Panini BNF

1. Lexical categories

1.1 Paninian view ::= | ; A 1.4.14 ::= ; A 1.1.37-41 | < nipāta (particles) >

; A 1.1.56

|

; A 1.4.58

|

; A 1.4.60 (=upasarga)

::= *^{+ ; Panini has only two main word classes. He includes avyayas in subanta, adding endings and then deleting them again in A 2.4.82! This is described above by by ^{being optional. ; Yāska, who preceded Panini, made the following categorization of word classes: ::= <ākhyāta (finite verb)> | | < nip āta > | 1.2. Relation to modern/English lexical categories ::= | | | | | < nipāta> ::= | ::= < sv arādi > |

; as listed in gaṇapāṭha ; derived, e.g. by taddhita

; P does not clearly differentiate between adjectives (vi śeṣaṇa) and nouns. Only in A 2.1.57 does he talk about viśeṣaṇa (qualifying) and viśeṣya (qualified). Adjectives were not recognized as a separate lexical category until very late. Even in latin, they were not really separated. ; According to Gombrich (”He cooks softly”: Adverbs in Sanskrit Grammar ), « words which appear to as to be adverbs, or used adverbially, are heterogeneously heterogeneously classified by P. All come into into the category ha. » The term kriyā-vi śeṣana of subanta. Certain simple adverbs are listed as avyaya in the Gaṇapāṭ ha

is first used by Patanjali, and seems to be referring to derived words.

2. Morphology

::= | ; A 1.4.14 ::= | ::= ^{| ; A 1.3.104 ::= [] [] ::=

; A 3.1.1

; A 3.1.93

| < taddhita (secondary)>

; A 4.1.76

| | | ^{| | ; tiN, sUP and vikara ṇa are formally pratyayas according to Panini.

::= | | ; can be added to verbs

::= | ^{| ; can be added to nominals < dhātu-sādhita (verbal derivative)>

::=

; can be derived from verbs

| | | < prātipadika-sādhita (nominal derivative)> ::=

; can be derived from nominals

| | Derivation From:

To: prātipadika

To: dhātu

prātipadika

taddhitanta, str ī anta

nāmadhatū

dhātu

kṛdanta

sannanta etc

; Yāska gives the following general morphology: ::= <śabda (basic word)> ; This means that < śabda> == ??

2.1 Tinanta morphology ::= {} ( => ) ; According to Panini’s derivation method, lakāra is first added, and then later replaced by tiN

::= < mūla dhātu (primitive)> | < sanādyanta dhātu (derived)> < mūla dhātu> ::=

; from dhātupāṭha, A 1.3.1

::= | | | ::=

; A 1.4.59

“pra” | “parā” | “apa” | “sam” | “anu” | “ava” | “niḥ” | “duḥ” | “vi” | “ā” | “ni” | “adhi” | “api” | “ati” | “su” | “ut” | “abhi” | “prati” | “pari” | “upa” ::=

; conjugation class, tense and mood markers

| ”ŚaP” | ” LUK” | ”ŚLU” | ”ŚyaN” | ”Śnu” | ”Śa” | ”ŚnaM” | ” u” | ”Śnā” | ” NiC” ; A.3.1.68 ff | ”CLI” | ”sIC”| ”sya”| ”yaK” | ”yāsUṬ”| ; for lUṄ, lŖṄ etc ::= "tiP" | … | "mahiN" ; A 3.4.77 ::=

; varttamāna (present tense) A 3.2.123

|

; bhūta-anadyatana parokṣa ( perfect) A 3.2.115

|

; bhaviṣya-anadyatana (periph. future) A 3.3.15

|

; bhaviṣyati (simple future) A 3.3.13

|

; (imperative) A 3.3.162

|

; anadyatana-bhūta (imperfect) A 3.2.111

|

; (optative) A 3.3.161

|

; bhūta (aorist) A 3.2.110

|

; (conditional)A 3.3.139

|

; subjunctive

2.2 Subanta morphology ::= [^{] ^{::= "sU" | ... | "suP" ; A 4.1.2 < prātipadika (nominal base)> ::= < mūla prātipadika (primitive nom.base)> | < mūla prātipadika)> ::= < gaṇapāṭha prātipadika> |

; A 1.2.45 ; A1.1.27

::=

; A 1.2.46

| | ::= ::= ::=

; A 3.1.93

”a” | ”ā” | ”ana” | ”man” | ”as” | ”ti” ; forming noun/adjectives | ; yaT, an ī yaR, tavya, tavyaT, KyaP ; A 3.1.96 | ; Ktvā ; A 5.1.119 |

; tumUN

; A 3.3.10

|

; Kta, KtavatU

; A 1.1.26

|

; ŚatŖ, ŚānaC (active, passive)

; A 3.2.124-127

|

; A 7.2.82

::=

; A 4.1.76

”mat” | ”vat” | ”in” | ”vin” ; indicating posession ; abstraction | ”ya” | ”tva” | ”tā” | ”eya” ; descent, pertaining to | ”ka” | ”ika” ; relating to, dimunitive ; made of, filled with | ”maya” | ”mayī” | ”tara” | ”tama” ; comparative, superlative ; adverb: like as | ”vat” ; adverb: from | ”tas” ; adverb: manner | ”śas” | ”śaḥ” ::=

; A 2.1.3

; A 2.1.5

|

; A 2.3.23

| ; A 2.1.22 | ::= |

; A 2.2.59 ; A 2.1.52

3. Other grammatical elements

::=

; A 1.4.101

| | | ::=

; A 1.4.102-3

| | | ::= | | | ::=

; A 1.4.23 syntactic-semantic categories

; A 1.4.54-55

|

; A 1.4.49-53

|

; A 1.4.42-44

|

; A 1.4.32-41

|

; A 1.4.24-31

| | ::=

; corresponding subanta case

; nominative |

; accusative

|

; instrumental

|

; dative

| ; ablative |<ṣaṣṭhī >

; genitive

|

; locative

; A 1.4.45-48}}}}}}}

Panini BNF

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