1
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 Existing System 1.2 Problems of Conventional System 1.3 Goals of proposed system 1.4 Alternative Solutions 1.5 Scope 2. Overall Description 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Architecture of Online Banking 2.3 Project Requirements 2.4 User Characteristics 2.5 Constraints 3. Feasibility Study 3.1 Economical Feasibility 3.2 Technical Feasibility 3.3 Operational Feasibility 4. Data Flow Diagrams 4.1 Use Case Diagram 4.2 Class Diagram 4.3 Interaction Diagram 1. Collaboration
2
2. Sequence 4.4 Activity Diagram 4.5 State Chart 4.6 Component Diagram 4.7 Deployment Diagram 4.8 Object Diagram 5. Testing 5.1 Black Box Testing 5.2 White-box Testing 5.3 Top-Down Testing 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography
3
1. Introduction The purpose of this project is to develop an on-line banking system that provides customers with the facility to check their accounts and do transactions online. The system will provide all the banks facilities to its customers when their authentications [user id and password] match, including viewing account information, performing transfers, giving the customer an option of changing address, paying bills on-line, password retrieval, performing transactions, viewing transactions and the locations the bank and its branches. The system should also support an online enrollment facility for credit card customers and should allow customers to view their personnel accounts and to pay bills online from their account. The system should assign a unique transaction number to every transaction that a user makes. It should also generate credit card numbers automatically when administrator, insert credit card customer‟s information. The Administrator will administer both normal bank account and credit card bank accounts. The administrator should have the ability to perform various operations like creating a normal bank account for the customer and performing functions like transfers, withdrawals and deposits when the customers want teller transactions. The administrator also has the privilege to close the customer‟s account on the request of the bank customer. The customer should be able to access his/her account from anywhere just by inputting the correct user-id and password.
1.1.Existing System: The existing system involves the following activities: Activities like Demand Draft issues, Pay Order issues are done manually and corresponding registers updated manually.
4
Above all in manual system, only the man responsible for DD/Pay issue is aware of the various records to be updated on each transaction. Readability of the records, which are maintained manually, is also constrained in the present system. Since record are kept on a paper registers, again is also a problem. Further retrieving information from such records for a period is tedious, as the storage place restricts, old records will be kept off the disk. Also report generation of the various areas is done manually using great amount of manpower and time. The great limitation to the existing system is that the service to the customers is limited to the bank hours only. The online banking facility provides 24 hours service to the customer.
1.2.Problems with conventional system: 1. Lack of immediate retrievals: -The information is very difficult to retrieve and to find particular information like- E.g. - To find out about the customer details, the user has to go through various registers. This results in inconvenience and wastage of time.
2. Lack of immediate information storage: - The information generated by various transactions takes time and efforts to be stored at right place.
3. Lack of prompt updating: - Various changes to information like customer details or immunization details of customer are difficult to make as paper work is involved.
5
4. Error prone manual calculation: - Manual calculations are error prone and take a lot of time this may result in incorrect information.
5. Preparation of accurate and prompt reports: - This becomes a difficult task as information is difficult to collect from various registers.
1.3.Goals of proposed system: 1. Planned approach towards working: - The working in the organization will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored properly in data stores, which will help in retrieval of information as well as its storage.
2. Accuracy: - The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher. All operation would be done correctly and it ensures that whatever information is coming from the center is accurate.
3. Reliability: - The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above stated reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now there would be proper storage of information.
4. No Redundancy: - In the proposed system utmost care would be that no information is repeated anywhere, in storage or otherwise. This would as sure economic use of storage space and consistency in the data stored.
6
5. Immediate retrieval of information: - The main objective of proposed system is to provide for a quick and efficient retrieval of information. Any type of information would be available whenever the user requires.
6. Immediate storage of information: - In manual system there are many problems to store the largest amount of information.
7. Easy to Operate: - The system should be easy to operate and should be such that it can be developed within a short period of time and fit in the limited budget of the user
1.4.Alternative Solutions: 1. Improved Manual System: One of the alternative solutions is the improvement of the manual system. Anything, which can be done by using automated methods, can be done manually. But the question arises how to perform thing manually in a sound manner. Following are some suggestions, which can be useful in the manual system. A more sophisticate register maintenance for various Customer Information. Adequate staff may be maintained so that updating are made at the very moment at the same time. Proper person for proper work should be made responsible so that a better efficiency could be achieved. This needs a lot of work force.
2. Batch System: Another alternative solution can be used of computer based batch system for maintaining the information regarding customer details
and
employees. A batch system refers to a system in which data is processed in a periodical basis. The batch system is able to achieve most of the goals and sub
7
goals. But a batch system data is processed in sequential basis. Therefore batch system is not suggested.
3. Online System: This system (HMS) provides online storage/ updating and retrieval facility. This system promises very less or no paper work and also provides help to Manager and staff. In this system everything is stored electronically so very less amount of paper work is required and information can be retrieved very easily without searching here and there into registers. This system is been discussed here.
1.5.Scope: The project‟s aim is to automate the system, pre-checking the inclusion of all r e q u i r e d ma t e r i a l a n d a u t o ma t i c a l l y p r o c e s s t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s u s e d i n a b a n k i n g . The criterions which include over here is to creation of an accountant its all respective perspectives. The data used by the system is stored in a database that will be the centre of all information held about the customer and the base for the remainder of the process after initial signing up been made. This enables things to be simplified and considerably quickened, making the jobs of the involved and considerably quickened, making the jobs of the
involved
people
easier.
It supports the current process
but
c e n t r a l i z e s i t a n d ma k e s i t p o s s i b le f o r d e c i s i o n s t o b e ma d e earlier and easier way
8
2. Overall Description 2.1 .Introduction: In today‟s world of emerging technologies, enterprises are moving towards the Internet for businesses. People are rushing towards the e-commerce applications for their day-today needs, which in turn are making the Internet very popular. Online Banking has given both an opportunity and a challenge to traditional banking. In the fast growing world, banking is a necessity, which in turn takes a lot of time from our busy schedule. Going to a branch or ATM or paying bills by paper check and mailing them out, and balancing checkbooks are all timeconsuming tasks. Banking online automates many of these processes, saving time and money. For all banks, online banking is a powerful tool to gain new customers while it helps to eliminates costly paper handling and manual teller interactions in an increasingly competitive banking environment. Banks have spent generations gaining trust of their customers, and the goal for this project is to develop a user friendly, secure Online Banking Application. The application will be built using Java Server Pages (JSP), tomcat as the application server, and Microsoft Access / SQL Server as a database. 2.2.Architecture of Online Banking: The Online Banking Application is based on 3-tiered model. The Enterprise architecture for Online Banking Application is shown below.
9
The 3-tiered architecture shown above has the following major components:
1. Client: There will be two clients for the application. One will be a web-based user-friendly client called bank customers. The other will be for administration purposes.
2. Application Server: It takes care of the server script, takes care of JDBCODBC driver, and checks for the ODBC connectivity for mapping to the database in order to fulfill client and administrator‟s request. 3. Database: Database Servers will stores customer‟s and bank data. Simply stated, the application works based on a request/response protocol. A client initiates a request to the server. The server responds by executing the business logic hosted inside the JSP program and if required, communicates with the Database Server to fulfill a client‟s request.
10
The Online banking Application project will be divided into 4 modules namely: 1. Bank Account 2. Bank Account Administrator 3. Credit Card Customer 4. Credit Card Account Administrator Each module is discussed in more detail under design phase.
Module 1 In this module the customer is allowed to logon to the website and can access his/her account by getting user name and password which will be verified with the server and the database. Once he/she gets verified then they are allowed to view their personal account and perform operations such as change of address, paying bills online, viewing transactions and transferring money into other accounts. The data will be highly secured using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. Once the customer finishes the task the update information instantly gets stored into the database. The customer is then allowed to sign out from his/her account.
Module 2 In this module the administrator is allowed to log on to the website and can access his/her administrative account by using the user name and password which will then be verified with the database. Once he/she gets verified the administrative interface will be displayed, where the administrator can perform operations for both new customers and existing customers. Administrator will help a new customer in opening their account by taking complete information from them. Administrator provides services like withdrawal, deposit, transfer and deleting
11
customer during the time of closing the account. In this module administrator provides great customer service to the customers who want to do phone banking or teller banking. The data will be highly secured using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. The interface for administrator will be both very user friendly and efficient. The data gets stored in the database instantly when the administrator hits the submit button.
Module 3 In this module, the customer is allowed to apply for the credit cards (Student, Premium and Basic) or for the loan (home, auto and education). Depending upon their selection the corresponding page will be shown when they will be asked to fill out the form. Depending on the credit rating the customer will be either accepted or rejected. Usually the credit rating will be checked with national credit bureau, which will be internally connected to INS and Social Security office database. Once the customer gets approved for the credit card or loan, their credit card will be sent to them by postal service. Once they decided to register themselves to an online credit card banking they enroll by using the enroll form, where they will be asked to enter their credit card number, their Social Security Number and user defined password (Numbers only). To access the account, customers should visit the credit card website and get verified with the database by entering the user name and the password they have created. If the verification is successful then they will be allowed to view their credit card account which will display information about their credit limit and balance. They are also allowed to make online bill payments using their credit card account. As this module contains all important data like credit card numbers, account user name and password and online bill payments, it needs to be secure, therefore Secure Socket Layer (SSL) will be used. It encrypts the data before it is
12
sent and gets decrypted at the server and vise-versa. This will prevent the hackers to view the data, which is being transferred through any media.
Module 4 In this module the administrator is allowed to log on to the website and will be allowed to access his/her administrative account by using its user name and password which will then gets verified with the database. Depending upon their authentication, the administrative page will be displayed, where administrator is allowed to assign credit limits for the customer depending upon what kind of request the customer has made. The administrator will be allowed to put a hold on the credit card account for security reasons, like lost/stolen credit card and this facility will protect customer information from getting misused by others. Once the administrator selects the type of card or loan requested and the social security number from the database on a single click the credit limit will be assigned. There will be a special field in the database, which will allow the administrator to keep track of the customers who have already been issued their cards.
The application will be having other functionalities such as: • Password retrieval for existing customer. • Locator [in case of teller banking] • Career at the bank. • Enrollment for online banking.
The application will be using a backend as MS- Access database, all the front-end will be written in Java Server Pages (JSP) and Jakarta Tomcat application server will be used as a middle ware which will take care of the connection between front-end and backend.
13
2.3 Project Requirements:
2.4 User Characteristics: Every user should be: • Comfortable of working with computer. • He must have knowledge in BANKING field. • He must also have basic knowledge of English too.
2.5 Constraints: • GUI is only in English. • Login and password is used for identification of user and there is no facility for guest.
14
3.Feasibility Study Feasibility study is made to see if the project on completion will serve the purpose of the organization for the amount of work, effort and the time that spend on it. Feasibility study lets the developer foresee the future of the project and the usefulness. A feasibility study of a system proposal is according to its workability, which is the impact on the organization, ability to meet their user needs and effective use of resources. Thus when a new application is proposed it normally goes through a feasibility study before it is approved for development. The document provide the feasibility of the project that is being designed and lists various areas that were considered very carefully during the feasibility study of this project such as Economic, Technical and Operational feasibilities. Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility are: Economic Feasibility Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility
3.1.Economic Feasibility: Economic analysis is most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of the system life cycle. As the necessary software and hardware is available in the organization, the initial investment for the proposed system is nil. The proposed system minimizes the time and effort right from data collection to answering queries, which result in
15
significant saving in operating costs. Thus, the proposed system is economically feasible. 3.2.Technical Feasibility: It centers around the existing computer system (h/w, s/w, etc) and to what extent it can support the proposed system. The Necessary hardware and software tools are available in the organization and the software recommended supports the system objectives. Thus it is technically feasible to design and develop the proposed system. 3.3.Operational Feasibility: People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to have towards the development of a new system. As the proposed system is a user-friendly package with all the visual aid, the effort that goes into education and training the user staff is almost negligible. Therefore, resistance to the proposed system is nil. Based on the above analysis, the recommended system is feasible.
16
4. Data Flow Diagrams 4.1.Use Case Diagram: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows a set of use cases and actors and their relationships. These diagrams are central to modeling the behavior of a system, a subsystem or a class. We use them to model the usecase view of a system. Usecase diagram make systems, subsystems and classes approachable and understandable by presenting an outside view of how those elements may be used in the context.
In the present project of Online Banking System, the use case is described as below. The Actors here are : CUSTOMER, ADMINISTRATOR.
Account transaction begins when customer is successfully logged in to the site. Several menus where displayed related to profile of customer and the recent transactions and the current account balance. The main purpose of using online account transactions is to transfer cash from one account to another for this purpose the customer is provided fields to specify the accounts to which he is transferring amount. After every transaction a confirmation is displayed to customer. The customer is also provided the possibility to change the account login password, but not the user id, every transaction is added to the bank database. Flow of Events 1.2 Basic flow
17
1. User enters username and password. 2. Bank Database validates the user. 3. On success user can transfer money, change his password and view his profile. 1.3 Alternate Flow If in the basic flow, the details specified by user are invalid then he is informed that his login is failed .Then the user may quit the system or he may create a new account. 1.4 Pre Conditions The user should have a valid account in the bank. 1.5 Post Conditions The account database is modified after transaction.
18
The below given diagram represents ‘Use case diagram’ for Online Banking system.
Login
Account list
Balance enquiry
Fund transfer
Update profile Customer Request cheque book
Mini statement
Help
Logout
Administrator
19
4.2 Class Diagram: Class diagram show a set of classes, interface and collaborations and their relationships. For the most part this involves modeling the vocabulary of a system, modeling collaborations or modeling schemas. A class diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs.
These diagrams are the foundations for deployment and component diagrams. A class is a description set of a set of objects that share same attributes, operations, relationships and semantics. Classes are important building blocks of and object oriented system. A class implements one or more interfaces. Classes may include abstractions that are part of a problem domain as well as classes that make up and implementations. We use classes to represent software things, hardware things and even things that are purely conceptual. A class is represented as a rectangle with compartments. An attribute is a named property of a class that describes a range of values that instances of the property may hold. An operation is implementations of a service that can be requested for any object of the class to effect behavior. A responsibility is a contract or an obligation of a class.
20
The below given diagram represents „Class diagram‟ for Online Banking system.
Customer +user id +password +first name +last name +address +mobile +login() +perform transactions() +logout()
Cheque Book +user id +cheque book details +request cheque book() +stop pay cheque()
Fund Transfer +user id +account type +transfer id +payee +amount
Balance Enquiry +user id +account type +balance +show balance()
+transfer()
Update Profile +user id +password +first name +last name +address +mobile +update profile()
Mini Statement +user id +transfer list +show transfer list()
21
customer console 0..*
credit
+card +pin
+amount
funds
1
+balance
+request()
card reader 1
0..* 0..*
debit
donation
+amount
draw amount
+amount
+feasibility()
0..*
+balance
1
0..* 1
pin validation +pin
11
+feasible() +drawamnt()
bank database +profile +log +balance +procesesrequest() bank web page +bankdetails 1 +loginform
client desktop
1
0..*
+dispensecash()
+process()
+request()
+processrequest()
+amount
+amountadded
+profile +balance +log
+choice
DD/cheque
retail instituition
network to bank
ATM
+frontend +cnctwithDB
1 +accno +amount
1
1
1 +validity() 1
+validity() withdrawl
1
+accno
1
1..*
+feasibility()
+turnon() +turnoff()
card validation
0..*
check bal
+cardholder 0..* 1 +cnctwithDB
+feasibility()
+amount
+feasibility()
0..*
1 0..*
+turnon() +shutdwn() 1 1
employee console +id&pswrd
1
1
logout
1
+logout()
1
1
1
0..*
0..* deposit +amount +accno +transfercash()
+processrequest() 1
loan +amount +feasibility()
1 1 login
+id +pswrd +validity()
1
1
0..* transfer of amount +amount +toaccno +feasibility()
22
4.3 Interaction Diagrams: An interaction diagrams shows an interactions, consisting of a set of objects and their relationships including the messages that may be dispatched among them. Interaction diagrams involve modeling concrete or prototypical instances of classes, interfaces, components, and nodes along with messages dispatched among them all in the context of a scenario that illustrates a behavior. Interaction diagrams are of two types: 1) Sequence diagram 2) Collaboration diagram
(1) A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time ordering of messages. A sequence diagram is a table that shows objects that are arranged along x-axis and messages, ordered in increasing time, along y-axis. Sequence diagram has two features that distinguish them from collaborations diagrams: a) Object lifelines ->is a vertical dash line that represents an existence of an object over a period of time. b) Focus of control->is a tall thin rectangle that shows the period of time during which an
object is performing an action either directly or through an
subordinate procedure. (2) A Collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the structural organization of objects that send and receive messages. Graphically a
23
collaboration diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs. Collaboration diagram has two features that distinguishes them from Sequence diagrams: a) Path -> to indicate how one object is linked to another. We can attach a path stereotype to far end of a link. b) Sequence number -> to indicate the time ordering of a message prefix by number. The below given diagram represents „Sequence diagram’ for Online Banking system.
online transaction sequence diagram customer console
network to bank
transaction 1 : loginRequest()
2 : validity()
3 : profileRequest() 4 : display() 5 : transferRequest()
6 : transfer() 7 : succed() 8 : acknowledgement() 9 : transferRequest()
24
desktop
front end
network to bank
1 : enterId&Pswrd() 2 : verify()
3 : validity()
4 : logout()
7 : loggedout()
5 : reqLogout()
6 : succeded()
login & logout sequence diagram
25
The below given diagram represents „Collaboration Diagram’ for Online Banking System.
1 : login request() customer console
network to bank 4 : display() 7 : succeed()
9 : transfer request() 2 : validity() 5 : transfer request()
8 : acknowledgement()
transaction
desktop
1 : enter id pwd()
4 : logout() 7 : logged out()
3 : profile request()
6 : transfer()
2 : verify() front end
3 : validity() 5 : request logout() 6 : succeeded()
network to bank
26
4.4 Activity Diagram: An activity diagram shows the flow from activity to activity. An activity is an ongoing non-atomic execution within a state machine. Activities ultimately result in some action, which is made up of executable atomic computations that result in a change in state of a system or return of a value. Activity diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs.Activity diagrams commonly consist of activity states and action states, transitions, objects.
Action state is an executable atomic computation such as calling an operation on an object, send a signal to an object, or even create or destroy an object.
Activity state can be defined as a composite whose flow of control is made up of activity states and actions states. An activity state may have additional parts such as entry and exit actions.
Transition -> Flow of control from one action or activity state to another shown as a simple directed line. Branch -> Is a place where we check conditions represented as an diamond may have one incoming transition two or more outgoing one‟s. Fork -> It is an synchronization bar that shows start of an activitiesthat run in parallel. It has one incoming transitions and two or more outgoing transitions. Join -> It represents an synchronization of two or more concurrent fows of control. It may have two or more incoming transitions and one outgoing transitions.
27
Swimlanes -> It specifies a locus of activities used especially when we are modeling the workflow of business process to partitioning the activity state on an activity diagram into groups, each group representing the business organization responsible for those activities.
28
The below given diagram represents „Activity Diagram’ for Online Banking system.
open web page
create account
enter id and pwd no valid login
furnish details yes
choice menu
no valid details
yes submit
amount transfer
view details
finished
change pwd
29
customer approaches officer
employee login
no valid login
yes choice menu
passbook entry
deposit
withdraw
proceed transaction
issue dd/cheque
30
4.5 State Chart:
State diagrams are used to describe the behavior of a system. State diagrams describe all of the possible states of an object as events occur. Each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and track the different states of its objects through the system. Use state diagrams to demonstrate the behavior of an object through many use cases of the system. Only use state diagrams for classes where it is necessary to understand the behavior of the object through the entire system. State diagrams have very few elements. The basic elements are rounded boxes representing the state of the object and arrows indicting the transition to the next state. The activity section of the state symbol depicts what activities the object will be doing while it is in that state.
31
The below given diagram represents „State Chart Diagram’ for Online Banking System.
OFF
START
Create account
. Display details
Submit
View details
Choice menu
finish
IDLE
32
4.6 Component Diagram:
Component diagrams are used to visualize the organization and relationships among components in a system. These diagrams are also used to make executable systems. Component diagrams are different in terms of nature and behavior. Component diagrams are used to model physical aspects of a system. Physical aspects Physical aspects are the elements like executables, libraries, files, documents etc which resides in a node. Component diagram is a special kind of diagram in UML. The purpose is also different from all other diagrams discussed so far. It does not describe the functionality of the system but it describes the components used to make those functionalities. Component diagrams can also be described as a static implementation view of a system. Static implementation represents the organization of the components at a particular moment single component diagram cannot represent the entire system but a collection of diagrams are used to represent the whole. So the purpose of the component diagram can be summarized as:
Visualize the components of a system.
Construct executables by using forward and reverse engineering.
Describe the organization and relationships of the components.
How to draw Component Diagram? Component diagrams are used to describe the physical artifacts of a system. This artifact includes files, executables, libraries etc. So the purpose of this diagram is different, Component diagrams are used during the implementation
33
phase of an application. But it is prepared well in advance to visualize the implementation details. Initially the system is designed using different UML diagrams and then when the artifacts are ready component diagrams are used to get an idea of the implementation. This diagram is very important because without it the application cannot be implemented efficiently. A well prepared component diagram is also important for other aspects like application performance, maintenance etc. So before drawing a component diagram the following artifacts are to be identified clearly:
1) Files used in the system.
2) Libraries and other artifacts relevant to the application.
3) Relationships among the artifacts.
34
The below given diagram represents „Component Diagram’ for Online Banking system.
ATM machine
customer console
ATM transaction
Account info Employee console Card reader
Bank Database
Webpage
Client desktop
webmerchant transactrion
online transaction
client desktop transaction
35
4.7 Deployment Diagram: Deployment diagrams are used to represent the physical architecture of a system. They present the distribution of the software components on the set of execution units (nodes).Nodes and artefacts are the main concepts in a deployment diagram. Deployment diagrams are created in packages, classes, interfaces, components, artefacts or nodes.Deployment diagrams are used for describing the hardware components where software components are deployed. So deployment diagrams are used to describe the static deployment view of a system. Deployment diagrams consist of nodes and their relationships. Deployment diagrams are used to visualize the topology of the physical components of a system where the software components are deployed. Purpose: Deployment diagrams and Component diagrams are closely related. Component diagrams are used to describe the components and deployment diagrams shows how they are deployed in hardware. UML is mainly designed to focus on software artifacts of a system. But these two diagrams are special diagrams used to focus on software components and hardware components. So most of the UML diagrams are used to handle logical components but deployment diagrams are made to focus on hardware topology of a system. Deployment diagrams are used by the system engineers. The purpose of deployment diagrams can be described as:
36
Visualize hardware topology of a system.
Describe the hardware components used to deploy software components.
Describe runtime processing nodes.
A deployment diagram consists of nodes. Nodes are nothing but physical hardware used to deploy the application.
Performance
Scalability
Maintainability
Portability
37
The below given diagram represents „Deployment Diagram’ for Online Banking system.
Customer may be ATM card holder, credit/debit card holder or an online user of a Bank
Customer Console
Card Reader
ATM Machine providing services of ATM transaction
ATM Machine
Bank Database
Bank Database keeping the details of each and every account
Client Desktop
Client Desktop providing services of banking at desks
Web Page
Card reader providing services of credit/debit tranmsaction
Web Page providing services of online transaction
Employee Console
Each employee at Bank given a desktop and provided with own id & password for login to the Bank's Database
38
4.8 Object Diagram: An object
diagram in
the Unified
Modeling
Language (UML),
is
a diagram that shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time. An Object diagram focuses on some particular set of object instances and attributes, and the links between the instances. A correlated set of object diagrams provides insight into how an arbitrary view of a system is expected to evolve over time. Object diagrams are more concrete than class diagrams, and are often used to provide examples, or act as test cases for the class diagrams. Only those aspects of a model that are of current interest need be shown on an object diagram. The below given diagram represents „Object Diagram’ for Online Banking system.
39
5. TESTING There are many testing strategies, but most testing uses a combination of these: black box testing, white box testing, top down testing and bottom-up testing. However, no strategy or combination of strategies truly can prove the correctness of a system; it can be establish only its “acceptability”. 5.1 Black Box Testing: The concept of the black box is used to represent a system whose inside workings are not available for inspection. In a black box, the test item is treated as “black”, since its logic is unknown; all that is known is what goes in and what comes out, or the input and output. The black box is an imaginary box that hides its internal workings 5.2 White-box Testing: White box testing assumes that the specific logic is important and must be tested to guarantee the system‟s proper functioning. The main use of the white box is an error-based testing, when you already have tested all objects of an application and all external or public methods of an object that you believe to be of greater importance. In white box testing, you looking for bugs that have a low probability of execution, have been carelessly implemented, or were overlooked previously. One form of white box testing, called path-testing, makes certain that each path in a object‟s method is executed at least once during testing. Two types of path testing are statement testing coverage and branch testing coverage. Statement testing coverage: The main idea of statement testing coverage is to test every statement in the object‟s method by executing it at least once. However,
40
realistically, it is impossible to test a program on every single input, so you never can be sure that a program will not fail on some input. Branch testing coverage: The main ideas behind branch coverage outperform enough tests to ensure that every branch alternative has been executed at least once under some test. As in statement testing coverage, it is unfeasible to fully test any program of considerable size. Most debugging tools are excellent in statement and branch testing coverage. White box testing is useful for error-based testing. In white-box testing strategy, the internal workings are known. 5.3 Top-Down Testing: Top-down testing assumes that the main logic or object interactions and systems messages of the applications need more testing than an individual object‟s methods or supporting logic. A top-down strategy can detect the serious design flaws early in the implementation. In theory, top-down testing should find critical design errors early in the testing process and significantly improve the quality of the delivered software because of the iterative nature of the test. A top-down strategy supports testing the user interface and event-driver systems. Testing the user interface using a dip-down approach means testing interface navigation. This serves two purposes, according to Conger. First, the top-down approach can test the navigation through screens and verify that it matches the requirements. Second, users can see, at an early stage, how the final applications will look and feel. This approach also is useful for scenario-based testing. Topdown testing is useful to test subsystem and system investigation.
41
6.Conclusion Thus reaching to the conclusion of our project we observe that Traditional banks offer many services to their customers, including accepting customer money deposits, providing various banking services to customers, and making loans to individuals and companies. Compared with traditional channels of offering banking services through physical branches, e-banking uses the Internet to deliver traditional banking services to their customers, such as opening accounts, transferring funds, and electronic bill payment.
E-banking can be offered in two main ways. First, an existing bank with physical offices can also establish an online site and offer e-banking services to its customers in addition to the regular channel. For example, Citibank is a leader in ebanking, offering walk-in, face-to-face banking at its branches throughout many parts of the world as well as e-banking services through the World Wide Web. Generally, e-banking is provided without extra cost to customers. Customers are attracted by the convenience of e-banking through the Internet, and in turn, banks can operate more efficiently when customers perform transactions by themselves rather than going to a branch and dealing with a branch representative.
E-banking services are delivered to customers through the Internet and the web using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In order to use e-banking services, customers need Internet access and web browser software. Multimedia information in HTML format from online banks can be displayed in web browsers. The heart of the e-banking application is the computer system, which includes web servers,
42
database management systems, and web application programs that can generate dynamic HTML pages.
One of the main concerns of e-banking is security. Without great confidence in security, customers are unwilling to use a public network, such as the Internet, to view their financial information online and conduct financial transactions. Some of the security threats include invasion of individuals' privacy and theft of confidential information.
43
7. Bibliography
www.google.com www.scribd.com www.seminarprojects.com
