COMMON PROVISIONS PRO VISIONS RELAT RELATED TO TRIAL Guided By: Dr. Asad Malik
SUBMITTED BY MOHAMMAD ABID HUSSAIN ANSARI B.A. LL.B. (HONS.) 9TH SEMESTER 0|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly Firstly I !"uld !"uld like like t" e#$ress e#$ress %y $r"&"u $r"&"u'd 'd se'se se'se "& (ratit (ratitude ude t"!ard t"!ardss t)e al%i() al%i()ty ty *ALLA+, &"r $r"-idi'( %e !it) t)e aut)e'ti iru%sta'es !)i) !ere %a'dat"ry &"r t)e "%$leti"' "& %y $r"/et. I &eel %ysel& )i()ly deli()ted as it (i-es %e i'redi0le $leasure t" $rese't a' assi('%e't !"rk "' * Common Provisions related to Trials ,. I a% als" t)a'k&ul t" Dr. Asad Malik Mali k &"r )is i'-alua0le su$$"rt e'"ura(e%e't su$er-isi"' a'd use&ul su((esti"'s t)r"u()"ut t)is $r"/et !"rk. +is %"ral su$$"rt a'd "'ti'u"us (uida'e e'a0led %e t" "%$lete %y !"rk suess&ully. +is i'telletual t)rust a'd 0lessi'(s %"ti-ated %e t" !"rk ri("r"usly r i("r"usly "' t)is study. I' &at t)is study "uld '"t )a-e see' t)e li()t "& t)e day i& )is "'tri0uti"' )ad '"t 0ee' a-aila0le. It !"uld 0e '" e#a((erati"' t" say s ay t)at it is )is u'&li')i'( &ait) a'd u'1uesti"'i'( su$$"rt t)at )as $r"-ided t)e suste'a'e 'eessary t" see it t)r"u() t" its $rese't s)a$e. A%"'( t)"se !)" )a-e sustai'ed %e "-er t)e years !it) t)eir l"yalty a'd &rie'ds)i$ I !"uld $artiularly %e'ti"' %y &rie'ds Shakir Shabir Aman Jain Harsh Narayan Saurabh Mishra Iqra Mera )a-e al!ays take' a s$eial i'terest i' %y !"rk a'd u'"'diti"'al
su$$"rt at ea) tur' "& t)e li&e. I e#$ress %y dee$ si'ere (ratitude t"!ards %y $are'ts &"r t)eir 0lessi'( $atie'e a'd %"ral su$$"rt duri'( t)is LL.B "urse. I e#$ress %y (ratitude t" %y all tea)ers a'd &rie'ds !)" )as su$$"rted a'd e'"ura(ed %e duri'( %y study at Faulty "& La! 2a%ia Millia Isla%ia Ne! Del)i. I !"uld like t" t)a'k all "'er' &"r t)eir i'terest i' $r"-idi'( %e a (""d 0ak u$ %aterial.
M")a%%ad A0id +ussai' A'sari B.A.LL.B 3+"'s4 5 t) Se%ester 6t) 7ear
1|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly Firstly I !"uld !"uld like like t" e#$ress e#$ress %y $r"&"u $r"&"u'd 'd se'se se'se "& (ratit (ratitude ude t"!ard t"!ardss t)e al%i() al%i()ty ty *ALLA+, &"r $r"-idi'( %e !it) t)e aut)e'ti iru%sta'es !)i) !ere %a'dat"ry &"r t)e "%$leti"' "& %y $r"/et. I &eel %ysel& )i()ly deli()ted as it (i-es %e i'redi0le $leasure t" $rese't a' assi('%e't !"rk "' * Common Provisions related to Trials ,. I a% als" t)a'k&ul t" Dr. Asad Malik Mali k &"r )is i'-alua0le su$$"rt e'"ura(e%e't su$er-isi"' a'd use&ul su((esti"'s t)r"u()"ut t)is $r"/et !"rk. +is %"ral su$$"rt a'd "'ti'u"us (uida'e e'a0led %e t" "%$lete %y !"rk suess&ully. +is i'telletual t)rust a'd 0lessi'(s %"ti-ated %e t" !"rk ri("r"usly r i("r"usly "' t)is study. I' &at t)is study "uld '"t )a-e see' t)e li()t "& t)e day i& )is "'tri0uti"' )ad '"t 0ee' a-aila0le. It !"uld 0e '" e#a((erati"' t" say s ay t)at it is )is u'&li')i'( &ait) a'd u'1uesti"'i'( su$$"rt t)at )as $r"-ided t)e suste'a'e 'eessary t" see it t)r"u() t" its $rese't s)a$e. A%"'( t)"se !)" )a-e sustai'ed %e "-er t)e years !it) t)eir l"yalty a'd &rie'ds)i$ I !"uld $artiularly %e'ti"' %y &rie'ds Shakir Shabir Aman Jain Harsh Narayan Saurabh Mishra Iqra Mera )a-e al!ays take' a s$eial i'terest i' %y !"rk a'd u'"'diti"'al
su$$"rt at ea) tur' "& t)e li&e. I e#$ress %y dee$ si'ere (ratitude t"!ards %y $are'ts &"r t)eir 0lessi'( $atie'e a'd %"ral su$$"rt duri'( t)is LL.B "urse. I e#$ress %y (ratitude t" %y all tea)ers a'd &rie'ds !)" )as su$$"rted a'd e'"ura(ed %e duri'( %y study at Faulty "& La! 2a%ia Millia Isla%ia Ne! Del)i. I !"uld like t" t)a'k all "'er' &"r t)eir i'terest i' $r"-idi'( %e a (""d 0ak u$ %aterial.
M")a%%ad A0id +ussai' A'sari B.A.LL.B 3+"'s4 5 t) Se%ester 6t) 7ear
1|Page
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY METHOD OF RESEARCH T)e resear)er )as ad"$ted a $urely d"tri'al %et)"d "& resear). T)e resear)er )as %ade e#te'si-e use "& t)e a-aila0le res"ures at li0rary "& t)e Faulty "& La! 2a%ia Millia Isla%ia A Ce'tral 8'i-ersity a'd als" t)e i'ter'et s"ures.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES T)e ai% "& t)e $r"/et is t" $rese't a' "-er-ie! "& -ari"us as$ets "& C"%%"' Pr"-isi"'s Related t" Trial t)r"u() ases deisi"'s a'd su((esti"'s a'd di&&ere't !riti'(s a'd artiles
SCOPE AND LIMIT L IMITA ATIONS T)"u() t)e study "& t)e C"%%"' Pr"-isi"' Related t" Trial is a' i%%e'se $r"/et a'd $a(es a' 0e !ritte' "-er t)e t"$i 0ut due t" ertai' restriti"'s a'd li%itati"'s t)e resear)er )as '"t 0ee' a0le t" deal !it) t)e t"$i i' (reat detail.
SOURCES OF DATA T)e &"ll"!i'( se"'dary s"ures "& data )a-e 0ee' used i' t)is $r"/et !"rk: 9. Cases . B""ks ;. 2"ur'als
METHOD OF WRITING T)e %et)"d "& !riti'( &"ll"!ed i' t)e "urse "& t)is resear) $a$er is $ri%arily a'alytial.
MODE OF CITATION T)e resear)er )as &"ll"!ed a u'i&"r% %"de "& itati"' t)r"u()"ut t)e "urse "& t)is $r"/et !"rk.
2|Page
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, 1973 1 ANCIENT INDIA Pri"r t" t)e "'1uest "& I'dia 0y Musli%s t)e +i'du Cri%i'al La! !as $re-aili'( i' I'dia !)i) !as !ell esta0lis)ed a'd !ell de&i'ed. Ciru%sta'tial e-ide'e !as su&&iie't t" $u'is) "r a1uit a ri%i'al. Aused !as e'titled t" $r"due a'y !it'ess i' )is de&e'e. Trial 0y "rdeal !as &re1ue'tly used t" deter%i'e t)e (uilt "& t)e $ers"'. Als" trial 0y /ury e#isted. T)e Pu'is)%e't !as "'sidered t" 0e a s"rt "& e#$iati"' !)i) re%"-ed i%$urities &r"% t)e %a'. A&ter t)e "'1uest "& I'dia 0y t)e Musli%s t)e M")a%%eda' Cri%i'al La! a%e i't" e#iste'e. T)e "urts !)ile deidi'( t)e ri%i'al ases !ere (uided 0y t)is la!. I' 9<<; t)e Re(ulati'( At !as e'ated u'der !)i) a Su$re%e C"urt !as esta0lis)ed i' Calutta a'd later "' at Madras i' B"%0ay. T)is i'tr"dued E'(lis) la! i' I'dia. T)e Su$re%e C"urt !as t" a$$ly Britis) Pr"edural La! !)ile deidi'( t)e ases "& t)e Cr"!'s su0/ets. I' 9<5= L"rd C"r'!allis &"u'd t)e M")a%%eda' Cri%i'al La! de&eti-e i' %a'y res$ets a'd i'tr"dued re&"r%s. A&ter t)e Re0elli"' "& 9>6< t)e r"!' t""k "-er t)e ad%i'istrati"' i' I'dia. T)e Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de 9>?9 !as $assed 0y t)e Britis) $arlia%e't. A&ter t)e Muti'y i' 9>6< t)e Britis) G"-er'%e't diss"l-ed t)e East I'dia C"%$a'y a'd diret res$"'si0ility "& ad%i'istrati"' i' I'dia !as take' 0y t)e Cr"!'. Faed %a'y di&&iulties i' "'tr"lli'( 2udiial Ad%i'istrati"' i' t)e a0se'e "& suita0le su0sta'ti-e as !ell as $r"edural le(islati"'. @it) a -ie! t" $r"-ide ri%i'al $r"edural la! t" t)e Britis) ad%i'istrat"rs i' I'dia t)e Britis) Parlia%e't $assed a C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure i' 9>?9 !)i) !as a%e'ded i' 9>?5 a'd &i'ally re$laed 0y C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 9><. I' 9>5> t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure !as su$$le%e'ted 0y a 'e! C"de -ide At V "& 9>5> !)i) &"r%ed t)e 0asis "& t)e $rese't C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure. A&ter I'de$e'de'e t)is C"de !as a%e'ded &r"% ti%e t" ti%e 0y -ari"us Ce'tral a'd State Ats. I' 9566 t)e a%e'd%e'ts i' t)is C"de !ere %ade !it) i'te't t" si%$li&y $r"edures a'd s$eed u$ trials. Fi'ally i' 95<; %a/"r a%e'd%e'ts !ere %ade i' t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 9>5> a'd t)e "ld C"de !as re$laed 0y t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 95<;.
1 ACT NO. 2 OF 1974 [2!" #a$%a&'( 1974.) 2"!!*+,,---.*-e&/"-.,3e-1,10e25D15,CR6M6NALPROCED8RECODE 197*-e&*3$!**!*&e/e$!a!3$ |Page
Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de 95<; is t)e %ai' le(islati"' "' $r"edure &"r ad%i'istrati"' "& su0sta'ti-e ri%i'al la! i' I'dia. It !as e'ated i' 95<; a'd a%e i't" &"re "' 9 A$ril 95<. It $r"-ides t)e %a)i'ery &"r t)e i'-esti(ati"' "& ri%e a$$re)e'si"' "& sus$eted ri%i'als "lleti"' "& e-ide'e deter%i'ati"' "& (uilt "r i''"e'e "& t)e aused $ers"' a'd t)e deter%i'ati"' "& $u'is)%e't "& t)e (uilty. Additi"'ally it als" deals !it) $u0li 'uisa'e $re-e'ti"' "& "&&e'ses a'd %ai'te'a'e "& !i&e )ild a'd $are'ts.
IMPORTANT CHANGES T)e $reli%i'ary e'1uiry !)i) $reedes t)e trial 0y C"urt "& Sessi"'s !as a0"lis)ed. Pr"-isi"'s %ade t" e'a0le ad"$ti"' "& su%%"'s $r"edure &"r t)e trial "& "&&e'es $u'is)a0le !it) i%$ris"'%e't u$ t" years i'stead "& u$ t" 9 year. T)e s"$e "& su%%ary trial )as 0ee' !ide'ed 0y i'ludi'( "&&e'ses $u'is)a0le !it) i%$ris"'%e't u$ t" 9 year i'stead "& ? %"'t)s. T)e $"!ers "& re-isi"' a(ai'st i'terl"ut"ry "rders )a-e 0ee' take' a!ay. T)e $r"-isi"' &"r %a'dat"ry st"$$a(e "& $r"eedi'(s 0y a su0"rdi'ate "urt "' t)e %ere i'ti%ati"' &r"% a $arty "& )is i'te'ti"' t" %"-e a )i()er "urt &"r tra's&er "& ase )as 0ee' "%itted a'd a &urt)er $r"-isi"' )as 0ee' %ade t" t)e e&&et t)at t)e "urt )eari'( t)e tra's&er a$$liati"' s)all '"t stay t)e $r"eedi'(s u'less it is 'eessary t" d" s" i' t)e i'terest "& /ustie. @)e' ad/"ur'%e'ts are (ra'ted at t)e i'sta'e "& eit)er $arty t)e "urt )as 0ee' e%$"!ered t" "rder "sts t" 0e $aid 0y t)e $arty seeki'( ad/"ur'%e't t" t)e "t)er $arty. Pr"-isi"'s )a-e 0ee' %ade &"r t)e ser-ie "& su%%"'s 0y re(istered $"st i' ertai' ases. I' $etty ases t)e aused )as a' "$$"rtu'ity t" $lead (uilty 0y $"st a'd t" re%it t)e &i'e s$ei&ied i' t)e su%%"'s. I& "urt "& a$$eal "r re-isi"' dis"-ers t)at a'y err"r "%issi"' "r irre(ularity i' res$et "& )ar(e )as "asi"'ed &ailure "& /ustie it 'eed '"t 'eessarily "rder a retrial. T)e &aility "& $art )eard ases 0ei'( "'ti'ued 0y suess"r i' "&&ie a-aila0le i' res$et "& C"urts "& Ma(istrates )as 0ee' e#te'ded t" C"urts "& Sessi"'. 2udiiary )as 0ee' "%$letely se$arated &r"% t)e e#euti-e. Pr"-isi"'s )a-e 0ee' %ade &"r le(al aid t" i'di(e't aused i' ases tria0le 0y C"urt "& Sessi"'. T)e State ("-er'%e't %ay e#te'd t)is &aility t" "t)er ate("ries "& ases. T)e "urt )as 0ee' e%$"!ered t" "rder $ay%e't "& "%$e'sati"' 0y t)e aused t" t)e -iti%s "& ri%e t" a lar(er e#te't t)a' !as $r"-ided i' t)e "ld C"de.
4|Page
@)e' a "%%issi"' is issued &"r t)e e#a%i'ati"' "& !it'esses &"r t)e $r"seuti"' t)e "st i'urred 0y t)e de&e'e i'ludi'( $leaders &ee %ay 0e "rdered t" 0e $aid 0y t)e $r"seuti"'. A' "$$"rtu'ity is (i-e' t" t)e aused t" %ake re$rese'tati"' a(ai'st t)e $u'is)%e't 0e&"re it is i%$"sed. A'd als" i' =9; a%e'd%e't at i%$"rta't )a'(es !ere 0r"u()t i' &"r t)e !ell0ei'( "& t)e s"iety. T)is is t)e !ellk'"!' a'd ae$ted &at t)at t)e Li0erty is t)e %"st $rei"us "& all t)e )u%a' ri()ts. It )as 0ee' t)e &"u'di'( &ait) "& t)e )u%a' rae &"r %"re t)a' == years. B"t) t)e A%eria' Delarati"' "& I'de$e'de'e 9<5 s$"ke "& li0erty 0ei'( "'e "& t)e 'atural a'd i'alie'a0le ri()ts "& %a'. T)e 8'i-ersal Delarati"' "& +u%a' Ri()ts ad"$ted 0y t)e Ge'eral Asse%0ly "& t)e 8'ited Nati"'s "' Dee%0er 9= 95> "'tai's se-eral artiles desi('ed t" $r"tet a'd $r"%"te t)e li0erty "& i'di-idual. S" d"es t)e I'ter'ati"'al C"-e'a't "' Ci-il a'd P"litial Ri()ts 95??. A0"-e all Artile 9 "& t)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia $r"lai%s t)at '" "'e s)all 0e de$ri-ed "& )is li0erty e#e$t i' a"rda'e !it) t)e $r"edure $resri0ed 0y la!. E-e' Artile = a'd lauses 394 a'd 34 "& Artile are 0"r' "ut "& a "'er' &"r )u%a' li0erty. As it is "&te' said "'e realies t)e -alue "& li0erty "'ly !)e' )e is de$ri-ed "& it. Verily li0erty al"'( !it) e1uality is t)e %"st &u'da%e'tal "& )u%a' ri()ts a'd t)e &u'da%e'tal &reed"%s (uara'teed 0y "ur C"'stituti"'. O& e1ual i%$"rta'e is t)e %ai'te'a'e "& $eae a'd la! a'd "rder i' t)e s"iety. 8'less t)ere is $eae '" real $r"(ress is $"ssi0le. S"ietal $eae le'ds sta0ility a'd seurity t" t)e $"lity. It $r"-ides t)e 'eessary "'diti"'s &"r (r"!t) !)et)er it is i' t)e e"'"%i s$)ere "r i' sie'ti&i a'd te)'"l"(ial s$)eres. 2ust as li0erty is $rei"us t" a' i'di-idual s" is t)e s"iety i'terested i' $eae a'd %ai'te'a'e "& la! a'd "rder i' t)e s"iety. B"t) are e1ually i%$"rta't. T)is &at !as re"('ied a0"ut 6== years a(" 0y +eralitus "& E$)esus. +e )ad "0ser-ed: * A major problem of human society is to combine that degree of liberty without which law is tyranny with that degree of law without which liberty becomes license,.;
A&!"%& T. :a$;e&<3=! 3$ "3/ a&!3=e >United We Stand”; http://lawcommissionofndia.nic.in/reports/177rptp1.pd, Law commission report o India 177th report
|Page
WHAT DOES THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE DEAL WITH! “The quality of a nation’s civilization can be largely measured by the methods it uses in enforcement of criminal law” As "0ser-ed i' t)e ase "& Joginder Kumar v State of U.P. T)e su0sta'ti-e la!s like I'dia' Pe'al C"de 'eed a %e)a'is% t" 0e i%$le%e'ted a'd t)is %e)a'is% !as reated a'd 'a%ed as t)e ri%i'al $r"edure "de 95<;. I' "rder &"r t)e su0sta'ti-e la!s t" "%e i't" "$erati"' $r"edural la! is i%$erati-e. S" $r"edural a'd su0sta'ti-e la!s are su$$le%e'tary t" ea) "t)er. T)e $ur$"se 0e)i'd dra&ti'( Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de !as t" e'sure t)at t)e aused a'd t)e -iti% (et e1ual "$$"rtu'ity t" a &air trial. T)e $ur$"se "& dra&ti'( t)e "de a' 0e &ul&illed i& ea) a'd e-ery $r"-isi"' "& t)e "de $assed t)e test "& • • •
Si%$liity E#$edie'y A&&"rda0ility.
T)e "de is "'s"lidati'( a'd a%e'di'(. It %e'ti"'s t)e $r"edure "& a$$lyi'( su0sta'ti-e la! 0ut i' ase a'y s$eial la! already e#ists !)ere t)e $r"edure &"r su) la! is already %e'ti"'ed t)e' t)at la! !"uld 0e (i-e' $reede'e "-er it. It is dee%ed t" 0e e#)austi-e 0ut i& a'y su0/et is '"t %e'ti"'ed i' t)e Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de t)e' t)e "urt is e%$"!ered t" &ra%e la!s "' t)e sa%e. A'y lai% u'der t)e "de !ill lie "'ly a&ter t)e "de a%e i' e#iste'e i.e. 95<;. T)e "de )as s)elled "ut res$"'si0ility t" di&&ere't seti"'s "& t)e s"iety &"r ad%i'isteri'( t)e ri()t $r"edure. T)e $r"ess starts !it) t)e r"le "& t)e "%%"' $e"$le t" &eed t)e $"lie !it) t)e i'&"r%ati"' "& "urre'e "& a'y ri%e. T)e res$"'si0ility s)i&ts t" t)e $"lie !)e' it u'dertakes t)e 'e#t ste$ "& i'-esti(ati"'. It s$a's &r"% k'"!i'( a0"ut t)e ri%e t" &ili'( t)e )ar(e s)eet. A&ter t)is "%e t)e r"le "& t)e %a(istrate !)ere i'1uiry &"ll"!s i'-esti(ati"'. I& t)e i'1uiry "'-i'es t)e %a(istrate "& t)e )ar(e t)e' it leads t" trial. Trial le'ds t)e /ustie deli-ery syste% i' t)e )a'ds "& $r"seut"rs a'd "'-iti"' "r a1uittal lea-es it i' t)e )a'ds "& $ris"' aut)"rities a'd t)e "%%"' $e"$le a(ai'. S" t)e "de )as $r"-isi"' t" re(ulate all t)ese &i-e ste$s i'-"l-ed i' e'&"re%e't "& t)e su0sta'ti-e la!.
?|Page
INTRODUCTION 8'der t)e I'dia' ri%i'al $r"edure it is "0li(at"ry t)at e-ide'e &"r t)e $r"seuti"' a'd de&e'e s)"uld 0e take' i' t)e $rese'e "& t)e aused. A Trial is -itiated 0y &ailure t" e#a%i'e t)e !it'esses i' t)e $rese'e "& t)e aused. I& a &air trial is t)e %ai' "0/et "& t)e ri%i'al $r"edure a'y t)reat t" t)e "'ti'ua'e "& a &air trial %ust 0e i%%ediately arrested. I& a' aused $ers"' 0y )is "!' "'dut $uts t)e &air trial i't" /e"$ardy it !"uld 0e t)e $ri%ary a'd $ara%"u't duty "& ri%i'al "urts t" e'sure t)at t)e risk t" t)e &air trial is re%"-ed a'd ri%i'al "urts are all"!ed t" $r"eed !it) t)e trial s%""t)ly a'd !it)"ut a'y i'terru$ti"' "r "0struti"'. 6 T)e idea "& a &air ri%i'al trial )as 0ee' ae$ted as a u'i-ersal )u%a' ri()ts. ? T)us i' t)e "%%"' la! %"del "& I'dia' Cri%i'al trial &air trial is '"t "'ly ad"$ted 0ut als" !"rs)i$$ed. T)e Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de "& 95<; $r"-ides di&&ere't ty$es "& ri%i'al trials &"r -ari"us ki'ds "& ri%i'al ases. T)ere are %"re ela0"rate si%$le a'd less ela0"rate trial $r"edures &"r -ari"us ki'ds "& "&&e'es a"rdi'( t" t)eir seri"us'ess a'd less seri"us'ess. Classi&iati"' "& ri%i'al ases )as 0ee' %ade &"r %aki'( a $ri%ary deisi"' as t" t)e ty$e "& trial $r"edure t" 0e ad"$ted i' res$et "& a'y ri%i'al ase. T)e "de "& ri%i'al $r"edure $r"-ides &"r &"ur ty$es "& trial $r"edure. T)ey are < trial 0e&"re a "urt "& sessi"' > trial !arra't ases 0y %a(istrates5 trial "& su%%"'s ases 0y %a(istrates a'd su%%ary trials. B"t) t)e trial 0e&"re t)e "urt "& sessi"'s a'd !arra't ases 0y %a(istrates are tried u'der t)e $r"edure "& !arra't ases a'd t)e re%ai'i'( t!" are tried i' a su%%"'s ases trial.
4 @. S3$g" :. S!a!e O&3//a( 1990 C& L# 97 &3B. Ha//a3$ 6B :. S!a!e A6R 19 S.C. 7? S!a!e : A$a$!"a S3$g" 1972 C&. 6 L#. ? A&!3=e/ 10 a$; 11 !"e 8$3e&/a= De=a&a!3$ H%a$ R3g"!/ a;*!e; a$; *&=a3e; <' !"e Ge$e&a= A//e<=' !"e 8.N. O$ Dee
THE ACCUSATORIAL TRIAL PROCEDURE It is a "r'erst"'e "& ad-ersary syste% t)at a' aused is $resu%ed i''"e't u'less a'd u'til $r"-ed (uilty 0ey"'d reas"'a0le d"u0t. T)e State %ust esta0lis) (uilt 0y e-ide'e i'de$e'de'tly a'd &reely seured a'd %ay '"t 0y "eri"' $r"-e its )ar(e a(ai'st a' aused "ut "& )is "!' %"ut). A "%%"' la! trial is a'd al!ays s)"uld 0e a' ad-ersary $r"eedi'(. T)us t)e $resu%$ti"' "& t)e i''"e'e "& t)e aused is tra's&"r%ed i't" "urt r""% $r"edure i' t)e "%%"' la! ad-ersary syste%.
THE JUDGES ROLE A' i%$"rta't &eature "& t)e ausat"rial ty$e "& $r"edure is t)at t)e /ud(e is e#$eted t" 0e i'de$e'de't i%$artial a'd "%$ete't i' "'duti'( t)e trial. T)e ri%i'al $r"edure "de )as als" %ade t)e $r"-isi"'s &"r se$arati"' "& /udiiary &r"% t)e e#euti-e. It als" $r"-ide &"r kee$i'( t)e "urts "$e'9= /ud(e "r %a(istrate '"t t" 0e $ers"'ally i'terested i' t)e ase tra's&er "& ases t" seure i%$artial trial i& &elt 'eessary. I' "rder t" a)ie-e t)e "0/et "& &air trial %easures )a-e 0ee' %ade t" )a-e "%$ete't /ud(es "& i'te(rity a'd )arater t)r"u() )ierar)y "& ri%i'al "urts. T)us t)e ad-ersary %"del "& ri%i'al trial is ai%ed at t)e &"re%"st '"ti"' "& &air trial.
ROLE OF COMPETENT LAWYERS F"r t)e $ur$"se "& &i'di'( "ut t)e real $er$etrat"r "& t)e ri%i'al at a'd t" $u'is) t)e (uilt t)e State )as take' %u) are 0y a$$"i'ti'( $u0li $r"seut"r a'd Assista't Pu0li Pr"seut"rs. T)e Pr"seut"rs $lay a $i-"tal r"le i' assisti'( t)e trial /ud(e t" &i'd "ut t)e real ul$rit. T)e aused %ust als" 0e re$rese'ted 0y a la!yer "& )is )"ie. Arti!le ""#$% &' TH( INDIAN C&NSTIT)TI&N $r"-ides t)at '" $ers"' arrested s)all 0e de'ied ri()t t" "'sult
a'd t" 0e de&e'ded 0y a le(al $ratiti"'er "& )is )"ie. Seti"' ;=; "& Cr.P.C. $r"-ides t)at a'y $ers"' aused "& a' "&&e'e 0e&"re a ri%i'al "urt "r a(ai'st !)"% $r"eedi'(s are i'stituted %ay "& ri()t t" 0e de&e'ded 0y a $leader "& )is )"ie.
10 Ke"a& S3$g" :. S!a!e De="3B 19 SCC ?09. |Page
It )as 0ee' )eld t)at t)e ri()t t" "'sult a la!yer &"r t)e $ur$"se "& de&e'e 0e(i's &r"% t)e ti%e "& arrest "& t)e aused $ers"' a'd e-e' 0e&"re atual 0e(i''i'( "& t)e trial. T)e ri()t t" "u'sel is re"('ised 0eause "& t)e "0-i"us reas"' t)at "rdi'arily a' aused $ers"' d"es '"t )a-e t)e k'"!led(e "& la! a'd $r"&essi"'al skill t" de&e'd )i% 0e&"re a "urt "& la! !)erei' t)e $r"seuti"' is "'duted 0y a "%$ete't a'd e#$erie'ed $r"seut"r. T)e ri%i'al $r"edure "de )as %ade $r"-isi"'s t" $r"-ide a la!yer t" t)e i'di(e't aused $ers"' i' a trial 0e&"re a "urt "& sessi"' t)e "de als" e'a0les a State G"-er'%e't t" e#te't t)is ri()t t" a'y lass "& trials 0e&"re "t)er "urts i' t)e State.99 l' t)e ase "& Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar 12 t)e Su$re%e C"urt a&ter re&erri'( t" t)e "'stituti"'al direti-e "'tai'ed i' Artile ;5A re(ardi'( e1ual /ustie a'd &ree le(al aid a'd als" a$$r"-i'(ly re&erri'( t" t)e reati-e i'ter$retati"' "& Artile 9 "& t)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia as $r"$"u'ded i' its earlier deisi"' i' t)e ase "& Meneka Gandhi v. Union Of India1 )as e#$liitly "0ser-ed as &"ll"!s
‘The righto free legal services is therefore clearly an essential ingredient of reasonable fair and just procedure for a person accused of an offence and it must be held implicit in the guarantee of Article !"# This is a constitutional right of every accused person who is unable to engage a lawyer and secure legal services on account of reasons such as poverty indigence or in communicado situation and the $tate is under a mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so required provided of course the accused person does not object to the provisions of such lawyer#’ It is '"! %ade as a' "0li(ati"' "' t)e trial "urts t" i'&"r% t)e aused t)at i& )e is u'a0le t" e'(a(e a la!yer "' a"u't "& $"-erty )e is e'titled t" "0tai' &ree le(al ser-ies at t)e "st "& t)e States.9 T)e -e'ue "& trial is "'sidered t" 0e "'e !)i) %ust 0e "'e "'-e'ie't t" t)e aused. T)e ri%i'al $r"edure "de $r"-ides &"r t)e sa%e. 8'der t)e a"%%"dati-e syste% "& ri%i'al
11 Se!3$ 04 C&.P.C. 12 190 1 SCC 91. 1197 1 / 24. 14 S%" Da/ :. 8$3$ Te&&3!&' A&%$a"a=a P&a;e/" 19?B 2 SCC 401 9|Page
trial t)e aused is $resu%ed i''"e't till t)e $r"seuti"' $r"-es its ase 0ey"'d all t)e reas"'a0le d"u0ts. T)e 0urde' is "' t)e s)"ulder "& t)e $r"seuti"' t" t)e ase a(ai'st t)e aused. Mere sus$ii"' a0"ut a'y i'&"r%ati"' "r e-ide'e !ill 0e (i-e' 0e'e&it t" t)e aused t)at (ets t)e 0e'e&it "& d"u0t a'd esa$es &r"% t)e lut)es "& la! u'der t)e reas"' t)at t)e $r"seuti"' )ad &ailed t" $r"-e its ase 0ey"'d all t)e reas"'a0le d"u0ts.
TRIAL AND THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED S" as t" )a-e t)e trial i' a &air %a''er t)e ri%i'al $r"edure "de re"('ised s"%e ri()ts t" t)e aused $ers"'. T)ey are a4 04 4 d4 e4 &4
Ri()t t" k'"! a0"ut t)e ausati"' Ri()t t" 0e tried i' )is $rese'e Ri()t t" )a-e e-ide'e t" 0e take' i' )is $rese'e Ri()t t" )a-e a "%$ete't le(al $ratiti"'er "& )is )"ie Ri()t t" r"ss e#a%i'ati"' $r"seuti"' !it'esses Ri()t t" addue e-ide'e i' de&e'e et.
10 | P a g e
TRIALS ‘A formal judicial e%amination of evidence and determination of legal claims in an adversary proceeding#& “'earing of cause civil or criminal before a judge who has jurisdiction over it according to the law of land# Trial is to find out by due e%amination the truth of the point in issue or question between the parties whereupon judgement may be given#” *la!k+s la, di!tionary
Ma'y a ti%es !e "%e ar"ss t)e ter% alled ri%i'al trial. I' (e'eral $arla'e !e u'dersta'd trial %ea's t)at a $ers"' is &ai'( a ase i' "urt "& la!. But (e'erally $e"$le are '"t a!are "& t)e $r"ess "& ri%i'al trial i' I'dia. S" )ere is t)e $r"edure &"r ri%i'al trial t)at (e'erally takes $lae i' I'dia. T)e !"rds “try” a'd “trial” )a-e '" &i#ed "r u'i-ersal %ea'i'( 0ut t)ey are !"rds !)i) %ust 0e "'strued !it) re(ard t" t)e $artiular "'te#t i' !)i) t)ey are used a'd !it) re(ard t" t)e s)e%e a'd $ur$"se "& t)e %easure "'er'ed. 96 T)e !"rd *trial” is '"t de&i'ed i' t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 95<;. @)e' a ter% is '"t de&i'ed i' t)e la! a'd t)ere is als" '" de&i'iti"' i' t)e -eneral Clauses A!t $/01 t)e "'ly "urse le&t is t" (" 0ak t" t)e "rdi'ary diti"'ary %ea'i'(. T)e !"rd trial is "& E'(lis) la'(ua(e a'd t)e "'te#t is la! )e'e t)e 0est "urse is t" see la! diti"'aries t" k'"! t)e e#at %ea'i'( !)i) t)e %aster "& t)e la'(ua(e )as (i-e' t" it. A"rdi'( to 2harton+s 3a, 3e4i!on a trial is t)e e#a%i'ati"' "& a ase i-il "r ri%i'al 0e&"re a /ud(e !)" )as /urisditi"' "-er it a"rdi'( t" t)e la! "& t)e la'd. 9? A"rdi'( t"
1 #3<$ . E*e&& 4 C&. L.#. ?4 144 6C 90 7 CWN 90? A6R 19 Ca= 1 19 C&. C. 911 1? 6$ Re RaSa-a3( 27 Ma;&a/ 10 11 | P a g e
t)e &45ord Di!tionary a trial is t)e e#a%i'ati"' a'd deter%i'ati"' "& a ause 0y a /udiial tri0u'al deter%i'ati"' "& t)e (uilt "r i''"e'e "& a' aused 0y a C"urt. @)e' s"%e "%$ete't aut)"rity direts t)at a' aused $ers"' s)all 0e tried t)e trial t)at is t" take $lae a' e'd "'ly i' "'e "r "t)er "& t)e re"('ied &"r%s i' !)i) t)e trial a' ter%i'ate u'der t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 95<; su) &"r%s are:
• • •
"'-iti"' a1uittal dis)ar(e
T)at is &i'di'( )i% (uilty "r '"t (uilty "r &i'di'( t)at t)ere is '" ase a(ai'st )i% "r t)at t)e )ar(e is (r"u'dless.9< Trial %ea's t)e $r"eedi'( !)i) "%%e'es !)e' t)e ase is alled "' !it) t)e Ma(istrate "' t)e Be') a'd t)e aused "' t)e d"k a'd t)e re$rese'tati-e &"r t)e $r"seuti"' a'd t)e aused are $rese't i' C"urt &"r t)e )eari'( "& t)e ase .9> Trial %ea's ad/udiati"' "& a %atter 0y a C"urt a&ter )eari'( 0"t) sides a'd (i-i'( t)e% &ull "$$"rtu'ity t" e#a%i'e a'd r"ss e#a%i'e t)e !it'esses $r"dued 0y t)e% i' a"rda'e !it) la! i' &"re. T)e s"ul "& t)e trial is its &air'ess t)r"u()"ut t)e $r"ess. A &air trial is i%$artial a'd /ust 0y all $rude't sta'dards. T)ere is '" a0use %isuse "r '"'use "& t)e la!&ul $"!er. A "urt !)ere a trial is "'dut is alled a trial "urt. A "urt !)ere "%$lai'ts "& trial "urts err"rs "& la! a'd &ats are %ade a'd ad/ud(ed is a' a$$ellate "urt. A "urt !)ere le(ality $r"$riety a'd "rret'ess "& "rders $assed 0y t)e trial "urt are e#a%i'ed !)et)er su" %"t" 95 "r "' a' a$$liati"' is alled a Re-isi"'al C"urt.= @)ere a "urt is e%$"!ered t" "rret its "!' lerial %istakes !)i) d" '"t )a'(e t)e 'ature "& t)e relie& s"u()t is alled a $"!er "& Re-ie! t" 0e e#erised 0y su) "urt itsel&.
17 Ha&3"a& S3$"a . E*e&& A6R 19? Ca=. ? ?B 40 CWN 7? 1? 6C 9 19? C&33$a= Ca/e/ 7 C&33$a= La- #%&$a= 7 ? CL# 07 1 Gae& S3;&a 2 Ca=. ? ?B 2 CWN 4? 19 S% ! ea$/ >$ 3!/ -$ !3$ 20 O& C%&! Re3/3$ 12 | P a g e
Trials are i-il as !ell as ri%i'al. T)"se are su%%ary as !ell as re(ular. I' t)is $r"/et !"rk disti'ti-e &eatures "& "%%"' $r"-isi"'s related t" trials a'd t)eir di&&ere't ases !ill 0e disussed. Trial is 'eit)er a' i'-esti(ati"' '"r a' i'1uiry. I'-esti(ati"' is t)e $"!er -ested i' t)e $"lie a'd i'1uiry is t)e $"!er -ested i' a Ma(istrate. It is a sta(e $ri"r t" trial. Trial 0e(i's !)e' t)e )ar(e is &ra%ed read "ut a'd e#$lai'ed t" t)e aused a'd )is $lea is re"rded u'der seti"' "& t)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 9>5> .9 It e'ds !)e' t)e /ud(%e't is $r"'"u'ed !)et)er i' a1uittal "r i' "'-iti"'. I'-esti(ati"' 0e(i's !)e' a' FIR is l"d(ed !it) t)e P"lie "& t)e "%%issi"' "& a "('ia0le "&&e'e. A P"lie "&&ier "'duts t)e I'-esti(ati"' a'd is alled t)e I'-esti(ati'( O&&ier. +is &u'ti"' is t" "llet all $iees "& e-ide'e t)at "''et t)e aused !it) t)e alle(ati"'s le-elled a(ai'st )i% i' t)e FIR.
NATURE OF A TRIAL A trial is a /udiial $r"eedi'(. It is i' a"rda'e !it) la! !)ere0y t)e 1uesti"' "& (uilt "r i''"e'e "& t)e $ers"' aused "& a' "&&e'e is deter%i'ed.
SPEEDY TRIAL I' e-ery i'1uiry "r trial t)e $r"eedi'(s s)all 0e )eld as e#$editi"usly as $"ssi0le a'd i' $artiular !)e' t)e e#a%i'ati"' "& !it'esses )as "'e 0e(u' t)e sa%e s)all 0e "'ti'ued &r"% day t" day u'til all t)e !it'esses i' atte'da'e )a-e 0ee' e#a%i'ed u'less t)e "urt &i'ds t)e ad/"ur'%e't "& t)e sa%e 0ey"'d t)e &"ll"!i'( day t" 0e 'eessary &"r t)e reas"'s t" 0e re"rded.
21 Se!3$ 42 !"e C;e C&33$a= P&e;%&e( 19 *&3;e/ !"a! -"e$ !"e a%/e; a**ea&/ & 3/ <&%g"!
Artile 9 "& t)e "'stituti"' (uara'teed s$eedy trial as a' esse'tial i'(redie't "& reas"'a0le &air a'd /ust $r"edure. It is t)e "'stituti"'al "0li(ati"' "& t)e State t" de-ise su) a $r"edure as !"uld e'sure s$eedy trial t" t)e aused.; l' Suk !as v. "runa#ha$ Pradesh 2% t)e Su$re%e C"urt )eld t)at Artile 9 "& t)e "'stituti"' i%$liitly re1uires t)e state t" %ake $r"-isi"' &"r (ra't "& &ree le(al ser-ies t" a' aused !)" is u'a0le t" e'(a(e a la!yer "' a"u't "& reas"'s su) as $"-erty i'di(e'e "r i'"%%u'iad" situati"'. T)e "'ly 1uali&iati"' !"uld 0e t)at t)e "&&e'e )ar(ed a(ai'st t)e aused is su) t)at "' "'-iti"' it !"uld result i' a se'te'e "& i%$ris"'%e't a'd is "& su) a 'ature t)at t)e iru%sta'es "& t)e ase a'd t)e 'eeds "& s"ial /ustie re1uire t)at )e s)"uld 0e (i-e' &ree le(al re$rese'tati"'. A distur0i'( tre'd '"tied i' -ari"us Sessi"'s C"urts is t)e ad/"ur'%e't "& t)e trial "'trary t" t)e dayt"day rule
e'/"i'ed 0y Se. ;=5 394 Cr.P.C. T)is is t" 0e de$reated i' t)e
str"'(est la'(ua(e. O'e t)e trial "& a Sessi"'s Case )as 0e(u' it s)"uld 0e $r"eeded !it) &r"% dayt"day.6
THE OBJECT OF CRIMINAL TRIAL Cri%i'al trial is %ea't &"r d"i'( /ustie '"t "'ly t" t)e -iti% 0ut als" t" t)e aused a'd t)e S"iety at lar(e.? E-ery ri%i'al trial is a -"ya(e "& dis"-ery i' !)i) trut) is t)e 1uest. T)e $ri%ary "0/et "& ri%i'al trial is t" e'sure &air trial !)i) is (uara'teed u'der Artile 9 "& t)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia. A &air trial )as t)ere&"re t!" "0/ets i' -ie!. It %ust 0e &air t" t)e aused a'd %ust als" 0e &air t" t)e $r"seuti"'. T)e trial %ust 0e /ud(ed &r"% t)is dual $"i't "& -ie! <. It is t)ere&"re 'eessary t" re%e%0er t)at a /ud(e d"es '"t $reside "-er a ri%i'al trial %erely t" see t)at '" i''"e't %a' is $u'is)ed.
22 Se!3$ 09[1) C&.P.C 2 H%//a3$a&a K"a!$ 6:B . S!a!e @3"a& 190B 1 SCC 9( 107 S"ee=a @a&/e . 8$3$ 6$;3a 19?B SCC ?2 Rag"%<3& S3$g" . S!a!e @3"a& 19?B 4 / 41. 24 19?B 2 / 401. 2 A!a& /3$g" . Te S3$g" J A6R 194 SC ?1 2? A<3a P&a/a; . S!a!e De="3 A;3$3/!&a!3$BJ2000 SCC C&=.22 14 | P a g e
A /ud(e als" $resides t" see t)at a (uilty %a' d"es '"t esa$e. O'e is as i%$"rta't as t)e "t)er. B"t) are $u0li duties !)i) t)e /ud(e )as t" $er&"r%. T)e "0/et "& ri%i'al trial is t)us t" re'der $u0li /ustie 0y $u'is)i'( t)e ri%i'al. It is als" i%$"rta't t" re%e%0er t)at t)e trial s)"uld 0e "'luded e#$editi"usly 0e&"re t)e %e%"ry "& t)e !it'esses &ades "ut. T)e ree't tre'd is t" delay t)e trial a'd t)reate' t)e !it'esses "r t" !i' "-er t)e !it'esses 0y $r"%ise "r i'due%e't. T)ese %al$raties 'eed t" 0e ur0ed a'd $u0li /ustie a' 0e e'sured t" t)e satis&ati"' "& all "'er'ed "'ly !)e' trial is "'duted e#$editi"usly. > T)e $u0li i'terest de%a'ds t)at ri%i'al /ustie is s!i&t a'd sure t)at t)e (uilty is $u'is)ed !)ile e-e'ts are still &res) i' t)e $u0li %i'd a'd t)at t)e i''"e't is a0s"l-ed as early as is "'siste't !it) a &air a'd i%$artial trial. 5 I& u'%erited a1uittals 0e"%e t)e (e'eral rule t)ey te'd t" lead t" a y'ial disre(ard "& t)e la!. A %isarria(e "& /ustie %ay arise &r"% t)e a1uittal "& t)e (uilty '" less t)a' &r"% t)e "'-iti"' "& t)e i''"e't. ;= I' (etti'( t)e true &ruits "& t)e real "0/et "& ri%i'al trial it %ust al!ays 0e ke$t i' -ie! t)at a ri%i'al trial is '"t like a &airy tale !)erei' "'e is &ree t" (i-e &li()t t" "'es i%a(i'ati"' a'd &a'tasy. It "'er's itsel& !it) t)e 1uesti"' as t" !)et)er t)e aused arrai('ed at t)e trial is (uilty "& t)e ri%e !it) !)i) )e is )ar(ed. Cri%e is a' e-e't i' real li&e a'd is t)e $r"dut "& i'ter$lay "& di&&ere't )u%a' e%"ti"'s. I' arri-i'( at t)e "'lusi"' a0"ut t)e (uilt "& t)e aused )ar(ed !it) t)e "%%issi"' "& a ri%e t)e "urt )as t" /ud(e t)e e-ide'e 0y t)e yardstik "& $r"0a0ilities its i'tri'si !"rt) a'd t)e a'i%us "& t)e !it'esses. E-ery ase i' t)e &i'al a'alysis !"uld )a-e t" de$e'd u$"' its "!' &ats .;9 T)e A$e# "urt )ad take' /udiial '"tie "& ertai' distressi'( a'd u'et)ial te'de'ies i' S&aran Singh -. State of Pun'a(2 !)erei' it )as 0ee' "0ser-ed as &"ll"!s:
27 T. H. H%//a3$ . M. P. M;aa&( A6R 19 SC 7? 2 K&3/"$a$ :. K&3/"$ae$3J1997 SCC C&=.44 A6R 1997 SC 97 29 M. S. S"e&3 . S!a!e Ma;&a/J 194 C&=.L.#.1019 0 Ga$ga;"a& @e"e&a :. S!a!e O&3//aJ 2000 B C&=.L.#.41 SC S"3a3 Sa"e<&a @
* (t is the game of unscrupulous lawyers to get adjournments for one e%cuse or the other till a witness is won over or is tired# )ot only that a witness is threatened* he is abducted* he is maimed* he is done away with* or even bribed# There is no protection for him# (n adjourning the matter without any valid cause a court unwittingly becomes party to miscarriage of justice# A witness is then not treated with respect in the +ourt# 'e is pushed out from the crowded courtroom by the peon# 'e waits for the whole day and then he finds that the matter is adjourned# 'e has no place to sit and no place even to have a glass of water# And when he does appear in +ourt he is subjected to unchec,ed and prolonged e%amination and cross-e%amination and finds himself in a hapless situation# .or all these reasons and others a person abhors becoming a witness# (t is the administration of justice that suffers# The appropriate diet money for a witness is a far cry# 'ere again the process of harassment starts and he decides not to get the diet money at all# 'igh +ourts have to be vigilant in these matters# /roper diet money must be paid immediately to the witness 0not only when he is e%amined but for every adjourned hearing1 and even sent to him and he should not be left to be harassed by the subordinate staff# (f the criminal justice system is to be put on a proper pedestal the system cannot be left in the hands of unscrupulous lawyers and the sluggish $tate machinery# 2ach trial should be properly monitored# Time has come that all the courts district courts subordinate courts are lin,ed to the 'igh +ourt with a computer and a proper chec, is made on the adjournments and recordings”# T)e s"le ai% "& t)e la! is a$$r"#i%ati"' "& /ustie. A 2ud(e is l""ked u$"' as a' e%0"di%e't "& /ustie. Assura'e "& &air trial is t)e &irst i%$erati-e i' t)e dis$e'sati"' "& /ustie. It a''"t 0e de'ied t)at "'e "& t)e %"st -alua0le ri()ts "& "ur itie's is t" (et a &air trial &ree &r"% a' at%"s$)ere "& $re/udie. T)is ri()t &l"!s 'eessarily &r"% Artile 9 "& t)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia !)i) %akes it "0li(at"ry u$"' t)e State '"t t" de$ri-e a'y $ers"' "& )is li&e "r $ers"'al li0erty e#e$t a"rdi'( t" t)e $r"edure esta0lis)ed 0y la!.;; O'e "& t)e "%$"'e'ts "& &air $r"edure i' t)e ad%i'istrati"' "& ri%i'al /ustie is t)at t)e aused )as t)e "$$"rtu'ity "& %aki'( )is de&e'e 0y a le(al $ratiti"'er "& )is )"ie. T)is is )is "'stituti"'al ri()t (uara'teed u'der Artile "& t)e C"'stituti"'. I' "rder t" (i-e e&&et t" t)is "'stituti"'al ri()t it )as 0ee' e%0"died i' t)e direti-e $ri'i$les "& State
S!.Me$aa Sa$a' Ga$;"3 . M3//.Ra$3 #e!"a=a$3( A6R 1979 S.C.4? 1? | P a g e
$"liy as $r"-ided u'der Artile ;5 A "& t)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia t)at t)e State s)all seure e1ual /ustie a'd &ree le(al aid 0y a suita0le le(islati"' "r s)e%e "r a'y "t)er !ay t" e'sure t)at t)e "$$"rtu'ities &"r seuri'( /ustie are '"t de'ied t" a'y itie' 0y reas"' "& e"'"%i "r "t)er disa0ilities. T)at ri()t )as als" 0ee' statut"rily ae$ted a'd i'"r$"rated i' Se. ;=; Cr.P.C. !)i) $r"-ides t)at a'y $ers"' aused "& a' "&&e'e 0e&"re a ri%i'al "urt "r a(ai'st !)"% $r"eedi'(s are i'itiated u'der t)e Cr.P.C. %ay "& ri()t 0e de&e'ded 0y a $leader "& )is )"ie. T)e direti-e u'der Artile ;5 A "& t)e C"'stituti"' )as 0ee' tra'slated i't" reality 0y t)e e'at%e't "& t)e Le(al Ser-ies Aut)"rities At 95><.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRIMINAL TRIALS T"#$% &' C*+- T-% Be&"re !e $r"eed &urt)er !e %ust '"te t)at a"rdi'( t" Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de ri%i'al trial a' 0e "& tree ty$es 'a%ely Trial i' @arra't ases Trial i' Su%%"' Cases a'd Su%%ery Trial.
T- + W+ C%$% @arra't ases are t)"se ases i' !)i) a' "&&e'e attrats a $e'alty "& i%$ris"'%e't &"r %"re t)a' se-e' years a'd it i'ludes "&&e'es $u'is)a0le !it) deat) a'd li&e i%$ris"'%e't. I' su) ases t)e trial starts eit)er 0y &ili'( "& FIR "r 0y &ili'( a "%$lai't 0e&"re a %a(istrate. A'd i& t)e %a(istrate &i'ds t)at t)e ase relates t" a' "&&e'e arryi'( a $u'is)%e't &"r %"re t)a' t!" years t)e ase is se't t" t)e sessi"'s "urt &"r trial. Seti"' 95; "& t)e Cri%i'al Pr"edure C"de learly states t)at t)e sessi"' "urt a''"t take "('ia'e "& a'y "&&e'e u'less t)e ase )as 0ee' se't t" it 0y a %a(istrate. T)e $r"ess "& se'di'( it t" sessi"'s "urt is (e'erally alled "%%itti'( it t" sessi"'s "urt.
T- + S/**&+ C%$% A su%%"' ase is a ase !)i) is '"t a !arra't ase. S" i' si%$le !"rds t)"se ases i' !)i) a' "&&e'e is $u'is)a0le !it) a' i%$ris"'%e't "& less t)a' t!" years is a su%%"' ase. I' t)is ase "'e %ust u'dersta'd t)at i& a %a(istrate a&ter l""ki'( i't" t)e ase t)i'ks t)at a ase is '"t a su%%"' ase )e %ay "'-ert it i't" a !arra't ase. I' res$et "& su%%"'s ases t)ere is '" 'eed t" &ra%e a )ar(e. T)e "urt (i-es su0sta'e "& t)e ausati"' !)i) is alled *'"tie, t" t)e aused !)e' t)e $ers"' a$$ears i' $ursua'e t" t)e su%%"'s.
17 | P a g e
S/**" TCase "& "&&e'ses $u'is)a0le !it) a' i%$ris"'%e't "& '"t %"re t)a' si# %"'t)s a' 0e tried i' a su%%ary !ay. It is als" t" 0e '"ted t)at i& t)e ase )as 0ee' tried i' a su%%ary !ay a $ers"' a''"t 0e a!arded a $u'is)%e't "& i%$ris"'%e't &"r %"re t)a' t)ree %"'t)s.
P&0$$+2% & $ 4$- $5#$&/%-", + +& & $ 6&/+$ 4&/ %#$0- $%&+% A' i%$"rta't as$et "& &air trial is t)e e#$editi"us "'dut "& trial $r"eedi'(s. Furt)er $r"eedi'(s )a-e 0ee' st"$$ed 0y t)e /udiiary i' s"%e ases 0ea use "& t)e i'"rdi'ate delay i' trial. t)e C"de )as (i-e' i' t)is "'te#t a $"siti-e direti"' t" all t)e ri%i'al "urts 0y e'ati'( S. ;=5. T)e seti"' reads as &"ll"!s: ;=5. P"!er t" $"st$"'e "r ad/"ur' $r"eedi'(s. 9. I' e-ery i'1uiry "r trial t)e $r"eedi'(s s)all 0e )eld as e#$editi"usly as $"ssi0le a'd i' $artiular !)e' t)e e#a%i'ati"' "& !it'esses )as "'e 0e(u' t)e sa%e s)all 0e "'ti'ued &r"% day t" day u'til all t)e !it'esses i' atte'da'e )a-e 0ee'
1 | P a g e
e#a%i'ed u'less t)e C"urt &i'ds t)e ad/"ur'%e't "& t)e sa%e 0ey"'d t)e &"ll"!i'( day t" 0e 'eessary &"r reas"'s t" 0e re"rded. . I& t)e C"urt a&ter taki'( "('ia'e "& a' "&&e'e "r "%%e'e%e't "& trial &i'ds it 'eessary "r ad-isa0le t" $"st$"'e t)e "%%e'e%e't "& "r ad/"ur' a'y e'1uiry "r trial it %ay &r"% ti%e t" ti%e &"r reas"'s t" 0e re"rded $"st$"'e "r ad/"ur' t)e sa%e "' su) ter%s as it t)i'ks &it &"r su) ti%e as it "'siders reas"'a0le a'd %ay 0y a !arra't re%a'd t)e aused i& i' ust"dy: Pr"-ided t)at '" Ma(istrate s)all re%a'd a' aused $ers"' t" ust"dy u'der t)is seti"' &"r a ter% e#eedi'( &i&tee' days at a ti%e: Pr"-ided &urt)er t)at !)e' !it'esses are i' atte'da'e '" ad/"ur'%e't "r $"st$"'e%e't s)all 0e (ra'ted !it)"ut e#a%i'i'( t)e% e#e$t &"r s$eial reas"'s t" 0e re"rded i' !riti'(: Pr"-ided als" t)at '" ad/"ur'%e't s)all 0e (ra'ted &"r t)e $ur$"se "'ly "& e'a0li'( t)e aused $ers"' t" s)"! ause a(ai'st t)e se'te'e $r"$"sed t" 0e i%$"sed "' )i%. E#$la'ati"' 9.I& su&&iie't e-ide'e )as 0ee' "0tai'ed t" raise a sus$ii"' t)at t)e aused %ay )a-e "%%itted a' "&&e'e a'd it a$$ears likely t)at &urt)er e-ide'e %ay 0e "0tai'ed 0y a re%a'd t)is is a reas"'a0le ause &"r a re%a'd. E#$la'ati"' .
T)e ter%s "' !)i) a' ad/"ur'%e't "r $"st$"'e%e't %ay 0e (ra'ted i'lude i' a$$r"$riate ases t)e $ay%e't "& "sts 0y t)e $r"seuti"' "r t)e aused.
First "& all su0seti"' 394 (i-es a lear direti"' t" e-ery "urt i' )ar(e "& ri%i'al $r"eedi'(s t" "'dut t)e sa%e as e#$editi"usly as $"ssi0le. It t)e' direts i' $artiular t)at !)e' t)e e#a%i'ati"' "& !it'esses )as "'e 0e(u' t)e sa%e s)all 0e "'ti'ued &r"% day t" day u'til all t)e !it'esses i' atte'da'e )a-e 0ee' e#a%i'ed. +"!e-er i& t)e "urt "'siders it 'eessary t" ad/"ur' t)e ase it a' d" s" a&ter re"rdi'( reas"'s &"r t)e sa%e. T)e si%$le rule "r $ri'i$le u'derlyi'( $r"-isi"'s like S. ;=5 is t)at "'e t)e "('ia'e "& t)e ausati"'s "& a ri%i'al 'ature is take' 0y t)e "%$ete't "urt t)e trial )as t" 0e )eld !it) all e#$editi"' s" as t" 0ri'( t" 0""k t)e (uilty a'd a0s"l-e t)e i''"e't. T)is )as t" 0e a)ie-ed !it) s$eed a'd !it)"ut l"ss "& ti%e i' t)e i'terest "& $u0li /ustie. T)e "0/et is t" a-"id l"ss "& e-ide'e 0y $assa(e "& ti%e a'd u''eessary )arass%e't t" t)e aused. It is !ell k'"!' t)at i& t)e $r"seuti"' is ke$t $e'di'( &"r a' i'de&i'ite "r &"r a l"'( ti%e
19 | P a g e
i%$"rta't e-ide'e %ay 0e "0literated 0y %ere la$se "& ti%e !it) t)e result t)at t)e e-ide'e !"uld '"t 0e a-aila0le at t)e ti%e "& trial. A&ter taki'( "('ia'e "& a' "&&e'e t)e i'1uiry "r trial a' 0e $"st$"'ed i& t)e "urt &i'ds it 'eessary "r ad-isa0le t" d" s". Si%ilarly a&ter t)e "%%e'e%e't "& t)e trial t)e "urt %ay &r"% ti%e t" ti%e ad/"ur' t)e trial i& it &i'ds it 'eessary "r ad-isa0le t" d" s". I' 0"t) t)e ases t)e "urt is re1uired t" re"rd reas"'s. T)e "urts disreti"' re(ardi'( $"st$"'e%e't "r ad/"ur'%e't is &urt)er restrited 0y t)e se"'d $r"-is" t" su0se. 34 a0"-e. A"rdi'( t" t)e $r"-is" !)e' !it'esses are i' atte'da'e '" ad/"ur'%e't "r $"st$"'e%e't s)all 0e (ra'ted !it)"ut e#a%i'i'( t)e% a'd i' ase it 0e"%es a0s"lutely 'eessary t" $"st$"'e "r ad/"ur' t)e ase t)e "urt !ill )a-e t" re"rd s$eial reas"'s &"r d"i'( s". T)e C"de $r"-ides &"r a' "$$"rtu'ity t" a' aused t" (i-e )is say "' t)e 1uesti"' "& se'te'e. As t)is s)"uld '"t lead t" delay t)e t)ird $r"-is" t" S. ;=534 lari&ies t)at ad/"ur'%e't s)all '"t 0e (ra'ted "'ly &"r t)e $ur$"se "& e'a0li'( t)e aused t" s)"! ause a(ai'st t)e se'te'e $r"$"sed t" 0e i%$"sed. T)e disreti"' t" $"st$"'e "r ad/"ur' t)e ase is t" 0e e#erised /udiially a'd '"t ar0itrarily. I& t)e aused is i' ust"dy a'd t)e ase is t" 0e $"st$"'ed "r ad/"ur'ed t)e seti"' e%$"!ers t)e "urt t" re%a'd t)e aused t" ust"dy. +"!e-er i& su) a re%a'd is "rdered 0y a %a(istrate it a' "'ly 0e &"r a ter% '"t e#eedi'( &i&tee' days at a ti%e. T)e C"de %akes a lear disti'ti"' 0et!ee' dete'ti"' i' ust"dy 0e&"re taki'( "('ia'e a'd dete'ti"' i' ust"dy a&ter taki'( "('ia'e. T)e &"r%er is "-ered 0y S. 9?< a'd t)e latter 0y S. ;=5. T)e t!" are %utually e#lusi-e a'd "u()t t" 0e ke$t s". T)e "$e'i'( !"rds "& S. ;=534,I& t)e "urt a&ter taki'( "('ia'e "& a' "&&e'e "r "%%e'e%e't "& trial %ake it a0u'da'tly lear t)at t)e $"!er t" re%a'd t)e aused t" ust"dy a''"t 0e e#erised duri'( t)e $"lie i'-esti(ati"'s. A 1uesti"' ar"se !)et)er t)e %a(istrate )as $"!er t" re%a'd a' aused duri'( t)e $eri"d 0et!ee' t)e date "& su0%issi"' "& $"lie re$"rt a'd t)e date "& taki'( "('ia'e. 8'der S. ;=534 a&ter &irst taki'( "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e t)e "urt %ay 0y !arra't re%a'd t)e aused i& i' ust"dy 0ut t)at $"!er "& re%a'd )as t" 0e read i' t)e li()t "& t)e ri()t "& e'title%e't "& t)e aused t" 0e released "' 0ail "'e t)e $eri"d "& 'i'ety days "r si#ty days %e'ti"'ed i' S. 9?<343a4 "%es t" a' e'd.
20 | P a g e
Seti"' ;=534 e%$"!ers t)e "urt t" re%a'd a' aused i& i' ust"dy 0y a !arra't 0ut i& t)e "urt )a$$e'ed t" 0e t)at "& a %a(istrate t)e "%%a'd "& t)e Le(islature is t)at t)e %a(istrate s)all '"t re%a'd a' aused $ers"' t" ust"dy &"r a ter% e#eedi'( 96 days at a ti%e. T)e u'derlyi'( $ri'i$le see%s t" 0e t)at a %a(istrate %ay '"t ad/"ur' a' i'1uiry "r trial a'd re%a'd a' aused &"r a ter% e#eedi'( 96 days at a ti%e. T)is is a )ek "' t)e $"!er "& t)e %a(istrate alt)"u() t)ere is '" su) i')i0iti"' "' t)e Sessi"'s C"urt. T)e ust"dy i' $ursua'e "& a' "rder "& re%a'd &"r a ter% e#eedi'( 96 days %ade at a $artiular ti%e 0e"%es ille(al a'd 0ad "' t)e e#$iry "& 96 days i& '"t &r"% t)e date "& t)e "rder. T)e "urt a' $ass a' "rder "& re%a'd u'der S. ;=534 e-e' i& t)e aused is '"t $rese't i' "urt. I'deed "urts %ay &i'd it 'eessary t" "rder a re%a'd i' t)e a0se'e "& t)e aused e.(. !)e' a' aused is s" seri"usly ill t)at t)e trial )as t" 0e ad/"ur'ed a'd )e a''"t 0e 0r"u()t t" "urt a'd i' su) ase t)e "rder %ade !it)"ut $r"duti"' "& aused i' "urt !ill '"t 0e i'-alid. T)is $"siti"' i' t)e "'te#t "& S. 9?< )as "%e t" 0e dis$uted i' t)e li()t "& t)e e#$liit $r"-isi"' i' S. 9?<34 304 "& t)e C"de "& 95<; re1uiri'( t)e $r"duti"' "& aused 0e&"re t)e %a(istrate &"r re%a'd.;H I'deed t)ere is '" si%ilar $r"-isi"' i' S. ;=5. T)e reas"' %i()t 0e t)at duri'( i'1uiry "r trial t)e aused 0ei'( u'der /udiial ust"dy %ay '"t )a-e t" 0e u'der $"lie i'&lue'e. I' S. ;=5 *re%a'd, %ea's re%a'd t" ust"dy i' a %a(isterial l"ku$ "r /ail duri'( a $"st$"'e%e't "r ad/"ur'%e't "& a' i'1uiry "& trial. Seti"' ;=5 a$$ears i' C)a$ter IV "& t)e C"de !)i) deals !it) i'1uiries a'd trials. Furt)er t)e ust"dy !)i) it s$eaks "& is '"t su) ust"dy as t)e %a(istrate t)i'ks &it as i' S. 9?<34 0ut "'ly /ail ust"dy t)e "0/et 0ei'( t)at "'e a' i'1uiry "r trial 0e(i's it is '"t $r"$er t" let t)e aused re%ai' u'der $"lie i'&lue'e.
L+2/2$ &' C&/% T)e C"'stituti"' $r"-ides t)at u'til Parlia%e't 0y la! "t)er!ise $r"-ides all $r"eedi'(s i' t)e Su$re%e C"urt a'd i' e-ery +i() C"urt s)all 0e i' E'(lis) la'(ua(e. +"!e-er t)e G"-er'"r "& a State %ay !it) t)e $re-i"us sa'ti"' "& t)e Preside't aut)"rise t)e use "& t)e +i'di la'(ua(e "r a'y "t)er la'(ua(e used &"r a'y "&&iial $ur$"ses "& t)e State i'
21 | P a g e
$r"eedi'(s i' t)e +i() C"urt )a-i'( its $ri'i$al seat i' t)at State 0ut t)is rule s)all '"t a$$ly t" a'y /ud(%e't deree "r "rder $assed "r %ade 0y su) +i() C"urt. T)e State G"-er'%e't %ay deter%i'e !)at s)all 0e &"r $ur$"se "& t)is C"de t)e la'(ua(e "& ea) "urt !it)i' t)e State "t)er t)a' t)e +i() C"urt. T)is d"es '"t )"!e-er %ea' t)at a !it'ess a''"t (i-e )is e-ide'e i' a la'(ua(e "t)er t)a' t)e "urt la'(ua(e '"r d"es it %ea' t)at t)e aused $ers"' a''"t (i-e )is state%e't i' a la'(ua(e di&&ere't &r"% t)e "urt la'(ua(e. I' su) ases !)ere t)e la'(ua(e used 0y !it'ess "r t)e aused $ers"' is "'e "t)er t)a' t)e "urt la'(ua(e $r"edures )a-e 0ee' $r"-ided 0y Ss. << a'd >9 &"r t)e re"rdi'( "& su) e-ide'e a'd state%e't. Seti"' < "& Cr.P.C. e%$"!ers t)e State G"-er'%e't t" deter%i'e !)at s)all 0e t)e la'(ua(e &"r t)e $ur$"se "& ea) "urt !it)i' t)e State "t)er t)a' t)e +i() "urt. +"!e-er t)e de$"siti"'s a'd e-ide'e addued 0y t)e !it'ess i' t)eir %"t)er t"'(ue !ill 0e tra'slated t" t)e la'(ua(e "& t)e "urt. T)e d"ssiers "& ase re"rds are tra'slated t" t)e la'(ua(e k'"!' "r u'dersta'da0le 0y t)e aused s" as t" )a-e a &air trial.
P&$ &' C&/ & %/**&+ +" *$- +$%%$% + & $5*+$ #$%&+% #$%$+ I' a ri%i'al ase t)e &ate "& t)e $r"eedi'( a''"t al!ays 0e le&t e'tirely i' t)e )a'ds "& t)e $arties. T)e "urt )as als" a duty t" see t)at esse'tial 1uesti"'s are '"t s" &ar as reas"'a0ly $"ssi0le le&t u'a's!ered. T)e $r"-isi"'s "& Seti"' ;99 are i'te'ded t" ser-e t)is $ur$"se. Seti"' ;99 "& Cr.P.C e'a0les t)e ri%i'al "urts at a'y sta(e "& a'y trial "r i'1uiry t" su%%"' a'y $ers"' as a !it'ess "r e#a%i'e a'y $ers"' i' atte'da'e t)"u() '"t su%%"'ed as a !it'ess "r reall "r ree#a%i'e a'y $ers"' !)" )as 0ee' already e#a%i'ed. ; T)e "de "& ri%i'al $r"edure als" e'a0les t)e "urts t" "rder $ay%e't "& e#$e'ses "& "%$lai'a'ts a'd !it'esses.;6 Seti"' ;99 reads as &"ll"!s:
4 II!. II! 22 | P a g e
A'y C"urt %ay at a'y sta(e "& a'y i'1uiry trial "r "t)er $r"eedi'( u'der t)is C"de su%%"' a'y $ers"' as a !it'ess "r e#a%i'e a'y $ers"' i' atte'da'e t)"u() '"t su%%"'ed as a !it'ess "r reall a'd ree#a%i'e a'y su) $ers"' already e#a%i'ed a'd t)e C"urt s)all su%%"' a'd e#a%i'e "r reall a'd ree#a%i'e a'y su) $ers"' i& )is e-ide'e a$$ears t" it t" 0e esse'tial t" t)e /ust deisi"' "& t)e ase. T)e seti"' is i'te'ded t" 0e !ide as t)e re$eated use "& t)e !"rd a'y t)r"u()"ut its le'(t) learly i'diates. T)e seti"' is i' t!" $arts. T)e &irst $art (i-es a disreti"'ary $"!er 0ut t)e latter $art is %a'dat"ry. T)e use "& t)e !"rd %ay i' t)e &irst $art a'd "& t)e !"rd s)all i' t)e se"'d &ir%ly esta0lis)es t)is di&&ere'e. 8'der t)e &irst $art !)i) is $er%issi-e t)e "urt %ay at i' "'e "& t)ree !ays: a4 su%%"' a'y $ers"' as a !it'ess 04 e#a%i'e a'y $ers"' $rese't i' "urt alt)"u() '"t su%%"'ed a'd 4 reall "r ree#a%i'e a !it'ess already e#a%i'ed. T)e se"'d $art is "0li(at"ry a'd "%$els t)e "urt t" at i' t)ese t)ree !ays "r a'y "& t)e% i& t)e /ust deisi"' "& t)e ase de%a'ds it. As t)e seti"' sta'ds t)ere is '" li%itati"' "' t)e $"!er "& t)e "urt arisi'( &r"% t)e sta(e t" !)i) t)e trial %ay )a-e rea)ed $r"-ided t)e "urt is 0"'a &ide "& t)e "$i'i"' t)at &"r t)e /ust deisi"' "& t)e ase t)e ste$ %ust 0e take'. T)e re1uire%e't "& /ust deisi"' "& t)e ase d"es '"t li%it t)e ati"' t" s"%et)i'( i' t)e i'terest "&. t)e aused "'ly. T)e ati"' %ay e1ually 0e'e&it t)e $r"seuti"'. I' ertai' ases !it'esses a' 0e realled a'd t)e $arties "r t)e "u'sel asked t" $ay u$ t)e "st. T)e (r"u'd "' !)i) t)e "urt %ay at u'der t)e se"'d $art "& t)e seti"' is "'e *esse'tial t" t)e /ust deisi"' "& t)e ase,. But t)"se u'der t)e &irst $art are '"t li%ited t" t)at "'ly. T)e "'ly t)i'( is t)at t)e "urt )as t" &"r% a 0"'a &ide "$i'i"' as t" t)e 'eessity "& a' "rder u'der S. ;99. @)at is su&&iie't &"r t)at 'eessity a''"t 0e e'u%erated e#)austi-ely "r !it) a'y $reisi"'. T)at !ill de$e'd u$"' t)e &ats a'd iru%sta'es "& ea) ase. T)e $ara%"u't "'siderati"' is d"i'( /ustie t" t)e ase a'd '"t &illi'( u$ t)e (a$s i' t)e $r"seuti"' "r de&e'e e-ide'e. Ordi'arily a "urt %ay i'ter-e'e u'der S. ;99 a&ter l"se "& e-ide'e &"r it %ay '"t 0e $"ssi0le &"r t)e "urt t" &"r% a 0"'a &ide "$i'i"' as t" t)e 'eessity "& alli'( a !it'ess 0e&"re e-ide'e is l"sed "' t)e side "& t)e $r"seuti"' at least. T)ere is '"t)i'( )"!e-er i' t)e la'(ua(e "& S. ;99 t" say t)at t)e "urt a''"t %ake a' "rder u'der S. ;99 e-e' 0e&"re t)e $r"seuti"' e-ide'e is l"sed. But a !it'ess !)"se e#a%i'ati"' r"ss e#a%i'ati"' a'd ree#a%i'ati"' is '"t "-er a''"t 0e alled u'der S. ;99 !)ate-er t)e sta(e. I'. su) a
2 | P a g e
situati"' t)e "urt %ay )"!e-er at u'der S. 9?6 "& t)e I'dia' E-ide'e At i& 'eessity &"r /ustie arises. It )as 0ee' )eld t)at a !it'ess a''"t 0e te'dered &"r r"sse#a%i'ati"' al"'e.6 I& )e !as '"t e#a%i'ed i' )ie& )e a''"t 0e su0/eted t" r"sse#a%i'ati"'. T)e trial "& a ri%i'al ase "%es t" a' e'd "'ly a&ter $r"'"u'e%e't "& t)e /ud(e%e't. T)ere&"re t)e "urt a' su%%"' a'd e#a%i'e a'y !it'ess as a "urt !it'ess at a'y sta(e till it $r"'"u'es t)e &i'al /ud(e%e't. T)e seti"' is !ide e'"u() t" a$$ly t" all "urts"ri(i'al a$$ellate "r re-isi"'al. A !it'ess alled 0y t)e "urt u'der S. ;99 a' 0e r"sse#a%i'ed 0y 0"t) t)e $r"seuti"' a'd t)e de&e'e. @)e' a "urt e#a%i'es a !it'ess it is &"r t)e "urt t" say a&ter su) 1uesti"'i'( as t" !)i) "& t)e $arties !ill 0e $er%itted t" ask 1uesti"'s &irst a'd t" !)at e#te't. @)e' a !it'ess e#a%i'ed 0y t)e "urt is 1uesti"'ed 0y t)e $arties it a''"t stritly 0e said t)at )e is r"sse#a%i'ed. F"r r"sse#a%i'ati"' is e#a%i'ati"' "& a !it'ess 0yi)e ad-erse $arty. @)e' a "urt alls a !it'ess )e d"es '"t 0e"%e a !it'ess alled 0y a'y $arty t" t)e liti(ati"'.
DUTY OF THE COURT TO E8AMINE THE ACCUSED PERSON T)e seti"' ;9; "& Cr.P.C e%$"!ers t)e "urt t" e#a%i'e t)e aused a&ter e-ide'e &"r t)e $r"seuti"' )as 0ee' take'. T)e "0/et "& e%$"!eri'( t)e "urt t" e#a%i'e t)e aused is t" (i-e )i% a' "$$"rtu'ity "& e#$lai'i'( a'y iru%sta'es !)i) %ay te'd t" i'ri%i'ate )i% a'd t)us t" e'a0le t)e "urt i' ase !)ere t)e aused is u'de&i'ed t" e#a%i'e t)e !it'esses i' )is i'terest.;? T)e "0/et "& 1uesti"'i'( a' aused $ers"' 0y t)e "urt is t" (i-e )i% a' "$$"rtu'ity "& e#$lai'i'( t)e iru%sta'es t)at a$$ear a(ai'st )i% i' e-ide'e. l& &"r e#a%$le s"%e artile is &"u'd i' t)e ausedJs )"use !)i) $"i'ts i' a' e%$)ati %a''er t" t)e ausedJs res$"'si0ility &"r t)e ri%e )e s)"uld 0e (i-e' a' "$$"rtu'ity "& "&&eri'( a' e#$la'ati"' "& t)e $rese'e "& t)at artile i' )is )"use. ;< O'ly t)e aused $ers"' a' 0e e#a%i'ed u'der t)is seti"'. ;>
? Re*&! !"e Se=e! C3!!ee( 12B H/J/e3$ @%/"( 190B ? Ca= 9? S"a%&( 1944B Ma; 04 S%;"aa& Sa&a$g"3:. S!a!e( 1992 C&. L# 1?? O&3B Ka<%= :. S!a!e Raa/!"a$( 1992 C& L# 1491 Ra. 7 D%&a3/-a3( 194?B Ma; ?9 Ma&%!3( 19?B H'; 14 Ka&%$aa&a$( 19?0B Ke& 1202 Ke3 @e$3 . S!a!e @a'( A6R 19?1 SC 9?7+ 19?1B 2 C& L# 7. 24 | P a g e
T)e e#a%i'ati"' "& a' aused u'der t)is seti"' is 1uite a di&&ere't t)i'( &r"% taki'( t)e $lea "& t)e aused !)i) is d"'e at a' earlier $art "& $r"eedi'(s. T)e "0/ets "& t)e t!" seti"'s are e'tirely di&&ere't.;5 T)e su$re%e "urt )as )eld t)at t)e $r"$"siti"' t)at a $leader aut)"rised t" a$$ear "' 0e)al& "& t)e aused a' d" all ats !)i) t)e aused )i%sel& a' d" is t"" !ide. At t)e l"se "& $r"seuti"' e-ide'e t)e aused %ust 0e 1uesti"'ed a'd )is $leader a''"t 0e e#a%i'ed i' )is $lae.= @)ere t)e ad-"ate "& a' aused !as e#a%i'ed uKs ;9; Cr.P.C i'stead "& t)e aused )i%sel& t)e su$re%e "urt set aside t)e "rder a'd direted t)e Ma(istrate t" $r"eed !it) t)e ase a&ter re"rdi'( t)e state%e't "& t)e aused $ers"'ally as it "uld '"t 0e dis$e'sed !it) i' a !arra't ase.6 @)ere t)e e-ide'e a(ai'st t)e aused "'sists "& iru%sta'tial e-ide'e "'ly it is "& t)e ut%"st i%$"rta'e t)at t)e -ari"us iru%sta'es !)i) li') t)e issue a(ai'st )i% s)"uld 0e $ut t" )i% a'd a' e#$la'ati"' alled &"r &r"% )i%.?
A00/%$ % 0&*#$$+ +$%% Seti"' ;96 Cr.P.C lays d"!' t)at a' a' aused $ers"' is a "%$ete't !it'ess &"r t)e de&e'e a'd like a'y "t)er !it'ess )e is e'titled t" (i-e e-ide'e "' "at) i' dis$r""& "& t)e ase laid a(ai'st )i% 0y $r"seuti"'. I& &urt)er $r"-ides t)at t)e "urt a''"t dra! a'y ad)eres i'&ere'e &r"% )is '"'e#a%i'ati"' as a !it'ess. 9 But i& a' aused -"lu'tarily e#a%i'es )i% as a de&e'e !it'ess t)e $r"seuti"' is e'titled t" &urt)er e#a%i'e )i% a'd su) e-ide'e a' 0e used a(ai'st "aused. A"rdi'( t" t)e $r"-isi"'s "& S. ;96 t)e aused a' 0e a "%$ete't !it'ess &"r t)e de&e'e a'd a' (i-e e-ide'e i' dis$r""& "& t)e )ar(es %ade a(ai'st )i% "r a(ai'st )is "aused.
@3<"%!3( A6R 19?9 SC 1+ 19?9 C& L# ?4 9 Ra3 M"a$ Ma$;a . Na&a;a Da/3( 190B 2 Ca= . 40 II! 41 R. @. C"-;"a&3( A6R 19? SC 110+ 19?. C&.L#. 9 @a3;'a$a!" P&a/a; S"&3$3a/!&aa( A6R 19? SC 19+ 19? C&.L# 1?0. 2 | P a g e
Seti"' ;96 is as (i-e' 0el"!: Aused $ers"' t" 0e "%$ete't !it'ess.394 A'y $ers"' aused "& a' "&&e'e 0e&"re a Cri%i'al C"urt s)all 0e a "%$ete't !it'ess &"r t)e de&e'e a'd %ay (i-e e-ide'e "' "at) i' dis$r""& "& t)e )ar(es %ade a(ai'st )i% "r a'y $ers"' )ar(ed t"(et)er !it) )i% at t)e sa%e trial: Pr"-ided t)at a. )e s)all '"t 0e alled as a !it'ess e#e$t "' )is "!' re1uest i' !riti'( 0. )is &ailure t" (i-e e-ide'e s)all '"t 0e %ade t)e su0/et "& a'y "%%e't 0y a'y "& t)e $arties "r t)e C"urt "r (i-e rise t" a'y $resu%$ti"' a(ai'st )i%sel& "r a'y $ers"' )ar(ed t"(et)er !it) )i% at t)e sa%e trial. 34 A'y $ers"' a(ai'st !)"% $r"eedi'(s are i'stituted i' a'y Cri%i'al C"urt u'der S. 5> "r S. 9=< "r S. 9=> "r S. 9=5 "r S. 99= "r u'der C)a$ter I "r u'der Part B Part C "r Part D "& C)a$ter %ay "&&er )i%sel& as a !it'ess i' su) $r"eedi'(s: Pr"-ided t)at i' $r"eedi'(s u'der S. 9=> S. 9=5 "r 6. 99= t)e &ailure "& su) $ers"' t" (i-e e-ide'e s)all '"t 0e %ade t)e su0/et "& a'y "%%e't 0y a'y "& t)e $arties "r t)e C"urt "r (i-e rise t" a'y $resu%$ti"' a(ai'st )i% "r a'y "t)er $ers"' $r"eeded a(ai'st t"(et)er !it) )i% at t)e sa%e i'1uiry. T)e seti"' as it e#ists )as 0ee' "'sidered "0sure i' s"%e res$ets. Are the words ‘in disproof of the charges’ intended merely to prevent the accused from implicating other coaccused3 4r do they also shut out cross-e%amination of the co-accused as to the main offence3 The position in this respect appears to be somewhat obscure# (t is also not clear as to what is the scope of the cross-e%amination of the accused when he offers himself as witness# +an questions regarding his character or impeaching his credit be put in crosse%amination3 (f such questions are permissible to what e%tent can be questioned in respect of previous convictions3 All these matters may prove to be controversial#’ T)e Su$re%e C"urt i' its deisi"' i' Peo)$e*s Insuran#e +o. ,td. v. Sardar Sardu$ )as lari&ied t)e $"siti"' t" s"%e e#te't. A"rdi'( t" t)e "urt !)e' a $ers"' aused al"'( !it) "t)ers -"lu'tarily ste$s i' t)e !it'ess 0"# as a !it'ess i' de&e'e )e is i' t)e sa%e $"siti"' as a' "rdi'ary !it'ess a'd is t)ere&"re su0/et t" r"sse#a%i'ati"' 0y t)e $r"seuti"' "u'sel a'd e-ide'e 0r"u()t "ut i' su) r"sse#a%i'ati"' a' 0e used a(ai'st )is "aused. I& su) a !it'ess i'ri%i'ates )is " aused t)e "t)er aused /"i'tly tried !it) )i% )as t)e ri()t t" r"ss e#a%i'e )i% i& )e !a'ts t" d" s".6> It )as 0ee' su((ested t)at !)e' t)e aused $ers"' )""ses t" 0e"%e a de&e'e !it'ess u'der S. ;96 )e !ai-es )is ri()ts as a' aused a'd su0/ets )i%sel& t" t)e sa%e rules a$$lia0le t" "t)er !it'esses.
2? | P a g e
I' a ase a&ter (etti'( )is state%e't re"rded u'der S. ;9; t)e aused ("t )i%sel& e#a%i'ed as a !it'ess u'der S. ;96. +is re1uest t" $r"due ertai' d"u%e'ts !as )"!e-er tur'ed d"!' 0y t)e trial "urt.65 T)e Su$re%e C"urt did '"t a$$r"-e "& t)is re&usal a'd "0ser-ed: *O'e t)e lear'ed /ud(e all"!ed )is a$$liati"' a'd "%%e'ed e#a%i'i'( )i% as a de&e'e !it'ess !e &ail t" see !)y )e t""k t)e attitude "& '"t $er%itti'( t)e !it'ess t" $r"due t)e d"u%e'ts "' !)i) )e relied.,
S$0&+ 319 T)e Sessi"'s 2ud(e a' take "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e "'ly a(ai'st t)"se aused $ers"'s !)" are "%%itted t" )i% 0y t)e Ma(istrate "'er'ed. I& )e )as t" add a 'e! aused $ers"' !)"se "%$liity is diser'i0le &r"% t)e $r"seuti"' re"rds t)e' t)e Sessi"'s 2ud(e !ill )a-e t" address t)e +i() C"urt &"r "rreti"' "& t)e "%%ittal "rder "r !ill )a-e t" !ait u'til t)e sta(e &"r e#erise "& )is $"!er u'der Se. ;95 Cr. P.C. is rea)ed. It )a$$e's s"%eti%es t)"u() '"t -ery "&te' t)at a %a(istrate )eari'( a ase a(ai'st ertai' aused &i'ds &r"% t)e e-ide'e t)at s"%e $ers"' "t)er t)a' t)e aused 0e&"re )i% is als" "'er'ed i' t)at -ery "&&e'e "r i' a "''eted "&&e'e. It is "'ly $r"$er t)at t)e %a(istrate s)"uld )a-e t)e $"!er t" all a'd /"i' )i% i' t)e $r"eedi'(s. Seti"' ;95 $r"-ides &"r su) a situati"' a'd is as (i-e' 0el"!: ;95. P"!er t" $r"eed a(ai'st "t)er $ers"'s a$$eari'( t" 0e (uilty "& "&&e'e.394 @)ere i' t)e "urse "& a'y i'1uiry i't" "r trial "& a' "&&e'e it a$$ears &r"% t)e e-ide'e t)at a'y $ers"' '"t 0ei'( t)e aused )as "%%itted a'y "&&e'e &"r !)i) su) $ers"' "uld 0e tried t"(et)er !it) t)e aused t)e C"urt %ay $r"eed a(ai'st su) $ers"' &"r t)e "&&e'e !)i) )e a$$ears t" )a-e "%%itted. 34 @)ere su) $ers"' is '"t atte'di'( t)e C"urt )e %ay 0e arrested "r su%%"'ed as t)e iru%sta'es "& t)e ase %ay re1uire &"r t)e $ur$"se a&"resaid. 3;4 A'y $ers"' atte'di'( t)e C"urt alt)"u() '"t u'der arrest "r u$"' a su%%"'s %ay 0e detai'ed 0y su) C"urt &"r t)e $ur$"se "& t)e i'1uiry i't" "r trial "& t)e "&&e'e !)i) )e a$$ears t" )a-e "%%itted.
42 A6R 199 SC 14B. 27 | P a g e
34 @)ere t)e C"urt $r"eeds a(ai'st a'y $ers"' u'der su0se. 394 t)e' 3a4 t)e $r"eedi'(s i' res$et "& su) $ers"' s)all 0e "%%e'ted a&res) a'd t)e !it'esses re)eard 304 su0/et t" t)e $r"-isi"'s "& lause 3a4 t)e ase %ay $r"eed as i& su) $ers"' )ad 0ee' a' aused $ers"' !)e' t)e C"urt t""k "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e u$"' !)i) t)e i'1uiry "r trial !as "%%e'ed. T)e %ai' $ur$"se "& t)e seti"' is t)at t)e !)"le ase a(ai'st all k'"!' sus$ets s)"uld 0e $r"eeded !it) e#$editi"usly a'd "'-e'ie'e re1uires t)at "('ia'e a(ai'st t)e 'e!ly added aused s)"uld 0e take' i' t)e sa%e %a''er as a(ai'st t)e "t)er aused. T)e seti"' s$ri'(s "ut &r"% t)e d"tri'e 2ude# da%'atur u% '"e's a0s"l-itur 32ud(e is "'de%'ed !)e' (uilty is a1uitted4. T)e seti"' assu%es t)at t)e "urt $r"eedi'( u'der it )as t)e $"!er "& taki'( "('ia'e "& t)e 'e! ase. A $lai' readi'( "& S. ; 95394 !)i) "urs i' C)a$ter IV "& t)e C"de deali'( !it) (e'eral $r"-isi"'s as t" i'1uiries a'd trials learly s)"!s t)at it a$$lies t" all t)e "urts i'ludi'( a sessi"'s "urt a'd as su) sessi"'s "urt !ill )a-e t)e $"!er t" add a'y $ers"' '"t 0ei'( t)e aused 0e&"re it 0ut a(ai'st !)"% t)ere a$$ears duri'( trial su&&iie't e-ide'e i'diati'( )is i'-"l-e%e't i' t)e "&&e'e as a' aused a'd diret )i% t" 0e tried al"'( !it) t)e "t)er aused. 8'der S. l5; read !it) S.=5 !)e' a ase is "%%itted t" t)e C"urt "& Sessi"' i' res$et "& a' "&&e'e t)e "urt "& sessi"' takes "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e a'd '"t "& t)e aused a'd "'e t)e sessi"'s "urt is $r"$erly seied "& t)e ase as a result "& t)e "%%ittal "rder a(ai'st s"%e aused t)e $"!er u'der S. ; 95394 a' "%e i't" $lay a'd su) "urt a' add a'y $ers"' as a' aused as %e'ti"'ed a0"-e. A 1uesti"' as t" !)et)er 0e&"re su%%"'i'( a' aused a sessi"'s "urt s)"uld take a'y e-ide'e )as 0ee' raised. It )as 0ee' a's!ered i' se-eral deisi"'s t)at t)e sessi"'s "urt is e'titled t" su%%"' aused "' &i'di'( a $ri%a &aie ase &r"% t)e re"rd "& t)e ase su0%itted !it) t)e "%%ittal "rder. It )as 0ee' ate("rially ruled t)at i& t)ere is %aterial t" $r"eed u'der S. ;95394 t)ere is '" 'eessity &"r $"st$"'i'( ati"' u'der t)at seti"' till s"%e state%e't is re"rded. Si'e i' ter%s "& S. ;95 t)e $"!er a' 0e e#erised i' t)e "urse "& i'1uiry als" it a$$ears t" 0e "rret t" l"ate t)is $"!er &"r su%%"'i'( i' S. ;95.
2 | P a g e
!)et)er t)e "urt "& sessi"' )as t)e $"!er u'der S. ;95 t" arrai(' a 'e! aused $ri"r t" t)e e-ide'e "lleti"' sta(e a%e t" 0e re"'sidered i' Ra'/it Si'() -. State "& Pu'/a0? i' t)e li()t "& its deisi"' i' 2"(i'der Si'() -. State "& Pu'/a0 a'd delared: *T)us "'e t)e sessi"'s "urt takes "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e $ursua't t" t)e "%%ittal "rder t)e "'ly "t)er sta(e !)e' t)e "urt is e%$"!ered t" add a'y "t)er $ers"' t" t)e array "& t)e aused is a&ter rea)i'( e-ide'e "lleti"' !)e' $"!ers u'der S. ;95 "& t)e C"de a' 0e i'-"ked., I' "t)er !"rds t)e e-ide'e e'-isa(ed u'der S. ;95 is t)e e-ide'e led duri'( trial i& t)e "&&e'e is tria0le 0y t)e sessi"'s. T)e %atter $laed 0e&"re t)e "%%ittal "urt a''"t 0e treated as e-ide'e "lleted duri'( e'1uiry "r trial. T)e Su$re%e C"urt als" added t)at i& t)e sessi"'s "urt is "'-i'ed t)at t)e $"lie )as '"t se't u$ a $artiular aused due t" i'ad-erte'e "r "%issi"' )e a' se'd u$ a re$"rt t" t)e +i() C"urt re1uesti'( it t" diret t)e %a(istrate u'der its re-isi"'al "r i')ere't $"!ers t" issue $r"ess a(ai'st t)at le&t"ut aused. I' taki'( t)is $"siti"' t)e "urt $resu%a0ly re&used t" &"ll"! its "!' deisi"'s i' Kishun Singh and -isar v. State of U.P..
T)e e#$ressi"' *a'y $ers"' '"t 0ei'( t)e aused, i' S. ;95394 %ea's a $ers"' a(ai'st !)"% '" $r"ess )as already 0ee' issued 0eause i& $r"ess )as already 0ee' issued a(ai'st a $ers"' t)e 1uesti"' "& addi'( )i% as a' aused i' t)e ase a'd $r"eedi'( a(ai'st )i% as "'te%$lated i' t)at seti"' !ill '"t arise at all. It %ay 0e '"ted t)at t)e e#$ressi"' is '"t "'&i'ed t" $ers"'s !)" )ad 0ee' 'a%ed i' t)e FIR 0ut '"t se't u$ 0y t)e $"lie t)"u() su) $ers"'s !"uld als" 0e i'luded i' t)e e#$ressi"'. Si%ilarly i' a !arra't ase i'stituted "t)er!ise t)a' "' a $"lie re$"rt t)e "urt i' t)e "urse "& t)e trial a' "rder &ra%i'( "& t)e )ar(e u'der S. ;95 a(ai'st $ers"'s !)" !ere earlier dis)ar(ed at t)e e'1uiry sta(e "& t)e ase. But t)e Su$re%e C"urt )as ruled t)at a $ers"'s !)" )as already 0ee' dis)ar(ed i' t)e ase s)"uld '"t 0e su%%"'ed. It said: *T)e $r"-isi"'s "& S. ;95 )ad t" 0e read i' "'s"'a'e !it) t)e $r"-isi"'s "& S. ;5> "& t)e C"de., T)e !"rd *e-ide'e, i' S. ; 95394 read al"'( !it) "t)er $r"-isi"'s "& t)is seti"' %ea's t)e state%e'ts "& !it'esses as re"rded 0y t)e "urt a'd t)e sa%e !"uld '"t i'lude state%e'ts u'der S. 9?9 "& !it'esses re"rded 0y t)e $"lie state%e'ts re"rded u'der S. 9? "r state%e'ts re"rded u'der S. =. T)e *e-ide'e, as %e'ti"'ed i' S. ; 95394 %ust 0e
29 | P a g e
su&&iie't t" %ake "ut a $ri%a &aie ase a(ai'st su) $ers"' a'd satis&y all esse'tial i'(redie'ts "'stituti'(. t)e "&&e'e &"r !)i) )e is s"u()t t" 0e $r"seuted. +"!e-er t)e "urt at t)at sta(e is '"t alled u$"' t" e-aluate "r a$$rise t)e e-ide'e !it) a -ie! t" assess !)et)er t)e e-ide'e is su&&iie't &"r )is ulti%ate "'-iti"'. N"r is it 'eessary t" su0/et t)e $ers"' "' !)"se state%e't t)e additi"'al aused is su%%"'ed &"r r"ss e#a%i'ati"'. Seti"' ;95 a' 0e e#erised 0y t)e "urt su" %"tu "r "' t)e a$$liati"' "& s"%e"'e i'ludi'( t)e aused already 0e&"re )i% $r"-ided "& "urse it is satis&ied t)at a'y $ers"' "t)er t)a' t)e aused )as "%%itted a'y "&&e'e &"r !)i) )e a' 0e tried t"(et)er !it) t)e aused. T)e e#erise "& t)e $"!er is )"!e-er disreti"'ary !it) t)e "urt a'd t)e disreti"' %ust 0e e#erised /udiially )a-i'( re(ard t" t)e &ats a'd iru%sta'es "& ea) ase. It )as 0ee' "$i'ed t)at a' aused a''"t 0a added 0y t)e %a(istrate at t)e sta(e "& "%%ittal a'd t)at additi"' a' 0e "rdered "'ly 0y a "urt. Seti"' ?> deals !it) 0ar t" taki'( "('ia'e a&ter la$se "& t)e $eri"d "& li%itati"'. T)at seti"' 0e(i's !it) t)e !"rds *E#e$t as "t)er!ise $r"-ided else!)ere i' t)is C"de, a'd S. ;95 is "'e su) e#e$ti"'. T)ere&"re t)e 0ar "& li%itati"' !ill '"t a$$ly t" a ase !)ere t)e "urt $r"eeds a(ai'st a $ers"' u'der S. ; M"re"-er 0y le(al &iti"' reated 0y S. ;<534304 t)e ase a(ai'st t)e $ers"' added as aused is t" $r"eed as i& su) $ers"' )ad 0ee' a' aused $ers"' !)e' t)e "urt t""k "('ia'e "& t)e "&&e'e u$"' !)i) t)e i'1uiry "r trial !as "%%e'ed. T)ere&"re i& at all S. ?> is a$$lia0le t)e date rele-a't &"r rek"'i'( t)e $eri"d "& li%itati"' !"uld 0e t)e date !)e' "('ia'e "& "&&e'e !as take' i' t)e "ri(i'al $r"eedi'( a'd '"t t)e date !)e' a'y $ers"' is added later as a' aused u'der S. ;95. O'e a' "rder is %ade u'der S. ;95 t)e $ers"' a(ai'st !)"% t)at "rder )as 0ee' %ade 0e"%es a' aused at t)e trial "& t)at -ery ase i' !)i) t)e "rder is %ade. All t)at is re1uired is t)at t)e $r"eedi'( !ill )a-e t" "%%e'e a&res) a'd !it'esses re)eard s" t)at t)e a&"resaid $ers"' %ay '"t su&&er 0eause "& a'y $r"eedi'(s take' i' )is a0se'e a'd 0e&"re )e is arrai('ed as a' aused. It is '"t )"!e-er t)e "0/et "& t)e la! t)at t)e $ers"' s)"uld )a-e a trial se$arate &r"% t)e "'e i' !)i) t)e "rder a(ai'st )i% is %ade.>= I' t)is "''eti"' it is $erti'e't t" '"te t)at a' aused su%%"'ed u'der S. ;95 a''"t 0e $u'is)ed &"r a' "&&e'e !)i) )as '"t 0ee' take' "('ia'e "& 0y t)e Ma(istrate a(ai'st t)e "t)er aused. T)e $"!er "'&erred "' t)e "urt 0y S. ;95 is really a' e#tra"rdi'ary $"!er a'd s)"uld 0e used -ery s$ari'(ly a'd "'ly i& "%$elli'( reas"'s e#ist &"r taki'( "('ia'e a(ai'st t)e
0 | P a g e
"t)er $ers"' a(ai'st !)"% ati"' )as '"t 0ee' take'. It )as 0ee' )eld t)at e-ide'e used &"r t)e satis&ati"' t" i'-"ke S. ;95 0y t)e "urt s)"uld '"t 0e used &"r "'-iti'( a $ers"' %ade a' aused u'der t)at seti"'.
D$0%&+ &+ $$+0$ #-" $0&$ " &+$ 6/2$ & *2%$ + #-" " +&4$. It is "'e "& t)e i%$"rta't $ri'i$les "& t)e ad%i'istrati"' "& ri%i'al /ustie t)at t)e /ud(e "r t)e %a(istrate !)" )ears t)e e'tire e-ide'e s)"uld (i-e t)e deisi"'. A de$arture &r"% t)is $ri'i$le )as 0ee' $er%itted 0y S. ;? a$$are'tly "' (r"u'ds "& e#$edie'y. @)e' a %a(istrate a&ter )eari'( a ase is tra's&erred "r reli'1uis)es )is "&&ie &"r a'y "t)er reas"' )is suess"r 0ut &"r S. ;? !ill )a-e t" )ear t)e ase a&res). Seti"' ;? is i'te'ded t" sa-e t)e ti%e e#$e'diture a'd )arass%e't i'-"l-ed i' tryi'( t)e ase a&res). Seti"' ;? C"'-iti"' "r "%%it%e't "' e-ide'e $artly re"rded 0y "'e Ma(istrate a'd $artly 0y a'"t)er.3l4 @)e'e-er a'y /ud(e "r Ma(istrate a&ter )a-i'( )eard a'd re"rded t)e !)"le "r a'y $art "& t)e e-ide'e i' a' i'1uiry "r a trial eases t" e#erise /urisditi"' t)erei' a'd is sueeded 0y a'"t)er 2ud(e "r Ma(istrate !)" )as a'd !)" e#erises su) /urisditi"' t)e /ud(e "r Ma(istrate s" sueedi'( %ay at "' t)e e-ide'e re"rded 0y )is $redeess"r "r $artly re"rded 0y )is $redeess"r a'd $artly re"rded 0y )i%sel&: Pr"-ided t)at i& t)e sueedi'( 2ud(e "r Ma(istrate is "& "$i'i"' t)at &urt)er e#a%i'ati"' "& a'y "& t)e !it'esses !)"se e-ide'e )as already 0ee' re"rded is 'eessary i' t)e i'terests "& /ustie )e %ay resu%%"' a'y su) !it'ess a'd a&ter su) &urt)er e#a%i'ati"' r"ss e#a%i'ati"' a'd ree#a%i'ati"' i& a'y as )e %ay $er%it t)e !it'ess s)all 0e dis)ar(ed. 34 @)e' a ase is tra's&erred u'der t)e $r"-isi"'s "& t)is C"de &r"% "'e /ud(e t" a'"t)er 2ud(e "r &r"% "'e Ma(istrate t" a'"t)er Ma(istrate t)e &"r%er s)all 0e dee%ed t" ease t" e#erise /urisditi"' t)erei' a'd t" 0e sueeded 0y t)e latter !it)i' t)e %ea'i'( "& su0se. 394. 3;4 N"t)i'( i' t)is seti"' a$$lies t" su%%ary trials "r t" ases i' !)i) $r"eedi'(s )a-e 0ee' stayed u'der S. ; "r i' !)i) $r"eedi'(s )a-e 0ee' su0%itted t" a su$eri"r Ma(istrate u'der S. ;6. T)e ardi'al $ri'i$le "& la! i' ri%i'al trial is t)at it is a ri()t "& a' aused $ers"' t)at )is ase s)"uld 0e deided 0y a /ud(e "r %a(istrate !)" )as )eard t)e !)"le "& it. Seti"' ;? is
1 | P a g e
a' e#e$ti"' t" t)is ardi'al $ri'i$le. T)ere&"re e#e$t i' re(ard t" t)"se ases !)i) &all !it)i' t)e a%0it "& 6. ;? a sueedi'( 2ud(e "r a %a(istrate a''"t $r"eed !it) t)e trial $lai'( relia'e "' t)e e-ide'e re"rded 0y )is $redeess"r i& )e d"es s" a'd t)ere0y -i"lates t)e $ri'i$le )e !"uld 0e d"i'( s"%et)i'( '"t 0ei'( e%$"!ered 0y la! i' t)at 0e)al&. Su) a' irre(ularity is '"t ura0le a'd t)e $r"eedi'(s a"rdi'( t" S. ?93l4 s)all 0e -itiated. I' "rder t" attrat t)e $r"-isi"'s "& S. ;? t" e'a0le a suess"r /ud(e t" "'ti'ue a trial &r"% t)e sta(e le&t 0y )is $redeess"r t!" "'diti"'s %ust 0e satis&ied 9. t)at t)e &irst /ud(e )ad )eard a'd re"rded t)e !)"le "r $art "& t)e e-ide'e a'd . t)at )e )ad eased t" e#erise /urisditi"' i' t)e ase. T)e e#$ressi"' *eases t" e#erise /urisditi"' t)erei', "urri'( i' S. ;?394 $"i'ts t" t)e easi'( "& /urisditi"' i' t)e i'1uiry "r trial a'd '"t t" t)e desi('ati"' "& t)e "&&ier. It is t)e ri()t "& a' aused t)at )is ase s)"uld 0e deided 0y /ud(e !)" )as )eard a'd re"rded t)e e-ide'e. Seti"' ;? 0ei'( a' e#e$ti"' t" t)e a0"-esaid ardi'al $ri'i$le "& ri%i'al la! i' a ri%i'al trial t)e sa%e !ill )a-e t" 0e "'strued stritly. T)us u'less t)e /urisditi"' "& t)e &irst /ud(e t" "'ti'ue t)e trial is take' a!ay e#$ressly "r 0y 'eessary i%$liati"' eit)er u'der a statut"ry $r"-isi"' "r a' "rder $assed t" t)at e&&et 0y a "%$ete't aut)"rity t)e /ud(e s)all "'ti'ue t" e#erise t)e /urisditi"' t" "'ti'ue a $art)eard trial a'd )e !"uld '"t 0e dee%ed t" )a-e 0ee' di-ested "& it %erely 0eause a )a'(e )as take' $lae i' )is desi('ati"'. I& t)is 0e '"t t)e true rule suessi-e )a'(es i' t)e desi('ati"' "& Additi"'al Sessi"'s 2ud(es !"uld result i' suessi-e )a'(e "& )a'ds i' t)e trial "& $art )eard ases !)i) d"es '"t see% t" 0e t)e i'te'ti"' "& t)e le(islature 0e)i'd t)e $r"-isi"'s "& S. ;?. T)e seti"' is a' e'a0li'( $r"-isi"' a'd i& t)e /ud(e "r %a(istrate is "& t)e -ie! t)at i' t)e i'terests "& /ustie t)e !it'esses already e#a%i'ed 0y )is $redeess"r s)"uld 0e a(ai' e#a%i'ed 0y )i% )e a' d" s" a"rdi'( t" t)e $r"-is" t" su0se.394. F"r (""d reas"' S. ;? d"es '"t "-er su%%ary trials,. Su) trials s)"uld 0e deided 1uikly a'd '" 1uesti"' "& a $art)eard ase, s)"uld '"r%ally arise. Als" t)e re"rd "& e-ide'e i' a su%%ary trial is sa'ty a'd i' ertai' ases %ay 0e -irtually '"'e#iste't. T)ere&"re t)e rule i' S. ;? "u()t '"t t" a$$ly t" su) trials. +"!e-er i& a "urt )as tried a' "&&e'e as su%%"'s ase t)"u() it "uld )a-e 0ee' tried su%%arily S. ;?3;4 !"uld '"t 0e a$$lia0le a'd t)e suess"r %a(istrate a' -ery !ell start t)e ase &r"% t)e sta(e !)ere t)e $redeess"r le&t.;
2 | P a g e
Seti"'s ; a'd ;6 )a-e 0ee' disussed earlier i' $ara 9.; su$ra. O0-i"usly i' ase "& S. ; it is '"t ad-isa0le t" e#te'd t)e $ri'i$le "'tai'ed i' S. ;? a'd i' ase "& S. ;6 it is '"t 'eessary t" d" s" as t)e $ri'i$le is i' a !ay i'"r$"rated i' t)at seti"' itsel&. T)e seti"' d"es '"t e%$"!er a %a(istrate t" !rite a /ud(%e't u$"' t)e ar(u%e'ts )eard 0y )is $redeess"r. T)e %a(istrate is als" '"t e%$"!ered t" deli-er /ud(e%e't !ritte' 0y )is $redeess"r a'd &"r!arded 0y )i% &r"% t)e $lae "& )is tra's&er.
S$0&+ 37 T)e "urt )as u'der t)e $r"-is" t" Se. ;< 394 Cr.P.C. t)e $"!er t" "rder t)at a'y $artiular $ers"' !it'ess "r $"lie "&&ier '"t u'der e#a%i'ati"' s)all '"t re%ai' i' t)e "urt r""%. A (e'eral direti"' a' 0e (i-e' t" t)e Pu0li Pr"seut"r t)at "urre'e !it'esses t" 0e e#a%i'ed are '"t all"!ed t" re%ai' i' t)e "urt )all till t)eir tur' arri-es. @)e' t)e aused "0/ets t" t)e $rese'e "& a $"lie "&&ier "r "t)er $ers"' i'side t)e "urt )all t)e trial /ud(e )as t" "'sider )is "0/eti"'s )a-i'( re(ard t" t)e i'telli(e'e a'd t)e suse$ti0ilities "& t)e lass t" !)i) )e 0el"'(s a'd su) "t)er rele-a't iru%sta'es.; I' Sh$endra Kumar v. State of Bihar %% t)e a$e# C"urt )as direted t)at t)e i'-esti(ati'( "&&ier %ust 0e $rese't at t)e ti%e "& trial "& %urder ases a'd i& )e &ails t" 0e $rese't t)e Sessi"'s 2ud(e %ust issue su%%"'s t" )i%.
BIBLIOGRAPHY P6IMA67 S&)6C(S STAT)T(S • • •
T)e C"de "& Cri%i'al Pr"edure 95<; T)e C"'stituti"' "& I'dia 956= T)e I'dia' Pe'al C"de 9>?=
T6(AT78C&N9(NTI&NS86(S&3)TI&NS8INST6)M(NTS86(P&6TS8*I33S
4 S!a!e . C"a&%=a!a #/"3 J A6R 1999 SC 17 Ka/3 6'e& . S!a!e Ke&a=a J 19?? KLT 42 A6R 19?? Ke&a=a 1?B. 44 2002 SCC C&=. 20( A6R 2002 SC 270 | P a g e
•
J)D-M(NTS •
Airedale N+S Trust -. Bla'd
S(C&NDA67 S&)6C(S *&&:S •
*atuk 3al The +ode of +riminal /rocedure Orie't Pu0lis)i'( C". Ne! Del)i
9555. •
D. D. *asu +riminal /rocedure +ode "567 As)"ka La! +"use Ne! Del)i ==9.
•
2ustie . D. S)a)i /rincep’s +ommentary on the +ode of +riminal /rocedure "567 Del)i La! +"use Del)i ===.
•
M. 6. Malli!k *. *. Mitra on the +ode of +riminal /rocedure "567 a%al La!
+"use Calutta 95><. •
Matthe, li;;man C"'te%$"rary ri%i'al La! C"'e$ts ases a'd "'tr"-ersies
SAGE Pu0liati"'s 8'ited States O& A%eria 9st a'd 'd Editi"' ==< a'd =9= •
P. 6amanatha Aiyar +ode of +riminal /rocedure M"der' Pu0lis)ers 3I'dia4
Luk'"! 9555. •
6. 9. :elkar +riminal /rocedure Easter' B""k C". Luk'"! 955>.
•
6atanlal and Dhiralal The +ode of +riminal /rocedure @ad)!a a'd C". Ne!
Del)i 955>. •
S. C. Sarkar The 8aw of +riminal /rocedure S. C. Sarkar S"'s 3P4 Ltd. Calutta
95<6. •
Shoorvir Tya
Alla)a0ad 955. •
A6TIC3(S8J&)6NA3 •
AMA3&6PA9ANATHAN J: Transplantation of human organ bill9 +urate’s egg#
•
3E"'"%i P"litial @eekly V"l. ;= N". 9 Mar) 9556 $ ?994 3SC2L4 O&&e'es a'd De&e'es i' Cri%i'al Trial 2ustie Dr. Mu'ir A)%ad Mu()al Mu'ee0 B""k +"use La)"re =9
4 | P a g e
