Art. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n) Art. 1157. Obligations arise from: (1) a!" (#) $ontracts" (%) &uasi'contracts" () Acts or omissions unis*ed by la!" and (5) &uasi'delicts. (1+-a) Art. 116%. very erson obliged to give somet*ing is also obliged to ta/e care of it !it* t*e roer diligence of a good fat*er of a family, unless t*e la! or t*e stiulation of t*e arties re0uires anot*er standard of care. (1+-a) Art. 1166. *e obligation to give a determinate t*ing includes t*at of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even t*oug* t*ey may not *ave been mentioned. (1+-7a) Art. 116-. *ose obliged to deliver or to do somet*ing incur in delay from t*e time t*e obligee judicially or e2trajudicially demands from t*em t*e ful3llment of t*eir obligation. 4o!ever, t*e demand by t*e creditor s*all not be necessary in order t*at delay may e2ist: (1) *en t*e obligation or t*e la! e2ressly so declare" or (#) *en from t*e nature and t*e circumstances of t*e obligation it aears t*at t*e designation of t*e time !*en t*e t*ing is to be delivered or t*e service is to be rendered !as a controlling motive for t*e establis*ment of t*e contract" or (%) *en demand !ould be useless, as !*en t*e obligor *as rendered it beyond *is o!er to erform. n recirocal obligations, neit*er arty incurs in delay if t*e ot*er does not comly or is not ready to comly in a roer manner !it* !*at is incumbent uon *im. rom t*e moment one of t*e arties ful3lls *is obligation, delay by t*e ot*er begins. (11++a) Art. 117+. *ose !*o in t*e erformance of t*eir obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and t*ose !*o in any manner contravene t*e tenor t*ereof, are liable for damages. (11+1) Art. 1171. 8esonsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. Any !aiver of an action for future fraud is void. (11+#a) Art. 117#. 8esonsibility arising from negligence in t*e erformance of every /ind of obligation is also demandable, but suc* liability may be regulated by t*e courts, according to t*e circumstances. (11+%) Art. 117%. *e fault or negligence of t*e obligor consists in t*e omission of t*at diligence !*ic* is re0uired by t*e nature of t*e obligation and corresonds !it* t*e circumstances of t*e ersons, of t*e time and of t*e lace. *en negligence s*o!s bad fait*, t*e rovisions of Articles 1171 and ##+1, aragra* #, s*all aly.
f t*e la! or contract does not state t*e diligence !*ic* is to be observed in t*e erformance, t*at !*ic* is e2ected of a good fat*er of a family s*all be re0uired. (11+a) Art. 117. 2cet in cases e2ressly seci3ed by t*e la!, or !*en it is ot*er!ise declared by stiulation, or !*en t*e nature of t*e obligation re0uires t*e assumtion of ris/, no erson s*all be resonsible for t*ose events !*ic* could not be foreseen, or !*ic*, t*oug* foreseen, !ere inevitable. (11+5a) Art. 1177. *e creditors, after *aving ursued t*e roerty in ossession of t*e debtor to satisfy t*eir claims, may e2ercise all t*e rig*ts and bring all t*e actions of t*e latter for t*e same urose, save t*ose !*ic* are in*erent in *is erson" t*ey may also imugn t*e acts !*ic* t*e debtor may *ave done to defraud t*em. (1111) Art. 117-. very obligation !*ose erformance does not deend uon a future or uncertain event, or uon a ast event un/no!n to t*e arties, is demandable at once. Art. 111. n conditional obligations, t*e ac0uisition of rig*ts, as !ell as t*e e2tinguis*ment or loss of t*ose already ac0uired, s*all deend uon t*e *aening of t*e event !*ic* constitutes t*e condition. (111) Art. 11. *e condition t*at some event *aen at a determinate time s*all e2tinguis* t*e obligation as soon as t*e time e2ires or if it *as become indubitable t*at t*e event !ill not ta/e lace. (1117) Art. 116. *e condition s*all be deemed ful3lled !*en t*e obligor voluntarily revents its ful3llment. (111-) Art. 11-. *en t*e conditions *ave been imosed !it* t*e intention of susending t*e e9cacy of an obligation to give, t*e follo!ing rules s*all be observed in case of t*e imrovement, loss or deterioration of t*e t*ing during t*e endency of t*e condition: (1) f t*e t*ing is lost !it*out t*e fault of t*e debtor, t*e obligation s*all be e2tinguis*ed" (#) f t*e t*ing is lost t*roug* t*e fault of t*e debtor, *e s*all be obliged to ay damages" it is understood t*at t*e t*ing is lost !*en it eris*es, or goes out of commerce, or disaears in suc* a !ay t*at its e2istence is un/no!n or it cannot be recovered" (%) *en t*e t*ing deteriorates !it*out t*e fault of t*e debtor, t*e imairment is to be borne by t*e creditor" () f it deteriorates t*roug* t*e fault of t*e debtor, t*e creditor may c*oose bet!een t*e rescission of t*e obligation and its ful3llment, !it* indemnity for damages in eit*er case" (5) f t*e t*ing is imroved by its nature, or by time, t*e imrovement s*all inure to t*e bene3t of t*e creditor" (6) f it is imroved at t*e e2ense of t*e debtor, *e s*all *ave no ot*er rig*t t*an t*at granted to t*e usufructuary. (11##)
Art. 11-1. *e o!er to rescind obligations is imlied in recirocal ones, in case one of t*e obligors s*ould not comly !it* !*at is incumbent uon *im. Art. 11-%. Obligations for !*ose ful3llment a day certain *as been 32ed, s*all be demandable only !*en t*at day comes. Art. 11-6. *enever in an obligation a eriod is designated, it is resumed to *ave been establis*ed for t*e bene3t of bot* t*e creditor and t*e debtor, unless from t*e tenor of t*e same or ot*er circumstances it s*ould aear t*at t*e eriod *as been establis*ed in favor of one or of t*e ot*er. (11#7) Art. 11-. *e debtor s*all lose every rig*t to ma/e use of t*e eriod: (1) *en after t*e obligation *as been contracted, *e becomes insolvent, unless *e gives a guaranty or security for t*e debt" (#) *en *e does not furnis* to t*e creditor t*e guaranties or securities !*ic* *e *as romised" (%) *en by *is o!n acts *e *as imaired said guaranties or securities after t*eir establis*ment, and !*en t*roug* a fortuitous event t*ey disaear, unless *e immediately gives ne! ones e0ually satisfactory" () *en t*e debtor violates any underta/ing, in consideration of !*ic* t*e creditor agreed to t*e eriod" (5) *en t*e debtor attemts to abscond. (11#-a) Art. 11--. A erson alternatively bound by dierent restations s*all comletely erform one of t*em. *e creditor cannot be comelled to receive art of one and art of t*e ot*er underta/ing. (11%1) *e creditor cannot be comelled to receive art of one and art of t*e ot*er underta/ing. (11%1) Art. 1#+7. *e concurrence of t!o or more creditors or of t!o or more debtors in one and t*e same obligation does not imly t*at eac* one of t*e former *as a rig*t to demand, or t*at eac* one of t*e latter is bound to render, entire comliance !it* t*e restation. *ere is a solidary liability only !*en t*e obligation e2ressly so states, or !*en t*e la! or t*e nature of t*e obligation re0uires solidarity. (11%7a) Art. 1#+. f from t*e la!, or t*e nature or t*e !ording of t*e obligations to !*ic* t*e receding article refers t*e contrary does not aear, t*e credit or debt s*all be resumed to be divided into as many s*ares as t*ere are creditors or debtors, t*e credits or debts being considered distinct from one anot*er, subject to t*e 8ules of $ourt governing t*e multilicity of suits. (11%a) Art. 1#1#. ac* one of t*e solidary creditors may do !*atever may be useful to t*e ot*ers, but not anyt*ing !*ic* may be rejudicial to t*e latter. (111a)
Art. 1#1. *e debtor may ay any one of t*e solidary creditors" but if any demand, judicial or e2trajudicial, *as been made by one of t*em, ayment s*ould be made to *im. (11#a) Art. 1#1. ;ayment by a solidary debtor s*all not entitle *im to reimbursement from *is co'debtors if suc* ayment is made after t*e obligation *as rescribed or become illegal. (n) Art. 1##6. n obligations !it* a enal clause, t*e enalty s*all substitute t*e indemnity for damages and t*e ayment of interests in case of noncomliance, if t*ere is no stiulation to t*e contrary.
Art. 1#%5. *en t*e obligee accets t*e erformance, /no!ing its incomleteness or irregularity, and !it*out e2ressing any rotest or objection, t*e obligation is deemed fully comlied !it*. (n) Art. 1#%6. *e creditor is not bound to accet ayment or erformance by a t*ird erson !*o *as no interest in t*e ful3llment of t*e obligation, unless t*ere is a stiulation to t*e contrary. *oever ays for anot*er may demand from t*e debtor !*at *e *as aid, e2cet t*at if *e aid !it*out t*e /no!ledge or against t*e !ill of t*e debtor, *e can recover only insofar as t*e ayment *as been bene3cial to t*e debtor. (115a) Art. 1#%7. *oever ays on be*alf of t*e debtor !it*out t*e /no!ledge or against t*e !ill of t*e latter, cannot comel t*e creditor to subrogate *im in *is rig*ts, suc* as t*ose arising from a mortgage, guaranty, or enalty. (115-a) Art. 1#1. ;ayment to a erson !*o is incaacitated to administer *is roerty s*all be valid if *e *as /et t*e t*ing delivered, or insofar as t*e ayment *as been bene3cial to *im. ;ayment made to a t*ird erson s*all also be valid insofar as it *as redounded to t*e bene3t of t*e creditor. >uc* bene3t to t*e creditor need not be roved in t*e follo!ing cases: (1) f after t*e ayment, t*e t*ird erson ac0uires t*e creditor?s rig*ts" (#) f t*e creditor rati3es t*e ayment to t*e t*ird erson" (%) f by t*e creditor?s conduct, t*e debtor *as been led to believe t*at t*e t*ird erson *ad aut*ority to receive t*e ayment. (116%a) Art. 1#. *e debtor of a t*ing cannot comel t*e creditor to receive a dierent one, alt*oug* t*e latter may be of t*e same value as, or more valuable t*an t*at !*ic* is due. n obligations to do or not to do, an act or forbearance cannot be substituted by anot*er act or forbearance against t*e obligee?s !ill. (1166a) Art. 1#5. @ation in ayment, !*ereby roerty is alienated to t*e creditor in satisfaction of a debt in money, s*all be governed by t*e la! of sales. (n) Art. 1#6. *en t*e obligation consists in t*e delivery of an indeterminate or generic t*ing, !*ose 0uality and circumstances *ave not been stated, t*e creditor cannot demand a t*ing of suerior 0uality.
n any ot*er case t*e lace of ayment s*all be t*e domicile of t*e debtor. f t*e debtor c*anges *is domicile in bad fait* or after *e *as incurred in delay, t*e additional e2enses s*all be borne by *im. *ese rovisions are !it*out rejudice to venue under t*e 8ules of $ourt. (1171a) Art. 1#5#. 4e !*o *as various debts of t*e same /ind in favor of one and t*e same creditor, may declare at t*e time of ma/ing t*e ayment, to !*ic* of t*em t*e same must be alied. nless t*e arties so stiulate, or !*en t*e alication of ayment is made by t*e arty for !*ose bene3t t*e term *as been constituted, alication s*all not be made as to debts !*ic* are not yet due. f t*e debtor accets from t*e creditor a receit in !*ic* an alication of t*e ayment is made, t*e former cannot comlain of t*e same, unless t*ere is a cause for invalidating t*e contract. (117#a) Art. 1#5%. f t*e debt roduces interest, ayment of t*e rincial s*all not be deemed to *ave been made until t*e interests *ave been covered. (117%) >=>$O< #. ' ;ayment by $ession Art. 1#55. *e debtor may cede or assign *is roerty to *is creditors in ayment of *is debts. *is cession, unless t*ere is stiulation to t*e contrary, s*all only release t*e debtor from resonsibility for t*e net roceeds of t*e t*ing assigned. *e agreements !*ic*, on t*e eect of t*e cession, are made bet!een t*e debtor and *is creditors s*all be governed by secial la!s. (1175a) >=>$O< %. ' ender of ;ayment and $onsignation Art. 1#56. f t*e creditor to !*om tender of ayment *as been made refuses !it*out just cause to accet it, t*e debtor s*all be released from resonsibility by t*e consignation of t*e t*ing or sum due. $onsignation alone s*all roduce t*e same eect in t*e follo!ing cases: (1) *en t*e creditor is absent or un/no!n, or does not aear at t*e lace of ayment" (#) *en *e is incaacitated to receive t*e ayment at t*e time it is due" (%) *en, !it*out just cause, *e refuses to give a receit" () *en t!o or more ersons claim t*e same rig*t to collect" (5) *en t*e title of t*e obligation *as been lost. (1176a) >$O< #. ' oss of t*e *ing @ue Art. 1#6#. An obligation !*ic* consists in t*e delivery of a determinate t*ing s*all be e2tinguis*ed if it s*ould be lost or destroyed !it*out t*e fault of t*e debtor, and before *e *as incurred in delay.
*en by la! or stiulation, t*e obligor is liable even for fortuitous events, t*e loss of t*e t*ing does not e2tinguis* t*e obligation, and *e s*all be resonsible for damages. *e same rule alies !*en t*e nature of t*e obligation re0uires t*e assumtion of ris/. (11#a) Art. 1#6%. n an obligation to deliver a generic t*ing, t*e loss or destruction of anyt*ing of t*e same /ind does not e2tinguis* t*e obligation. (n) Art. 1#7+. $ondonation or remission is essentially gratuitous, and re0uires t*e accetance by t*e obligor. t may be made e2ressly or imliedly. One and t*e ot*er /ind s*all be subject to t*e rules !*ic* govern ino9cious donations. 2ress condonation s*all, furt*ermore, comly !it* t*e forms of donation. (117) >$O< . ' $onfusion or Berger of 8ig*ts Art. 1#75. *e obligation is e2tinguis*ed from t*e time t*e c*aracters of creditor and debtor are merged in t*e same erson. (11-#a) >$O< 5. ' $omensation Art. 1#7. $omensation s*all ta/e lace !*en t!o ersons, in t*eir o!n rig*t, are creditors and debtors of eac* ot*er. (11-5) Art. 1#7-. n order t*at comensation may be roer, it is necessary: (1) *at eac* one of t*e obligors be bound rincially, and t*at *e be at t*e same time a rincial creditor of t*e ot*er" (#) *at bot* debts consist in a sum of money, or if t*e t*ings due are consumable, t*ey be of t*e same /ind, and also of t*e same 0uality if t*e latter *as been stated" (%) *at t*e t!o debts be due" () *at t*ey be li0uidated and demandable" (5) *at over neit*er of t*em t*ere be any retention or controversy, commenced by t*ird ersons and communicated in due time to t*e debtor. (11-6) Art. 1#5. *e debtor !*o *as consented to t*e assignment of rig*ts made by a creditor in favor of a t*ird erson, cannot set u against t*e assignee t*e comensation !*ic* !ould ertain to *im against t*e assignor, unless t*e assignor !as noti3ed by t*e debtor at t*e time *e gave *is consent, t*at *e reserved *is rig*t to t*e comensation. f t*e creditor communicated t*e cession to *im but t*e debtor did not consent t*ereto, t*e latter may set u t*e comensation of debts revious to t*e cession, but not of subse0uent ones. f t*e assignment is made !it*out t*e /no!ledge of t*e debtor, *e may set u t*e comensation of all credits rior to t*e same and also later ones until *e *ad /no!ledge of t*e assignment. (11-a) Art. 1#6. $omensation ta/es lace by oeration of la!, even t*oug* t*e debts may be ayable at dierent laces, but t*ere
s*all be an indemnity for e2enses of e2c*ange or transortation to t*e lace of ayment. (11--a) >$O< 6. '
ubstituting t*e erson of t*e debtor" (%) >ubrogating a t*ird erson in t*e rig*ts of t*e creditor. (1#+%) $4A;8 1 C<8A ;8OD>O<> Art. 1%+5. A contract is a meeting of minds bet!een t!o ersons !*ereby one binds *imself, !it* resect to t*e ot*er, to give somet*ing or to render some service. (1#5a) Art. 1%+6. *e contracting arties may establis* suc* stiulations, clauses, terms and conditions as t*ey may deem convenient, rovided t*ey are not contrary to la!, morals, good customs, ublic order, or ublic olicy. (1#55a) Art. 1%11. $ontracts ta/e eect only bet!een t*e arties, t*eir assigns and *eirs, e2cet in case !*ere t*e rig*ts and obligations arising from t*e contract are not transmissible by t*eir nature, or by stiulation or by rovision of la!. *e *eir is not liable beyond t*e value of t*e roerty *e received from t*e decedent. f a contract s*ould contain some stiulation in favor of a t*ird erson, *e may demand its ful3llment rovided *e communicated *is accetance to t*e obligor before its revocation. A mere incidental bene3t or interest of a erson is not su9cient. *e contracting arties must *ave clearly and deliberately conferred a favor uon a t*ird erson. (1#57a) Art. 1%1. Any t*ird erson !*o induces anot*er to violate *is contract s*all be liable for damages to t*e ot*er contracting arty. (n) Art. 1%15. $ontracts are erfected by mere consent, and from t*at moment t*e arties are bound not only to t*e ful3llment of !*at *as been e2ressly stiulated but also to all t*e conse0uences !*ic*, according to t*eir nature, may be in /eeing !it* good fait*, usage and la!. (1#5) $4A;8 # >><A 8&>> O $O<8A$> C<8A ;8OD>O<> Art. 1%1. *ere is no contract unless t*e follo!ing re0uisites concur: (1) $onsent of t*e contracting arties" (#) Object certain !*ic* is t*e subject matter of t*e contract" (%) $ause of t*e obligation !*ic* is establis*ed. (1#61) >$O< 1. ' $onsent
Art. 1%1-. $onsent is manifested by t*e meeting of t*e oer and t*e accetance uon t*e t*ing and t*e cause !*ic* are to constitute t*e contract. *e oer must be certain and t*e accetance absolute. A 0uali3ed accetance constitutes a counter' oer. Accetance made by letter or telegram does not bind t*e oerer e2cet from t*e time it came to *is /no!ledge. *e contract, in suc* a case, is resumed to *ave been entered into in t*e lace !*ere t*e oer !as made. (1#6#a) Art. 1%#. *en t*e oerer *as allo!ed t*e oeree a certain eriod to accet, t*e oer may be !it*dra!n at any time before accetance by communicating suc* !it*dra!al, e2cet !*en t*e otion is founded uon a consideration, as somet*ing aid or romised. (n) Art. 1%#5. nless it aears ot*er!ise, business advertisements of t*ings for sale are not de3nite oers, but mere invitations to ma/e an oer. (n) Art. 1%#. *en t*e oerer *as allo!ed t*e oeree a certain eriod to accet, t*e oer may be !it*dra!n at any time before accetance by communicating suc* !it*dra!al, e2cet !*en t*e otion is founded uon a consideration, as somet*ing aid or romised. (n) Art. 1%#5. nless it aears ot*er!ise, business advertisements of t*ings for sale are not de3nite oers, but mere invitations to ma/e an oer. (n) Art. 1%#7. *e follo!ing cannot give consent to a contract: (1) nemanciated minors" (#) nsane or demented ersons, and deaf'mutes !*o do not /no! *o! to !rite. (1#6%a) Art. 1%#. $ontracts entered into during a lucid interval are valid. $ontracts agreed to in a state of drun/enness or during a *ynotic sell are voidable. (n) Art. 1%%+. A contract !*ere consent is given t*roug* mista/e, violence, intimidation, undue inEuence, or fraud is voidable. (1#65a) Art. 1%%1. n order t*at mista/e may invalidate consent, it s*ould refer to t*e substance of t*e t*ing !*ic* is t*e object of t*e contract, or to t*ose conditions !*ic* *ave rincially moved one or bot* arties to enter into t*e contract. Bista/e as to t*e identity or 0uali3cations of one of t*e arties !ill vitiate consent only !*en suc* identity or 0uali3cations *ave been t*e rincial cause of t*e contract. A simle mista/e of account s*all give rise to its correction. (1#66a) Art. 1%%5. *ere is violence !*en in order to !rest consent, serious or irresistible force is emloyed.
*ere is intimidation !*en one of t*e contracting arties is comelled by a reasonable and !ell'grounded fear of an imminent and grave evil uon *is erson or roerty, or uon t*e erson or roerty of *is souse, descendants or ascendants, to give *is consent. o determine t*e degree of intimidation, t*e age, se2 and condition of t*e erson s*all be borne in mind. A t*reat to enforce one?s claim t*roug* cometent aut*ority, if t*e claim is just or legal, does not vitiate consent. (1#67a) Art. 1%%6. Diolence or intimidation s*all annul t*e obligation, alt*oug* it may *ave been emloyed by a t*ird erson !*o did not ta/e art in t*e contract. (1#6) Art. 1%%7. *ere is undue inEuence !*en a erson ta/es imroer advantage of *is o!er over t*e !ill of anot*er, deriving t*e latter of a reasonable freedom of c*oice. *e follo!ing circumstances s*all be considered: t*e con3dential, family, siritual and ot*er relations bet!een t*e arties, or t*e fact t*at t*e erson alleged to *ave been unduly inEuenced !as suering from mental !ea/ness, or !as ignorant or in 3nancial distress. (n) Art. 1%%. *ere is fraud !*en, t*roug* insidious !ords or mac*inations of one of t*e contracting arties, t*e ot*er is induced to enter into a contract !*ic*, !it*out t*em, *e !ould not *ave agreed to. (1#6-) Art. 1%5. >imulation of a contract may be absolute or relative. *e former ta/es lace !*en t*e arties do not intend to be bound at all" t*e latter, !*en t*e arties conceal t*eir true agreement. (n) Art. 1%6. An absolutely simulated or 3ctitious contract is void. A relative simulation, !*en it does not rejudice a t*ird erson and is not intended for any urose contrary to la!, morals, good customs, ublic order or ublic olicy binds t*e arties to t*eir real agreement. (n) >$O< #. ' Object of $ontracts Art. 1%7. All t*ings !*ic* are not outside t*e commerce of men, including future t*ings, may be t*e object of a contract. All rig*ts !*ic* are not intransmissible may also be t*e object of contracts.
(#) *e cession, reudiation or renunciation of *ereditary rig*ts or of t*ose of t*e conjugal artners*i of gains" (%) *e o!er to administer roerty, or any ot*er o!er !*ic* *as for its object an act aearing or !*ic* s*ould aear in a ublic document, or s*ould rejudice a t*ird erson" () *e cession of actions or rig*ts roceeding from an act aearing in a ublic document. All ot*er contracts !*ere t*e amount involved e2ceeds 3ve *undred esos must aear in !riting, even a rivate one. =ut sales of goods, c*attels or t*ings in action are governed by Articles, 1+%, $>>= $O<8A$> Art. 1%+. $ontracts validly agreed uon may be rescinded in t*e cases establis*ed by la!. (1#-+) Art. 1%1. *e follo!ing contracts are rescissible: (1) *ose !*ic* are entered into by guardians !*enever t*e !ards !*om t*ey reresent suer lesion by more t*an one'fourt* of t*e value of t*e t*ings !*ic* are t*e object t*ereof" (#) *ose agreed uon in reresentation of absentees, if t*e latter suer t*e lesion stated in t*e receding number" (%) *ose underta/en in fraud of creditors !*en t*e latter cannot in any ot*er manner collect t*e claims due t*em" () *ose !*ic* refer to t*ings under litigation if t*ey *ave been entered into by t*e defendant !it*out t*e /no!ledge and aroval of t*e litigants or of cometent judicial aut*ority" (5) All ot*er contracts secially declared by la! to be subject to rescission. (1#-1a) Art. 1%#. ;ayments made in a state of insolvency for obligations to !*ose ful3llment t*e debtor could not be comelled at t*e time t*ey !ere eected, are also rescissible. (1#-#) Art. 1%%. *e action for rescission is subsidiary" it cannot be instituted e2cet !*en t*e arty suering damage *as no ot*er legal means to obtain rearation for t*e same. (1#-) Art. 1%7. All contracts by virtue of !*ic* t*e debtor alienates roerty by gratuitous title are resumed to *ave been entered into in fraud of creditors, !*en t*e donor did not reserve su9cient roerty to ay all debts contracted before t*e donation. Alienations by onerous title are also resumed fraudulent !*en made by ersons against !*om some judgment *as been issued. *e decision or attac*ment need not refer to t*e roerty alienated, and need not *ave been obtained by t*e arty see/ing t*e rescission. n addition to t*ese resumtions, t*e design to defraud creditors may be roved in any ot*er manner recogniFed by t*e la! of evidence. (1#-7a)
Art. 1%. *oever ac0uires in bad fait* t*e t*ings alienated in fraud of creditors, s*all indemnify t*e latter for damages suered by t*em on account of t*e alienation, !*enever, due to any cause, it s*ould be imossible for *im to return t*em. f t*ere are t!o or more alienations, t*e 3rst ac0uirer s*all be liable 3rst, and so on successively. (1#-a) Art. 1%-. *e action to claim rescission must be commenced !it*in four years. or ersons under guardians*i and for absentees, t*e eriod of four years s*all not begin until t*e termination of t*e former?s incaacity, or until t*e domicile of t*e latter is /no!n. (1#--) $4A;8 7 DO@A= $O<8A$> Art. 1%-+. *e follo!ing contracts are voidable or annullable, even t*oug* t*ere may *ave been no damage to t*e contracting arties: (1) *ose !*ere one of t*e arties is incaable of giving consent to a contract" (#) *ose !*ere t*e consent is vitiated by mista/e, violence, intimidation, undue inEuence or fraud. *ese contracts are binding, unless t*ey are annulled by a roer action in court. *ey are suscetible of rati3cation. (n) Art. 1%-1. *e action for annulment s*all be broug*t !it*in four years. *is eriod s*all begin: n cases of intimidation, violence or undue inEuence, from t*e time t*e defect of t*e consent ceases. n case of mista/e or fraud, from t*e time of t*e discovery of t*e same. And !*en t*e action refers to contracts entered into by minors or ot*er incaacitated ersons, from t*e time t*e guardians*i ceases. (1%+1a) Art. 1%-#. 8ati3cation e2tinguis*es t*e action to annul a voidable contract. (1%+-a) Art. 1%-%. 8ati3cation may be eected e2ressly or tacitly. t is understood t*at t*ere is a tacit rati3cation if, !it* /no!ledge of t*e reason !*ic* renders t*e contract voidable and suc* reason *aving ceased, t*e erson !*o *as a rig*t to invo/e it s*ould e2ecute an act !*ic* necessarily imlies an intention to !aive *is rig*t. (1%11a) Art. 1%-6. 8ati3cation cleanses t*e contract from all its defects from t*e moment it !as constituted. (1%1%) $4A;8 <<O8$A= $O<8A$> (n) Art. 1+%. *e follo!ing contracts are unenforceable, unless t*ey are rati3ed:
(1) *ose entered into in t*e name of anot*er erson by one !*o *as been given no aut*ority or legal reresentation, or !*o *as acted beyond *is o!ers" (#) *ose t*at do not comly !it* t*e >tatute of rauds as set fort* in t*is number. n t*e follo!ing cases an agreement *ereafter made s*all be unenforceable by action, unless t*e same, or some note or memorandum, t*ereof, be in !riting, and subscribed by t*e arty c*arged, or by *is agent" evidence, t*erefore, of t*e agreement cannot be received !it*out t*e !riting, or a secondary evidence of its contents: (a) An agreement t*at by its terms is not to be erformed !it*in a year from t*e ma/ing t*ereof" (b) A secial romise to ans!er for t*e debt, default, or miscarriage of anot*er" (c) An agreement made in consideration of marriage, ot*er t*an a mutual romise to marry" (d) An agreement for t*e sale of goods, c*attels or t*ings in action, at a rice not less t*an 3ve *undred esos, unless t*e buyer accet and receive art of suc* goods and c*attels, or t*e evidences, or some of t*em, of suc* t*ings in action or ay at t*e time some art of t*e urc*ase money" but !*en a sale is made by auction and entry is made by t*e auctioneer in *is sales boo/, at t*e time of t*e sale, of t*e amount and /ind of roerty sold, terms of sale, rice, names of t*e urc*asers and erson on !*ose account t*e sale is made, it is a su9cient memorandum" (e) An agreement of t*e leasing for a longer eriod t*an one year, or for t*e sale of real roerty or of an interest t*erein" (f) A reresentation as to t*e credit of a t*ird erson. (%) *ose !*ere bot* arties are incaable of giving consent to a contract. Art. 1+. nenforceable contracts cannot be assailed by t*ird ersons. $4A;8 DO@ A<@ <G>< $O<8A$> Art. 1+-. *e follo!ing contracts are ine2istent and void from t*e beginning: (1) *ose !*ose cause, object or urose is contrary to la!, morals, good customs, ublic order or ublic olicy" (#) *ose !*ic* are absolutely simulated or 3ctitious" (%) *ose !*ose cause or object did not e2ist at t*e time of t*e transaction" () *ose !*ose object is outside t*e commerce of men" (5) *ose !*ic* contemlate an imossible service" (6) *ose !*ere t*e intention of t*e arties relative to t*e rincial object of t*e contract cannot be ascertained" (7) *ose e2ressly ro*ibited or declared void by la!.
*ese contracts cannot be rati3ed.
itle D. ' ;8>$8;O< $4A;8 1 C<8A ;8OD>O<> Art. 11+6. =y rescrition, one ac0uires o!ners*i and ot*er real rig*ts t*roug* t*e lase of time in t*e manner and under t*e conditions laid do!n by la!. n t*e same !ay, rig*ts and conditions are lost by rescrition. (1-%+a) Art. 11%#. *e o!ners*i of movables rescribes t*roug* uninterruted ossession for four years in good fait*. *e o!ners*i of ersonal roerty also rescribes t*roug* uninterruted ossession for eig*t years, !it*out need of any ot*er condition. it* regard to t*e rig*t of t*e o!ner to recover ersonal roerty lost or of !*ic* *e *as been illegally derived, as !ell as !it* resect to movables ac0uired in a ublic sale, fair, or mar/et, or from a merc*ant?s store t*e rovisions of Articles 55- and 15+5 of t*is $ode s*all be observed. (1-55a) Art. 11%%. Bovables ossessed t*roug* a crime can never be ac0uired t*roug* rescrition by t*e oender. (1-56a) Art. 11%. O!ners*i and ot*er real rig*ts over immovable roerty are ac0uired by ordinary rescrition t*roug* ossession of ten years. (1-57a) Art. 11%7. O!ners*i and ot*er real rig*ts over immovables also rescribe t*roug* uninterruted adverse ossession t*ereof for t*irty years, !it*out need of title or of good fait*. (1-5-a) $4A;8 % ;8>$8;O< O A$O<>
Art. 11%-. Actions rescribe by t*e mere lase of time 32ed by la!. (1-61) Art. 11+. Actions to recover movables s*all rescribe eig*t years from t*e time t*e ossession t*ereof is lost, unless t*e ossessor *as ac0uired t*e o!ners*i by rescrition for a less eriod, according to Articles 11%#, and !it*out rejudice to t*e rovisions of Articles 55-, 15+5, and 11%%. (1-6#a) Art. 111. 8eal actions over immovables rescribe after t*irty years. *is rovision is !it*out rejudice to !*at is establis*ed for t*e ac0uisition of o!ners*i and ot*er real rig*ts by rescrition. (1-6%) Art. 11#. A mortgage action rescribes after ten years. (1-6a) Art. 11. *e follo!ing actions must be broug*t !it*in ten years from t*e time t*e rig*t of action accrues: (1) on a !ritten contract" (#) on an obligation created by la!" (%) on a judgment. (n) Art. 115. *e follo!ing actions must be commenced !it*in si2 years: (1) on an oral contract" (#) on a 0uasi'contract. (n) Art. 116. *e follo!ing actions must be instituted !it*in four years: (1) on an injury to t*e rig*ts of t*e lainti" (#) on a 0uasi'delict" 4o!ever, !*en t*e action arises from or out of any act, activity, or conduct of any ublic o9cer involving t*e e2ercise of o!ers or aut*ority arising from Bartial a! including t*e arrest, detention andHor trial of t*e lainti, t*e same must be broug*t !it*in one (1) year. (As amended by ;@
Art. 117. *e follo!ing actions must be 3led !it*in one year: (1) or forcible entry and detainer" (#) or defamation. (n) Art. 11-. All ot*er actions !*ose eriods are not 32ed in t*is $ode or in ot*er la!s must be broug*t !it*in 3ve years from t*e time t*e rig*t of action accrues.(n) Art. 115+. *e time for rescrition for all /inds of actions, !*en t*ere is no secial rovision !*ic* ordains ot*er!ise, s*all be counted from t*e day t*ey may be broug*t. (1-6-) Art. 1155. *e rescrition of actions is interruted !*en t*ey are 3led before t*e court, !*en t*ere is a !ritten e2trajudicial demand by t*e creditors, and !*en t*ere is any !ritten ac/no!ledgment of t*e debt by t*e debtor. (1-7%a) Art. 1#%. Obligations are civil or natural. $ivil obligations give a rig*t of action to comel t*eir erformance. ome natural obligations are set fort* in t*e follo!ing articles. itle D. ' >O;; (n) Art. 1%1. *roug* estoel an admission or reresentation is rendered conclusive uon t*e erson ma/ing it, and cannot be denied or disroved as against t*e erson relying t*ereon. Art. 1%-. stoel is eective only as bet!een t*e arties t*ereto or t*eir successors in interest.
