[hpmr Hssnolbmlt Nltrdauftndl td Inlounstnfs ’Bdrpgdidoy td Inlounstnfs‒ Imfturm 5 Br. Ghryhltd, V.V., B.[a.N.
Cy 5 Fihss 6 [CN H8 5 Ordup 1
8. ]i`htul Vhrnrdg 3. Lhnin Nsbhtul Lnsh UH 6. Lurui Hznzhg @ntrnhlh @ntrnhlh 1. @hernl H`rn Hzghrn =. Pnvn Vmptnhln [mrbhth Vhrn Vhrn
( ( ( ( (
81863;;;;;7; 81863;;;;;?; 81863;;;;;?= 81863;;;;;7? 81863;;;;81?
) ) ) ) )
Mloinsg Maufhtndl Amphrtbmlt @hfuity d` Qhrcnyhg hla Vfnmlfm Qmhfgmr
Nsihbnf ]lnvmrsnty d` Lhgaihtui ]ihbh„ 3;8=/3;80 n
[rm`hfm
[rhnsm td Oda hii prhnsm cmidlo td Hiihg V_Q. _gnfg ghs prdvnama h gmhitgy `hvdr hla gha tgm orhfm hla cimssnlos wm fduia `nlnsg tgm Mloinsg phpmr hssnolbmlt tght gha tgm tntim "BD[GDIDO^ QD INLO]NVQNF" _m wduia injm td tghlj hii dur `rnmlas wgd ghvm cmml thjnlo phrt nl tgm bhjnlo d` tgns phpmr ns td `nlnsg mhtnlo, hla hisd td hii tgdsm wgd gmipma nl tgm fdbpimtndl d` tgns phpmr. @dr tgm pmr`mftndl d` tgns phpmr, wm mxpmft frntnfnsb hla suoomstndls `rdb rmhamrs hs wm dliy gubhl wgd bhjm bnsthjms. Gdpm`uiiy tgns phpmr `dr amhr rmhamrs.
Emphrh, Vmptmbcmr 37 tg, 3;8=
_rntmrs
nn
Qhcim d` Fdltmlts
Fdvmr Fdvmr [hpmr [hpmr ................................... .................................................... .................................. .................................. ............................ ........... n [rm`hfm [rm`hfm .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... nn Qhcim Qhcim d` Fdltmlts Fdltmlts ................................ ................................................. ................................... .................................. ...................... ...... nnn FGH[QMS FGH[QMS N Nltrdauftn Nltrdauftndl dl ................................. .................................................. .................................. ......................... ........ 8 H. Chfjordul Chfjordula a ................................ ................................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... 8 C. [rdcimb @drbuihtn @drbuihtndl dl .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................... ... 8 F. Amstnlhtndl Amstnlhtndl ................................ ................................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... 8 FGH[QMS FGH[QMS NN Ansfussndl Ansfussndl ................................... ................................................... .................................. .......................... ........ 3 8. Am`nlntndl d` Bdrpgdidoy td Inlounstnfs .................. ......... .................. .................. .................. ......... 3 3. Am`nlntndl Am`nlntndl d` Bdrpgmbm Bdrpgmbm ............................ .............................................. .................................. ......................... ......... 6 6. Fihssn`nf Fihssn`nfhtndl htndl d` Bdrpgmb Bdrpgmbms ms ................................ ................................................. ............................... .............. = FGH[QMS FGH[QMS NNN @nlhi @nlhi ................................. .................................................. .................................. .................................. ................. 7 Fdlfiusndl Fdlfiusndl ................................. ................................................. .................................. ................................... ......................... ........ 7 Sm`mrmlfm Sm`mrmlfmss .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. ............................... .............. >
nnn
FGH[QMS N NLQSDA]FQNDL
H. Chfjordula d` [rdcimb
_dras hrm hl nbpdrthlt phrt d` inlounstnf. Jldwimaom hla fdlstntutm fdbpdlmlt d` dur bmthi orhbbhrs, cut dlm fhl imhrl tgdushla d` wdras nl h ihlouhom hla stnii ldt jldw tgm ihlouhom. _gml ydu jldw h wdra, ydu jldw nts sdula (prdlulfnhtndl) hla nts bmhlnlo. Cmfhusm tgm sdula-bmhlnlo rmihtndl ns hrcntrhry. Nt ns pdssncim td ghvm wdras wntg tgm shbm sdula hla an``mrmlt bmhlnlos (cmhr hla chrm) hla wdra wntg tgm shbm bmhlnlo hla hla an``mrmlt sdulas (sd`h hla fdufg). Qd ulamrsthla bdrm hcdut wdras hla tgmnr strufturm wm bust imhrl bdrm hcdut nt. Qgm stuay d` nltmrlhi strufturm d` wdras, hla d` tgm ruims cy wgnfg wdras hrm `drbma, ns Bdrpgdidoy. Bdrpgdidoy ns phrt d` dur orhbbhtnfhi jldwimaom d` h ihlouhom. Injm bdst inlounstnf jldwimaom. Qgns ns omlmrhiiy ulfdlsfndus jldwimaom. C. [rdcimb @drbuihtndl
8. _ght ns Bdrpgdidoy td Inlounstnfs 4 3. _ght ns Bdrpgmbm 4 6. Fihssn`nfhtndl d` Bdrpgmbms 4 F. Amstnlhtndl
Nl tgm bhlu`hfturm d` tgns phpmr hnb td `nla dut inttim bdrm hcdut bdrpgdidoy td inlounstnf
8
FGH[QMS NN ANVF]VVNDL
8. Am`nlntndl d` Bdrpgdidoy td Inlounstnfs
Qgm tmrb bdrpgdidoy ns omlmrhiiy httrncutma td tgm Omrbhl pdmt, ldvminst, pihywrnogt, hla pgnidsdpgmr p gnidsdpgmr Edghll _di`ohlo _d i`ohlo vdl Odmtgm Od mtgm (8?1>‖8763), wgd fdnlma nt mhriy nl tgm lnlmtmmltg fmltury nl h cndidonfhi fdltmxt. Nts mtybdidoy ns Ormmj5 bdrpg- bmhls ‗sghpm, `drb„, hla bdrpgdidoy ns tgm stuay d` `drb dr `drbs. Nl cndidoy bdrpgdidoy rm`mrs td tgm stuay d` tgm `drb hla strufturm d` drohlnsbs, hla nl omdidoy nt rm`mrs td tgm stuay d` tgm fdl`nourhtndl hla mvdiutndl d` ihla ihla `drbs. Nl inlounstnfs inlounstnfs bdrpgdidoy rm`mrs td tgm bmlthi bmlthi systmb nlvdivma nl wdra `drbhtndl dr td tgm crhlfg d` inlounstnfs tght amhis wntg wdras, tgmnr nltmrlhi strufturm, str ufturm, hla gdw tgmy hrm `drbma. Bdrpgdidoy (/bɑr ` ɓiɽa ʓn/) nl inlounstnfs, ns tgm namltn`nfhtndl, namltn`nfhtndl, hlhiysns hla amsfrnptndl d` tgm strufturm d` h onvml ihlouhom's bdrpgmbms hla dtgmr inlounstnf ulnts, sufg hs rddt wdras, h``nxms, phrts d` spmmfg, nltdlhtndls hla strmssms, dr nbpinma fdltmxt. Nl fdltrhst, bdrpgdidonfhi typdidoy ns tgm fihssn`nfhtndl d` ihlouhoms hffdranlo td tgmnr usm d` bdrpgmbms, wgnim imxnfdidoy ns tgm stuay d` tgdsm t gdsm wdras `drbnlo h ihlouhom's ihlouhom's wdrastdfj. _gnim wdras, hidlo wntg fintnfs, hrm omlmrhiiy hffmptma hs cmnlo tgm sbhiimst ulnts d` sylthx, nl bdst ihlouhoms, n` ldt hii, bhly wdras fhl cm rmihtma td dtgmr wdras cy ruims tght fdiimftnvmiy amsfrncm tgm orhbbhr `dr tght ihlouhom. @dr mxhbpim, Mloinsg spmhjmrs rmfdolnzm tght tgm wdras ado hla ados hrm fidsmiy rmihtma, an``mrmltnhtma dliy cy tgm piurhinty bdrpgmbm "-s", dliy `dula cdula td lduls. Vpmhjmrs d` Mloinsg, h `ulftndlhi ihlouhom, rmfdolnzm tgmsm rmihtndls `rdb tgmnr thfnt jldwimaom d` Mloinsg's ruims d` wdra `drbhtndl. Qgmy nl`mr nltuntnvmiy tght ado ns td ados hs fht ns td fhts: hla, nl snbnihr `hsgndl, ado ns td ado fhtfgmr hs ansg ns td t d ansgwhsgmr. Ihlouhoms sufg 3
hs Fihssnfhi Fgnlmsm, gdwmvmr, hisd usm ulcdula bdrpgmbms ("`rmm" bdrpgmbms) hla ampmla dl pdst-pgrhsm h``nxms hla wdra dramr td fdlvmy bmhlnlo. (Bdst wdras nl bdamrl Vthlahra Fgnlmsm ("Bhlahrnl"), gdwmvmr, hrm fdbpdulas hla bdst rddts hrm cdula.) Qgmsm hrm ulamrstdda hs orhbbhrs tght rmprmsmlt tgm bdrpgdidoy d` tgm ihlouhom. Qgm ruims ulamrstdda cy h spmhjmr rm`imft spmfn`nf phttmrls dr rmouihrntnms nl tgm why wdras hrm `drbma `rdb sbhiimr ulnts nl tgm ihlouhom tgmy hrm usnlo hla gdw tgdsm sbhiimr ulnts nltmrhft nl spmmfg. Nl tgns why, bdrpgdidoy ns tgm crhlfg d` inlounstnfs tght stuanms phttmrls d` wdra `drbhtndl wntgnl hla hfrdss ihlouhoms hla httmbpts td `drbuihtm ruims tght bdami tgm jldwimaom d` tgm spmhjmrs d` tgdsm ihlouhoms. [diysyltgmtnf ihlouhoms, sufg hs Fgujfgn, ghvm wdras fdbpdsma d` bhly bdrpgmbms. Qgm Fgujfgn wdra "t ɞbmyŊɞimvtpɞζtɞrj ɞl", `dr mxhbpim, bmhlnlo "N ghvm h `nmrfm gmhahfgm", ns fdbpdsma d` mnogt bdrpgmbms t- ɞbmyŊ-ɞ-imvt-pɞζt-ɞ-rj ɞl tght bhy cm oidssma. Qgm bdrpgdidoy d` sufg ihlouhoms hiidws `dr mhfg fdlsdlhlt hla vdwmi td cm ulamrstdda hs bdrpgmbms, wgnim tgm orhbbhr d` tgm ihlouhom nlanfhtms tgm ushom hla ulamrsthlanlo d` mhfg bdrpgmbm. Qgm ansfnpinlm tght amhis spmfn`nfhiiy wntg tgm sdula fghloms dffurrnlo wntgnl bdrpgmbms ns bdrpgdpgdldidoy.
3. Am`nlntndl d` Bdrpgmbm
Am`nlntndl d` bdrpgmbms ns h bmhlnlo`ui inlounstnf ulnt fdlsnstnlo d` h wdra (sufg (sufg hs ado) dr h wdra mimbmlt (sufg hs tgm -s ht tgm mla d` ados) tght fhl't cm anvnama nltd sbhiimr bmhlnlo`ui phrts. Haemftnvm5 Haemftnvm5 bdrpgmbnf. bdrpgmbnf. Bdrpgmbms hrm fdbbdliy fihssn`nma nltd `rmm bdrpgmbms bdrpgmbms (wgnfg fhl dffur hs smphrhtm wdras) hla cdula bdrpgmbms bdrpgmbms (wgnfg fhl't sthla hidlm hs wdras). 6
Qgm inlounstnf tmrb `dr tgm bdst mimbmlthi ulnt d` orhbbhtnfhi `drb ns bdrpgmbm. Qgm wdra ns amrnvma `rdb tgm Ormmj wdra bdrpgm, bmhlnlo ’`drb‒. Vd, wm fhl shy bdrpgmbms ns h bnlnbhi ulnt nl wgnfg tgmrm ns hl hrcntrhry ulndl d` h sdula hla h bmhlnlo ( imxnfhi bmhlnlo hla orhbbhtnfhi `ulftndl ). H snloim wdra bhy cm fdbpdsma d` dlm dr bdrm bdrpgmbms5 dlm bdrpgmbm
cdy amsnrm bdrpg (’td fghlom `drb‒)
twd bdrpgmbms
cdy + nsg amsnrm + hcim bdrpg + didoy
tgrmm bdrpgmbms bdrpgmbms cdy + nsg + lmss amsnrm + hcim + nt `dur bdrpgmbms bdrpgmbms
omltim + bhl + in + lmss ul + amsnrm + hcim + nty
bdrm tghl `dur
ul + omltim + bhl + in + lmss hltn + ans + msthcinsg + bmlt + hrn + hl + nsb
Bdrpg 5 Qgm tmrb bdrpgmbm ns usma cdtg td rm`mr td hl hcstrhft mltnty hla nts fdlfrmtm rmhinzhtndl(s) nl spmmfg dr wrntnlo. _gml nt ns lmmama td bhnlthnl tgm snolnma hla snolnmr anstnlftndl, tgm tmrb bdrpg ns usma td rm`mr td tgm fdlfrmtm mltnty, wgnim tgm tmrb bdrpgmbm ns rmsmrvma `dr tgm hcstrhft mltnty dliy.
Hiidbdrpgs 5
Bdrpgmbms ghvnlo tgm shbm shbm `ulftndl `ulftndl cut an``mrmlt `drb. ]linjm tgm syldlybs tgmy usuhiiy fhlldt cm rmpihfma dlm cy tgm dtgmr. (8) h. nlamlntm hrtnfim5 hl drhlom d rhlom - h cunianlo c. piurhi bdrpgmbm5 bdrpgmbm5 fht.s ZsR ‖ ado.s ZzR ‖ euao.ms euao.ms Z ɞsR 1
(3) h.
bhtj.h
kbdtgmr ldb ldb '‖bhtmj
kbdtgmrs oml'‖bhtf.m
kbdtgmr aht bhtĂ.nl kbdtgmr's' aht' ‖ bhtĂ.nl
6. Fihssn`nfhtndl d` Bdrpgmbms
8. Cdula Bdrpgmbms Cdula bdrpgmbms ns h bdrpgmbms tght fhlldt sthla cy ntsmi` td `drb h wdra: nt bust cm ednlma td dtgmr bdrpgmbms. Nt ns cdula cmfhusm hitgduog nt ghs bmhlnlo, nt fhlldt sthla hidlm. Nt bust cm htthfgma td hldtgmr bdrpgmbm td prdaufm h wdra. Mxhbpim 5 -nsg,
-lmss, -iy, ans-
trhls-
@rmm Bdrpgmbms 5 cha Cdula Bdrpgmbm 5 -iy _dra 5 chaiy
=
Cdula bdrpgmbm ns anvnama nltd twd phrt tgmrm hrm H``nxms hla Sddt & Vtmb h. H``nxms H``nx ns h cdula bdrpgmbm tght dffurs cm`drm (prm`nx), h`tmr (su``nx), nl tgm bnaaim d` (nl`nx), hla hrdula (fnrfub`nx), stmbs ( rddt bdrpgmbms ).
[rm`nx 5 Hl h``nx ns hl mimbmlt tght, hitgduog ldt h wdra ntsmi`, fhl cm cdula td h wdra, dr td tgm chsm dr stmb stmb d` h wdra, td `drb h amrnvhtnvm wntg amrnvhtnvm wntg h rmihtma bmhlnlo. Mxhbpim 5 ul-…. ↓ uljnla (ul + jnla ), prm -….↓ prmsfgddi ( prm + sfgddi ), mtf.
Vu``nx 5 hl h``nx haama td tgm mla d` h wdra td fghlom nts bmhlnlo. Mxhbpim 5 ……-iy ↓ jnlaiy (jnla + iy), ... ...-bmlt ↓ bhlhombmlt ( bhlhom + bmlt ), mtf.
Nl`nx 5 hl h``nx tght nlsmrtma nltd tgm bnaaim d` h wdra dr cmtwmml dtgmr bdrpgmbms. Mxhbpim 5 ....- `rmhjnlo-.... ↓ ul `rmhjnlo cminmvhcim ( ulcminmvhcim + -`rmhjnlo-), mtf.
Fnrfub`nx 5 Bdrpgmbms tght hrm htthfgma td hldtgmr bdrpgmbm cdtg nlntnhiiy hla `nlhiiy. Hisd jldwl hs 5 Ansfdltnludus bdrpgmbms.
Vu``nxms bdrm fdbbdl tghl prm`nxms wgnfg hrm bdrm fdbbdl tghl nl`nxms/fnrfub`nxms c. Sddt & stmb
Sddt ns h ldl-h``nx imxnfhi bdrpgmbm tght fhlldt cm hlhiyzma nltd sbhiimr phrts. Sddts bhy dr bhy ldt sthla hidlm hs h wdra. Mxhbpim 5 phnlt (phnlt-mr), rmha (rm-rmha), (r m-rmha), fmnvm (fdl-fmnvm), (fdl-fmnvm), mtf.
Vtmb ns tght phrt d` h wdra td wgnfg orhbbhtnfhi/nl`imftndlhi h``nxms hrm haama. Nt bhy fdlsnst hbdlost dtgmrs. h.
Vdimiy snloim rddt bdrpgmbm sufg hs m.o. ( snbpim stmb sufg hs ado )
c.
Qwd rddt bdrpgmbms m.o. ( fdbpdula stmb hs nl cihfjcnra ) 0
H rddt bdrpgmbm pius h amrnvhtndlhi su``nx m.o. ( h fdbpimx
f.
stmb hs nl ulsfrmw) º
Fhts 5 snloim rddt bdrpgmbm 5 fht + nl`imftndlhi su``nx ‖s
º
Frdwchr 5 twd rddt bdrpgmbms (frdw + chr ) + nl`imftndlhi su``nx ‖s
º
Nlvmltndls 5 rddt bdrpgmbm nlvmlt + imxnfhi su``nx ‖ndl + nl`imftndlhi su``nx ‖s
3. @rmm Bdrpgmbms @rmm bdrpgmbms ns bdrpgmbms tght cy ntsmi` fhl `ulftndl hs h wdra nl h ihlouhom. Mxhbpim 5 cdy, amsnrm, omltim, bhl. @rmm bdrpgmbms ns anvnama nltd twd phrt tgmrm hrm Fdltmlt wdras hla `ulftndl wdras h. Fdltmlt wdras ( dpml wdras) fdlsnst d` tgm lduls, vmrcs, haemftnvms, hla havmrc tght fdlstntutm tgm bhedr phrt d` tgm vdfhcuihry. Fdltmlt wdras hrm rm`mrrma td hs dpml fihss wdras cmfhusm wm fhl haa lmw lmw wdras td tgmsm fihssms. Mxhbpim 5
Ldul ↓ fgnia, Pmrc ↓ mht, Haemftnvm ↓ ghlasdbm, mtf.
c. @ulftndl wdras ( fidsma wdras ) ns h wdra tght adms ldt ghvm fimhr imxnfhi bmhlnlo cut ghs h orhbbhtnfhi `ulftndl. @ulftndl wdras nlfiuam 5 fdleulftndls, prmpdsntndls, hrtnfims, huxninhrnms, fdbpimbmltnzmrs, hla prdlduls. @ulftndl wdras hrm rm`mrrma td hs fidsma fidsma fihss fihss wdras cmfhusm wm fhlldt fhlldt haa lmw wdras td tgmsm fihssms. Mxhbpim 5
Fdleulftndl ↓ hla, [rmpdsntndl ↓ nl, Hrtnfim ↓ tgm, Huxninhry ↓ hrm, mtf. ?
FGH[QMS NNN @NLHI
Fdlfiusndl
Chsma dl tgm amsfrnptndl d` tgm ansfussndl ’bdrpgdidoy td inlounstnfs‒ fhl cm fdlfiuama fdlfiuama tght5 t ght5 8.
Bdrpgdidoy ns stuay d` nltmrlhi strufturm strufturm d` wdras.
3.
Bdrpgmbm ns tgm sbhiimst inlounstnf ulnt wgnfg ghs h bmhlnlo dr orhbbhtnfhi `ulftndl. _dra hrm fdbpdsma d` bdrpgmbms ( dlm dr bdrm )
6.
Fihssn`nfhtndl d` bdrpgmbms hrm cdula bdrpgmbm hla `rmm bdrpgmbm.
º
Cdula bdrpgmbm 5 fhlldt hppmhr hs h wdra cy nts smi` sm i` ( h``nxms hla rddt )
º
@rmm bdrpgmbm 5 fhl hppmhr hs h wdra cy nts smi` ( dpml fihss hla fidsma fihss )
7
Sm`mrmlfms gttps5//u`hi.b``.fuln.fz/~ghlh/tmhfgnlo/3;86wn-inlo/;=-Bdrpgdidoy.pa` gttp5//www.sinamsghrm.lmt/mrmlshturlnld/bdrpgdidoy-inlounstnfs Pnftdrnh @rdbjnl, Sdcmrt Sdabhl, hla Lnlh Gyhbs. 3;8;. Hl nltrdauftndls td ihlouhom lnltg mantndls. _haswdrtg. ]VH
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