsh~mfamf: ' @xfa|k 7 mcmdme `xfa|k {mfa mbmf cksmgykdbmf& ' Nmsm| 7 mcmdme nmsm| nmqme cmf msm| |hnmamk gm|xbmf xfsxb `xfa|k& Mcm cxm jhfk| yhfxdk|mf {mksx RUgkf UgmuW cmf %RUgkf Ugmu [gkf [gmuW+& Sh~amfsxfa cm~k nh~mym jhfk| kfyxs `xfa|k {mfa cknxsxebmf& ' Dkfh |yhlk`kh~ 7 |mgm chfamf ydosskfa nkm|m& Lofsoe: Gk|mdbmf |m{m yxf{m `xfa|k { 7 u > ' <*|kf%>*u+" <*|kf%>*u+"< <$ bm~hfm emf{m mcm = jhfk| kfyxs {mbfk u gmbm bksm ghfaaxfmbmf ò~gms nmsm| 7 RUgkf UgmuW& Dmdx bksm ghfaaxfmbmf ldm||k`kh~ |h ch~emfm |mjm& 66 { 7 !uV> ' <*|kf%>*u+ <*|kf%>*u+ "
<& Ghfaaxfmbmf eodc of cmf eodc o``& Nm{mfabmf jkbm mfcm shdme ghgydosbmf axax|mf cmsm ymcm |hnxme a~m`kb/`kax~h gmsdmn& Nhnh~mym |hsskfamf msmx ms~knxs jxam shdme mfcm nh~kbmf& Fmgxf bhgxckmf mfcm yh~dx ghfmgnme cmsm msmx gh~xnme cmsm {mfa mcm bhgxckmf ghgydosbmf bhgnmdk ymcm a~m`kb {mfa |mgm& Gmbm eodc of cmf eodc o`` cmyms ghfjmck `xfa|k {mfa ghgmgyxbmf mfcm xfsxb ghdmbxbmf ksx& Eodc of em~x| ckbhskbbmf |hshdme ydos yh~smgm ckdmbxbmf$ bhgxckmf nkdm |hamdm mbsk`ksm| sh~|hnxs |hdh|mk ckdmb|mfmbmf mfcm em~x| ghdhsmbbmf eodc o`` { mfa ghfahgnmdkbmf gmsdmn ymcm bofck|k mqmd msmx ch`mxds f{m& Bm~hfm skcmb mcm nhfsxb xgxg$ gmbm mfcm nk|m dmfa|xfa ghgyh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 R8$<$1$8$=W2 66 n 7 R5$3$;$8$>W2 66 ydos%m$n$!og!+$ muk|%R= =9 = =9W+ 66 eodc of Em|kd hb|hbx|k yh~smgm

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66 eodc o`` Em|kd hb|hbx|k {mfa bh cxm&

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ghfaemck~bmf jhfk|'jhfk| a~m`kb {mfa sh~amfsxfa ymcm yh~gm|mdmemff{m&



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doado doadoa%u a%u${+ ${+ Lofsoe: 66 u 7 9:yk/=99:>*yk2 66 {= 7 huy%>*u+ huy%>*u+ ' |kf%u+2 66 |hgkdoau%u${=+ |hgkdoau%u${=+

66 |hgkdoa{%u${=+

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Dmdx cksmgnme y~oa~mg |hdmfjxsf{m$ 66 nm~e%u${+ Em|kd hb|hbx|k y~oa~mg:

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(c msmx (k7 ghf{msmbmf nmeqm hdhghf sh~|hnxs kfshah~ (` 7 nkdm hdhghfs nh~xym `domskfa yokfs (| 7 nkdm hdhghfs nh~xym |s~kfa (a 7 fosm|k h %|lkhfsk`kl+ msmx ` {mfa yhfchb gk|md (A 7 fosm|k h %|lkhfsk`kl+ msmx ` {mfa ymfjmfa (h 7 fosm|k hb|yofhf|kmd xfsxb ex~x` bhlkd %h+ gk|md 7 =&19;9;5h"99= (H 7 fosm|k hb|yofhf|kmd xfsxb ex~x` nh|m~ %H+ gk|md 7 =&19;9;5H"99=

=& @xfa|k kfyxs%+& @xfa|k kfk |mfams nh~axfm bhskbm mfcm ghfakfakfbmf x|h~ xfsxb ghgm|xbbmf kfyxs nmkb kfshah~$ `domskfa yokfs msmx yxf |s~kfa& Mfcm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf ymcm g '`kdh hckso~ msmxyxf loggmfc qkfcoq& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 kfyxs%!Gm|xbbmf kfyxs 7 !+ Gm|xbbmf kfyxs 7 38 m7 38 Msmx nkdm mfcm skcmb kfakf fkdmk sh~|hnxs cksmgykdbmf xdmfa gmbm smgnmebmf |hgk lodof ymcm mbek~ `xfa|k kfyxs%+& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 kfyxs%!Gm|xbbmf kfyxs 7 !+2 Gm|xbbmf kfyxs 7 38 66 Nkdm mfcm kfakf gm|xbmff{m nh~xym lem~mlsh~ msmx |s~kfa gmbm `xfa|k kfyxs%+ yh~dx ckgock`kbm|k& ckgock`kbm|k& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 kfyxs%!Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 !$!|!+ Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 nhdmjm~ gmsdmn m7 nhdmjm~ gmsdmn Nkdm mfcm skcmb ghfaaxfmbmf smgnmemf !|! gmbm mbmf gxflxd yh|mf h~~o~ & Lofsoe: 66 m 7 kfyxs%!Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 !+ Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 nhdmjm~ gmsdmn ??? H~~o~: Xfhuyhlshc GMSDMN huy~h||kof& Bm~hfm ymcm cm|m~f{m$ gmsdmn ghfamfaamy gm|xbmf f{m gm|ke xgxg msmx skcmb ck`hfk|kbmf& Mymnkdm mfcm shsmy ghgmb|mbmf ghgm|xbbmf |s~kfa ymcm yh~kfsme sh~|hnxs gmbm dkemsdme l ofsoe nh~kbxs& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 kfyxs%!Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 !+ Gm|xbbmf |s~kfa 7 !nhdmjm~ gmsdmn! m7 nhdmjm~ gmsdmn Smgymb$ nmeqm mfcm em~x| ghfmgnmebmf smfcm bxsky %!!+ {mfa ghf{msmbmf nmeqm gm|xbmf {mfa mfcm nh~kbmf mcmdme |s~kfa& >& @xfa|k ck|y%+& @xfa|k ck|y%+ nh~`xfa|k xfsxb ghfmgykdbmf |s~kfa |s~kfa msmx p m~kmnhd cmdmg y~oa~mg mfcm& Smyk ckm skcmb ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk mym'mym& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe& Lofsoe: 66 ck|y%!gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn!+2 gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn 66 ck|y%!gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn!+ gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn @xfa|k ck|y%+ emf{m ghfmgykdbmf sxdk|mf !gm~k nhdmjm~ gmsdmn!& Smgnmemf jxam$ skcmb mcm yh~nhcmmf bhskbm mfcm ghfaaxfmbmf |hgk lodof msmx skcmb& Lofsoe: 66 m 7 38"<>2 66 ck|y%m+2 11

Lofsoe ck msm| g h~xymbmf `xfa|k ck|y%+ xfsxb ghfmgykdbmf fkdmk cm~k |hnxme pm~kmnhd& <& @xfa|k `y~kfs`%+& @xfa|k kfk |mfams nh~axfm$ bhskbm mfcm mbmf ghfmgykdbmf |s~kfa cksmgnme jxam ckm nk|m ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk nh~xym em|kd oyh~m|k nmkb kfshah~$ `doms$ msmx |s~kfa cmdmg y~oa~mg mfcm& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs xfsxb yhfaaxfmmff{m& yhfaaxfmmff{m& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme: `y~kfs`%!em|kd†(`†&(c†(`!$pm~=$pm~>$pm~<+

Lofsoe: 66 m 7 =<2 66 n 7 3<&<<2 66 `y~kfs`%!Em|kd yh~bmdkmf m cmf n 7 (` Tf!$m*n+2 Em|kd yh~bmdkmf m cmf n 7 80<&>;9999

Chgkbkmfdme cm|m~'cm|m~ cm|m~'cm|m~ cm~k yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa yh~dx mfcm bhsmexk mam~ mfcm nk|m ghgxdmk gmsh~k yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa dhnke cmdmg& Xfsxb ghfaxjk yhgmemgmf mfcm$ |m{m shdme ghf{kmybmf |omd'|omd ykdkemf cmf jmqmnmf f{m |hnmamk mlxmf&


Dhlsx~ Dhlsx~h h 8 ' \omd \omd @~kcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >8$ >9== =>:9= MG


Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 0 ' \omd \omd @~kcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >8$ >9== =>:9< MG



Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 0m ' Yhg~oa~mgmf Yhg~oa~mgmf Gmsdmn Gmsdmn K Sex~|cm{$ @hn~xm~{ >3$ >9== ;:30 YG

M& ^hdmsk ^hdmskofm ofmdd Oyh~m Oyh~mso~ so~ Gh~xymbmf oyh~mso~ {mfa ghfaamgnm~bmf exnxfamf exnxfamf mfsm~m cxm nxme fkdmk {mfa nk|m nh~xym yh~nmfckfamf bh cxm fkdmk sh~|hnxs& Nhnh~mym oyh~mso~ {mfa mcm cmdmg gmsdmn mcmdme: Jhfk| Oyh~mso~

@xfa|k

77

\mgm chfamf

6

Dhnke nh|m~ cm~k

4

Dhnke bhlkd cm~k

¨

Dhnke nh|m~ msmx |mgm chfamf

¡

Dhnke bhlkd msmx |mgm chfamf

v7

Skcmb |mgm chfamf

Yh~dx cklmsms nmeqm smfcm !7! gh~xymbmf yhfxam|mf$ {mfa jhdm| nh~nhcm chfamf smfcm !77!& Mfcm mbmf ghfhgxbmf yh~nhcmmff{m bhskbm fmfsk nh~x~x|mf chfamf yhg~oa~mgmf& Lofsoe: 66 m782 66 n7=92 66 l7m4n l7 = 66 l7m6n l7 9 66 l7m77n l7 9 Lmsmsmf$ = m~skf{m S^XH |hcmfabmf 9 m~skf{m @MD\H& N& Doak Doaklm lmdd Oyh Oyh~m ~mso so~~ Gh~xymbmf oyh~mso~ {mfa ghfmfamfk oyh~m|k nh~bmksmf chfamf doakbm& Nhnh~mym jhfk| oyh~mso~ doakbm mfsm~m dmkf: Jhfk| Oyh~mso~ 

Oyh~m|k MFC

t

Oyh~m|k O^

v

Oyh~m|k FOS

UO^ UO^ Lofsoe: 66 m7<2 66 n732 66 l7mn l7 = 66 mtn

@xfa|k

Oyh~ Oyh~m| m|kk UO^ UO^ %= nkdm nkdm bhcx bhcxm m fkd fkdmk mkf{ f{m m nh~ nh~nh nhcm cm++

mf| 7 = Xfsxb ghfahsmexk gmb|xc cm~k kfk$ |m{m em~mybmf mfcm |xcme ghfahsmexk yhfah~skmf cm~k oyh~m|k MFC$ O^ cmf FOS& \mgm emdf{m chfamf oyh~m|k ~hdmskofmd$ = jxam nh~m~sk S^XH |hcmfabmf 9 nh~m~sk @MD\H& L& @xfa @xfa|k |k'` '`xf xfa| a|kk dmkf dmkf ' @xfa|k mdd%+ Mbmf ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk S^XH nkdm |hgxm hdhghf cmdmg m~~m{ dhnke cm~k 9$ cmf ghfahgnmdkbmf ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk @MD\H nkdm mcm gkfkgmd = fkdmk {mfa |mgm chfamf 9& Lofsoe: 66 M 7 R=$>$<2<$>$=W2 66 mdd%M+ mf| 7 =

=

=

' @xfa|k mf{%+ \k`msf{m sh~nmdkb chfamf `xfa|k mdd%+$ bm~hfm `xfa|k kfk mbmf ghfahgnmdkbmf ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk @MD\H nkdm |hgxm hdhghf hdhghf mcmdme 9$ |hcmfabmf fkdmk S^XH nkdm mcm gkfkgmd = fkdmk {mfa skcmb |mgm chfamf 9& Lofsoe: 66 N 7 R9$9$929$9$9W2 66 mf{%N+ mf| 7 9

9

9

66 N 7 R9$9$929$9$=W2 66 mf{%N+ mf| 7 9

9

=

' @xfa|k `kfc%+ Chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k kfk$ mfcm nk|m ghfhgxbmf hdhghf {mfa fkdmkf{m skcmb 9 chfamf lm~m ghfmgykdbmf kfchb| f{m& Lofsoe: 66 M 7 R=$>$92<$9$=W2 66 N 7 `kfc%M+ N7 = > < 0 Mfcm nk|m ghdkems |hfck~k$ kfchb| cm~k hdhghf {mfa fkdmkf{m skcmb 9& `kfc%M6se~h|eodc+ ' @xfa|k `kfc%M6se~h|eodc+ Gmb|xcf{m mcmdme `xfa|k xfsxb ghfhgxbmf hdhghf {mfa fkdmk f{m dhnke nh|m~ cm~k se~h|eodc msmx mgnmfa nmsm|& Se~h|eodc nk|m mfcm nh~k nh~mym |mjm$ nkdm fkdmk M dhnke nh|m~ gmbm gmsdmn mbmf ghfmgykdbmf kfchb| f{m& Lofsoe: 66 N 7 `kfc%M6=+ N7 > < Kfams nmeqm fkdmk {mfa ckbhgnmdkbmf mcmdme fkdmk Kfchb|& \hdmkf ksx$ oyh~mso~ ~hdm|k |hdmkf !6! nk|m jxam ckaxfmbmf& \m{m emf{m kfakf ghgnh~kbmf ch|b~ky|k ch|b~ky|k |mjm sh~emcmy `xfa|k kfk$ gmbm f{m cmdmg lofsoe ghfaaxfmbmf smfcm !6!&

Nh~kbxs kfk |m{m smgykdbmf smnhd bhnhfm~mf cm~k oyh~m|k doakbmd&

\xgnh~ : Gmsdmn Mf kfs~ocxlskof qkse Myydklmskof n{ Mgo| Akdms&

Dhlsx~h nh~kbxsf{m mbmf ghgyhdmjm~k shfsmfa yhg~oa~mgmf gmsdmn$ gxdmk cm~k lofckskofmd$ dooykfa$ |qksle'lm|h cmf dmkf |hnmamkf{m& Em~my ghfaxm|mk cxdx gmsh~k {mfa shdme cknh~kbmf&


Dhlsx~h 0n ' Yhg~oa~mgmf Yhg~oa~mgmf Gmsdmn Gmsdmn KK %Lofckskofmd+ %Lofckskofmd+


\xfcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >9$ >9== ;:8< MG

Cmdmg dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m bksm shdme ghgyhdmjm~k shfsmfa cm|m~'cm|m~ yhg~oa~mgmf& Cmdmg dhlsx~h kfk$ mfcm mbmf ckyh~bhfmdbmf chfamf gmsh~k yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa {mfa |hnhfm~f{m& Mam~ dhnke j hdm|$ bksm dmfa|xfa nmem| |mjm& K f|s~xb|k {mfa ckbmfcxfa cmdmg yhg~oa~mgmf gmsdmn$ ymcm ymcm cm|m~f{m jxam gk~ky chfamf mym {mfa mcm ck nmem|m yhg~oa~mgmf dmkff{m& Xfsxb mfcm {mfa shdme sh~nkm|m msmx ms dhm|s |xcme yh~fme sh~dknms cmdmg yhg~oa~mgmf$ gxfabkf gxfabkf ghdmfabme bh dhlsx~h kfk mbmf ghfjmck gxcme& =&

Lofckskofmd K@

M~skf{m mcmdme yhfamfcmkmf$ yhfamfcmkmf$ msmx jkbm& Chfamf chgkbkmf kf|s~xb|k {mfa ckaxfmbmf mcmdme K@† Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k kf|s~xb|k kfk mcmdme: K@ R|{m~ms msmx bofck|kW \smshghf HFC Cmdmg nmem|m yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa dmkf$ hfc ckm~skbmf chfamf bx~xfa bx~mqmd %w+ cmf dmkf'dmkf& Kf|s~xb|k ck msm| ckaxfmbmf nkdm emf{m mcm = |{m~ms |mjm$ jkbm mcm |{m~ms dmkf gmbm nhfsxbf{m ghfjmck: K@ R|{m~ms msmx bofck|kW \smshghf HD\HK@ \smshghf HFC Nkdm mcm bofck|k ckgmfm mfcm ghfhfsxbmf nmeqm mcm bofck|k {mfa skcmb ckyhfxek odhe |{m~ms'|{m~ms |hnhdxgf{m jxam mbmf ghfahgnmdkbmf fkdmk$ gmbm nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme |hnmamk nh~kbxs: K@ R|{m~ms msmx bofck|kW \smshghf HD\HK@ \smshghf HD\H \smshghf HFC Lofsoe:

Em|kd hb|hbx|k

Lofsoe:

Em|kd hb|hbx|k

>& Kf|s~xb|k \QKSLE'LM\H Kf|s~xb|k kfk ckaxfmbmf bhskbm mfcm kfakf ghgkdke yh~kfsme gmfm {mfa mbmf ckhb|hbx|k odhe gmsdmn& Nh~kbxs kfk nhfsxb xgxg cm~k kf|s~xb|k |qksle'lm|h: \QKSLE bofck|k Lm|h fkdmk= \smshghf

Lm|h fkdmk> |smshghf>

Lm|h fkdmk< |smshghf<

Lm|h fkdmk3 \smshghf3

& & & oseh~qk|h Hfc .\smshghf. cmdmg |qksle nk|m nh~xym a~xy mdkm| skcmb lxgm = dkfh |mjm& Pm~kmnhd .fkdmk. nk|m nh~xym mfabm msmx nkdmfamf cmf nk|m nh~xym |s~kfa msmx bm~mbsh~& Ck cmdmg |qksle'lm|h$ bofck|k {mfa |h|xmk mbmf dmfa|xfa ckjmdmfbmf$ dmdx |h shdme ksx gmsdmn mbmf ghdogyms bh yh~kfsme .hfc.& Jkbm ymcm |mms ghfaaxfmbmf |qksle sh~cmyms dhnke cm~k |msx .fkdmk. xfsxb lm|h {mfa |mgm$ gmbm axfmbmf ò~gms 7 rfkdmk=$ fkdmk>$ fkdmk<†w& Lofsoe:

Em|kd hb|hbx|kf{m

Lofsoe:

Em|kd hb|hbx|kf{m

SKY\:

xfsxb lofckskofmd ck msm|$ mcm k|skdme

fh|shc msmx nh~|m~mfa {mfa nh~m~sk mfcm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf kf|s~xb|k

lofckskofmd ck cmdmg kf|s~xb|k lofckskofmd {mfa |hnhdxgf{m&

Xfsxb dhlsx~h nh~kbxsf{m bksm mbmf ghgyhdmjm~k shfsmfa dooy&


Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 0l ' Yhg~oa~mgmf Yhg~oa~mgmf Gmsdmn Gmsdmn KKK %DooY+


@~kcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >8$ >9== =>:9> MG

Ghdmfjxsbmf cm~k dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m$ ymcm dhlsx~h kfk mbmf ckjhdm|bmf shfsmfa dooy ymcm gmsdmn& =& Dooy ò~ Dooy mcmdme k|skdme {mfa ckaxfmbmf xfsxb ghfaamgnm~bmf yh~xdmfamf ymcm gmsdmn& Yh~xdmfamf |mfams nh~axfm bm~hfm sxjxmff{m mcmdme ghfahb|hbx|k oyh~m|k msmx yh~kfsme |hlm~m nh~xdmfa'xdmfa sh~amfsxfa |h|xmk bhkfakfmf bksm& Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k kf|s~xb|k kfk mcmdme: @o~ l 7 m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n \smshghf Hfc

Xfsxb bofck|k dooy ò~ 76 m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n gh~xymbmf kf|s~xb|k {mfa |xcme yh~fme ckjhdm|bmf ymcm dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m& \hgoam \hgoam mfcm |xcme ghfaxm|mk ksx& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm|$ yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk:

Em|kd hb|hbx|k:

Fh|shc @o~ Mfcm jxam nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf dooy ck cmdmg dooy& Kfk ck|hnxs |hnmamk fh|shc ò~ & Nkm|mf{m ckaxfmbmf nkdm kfakf ghgnxms nm~k| cmf bodo& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme: @o~ l 7 m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n @o~ l 7 m:kfb~hghf/chb~hghf:n \smshghf Hfc Hfc Yh~emskbmf lofsoe cknmqme kfk&

Em|kd hb|hbx|k y~oa~mg

Lofsoe: ghgnxms |x|xfmf bm~mbsh~ cmdmg gms~kb|

Em|kd hb|hbx|k y~oa~mg

SKY\: ghgmfa cmdmg y~oa~mg ck msm| |m{m ghfaaxfmbmf oyh~mso~ ~hdk|kofmd & %sxfaamd+ fmgxf cmdmg lofckskofmd$ mfcm em~x| ghfaamfsk & cmf t ghfjmck && cmf tt Bm~hfm gmsdmn ghf{m~mfbmf ksx$ gmsdmn mbmf ghgnh~kbmf qm~fkfa mam~ mfcm ghgyh~nmkbkf{m Nk|m mfcm dkem nmeqm$ gmsdmn ghfa'ekaedkaes |kgnod & bm~hfm emf{m sxfaamd \m{m shdme ghfxfjxbbmf emd ksx ymcm y~oa~mg ck msm| \hgoam nk|m g hfjmck kfò~gm|k {mfa nh~em~am >& Dooy qekdh Mfcm jxam nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf qekdh xfsxb dooykfa& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme: Qekdh |{m~ms |smshghfs hfc Smyk {mfa yh~dx ckkfams nmeqm cmdmg qekdh em~x| cksmgnmebmf |hnxme kfb~hghfs kfb~hghfs sh~|hfck~k$ {mfa nh~nhcm chfamf ò~ {mfa |xcme mcm ymcm |{fsmb| f{m& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm| yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs:

Em|kd hb|hbx|k y~oa~mg&

\hyh~sk {mfa shdme |m{m bmsmbmf nmeqm mfcm em~x| ghdhsmbbmf kfb~hghf ck cmdmg kf|s~xb|k qekdh$ cmdmg y~oa~mg {mfa ck msm| |m{m shdme ghdhsmbbmf m 7 m"=$ |hnmamk kfb~hghff{m& Xfsxb dhlsx~h nh~kbxsf{m |m{m mbmf ghgnmem| shfsmfa n~hmb cmf lofskfxh&


Dhlsx~h 0c 0c ' Yhg~oa~mg Yhg~oa~mgmf mf Gmsdmn KP @~kcm{$ @hn~xm~{ >8$ >9== =>:9< MG


Ekfaam |mms kfk mfcm shdme ghfahfmd cmf |hgoam shdme ghgmemgk nh~nmamk hdhghf cm|m~ cm~ k yhg~oa~mgmf gmsdmn& Yh~dx mfcm bhsmexk nmeqm gmsdmn |m fams `dhb|knhd$ |hekfaam bhsh~nmsm|mf cmdmg ghgy~oa~mg gmsdmn mcmdme ymcm cm{m kgmakfm|k mfcm cmdmg ghf{hdh|mkbmf y~ondhg bogyxsm|k {mfa |hcmfa mfcm gkdkbk& Ymcm dhlsx~h kfk$ |m{m mbmf ghyh~bhfmdbmf shfsmfa n~hmb cmf lofskfxh& Ghfamym bhcxm kf|s~xb|k sh~|hnxs ckdhsmbbmf nh~nhcm sh~emcmy {mfa dmkf? Skcmb mcm mdm|mf dmkf mam~ mfcm òbx| ymcm bh|hch~emfmmf {mfa |xcme |m{m nh~kbmf& Kf|s~xb|k nh~kbxs kfk jxam |mfams yhfskfa$ smyk skcmb nh~m~sk mfcm em~x| ghfaaxfmbmff{m& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm|$ bksm dmfa|xfa |mjm ghgnmem| gh~hbm& =& Kf|s~ Kf|s~xb xb|k |k n~hm n~hmb b Nhnh~mym bhmcmmf cmdmg yhfaaxfmmf kf|s~xb|k n~hmb: ' Nkdm n~hmb ck cmdmg d ooy %ò~$ qekdh+ gmbm kf|s~xb|k sh~|hnxs mbmf g hfaehfskbmf dooy sh~|hnxs dmdx ghdogyms bh kf|s~xb|k gmsdmn {mfa dmkf {mfa nh~mcm |hshdme dooy& ' Nkdm n~hmb nh~mcm cmdmg fh|shc dooy gmbm {mfa mbmf ckehfskbmf mcmdme fh|shc ksx |mjm$ |hghfsm~m dooy xsmgm skcmb& ' Jkbm ckdhsmbbmf ck dxm~ dooy msmx nh~mcm ck cmdmg |hnxme `xfa|k$ gmbm ckm mbmf ghfaehfskbmf hb|hbx|k cm~k `kdh sh~|hnxs& ' N~hmb nkm|mf{m ckdhsmbbmf cmdmg kf|s~xb|k lofckskofmd& Emd sh~|hnxs bm~hfm sh~bmcmfa cknxsxebmf |hnxme kf|s~xb|k xfsxb ghfaehfskbmf hb|hbx|k bhskbm ckcmymsbmf bhmcmmf b~ksk| {mfa skcmb ckkfakfbmf& >& Kf|s~ Kf|s~xb xb|k |k lof lofsk skfx fxh h Nhnh~mym bhmcmmf cmdmg yhfaaxfmmf kf|s~xb|k lofskfxh: ' Nkm|mf{m ckaxfmbmf cmdmg dooykfa xfsxb ghfaehfskbmf kf|s~xb|k |mms kfk$ dmdx ghdmfjxsbmf kf|s~xb|k |hdmfjxsf{m& ' Kf|s~xb|k kfk jxam nkm|mf{m ckdhsmbbmf ymcm kf|s~xb|k lofckskofmd $ bhskbm gmsdmn ghfhgxbmf kf|s~xb|k lofskfxh gmbm gmsdmn skcmb mbmf ghfahb|hbx|k kf|s~xb|k {mfa dmkf ekfaam hfc $ dmdx ghfh~x|bmf kf|s~xb|k |hshdme hfc sh~|hnxs& \m{m em~my mfcm skcmb dxym nmeqm hfc {mfa |m{m gmb|xc mcmdme hfc ymcm kf|s~xb|k lofckskofmd &


Dhlsx Dhlsx~h ~h 1 ' \omd \omd Sex~|cm{$ @hn~xm~{ >3$ >9== ==:81 YG



Dhlsx~h 1m ' Ghgnxms @xfa|k @xfa|k K \msx~cm{$ @hn~xm~{ >0$ >9== >:9; YG

Y~oa~mg {mfa mfcm shdme nxms$ nk|m ckjmckbmf |hnxme `xfa|k& Bhnmf{mbmf y~oa~mgh~ ghgnxms y~oa~mg y~oa~mg gh~hbm cmdmg |hnxme `xfa|k mam~ dhnke y~o`h|kofmd$ sh~msx~$ sh~|k|shgmsk| cmf gxcme hb|hbx|kf{m bm~hfm dmfa|xfa ck cmdmg Loggmfc Qkfcoq& Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k |hnxme `xfa|k mcmdme: @xflskof Rm~axghf oxsyxsW 7 fmgm_`xfa|kRm~axghf fmgm_`xfa|kRm~axghf kfyxsW Yh~emskbmf smnhd msx~mf cknmqme shfsmfa nhfsxb'nhfsxb `xfa|k {mfa nk|m mfcm nxms cmf yhfmgmmf `xfa|k& Yh~dx ckkfams$ bhskbm mfcm ghgnxms `xfa|k$ gmbm fmgm `kdhf{m qmjkn |mgm chfamf fmgm `xfa|k sh~|hnxs& Nhfsxb `xfa|k

Fmgm @kdh %kfk mcmdme msx~mf qmjkn+

bhsh~mfamf

`xflskofRPW 7 podxgh%y$d$s+

podxgh&g

@xfa|k xfsxb ghfaeksxfa podxgh Cm~k |hnxme nmfaxf ~xmfa chfamf > oxsyxs m~axghf cmf < kfyxs m~axghf

`xflskof P 7 podxgh%y$d$s+

podxgh&g

Nhfsxb yhfxdk|mf mdsh~fmsk` nkdm emf{m = Pm~knhd msmx m~axghf oxsyxs

`xflskof RD$BW 7 dkfabm~mf%~+

dkfabm~mf&g

@xfa| k xfsxb ghfaeksxfa Dxm| %D+ cmf Bhdkdkfa %B+ dkfabm~mf chfamf gm|xbmf Jm~k'jm~k %~+& Jmck `xfa|k kfk ghgkdkbk > oxsyxs cmf = kfyxs&

`xflskof y~o{hb|k%u${$z+

y~o{hb|k&g

@xfa|k {mfa skcmb ghgkdkbk m~axghf oxsyxs Smyk ghgkdkbk < m~axghf kfyxs&

Mfcm nk|m ghgnxms `xfa|k chfamf bh~mamgmf kfyxs cmf oxsyxs {mfa nh~nhcm chfamf smnhd ck msm|$ smyk em~x| ghfakbxsk smsmlm~m |hyh~sk {mfa shdme cksxfjxbbmf& Sh~dhnke ghfahfmk yhgnxmsmf fmgm `kdh& Mcm {mfa yh~dx mfcm kfams jxam$ nmeqm yhfaxjkmf `xfa|k {mfa shdme mfcm nxms mcmdme chfamf ghfahskbbmf fmgm `xfa|k sh~gm|xb m~axghf kfyxsf{m ymcm LOGGMFC QKFCOQ& Jkbm mfcm ghfahb|hbx|k |hyh~sk lm~m bhskbm bksm ghgnxms y~oa~mg ymcm dhlsx~h'dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m$ gmbm gmsdmn mbmf ghfmgykdbmf yh|mf h~~o~ ymcm loggmfc qkfcoq& Mam~ dhnke jhdm|$ yh~emskbmfdme lofsoe ck nmqme kfk:

Ck \MPH |mjm `kdh sh~|hnxs$ dmdx jmdmfbmf chfamf lm~m ghfahskb m~axghf cmf fmgm `kdh /`xfa|k cmdmg LOGGMFC QKFCOQ&

Msmx nk|m |mjm mfcm ghfxdk| |hyh~sk kfk:

M~skf{m bhskbm mfcm ghgmfaakd bhgnmdk `xfa|k sh~|hnxs$ mfcm skcmb em~x| ghfaaxfmbmf pm~kmnhd {mfa yh~|k| |mgm chfamf {mfa mcm ck cmdmg `xfa|k {mfa shdme mfcm nxms smck& Ymcm dhlsx~h |hdmfjxsf{m mfcm mbmf ckyh~bhfmdbmf chfamf gmsh~k hpmd cmf kfdkfh & [mfa gh~xymbmf |hnxme `xfa|k cmdmg gmsdmn {mfa nk|m mfcm axfmbmf dmfa|xfa smfym ghgnxms `xfa|k |hyh~sk ck msm|& Smyk shfsx |mjm gh~hbm ghgkdkbk bhbx~mfamf cmdmg emd bogydhb|ksm|&


Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 1n ' Ghgnxms Ghgnxms @xfa|k @xfa|k KK


Qhcfh|cm{$ Gm~le 9>$ >9== =9:8< YG

' @xfa|k kfdkfh Nkdm bksm ghgkdkbk |hnxme yh~|mgmmf msmx ~xgx| {mfa sh~ck~k cm~k nhnh~mym pm~kmnhd smfym eksxfamf {mfa bogydhb|$ gmbm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k kfdkfh%+ smfym em~x| ghgnxms `xfa|k |hfck~k& Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k kfdkfh%+ mcmdme: [ 7 kfdkfh%!sxdk|bmf kfdkfh%!sxdk|bmf ~xgx|f{m!+ Nkdm jxgdme pm~kmnhdf{m dhnke cm~k >$ cmf mfcm kfakf ghgnxms x~xsmf kfyxs {mfa shyms xfsxb ~xgx|mf sh~|hnxs g mbm axfmbmf nhfsxb nh~kbxs: [ 7 kfdkfh%!sxdk|bmf kfdkfh%!sxdk|bmf ~xgx|f{m!$!m~a=!$!m~a>!$!m~a&&f!+ Jmck mfcm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k kfk dmfa|xfa ck Loggmfc Qkfcoq& Kfams nmeqm m~a=†m~af em~x| ghgkdkbk |kgnod {mfa |mgm chfamf pm~kmnhd {mfa ghfjmck gm|xbmf cmdmg ~xgx|& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm| yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs: Lofsoe:

Lofsoe:

Mfcm nk|m ghflh~gmsk nmeqm fkdmk =$>$<$3 ck nh~kbmf bh pm~kmnhd m$n$c$l |h|xmk chfamf x~xsmf {mfa shdme mfcm nh~kbmf |mms ghfaaxfmbmf kfdkfh%+&

' @xfa|k `hpmd @xfa|k `hpmd gh~xymbmf |kfambmsmf cm~k `xflskof hpmdxmsh {mfa m~skf{m |hnxme `xfa|k {mfa ckaxfmbmf xfsxb ghfahpmdxm|k `xfa|k dmkf& @xfa|k {mfa nk|m ck hpmdxm|k mcmdme `xfa|k nmqmmf gmsdmn %gk|mdf{m `xfa|k gmshgmsk|+ cmf `xfa|k nxmsmf |hfck~k& @xfa|k sh~|hnxs ck hpmdxm|k sh~emcmy gm|xbmf {mfa cknh~kbmf odhe x|h~& Nhfsxb xgxg cm~k `hpmd%+ mcmdme: [ 7 `hpmd%!sxdk|bmf `xfa|kf{m!$fkdmk_m~axghf+ `xfa|kf{m!$fkdmk_m~axghf+

\mgm emdf{m chfamf `xfa|k kfdkfh%+$ mfcm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k `hpmd%+ kfk dmfa|xfa ck Loggmfc Qkfcoq& Xfsxb dhnke jhdm| yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs:

\hyh~sk shdme ckjhdm|bmf ck msm|$ nmeqm `xfa|k nxmsmf |hfck~k yxf nk|m ckaxfmbmf cmdmg `hpmd&

\hbkdm| smgymb nmeqm skcmb mcm nhcmf{m yhfaaxfmmf `hpmd chfamf lm~m hb|hbx|k `xfa|k nkm|m$ gmdme chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `hpmd mbmf ghfmgnme bh~xgksmf bhskbm kfakf ghfahb|hbx|k |xmsx `xfa|k& Jmck mymbme |km'|km jkbm ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k `hpmd?? Skcmb- Bm~hfm bksm cmyms ghfaaxfmbmf `hpmd bhskbm kfakf ghdkems xfjxb bh~jm cm~k `xfa|k nxmsmf |hfck~k$ ckgmfm nkdm `xfa|k sh~|hnxs nh~mcm ck cmdmg `xfa|k& Bm~hfm bhskbm bksm ghfahb|hbx|k `xfa|k xsmgm$ bksm emf{m mbmf ghfcmymsbmf em|kd mbek~& Nm{mfabmf jkbm cmdmg `xfa|k xsmgm$ bksm ghgkdkbk nhnh~mym `xfa|k dmkff{m {mfa em~x| ck y~o|h| cmexdx$ smyk bksm skcmb nk|m ghfahsmexk xfjxb bh~jm cm~k `xfa|k sh~|hnxs smfym em~x| ghfahb|hbx|k |hlm~m bh|hdx~xemf bh|hdx~xemf `xfa|k xsmgm& Fme chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `hpmd%+$ bksm nk|m ghfahb|hbx|k `xfa|k'`xfa|k `xfa|k'`xfa|k sh~|hnxs |hlm~m kfchyhfchf msmx nhnm|& Emd kfk mbmf mfcm shgxk bhskbm mfcm ghfah~jmbmf y~oa~mg {mfa bogydhb| msmx ~xgks& Jmck nh~axfm shfsxf{m nxbmf??? :'+


Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h 5 ' \omd \omd Sex~|cm{$ Gm~le 9<$ >9== ;:9= MG


Dhlsx~h 5m ' Cxfkm < Ckghf|k Ckghf|k K Sex~|cm{$ Gm~le 9<$ >9== ;:99 MG


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>& @xfa|k gh|ea~kc @xfa|k kfk ymcm cm|m~f{m ckaxfmbmf xfsxb ghfaeksxfa fkdmk |hnxme pm~kmnhd cm~k > nxme pm~kmnhd dmkf& Mam~ dhnke amgymfa

ckghfah~sk yh~emskbmf ~xgx|mf nh~kbxs: z 7 `%u${+

Pm~kmnhd u cmf { g h~xymbmf pm~kmnhd {mfa |mdkfa nhnm|$ |hghfsm~m z g h~xymbmf pm~kmnhd {mfa skcmb nhnm| bm~hfm sh~amfsxfa ymcm fkdmk u cmf {& Yh~emskbmf nhfsxb xgxg cm~k `xfa|k gh|ea~kc%+: RU$[W7gh|ea~kc%u${+

Bhsh~mfamf: U$[ 7 gms~kb| {mfa ckbhgnmdkbmf chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k kfk u${ 7 gh~xymbmf phbso~ {mfa ghgnmak cogmkf cm~k u cmf { Gh|ea~kc mbmf ghgmb|m gms~kb| U cmf [ ghfjmck gms~kb| chfamf xbx~mf {mfa |mgm$ jkbm mfcm ghgm|xbbmf phbso~ u cmf { chfamf xbx~mf {mfa nh~nhcm& Yh~emskbmf nhfsxb a~kc {mfa ckem|kdbmf odhe gh|ea~kc:

Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs: 66 u7=:82 66 {7'<:>2 66 RU$[W7gh|ea~kc%u${+ U7 = = = = = =

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yh~emskbmf mcmdme$ mcmdme$ fkdmk gms~kb U sh~ck~k cm~k nm~k| {mfa nh~m|md cm~k fkdmk phbso~ u& \hcmfabmf xfsxb gms~kb| [ nh~k|k bodxg {mfa sh~ck~k cm~k fkdmk phbso~ {&

Dmdx bksm ghfaeksxfa fkdmk cm~k pm~kmnhd z {mfa sh~amfsxfa ymcm fkdmk U cmf [: 66 Z 7 < *U&V>"8*[&V>'U&*[ *U&V>"8*[&V>'U&*[ Z7 '=< '5 '< > 1

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^xgx|mf Z ckmsm| emf{mdme yh~gk|mdmf |mjm& Xfsxb ghgydosbmf fkdmk'fkdmk sh~|hnxs$ ckaxfmbmf `xfa|k gh|e%+& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe nh~kbxs kfk cmdmg ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k gh|e%+ cmf |x~`%+& Yh~nhcmmf cm~k yhfaaxfmmf bhcxm `xfa|k sh~|hnxs mcmdme$ `xfa|k gh|e%+ ghfmgykdbmf boo~ckfms {mfa cknhfsxb odhe U cmf [ nh|h~sm Z {mfa gh~xymbmf em|kd yh~eksxfamf ghfaaxfmbmf U cmf [& \hcmfabmf `xfa|k |x~`%+ mbmf ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb sh~|hnxs {mfa ck nh~k qm~fm ck cmdmgf{m& Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk:

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<& @xfa|k pkhq%+ Nkdm mfcm kfakf ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb cmdmg mfadh msmx |xcxs {mfa |h|xmk chfamf bhkfakfmf$ mfcm nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k kfk& Bm~hfm `xfa|k kfk mbmf ghgnmqm a~m`kb mfcm ghfxjx boo~ckfms {mfa mfcm shfsxbmf& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme |hnmamk nh~kbxs: pkhq%mz$hd+ msmx pkhq%Rmz$hdW+

Bhsh~mfamf: mz 7 mzkgxse gh~xymbmf |xcxs {mfa ckxbx~ ~hdmsk` sh~emcmy {'fhamsk` & hd 7 |xcxs hdhpm|k cm~k nkcmfa u'{& Bhcxm f{m cmdmg ch~mjms& Yh~emskbmf amgnm~ nh~kbxs:

Yh~emskbmf lofsoe ck nmqme kfk:

Em|kd hb|hbx|k:

Xfsxb dhlsx~h nh~kbxsf{m |m{m mbmf ghfaemck~bmf nh~nmamk `xfa|k {mfa ckaxfmbmf cmdmg ghgpk|xmdk|m|kbmf cmsm cmdmg

Dhlsx~h 5n ' Cxfkm < Ckghf|k Ckghf|k KK %\HDH\MK+ %\HDH\MK+ \msx~cm{$ Gm~le =>$ >9== 8:8= YG

JMF\ EHFC^[ \~l: Gmsdmn : Mf kfs~ocxlskof qkse Myydklmskof n{ Mgo| Akdms&

\hnmamkgmfm shdme cknh~ksmexbmf ymcm dhlsx~h |hnhdxgf{m nmeqm ymcm dhlsx~h kfk bksm mbmf ghgyhdmjm~k ghfahfmk nmamkgmfm xfsxb ghfaem|kdbmf a~m`kb
M& Gh|e cmf lofsox~ Chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf yh~kfsme kfk$ gmsdmn mbmf ghfmg ykdbmf a~m`kb gh|e chfamf lofsox~ nh~mcm ck nmqmef{m& @o~gms: gh|el%U$[$Z+ Lofsoe:

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N& \x~`mlh cmf lofsox~ \mgm emdf{m chfamf gh|e$ |x~`mlh jxam nk|m ghgkdkbk lofsox~ ck nmqmef{m& @o~gms: |x~`l%U$[$Z+ Lofsoe:

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L& \x~`mlh chfamf mcmf{m dkaeskfa Ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb |x~`mlh chfamf dkaeskfa& @o~gms: |x~`d%U$[$Z+ Lofsoe:

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C& Qmsh~`mdd Ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb gh|e emf{m cmdmg |msx m~me& @o~gms: qmsh~`mdd%U$[$Z+ Lofsoe:

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H& >'C lofsox~ Ghfmgykdbmf y~o{hb|k cm~k lofsox~ cmdmg nkcmfa > ckghf|k {mbfk u cmf {& @o~gms: lofsox~%U$[$Z$f+ Chfamf f gh~xymbmf jxgdme dhphd lofsox~ %|k`msf{m oy|kofmd+& Lofsoe:

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@& <'C lofsox~ Ghfmgykdbmf lofsox~ cmdmg ò~gms
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A& \yeh \yeh~h ~h msmx msmx nod nodm m Ghfahgnmdkbmf boo~ckfms u${ cmf z& Xfsxb gh fmgykdbmf a~m`kbf{m bksm nk|mghfaaxfmbmf nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf |x~` msmx gh|e& @o~gms: RU$[$ZW7|yeh~h%f+ Chfamf f gh~xymbmf jxgdme `mlh {mfa kfakf cksmgykdbmf& Lofsoe:

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E& L{dkfch~ msmx |kdkfch~ Ghfahgnmdkbmf boo~ckfms u${ cmf z cmdmg ò~gms |kdkfch~& Xfsxb ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kbf{m bksm nk|mghfaaxfmbmf nk|m ghfaaxfmbmf |x~` msmx gh|e& @o~gms: RU$[$ZW7l{dkfch~%~+ Chfamf ~ mcmdme y~o`kdh f{m&

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K& <'C nm~ Ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb nm~ |hlm~m
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J& <'C |shg Ghfmgykdbmf a~m`kb |shg %ck|b~hs+ cmdmg |k|shg <'C& @o~gms: |shg<%U$[$Z+ Lofsoe:

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D& <'C ykh Ghfmgykdbmf cmsm |smsk|skb cmdmg a~m`kb ykh {mfa nh~ò~gms <'C& @o~gms: ykh<%U$|dklh+ \dklh gh~xymbmf phbso~ {mfa xbx~mff{m |mgm chfamf U smyk emf{m nh~k|k 9 cmf = {mfa axfmf{m xfsxb ghfhfsxbmf nmakmf gmfm cm~k a~m`kb ykh {mfa mbmf ckyk|mebmf cm~k a~m`kb ykh sh~|hnxs& Pm~kmnhd |dklh nk|m mfcm amfsk chfamf fmgm mym |mjm& Lofsoe:

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Chgkbkmfdme |m{m shdme ghgyh~bhfmdbmf gmsh~k shfsmfa nmamkgmfm ghfmgykdbmf cmsm cmdmg a~m`kb <'C& Ghgmfa |hjmxe kfk |m{m nhdxg ghfaaxfmbmf |hgxmf{m$ bm~hfm ghgmfa nhdxg yh~dx& Ckem~mybmf bhskbm mfcm nxsxe xfsxb ghgpk|xmdk|m|kbmf |hlm~m <'C cmsm {mfa mfcm yxf{m$ gmbm mfcm |xcme nk|m ghdmbxbmff{m&



Dhlsx~h Dhlsx~h =9 ' Yhf{kgymfm Yhf{kgymfmf f cmsm Sex~|cm{$ @hn~xm~{ >3$ >9== ==:81 YG

Soykb kfk gh~xymbmf soykb {mfa |hdmdx mcm cmdmg nmem|m yhg~oa~mgmf {mfa |m{m shgxk$ |hnxme nmem|m yhg~oa~mgmf em~x| ghgkdkbk bhgmgyxmf xfsxb ghf{kgymf em|kd yhfaodmemf cmsm cmdmg |hnxme `kdh& \m{m |hfamjm ghfhgymsbmf dhlsx~h kfk ck mbek~ mam~ mfcm skcmb sh~dmdx yx|kfa cmexdx bm~hfm ymcm cm|m~f{m gmsdmn ckaxfmbmf xfsxb ghgnmfsx bogyxsm|k$ |hcmfabmf dhlsx~h kfk ghfh~mfabmf bhymcm mfcm nmeqm em|kd bogyxsm|k sh~|hnxs nk|m jxam ck|kgymf cmdmg `kdh {mfa |hqmbsx'qmbsx nk|m mfcm nmlm bhgnmdk ghfaaxfmbmf gmsdmn& Mcm nhnh~mym dmfabme cmdmg yhf{kgymfmf cmsm em|kd bo gyxsm|k& =& Nxbm `kdh chfamf yh~kfsme òyhf >& Sxdk| em|kd bogyxsm|k bh `kdh ghfaaxfmbmf `y~kfs`& <& Sxsxy `kdh chfamf ghfaaxfmbmf `ldo|h& Ghgnxbm `kdh ghfaaxfmbmf `xfa|k òyhf Bhskbm mfcm ghfaaxfmbmf òyhf$ gmbm mcm > bhgxfabkfmf {mfa mbmf ckdmbxbmf: ' Nkdm `kdh sh~|hnxs skcmb mcm$ gmbm òyhf osogmsk| mbmf ghgnxms `kdh sh~|hnxs ' Nkdm `kdh |xcme mcm$ gmbm òyhf mbmf |hlm~m osogmsk| ghgnxbm `kdh sh~|hnxs Nhfsxb yhfxdk|mf kf|s~xb|k bhskbm ghgnxbm `kdh mcmdme: `kc 7 òyhf%!fmgm_`kdh!$!nhf òyhf%!fmgm_`kdh!$!nhfsxb sxb kjkf y~o|h|!+ Pm~kmnhd kc ck|hnxms |hnmamk `kdh kchfsk`kh~& \hnxme fkdmk |bmdm~ cknh~kbmf bh pm~kmnhd kfk bhskbm ` oyhf ckhb|hbx|k& Yh~dx ckkfams nmeqm bhskbm mfcm ghfxdk|bmf fmgm_`kdh gmbm sxdk|dme sh~gm|xb hb|shf|k cm~k `kdh sh~|hnxs& Nkdm skcmb kfakf ~hyos' ~hyos cmdmg ghfxdk| ck~hbso~k$ gmbm |kgymfdme `kdh sh~|hnxs nh~|mgmmf chfamf shgyms mfcm ghf{kgymf `kdh y~oa~mg {mfa mfcm sxdk|& Nhfsxb kjkf y~o|h| ghfjmck |mfams yhfskfa bhskbm mfcm ghgxsx|bmf `kdh sh~|hnxs xfsxb ckmymbmf& Bm~hfm ksx$ nhfsxb kjkf y~o|h| sh~ck~k msm|: ' !~! 7 `kdh {mfa cknxbm emf{m xfsxb cknmlm %ch`mxds + mdkm| skcmb nk|m xfsxb cksxdk|& ' !q! 7 cmdmg bofck|k kfk$ `kdh nk|m cksxdk|& [mfa yh~dx ckkfams mcmdme gmsdmn mbmf ghfahlhb mymbme `kdh {mfa ckgmb|xc mcm msmx skcmb? Jkbm mcm$ gmbm gmsdmn mbmf ghfaemyx| k|k `kdh sh ~|hnxs$ nm~x ghfxdk|bmf k|k {mfa mfcm kfakfbmf bh cmdmg `kdh& Nkdm sh~f{msm `kdh sh~|hnxs skcmb mcm$ gmbm |hlm~m o sogmsk| gmsdmn mbmf ghgnxmsbmf `kdh nm~x& ' !m! 7 bofck|k kfk jxam xfsxb yhfxdk|mf sh~emcmy `kdh$ smyk {mfa ghfaxfsxfabmf mcmdme mfcm gm|ke nk|m ghgkdkbk cmsm {mfa dmgm %skcmb ckemyx| |hyh~sk ghfaaxfmbmf !q!+$ |hghfsm~m cmsm {mfa nm~x mbmf ck dhsmbbmf |hshdmef{m %myyhfc + smfym ghfaemyx| mym'mym& Ghfxdk| em|kd bogyxsm|k ghfaaxfmbmf ghfaaxfmbmf `y~kfs` \hshdme `kdh cknxbm$ gmbm |hbm~mfa bksm nk|m ghfxdk|bmf em|kd bogyxsm|k bh cmdmg `kdh s h~|hnxs& Smyk em~x| mfcm kfams nmeqm yhfxdk|mf ckgxfabkfbmf ghfaaxfmbmf `y~kfs`%+& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme:

`y~kfs`%`kc$!em|kd bogyxsm|k!$pm~kmnhd bogyxsm|k+

Kfams nmeqm mfcm em~x| ghfmgnmebmf pm~kmnhd `kc {mfa ckbhfmd |hnmamk `kdh kchfsk`kh~ & Ghfxsxy `kdh chfamf `xfa|k `ldo|h Em~x| mfcm dmbxbmf mcmdme ghfxsxy `kdh |hshdme |hdh|mk ghfaaxfmbmf `kdh sh~|hnxs& Nhfsxb xgxgf{m mcmdme: `ldo|h%`kc+

Lofsoe: Fosh: `kdh |m{m |hlm~m osogmsk| sh~|kgymf ck : L:TX|h~|TJmf| L:TX|h~|TJmf| Ehfc~{TColxghfs|TGMSDMN Ehfc~{TColxghfs|TGMSDMN$$ bm~hfm |m{m ghgmfa skcmb ghfhfsxbmf ck~hbso~k ckgmfm `kdh sh~|hnxs mbmf ck|kgymf& \hghfsm~m ck~hbso~k ck msm|$ gh~xymbmf ck~hbso~kch`mxds gmsdmn& Jmck lonm lhb ckshgyms ksx$ jkbm mfcm skcmb ghfhgxbmf `kdh {mfa mfcm shdme nxms& Cmdmg lofsoe kfk$ |m{m |hbmdkax| ghgnxms |hnxme `xfa|k nh~fmgm .|xex&g.& \hgoam mfcm gm|ke kfams nmamkgmfm lm~m ghgnxms cmf ghfahb|hbx|k |hnxme `xfa|k&

Lm~m hb|hbx|k:

@kdh .|xex&col. em|kd yhf{kgymfmf†


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