SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (S.C.O)
Introduction: Shanghai Cooperation Organization or S.C.O is an inter-governmental mutual security organization which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China !ussia "aza#hstan "yrgyzstan $a%i#istan and &zbe#istan. S.C.O is the continuation of the 'Shanghai (ive) founded in 1**+. ,fter &zbe#istan inclusion it was named as S.C.O.
Permanent Member: China !ussia &zbe#istan $a%i#istan "yrgyzstan and "aza#hstan.
Ober!er State: a#istan ndia ran and /agnolia.
Arm and S.C.O: $he main tas# of S.C.O is to strengthen and safeguard regional security security and to promote the common development of the member states.
Ac"ie!ement: 1. S.C.O S.C.O membe memberr states states streng strengthe thened ned and deepen deepen politic political al trust trust and pragmatic pragmatic cooperation cooperation in various various elds elds and greatly greatly contribute contribute to regional stability and common development. 2. oint militar military y security security wor# in border border areas was was signed that helped helped in solving many disputes avoided border clashes and transformed the 1000 miles long borders into bonds of friendship. . ,long ,long with with the changing changing regiona regionall and internat internation ional al situat situation ions s the security cooperation among the bloc# has deepened. S.C.O set up the !egional egional ,nti,nti-$ $erro erroris rists ts Organi Organizat zation ion 3!, 3!,$S4 $S4 with with its head head 5uar 5uarte ters rs in &zbe &zbe#i #ist stan an to comb combat at the the '$hr '$hree ee 6vil 6vils) s) name namely ly terrorism separatism and e7tremism. $his is the dominant feature of S.C.O. 8. $he $he grou group p has has rml rmly y sh show own n the the comm commit itme ment nt to boas boastt up mutu mutual al politi political cal trust trust e9ect e9ective ive cooper cooperati ation on mutual mutual respe respect ct and mutual mutual
benets. Such strengths have paved the way for its member states to enhance cooperation and %ointly deal with economic crisis and other challenges. :. ;ith three-fths of the land area and a 5uarter of the world population the S.C.O member states can share rich natural mar#et and human resources to realize the great potential in economic cooperation.
S.C.O and Pa#itan 1.
a#istan has been trying to get permanent membership of S.C.O. president ,sif
';e hope that our membership application will be put on fast trac#). a#istan is trying to get full membership of S.C.O because it wants to be a part of regional and trans-regional cooperation get up by S.C.O by becoming a permanent member of S.C.O. a#istan can get multifaceted benets= ';e would li#e to cooperate with regional countries in the nancial and ban#ing sector the setting up of %oint ventures educational infrastructural and theological programs). 2. a#istan li#e other ,sian countries is suspicious about ,merica>s imperialistic intentions. t is worried about its own security and progress which does not seem possible being an ally of &S. $herefore a# wants to %oin S.C.O and be a part of %oint security and military venture of SCO. . a#istan strongly feels that &S is losing her grip over the world. ?er economic condition is becoming wea#ling. @ow it is high time that a#istan turn towards the 6ast 3towards SCO and China in particular4. 8. a#istan also strongly feels that in the presence of &S and @,$O on ,fghan soil her nuclear assets are not safe. Aut if a# becomes a permanent part of SCO her position would get secured because a# #nows full well that if ,merica and @,$O were to attac# her or try to seize her nuclear assets under SCO
rules all member states would be forced to intervene and counter attac# both ,merica and @,$O. :. Once becomes a permanent member of SCO a#istan can get huge economic benets. +. ;ith the help of SCO a#istan can curb terrorism.
ORGANIZATION O$ IS%AMIC CO&NTRIES (OIC)
Introduction: Consist of :B countries. OC is considered to be among regional organizations. $he most distinguishing aspect of OC is that it represents a religious ideological bond as it was envisaged to translate the vision of &mmah identity into a reality. t has been criticized on account of its failure to resolve the basic problems confronted by /uslim &mmah. $hese issues are ranging from slam phobia to the issues of poverty and bac#wardness. Since /a##ah Summit the debate to introduce reforms in OC has gained momentum. /any e9orts have been made to ma#e it a vibrant organization. @ow the OC has come to the realization of change.
Ob'ecti!e 1. romotion of slamic Solidarity. 2. 6nhanced co-operation among /uslim countries on economical cultural and scientic groundswal#selds.
social
. $o coordinate all e9orts for safeguarding ?oly places. 8. $o promote the vision of &mmah and to strengthen the bond of
identity and unity.
Succee: 1. t provided a platform for the conDict resolution by mutual cooperation. 2. t has become a symbol of collective &mmah. $he only regional organization of the world that represents and ideological bond. t was envisaged to give a practical e7pression to &mmah>s unity anslamic ndonesia to @orth ,frica. . t played a vital role in ran-ra5 war. t escalated tension among ,rabs and non-,rabs. 8. EA 3slamic Eevelopment Aan#4F $his ban# performs humanitarian e9orts. (or instance it supplied oil at cheaper price from Saudi ,rabia to a#istan.
:. 6stablishment of various universities. +. t raised voice in support of oppressed /uslim countries. (or
instance it always raised voice profoundly for the alestinians against srael.
$aiure o OIC 1. B0 G of the world oil resources in the /uslim world along the important sea lane and trade routes. /editerranean Sea ,rabian Sea ndian Ocean and the li#e that are located in the /uslim territory possess vast sources of mineral oil and gas. +0 G plus of the /editerranean is surrounded by /uslim countries. !ed Sea and ersian Hulf are e7clusively located in the /uslim regions. $he /uslim world ranges from ,tlantic Ocean to acic Ocean and from /editerranean to ndian Ocean. $he /uslim countries posses internationally important trade routes li#e Hibraltar Aiospheres ?urmuz /ala#a. /uslim countries produce 2 of world oil +B G of 'species) 2 of 'alm oil) :0 G plus of '$in and hosphorus) and a vast treasury of gas. Aut there is only 12-1 G intra trade between OC countries. $he ?E 3?uman Eevelopment nde74 is pathetic the total HE of the /uslim world is about : G or less than that. $he ?uman Eevelopment nde7 3?E4 report 200: shows that 80 /uslim countries have low value of ?E than the world average. $he total H@ of the /uslim world is less than Hermany (rance. $here is no /uslim country among the top 0 ?E countries. ,nd in the group of low ?E half are /uslim countries. 2. Iow level of ntra OC trade. . @o ma%or initiative towards regional cooperation. @o custom unions no facilitation in visa no preferential trade as is there in 6uropean countries. 8. @o !egional connectivity no roads and railway lines to connect the /uslim countries as is there in 6urope. :. (ailed to ta#e any step to resolve conDicts among /uslim countries. +. @o rapid developmental force no collective mechanism no peace #eepers etc.
B. (ailure to counter slam phobia of west by pro%ecting pluralistic vision of slam to contest slam through academic publications and by high lightening peaceful role of slam. J. @o inDuence over ihadis. *. t failed to get its voice heard in &@ or in other forms. t could not evolve into a strong bloc whose view could be respected. 10. (ailed to pressurize ndia and srael to liberate the /uslim ma%ority areas occupied by them. 11.
(ailed to address poverty and education.
12.
@o meaningful collaboration with the slamic countries and organizations such as 6CO HCC ,S6,@ 6& etc. on the contrary ,S6,@ is successfully reaching out to other organizations.
Reaon o it $aiure: 1. Iac# of leadership. 2. Iac# of civil right and democracy. Out of :B /uslim countries + are under /onarchs and autocrats. $he rest are under transitional process from dictatorship to democracy. . Eependence of the /uslim world upon the west particularly &S,. /uslim countries are under immense inDuence of &S,. ,bove that our political military and civil elites have vested interests with &S. 8. Iarge and unwieldy size. :. olarization created in the /uslim countries after cold war. Some became ro-Soviet and others ro-;est. (or instance ordan 6gypt Saudi ,rabia and "uwait are ro-;est while Iibya Syria ra5 Kemen are socialists or leftists. +. Eisputes among the /uslim countries e.g. ra5ran war ,rab and ran dispute etc.
Su**etion: 1. Eire need of improving civil societies. (or this middle class is needed to given a vibrant role.
2. 6nhance intra OC trade and OC trade centre. . @eed to learn and adopt from other organizations li#e ,S6,@. t must be procient in resolving conDicts. 8. Collective security mechanism and rapid deployment of forces as being done by S.C.O. :. 6nhancing its role in the international politics. +. romoting '%tihad) through OC. %tihad is done on regional level or smaller level. $here is a dire need of comprehensive and delivering institution of %tihad on OC level. B. OC needs to concentrate on the development of scientic education in the /uslim world. $he developed countries &S, and apan are spending more than 8 G of its HE on education while the /uslim countries allocate even les than 1 G to education. J. OC must facilitate and insure the Dow of capital from the rich countries to the poor and human resources from poor to rich countries. *. Iast but not the least empowerment of female. /ore than half of the /uslim world>s population is #ept idle and illiterate. OC must ensure education technical training to female in order to ma#e them a useful part of the society and to enable them to play their role in the development of their countries.
Concuion: OC represents lofty ideals of &mmah>s identity. Aut there is a long way for OC to travel for the realization of these ob%ectives in true sense. Once rm and wholestic steps are ta#en by OC then progress would itself come in the /uslim world. ,nd OC would an honored and powerful organization to which the international community would not only listen but would also respect its decision. ,nd OC would be at par with other international organizations.
E&ROPEAN &NION (E&)
,. t comprises of ;estern 6urope. A. Cooperation ta#es place in various communities. 1.
Cooperation among 6uropean Communities.
2.
Common foreign and security policy.
.
Cooperation in the eld of ustice and domestic a9airs.
C. E+itence: t came into being in @ov 1*B after /aastricht $reaty. ts total members are 2J. ts original members were + Hermany Aelgium taly @etherland and Iimburg. 1. Mec"anim: i. $reaty of !ome 31*:J4. $hrough this treaty it was decided that there would be a freedom of movement of goods persons services and capital among these + 6& countries. ii.
Aasic institutional /echanism was created.
a. 6uropean court of ustice 36C4. b. $he council of ministers 3Co/4. c. $he 6uropean commission 36C4. d. 6uropean parliament 364. $he 6uropean &nion is more a supra national body 3constitutional body4 than simply an inter governmental agreement as it confers enforceable legal obligations. 2. Sin*e Euro,ean Act (-//): $hrough the enactment of this ,ct e9orts were made to complete the integrated mar#et by striving for harmonization of regulations with respect to nancial services security insurance telecommunications as well as product of safety and technical standards.
0. Maatric"t Treat1 (--):
i.
$his treaty represents deepening of integration including monetary union and social policies. $his treaty was ratied by all member states.
ii.
!esponse from member states was= (rance and Eenmar# opted to accept all the terms of the treaty while Aritain claimed the right to opt out.
iii.
Complete union of economics of the 6& countries seems impossible because of the problems related to e7change rate mechanism 37ation of the currency rates of di9erent member countries4 and the microeconomic policies of member states. ,s in this monetary union member states were supposed to maintain specied debtHE decitHE inDation levels etc.
2. Intitution o E&: 1. Council of /inistersF i.
$hese ministers of 6& represent the government of all member countries in a close door meeting.
ii.
$hey decide unanimously on ma%or policy decisions.
iii.
$hese members of the council of ministers are unaccountable.
3. Euro,ean &nion: i.
$his body consists of members. 6ach of them is nominated by the government of his country.
ii.
$his body initiates all 6& legislation.
iii.
$his commission represents the interests of the union as a whole both political processes within 6& and negotiation with the outside world.
iv.
$his body ta#es no instructions from any member state.
v.
$his body is accountable to 6uropean arliament.
vi.
$his commission follows subse5uent legislation.
vii.
(rom small member states one member each is nominated while from large states two members each are selected.
0. Euro,ean Pariament:
policies correct implementation and
t consists of 1000 members who are elected through direct vote. ts functions and powers are= 't can veto the budgets and limited authority to amend legislations).
4. Euro,ean Court o 5utice: t consists of 1: udges with advocate generals. ts function is to interpret treats with the outside world and to interpret secondary 6& legislation when dispute arise. i.
ts rules are binding for courts of member states. Since the /aastricht $reaty in vogue. $his court can also impose nes on member states if they do not comply with its ruling.
ii.
Euro: On an 1st 1*** eleven countries formed economic and monetary union. $he purpose of this union was to opt a new currency of 6&. 6uro>s introduction was the most important step in the unication of 6urope since 1*:0>s.
iii.
$his process of unication of 6urope through 6uro is continued but 6ngland and Eenmar# are still out of it.
iv.
(irst ma%or step in the process of the unication of 6urope occurred in 1**1 when the national leaders of 6uropean community committed themselves to closer political and economic union. $hey signed $reaty of 6& and $reaty on 6uropean monetary &nion 36/&4.
E. Economic Centra 6an# (EC6): t is the heart of 6/&. t represents 6uropean /onetary institution 36/4. ts responsibility isF 1.
$he management of foreign resources of member countries.
2.
$o decide and chec# the interest rates.
.
/anage the foreign e7change and
8.
$he production of notes and coins.
t>s most important function and power is to determine the value of the national currencies of 6urope in relation to 6uro. On an 1 st 2002 notes and coins of 6uro were made available and national currencies li#e (ranc and other 6uropean currencies were gradually withdrawn from circulation.
(. $here is a strict criterion for the countries to become a part of 6/&. Such a country must have low inDation low interest rates and should not have a nation debt more than +* G of the total value of its economy. (inal ratication of a country is made by 6uropean arliament. H. %ibon Treat1 in 377: 1. resident of the 6& is made more powerful. 2. ,dvisor in foreign policy would represent 6& in the international community. /oreover the foreign policy of 6& is made more integrated. . $he election criteria of 6& have changed. (irst the big countries had more representation in 6&. t has changed now. (irst Hermany had 1B G of representation. @ow she has only * G. 8. 6& is becoming a more supra-nationalistic body. 8 more articles are given to 6&. $here would be free trade of 6& countries among themselves.
SO&TH ASIAN ASSOCIATION O$ REGIONA% CO&NTRIES (SAARC)
,. 6stablished on Eec J 1*J:. A. Comprising of J countries with population of 1.: billion people. a#istan ndia Aangladesh Sri Ian#a @epal Ahutan /aldives and ,fghanistan. ,fghanistan was included as a permanent member on 8 th ,pril 200B. C. Observer StatesF ran &S China 6& apan South "orea ,ustralia /yanmar /auritius.
2. Ob'ecti!e o SAARC: 1. $o promote the welfare of the people and to improve their living standard in South ,sia. 2. $o accelerate economic growth social progress and cultural development leading to future economic bloc because the region fulls the re5uired terms. i.
@atural !esources.
ii.
?uman !esources.
iii.
6asy $ransportation.
. $o promote and strengthen collective self-alliance. 8. $o contribute to mutual trust understanding and appreciation of mutual problems. :. $o promote collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic social cultural technical and scientic elds. +. $o strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests. B. $o cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes. J. $o cooperate with each other in the eld of telecommunication meteorology transportation shipping tourism agricultural research %oint
ventures mar#et promotion scientic technological educational and cultural cooperation narcotics control eradication of terrorism sports and art cooperation.
E. Ac"ie!ement o SAARC: 1. rovided of platform for regional cooperation. 2. Ee-escalating ndo-a# tensions. . nitiative towards realization of regional integration through S,($, 3South ,sian (ree $rade ,ssociation4. , pro%ect of S,,!C. 8. 6nhanced opportunities for people to people contacts. :. Social agenda of S,,!C a glimmer of hope for millions of poverty stric#en people of South ,sia. +. !egional documents centers were established in 1*JJ. B. 6ducational e7change program in the form of a new sub-organization #nown as 'S,L6-S,,!C ,udio Lisual 6ducational program) was successfully completed.
$. $aiure: 1. Slow pace of development. 2. S,,!C countries failed to resolve di9erences over continuous issues. . Iow level of nfra-regional trade. 8. @o ma%or initiative towards regional connectivity. :. S,,!C has failed to prevent conDicts among its member countries. t has failed to improve security situation in South ,sia. +. (ailed to overcome trade decit. B. (ailure of S,,!C to save South ,sia from militarization and nuclearisaion. J. (ailed to resolved a#-ndia tension.
G. Reaon be"ind SAARC $aiure: 1. ndia>s hegemonic designs. 2. &nresolved disputesF i.
ndo-a# disputesF "ashmir Siachen ;ater issue etc.
ii.
ndo-Aangladesh disputes over the distribution of the gangs water and border issue etc.
iii.
ndo-@epalese tension over trade matters and zone of peace on @epal.
. ndian support to $amils in Sri Ian#a to create unrest there. 8. $rust decit among the member states especially lac# of trust over ndia by the other members. :. /ilitarization and nuclearisation in South ,sia. +. olitical social instability in South ,sia. B. ?ostile propaganda against each other especially ndia and a#istan. J. $he ma%or reason of S,,!C failure in the achievement of its goal is "ashmir issue.
H. Su**etion: 1. $rust building among the member states. 2. hasing out hindrances in the path of regional integration. $here is a need of accelerating the implementation of S,($,. . !esolution of political disputes through step by step approach. 8. 6conomic diplomacy plus CA/>s. :. Ay following ,S6,@. +. 6nhanced role of /edia and Civil Societies. B. Changes in S,,!C character. $here is a need of ma#ing it more whole tic benecial to each state and treating all its members on e5ual footing. .
S,,!C 1+th 3last4 Summit in $himhu Ahutan. On 2J 2* th ,pril 2010. 2: years completed of its coming into e7istence.
5. Em,"ai: 1. 6mphasis was given to democratic and participatory traditions among member states. 2. &pholding people centric development with due emphasis on sociocultural progress and economic development of the people of South ,sia. . overty alleviation.
8. $o address the issue of climate change to conserve the eco-system and to formulate trans boundary bio divisibility zone a networ# of weather stations sharing of scientic data regarding weather and climate condition of South ,sia. :. ;omen 6mpowerment. +. !ights of children. S,,!C to wor# for the eradication of child labour. B. Commitment to implement S,($, in letter and spirit. J. Eeclared the decade connectivity in S,,!C).
2010-2020.
$he
'Eecade
*. romotion of tourism. 10.Condemned terrorism. 11.Cooperation in the eld of science and technology.
of
ntra-!egional
