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"PROPUESTA PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE PAVIMENTO PERMEABLE EN VALLADOLID YUCATÁN."
BR. LUCIO NÁJERA BALAM
M.E. María Francisca Ci!a C#n
ASESOR INTERNO
REVISOR
ASESOR E$TERNO
REVISOR
Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n* A+ri %# ,-/
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DICTAMEN DEL ASESOR
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HOJA DE ADVERTENCIA
E 0r#s#n(# %&c'!#n(& 1'# #a+&ra%& 0&r # s's(#n(an(#* 2'i#n # &(&r3a # cr4%i(& c&rr#s0&n%i#n(# a &s a'(&r#s c&ns'(a%&s !ani1#s()n%&& #n as ci(as inc'i%as* s# a1ir!a 2'# #s(# (ra+a5& #s r#s'(a%& %# #s1'#r6& %# s's(#n(an(# así c&!& %# s' as#s&r 7 r#8is&r#s 2'i#n#s 8#ri1icar&n #n s' !&!#n(& 2'# # !is!& n& a si%& 0r#s#n(a%& 0r#8ia!#n(# c&n # !is!& 1in.
ATENTAMENTE
BR. L'ci& N)5#ra Baa! SUSTENTANTE
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SUMARIO
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ASBTRAC
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ÍNDICE
DICTAMEN DEL ASESOR................................................................................, 9OJA DE ADVERTENCIA................................................................................: SUMARIO..........................................................................................................; ASBTRAC........................................................................................................./ CAPn.............................................................................................= .,. J's(i1icaci>n..........................................................................................O+5#(i8&s...................................................................................................... .:. O+5#(i8& 3#n#ra.................................................................................... .:. O+5#(i8&s #s0#cí1ic&s....................................................................... .;. Carac(#ri6aci>n %# )r#a #n 2'# s# 0ar(ici0>....................................... .;.. An(#c#%#n(#s %# a #!0r#sa.......................................................... .;., Or3ani3ra!a %# a #!0r#sa.........................................................., .;.: D#scri0ci>n %# )r#a %&n%# s# r#ai6> # 0r&7#c(&.........................: .;.;. An(#c#%#n(#s %# a 0r&+#!)(ica...................................................: ./. Pr&+#!as a r#s&8#r 0ri&ri6)n%&&s..................................................../ .?. Acanc#................................................................................................/ .@. Li!i(aci&n#s..........................................................................................? CAP
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,., Pa8i!#n(& 1#i+#.................................................................................. ,.,. V#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+#..........................................................= ,.,., D#s8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+#....................................................,,.: Pa8i!#n(& rí3i%&....................................................................................,,.:. 8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%&.........................................................., ,.; C&!0araci>n #n(r# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# 7 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%&...................,, ,./ c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+#...............................................................................,: ,./. 8#n(a5as %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+#....................................................,; ,./., 8#n(a5as %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# 1r#n(# a c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic&.......,; ,.? Pr&3ra!a %# %#sarr&& 'r+an& %# c#n(r& %# 0&+aci>n %# Vaa%&i%.,? ,.?. D#1inici>n %# í!i(# %# c#n(r& %# 0&+aci>n...................................,? ,.?., Es(ra(#3ia 3#n#ra %# %#sarr&& 'r+an&............................................,@ ,.?.: Visi>n Vaa%&i% ,-:-.........................................................................,@ ,.?.; Misi>n Vaa%&i% ,-:-....................................................................., REFERENCIAS BIBLIORÁFICAS...............................................................,=
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CAPÍTULO I
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CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN
. In(r&%'cci>n D#s%# a i!0#!#n(aci>n %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s #n M4ic& #n # si3& $$* s' 0r&c#s& %# #a+&raci>n a i%& ca!+ian%& c&n1&r!# n'#8&s 0r&1#si&nis(as s# s'!an a ra!& 7 n'#8as in8#s(i3aci&n#s s&n #cas #n as 'ni8#rsi%a%#s* +'scan%& !#5&rar 8ari&s as0#c(&s r#aci&na%&s c&n s' (i#!0& %# 8i%a* ca0aci%a% %# car3a* c&s(& %# #a+&raci>n 7 !an(#ni!i#n(&* #n(r# &(r&s. En &s (i!&s a&s* c&n a #8i%#n(# %#3ra%aci>n a!+i#n(a* s# an i%& 0r&0&ni#n%& n'#8&s !a(#ria#s 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %# 0a8i!#n(&s* 8arian%& si3ni1ica(i8a!#n(# s's carac(#rís(icas #n c&!0araci>n a as %&s 7a #is(#n(#s %#s%# ac# 8arias %4ca%as. La car0#(a as1)(ica* a!0ia!#n(# '(ii6a%a #n (&%& # !'n%&* c#n(ra s' 0rinci0a carac(#rís(ica #n a #!'si>n as1)(ica* 2'# sir8# 0ara #8i(ar # 0as& %# a3'a a as ca0as in1#ri&r#s 7 # a8a%& %# 1in&s* & c'a &ri3inaría 3ri#(as 7 +ac#s. P&r # &(r& a%& &s 0a8i!#n(&s rí3i%&s %#scar(an a '(ii6aci>n %# i!0#r!#a+ii6an(#s* 7a 2'# # !is!& c&ncr#(& 1ra3'a%& n& 0#r!i(# a 1i(raci>n %# a3'a acia &(ras ca0as. B'scan%& #8i(ar a c&n(a!inaci>n %# s'#& c&n !a(#ria#s +i('!in&s&s sin 3#n#rar 3ran%#s c&s(&s* a s'r3i%& #n as 0rinci0a#s 'ni8#rsi%a%#s %# !'n%& 'n n'#8& (i0& %# 0a8i!#n(&* %is(in(& casi 0&r c&!0#(& a as an(#ri&r#s # 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+#. B'scan%& a0&7ars# #n # #s('%i& r#ai6a%& #n %is(in(&s a+&ra(&ri&s %# !'n%&* #n # 0r#s#n(# (ra+a5& s# 0r&0&n# 'n 0r&c#s& c&ns(r'c(i8& 0ara a
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#a+&raci>n %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+#* '(ii6an%& !a(#ria#s %# a r#3i>n. L& an(#ri&r c&n # 1in %# #8i(ar # %#(#ri&r& (#!0ran& %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s 7 a a0arici>n %# 3ri#(as 7 +ac#s* &s c'a#s 0r&8&can acci%#n(#s 8#ic'ar#s 7 %#(#ri&r&s #n &s carr&s 2'# (ransi(an. E D#0ar(a!#n(& %# O+ras P+icas %# 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& %# a ci'%a% %# Vaa%&i% +'sca c&!0ar(ir c&n (&%&s &s Vais&#(an&s ins(r'!#n(&s 2'# 0#r!i(an %ar a c&n&c#r &s r#2'isi(&s n#c#sari&s 0ara c&ns(r'ir & !&%i1icar 'na casa* #%i1ici&* ca#* & c'a2'i#r &+ra ci8i. S' !isi>n #s a %# %#(#r!inar 7 !an(#n#r a &+ra 0+ica c&n 0an#aci>n* 0#r!i(i#n%& 'n %#sarr&& r#3'ari6a%& 7 #n c&ns#c'#ncia 'na ci'%a% %# cai%a%* !an#5& (rans0ar#n(# 7 #1ici#n(# %# &s r#c'rs&s* c&n(ri+'7#n%& a %#sarr&& '!an& 7 c&!'ni(ari& 0ara &s 8ais&#(an&s. .,. J's(i1icaci>n E !&(i8& 0&r # c'a s# r#ai6an &s #s('%i&s n#c#sari&s 0ara 0r&0&n#r 'n 0r&c#s& c&ns(r'c(i8& %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+# #n a ci'%a% %# Vaa%&i%* #s %#+i%& a ci!a '8i&s& 2'# 0r#s#n(a a r#3i>n. L&
c'a %aa %# !an#ra
c&nsi%#ra+# 7 +as(an(# r)0i%a as car0#(as as1)(icas (ra%ici&na#s c&n as c'a#s #s()n c&ns(i('i%&s &s 0a8i!#n(&s ac('a!#n(#. La 0&+aci>n 8ais&#(ana s# a 8is(& a1#c(a%a 0&r !'c& (i#!0& 0&r a !aa cai%a% %# s's ca#s* 0r&+#!a 2'# s# +'sca s&'ci&nar !#%ian(# a a0icaci>n %# 0r#s#n(# 0r&7#c(&. As#3'ran%& a 1i(raci>n %# &s 8&!#n#s %# 0r#ci0i(aci>n %# 1&r!a %ir#c(a 7 r)0i%a. L& an(#ri&r s&'ci&naría # 0r&+#!a %# #ncarca!i#n(& %# as ca#s* 0r&%'ci%a 0&r a i!0#r!#a+ii%a% %# as car0#(as as1)(icas 7 a #scasa 1ricci>n %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s rí3i%&s* a!+&s 0r&+#!as 0r#s#n(#s 0&s(#ri&r#s a as 0r#ci0i(aci&n#s.
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O+5#(i8&s .:. O+5#(i8& 3#n#ra I!0#!#n(ar 'n 0r&c#s& c&ns(r'c(i8& 0ara a #a+&raci>n %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+# #n a ci'%a% %# Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n. .:. O+5#(i8&s #s0#cí1ic&s.
Anai6ar # 0r&c#s& c&ns(r'c(i8& %# car0#(as as1)(icas. Anai6ar &s !a(#ria#s 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %# car0#(as
as1)(icas. Ea+&rar 'n is(&ria %# (i#!0& %# 8i%a %# as car0#(as
as1)(icas '(ii6a%as #n Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n. Es('%iar as 0r&0i#%a%#s %# &s !a(#ria#s 04(r#&s '(ii6a%&s #n
Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n. Anai6ar &s 0r&c#s&s #is(#n(#s 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %#
0a8i!#n(&s 0#r!#a+#s. Pr&0&n#r !a(#ria#s %# a r#3i>n c&n carac(#rís(icas si!iar#s a
&s 7a '(ii6a%&s #n &(ras 0ar(#s %# !'n%&. Pr&0&n#r 'n 0r&c#s& c&ns(r'c(i8& 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+# c&n !a(#ria#s %# a r#3i>n.
.;. Carac(#ri6aci>n %# )r#a #n 2'# s# 0ar(ici0> .;.. An(#c#%#n(#s %# a #!0r#sa E %#0ar(a!#n(& %# %#sarr&& 'r+an& %# 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& %# Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n s# cr#a c&n # 1in %# c&n(r&ar 7 #1ici#n(ar &s 0r&c#s&s 0ara a !#5&ra %# a ci'%a%. Para#& a #&* # D#0ar(a!#n(& %# O+ras P+icas s# cr#a #n # a&* c&n # &+5#(& %# !#5&rar (&%& & r#1#r#n(# a as &+ras 7G& c&ns(r'cci&n#s 2'# r#ai6a+a # 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& #n 4s# #n(&nc#s. En a ac('ai%a% # D#0ar(a!#n(& %# O+ras P+icas s# #nc'#n(ra a car3& %# Ar2. Mi3'# Án3# R&%rí3'#6 Ri8#r&* c'7as &1icinas s# #nc'#n(ran #n a Pan(a a(a %# M#rca%& M'nici0a* #n a c&&nia %# San(a Ana. C&n(r&a 'na 3ran can(i%a% %# 0r&c#s&s c&ns(r'c(i8&s #n a ci'%a%* #n(r# &s c'a#s s#
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#nc'#n(ra a c&ns(r'cci>n 7 r#0araci>n %# ca#s* 0&r & c'a #s a #ncar3a%a %# #s(a+#c#r &s in#a!i#n(&s n#c#sari&s 0ara 3aran(i6ar a cai%a% %# as &+ras* 7 %#s%# '#3& r#ai6ar &s c&nc'rs&s %# ici(aci>n 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %# n'#8as &+ras 0+icas. .;., Or3ani3ra!a %# a #!0r#sa
.;.: D#scri0ci>n %# )r#a %&n%# s# r#ai6> # 0r&7#c(& E D#0ar(a!#n(& %# O+ras P+icas %# 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& %# Vaa%&i% #s 'n >r3an& #ncar3a%& %# (&%as as c&ns(r'cci&n#s %# car)c(#r 0+ic& 7 #n
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+#n#1ici& %# a s&ci#%a% 2'# 0#rs&nas 1ísicas & !&ra#s r#ai6an 0ara 7 c&n %in#r& %# #rari&. C&!& #s %# i!a3inars# #s a #ncar3a%a %# as c&ns(r'cci&n#s %# as ca#s 7 as r#0araci&n#s %# as !is!as* 3aran(i6an%& #n (&%& !&!#n(& # a0#3& a as n&r!as 7 a &s !)s a(&s #s()n%ar#s %# cai%a% r#2'#ri%&s. .;.;. An(#c#%#n(#s %# a 0r&+#!)(ica D#s%# ac# 8ari&s a&s* c&n # a'!#n(& %# a 0&+aci>n #n a ci'%a% %# Vaa%&i%* s# a 8is(& a n#c#si%a% %# %&(ar a a ci'%a% %# in1ra#s(r'c('ra #1ici#n(# 0ara a c&!&%i%a% %# s's a+i(an(#s 7 # %#sarr&& #c&n>!ic& %# a ci'%a%* 7a 2'# a%#!)s #s # c#n(r& s&cia* c'('ra 7 1inanci#r& %# !'c&s 0&+a%&s a#%a&s* a%#!)s %# s#r 'n r#1#r#n(# #n # %#sarr&& %# &ri#n(# %# Es(a%&. C&n1&r!# a #& s# a (ra(a%& %# !#5&rar c&n(in'a!#n(# as ca#s 2'# c&n#c(an as %is(in(as c&&nias* 7 r#ci#n(#!#n(#* &s 1racci&na!i#n(&s* +'scan%& cai%a% 7 #c&n&!ía a !is!& (i#!0&. 9as(a as 1#cas ac('a#s as (4cnicas %# 0a8i!#n(aci>n 0r#%&!inan(#s #n a ci'%a% 7 r#3i>n Hinc'si8# #n a !a7&r 0ar(# %# 0aís* s&n as car0#(as as1)(icas 7 as &sas %# c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic& H'(ii6a%& #n &s c#n(r&s is(>ric&s 0&r s' #s(4(ica. Sin #!+ar3& as 0ri!#ras 0r#s#n(an # inc&n8#ni#n(# %# r)0i%& %#(#ri&r& %# a s'0#r1ici# 7 0&r #n%#* c&n(in'as 7 c&s(&sas r#0araci&n#s #n a r#0a8i!#n(aci>n & in#1ici#n(#s +ac#&s. P#r5'%ican%& 8isi+#!#n(# as ca#s 7 a s's a+i(an(#s* a 1&r!ars# carc&s #n a (#!0&ra%a %# '8ias 7 &(r&s inc&n8#ni#n(#s. P&r &(r& a%&* as &sas %# c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic& %&(an a a ci'%a% %# 8is(&sas ca#s c&n #s(a!0a%&s %# 3ran +##6a a si!0# 8is(a* sin #!+ar3& 0r#s#n(an a(&s c&s(&s inicia#s 7 #n a (#!0&ra%a %# '8ias* a s'0#r1ici#* a #s(ar #ca %# c&ncr#(& Ha3r#3a%&s 04(r#&s* !a(#ria#s a3'(inan(#s 7 a3'a %is!in'7#n%& n&(a+#!#n(# a 1ricci>n #n(r# 4s(a 7 as an(as %# &s 8#íc'&s* 0r#s#n(an%&
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'n 0#i3r& 0&(#ncia 0ara &s a'(&!&8iis(as 7 a a s&ci#%a% #n 3#n#ra* 7a 2'# r#s'(a %i1íci 1r#nar #n 4sas c&n%ici&n#s. Es 0&r #& 2'# c&ns(r'ir 0a8i!#n(&s c&n 0r&c#s&s a(#rna(i8&s a as an(#ri&r#s #s %# 8i(a i!0&r(ancia 0ara a s&ci#%a% 8ais&#(ana* a%#!)s 2'# r#0r#s#n(a 'n i(& #n a is(&ria %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s #n M4ic&* 0'%i4n%&s# 0r#s#n(ar &(r& 3ran ca!+i& 2'# #8# a !an#ra %# a1r&n(ar &s %#sa1í&s a &(r& ni8# %# s&'ci>n* c&n !iras a 0r&7#c(&s !)s #c&>3ic&s 7 !)s a0#3a%&s a as n#c#si%a%#s 7 !a(#ria#s %# ca%a r#3i>n.
./. Pr&+#!as a r#s&8#r 0ri&ri6)n%&&s La cr#aci>n %# 'n 0r&c#s& a(#rn& 0ara c'a2'i#r 0r&%'c(&* #s a3& (#%i&s& 7 s'!a!#n(# #i3#n(#* #n # cas& %# 0r&7#c(&* s# +'sca inn&8ar &s 0r&c#s&s a(#rn&s #is(#n(#s 0ara a c&ns(r'cci>n %# 0a8i!#n(&s* 0&r & 2'# r#0r#s#n(a
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7 c&n#8a a 8ari&s %#sa1í&s* !is!&s 2'# s#r)n r#s'#(&s #n s' !&!#n(&* 7a s#a #n +as# a &s #s('%i&s #a+&ra%&s c&n an(#ri&ri%a% & c&n n'#8as in8#s(i3aci&n#s a r#s0#c(&. A c&n(in'aci>n s# #nis(an R#c&0iar in1&r!aci>n s&+r# a #a+&raci>n %# car0#(as
as1)(icas # i%#n(i1icar a 0ar(# #s#ncia %# 0r&c#s& 7 # !a(#ria carac(#rís(ic&. R#c&0iar in1&r!aci>n %# a !#n&s (r#s #s('%i&s r#ci#n(#s
s&+r# a #a+&raci>n %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+#* #ca #n
'ni8#rsi%a%#s %# 0r#s(i3i&. Anai6ar 7 #s(a+#c#r si!ii('%#s #n(r# &s #s('%i&s* así c&!&
i%#n(i1icar a 0ar(# %#(#r!inan(# %# 0r&c#s& #n 3#n#ra. Es('%iar 7 %#(#r!inar as 0r&0i#%a%#s %# &s a3r#3a%&s 04(r#&s
'(ii6a%&s #n a r#3i>n H0#níns'a %# Y'ca()n. Es('%iar 7 %#(#r!inar as 0r&0i#%a%#s %# &s a3r#3a%&s 04(r#&s
!)s a+'n%an(#s #n a r#3i>n. I%#n(i1icar &(r&s !a(#ria#s %# a r#3i>n c&n carac(#rís(icas 7 0r&0i#%a%#s 1ísicas 7 !#c)nicas s#!#5an(#s a &s !a(#ria#s
'(ii6a%&s #n a #a+&raci>n %# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+#. Pr&0&n#r 'n 0r&c#s& +asa%& #n &s #s('%i&s s&+r# 0a8i!#n(& 0#r!#a+# 0#r& '(ii6an%& !a(#ria#s %# a r#3i>n %# a P#níns'a %# Y'ca()n.
.?. Acanc#. S# #s0#ra 2'# c&n a a0icaci>n %# 0r&7#c(& s# a+ra 'n 0an&ra!a n'#8& # inn&8a%&r #n # ra!& %# a c&ns(r'cci>n. B#n#1iciar a &s a+i(an(#s %ir#c(a!#n(# 7 r#%'cir &s c&s(&s %# !an(#ni!i#n(& 7 r#0araci>n %# as car0#(as as1)(icas c&ns(r'i%as #n a ci'%a%. I3'a!#n(# s# #s0#ra (#n#r !)s c&!&%i%a% 7 (ran2'ii%a% #n a 40&ca %# '8ias* a (ransi(ar 0&r &s n'#8&s 0a8i!#n(&s 2'# a %#0#n%#ncia %#ci%a c&ns(r'ir '(ii6an%& # 0r&c#s& 0r&0'#s(& #n # 0r&7#c(&.
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S# #s0#ra 2'# c&n # 0as& %# (i#!0& !)s 'ni8#rsi%a%#s 7 c#n(r&s %# #s('%i&s r#aci&na%&s a ra!& si3an #s('%ian%& 7 !#5&ran%& # 0r&c#s& 0r&0'#s(& 0ara a%#c'ar& a as n#c#si%a%#s %# ca%a '3ar 7 (i#!0&* aci#n%& 0&si+# a 0#rsis(#ncia #n # (i#!0& %# 0r&c#s& 0an(#a%&. .@. Li!i(aci&n#s En(r# as i!i(aci&n#s !)s 0r#&c'0an(#s s# #nc'#n(ra a 1a(a %# #2'i0& 0ara r#ai6ar !(i0#s 0r'#+as %# a+&ra(&ri&* & c'a ac# 2'# ci#r(&s #s('%i&s s#an c&s(&s&s 7 ar3&s. O(ra i!i(an(# #s a %#0#n%#ncia %# 0r&7#c(& c&n # D#0ar(a!#n(& %# O+ras P+icas %# 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& %# a ci'%a% %# Vaa%&i% Y'ca()n* 7a 2'# 1ina!#n(# a %#cisi>n %# a0icar & n& a0icar # 0r&c#s& 0r&0'#s(& r#ca# #n s's !an&s.
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CAPÍTULO II
CAPÍTULO II MARCO TEÓRICO
,. C&nc#0(& %# 0a8i!#n(& "S#3n Oi8#ra H,- s# a!a 0a8i!#n(& a c&n5'n(& %# ca0as %# !a(#ria s##cci&na%& 2'# r#ci+#n #n 1&r!a %ir#c(a as car3as %# (r)nsi(& 7 as (rans!i(#n a &s #s(ra(&s in1#ri&r#s H(#rrac#ría #n 1&r!a %isi0a%a* 0r&0&rci&nan%& 'na s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(&* a c'a %#+# 1'nci&nar #1ici#n(#!#n(#." En #1#c(& a 1'nci>n 0rinci0a %# 0a8i!#n(& #s (rans!i(ir a car3a %# &s 8#íc'&s a a (#rrac#ría* a'n2'# (a!+i4n #s i!0&r(an(# 0r&0&rci&nar 'na
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s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& c>!&%& 7 s#3'r& 0ara 3aran(i6ar 'n cici#n(# %# 1ricci>n ac#0(a+#. 9as(a ac# a3'n&s a&s* a !a7&ría %# &s a'(&r#s s&& (&!a+an #n c'#n(a %&s (i0&s %# 0a8i!#n(&s &s 1#i+#s 7 &s rí3i%&s. ,., Pa8i!#n(& 1#i+# A r#s0#c(& Oi8#ra H,- !#nci&na "En &s 0a8i!#n(&s 1#i+#s* 'na car0#(a as1)(ica 0r&0&rci&na a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(&". D# !an#ra !)s #s0#cí1ica s# %#n&!ina 0a8i!#n(&s 1#i+#s a a2'#&s c'7a #s(r'c('ra (&(a s# %#1ac(a & 1#i&na %#0#n%i#n%& %# as car3as 2'# (ransi(an s&+r# 4. E 's& %# 0a8i!#n(&s 1#i+#s s# r#ai6a 1'n%a!#n(a!#n(# #n 6&nas %# a+'n%an(# (r)1ic& c&!& 0'#%an s#r 8ías* ac#ras & 0arKin3s. La c&ns(r'cci>n %# 0a8i!#n(&s 1#i+#s s# r#ai6a a +as# %# 8arias ca0as %# !a(#ria. Ca%a 'na %# as ca0as r#ci+# car3as 0&r #nci!a %# a ca0a. C'an%& as s'0#ra a car3a 2'# 0'#%# s's(#n(ar (rasa%a a car3a r#s(an(# a a ca0a in1#ri&r. D# #s# !&%& & 2'# s# 0r#(#n%# #s 2'# 0&%#r s&0&r(ar a car3a (&(a #n # c&n5'n(& %# ca0as. Las ca0as %# 'n 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# 2'# c&n1&r!an 'n suelo s# c&&can #n &r%#n %#sc#n%#n(# #n ca0aci%a% %# car3a. La ca0a s'0#ri&r #s a 2'# !a7&r ca0aci%a% %# s&0&r(ar car3as (i#n# %# (&%as as 2'# s# %is0&n#n. P&r & (an(& a ca0a 2'# !#n&s car3a 0'#%# s&0&r(ar #s a 2'# s# #nc'#n(ra #n a +as#. La %'ra+ii%a% %# 'n 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# n& %#+# s#r in1#ri&r a a&s 7 n&r!a!#n(# s'## (#n#r 'na 8i%a (i %# ,- a&s. Las ca0as %# 'n 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# s'##n s#r ca0a s'0#r1icia & ca0a s'0#ri&r 2'# #s a 2'# s# #nc'#n(ran #n c&n(ac(& c&n # (r)1ic& r&%a%& 7 2'# n&r!a!#n(# a si%& #a+&ra%a c&n 8arias ca0as as1)(icas. La ca0a +as# #s a ca0a 2'# #s() %#+a5& %# a ca0a s'0#r1icia 7 #s()* n&r!a!#n(#* c&ns(r'i%a a +as# %# a3r#3a%&s 7 0'#%# #s(ar #s(a+ii6a%a & sin #s(a+ii6ar.
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La ca0a s'+ +as# #s a ca0a & ca0as 2'# s# #nc'#n(ra in!#%ia(a!#n(# %#+a5& %# a ca0a +as#. En !'cas &casi&n#s s# 0r#scin%# %# #sa ca0a s'+ +as#. ,.,. V#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# Las 8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# s&n !'7 8aria%&s 7 c&n&ci%&s 0&r &s 0r&1#si&na#s %# ra!&* & c'a a 0&0'ari6a%& %# 1&r!a !asi8a s' 's& %'ran(# &s (i!&s a&s. En(r# &s !)s i!0&r(an(#s s# %#s(acan
E +a5& c&s(& inicia 2'# r#0r#s#n(a s' c&ns(r'cci>n. E 's& %# !a(#ria#s c&n 3ran %is0&ni+ii%a% #n
0r)c(ica!#n(# (&%&s &s !#%i&s. Pr&0&rci&na 'na s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& c&n 'n
cici#n(# %# 1ricci>n +as(an(# a(&. ,.,., D#s8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# A'n2'# s's !(i0#s 8#n(a5as & an #c& (an 0&0'ar 7 'sa%& #n %i8#rsas 0ar(#s* # 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# (i#n# 0'n(&s #n c&n(ra* 2'#* +i#n #8a'a%&s #n # #n(&rn& ac('a* #5#rc#n !a7&r 0#s& # incinan a +aan6a a 1a8&r %# &(r&s !4(&%&s 7 (4cnicas. En(r# &s !)s i!0&r(an(#s 1i3'ran
E a(& c&s(& 2'# r#0r#s#n(a s' !an(#ni!i#n(&. E 3ran n!#r& %# ca0as 2'# s&n n#c#sari&s 0ara
acan6ar # #s0#s&r 7 a r#sis(#ncia %#s#a%&s. La %#3ra%aci>n a!+i#n(a 2'# 0r&8&ca &s !a(#ria#s
+i('!in&s&s 'sa%&s #n s's ca0as. Es(& (i!&* 2'i6) # !)s i!0&r(an(# %#s%# # 0'n(& %# 8is(a ac('a* %&n%# as n'#8as (4cnicas %# c&ns(r'cci>n #n 3#n#ra n& s>& +'scan #!0#ar !a(#ria#s #c&n>!ic&s 0ara cr#ar #s(r'c('ras r#sis(#n(#s* rí3i%as 7 0#rsis(#n(#s (a!+i4n +'scan
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#!0#ar #n a 3ran !a7&ría !a(#ria#s a!i3a+#s c&n # !#%i& a!+i#n(# 7 ac('ar #n c&n5'n(& c&n %i8#rs&s 1ac(&r#s %# a na('ra#6a. ,.: Pa8i!#n(& rí3i%& Ta c&!& & %#n&!ina Oi8#ra H,- #n 'n 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%& "La s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& #s 0r&0&rci&na%a 0&r &sas %# c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic&* as c'a#s %is(ri+'7#n as car3as %# &s 8#íc'&s acia as ca0as in1#ri&r#s 0&r !#%i& %# (&%a a s'0#r1ici# %# a &sa 7 %# as a%7ac#n(#s* 2'# (ra+a5an #n c&n5'n(& c&n a 2'# r#ci+# %ir#c(a!#n(# as car3as ". A%#!)s a &sa s# a0&7a s&+r# 'na ca0a s'++as# c&!0'#s(a %# !a(#ria 3ran'ar %# carac(#rís(icas 7 0r&0i#%a%#s #s0#cí1icas. A %i1#r#ncia %# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# n& r#2'i#r# %# 'na 3ran can(i%a% %# ca0as 7a 2'# a &sa ac(a 0&r sí s&a 1r#n(# a as car3as a as 2'# s# s&!#(# 7 as %is(ri+'7# %# !an#ra 'ni1&r!# a as ca0as in1#ri&r#s. ,.:. 8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%& E 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%& 0r#s#n(a 8#n(a5as r#aci&na%as c&n # c&s(& %# !an(#ni!i#n(& 7 a 8is(&si%a% c&n 2'# %&(a as 8ías 2'# r#8is(#. A %i1#r#ncia %# 1#i+#* 4s(# (i0& %# 0a8i!#n(& r#0r#s#n(a 'n 3ran c&s(& inicia #n c&!0araci>n* a'n2'# c&n # (i#!0& r#s'(a s#r !)s #c&n>!ic&* 7a 2'# (i#n# 'n !a7&r 0#ri&%& %# 8i%a (i 7 0&r a na('ra#6a !is!a %# as &sas %# c&ncr#(&* s' s'0#r1ici# 7 #s(r'c('ra n& r#2'i#r#n %# 'n c&ns(an(# !an(#ni!i#n(& c&!& # 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+#* & c'a r#0r#s#n(a 'n a&rr& a 1ina. A3& !#n&s %#(#r!inan(#* a'n2'# sí r#sca(a+#* #s a 3ran 8is(&si%a% %# 2'# s# 0'#%# %&(ar a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& %# 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%&* #c& 0&r # c'a ac('a!#n(# s# s'## '(ii6ar #n as ca#s %# &s c#n(r&s is(>ric&s 7 #n as 8ías %&n%# s# r#2'i#r# c&ns#r8ar a +##6a 7 %&(ara %# 'n 0a8i!#n(& r#sis(#n(#.
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,.:., %#s8#n(a5as %# 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%& A i3'a 2'# # 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+#* # rí3i%& (a!+i4n 0r#s#n(a %#s8#n(a5as si3ni1ican(#s 2'# i!i(a s' 's&. En(r# #as a !)s i!0&r(an(# 2'i6)* #s # a(& c&s(& inicia 2'# r#0r#s#n(a* 7a 2'# &s !a(#ria#s 2'# s# #!0#an #n s' c&ns(r'cci>n #s()n !)s c&n(r&a%&s %# i3'a !&%& a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& a #s(ar c&ns(i('i%a %# 'na &sa* %is!in'7# si3ni1ica(i8a!#n(# s' 1ricci>n* si s# # c&!0ara c&n # 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+#* #c& 2'# i!i(a s's 's& a '3ar#s c&n 8#&ci%a%#s !)i!as c&n(r&a%as #n 3#n#ra %#n(r& %# as ci'%a%#s. ,.; C&!0araci>n #n(r# 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# 7 0a8i!#n(& rí3i%& La %i1#r#ncia 1'n%a!#n(a #n(r# a!+&s (i0&s %# 0a8i!#n(&s ra%ica #n as ca0as 2'# & c&n1&r!an 7 a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(&. Mi#n(ras 2'# # 1#i+# (ra+a5a c&n 'na car0#(a as1)(ica H!a(#ria 3ran'ar 7 !a(#ria +i('!in&s& 0r&0&rci&nan%& 'n cici#n(# %# 1ricci>n a(&* # rí3i%& '(ii6a a &sa %# c&ncr#(& 0ara a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& %is!in'7#n%& %# !an#ra i!0&r(an(# a 1ricci>n* & c'a r#0r#s#n(a 'n 0r&+#!a s#ri& #n '3ar#s c&n 0r#ci0i(aci&n#s in(#nsas #n casi (&%& # a&. O(r& 0'n(& %# c&!0araci>n #s # #c& %# 2'# # 0a8i!#n(& 1#i+# '(ii6a !a(#ria +i('!in&s& 0ara 1a8&r#c#r a a%#r#ncia #n(r# as ca0as %# 0a8i!#n(& 7 #n(r# as 0ar(íc'as #n sí %# ca%a ca0a. Es %# s'!a i!0&r(ancia 7a 2'# 4s(# (i0& %# !a(#ria #s 'n 0r&%'c(& %# &s i%r&car+'r&s* 7 0&r c&nsi3'i#n(# # %a& a a na('ra#6a #s() 3aran(i6a%a c'an%& s# (ra+a5a c&n 4s(# !a(#ria. P&r (i!& s# !#nci&na 'n 0'n(& %# c&!0araci>n #n(r# a!+&s (i0&s %# 0a8i!#n(&s* 7 #s & r#1#r#n(# a %r#na5#. Oi8#ra H,- ca(a&3a a a3'a c&!& "'n& %# &s ##!#n(&s 2'# ca'sa !a7&r#s 0r&+#!as a &s ca!in&s* 0'#s #n 3#n#ra %is!in'7# a r#sis(#ncia %# &s s'#&s 0r#s#n()n%&s# así 1aas #n (#rra0#n#s* c&r(#s 7 s'0#r1ici#s %# r&%a!i#n(&"
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En #1#c(&* (a c&!& !#nci&na # a'(&r* s# a +'sca%& %# !an#ra #1ici#n(# 'n !&%& %# %#sa&5ar a 0r#ci0i(aci>n 2'# #3a as(a a s'0#r1ici# %# r&%a!i#n(& %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s #n 3#n#ra* 7a 2'# %# n& ac#r& # a3'a %#(#ri&ra r)0i%a!#n(# a s'0#r1ici# 7 %# #3ar as(a &s ni8##s %# a (#rrac#ría* a(#raría a c&!0&sici>n %# &s a3r#3a%&s a8an%& 7 #8an%& a s' 0as& 'na 0ar(# si3ni1ica(i8a %# &s 1in&s* & c'a %aría '3ar a 'na 1aa #s(r'c('ra %#+i%& a a %is!in'ci>n %# a r#sis(#ncia a a 1aa c&r(an(# 2'# 0r&0&rci&nan as ca0as #n s' c&n5'n(&. P&r #& s# +'sca%& %is(in(as !an#ras %# #8i(ar # 0as& %# a3'a a !a7&ría %# &s 0a8i!#n(&s %# &7 #n %ía s&n i!0#r!#a+#s* %# #c& 4sa #s a 1'nci>n %# a car0#(a as1)(ica* #n c&ncr#(& %# !a(#ria +i('!in&s& a'n2'# #s(# #c& i!0ica &(r& !4(&%& 0ara canai6ar # a3'a* 'n #c& 2'# sa(a a a 8is(a si s# # 0r#s(a a(#nci>n a &s (ra!&s ar3&s s# 0&%r)n %is(in3'ir c&ns(r'cci&n#s #n as a(#ra#s 0ara %#sa&5ar a 0r#ci0i(aci>n Hc'n#(as* c&n(rac'n#(as* a8a%#r&s* 8a%&s* in%is(in(a!#n(# %# (i0& %# 0a8i!#n(&. ,./ c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# 9a si%& %#sarr&a%& 0&r 'n !#ican& %# n&!+r# Jai!# ra' #n#sías* c&n # 0r&0>si(& %# r#s&8#r # 0r&+#!a %# a3&(a!i#n(& %# &s !an(&s ac'í1#r&s* c&n a 8#n(a5a %# 2'# s# 0'#%# '(ii6ar #n a0icaci&n#s %# 's& c&!n c&!& s&n ca#s* 0a6as* +an2'#(as* #s(aci&na!i#n(&s* #(c. Es(# sis(#!a ac# 0&si+# 2'# # a3'a %# '8ia s# in1i(r# a s'+s'#&* a7'%an%& así a a r#car3a %# &s !an(&s ac'í1#r&s %# as ci'%a%#s 7 0r&0&rci&nan%& &(ras 8#n(a5as 2'# &s 0a8i!#n(&s c&!'n#s n& (i#n#n* c&!& s&n a #i!inaci>n %# carc&s Hc&n a c&ns#c'#n(# #i!inaci>n %# ac'a0an#& 7 +ac#s. E !a(#ria* 2'# #s si!iar a c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic& c&!n* s# 1a+rica sin !a(#ria#s 1in&s c&!& a ar#na* a c'a #s s's(i('i%a 0&r # a%i(i8&
hidrocreto #
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c'a r#acci&na c&n # c#!#n(&* 0&(#nciai6)n%&& 7 0r&8&can%& 'n r)0i%& a'!#n(& %# s' r#sis(#ncia %'ran(# &s 0ri!#r&s !in'(&s %# 1ra3'a%&. E r#s'(a%& #s 'na !#6ca 0&r&sa* !'7 !a#a+#* 1)ci %# 'sar 7 c&ar* %# !'7 a(a r#sis(#ncia a a c&!0r#si>n H!)s %# ,/- K3Gc!, 7 ' n a #(ra&r%inaria r#sis(#ncia a a 1#i>n Has(a %# ?- K3Gc! ,. Es(# #(ra&r%inari& 0r&%'c(& 1&r!a 0ar(# %# 'n sis(#!a %#sarr&a%& 0ara &3rar # c&n(r& %# a3'a 0'8ia* acaran%& 2'# # 's& %# 0is&s 7 0a8i!#n(&s 0#r!#a+#s #s 0&si+# 3racias a a a0icaci>n %# sis(#!as c&ns(r'c(i8&s #s0#cia!#n(# %is#a%&s 0ara #s(# 0r&0>si(&. ,./. 8#n(a5as %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# T&%as as s'0#r1ici#s s&n -- 0#r!#a+#s •
S# #i!inan &s carc&s.
•
R#%'c# #n 1&r!a n&(a+# a (#!0#ra('ra %# as s'0#r1ici#s.
•
R#%'c# #n 1&r!a n&(a+# # r'i%& 0r&8&ca%& 0&r a circ'aci>n
8#ic'ar. •
P#r!i(# a r#%'cci>n & inc's& #i!inaci>n &s %r#na5#s 0'8ia#s.
•
E8i(a # ac'a0an#& %# as an(as %# &s a'(&s.
•
Es c&!0a(i+# c&n !a(#ria#s 'sa%&s 0ara 0a8i!#n(&s 0ara 2'# s#
&3r#n s'0#r1ici#s 0#r!#a+#s. •
La s'0#r1ici# #s 0ana 7a 2'# n& n#c#si(a +&!+#&.
A%2'i#r# s's carac(#rís(icas %# r#sis(#ncia #n(r# ,; 7 @, &ras.
•
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S# 0'#%# ac#r #n 8ari&s c&&r#s 7 c&n %is(in(&s (i0&s %# 0i#%ra.
20
•
S's +as#s 7 sis(#!as c&ns(r'c(i8&s s&n !)s +ara(&s 2'# &s %# &s
0is&s 7 0a8i!#n(&s (ra%ici&na#s* 0&r & 2'# # c&s(& 0&r !, ins(aa%& #s !)s +ara(& 2'# # c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic&. •
S# 0'#%# !#6car #n &+ra & #n 0an(as %# 0r#!#6ca%&.
,./., 8#n(a5as %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# 1r#n(# a c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic& 9a7 8arias ra6&n#s 2'# ac#n 2'# &s 0is&s 7 0a8i!#n(&s 0#r!#a+#s s#an s'0#ri&r#s a &s %# c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic&. . La a's#ncia %# 1in&s. L&s c&ncr#(&s sin 1in&s (rans!i(#n as car3as #n 1&r!a #(#r&34n#a a %i1#r#ncia %# &s c&ncr#(&s c&n8#nci&na#s 2'# & ac#n #n 1&r!a &!&34n#a. En &s c&ncr#(&s sin 1in&s a (rans!isi>n %# car3as s# r#ai6a 0&r 0'n(&s %# c&n(ac(&* &ri3inan%& 2'# as car3as s#an r#0ar(i%as #n 1&r!a a#a(&ria* %an%& c&!& r#s'(a%& 2'# 4s(as s#an %is(ri+'i%as #n 'na s'0#r1ici# !'c& !a7&r. ,. E a%i(i8& a r#acci&nar c&n # c#!#n(& 0&(#nciai6a s' 0&%#r %# 0#3a%& &3ran%& 'n s0#r c&ncr#(&. S# an #c& 0r'#+as #n as c'a#s* a a3r#3ar # a%i(i8& a 'n c&ncr#(& i%r)'ic& n&r!a* s# a &3ra%& 'n incr#!#n(& %# !)s %# -- #n s' r#sis(#ncia a a c&!0r#si>n. :. L&s '#c&s 0r#s#n(#s #n #s(&s c&ncr#(&s %an c&!& r#s'(a%& •
Una !a7&r #as(ici%a%.
•
C&!0&r(a!i#n(& s'0#ri&r 1r#n(# a &s ca!+i&s %# (#!0#ra('ra*
%is!in'7#n%& &s !&8i!i#n(&s %# c&n(racci>n 7 #0ansi>n. •
Pa8i!#n(&s !)s 1r#sc&s.
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Pa8i!#n(&s !)s i3#r&s.
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La (rans!isi>n #(#r&34n#a %# as car3as 0r&8&ca 2'# a s'0#r1ici# s&+r# a c'a 4s(as s# r#0ar(#n* s#a 8arias 8#c#s !a7&r a 0r&%'c(& %# a r#0ar(ici>n %# car3as #n 'n 0is& #c& c&n 'n c&ncr#(& c&n8#nci&na & c&n as1a(&. A'na%& a #s(&* as +as#s %is#a%as 0ara &s 0is&s 0#r!#a+#s s&n !)s #c&n>!icas* !)s #1ici#n(#s 7 n& 3#n#ran +ac#s. Una 8#n(a5a a%ici&na* 0r&8&ca%a 0&r a r#0ar(ici>n #(#r&34n#a %# car3as #s 2'# casi n'nca ac# 1a(a !#5&rar # (#rr#n& na('ra. S# a %#sarr&a%& 'na 1>r!'a a!a%a Fac(&r %# Vací&s 2'# 0#r!i(# c&n&c#r a r#sis(#ncia a a c&!0r#si>n %# &s 0is&s %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# c'an%& s&n anai6a%&s !#%ian(# # 's& %# ciin%r&s & c&ra6&n#s. A0ica%a #n 1&r!a c&n8#nci&na 0#r!i(# #s(a+#c#r 'n 0'n(& %# c&!0araci>n #n(r# a!+&s (i0&s %# c&ncr#(&s. . E Fac(&r %# Vací&s s# &+(i#n# a %i8i%ir # 0#s& %# c&ncr#(& c&n8#nci&na Ha0r&. ,*;-- K3G! : #n(r# # %# c&ncr#(& 0#r!#a+# Ha0r&. *@/- K3Gc! :. ,.? Pr&3ra!a %# %#sarr&& 'r+an& %# c#n(r& %# 0&+aci>n %# Vaa%&i% ,.?. D#1inici>n %# í!i(# %# c#n(r& %# 0&+aci>n D# ac'#r%& a & #s(a+#ci%& #n a L#7 %# As#n(a!i#n(&s 9'!an&s %# Y'ca()n* s# cr#a a 1i3'ra #3a %# C#n(r& %# P&+aci>n* # c'a s# %#1in# c&!& HLA9Y Ar(íc'& :* 1racc III C#n(r&s %# P&+aci>n. S&n as )r#as %#i!i(a%as 0&r a a'(&ri%a% c&!0#(#n(# #n # ac(& %# s' 1'n%aci>n & r#c&n&ci!i#n(&* c&ns(i('i%as 0&r as 6&nas 'r+ani6a%as* as 2'# s# r#s#r8#n 0ara s' #0ansi>n 7 as 2'# s# c&nsi%#r#n n& 'r+ani6a+#s 0&r ca'sas %# 0r#s#r8aci>n #c&>3ica* 0r#8#nci>n %# ri#s3&s 7 !an(#ni!i#n(& %# ac(i8i%a%#s 0r&%'c(i8as .
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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Oi8#ra* F. H,-. Estructuración de vías terrestres . Ha. #%.. D.F.* M4ic& r'0& E%i(&ria Pa(ria. Ca* R. Ma7&r* R. H,-,. Ingeniería de tránsito. Ha. #%.. D.F.* M4ic& A1a &!#3a. Fr#%#ricK* S. H,--. Manual del Ingeniero Civil. H;a. #%.. M4ic& C&ncr#(& Ec&>3ic& %# M4ic& S. A. %# C. V. H,--. Sistema para infiltrar o recuperar el agua pluvial por medio de pisos y pavimentos porosos .
R#c'0#ra%& # ? %# a+ri %# ,-/* %# ((0GG.c&ncr#(&0#r!#a+#.c&! ac#(a !'nici0a* 9. A7'n(a!i#n(& %# Vaa%&i%. H,-:. Pan !'nici0a %# %#sarr&&. VI, * 0)3. ;,,. Ins(i('(& M#ican& %# C#!#n(& 7 # C&ncr#(&. H,--. Las osi!ilidades del Concreto. R#c'0#ra%& # %# a+ri %# ,-/* %# ((0GG.i!c7c.c&!
Uni8#rsi%a% %# Can(a+ria. H,--. Construcción de pavimentos permea!les para el control en origen de la escorrentía ur!ana. R#c'0#ra%& # %# a+ri
%# ,-/*
