Concerning asthma: A. Inhaled steroids are useful in the treatment. B. Wheeze on auscultation is pathognomonic. C. It is seldom a cause of hospital admission. D. Exacerbation of symptoms can occur with exercise. E. Sufferers should be excluded from sport at school.
Correct Answer- T F F T F Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm.The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible. Classical Symptoms are recurrent wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Recurrent wheezing is not pathognomonic to Asthma. Other causes of recurrent wheezing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Transient Transient early wheez wheezing ing with viral viral infection infection Non atophic atophic wheezing wheezing due due to RSV infection infections s Bron Bronch chio ioli liti tis s Recurrent Recurrent aspiration aspiration of feeds feeds Cystic Cystic fibros fibrosis is Inhale Inhaled d foreig foreign n body body Cow's milk protei protein n intolera intolerance nce Cardia Cardiac c failu failure re
Other Exacerbating factors Dust, house mites, animal dander (especially cat and dog hair),molds,Perfumes,virus hair),molds,Perfumes, virus and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract
Concerning systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE): A. It causes a characteristic "butterfly rash". B. Is more common in males. C. Arthralgia is a rare feature. D. Maternal SLE can cause heart block in the neonate. E. Anti-nuclear antibodies are usually present. Correct Answer - T F F T T
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic inflammation of various tissues of the body.It is more common in women than men (about eight times more common) especially between the ages of 15 and 50. 1. Common initial and chronic complaints include fever, malaise, joint pains, myalgias, and fatigue and photosensitive rash 2. Dermatological manifestations - classic malar rash (or butterfly rash),Alopecia 3. Musculoskeletal manifestations - Arthralgia and arthritis(small joints of the hand and wrist usually affected) 4. Hematological manifestations - Pancytoppenia 5. Cardiac manifestations - Pancarditis,valvular heart diseases 6. Renal involvement - membranous glomerulonephritis 7. Neurological manifestations - lupus headache,cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, Strokes, seizures, polyneuropathy 8. SLE in a pregnant mother increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine fetal death, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth and Neonatal lupus. 9. Neonatal lupus manifests as congenital heart block or as lupus rash.It is rare in SLE pregnancies.Anti-Ro and
anti-La antibodies (for the risk assessment of neonatal lupus) should be performed before pregnancy.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is the mainstay of serologic testing for SLE. sensitivity = 99%; specificity = 49% Anti-dsDNA antibodies are highly specific for SLE; they are present in 70% of cases
Compared with cow's milk, human breastmilk contains: A. Less sodium. B. Less calcium. C. Less protein. D. Less fat. E. Less carbohydrate
Correct Answer - T T T F F There are many differences between breast milk and cow’s milk / formula. Cow’s milk is much more difficult for an infants digestive system to break down and is not nutritionally equal to breast milk.
Breast Milk contains Secretory IgA Antibodies Fat – Breast milk contains more fat than cow’s milk and is more easily absorbed by the baby. Carbohydrates – Breast milk contains more carbohydrates than cow’s milk. Protein – The amount of protein in breast milk is less than cow's milk Less amount of Sodium, Calcium and phosphorus than cow's milk and more Iron than cow's milk
Which of the following are recognised causes of clubbing: A. Cystic fibrosis. B. Familial. C. Bacterial endocarditis. D. Fallot's tetralogy. E. Ulcerative colitis.
MCQ 01 Correct Answer - T T T T T Pulmonary disease
* Lung cancer * Tuberculosis * Bronchiectasis * Cystic fibrosis * Interstitial lung disease * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis * Sarcoidosis * Lipoid pneumonia * Empyema * Pleural mesothelioma * Pulmonary artery sarcoma * Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis * Pulmonary metastases Cardiac disease * Cyanotic congenital heart disease * Bacterial endocarditis Malignancies * Thyroid cancer * Thymus cancer * Hodgkin's disease * Disseminated chronic myeloid leukemia Gastrointestinal disease * Ulcerative colitis * Crohn's disease * Primary biliary cirrhosis * Cirrhosis of the liver Primary * Pachydermoperiostosis * Familial clubbing * Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy Others * Acromegaly *Graves' disease Autosomal dominant conditions are A. Gilbert syndrome. B. Becker muscular dystrophy. C. Turner syndrome. D. Tuberous sclerosis. E. Cystic fibrosis. MCQ 02 Correct Answer - T F F T F
Cystic fibrosis: A. It is most common in sub-Saharan Africa. B. The most common mutation is called delta-F508. C. The responsible gene is located on chromosome 14. D. Can present in neonates with intestinal obstruction. E. Can be investigated by measuring sweat electrolytes.
MCQ 03 Correct Answer - F T F T T Cystic fibrosis is the most common potentially lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasian populations, characterised by chronic suppurative lung disease and chronic exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The predominant symptoms of Cystic fibrosis are attributed to epithelial abnormalities in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts: * Recurrent respiratory infection is a major presenting feature * Pancreatic insufficiency (85%) * 10% of Cystic fibrosis newborns suffer meconium ileus * Hepatic cirrhosis * Male infertility The defective protein is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).This defective channel leads to a high concentration of sodium and a low concentration of chloride in exocrine secretions. Deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 on the long arm (q) of chromosome 7 is the most common Diagnostic investigations in cystic fibrosis include: * immunoreactive trypsin in neonates * sweat test * nasal potential difference testing Sweat test -The sweat test is diagnostic of cystic fibrosis.The mass of sweat should be greater than 100mg for an interpretable result.Sweat is induced by intra-dermal injection of pilocarpine. In cystic fibrosis, the chloride concentration if greater than 60 mmol/l and the sodium concentration is greater than 70 mmol/l. Sodium concentration is greater than chloride concentration in the sweat.
