e
1
!9i
Complete
]Lxtanknaniu»i The King The Tomb The Royal Treas"' •
•
"A ends to
story that opens like Aladdin 's Cave
and
a Greek myth of Nemesis cannot fail capture the imagination of aU men and women. ..." like
Lady Burghclere
THIS
BOOK
IS
THE
TREASURED POSSESSION OF
^K
The Complete
Tutankhamun The King
•
The Tomb
•
The Royal Treasure
by Nicholas Reeves
Foreword by the Seventh Earl of Carnarvon
519 illustrations, 65
in color
IT&H
Thames and Hudson
1
KaU
I-^ar
Chiirc,
and
IlaiT/ci
Contents
bJizabcUi
\
i
r^.
[
Fun
ivnnl by
tin
,\
n
CiinKirriiii Clini)!i,lnity
iitll l-'jir!
i/iiil l-'tiiiiily /\'(l/ifiiiii.
liilnifliiiiiiiii: l>isrnr( nu,ii >^'
< >i:<
litlr:
IL'ill ,'/,'(
hiii.i;'.--
llii
luiirri/liili
.<:';'il'i
niiinpir rlust. l-'njiuispitw:
illllcnilnsl
i-nfllll (III). L'.l.'))
iclurll
lukl
is
li/'is.
l-iii(
llu
m'
2(i(ir
llu
nuiii
il
Tuiiinkhiniuiii
.«ilid-ii,il(i,
lliiijy III'
Tiitniikhiiiiiiin.
A
note on
s|)(.'lliiit>s
Ik-rausc \hv
prusciAc mi hkir- llian
lliu
ni the IvKyplian laiiKuaKC
tliu
hii'r(),L;l>])hs
ninsdnamal skck'ton
priinnnciatid)! cannot iisualK'
ptian
lvi,'\
nl'ien
names
cslabiishecl.
exhibit a variety ol
is
modern
here empkiwtl as the
\ersioiis of the kin.g's
name
ancient
this reason,
l'"or
spellings,
based upon the (ireek lorm rather than the
Tiitankhamiin' iilliei-
Ix'
and
lijiypliiin-
i)reterre(l spelling,
exist
C
r^
but
ineliidinK
'rut.ankh..\men, Tutankhamen, Tut 'ankh .Amun.
Tiitankhamon, Tutenkhamon, Tuianchamun and Tutenehamun: these \ ariants have been retained where in book titles and (|uotations.
appropriate
An\- eojjy of this book issued by the publisher as a paperback sold subject to the condition that it shall not by \\a\" ol'
i>
trade or otherwise be
lent, resold,
hired out or otherwise
circulated without the publisher's prior consent in
any
l'i)i"m
of
binding or I'over other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including these words being
imposed on a subsecjuent purchaser.
Thames and Hudson
19f)()
I
Text
k'lrst
U)<)()
(
published
in
the I'S.A in
Thames and Hudson \','\\
York,
Ltd,
New
Inc..
li>iK> b\-
.^i(K) I'il'ih
.\vemie,
^'ork IdllO.
Library of Con.gress Catalog Card
.\11
London
Nicholas Kecves
Ri,ghis kesei-\ed.
No
jiart
Number
;K)-702I)2
of this publication
may
Ix'
repriKluced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
iiuiudmg pliot(K'oi)y, recording or other ml'ormation st(ira,ge and retrieval system, without
electronic or mechanical, an\'
prior ])erniissioii in writing from the publisher.
T\peset
in
n.L.
l'i(
TO
)MC
Monophoto Ceiuur\ Old
and bound
I'linled
b\
,St\le
,\rtes (iralicas
Toledo
lolili 10!Ki
olt'ei>
,ind records l'.OMk',
m Spam
rec-ording> ,ind conijiact di.scs. iass( l-"or
information and I'atalog write
Campllill.
I'.\
171112.
tc
S..\.
n--^
m'
7
1
1
r/j^ Dffl//?
of Lord Carnarvon
Howard
Carter:
The Shabtis
62
64
Politics
The Final Curtain
136
Woodew Funerary Models
67
Tte MYwfl/ Couches
Clothing
of the
Ci
and
142
146
and Regalia
feweUery, Amulets
in The Archaeology
140
Golden Shrine
T/?« Utile
Cosmetic Objects
158
Games and Game Boxes
Tomb
150
155
Textiles
Musical Instruments
160 163
WnftV^ Materials and Equipment 70
Architecture
'Heirlooms'
72
WaZ? Decoration
Chariots
DO T/ze TowiZ)
Entrance
T/^e Corridor
and Chariot Equipment
75
Weaponry
76 Sft'cfo,
Tfe Antechamber
78 Be
T/ie fiMn'a/
Chamber
and Headrests
82
oi
Tfe ^««eA'e 77z^ Sea/
92
Tfe Robberies
184
5o;res
awd Chests
188
TooZs
flH
Lamps
194
89
Impressions
178 180
and Thrones
86
M?ta/ flwd Stowg Vesse/s
95 Faience
and
197
200
Glass
Wine Jars and other Pottery
Tte Shrines and Sarcopliagus r/2« r/?e
a#/z5
GoW Afes^ ««rf
202
204
Bflsfete
IV Pharaoh's Burial
170
174
Stereo a«rf Fa«5
Chairs
Tte Treasury
166
168
Foodstuffs
205
100
106 Epilogue: Tutankliamun,
Trappings of the
Mummy T/je Royal Mummy
Life.
1 1
Death and Rebirth
208
o/fte Tow/)
210
116
The Canopic Shrine
119
Pharaoh's Children
123
Tfe
Storv'
r/ze Objects:
[L=^
Where They Were
Found Exhibitions
and
211
212
Displays
V Treasures of the
[W]
r/zf-
/?//«<;/
Tomb
Guardian Statues
Figures
Further Reading
and Magical
214
Sources of Quotations
128
Objects
218
Acknowledgments and Illustration Credits 220 1
30
/«rfe.r
221
Jk
%
Foreword by the Seventh Earl
of Carnarvon
I met Mr Howard Carter on his last visit to Highclere in April 1933 when I was nine years old. I remember him well with his bow tie, and being fascinated by some of the descriptions he was giving
my
mother of Egypt and the Valley of the Kings.
When my father died, had
to
during
the interest
was
rekindled: an inventory
be taken of the contents of Highclere Castle, and this period that the
it
was
remains of my grandfather's Egyptian
were found. I was lucky then to have the advice and help Dr Nicholas Reeves in identifying and cataloguing this collection, and finally putting it on display. Dr Reeves's knowledge of the period of Tutankhamun is quite remarkable and he and his wife, Claire, have been immensely helpful to me and my collection
of
family in presenting these wonderful artifacts to the public. I
have since started
to collect a
few pieces myself and hope that
we shall be able to enhance the collection, which is so popular with the public when they visit the Castle. over the years,
Dr Reeves's fascinating book
will surely
addition to the record of the history of
become an important
Tutankhamun as
encouraging more and more people from all over the world
well as to visit
the Valley of the Kings.
(Opposite)
Tutankhamun
receives flowers from his wife,
Ankhesenamun:
the
ivory-veneered lid of box no.
540 + 551.
New
Chronology and
Kin)»doni
18lh dynasty
IfiaO
1307
Ahmosi-
l.oO
la^f)
lalT)
1501
Tuihmosisl
1501
1102
'i'uthniosis
II
1
{uihiiKisis
III
1170 1125
Anu-nophis
Family Relationships
I
llaishepsut
The piwiM'
(InU'S
the ph.'iraiilis siibn'Cl
(if
i)f
wlm
nilfd dunn.u
lu-i-f
dfwliipt'd
1)\"
IViif
1
)<--lails
ha\"(' brcii .ui\c-n
and
ainiiii
in ilirir .!//(/>
of die lailn-s
m
ilinsr
fill!:
nl' ilu-
tlu-
nuinarclis
aru
still
Tlu'
mi die Jdlm liaiius and Ija^'d
ai"c
and put furwaixi
M.'ilck l\uyi>t.
iliiiii
drhalr.
srliolarh
ii;iK-li
I'lnpldVcd
ihc l-luyplKiii (l\iia>n('> iind the
daks
iiii"iiiiiil'is4-\
)r
1
'ij'
New
Jai'imiiV
Anru
ill
Kin.uxldiii
naiiir> 'A I'liiankliin
his
ininiediak'
faniih' havt- Ix-t-n hiifliliulurd in italics.
Late Predvnastic
Anienoijhis
Tiuhniosis
II
i\'
Aim-iioplils III
Anu'iiDphif
l\
Smcnkhkwr
Akhi'iiahii
(Xcfcrlitii'l
158
1
173
1
127
101
1101
:i9i
1
135!)
335
1335
,333
'rutdiikhainun
1333 1323
Ay
1323 1319
Horemheb
1319 1307
19th dynasty
1307 lUMi
Ramesscsl
1307 130(5
SethosI
13()(>
1290
Ramesst'sll
12^)0
1221
Merenptah
1221
1211
SethosII
1211 1204
Amenniesse ruifjn of
Sethos
1204 1198
Twosre
1198 119(i
Sethnakht
2920
2ri7.i
Old Kingdom
1070
11%
1194
1194 1163
RamessesIV
1163 115(i
Kaniesses
V
I15ti 1151
RamessesVI RamessesVII
1151
Harnesses VIII
1136 1131
Harnesses IX
1131
Harnesses
1143
1143 IKKi
\
1112
1112 1100
lUX) 1070
Harnesses XI
4th 8th d\iiastics
119(i
III
Harnesses
Early Dynastic Period
II)
Sipiah
20th dynasty
3rd dvnaslifs
170
1
13fil '
(usurper duriiiR
1st
lf)2
Third Intermediate Period First Intermediate Period 9th
llth dynasties
21st
1070 712
25th dynasiu's
2131 2010
Late Period
Middle Kinjjdom lllh
14th dynasties
25th d\'nasl\
2nd
712 332
I'ersian rericK,!
2010 Kilo
Graeco-Roman Period Second Intermediate Period 15di
17th dynasties
Maeedonian d\ nasty Runian UVIO 1532
cinpeiiirs
332
lit
At
I
395
Tutankhamun's family
tree.
Tutaniiluimuii was
prohahly the offspring of Akhemden, the 'heretic' son of Amenoplns III and Tiye. His mother is likely to
have been Kiya, a lesser wife of Akiicnaten.
Nefertit!
had home Akhenaten
whom was
later to
six daughters, one of become Tutankhamtin 's queen.
.
:l:r
Ijitrodiiction:
ihi'mIu'
wri'c- (|uu-k
nun; h:ui
Tu tan khan
Disco vering
iin
i
iiuricd
;li:ir.k-
iiii:i,u'n:.';'i"i'.
t\!rllr-l\"r Cii\vr::'f}.v Ir, I'
i
,'i;);ii"ri'ia',i- '.I'.a;,
all:
1!
aixl.
iir:liniuly (k-all;, a ~liii,u
\\\\\: ll'.c
111
lia^iiin'.nuifd >ua(;il,\
i"iinaii;> a lalr
bul panly
nm
and
il> oiiiti-nl^: Ik-
I'liLiiiikii.Aiiu
ar.d
ihf
I'.l,'),'!.
had
di'l'iniiui.'
U'.'iii.
'i
ihi-
\r,\\'v
Xiwr
ck-arancc- ni nil
(ini-
/in.-
III
/•r,il,,1inly
! II1II,US
mynl
III,
risniv.inhtailu/thcliilnf
i Wlk-ii
.-lark'd mil u.r
I
samdhin«. but as
iiinil)
I'lilJhl.
hlmi-
nihil
iiiiii
I
'II I
III
null d
tii'in
liad ar-iicipauti
I
iir\ir (iivaim ihai
I
-b.nii'.d
I
mkI!
;iii(l
a
iiC
Carlcr's (kni-t;c IkrbiTi. lihli
l-airl
n;Cariiar\iir.
I'll
kill
Carnarvon and Howard Lkirtrr could ik-\"fi- have inia.t;iiu'(l ihf wonders ihal ]a\" ahead as. late in ihe afternoon of L'(i Noxeniber Yyi'l. the\ 'The
(if
l-kirl
small
a
m
to li.uhl
pet'p-liole
head
the e\'ent.
'I
le
I
reeeiuK'
inner
broii.ylil
eandle belore him, put his
a
did not say
minutes, hut kept thou.i;ht
tomb
Lord Caniar\dn was
in',
bloeked
ihe
in
the \ alle\ of the Km.us.
yMr Carter, holdin.u
liad
"Can you see
me
to recall shortly alter
anythiii.sj; lor
two or three
rather painlul suspense.
in
been disa])pointed
anylhin.ij?" "^'es.
>
a.Lj.ain,
es."
he
and
I
said.
I
reiilied. "1! is
wonderlul.'"
Here belore them, eramnietl eeiliiyt;,
barely
i/i
iiifii
ml hv
/(///'
III,
ni'iii
.\'/(/
iiiiilil, .v<
till
iti'i-tli
mill
hniiiitiillhtriiil
in,L;l\
/|..;o
nil,
.\tli.
^I'lv ,'
iii't'Tii'iif I'fi
I
iirii,
eternit\"
and and st'em
iewiny; the kill
(lisi'o\-er\"
.ulint
did not take
in:
tomb
the will
.Man
C.ardiner
the
lie
uiist.airs lyL;\
alter
(lav
for the lirst time: ''riiere is
enough
M|useum|.
I'
.\nd
so
It
was
to
11
princ.
obscure owner and occu])anl l)e(-ameo\-eini,uhl a
IliiS^lSul
im.a.ume
pliansedioiiof the the .ureatest lind
is
I'ulankhamun,
ol this
l)ul /
III,
lyi;\
pi(i|o^\
the
treasure store.
household name. The disco\cr\
/
II
;,,-,i/,r, ,//iv (,///,
1
e\er m.lde.'
r
iltiii's: ••III
hiilliiiiith^ihliil
Tt.iiMin:
an
as y'arn.aivon excitedly scribbled to
|-Vypiolo,m.M
r.|rilish!
II
lin'il,..-.ih stiiiiliti iiiuntis
tllllil
to
'I'lliilllkilillllllll ,1:
itiirl'.iiiiiiiii;
Hill
sink
to
i1h.
sIulTlo '
for
condition: and exerywhere the
loiyi,'
\
//.iii>
untouched
in perfect
of .uold. The eiiormitx of the
C liitnth,
((',"/'"--""(
!lo
llickei'in.L; li,L;lu,
i.<
iriiliiis III
III!
trom
in
the e\ra\ators'
b,\
lit
a breathtakin.u arra\' ol lunerary lurniture
lay
ritual li.uures. iKiiihli Tuliiiikliiimuii
(/
nwY.v
Tlu 'l'"»:h
bcUwfn.
a'ljjxarrd
Utk'.'l
Ixm
ci-nwn
a
\n
Carler's
and a lunib and ib.f
knt-w
'/'/(/
'uiikii
\i.t\- niiicli lar,L;t.'r
a dtvadc
ib.t.-
"/'
'H'lnb
cNn-a-
b.alf df\-n;rtl
slud\" n\ \\>
and
Tular.khanuiii
his
Iniii-i-lf.
liiu-
cxkiisiM-
li
pi i>tri"r,\
ir
.
\\i irkri',
drawings and
Sfrii'S
Harry lUindii
linitily
made
ill
iha;
i>
ri\-unslrucli(ins
and
tlu-
nf siipt-rb phuinijraphs niadt- b>"
n\
\v\\ Vnrk's .Mctmijoliian Miist'uni
11/ Iniiisliin III ill
(loor\va\' of the iinimposin.i;
III,
])liai"aiil!>
iiiiblii-aiii'i'.
II
iliirk hliii
inliviiiiil
ii"Uinau-ly
nuiicukms
'iiulir.i;
this. ?
TiiliiiilJuiiiuin's null 'pic rliist liiii.
l-',,u'ypi
i:
Caru-r w a> a larflul and and iliadr niiii> on cvi-rx asiii-i'I ihe di-Oiwry. Thr-r noU> MirviNr. In.UflhiT wilh; i-'i
,!,'(',/,
\W-
Ripi'ii iifmii tin
ajiijriipi-iak-
aPi
li'.c
died, a di>illu>iiinrti ar.d
;rrasni"fs bt-lUT lh;m L'arUT
.1
ilic
a.ll
in.uiidrd mt'i'rh a> a lasu-r fur
bt'iii
dinai'\- carcci-.
ointtT.ls.
\''V
•^k-yx-yw.v >ina-.
:>•
Hi-- il'.rff-\-.iluinf
wlmii
It.
Ainiin. wliR-b. wiaild .ork.
^'^;.
;aal,
luir -1
Caniar\nn'-
l.nrd
iiw- tn rnnipk-u- hi>
r\haiistt-dnian. in '
T'j:;;r.'-N!',;;
:h./
'a. Id.
I'ni'ajjs ik.r real riu>i- n\
Caru-rdidi Iniiib
,
licIiinibiifTiiIaiikl'.aimir. .ucnrrali-i; a;
and
liiiii.
-i".
.rv. -j i;.;K-r^
:hr thnll -! :hr cha-i-.
lrc;!>urf
l)li;)lk-il\-
a- a -'
I
:•-
:i::r;
Lire:::
ir.
])rr--. T!.r
:l'.c
on the map, and
'I'liaiaoh's
tomb'
tiiiiii till
became
the \anlstick by
(liscoNcries
would
in
which
future
all
be
ariiitieolo.Ltical
me:isure(l.
No
of .\ruluniy<; dii'ck'araiu'i' of the lomli. lx'(|Ufathi'd lo
Carlei-'s
nieee.
I'lnllis
Walker,
m
VXWK
ihis
:
.'I
:iu' ;'iiii!)::i:(l thc;iii::(;iiilir- lii-iii~ci\i\- 'jul
;icnrrti
11!
w
Thr.LjMid rki;l\
I'.icl;
'I
;i'.;:i;ki::;iiii:i:
luii
'lu-r wrrriiuTri'.
I'liiilaini-d
,l:Ii
and
;)ni\a(!fs a
i-mia
rniiii'iiicd iiiiiciiu'
".r>. ur.di'rwivir.
'.louic-.
iiiurr
I!
liai)])\
I
(T, l;r
iiu.uiil
(\i>U'iUT
insmiil
iiild
111
:hi-'i]ic
li
loi; ;)i<
,-
.]
-'.
Tu;,-ip.kl!;;n'!iin'~
iidiI;
:l;iii,i;. isii;;^-
'l.r ::fl('. lri-1; ii^l-.;
:ii;i;,
i.<
.'.
n:.
ni.-.-k, :l:i- u-'Ari-. llir -ik'nt! ii.mirc-. -l:.-
ini.'iui lui'riiiin-
i\\>, ;.rni\\--. ^Ii^ «•-.
iiii!)
ii'.
llic
n'ii:ii
am:
i'('
fur
:,
alUTwi
^ridi.
Ii
ihc iialiin-
'il
Tiilaii-
\".v;.,,;„. A',
PALESTINE Jerusalem f Zakariya \fl^
Tell
Gaza^^-
Egypt
•
and her northern
(kft)
neighbours (above). The Nik in ancient times,
as today,
was bordered on
either side
by inhospitable desert.
By
its
annual ebb and flow, the river sustained life and gave a vital rhythm to the existence of the country's inhabitants. The precious, silt-rich strip of 'black land'
was reserved for dead were
the living:
tlie
consigned
to the lifeless
desert, in cemeteries generally
sited
on
where
the west bank,
Re was seen to end of each day. During the New Kingdom. the sun-god 'die'
at the
Egypt's principal necropolis
was situated in Western Thebes. Here, following a brief reign
and surrounded
by his treasures, the young
king Tutankhamun was laid to rest in
a rock-cut tomb
close to his forefathers. site
was a dried-up
known
The
river bed
world as Valley of the Kings. to the
tlie
Tutankhamun lived and died against a backdrop of one of the richest and most sophisticated periods of Egyptian
an age of international power-politics, religious and unbounded artistic and literary creativity brought to fruition largely by the will of one man: his father, the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten.
history,
turmoil,
The king's only known son, Tutankhamun succeeded to the throne as a mere child following the brief intervening reign of the enigmatic Smenkhkare. Tutankhamun's legacy was a country physically and spiritually drained
following his father's neglect of the traditional pantheon and imposition of the Aten cult, centred upon the new capital
at
el-Amama. With the boy's accession, the
Amama experiment was brought to an end; the religious factions were reconciled
and the country returned
to
relative normality.
But little of this was the young king's doing. Where Akhenaten had been strong, Tutankhamun was weak: behind the gold mask of the all-powerful god-ruler is the face of a vulnerable and manipulated little boy, a mere cipher for the deeds and aspirations of others.
Portrait of the
chUdMng: head
detail
of a gessoed and painted wooden
(no. 8) from the tomb.
-^uiAfloflruutQ^c^Aivwu^R^^
hi
I
'
Tutankhamun and His Time
ltflllM«l«f«l>t««l«llltfl«IMnff«fM)«fMtf)«ffff«l«>l«l|iH«tM«tfft<««f«lf«<»MI«>m«»ftl«Mftn
Dynasty
TJic IStli
.-1 .iii; \\i-
,
,l;r
ii;)iii;
ill!'
Amarna
'I
i;iini-;l:rlf^-
winch
,(';'. 1
ir.,L;.
ir;U-i-i>u-(l'.hrl-;,i;:.
!;ii.
Till-
lii-si
I'XiJuiMnii /'•^
/
AkaiKiM'.
-It-;)
Iniintii'i-
(l\iia>n" ol ilk'
The
rciKii
iif
a^ a
rule
wilh
Ih'niiikI
iiioi'./c \Mirkir;,u.
ii:
a,L;rkiil;urr aiu: uartarr,
New
ihi>
ilu-
a >:iimiliis a
wmikl
;»ilu-\
the
!)>
ISili
d\i'.as!y.
-,.,
,
I IK
,
,
,
I
,
/iiisiiildlinji ni Asiiitli
nihrsui
,i,:rthvni
/cNi
<
1
,
k1
nn
l-(ir in iiiv
1
a
IjnillkT >eiul 1
me
II
Udkl
.
III
Ihiiiii
Iniiiiliil .«i IK
I'luiidnh.
Ill
iri'iii Ihi
(I
"
Kini; Tii-hraila nl Miianni to I'liaraeli
I'haranh TiKliim
isi>
I.
AhniuM^V
fiiunh
calaracL
III
W'l'.l;
;l'.f
Vynm lyuApl b( )Ui"s
the
\'er\-
was
be,L;'iniiin,t;s
of her reeorded histdrNa
dl
and Anirnnpba^. ])illa.m-
II.
an
\\a~ fdlldUfd.
I'll,
n.uitxillii 01 Allhlli'lihls r,lll/'l..
IVltll Its
l:,il>Yni,.n,i,.'liii,iiis
iralial in.
the
and die
h; du- xiudi. Nubia \\a~ under die Nuvrov dr -KinK > Sdii dl Kushk WeaUli pdured inld ihe eiilk'is tA die lyt;)])'(if
inbule.
.
lan
kin.t;
l-;.i,'\i)ds
die
and
raw
dt his iiriiU'iiKil .k'dcL
Aniondve,
in
and nianpdwer. nol d!il\vassals bul by dipldinaiie exehan.ue
llilliles
nialeiaals
(in
Anatdlial.
nunhern
Medileri'anean
in
i)resenl-da\'
and deserts
to
the rulers o\ the Cireek
llieudrth, eatarael re.yidii in the south,
iiiiissin
III
a land apain. isdialed fiMni hir nei.uh-
by the nalural boundaries
luipli-
iMiiMilidalKiii
'
furiii (if
''"
III ,lt l.ll\:>l
\nien(iphi>
tmiili
in Si'hkhiitiji iSi'.h--} at
lirsl
'lie
expldilecl direcll\
?
rnriiMii hiiiii< lull /e tlitir
buis
;hr
j)nnai-
Kiii.udiiiii.
pkuKit-r and;
iniiidsilidn
a.
\er\ yreat (|uanni\.
bn.ilier's land Kdld is aMilentiful a>
:^.,•
lii7ii
Ix-
Tlichar!
r.drdi.bx' dif eslahiishnifiit df \assal rulers
Inhiili.-liu
i
Knilllinllll l.Vid
\\a> lialaiictxi by a ])nvt;iv>sinn
;b.i'
(if
iii,L;h.I
Mile. \\iiiir>.-c(i a ;iluiiiinuiial rxli-n-
under ru;hm(isi> \)h:\>c
)r(
|{L;\i)uan ])u\\cr noi-;liwanis ai
aiu!
ra'a-s.
mi"
Nfw
"t
>iim'»(ir hut >iiiii
ll'.r ir.
.,:
llic
;)nan^.L,T
Ihk-d^
ihc
(if
•;
-i\!rii'.;l) ctT.iur
Ml in|-cii;r. rnr.iai-, ir.(icc(; ]>rn\ kK-c';
r^])all^lllni>I ])ulir\- Ml
a-
\-.\z\ ;)i
>!--
,m-iaTa;i(iii>
1\ i.:-( i~
anvaia'r-
,L;rca',
n',:ii;rati' iH
Im laiir
ialcr
:j\
,i
(
niakii'.u. \vra\
;)Mi;i'r\
Lii^iduai
uf ihr -cN rr.UTiah
Chai'aaa-n/.ct:
i'\.
luiniilialir.,i;" '')]n>: m1 II
:lir
^^
:;\\:;rri!r—
\:r\'.
:.
M'xcp mail \ ranic
l\ i^^(l-. kii;,i;>
ir>
:>\v
1i\
|j!i.-;i>
l';,L,r\
\~i;!lic- will
Before
,;l;k^ .!
i-i:
wurli;.
Mii;-u:i-
'Ai.l:
Milanni
Syria!. .\ss\ na. isles.
die
frdiii
wnh
(Nahaian.
in.
Halnlon and
(Far kft) Amenophis HI,
'the
Magnificent', clutching the kingly heqa-sce/)/re
and
wearing the blue crown with uraeus-serpent and streamers
and &hthy\i-coUar: a fragment of limestone relief from the Theban tomb of
Khaemhat (Left)
(No. 57).
Queen
Tiye,
shown
with coarsely braided wig,
double uraeus
and diadem
inscribed at the front with her
rmme: a small head of green found by Flinders
steatite
Petrie at Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai.
When Amenophis BC,
III
came
to the throne in 1391
Egypt was at the centre of the world stage. As the
diplomatic correspondence reveals, during the
found at ei-Amama
37 recorded years of his reign the in full
and at peace.
A god
the benefits of an empire stable
Pharaoh was
a monument of eternity and everlastingness, of fine sandstone worked with gold throughout [its] '.
king and his influential queen, Tiye, reaped incarnate,
and elsewhere. The king's mortuary temple, its position today marked by the famed 'Colossi of Memnon', was perhaps the most sumptuous of all:
sufficiently powerful to
.
.
.
pavements
.
.
.
made pure with
.
.
silver, all its
doors with
fine gold'.
short-change his neighbours in the diplomacy of gift-giving,
and received
their princesses into his
harim with no thought of exchange. Great building works were undertaken, including a new palace complex with a vast, man-made lake at Malqata on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes, and temples, shrines and other structures at Luxor,
Kamak, Sulb
Amenophis III was buried in a large, rock-cut sepulchre begun by his father, Tuthmosis IV, in the western annexe of the Valley of the Kings. This tomb. No. 22 in the Valley sequence, was
first
noted
Egypt cent',
in the reign of
was a
Amenophis
III,
'the Magnifi-
nation at the height of her power and
prestige; she was, at the
same
time,
decadent and ripe for change.
come with a vengeance with
an Egypt
effete,
The change would
the theological crisis of
the succeeding reign.
scarcely less splendid than his mortuary temple.
The
broken fragments yielded by Carnarvon and Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1915 (p. 48) would offer many tantalizing hints of its former glory.
by two members of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition L-shaped ground-plan, characteristic of 18th-dynasty royal tombs, was elaborated by the
in 1799. Its
addition of
two extra rooms
off the enlarged.
easternmost store-chambers of the decorated burial chamber. One of these 'suites' is thought to have
weir chamber
foundation deposits of Tutfitnosis IV
been intended for the king's principal wife, Tiye though, since she outlived her husband, it would seem never actually to have been employed. The great royal wife
was probably buried
at
The Tomb of Amenophis III
el-Amama
by her son, Akhenaten. though during the reign of
Tutankhamun her
mummy
was
transferred to
Thebes for reburial in Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings (p. 20). The remains of both king and queen have been identified among a group of royal mummies found in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35) in 1898, where they had been hidden at the time the necropolis was dismantled at the end of the New Kingdom. The burial of Amenophis III was perhaps the most magnificent of any Egyptian king, in a sepulchre
-
store
chamber
Akhenaten and
the
Amarna Age Akii
\VliMM-«M,'«liu-;>
l^r;ul, trulliHi;, i:i',.
1','n,
W liM Whn
Ihuill
whu
sti'M'S hiir.
Whii kukIi'S the W'hi l)I-u\lSlnIi<
ui><:
l:i>l:i.,nr(i.
his niakii-.
I'l
rniu.-ni> hini with that wh.u-h. iilra>r<
!aii
h.i~ /.v.
\x-fft\ hiiii,
wh"
I'nr hiiii
ciilhiniu-ii hiii:.
his hnllSl' uf L-lLTllitV
Wiih iiiilh..ii>. h.uiidiV(hth(iusaiKis ol thin->. Wh.n i-xahs Ak-n. nia,i,'iii!it's his naiiu\
Whu
u
iF.iriv^iiti Til,
caiisfs the land tn
to hi> iiiakrr
b<_-lun,t;
.
.
?
.
aiuluiUi-ihdnn'l .
\ti
n'<
I5nunclarv str!a ^ al ivAniania
iiiiin, >.
With ihf pi"ematurf death
rii"
the
heii'-appai'tiil.
'riilhmnsis. the siuvessiiin passed in
r,e
in
I'niiee Anienoijhis, a NininKi-'i' ^'"i "' Anieiiophis
111
\'.)7i\
and his ehiel ennsnn. Tiye. The new kinsj;, wim had perhaps aeted asC(i-i"e,uent with his lathef tnr a slmn while belore the latter',- death, was to waste Itltle time
.\nieniiphis
his eharaeter
staiiii) I'lit
iliiii^ncitril
inn af
and
life Al)l(l!iif>jlis I\' flnlll
si'ius
lit
mil nj
ivurk
kiii,!^'<
KiiniiA.
liiiipli
rmii/ilix
and
tn reign Inr 17 years,
upon
to
The main
e\en
laiialit'.al.
e\'ei"y asix-et ol lyg\"ptian
eultiire.
e.\i'liisi\'e, III'
Ihi'snilptiirlliliiirirliiliii till
thousands of sandstone
feature of his nile
was an
changed
his
name
/(//(//(//-blocks re-eniployi-d
^'ear
I>\"
.\khenaten
is-content'l to
coincident,
lhe-.\ten'l
.\nienophis \\ had
(i.
(whiiii ma\' be translated '.\muii-
it
Cl le-who-is-benelicial-Io-
seems,
with, the start of
II
sliikiiii; riilnssiil
.^tiiliiis fpiiliii/is Ilk
was
l\'
traditional god-king
as building rubble.
asserting hinisell.
in
Whether by intention or not. the had become di\ iiie-dictator. The eaii\' \"ears of the rei.gn were taken u\) with extensu'e building works at Karnak. monumentlater dismantled by l'hai"aoh's successors and the worshipi.)ed him.
III
minor
.\ten. .\ relatueh'
personal tlevotion to the asix'i't
of the sun-god. Re-
llorakhty, the .\len had alreach' aehiexed a certain pri
iminenee under Tutlimi
l-'roin
were written
m
end
to the
names o|
111.
the .\ten
was shown as
a.god in its
hands presenting
'life'
was
to be thi'
symbol
ot a
new
imiiosed upon Ins subjects by I'haraoh.
Its
order basic
tenet is spelled out in the dreat ll\-mn to the .\ten. a
version of which the courtier
successor)
mankind.
inscribed
(destined
In this
ol
the
upon to
there
the tomb-walls of
be Tutankhamun's but one god. the
is
and gentle
sole I'reator
of
benel'actor
h\inn. a masterpiece of literature
composed
lieiiiajis
nature
is
.\\-
at el-.\niarna:
the
.\ten.
maintained
b\'
the king hinisell. the true
.Amarna
re\"olulion
necenheless
sttmds revealed:
I
)iil\
i- iio
\oiir
,iihcr
soi-i
wliu kiinws vou,
Nclerkhrpriire w.iriiie .\meiiiiphis |
l\'l
.
,
accos to the god would be through the mlermediacy of I'haraoh tilone. the .\ten and his sixikesman became in effect one and the same: riiaraoh worshipped the disc, and the poijulace
Smci'
the birthplace of
b\'
el-
its teiTitorx'
was m Tutankhamun. Here.
a strong militarv' presence, the .-Xten
.\ten's ollicial
The
name
I'MSts in
earlier first occurs
two
i)rincipal
accom])anying the
falcon-headed form of the god. and, subseciuently. a pair of cartouches (stressing the
ambiguity
l)etween god and king), as the earlier name-form of
sun
ra\-ed
tlu'
adojiled
disc. In the .Alen's later
about
in
^'et^r
;)
of the rei.gn,
Shu has been
lloi'akht\" .'ind
all
droiJix-d.
name
form,
mention of This name
chan.ge probtibly niai'ked the pinnacle of .\khenaten's
towards the old order.
hoslilil\-
It
was
accompanied by the erasure hum all accessible monuments of any reference to .\mun and the old I)olytheistic religion, including the
.Amen- element
in
own original name. This persecution was to mark the beginning of the
his t'ather's
end.
There
lonzon-ol-the-
reigned supreme.
withm
disc
I'l
a series ol 'boundar\" stelae',
b\"
all pi'ohabilitx"
The
(iiU'cn.
capital: .\khetaten
m .Middle l'-g\pt. This new cit\".
demarcated
forms.
noses of both the king and his principal
new
a
dedicated to the worship of the disc al
.\inai'na
which
Nelertiti.
The
.\ten').
(the hiei"o.glypli aiikh)
a solardise(or,globe)emittiiigra\s
ri.glit:
in
and .\meno]5his
the
o\al eartouehes, like those of the
king. In addition, the .\ten
own
isis l\'
Year^of .\inenophisl\'.
work on
With
and
his
the I'losuri' of the traditional shrines, the
economic slabilit\' ol the l-'g\i)tian state was serlousK' undermined: while, with the day-lo-da\' running of the counir\" left unsupervised in the
hands
of lesser
])oi)ulace
the
was
men,
rife.
posthumous
exiiloiiation of the disorientated
This negkvt would earn
j'liaraoh
.sobriquet 'criminal of .-Xkhetaten'.
(Left) This 'sexkss' colossus
/o^
^ n
from
Kamak was formerly
attributed to
Pharaoh
himself, giving rise to
a
plethora of doubtful hypotheses concerning his
p^°
masculinity. It
is
now
recognized as most probably
an image of the
^^
king's
principal wife, Nefertiti.
(Below
left)
and his
The sculptor Bek as depicted on a
wife,
quartdte stela carved by the
man
1|0)
MM A
The Art The
of
00
Amama
Amama period has given its name to a unique
and markedly st>'lized art, at its best highly sensual, at its worst wholly repellant, in which many of the age-old formalizations were abandoned. Gone are representations of the king-as-hero, to be replaced
by grotesque images of the long-faced, pot-bellied reality which was Pharaoh, 'living according to
maat
["right"]', in perfect
harmony with
his loving
family and taking fullest pleasure in the beauties of
And
here again, remarkably, the impetus have come from above: as the royal sculptor Bek records, he was 'one whom his majesty nature.
seems
to
himself instructed'.
mmmmimmm
himself.
IhiridI and Eiu^ma of Tomb 55
AkJiciiatoi iJic i
.
Ml.
.
iiww.iihi
.
-nnw
'.s
^•lll-|.Hl^ i(iii i>\ Ik r;ir\
(iliHrlinii
Ihr l..Kh
1(1 (.1
ilif suKK'Cr-tiiin
.\klK-nati-i).
louiid (^lUTii
Taia
thai lir
.if i,\t\
a.m-
and ub^linalr
I):iv)s fnti-n.-iiiu-d a inn>i \i(i!cnl
liaii
had hn,x-d ihai he had and when he wa> al la>l
Ill-
\'\"i\\-\.
"on ihis ialhicy. he Mx-nicd In acl hniist as
UmuKh
:lcminealion of
di'siiin),' to
thi'
ionale state of
\eais
later, his
di'scended
nrui;n-iiih II
'"ii
Til,
.:.,.
Ixp,
rajiln-i
;;,v;
i'iinil)iiii! Ill'//
ll'nllhlllllil- liirii
tmiih
ii!
iiiiiliiiviiiM
h',iiji,ss,s III,
Aim
iil> III
ii
ii
,
III,
.1.).
slinivii
y Iniiib
sill,
Riiiiiissul
III
ilil^irliiiii
niii nihil
III,' liii-'^i
IX.A
iiiiniiisliiil: will hi
II
Tiiliiiihiiiiiiiiiii.
lliiilliinil Tiiiiih
,11
.
hiiici'i
mill
II
III
i-hiiiiihii
tiiiiih IS llii
Willis
soiiiiil liiilliHV. ii;,ii'
iviis sl,,l>l„ ,1 iiiiTl
III!
l.iiiihiiinsliMiiliil.
Iiisl'
Ixxlv.
mind
brain
upon him.
in this
,i,'a\e
y
obscure
He was
llie
still in
a
regard whu;. a lew
way, and
ti
tra.yie olil
kU,^
body appears to have been transferred by son Tutankhamun to the Valley of the Kings. The remains of this Theban reburial seem to have been brought to light in Tomb 55 during work sponsored by Theodore M. Davis (pp. 37-9) in 1907. Tomb 55 is one of the most controversial discoveries ever made in Egypt. Excavated by the English archaeologist Edward R. Ayrton under trying circumstances and in due course poorly published by Davis himself, no consensus has yet been reached on its precise nature or on the identity of its occupant. A single-chambered corridor tomb, it contained an assortment of objects, including a coffined mummy, a gilded w(X)den shrine, four canopic jars, and a set of so-called 'magic bricks'. The material falls neatly into two groups. The principal element of the first group was the shrine, originally prepared for Akhenaten's mother and giving the title to Davis's published account of the find. The Tomb of Queen Tiyi. The second group included the coffined mummy, canopic jars and 'magic bricks', objects which the inscriptions on the bricks would seem to associate with the king's his
Akhenaten himself. In all likelih(X)d, the shrine indicates Tiye's original presence within the tomb.
Her
mummy
and
most of her funerary equipment, however, were missing, ix'rhaps removed when the tomb was stumbled upon during the course of quarrying the overlying tomb of Ramesses IX (No. 6); the dismantled shrine had been abandoned when the workers discovered that it could not be extracted without corridor.
first
The
clearing the rubble that filled the
mummy
of Tiye has been recognized
by American researchers among those bodies later in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35), though
cached
the identific-ation
The Tomb 55
is
not universally accepted.
coffin
prepared originally for
and canopic
had been Kiya, a secondary wife of jars
Akhenaten and perhaps Tutankhamun's mother (p. The names of the subsequent owner had been excised from the coffin, presumably at the time the mummy of Queen Tiye was removed from the chamber. Physical and blood-group similarities between the unidentified occupant of the coffin and 9).
the
mummy
of
Tutankhamun
(p.
117) are
remarkable; indeed archaeological considerations
(Above) Kiya: a caldte
Mfrom Tomb
suggest that the anonymous b(xiy ought to be that of
canopic-jar
Akhenaten himself, Tutankhamun's father. However, the estimated age at death of the Tomb 55 corpse reduced since the initial analysis from 25/26 + to 20 years remains problematic; even by the most conservative reckoning, Akhenaten must have been
55. superimposed upon a photograph of the coffin.
at least
30 when he died.
(Below)
One of the gilded Queen and a line-
side-panels from
Tiye 's shrine,
draum
detail by
Harold Jones.
1
.
Nefertiti
and
the Succession II
1
1
I
II
I
\i hi
AklK-iiak'ii's ijniK'ipal \mIi- \\a> the bfaulilul Xeli-r iili.
>u!)lfi"i 'if
W'c-l
and
ilii'
lanioiis ImifsloiH- pm-trail Inisl
I'ktIiii 121:1001.
nvw
Rcsuarrh
(kradc
iht- la>l
a half lias iiiclifau-d dial the inip(iilaiict' nl
(|iift.ii
durin.i; die
Aiiiania pern
ilk-
\va> i)i"iihahl\ lar
id
dun
ii~t
(
--1.I1
I
\t
11-
\1
fr,'iti
llii
il-Aiiiiiniii. Til,
sriillitnr
biikinri iirliii
,ii' lli(
nd
iiinij'li
by
liii,i!
It
Ihhiilyiiiu
I'/ III
j>i,
,i,li,(il,
in
n
I-
lit
\t
It
hi
)tlit_i
I
lit
I
I
1
\
1
11
11
t
RhtLii' ittin
I
I
ill
I
\t t
1
ititi
ntw tin
It
uk
(
nil
III
I
ojtiii
iiistnirtiniuil rail lyi
wfi
hv Ihf sniiliir
Akiii iiiiUii
mid
'Siiiiiiklikiiyt'.
III
I
lji)i,
ilmili'il
tnniiirlyhilnrnl
I'„s,
lii
Ills rii-!i!,'i lit.
Till
sliliiiciis
mid
III
illiir
iiidnidiiiil IS iimiiid: tin
tlin,
III
ii'iiif'liti d.
riiiptyrmliiiiiliis lildinitt
mi
iiniii'tlnh'ss.
.
thus,- nt
ti^'iin s iin
mid
'*-**'
mcktd
In nil,
-iiiliiy IS />i't si III.
lh'i_L;lit) ,li
mik
.
Ins in,
III.
,
tin
iii^lit
tlitit
.-\l;ln
tin
initiii
Sttirtiti. Tin
ijiiiiiTs ix,;f)tniintl stiitns is
simicii hy tin iiiiirs tin
tart that sin
hiiidv di'iihli-rmtcii
„irppn-midI...wirF^ypt.
tilt
flints
Hit- (if
indk
iiid
thf
iti
~
n-
mif
iit
tl
tlt-t
unit
1
i
It
n 111
II
thf quffii's naiiifs. l)flMVfd
ii
tt
ViiKhkluiJiuit -
kli
in
iinun lud
itiiut-n ift;fii
II
iiitutd
t
li^htiy-n'i'i^lit lihistir.
Pirliiifis hiruiisi
1
«
1- i])])t t
li
idtiiiitt' I
d
-t
I
It
ill
n
\hi
I
1
I
ii-ni|Ii it
itjtiit
t
I
II
It
)
I
)
1
I
I
t
I-
I
I
;ttnu-ui]x(
l\i
~l
1
(
(
1
t
idtntt It
1
K(
will
liinitih bi
I
1
u
^t -11]
^i -
iiK
\
I
)
I
I
^1
1
II
1
llli
ini
Ml
IK
rrmcii in
till
\ll
nil
\l
I
Ill
!
I
I
1
u
111
II
K
lit 11
1
ul
t
d
w In
11
lui
1
ill
n - -tt
-uul\
with thf
,,/
II
Xtkiiitliu
)1
hi
hii.-
i-i
nisi
tin
lit
till
p^
)
pill id
1
I
1
h
I'llllll,,! IlllltStnll,
ni Wfoiiti.
i-~
qipi
I
III
i\liiil
Ih/tl
nil
i
1
I
^
^1
I
I..
I
I
ht
^ln di
t
~t\n
UTealiT than pi\'\aiiiisK- recnunizt-d.
d
^1
II
I
-t
I
~
')(
I
I
till
I
d
1'
III
1
b u
llrlt II
ii<
•
111
IIIK
\i
in.
II
11
1
I
-
nit ,,\
t
kki
\nd lU^tit
niK Ixii-
Akhfitattii'.
but
'his'
nomen occurs on a number
of faience ring
bezels in the feminine form Ankhe^kheprure.
and
Nefertiti
the Successi
Akhenaten died in his 17th regnal year, leaving Egypt and her empire in tatters after the years of introspection and neglect. Subsequent developments are difficult to follow. The appearance of a king Ankhkheprure Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru is documented towards the end of Akhenaten's reign, and it is tempting to see this ruler as the ultimate manifestation of the former great royal wife, Nefertiti.
She
it
may
well
have been who,
in
a desperate
attempt to retain power after Akhenaten's death, wrote to Suppiluliumas I, king of the Hittites, asking for a son to marry and consolidate her position. A copy of the letter was found in the Hittite archives at Hattusas in modem Turkey, and is an indication of the depths to which proud Egypt had sunk:
A son I have not. But to thee, they many. If thou wouldst give me one son become my husband. Never shall I pick out a servant of mine and make him my husband!
'My husband
died.
Fragmentary limestone inscription from the North Palace at el-Amama. The column of text on the left was erased in antiquity and
say, the sons are
reinscribed for the king's
of thine, he would
daughter Meritaten. The
...
I
am
of these usurpations traces of the on this and other monuments reveal - not 'victim
'
was Kiya, as
afraid!'
original text
Suppiluliumas was astounded, and sceptical: 'such a
my whole life'. There was an interchange of messengers, and a son, Zannanza, duly despatched, only to be murdered en route to Egypt. Smenkhkare disappears after a brief independent reign, and the spotlight shifts to a child no more than nine years of age: Tutankhaten, better thing has never happened before in
known today by
his later
name of Tutankhamun.
Nefertiti,
as was once
thought.
Nefertiti,
wearing her
characteristic, flat-topped
crown, makes offerings to the
Atenona times tone block from
temple
elAshmunein.
23
:
Who Was Tiitankhamiin?
1
\
to
-\
•-^
o 'A
J
|)i->i)ilr
llic
^
rriiiain^
an
^
17
;/M
.
iiuiiiiiiu \
(p.
i/;;.-r;;V;.
ha>
^liick
T:
a,m'. lia\in,u
ediilirni.- ihai
is
ihere naiiiedl was iiuk'ed ihe son
Tlh hiru
less, in
,i> I\i\;
bin
I'dnii
h',>/<.nili<'
I'iil;,.
AiiiKii III
ts
.<,
ti'/ii
til,
,
, .
,
I>(l,nvi
hull, I
Til,
hill,
I'liliiiiklmiiiiiii's In
t(>j>t',>sit,
ill
(//
I
/III
w
riilankhtiiiiun
,,.,
III,
till'
thmiKh
itii
;i
\\
aeiMss die ri\er
i
(jI
seeiii>
a
kiii.u.
(
\i,
lia\'e
been
Aineiinphis
Jliieial
I
I
Nexerdie-
III.
ioiiy" eii-i"e,L;eiU'\"
was
a sdii
(if
i
1
in i
between
i
il
II
identitx
t'r,i"iiii iiliii\ sii
the latter.
i
ml
i
u
I
with eer-
in establish
1
'ruttinkh.aniun's
"f
iimtlier.
was
not his
wi\es
stands out: the ,, >hlaiiniaii
bnrne
timl eoncuhines.
one
Kua, -,.,,, adiikhepa.
prinet'ss
I
I
iii
>
II
i
l\
I
-
)
1
ii
i
1
i
\
1
I
^
some with
',
1
1
i
i
iii
Tusliratta, sent to
l\t!;\pl to
between the two eountries
cement
1
I
K
I
1
,
dtuiKliter
oi
treal\- reltitions
I
at the start of
the
rei.yn.
II
\
1
i
1
1
11
],
i
in ]i;irticular
ideiitilii-d b\'
hid\"
\t
i
Aklieiititeii nil sons:
wile. .XnioiiK the kiiiK's
oiil\-
\
i
1
11
1
II
1,1'nih ,)i Ahliiiiiiti II
,! Aiiiiiniii.
lai'kin.L;
de.nrei'iif inlornied s])eeulation IS i)(is>ible.
seeoiidars' ,
ri'Vi/l
is
Nelertili tippetirs to lia\e
but she ml.
e\idence
Itiinis'
'''^'
n;:iii
i-n\al
;ind Akhenateii. thepnibabilit\" imi-t
,
hirtli'
\
a:
lallei'
Ritiiiii In
tin
1,1
<>l,>sil,
tlitit
'> rei,t;ii
die abseiiee "f a
Ameniiphis be
SI,
'he
i
Tiilankhz/aten (as he
nil
stress his assoeialion
naiiH
iire>nniabK
dunne
In
nminl .\iimnuL
nilhn.h.xv:
1''
"'•'
I
,,ii-,:iiiini!iiilly
i!U!<-n-
boiai,
ehAshnumem
poliex' chirin,!:; llie
siihnri
been
.'!>
i
In--
been iiuesiinned. an mseiaiMiur.
il;,;n,rht,riim>h
iii,uti'\ tin
Ii'ijiii
Akhenaleii, AllhdU.eh hi>
i-ei.^n "I
Minieliinej~
ehAiiiarna
Tui:!r.';l:,'!iiuir.
juii.nf
(iit'd i)i'rli;ij)^ a-- vniiii.L;
Ill-
brmi.uhl in h.uin al ,/.
Tn
li.uiirr-
Akhelaleii Iniodei'n el-Aiiiarnal, half ,A die
.W':./-,
Kil.
hi> iiiinal.
1)1
tiii,t;iiialic 1
ui'
t-ai's
ri(i'.ni-»
M
'
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
.
.
The Names of Tutankhamun At his accession
to the throne
sequence of five to each ruler.
titled
an Egyptian king adopted a formal 'titulary', a names. The combination of names chosen was unique
1 the HoRUS* name: Kanakht tutmesut, 'Strong
bull, fitting-of-created-foTiis'
2 the Nebty* or 'Heof theTwo-L.\dies' name: Ne/erhepu segereh-taivy sehetepnetjeru nebu. 'Dynamic-of-Iaws, whocalmsthe-Two-Lands, who-propitiatesall-the-
gods' (variants:
(i)
Wer-
ah-Amuti, 'Great-of-thepalace-of-Amun'; neb-er-djer,
'.
(ii)
.
.
.
lordof-all')
Huy at Thebes - though whether Pharaoh himself ever took the field has been doubted. But the principal event of the reign was in the viceroy
the domestic sphere. Early capital of Egypt
Memphis,
on the administrative
was moved back from el- Amama to
with
Thebes
re-established
as
the
country's religious centre. At the
abandoning the
-aten
same time, by forms of their names in Year 2,
3 the Gou)E.\ F.ALCON name: Wetjes-kliau sehetepnetjeru, 'Whodisplaysthe-regalia, whopropitiates-the-gods' (variants:
(i)
Heqa-maat
sehetepnetjeru, 'The-one-
who-brings-together-the-
the royal couple signalled the formal resurgence of
cosmic-order. who-
Amun
propitiates-the-gods':
and the
traditional
pantheon following the
years of proscription under Akhenaten. Promul-
gated by decree at
Memphis and recorded
in the
regalia-of-his-father-Re";
retrospectively-dated 'Restoration Stela' (extant in
(iii)
two
em
copies, later
usurped by Horemheb), this one
(ii)
Wetjeskhauyotef-Re, 'Who-displays-the-
Wetjeskhau tjes-tauy .
.
who-keeps-
the-regalia,
course of Egyptian history.
the-Two-Lands-together
4
^
"Who-displays-
.,
event marks the reign as pivotal to the subsequent
the Preno.vien. which
commonly group
follows the
nesu-bity, 'dual
king', traditionally
rendered 'King of Upper and Lower Egypt':
Nebkheprure, The-lordly manifestationof-Re'
5
the No.MEN,
introduced by sara, 'Son of Re':
Tutankhamun
heqalunu-shema. 'Livingimage-of-Amun, ruler-of-
Upper Eg\ptian-
^^^ van
Heliopolis' (earlier
variant: Tutankhaten.
Livingimage-of-the-Aten')'
Of these names, those most frequently encountered
are the
prenomen and the
nomen, written within an oval rope border, or cartouche. * Those
names marked with an
asterisk are not attested with the
iniageofthe-.Aten') form of nomen.
Tutankhaten
("Living-
-
Archaeology
Tlie
Oj
Tiitankhamiufs Reign
.\:i- :(-; »iri~:')k'
Tl:c
f(iii
-flccUM'l will 1;
I'Mirit-
iim;
a> a -iirpriM' In mar/v'
f\\-r\ llaiiu ir.si'n'icfi
;jfij|iif
li-ani :lia!
iti
wai; the lainuM.l' Tiraakli-
muir, iin,i;ina!fs Irnni hi> imiib. Tlif vduii.u kin.u's
laasn
-licirl
\s'a> a liiiu' <<( ri-adHr^irucUDii fullnwiii.ir
El-Amarna An
onKinaliiiK fi"<)ni rl-Amarna from el-Ashmunciii on the
iin|)()rlanl bl(K-k
Ithouyh
ri-C"\'cR'd
opposilc bank of the rivcrl records thf Tutaiikhaniuii
was
the son of a kint;
fraKnientary stela (I5erhn
1
fact that
(p. 24).
A
!197) from el-Aniariia
Tutankhaten) offering repi-esents 'Putankhamun to Amun and Mut. Man\- faience tniger Tings (as
inscribed with the king's
prenomen
(less
commonly,
have been found at this site. Whether as 'I'utankhaten the king had begun to prepare a tomb for himself at el-Amarna is unknown, though one of tlie abandoned workings in the ro\al wadi there his nonien)
(perhaps \o. 27?) mi.ght eoncei\ably (Riahll
The
Khoii.-;.
sun nj
Milt:
bhifk
mill
(I
urtiiiiti
stdtm
Ifutiins uf
Thebes
Tuttuikhiiiium. Uniiid hriiciil/i ,<;(iil's
Ihr pan'iiH'iit nf
llii/
Kiiniiik
saiictiKiry in the Cniii
The work
Temple n{ Ainiin at Kanuik
of reconstruction referred to in the
Restoration Stelae' went on apace (flclnic) I Inn iii
fliinnnn
Ainiin
lli<
tinil
eons/Ill.
Ill,
conii^lex of Kai-nak.
Karnnk.
(ircal I'lmplr
added
nf
.-X
figure of
at the great
temple
Tutankhamun was The
to the decoration of the third pylon.
dismantling of the .-Xkhenaten temples apix^rs to h,a\e begun during the young king's rei.gn, as also
the prerinet nf his fii'ililess
attributed to
and
Aiiiiiii
tlif fiK'ial
Ix-
hini.
ii!iJiiii-,i
Mill.
PRECINCT OF AMUN
L^_^ seventh pylon /I ^eighth pylon n'—f ninth pylon I
pylon ^fourth pylon third pylon fifth
/^\
I
-^W^»^—~y^y
-^if^^,_| ^'
^
1
I f
of the
cachette
» fr utenth I
PV'o"
Temple hypostyle
hall
I
WfVv
-iK\-i>~'ir-. ihr cx'fi;!
of
Mut
ti!'
,1,'r.i-
~.u!)~ti:uii::K '
if
:i;;- :R-'i\
li-tir.u' ^I'liii-
inunifiii-- aa'.d aru-la("'.>
amm-
cli-wis a. ii~
timiilf
u~iii"jifii
i;;.
i\\i;ui:
;>
i-.
^'l'
iiidu-a'.inr. nt >il
li
raii.u'c "I ll'.a,:
l'.a>
in,i;'-(li>iiiairJrti
•i)rt•lanaI^ in ihi- !uiiii:)lc>l nl (li>aai-cir(.l
iiiiprosinris.
hi>
r.i-cr-~il\-.
.i'.u
'ruianklauiiui'
Iruiii >i)k-r.(:i(l.
by
ic-- (iii\-i('U>
>fai
1, •^^S^!-'
the restoration of Atenist
damage
to the east face of
works attributed to Tutankhamun include the avenue of ram-headed sphinxes between the tenth pylon and the precinct of Amun's consort, the goddess Mut, and the sixth pylon and elsewhere. Other
the decoration of the exterior enclosure wall of the
court of the cachette (so-called because of the large collection of hidden statuary
Two
light there in 1903).
which was brought to
structures,
and represented by scattered
now
dismantled
were called the 'Mansion-of-Nebkheprure-in-Thebes' and the blocks,
'Mansion-of-Nebkheprure-beloved-of-Amun-who-setsThebes-in-order'.
Several stelae of
Kamak,
Tutankhamun
are
known from
including the well-known restoration texts
CG
one of which was perhaps erected in front of the third pylon. Another stela of the king before Amun and Mut stands before the north face of the seventh pylon. A great deal of sculpture from the reign has been found at Kamak, either of the king himself or of deities represented with his facial features. A colossal seated figure of a king identified as Tutankhamun, and an inscribed statue-base, were excavated from the court of the Mut Temple, as was a once finely inlaid calcite sphinx (Luxor J 49). Three standing statues of the king (Cairo CG 42091-2, Cairo JE 66757) were recovered from the floor of court I in the Great (Cairo
34183
4),
Temple
(the court of the cachette).
A fourth piece
from the cachette (Cairo CG 42097) shows Tutankhamun seated between Amun and Mut. A statue in the Louvre depicts the young king protected by the seated Amun (Louvre E 11609); probably from Kamak is an indurated limestone head from a coronation group of the king, with the hand of Amun resting 50.6).
A
upon
his blue crown, in
Colossal statue of Amun at
Kamak, carved in the image of Tutankhamun and originally inscribed with his
name. The monument was subsequently usurped by Horemheb.
New York (MMA
black granite dyad, or pair-statue,
Tutankhamun standing with Amun (who is shown in ithyphallic form) is in the British Museum (EA 21); it probably also comes from Kamak, as does a second black granite statue in the British Museum (EA 75) representing the king with representing
the attributes of the Nile
god Hapy.
statue of indurated limestone,
now
A in
fine double Turin (768),
from 'Thebes' and again probably Kamak, shows the king with Amun. A colossal figure of Amun with the features of Tutankhamun stands in the courtyard of the god's sanctuary; it has been suggested that its
companion figure, representing the female aspect of the god, Amunet, was carved during the reign of Ay.
A
statue of
Amun
with the features of the king
was
recovered from the cachette (Cairo JE 38049), while detached heads of Amun are in Cairo (Cairo CG
Copenhagen (Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek /EIN and elsewhere. A black granite statue of Khons (Cairo CG 38488) comes from the Great Temple. 38002), 35),
27
Tlu- unlini-hi-d l'riiin;i!
Civ
niruuir ni
Amcnophi^
cli\-i
iraktl duriii),' llif
ihf
III
Luxnr \\a>
al
'I'uiankhamun, wiih jjorlraiis
i-(i).'n iii
(liMir iainl5>
of the north wall.
and wcsl walls llomnhcb.
Olx-l-U'Sliva! oi: ilK-fa>l -ul)Si-(|Ufntly usurjXfl In 19^1, a :-i'ncs of
colonnadfd I'oun
u-sl-bjnnns
m
made
'I'cniplf of
oi' tin-
so tailed 'LuNor
ol liu-
ui-iv
!)>'
unf\|xrlcdl\- brou.ulit lo till'
nl' ihi' kinj,' i>n
The sivm-s
a tn'nup of
lij^hl
tlu-
Luxor ':i2
slauics.
rarJii lt('. buiiL-d in alxiul llu-
numlxT
founh a-ntur\
i;i.
IraKnit-'nls of a
bkn'-panucd calfite sphinx insiritx'd
iii:xin its
Amoiij,' tluMr
shoukkr with
tlu- (.-artouchi-
uert- si'veral
of
Tutankhaninn, ir,.7w-;/
Two
mhoand a clay
laifiuv niiK Ix-Zfls
Tutankhamun (jxrhaps
si-al
impression of
also a limestone lintel
usunx-d b\ Horemheb) were found amoiiK the ruins of the palaee of Anienophis III a! Malqata. Tutankhaiiiun's mortuary temple was probably erected in the \icinity of Kamesses Hi's later funerary monument al Medinet Habu. Two eolossiil quartzite statues from this temple, which was employed to celebrate the cult of the dead king, were found reused in the mortuary temple of Ay and Horemheb. inscriix-d b\- .\y (Cairo JK 59869-^)1:51?; Chicago lbS8). .\ hi.gh priest of Tutaiikhamun's Orlnst funerary cull. I'serhat, is attested on a stela fragment 1
in
Museum
the ^ktroIX)litan
(MMA
Ifi.l.L'):
|I-"A .')S721
1
of .\rt in
New
carries the inscription of a
'S'ork
Museum
a shabli ti.gure in the British
«y;/) prie-st ot
the king called I'airy.
Tutankhaiiiun's tomb
is
now numlxred 62
that
in
the \alle\ of the Kings; other objee'ts Ix'aring the
name have txvn
king's
York.
MMA
Tomb
(nUKI.l
(Cairo
.'i8
Tutankhamun has
.>!
7S.S SOf)!
(New-
and
faience cuj) of
p. 37.)
11).
with restoration text on
Tutankhamun's
Tuthniosis
l)lue
'astronomical instrument' now- in
Chica.go (Orlnst 121 Ix-half of
A
also Ixrn tound in the \'alley
(Cairo jE ;W;«0). (See
A wooden
rivoveri'd from Pit
170.211 697.
.'i7 l.'iS).
.11-;
I\',
'great .grandfather'
probably conies from the
hitter's
destroyi-d mortuar\ tem|ile at Thelx'S.
Memphis 'House of Nebkheprure'. presumably a temple at is menlioni'd on the monument ol a tieasury ollicial. May. from the pyramid comi)lex of Siihure at .\busir. .\ limestone lintel of Tutankhamun .\
.Memphis,
in Ivast Herlin. (|xirt)).
and a
within the I'tah
the
tomb
reusexl
construction
of Shoshenq. the god's high priest.
ix>rhai)s originate
of
stvoiid lintel (Cairo JIC Wl.'il
Horemheb and found Temple enclosure in tiie
usurixxl by
Tutankhamun
from one or more other structures at
Memphis.
of the kin.g(?) (Cairo IK
."),")(),'i2)
.-\n
uninscrilxti 'bust'
was found
al
Kom
ell-akhry. .\n insi-rilxti limestone lintel
(Cairo.IK 5719."))
of
Tutankhamun
was discovered built into the mudTutankhamun' situated to the
brick 'Kesthouse of
west of Chephren"s valley temple
at Giza.
other objects of the reign from Giza
found
in the vicinity of the
courtier) is
The
is
Sphinx, in
shown adoring
Among
a broken which a
stela,
the royal couple.
third of the sacred Apis-bull burials
brought
Serapeum enclosure at Saqqara by the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette had been made during the reign of Tutankhamun. Four canopic jars (S 1151-1) and three instTibed glass to light in the
fondants (456) from the burial are
in the
Louvre.
Other sites A
fragmentary box of gilded wood was found by the French Egyptologist Eniile Amelineau at Abydos in the 1890s (part. .Amiens. Musee de Picardie); while Flinders Petrie. digging at Kom Medinet Ghurab, brought to light several faience rings and a wooden
Tutankhamun. now in University College Museum. UC 16050). A calcite jar of king (UC 16021) also originates from here. A
granite lions in the British
cubit rod of
dedication text of
London
up
the
(Petrie
Tutankhamun was noted by J. Gardner Wilkinson at Bir Abbad in the Wadi Abbad. en route to the Red Sea. In Nubia, Tutankhamun built temples at Kawa block with the cartouches of
(ancient Gem(pa)aten)
and Faras.
A
granite group of the king between
fragmentary
Amun
and Mut(?) and a steatite head of the king(?), both from the latter site, are in Khartoum Museum (3766 and 5829). Two
Museum (EA
1-2) were
found at Gebel Barkal, where they had been carried by the ruler of Meroe, Amanislo. Initiated by Amenophis III, one (EA 2) was inscribed with a
Tutankhamun and
(Above) Red-granite Hon
from Gebel Barkal.
itiscribed
with a dedication text of
Tutankhamun.
originally set (Opposite) Part of the
Sulb by Ay. In Palestine, a gold ring inscribed with the king's prenomen (Jerusalem. Arch. Museum 33.1708) was found at Tell el-Ajjul, in the family tomb of an
processional colonnade of Amenophis III at Luxor
'Egyptian governor'. Also from Palestine may be noted a faience ring, found at Tell el-Safi/Tell
cartouches those of his
at
Tutankhamun,
is
that of
the altered
successor-but-one,
Zakariya.
Among
Temple: the portrait
Horemheb.
the unprovenanced objects from the reign
might be mentioned three fragmentary stelae, one of Year 4 (West Berlin 345'67. with an endowment text) and two of Year 8 (Liverpool. Institute of Archaeology E 90 and E 583 the latter with a royal decree for Maya). A kneeling bronze figure of
Tutankhamun is in Philadelphia (University Museum. E 14295). Other miscellaneous objects Tutankhamun include an inscribed box-knob (I5altimore.
of
WAG 48.405), fragmentary faience
throwsticks (British
Museum. UC
Museum EA
54822; Petrie
an inscribed copper dish in the British Museum (EA 43040), and a fragmentary faience collar terminal (Eton College, Myers Museum, 12496).
ECM
1887) with a representation of the king drinking from a lotus chalice.
(Left)
Amon-Rc
presents
the hieroglyph for
'life'
to
the nose of liis son,
Tutankhamun: a wall detail from Temple A at Kawa. (Right)
Tutankhamun
drinking from a white lotus
a scene in relief on a fragmentary faience collar chalice:
terminal.
29
i»«««ffi«<«f(Mif»i«)iiit««iftft«Hitii«««t«ti«fifi«iti)ft«ii«t«ii«HfiH«tfifT«mtt*nttmtmf?fi
;\i.iirii;:(; iT.aiiiii;
All the King's
Ik- n.ilMWilji; ;irr
Men
\}y\\w\\y.\\
nu'inix-r
;l;u ,uo(!'- lallit-r
'rmaiikhainur. \\a> a
l'liara'4:
.-lar.diii.u a:
.,-//,,;:./',/-,;,
i:
Inp
ll'.c
u\
l-!y\plian >'iciru. |'luMnlcri-(>M.iiH-!\vi.-cii.L,'i<:~ar.(;
!iiiw nf
unh al
;hc lifr^,yi\in,U ix'ii])k-
l'.i>
iMun
\\a>
m
tlu'
ri\X'r Nile,
was
nf lusiu'c
ihi-
ivalin
dt'lf,i;alfd
In
irniaclfs
l-i,t;>])l's
adininislralixt.- ("ipilal.
radiali'd
for
which
iiiaiorii\-
I
he
rei.u'n
l-Acn for
'I'Ih
pyiiinuiliil
slim Inn m'
l^liriitmiui' ,««(( ly iliiriitfi llu ii;ii
"I 'IHliiiilJiiiiiiiiii.
ai'nn-
nllii-ial>
i)\
Mtniphis.
!iiniu,t,'b.
llu- Ifn.mii
oliitaals is (.'ona'rnt.'d.
nf Tuianklianiun
a
is
Ibii"
ji.s^'saw
the \asl
Tulankhaniun's conlcnipnrarics. high-
rankin.u or low. adiiiinisiraiois.
men, or
llu- i-ojlrrliun i,f
niosl of tlifpiccrs arc niissin.g.
of
(.'(inUK'l
friends, iht-
frnni
nul
and brradlli lA ihc country. Sn far as the nanit-s of ihfsr pt durin,;,'
km.uV
and admlnl^tlaUnn
an
wlinsf
l''.,t;\
ihf
iMT>ami
laxfs. rt-.y-ulaliun nf a.Lnicullurr.
!j
annual rhb and
prailu-f Imiiu-d Sui-i-min.dfd
b\ an innfri'in-lfnta(l\
da\- io cla\- ninnm.L,'
pupulaiT
ayricullural
whiiM' principal cnnctTn \\a>
I'l
:x'ii',,u
pM-aniiil nf
\\\v liirrarcl'.ifal
nun. ruling an rs>ciuiall\
'-^^
miiii-(!i\ iiir
iX'.asants. llu'
priests.
imthin.g whalsne\-er
cNceptions, archaeology
iiiilitar\"
i-
litis
kimwii.
provided
iiu-i.
to 'ir(;\ic::il;
Aw
'ru'.ankliannir.
ii\
>
i|
:|-,i-
\
ii;i:uriifii;,i;
lii>
(.nnriiili-atcd
.
A\V
a,
l;ar.d>,
\m luld
llu- i"ii\al linr.
n.uhi.
lii-
(ifai
l-nlluw
m. ;b.r
.\
rdiniixT of
Tht-ndnrfM.
had
ra;n,c\t'
\W
nf
l)a\-i>
ir.
\
ii'Uu-
nfb.is
I'l'.aranl;
fnil
I'ri.uMi
pai'I
ni
in
\W
m
has
Ti^nib
Kings,
disi-nwR-d h\
Tnnib.^sm tlicniam fnniird
\vai>
kir.,i;'>
\alir\- of
fra,Lrnii-n.l> ><{ ,i,'nld
i'\idi-nd\"
'.n
;|-,c
ii;i,'
\)\
a>
riilf
pinwcr
I'l
^\a^ buric-d a.flcr a bru-f
wolcrr.
Z\
tlir
aiTi>~ ''.aiid
ci'tr,nillii-.,u .trrt-a:
iinnnicly di-ath. A\. ;iiT>uniabl\links Ui
a>
ir:uc .iflii- po>i;ii.n a> pnr.ripal
ward,
ir.
i.ei-.i/rc:
-u-p-.uTar.dtallu-r
\h\\>
ar.t!
ai:\i>fr in Tiuar.kh.amui'..
.'iSl
ii"i>;rn:\
- ir.i:rr I'lrclr \\a>
kir.,i;
]xiiuii)> \f ix- rrri
NfltTtili
^1
lalhci"
own
i^
iiiiuT circk'
'\'\\v
innnmTfT»»?f»f!nrfnffn»frfnftTfmf!nnMnf?MTMn?rrrMmff»niMfm
l'.i~
a -I'icillni;.
\ alltnMiJ.
.\\'>
burial
furnituii'.
Il"i\ iiihi
l>
Thf /net" inlluciUTal I'nurl of ihi-.god's fallu-r .\y was balanced b\ die (k nii\ imwer nf the iiiilnar\ollicer llnrcnihcb. whnse biles includetl those of ili
conmiander-in-chiel king.
!i\
fnrce
><{
o|
ihe anii\-
.'irnis.
and
clf])uty ol the
Ilnreiiiheb w.a> .able to
reassert lygxjilitin sii/eraint\ abrnad tind ensure the
continuation of tribute from Egypt's northern and
Tutankhamun (p.
1 37)
are those of overseer of works the royal cemetery) and
southern neighbours. Horemheb's successes are
in the Place of Eternity
depicted in his finely decorated private tomb, which
overseer of the treasury (meaning in this instance,
was brought to Hght in the New Kingdom necropoHs
perhaps, the funerary storerooms). Maya's
at
Saqqara a few years ago; following his accession,
a second tomb
in the Valley of the
An uninscribed limestone dyad in the Museum (EA 36) may well come from his
Kings (No. British
was prepared
57).
A
Saqqara tomb chapel.
fine granite statue of
Horemheb as a scribe is in the Metropolitan Museum New York (MMA 23.10.1); a similar, though headless, statue of the man, from Kamak, is in Cairo (CG 42129). of Art in
(i.e.
gifts, like
those of Nakhtmin, suggest a close personal attach-
ment to the king. He seems to have taken responsibility not only for the preparation of Tutankhamim's burial
but
also
for
its
restoration;
he was to
(Above left) Horemheb, commander-in-chief of the
army and deputy of the (Above right) The officer Nakhtmin.
king.
military,
(Below) The necropolis official
Maya.
undertake a similar restoration, with his assistant (p. 97), in the tomb of Tuthmosis FV where he left a graffito) in Year 8 of Horemheb. The finely decorated tomb of Maya was
IJjehutymose (No. 43,
recently discovered close to that of
Horemheb
at
man and his wife, Meryet, fi-om the tomb chapel, are now in Leiden (AST 1-3).
Saqqara; statues of the
Nakhtmin
A second military officer of note was Nakhtmin (or Minnakht), evidently a close relative of best
known today
for the five Icirge
figures he presented to the burial of (p.
139).
On
a statue of the
man
Ay who
is
wooden shabti Tutankhamun
probably carved
during the reign of Ay, Nakhtmin
is
designated
Ay
had intended that Nakhtmin should succeed him, it was an ambition which 'king's son'. If
Horemheb was destined
to
foil.
Maya
Among the titles recorded on the wooden shabti and bier figure presented
by Maya to the burial of
Officials
and administrators
Usermont and Pentu
The
vizierate, or 'prime-ministership', of
this period
southern
Egypt
at
was divided
office.
into a northern and a Usermont, one vizier from the reign
Tutankhamun, is known from two statue fragments (one, from Armant, Cairo Temp. 22/6/37/1) and a stone sarcophagus from the Theban area. A second vizier, Pentu, perhaps the owner of Tomb 5 at el-Amama, is recorded on a wine-jar docket (no. 490) fi-om Tutankhamun's tomb (p. 203). Usermont and of
31
L
/\
7>
\
Aimnliol.l^Hiiv. Kiish diiniii;
th,
I
no nit;
Tiil,iiil,iiiiiiiniL
I'liiui
arc pi'ihaps ihc
two viziers depicted aninn.s,' which deedrales oiie wall
the liinefai-y iJfoeession of the
liuiaal
Chamber
'riitankhaimin's Kmil)
in
hW. we know next 1m iKhanmmi :!7iri and and also
Thebes
Ul^t).
lliiv (iiid
III,
neh
eoiiiitiy
aiKleiisuiethe Iree-tlow of
oiie Anu'iihotep-I ln\: tlie iiitiirs 1(1|
istu Thebes. Statues of
l-:ik,ab
and
.Miiisir
(l-'.ast
tions at l-'aras ,and .are
in
Cairo
S])iril' ol
(Jl';
ti
the kin,t;l;iiid
Tulankhaniun'
.an
lu\
til
lia\e
l!i,i;a.
with a luiun I'.eiiin (17:;:'.L'l.
Huv and
-liiief
iiistitutioii
wtis
decorated toiiiblNo. liei'ii
Ix-iiin lb!H)(l|,
K'rtiliito
,",7 Hi.'!,
the probable wile of
1
liilxite.
loiiiid at
with
Melae
iiiscrip-
of
to the
1
luv
hi or
Taemwtidisi.
of the litirim of
of winch, re.urettti
hdiii
the ina\or of
twn
steltie;
IraKineiit,
iti
the
during the (Cairo
CC
1
1701. .\
m
(
(L'(Wi|.
known
)tlier
]
)robal lie
Kawa
Memphis
li
Colk^ije
unnamed
is
known
I
is
lermitai;i' Ic. d).
iii
ihe l.ouvretN
1!1'11),
See further
pi). L!S
(L'L'!tll.
Museum
il.
i-:.\
.
(•71'.
lii.Lth
is
in
tars in
pnesl
,ind other
scribtil ptilette beloiiLfinu' to
of the
,
the chief
whose stela and two ctino])ic
lp\.
l(t7'Jl.
wooden
oliici.al
l-HTJin
and I'lahemhtit-Tx
liritish
.\
London. I'C
Malm
contemport tries imiude he scribe
kiiibetirer
I'tali (steki.
mery
Heir tTMediiia.
tit
sttittie
.and
a
(l-l
treasury oliicial
unii.anii'd
rni\eisil\
slehi louiid
moiinmentsl. ,111
and an
Thill ,,ii,
is
llie oiliei".
Kovenior of
Kliartoum
serxtml of .\muii' n.amed
I.eiden l.\.\l.
nil
who
Museum. OmilindKe
of one raiiakhl.
Miiscuin.
iretrie
of
d
Seba,
the l.ouxre (C S7l.
l-'itzw illiani
:inS(i|
l.eiiin.yr.ad
III,
is
tuinijlias
slehte are attested lor the ro\al snabe Mer\
slew.iril
M
own
u:
lu\
1
kiwer Nubia.
riiiiiis.
m
rei.un. is
Kliaw whose
I,
one
I'lie stet.a
SS."")!).
i
,.t
tnmli oi
in tin-
Aihoiil; the les.-exalled eoiUeiiiporanes ot'l'iit.aiikhtinniii IS
from a
,11, !V,.,
2(i!Hii
Other nanu'd odicials
1
',,.
(Kharlnuni
ehietuun whose
eniiie In li.uht at Tiislikti in
Xiihiiiii nui/iiiMiill
The vieeroN' nf Kush iindei" 'I'utankhaniun, whose jol) was to (iverseel-Vvptiaii exploitation ol the.uold-
allesled at l-'afas
imiib n|^'u\a and Tiiu
(in tile
(Hie lle(|aneter. a Idi'al
is
Kawa
MemKuied
C(i rdO^:!).
L'aifii
(p. 72).
at
iiodun^L;
kiiiLr.
hoiii Tluix's'.
is in
i
Woe
to
him
that assaileth thee
[O
AmunJ Thy
endures, whereas he that assaileth thee
Prayer to
Amun
is
cast
mwwtwwwHwtwwwwwmtimwtiwfwwwwwwwwtwwwwtMwwwMMmim
City
down
y
The End of the
on an ostracon from Thebes
For most of his reign Tutankhainun was the pawn of he grew older, the boy's
18th Dynasty
others; but inevitably, as pliability will
have lessened. With his wife's appar-
ent inability to carry children inheritance little
time
would pass
left.
to
to
full-term,
Ay, an elderly
man
the
mmmmmmmmmM}m}m\}mmvf{mmmmwf\
with
X-rays of Tutankhamun's skull reveal
damage consistent with the king's having received a blow to the head: Ay's gnawing ambition for power
may
well have driven
Tutankhamun was
him
to murder.
interred
by King Ay
in a
hastily adapted private sepulchre (No. 62) in the
Valley of the Kings in around 1323 BC - to judge
from the flowers and fruits buried with him, during the first half of March. Doubtless this small tomb had been pressed into service only because work on
Tutankhamun's intended place of burial. Tomb 23 in the West Valley, had scarcely begun; the excavation would be employed by his successor. Ay's brief reign of only four years appears to have continued the policies begun under his young predecessor. Ay died in 1319 BC, and the period immediately following may have been marked by a struggle for the throne between Nakhtmin, the 'king's son'
whom some have seen as Ay's appointed
and the general Horemheb. It was perhaps during this troubled time that Tutankhamun's tomb was entered by thieves (p. 95). With the accession of Horemheb, who dated his reign retrospectively from the death of Amenophis ni, the reaction to the Amama pharaohs began in earnest with the continued dismantling of Akhensuccessor,
monuments, the usurpation of those of Tutankhamun, and the general work of reconstruction.
aten's
Ay's perhaps tenuous claim to the
throne
may
have been
strengthened by forging close links with
Tutankhamun 's
widow, Ankhesenamun. alliance is suggested by
An
a
glass ring-bezel in which the
names of the two are found combined. The ring was first spotted by Percy Newberry,
who conveyed news of it Carter in this
among
letter
to
preserved
the Carter papers in
Oxford Destruction of the
Amama
19th dynasty, of which
legacy continued in the
Horemheb may be seen as
spiritual founder: within 50 years of
Akhenaten's
death, the heretic king, Nefemefruaten,
Smenkh-
Tutankhamun and Ay had been struck from records. It was as if they had never existed.
kare,
the
(Far
left)
Horemheb as
Pharaoh: a broken
calcite
canopic stopper found by Tlieodore Davis in the lang's
tomb
in the Valley
of the
Kings. (Left) King Ay represented as a Nile-god: fragment from a throne base of indurated
limestone.
33
By a curious irony, it was the very oblivion to which Tutankhamun had been consigned that would ensure the survival
of his burial. Consistently omitted by his Ramessid successors from the lists of Egypt's former kings, he was soon forgotten. With time, the site of his tomb began to blend in perfectly with its surroundings - to be missed not only by Ramesses VI who quarried a tomb for himself within a few metres of it, but more importantly when the royal tombs were dismantled following the abandonment of the Valley of the Kings by Ramesses XI
(1100-1070 BC). Egyptologists scrutinizing the fragmentary remains of
somewhat better informed. A few objects had been found inscribed with Tutankhamun's name, and the period were
the likelihood was, they reasoned, that the king
had been
interred in the royal burial-ground at Thebes. Indications
that this might indeed be the case were in
due course uncovered by Theodore Davis's team, and in 1909 a small undecorated chamber was brought to light which Davis imagined to be the tomb itself.
Howard Carter, for one, thought differently. He believed that that
Tutankhamun's burial still awaited discovery, and might even be intact. For five years he and Lx)rd
it
Carnarvon systematically cleared the Valley of the Kings down to bedrock in search of this archaeological Holy Their perseverance was rewarded when, at 10 am on 4 November 1922, workmen reported the discovery of a step cut into the rock of the Valley floor Grail.
Saturday,
beneath the foundations of a group of huts erected during the quarrying of the tomb of Ramesses VI. It was the
beginning of a stairway leading
down
to a walled-up
doorway. Tutankhamun had been found. The
Valley
of the Kings and the tomb of Tutanklmmun.
II
Search and Discovery
\\:!.i\,ii..ii
Tombs
'The Valley of the
'!>, r\ cv\
is
ir
li
r.ii:i;
'jiinal
Wr-:
:i:r
rl;ir.
v,
ii-.
.
Tin-
\r\\ KniL!i:i
:!:r
it
•
\ ;uir;,
:.i
~!
k
Wil-
'!ii
mr.r.r^; Tu:;'i'i.j;,-ip
I'l
111
Now Exhausted'
\ra\,'I'll
ha>
111
Tin- la~:
'DrMiisjli
In l)f iiMrri-f(:
kiii.Li
l\aiiir--c>
liia;)--
X,
;lir
ii:
I'laliT
I\anii>si> Xl.a -Ian
wa^
rii\n]
llir
\ ..\\v\
wn-
~iuri---M;-.
liL-
iiiadcitii (li^nianiir.,i; llic
~'
"]"],"
' '
^^
iViii'i',.
^
'^*'''
".;"',''
1."
l)iirial-,uTiJUii(l.
"'-'''^'
-Kill
I
irri
111
ui.a'd iii
11,
I'll'
Kiai; Tiilaiikliaiiirii, \\r .-anir uiiliin -i\
III
|ii>i
DaM-
Mr.
iluTi
fcarrd
iliai
liirilifi
rnad\\a\ and .iid.Tcd
iiiidtTiiiiiic ilir adiaaiiii
lis
iI^li^iiil;
nil
huHiiy-idacf-
I'xpkiia'i's fully
.,
di>niaiilliii,i;,
ncvvv ha\aISui
1(1
\'all('\'
die wa'si
llu-
Nile,
wadi. I'll, 11
iiKiiii in/,
Hi,
/\;/;a',\
li
III
till
ll
111
the
l\in,t;s is
III
niodt'ni
111
lad
llu' \'alk'\
I.
sitiialod
uxor
(-(iniprisfs
iwo
\-alk'\'s:
i)r()])(_'r;
and
nl
dikni (dnii)
(in lhfii])piisilc
die KiiiKs
(if
about
bank
nf
I
he
'
il
wliuii
tins.
all
wiin
Ironi ihi-
liiiilili.ahliiia Hi,
ratiii-s.
(if
Had
(a,>il\
nincjcrn
da)roii,L;liiU'-s
M'arch fur iniacl !iinih>
111
iliis
nii.uiii
;rra-urc \\a> ike iimln almi;
liaxa-
son
down
2 Hamess._-s
d.u.i;"
iii
Slu'ikli
(if
M(irc nilvn ihan
^
\'iili,Y
(ifiuidcd nl ilaar
har.duil
a
ir,
in
',liii'\i->,
bf_i;uii.
ci.uliuxiidi (.aiUurN"
a \\a'sk'i-n
ai
|ur ih.a rciiM- "f
:)ri)k('ii iiji
apprciaalfd dk'
llicir
liiri-nf k)uru'd
ahimsl
Kiii.l;^,
an t-aslcni
was
and 'hr nmipaiiN.
wciv reiiilunvd
guarded .,
ddif
riclit--
n'l'oi-'.iliK' Iniiplalii HI
>'''
'""i'' lurrauirr
niaUTial>.
ii-\\fl>,
i-cax' wiii'k, ?
"l«
P''"^
aiiMMr\ii;(\il"l'f w.iuld l'a\r ili-,i-/i\-crr(hrr
pii-ir.i Inir.li
iiiiiiirii>r
i'',
die \"alk-\
Maniani
>if
iIk-
in ihr iiiid-
'(iCarr.arxam and Caru-r in
ikii
ihf panka])anis
m
du-
IV
lmii,-iliiil ,xi-iii',iti,iii> ispi'iis,!!,11
ixrui
III,
II
,lis,;,r,n-
d mil
H'iiii, 111,1 iii'lli,
I'lilinikliiiiuiiii
-#
ir 1111,1 ,l(il,
,lisi;,r,'iyl i/uni,
hilar,
553
III,
(Davis/Burton fel2 1912)
l,,iiih ,,i III
8 Calcite lars C: Merenptah
llii'i'.
(Carnarvon/ Carter
->
of
a
7
\
As
>s^6 Harnesses IX '55 iDavis/Ayrton 19071
<:5>/j62 Tutankhamun (Carnarvon/Ca 58 (Davis/Jones 19091
\»12
49-52IQHKl
•
I
a
\
inopliisll
\
*
19081
Ramassesiil
^
A
>
^47 ,Q38
-2! (Davis; Ayi ton 1906)
"^--61
,40
I
-
1901)
^//l7 Setho -
•
_
h
J
«37 \
42 Hatshepsut-Meryotre Mac.'inos antlAndraos/C
28
"27
54 Tutankhamun
"21
embalming cactie (Davis/Ayrton 1907)
(Davis/Jones^lO)
Siptah (Davis/Ayrton 1905)
Uithmosis
19021
•44(Anliquities Service Carter
(DavS/Ayrton 19081
raiene%;up of Tutankhai (Davis^rton 1905)
/
.45 IDavis/Carter
//
\\
.
/
56 IDauis/Ayrton II
;57 Horetiheb
53
Tjuyu (Dav(S'Quibell 19051
(Davis/Ayrton 19061
\
\/rtr,n
46 Vuya ana
^4
II
^5
I9^'0)
QRamessesVI
r
pamesses
^
(Davis/Carter 1903)60
chase were blinded to the interest and importance of
what
burial furniture the ancients
recording
For
was skimped and
all its
had
left
behind:
the finds lost for good.
colourful characters
and abundance of
Davis came close be believed. His 1905/6,
to finding
Tutankhamun on
horrifyingly close,
several occasions
first
if
Burton
brush with the king came
when Ayrton brought to light a small prenomen,
in
faience
discovered
incident, the story of excavation in the Valley of the
cup
Kings
'under a rock' not far from private tomb No. 48. The second came with the discovery of Fit 54 in 1907,
is
a sorry one.
bearing
the
king's
Theodore Davis: Patron and Excavator
containing embalming and other debris associated
Had Theodore Davis stumbled upon Tutankhamun,
with the king's burial.
the story of the Valley's archaeological destruction
might have been sorrier still. Davis, a retired American lawyer, began excavating in the Valley in 1902, at first under the supervision of Howard Carter (in his
capacity as Inspector-General of
Monuments
On
due ti) Tutankhamun presence TIte first
'.;
is to
10 January 1909 a third
in
an inscribed faience cup found by Ayrton the Valley:
during the 1!X>5; 6 season. is
It
identical to others later
recovered from the king's
tomb, and had perhaps been removed from the burial by robbers under the mistaken impression that it was iruide
of glass
a valuable
commodity during
the late
18th dynasty.
Theodore M. Davis, an appropriately
striking
employing his own archaeologists: Edward R. Ayrton, Harold and Cyril Jones Burton. Davis had prodigious and, finally, Harry good luck, between 1902 and 1914 uncovering no
jodhpurs and puttees. The
fewer than 30 tombs of varying significance. His interest in careful clearance work was minimal,
on Davis's right stand Arthur Weigall,
of
Upper Egypt),
later
however, and his employment of photography and the most basic conservation methods almost nonexistent; while his splendid series of publications
manages
to record everything but the facts.
'archaeological' pose in
rakish is tiie
young man
to his left
archaeologist
Edward
R. Ayrton:
Inspector-General of Antiquities for
and
Upper Egypt,
his wife Hortense.
From
a photograph taken by Benjamin Stone in 1907.
i-iiit~;m
lined ir>
111
Twin!)
and
iininiiniT in
I
)a\ is'>
lie ll:
had,
and
walli
,> I.
,\
ha
u])
iciniul
and
mind I'l;
llu-
lumb
nl'
I,
and
pliaranh,
and ihc cniiifnt^ uf
my
Ir.
i
dlial ui ,\\
Tutankliaiiuiii
IjiJili 111
iliiM'd
[l'.',
The nl .\\
,i;iil(
,
ill
niui
ai llic
man w
hhi' ilh
;
1U(
Tulankli,
Pit
54
llial bciiiL >u, Ii,-,,|,inrd,'l
niiw rxhaii^ifd
Pit 51, 1.9
and
by 1.25ni
((ift
by
halt (about 5ft) deep,
21 IXvenilxT 1907. In
ll'tl
was
and |XThaps a
uixMifd
b>-
nu-tre
.\\rton
(jn
found a colkvlion of large storage jars jxTliaps a dozen in all which Davis ordered to be tarried up tf) his excavation house in the West Valley. FollowinK a disastrous official opening of the jars in the presence of the British it,
lu'
Consul-General. Sir Hldon (lorst (who. Hertx-rt
Winkx;k records, niereh- complimenti'd I)a\is on and left), the debris the jars contained was
his
C(K)k
consigned to a storeroom. The material included sinall clay seal impressions hx'aring the name of Tutankhamuii, fragments of linen bearing hieratic dockets dating to Years (i and 8 of the king, linen bundles of natron {s(xiium carlx)nate. a naturally
^Nf"
Jlfe'
(x;cuiTing salt used in embalming), a few bones,
masses of broken pottery, faded ininiature
mask
floral collars
of gildixi cartonnage
only use for the find
was
(p. 123).
and a Davis's
demonstrate to guests, by tearing the papyrus collars to shreds before their
sV.
to
>^..?,^v.•i>i:vr-
.i^?fc£i^
A selection of the finds from 54: (left to right) a piece of linen bearing an ink inscription of Tutanklmmun, 'beloved of Min', dated to Pit
Year 6 of his reign; three pottery vessels; a broad collar
offlowers and blue faience beads sewn on to a papyrus backing; and two linen bags containing natron or chaff.
eyes,
years
how in
strong the material could be after 3,000
the ground.
What Ayrton had brought immense
fact of
Metropolitan
interest.
Museum
to light in Pit
Winlock, of
New
,54
was
in
York's
of Art, believed that these jars
contained the remains of a funerary meal and ritually unclean mummification debris which had had to be
tomb with which it was and the owner of this material was Tutankhamun himself. Winlock was very close to the buried
away from
the
associated; to judge from the inscribed linen seals employed, the
truth.
The assemblage was indeed
the burial of
Tutankhamun: but
nothing to do with
its
ritual impurity.
associated with find-spot
had
As fragments
recovered from Tutankhamun's tomb were to show, the Davis jars had originally been placed in the
empty entrance
corridor.
They were removed
to Pit
54 after the first robbery (p. 95), when the decision was taken to fill the entrance corridor with rubble as a deterrent to further
theft.
—.>-'.£«iB.eMlEfc;^>iid>A
.
54 (left), an abandoned 'commencement' for a tomb
Pit
pressed into service in antiquity for objects orginaUy stored in the corridor of the
tomb of Tutanklmmun. Tlie photograph (far left) shows the location
of the pit
in the
Valley. (Below) Two mud seal impressions from Pit 54, that
on the king's
left
inscribed with
tlie
prenomen, 'beloved of
Khnum, manifold of praises'.
Howard
Carter:
Early Days
I
Inward
Cai'U'i"
Lniiclnn, al
IS7I.
;lk'
!ii'>i
npcnril
lii^
Riiii Tcri-ai-f.
111
yiiuii,L;i-sl
of
II
cyo
childi-tii
John LarUi', an animal painui'and llltislriili il l.iiiiiinii
was
Cil
iiitiJ-siiis ihtloi,:)-
!hi
:ii
,lilii;lilnil
irniii ih,
ill till!
iSiK
r.l III III III
ISIK:
III
ini-
iiin
ilhlmv nalil)
Sllltlli
III'
ili.ii-nnn
F.iivpt
till
irniii
d
llllllinitl il
ihiniii;
llllll
III,
'I'tii
IS
I'l trii
lit
I
III
stnlli
till
ilia,
l-Aiiiiiiiiii.
Ilk
l.iinl Aiiilirrst.
iiriliiii; il
ivliin
till
mill
hv
mis
l.iiiil Ciiniiirriiii
III
and which
inemnplele'
ina\'
at
leasl
iie;irb\-
I'ercN"
l)idlin,i>iiin to
Xewberry, an
the notn'e of the
l{g\])toliiKisl workin.t; at
IIU'I.
Hissed
the
would-be archaeolu^ist
wnh
liiiii
\\'hate\er ihe dour
and he
inlense. lyiz> pi
V.V.V
.
It
ma\- ha\-e
I'etrie
-in.yie
thouijlit.
was
with alacri'x
a.tn'ced
a
ir,
faint ])i";ase.
and
real
lo rt'Uirn
In
the lolluwint;- year as drau.uhtsmaii witli the
was as leam
Sur\e\-
l)endin,i;"
a
member
that
he
of ihe
the belter pari
l-il-ih'
Archaeological
encounleri-d
lirst
of
the
next
Thebes, \ears
six
die scenes and inscrii)tion> of the ma.u'iiilimortuary tem])le of llatshepsnt. the ISlh-
o]jyin,tj eiil
.
thai
lime for the
lo
b_\'
help ink-in
and
in
I'lxploralion
lyt;\"pl
l-\iiid
ll-ll-il-'l.
his talent, Newberr\- em]]loyed Carter
tomb scenes al ISeiii Hasan. same year the l7->ear-old artist
iracin.is's
October that
of
\isite(ll{,L;\plloworkal Heiii
ehlVrshtr While
in lyt;\pt.
I
lasan and lateral Deir
heunderlook
lo
excavate
liitn
.\iiili,rst riillirtiiiii
iriisili.->riyiil
uf
Carter's eillluisiasin lor arehaeoloo-\
Impressed
L'lirlii-'ssliiiiisiiriiii tin' I'l
xilla.uf
said ihal nalure ihrusis soiiie nf us inln the world
N'oung
rmiiyi
lyiiiiiiii lit I'lissi'il iiitii
.iilhrtiiiii
(|UU'I
parti.uTtiph. daninin.L;
,\mherst of
u
iii'Cirtrr's nurl; intli l-'liiiili
sik'iU in Nnrfolls. at
ihc
in
and det"ensi\-e manner which acoiiniianied him thnuiahoul his life, lint his inherited arlistic skills were considerable, and in the summer of 1891 were brought h\" the future l.ad\"
n-iifiiihiitiin
till
iIil-
partially explain the abrupt
l-'.xl
Milniiiitiii:
ui Saniut-i
illii>n'aUir Inr
Swainiam. lis foniial eclucatidii was niinmial. a larl which CarUi' was alwa\"s painlully aware i; is niisei-al)l\'
iviiliirnhiiirhy llniviiril
Cm III-
ii'.
Ma_\
III
ri/iniilmiiliii
lliisiiii.
[)
I
(I
I-'lll lIvilllS/V lillllh ,,i l\lllllllllllnll't>
hinm-
laniil\-
burn
wuild
mi
and his wile Martha Juxw
\(ivs.
Sands. Miiiii uf his youlh the Caru-r
ilk'
[•,
I\i'ii>iii,L;i(in.
at el-.\iiiarn;ion
behtilfofWilli.am .\mhursl T\ssen-
.\mherst (kiter
lirsl
under idinders
I'aron .\iilhersl of llacknexl.
i'elrie,
Pelrie,
unimpressed,
dis-
l\n;isl\"
The
woiiian-pharaoh,
])otential
which
at
Deir
the l-Yench lytiAiJlologist C.aslon nize. \kis])ero
li.ad
between ISSl and
was
to
see
was
Maspem
in
lel't li
reco.i,'-
had recently been re-ap])ointed head
of the h.^'yiilian ,\iiti(|nities Se'r\ ilepartmeiil he
el-lialir
I'etrie tailed to
ice.
the,L;o\-eriiment
alreacK seiwed with distini'lion
ISSii,
(
)ne of Ins lirst acts, in
appoint Ctirler to die new
of Insix'clor-Ck'nertil of
l\
Monuments
established of I'pper
\^W. jxisl
lyt;\-pl.
mmmmi
Carter took
and from
up
his
this time
new
position in January, 1900,
on began
to take
increasing interest in the vast
an active and
Theban
necropolis.
His introduction to the Valley of the Kings
came
almost at once, with the rearrangement and partial
lemoval to the Giza Museum of the royal mummies found in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35) in 1898; the
tomb was about
to
be opened
to the public.
Over
the following years, Carter undertook the clearance (
)f
several
new but plundered tombs,
not only for the
on behalf of Theodore Davis whose triumphs over the years Carter was in office would include the discovery of two new Ijrivate sepulchres (Nos. 45 and 60) and one royal that of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43). Carter did his job well, and was a valued member of the Antiquities Service, repaid by transfer to the more prestigious post at Saqqara in the north in 1904. His sudden and unnecessary resignation within months came as a shock to everyone. .Antiquities Service, but
(
p.
37)
'~»i
The magnificent setting of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple (above), looking
from
down
the path leading over
the cHffto the Valley of the
Kings.
Carter's drawing of the right exterior surface of
(Above left) Queen Hatshepsut seated before a
the chariot body discovered by Daiis in the tomb of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43) in
from
Howard
1903. The original ivnod, overlaid with
of canvas
is
and with gesso carved line relief: until the
in fine
discovery
table
of offerings: a detail
the wall decoration of her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri, where Carter was employed as principal copyist
by the Egypt Exploration
Fund for much of the 1890s.
if the tomb of Tutankhamun III 1922. it was the most siilistaiitial
portion of an
Egyptian royal chariot
known.
41
Howard the
Carter:
Lean Years i
I
luivc a
|)ur|)(i>f
iin;pri-. .ind th:il
lint
which
uiilriciuily
fncinics tn ic-rm
.
.
,
iiii
aniMimi
ur.aiUv
i.)'
nbsrr\crs Minu'linu'^
ol»linacy. anil which nowaday:-
.
.
,
il
plcaM>
»Hmtiiif< ninnti'n
.
n:'
call
\r.\
Well, thai
I
can't help' >
llMward
Oiiti
;•'>
/(
honim
I.iinWniDUrni //;,
iivi i-zi
l"iiih
II
il
mi
I
i(
ini-
clinii
iiiiiidy
/'iiiiiii liiiirists.
Ill
in
„.
out his
U
The
I
Ins
frimi
llu
1
U
fc*vv
R-.--,
(^
l--..»i-t^
III
iinl ski
Arllmr I
n
till iiKiili
11, ;w//.
HMD.
III
liiiii
11
III
wiiukl
when
a lickti In sec
I'cciuire
iu.i,'h-
al'ltr his
his ,i;(i\eninicnl I'an-tT.
l-"n-nch
liHl,i.
ihn
liitii
slKinh
and
In\ia] ciniu.uh.
,s,T(iup
Sa(|Ciaraiin8Jainiar\-
Imiiy nj
not a
lnvirisls
liltlc
\isiiin.i;
inlnniu'd ihat lhc\-
ih.e
Sefapeiini. burial
inis
place
iliiiiii-iiiiil-niit: c.
I
!><>!>
us
Aiiluiiutii sill
(il
the sacred Apis bulls.
and the
Idi'al inspei'loi's
l-!\'eiitually,
a
but
all
payin.iL; nieiiibers iiiiissi
llie
and
much
.iruai'dsl.
the jiarty.
ol'
worse
tlu>
Ixilh pa\an.L;
tor
and non-
way
of the ])arly forced their
iii
past the ticket colleclor into the darkness of
lonib. l)isco\ei'in,L; that ihere
a\"ailable to iheiii. the tourists
asain,
abuse Ixnh
(lonib
three nieiuhers
hciuor', a,irreed lo paxy
y
t
Ije.iiaii
,i,'/W'7rs
seyeral of whiitii were '\er\
In
Oirti r's
iiliiiil siiiiissiii-
hisju itur I.
II
cost
was
Ui (in.u
incidt'iil
Uv.JiCK.-
i^''^'^
the us
A
was
rayiirtiri
OiU' parlicular
altair
ciimic.
..hlKiillnirsl'Hi.
Ciiiti r
mauvmsi
life.
ni(i\'f to Sac|(|ara
hulls
Oiiii
In (lllnlu^lZI
ahiis
III
nvnis
sum
Iniiilniilh,'
n msid
Cai'tff's iiiiniiniii,^
tin
Sumiirii. Will
III
Caitci-
and demanded it by
sent
for. I'layin.i;
an\-
ret'und
and.
l-'rench to lea\"e.
I
heir
were no I'andles
promptly rushed out
money
the biok,
no uncertain terms,
in
ensuin.u affray
'I'lie
was make
hack. Carter
lie ri'I'iised lo
left
the
told
both sides
and knocked about', and il is hardh" surprisinj,' the French should ha\-e lul.ijed a tornial complaint. Carter, hauled Ix'fore Lord Cromer, then British ConsulCieneral. was asked to e\i)lain him'cut
that
sell.
Much
he should
was exjjres.sed for Carter's was considered diplomatic that
symjiathx
liredicanient. but
it
an apoloijy
olli'r
indi.ijnalion. refu.--ed:
had only done apolouy wei'e resi.nn
his duly,
to
.
Carter, with
richloms
so lar as he was i-onci'rned, he
and
if
the
demand
be pressed, he would
resiirn
tor
an
^uid
he did.
Maspero was
\er\'
'and wrote to sexeral
he did nol
much
distressed by the alTair.
ol Carter's
know what
Iriends saym.i; that
Ihe .\nlic|uilies l)e])artment
.
Limestone
relief with the
head of King Tuthmosis (far kft),
from
from Ikir
III
el-Bahri:
the portfolio of colour
reproductions of his work. Six Portraits of the
Thothmes Family, published privately
l>y
Carter (perhaps
Lord Carnarvon 's sometime before 1910. with
help)
Gilded wooden casket (kft
ofAmenophis III with Nue faience inlay, and detail
centre)
of the gilded and inlaid outer wooden coffin of Tjuyu (left): two of the watercolours produced by Carter for Theodore Davis's publication The Tomb of louiya and Touiyou, which appeared in 1907.
modem Egypt
would do without him, and begged us to persuade him to return.' But Carter, being Carter, went his
both ancient and
own way.
Business was anything but brisk.
For some months he eked out a meagre living as a gentleman -dealer* and artist, supplementing the
few Egyptological commissions which came his way - notably the recording of the objects discovered by Theodore Davis in the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (No. 46) - by painting the sights and scenes of
in rather
charming
watercolours which he sold to visiting tourists.
Had Carter been might have been different; but, both at this period and later, he seems to have discarded as many paintings as he produced - and no doubt as many were given away as gifts as were sold. An introduction to the Earl of Carnarvon less of a perfectionist, matters
offered the chance of a
new
start.
The Gentleman Dealer There
is
no one more familiar with the Egyptian market
or more closely in touch with
all its
best possibilities
.
.
need only point to our own "Carnarvon Collection", which [Carter] formed for Carnarvon over a long period I
of years, to illustrate his excellence of judgement and
sense of the beautiful.'
Englishman J.J. Acworth (many of whose pieces are now in the British Museum). Carter seems also to have sold through various Cairo dealers, including E. A. Abemayor and the well-patronized Nicolas Tano, whose shop was across from Shepheard's, the favoured haunt of many English tourists.
A
herding and fishing scene:
two limestone relief fragments from a 5th dynasty tomb, acquired by Carter for the Detroit Institute
of Arts
in
1930.
Albert M. L>thgoe
Egypt
decade of this century was a ver> from the Egypt of today. If not
in the first
different place
actually encouraged,
it
was
at least tolerated that
an
archaeologist might, on occasion, indulge in the
purchase and resale of antiquities. Carter's activities as a 'gentleman dealer' seem to date from this 'low' period in his career, and to have continued
throughout his life, profiting him well. His purchases for Lord Carnarvon (p. 47) and 'intermediary'
on behalf of the Metropolitan Museum of most notably in the acquisition of the £53,000 Treasure of Three Princesses', are well known. But Carter also put his eye to good use buying, on 15 per activities
Art,
cent commission, for private collectors, including the
43
t»nft»iM«Mi'M»»»'t»"»t»nin»«»i»«Mft»t»»»»m»"M»"»ft««ifM»Mfi»«f»»»»t»»f«i»mMimn
Lord Carnarvon mm}}}mmm\}mmmm\mm}mm\y}m}m}mmm /..(
.,.
Excavations
1907-1914 m^mmmmfimmvimivmmm}mim\mmimmmw concession and applying for permission to work at
(l^/t)
would have two strings as I am another whole 2 •IK mths at Luxor.' And later he wrote, 'If I get what I ant I shall bring out a learned man as I have not niie to learn up all the requisite data.' Under the watchful supervision of his 'learned man' - Howard Carter - Lord Carnarvon's second season began. Despite his interest in Aswan, the work was confined to the Theban west bank. The results of this 'small excavation at Gumeh' were immensely successful. Carter turning up not only the decorated tomb of Tetiky, an early 18th-dynasty mayor of Thebes, but a further tomb (No. 9 in the excavators' sequence) containing two wooden tablets. The more important of these was inscribed on the one face with extracts from the precepts of
woman stand behind Gaston Maspero, the French director of the
Aswan.
not sure
i
The
finds extend from the Xlllth
Dynasty to the
Ptolemaic period, and are particularly rich for Dynasties
X\1I and XVIII. They include coffins, furniture, musical instruments, toys, an inlaid board for a game and hieratic and demotic texts of great historical interest. J .
.
'I
thought
I
I
will get
my wife to stay
Ptahhotep,
a
series
of
instructions
for
moral
Howard
Carter
and an
unidentified
Antiquities Service,
and his
a visit to Carnarvon 's work at Thebes wife during
in
1913. Tlie photographer
was Lord Carnarvon
himself.
Pay-day (bebw left): Howard Carter settles accounts with
workmen at the end of the month. Another photograph his
from Lord Carnarvon's
.
guidance, and, on the other, part of a text recording the
Francis Llewellyn Griffith
first
The The
steps in the expulsion of the
personal album.
Hyksos by the
17th dynasty King Kamose.
following years produced equally successful
Excavating at Thebes (below): wintSng queues of workmen carry spoil from the
fiasco of the first season would have put off most would-be excavators. Not so Carnarvon, who
results, Carter
bringing to light a whole series of important private tombs dating from the end of the
excavations,
determined to press on, extending his Theban
Middle Kingdom to the
upon
start of the
New, and two
many with
baskets balarued precariously their heads.
1
lAhi'fi
'nhk(
I
I
was iml
aiti
I
hut
iliiy.
is
llllih IX'n'lOllI Inlllh
niirknun.
his
hy l.nnl Oiniarroii.
/."/.V.
lAhnn nfihllLunl Canuiirnii uiul his dnf;
Tnmb:!7at sjinil iiuiii
iiilinnr
till
hark
il
aiiav tmiii thi
iliiDifiiiii;
l\v
an
a
nl li-nrk.
till
Inn- lift)
sill
I
A
r hrairli
llnaril nl
pnttiiy
pair
Imsi
iif
part nf
ts.
at
Jill-
'Pi II
III
In thi
piimd
1
nil
lllnli til,
I'lnliDiair'
'hill
that
IS.
1(111
i\
npllllnll IS
III
Iiiiillirv diilis
I
i-.i:
llllll
mill
than tun
h'niiiaii tiiiiis. iiinii
rnitiiriislalii-.
niihti Ih tail imiii a
il-'a> llllll II
ran- papxriis nl
iiliin
III
.
hands
niiiiii,
adnivllnll nl
(
'aril
raisi
I
'<
Ihl his.
d
Ihl .i:nd
Ciiniannii
I'inin
thi
ll'th
a inlniiiid
shniciiif; tin
rif;iiitli
I'.Xi'i'
N
Indv ill f
st\lf
as Fin
Isil-IS.
and siiisiin at
-.
\"U k;
inlefi-;
t
\\a>
iinii'i^pinn.L;.
caused
(iraen i-Roman
doned
while continuinj,' the
di^.U'ii.t,'
tr\"
al
Thelies.
their luck at
Sakha (ancient Xois) in the Deha. iiul h'ortnne, who had smiled so sweetly on their Theban endeaxours. seemed less interested in the excavators' northern en\isai,'ed as coniprisinK \-oyA efforts. The team and Lad\ Cartiarvon, Carter, l'erc\ Newberr> hord Carnarvon's serx'ant. Lady Carnarvon's maid, Carnarvon's ever-present ph\sician,
1
)r
Johnsoti, a cook
had to abandon the place and some ."id workers after no more than a tortni,i;ht 'on account of the number of cobras and cerastes [horned vii)ei"s| that infested the whole area'. following; year, havinjj been foiled in their
attempts II
lialamiiii- Carti r diilnl Ihi
puns
la\"isii
Halan; the
I!>n7 1911. The volunif rrceiwd wide ai-claini: die Carnarvon Carter leani had made ils niai'k.
'l"he
thi
Hi Ihrx Inlllld
il
api:)n)i3i-iali'l>-
and Raiiifsscs work was
st-asims'
,
thf
III'
n/liaskil liin-sjnr
hill
till
m
Thihrs. Thi
hiDii; l>assi
Iniiili IS
nii
liianiJin
diiniii; Ihi
siti
llalslu'psiit
Carnar\'on and Carter decided to
jihntniiiaph
.1
in
(^lu-fii
i-cp(iil (if llu- lirsl
]'nirs' Kxpliiniliiaisiit Tin his. iini-nrdul' ivnrkdnm
in 1912,
rhaiiih, r hrmi^Jit In liohl hr
111'
1912 the
iniblisiied hi
his nirilif^aii
xph'niii; a sia hi niiiily
I
In
l\'.
ii/ruiil «'
piilliiifl nil
II
iIk
hands, liar
ilirlYDifi his
S(i
'lost' tfiiiijlfs
iiii/iiy
nf
llirllainlnoisis
t'ditcr
-
to
dis,'
at
Dahshur, Carnarvon and Carter
turned their attention to another Deha
site.
Tell el-
1)\
1
the disc
sil\t.'r
:iul.
as
al
Sakha.
\ -l)ile a brief re\i\al of iver\'
jewelli yy.
of a hoard ot
work was
abaii-
Snnewhal disheartened. Lord Carnarvon returned home after
ti
t'ew
trial
s
'undm.ijs.
Carnarvon the Collector To amass such
a collection
it
was
not merely a question
of riches, nor even of expert assistance. inspiration, of taste, oi flair
was a case
It
of
which cannot be acquired
from any amount of study.'
JeanCapart
Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon evidently recognized not only a talented archaeologist but a kindred spirit. Carnarvon was keen to continue digging, but the not-inconsiderable expense of such In
work had been brought home experiences of his
first,
to
him by
the
independent season. Carter
a business-like suggestion which appealed to Carnarvon's pocket and added a little spice to their venture. According to the fifth Earl's son and successor, 'Carter suggested that some of the expenses of the work might well be defrayed by .
New
the negotiations
.
York, Mr. Carter to have charge of
and
to fix the price.'
For obvious reasons. Lady Carnarvon was unenthusiastic about offering the collection to the nation at a knock-down price rather than at its true value, which stood then at over £35,000. The difficulty, however, advised by Carter, she determined to meet head on.
The
Director of the British
whether his institution would collection for the
came up with
.
Metropolitan,
sum
Museum was
asked
like to acquire the
specified in Lord Carnarvon's
payment should be made in full by 4 pm same day. The Museum could not meet the
will; if so,
that
deadline,
and
I..ady
Carnarvon, her conscience
cleared, offered the collection to the Metropolitan in
New York
for $145,000.
They snapped
it
up.
buying antiques in the bazaar in Cairo or elsewhere to sell them to collectors at a handsome profit. Carter proved very adept at this business and I heard them talk of many good deals brought off in this
Small basalt head (above) of a Tuthmosid pharaoh wearing the nemes-
fashion.'
headdress, purchased by
.
Both the Metropolitan
Museum
of Art
.
.
and the
Museum benefited from this arrangement, though whether the scheme ever realized much profit after Carter's salary had been paid (£400 a year in 1907: £200 a month in 1911) is perhaps doubtful. Much of their 'stock' seems to have passed directly in to Lord Carnarvon's own collection. Carnarvon's taste for Egyptian art was developing rapidly, and by the British
Carter in
1912 from
the
Cairo dealer Blanchardfor £151. Carter later chimed to have found a fragment from this same head during the course of his work at the tomb of Amenophis I which, if correct, will
have been the
original find-spot
time of his death in 1923 what had started off as a somewhat random assortment of purchased and excavated pieces ranked as one of the finest private
of the piece.
collections of Eg>'ptian art in the world.
The prices paid by the cognoscenti for Egyptian antiquities at this time were high. 'You have heard, of course,' Carnarvon wrote to Wallis Budge of the British
Museum
in 1912, 'that Morgan had bought you refused for 80,000£' (a figure which even Carnarvon was forced to admit 'I personally can scarcely credit'). While to Budge again, in March 1913, he wrote, 'I saw a head just like your little red head in the Museum but a trifle bigger in green basalt, price asked 1500 The prices paid by Carter, if more reasonable, were anything but low, as his diaries and surviving letters
MSS
the Coptic
'
record.
A
green stone head of Tuthmosis
come from
tomb
the
of
Amenophis
I
at
III,
said to
Thebes
(p.
48), cost
£151; three camelian bracelet plaques of Amenophis III and Tiye (p. 48) Carter acquired for £350, with a multiple toW-tube of Hatshepsut thrown in for
good measure. It was a rich man's market, and market Lord Carnarvon could easily hold his
in this
own.
The Carnarvon listed
by Carter
in
when it came to be November 1924, numbered some
collection,
1,218 objects or groups of objects.
These
antiquities,
according to the terms of his will of 29 October 1919, Carnarvon left to his wife Almina, advising that Should she find it necessary to sell ... I suggest that the nation
-
i.e.
first refusal at
And
if
the British
£20,000, far below
the British
would suggest
Museum
Museum
didn't
its
- be given the
value
.' .
.
want them,
'I
that the collection be offered to the
The spectacular centrepiece of Carnarvon collection
the
(left):
a solid gold statuette of
.AmonRe, king of the gods, said to have been found north of the Temple of Amun at
Kamak in
1916. Although
originally assigned by Carter
middle years of the 18th dynasty, a Third Intermediate Period date now to the
seems more
likely.
47
«f«Mf«M«»ftfft««)ff«ti«ii«(«f«it«t«t<»itf«ff«i«
had aiiard.nu-d ilii- \';;llr\ w a\ a; ia-1 P ir Carr.ar\or,
niKi, Th...,;,,!,' I)a\i~
Royal Tombs
I'l
iiu'o^ii
Mpri'.ir.u :i;r
'i;.
and CaHrr.
I'lai;-
1914-1922 I
hrliiAi-
HMJ!
in
daiT.aiA.iii In
die \fr\ bfKinninK^
Howard
Carnar\iin and
aim
iihiniatf
wiivIk
hdwcxcr. \\a>
Kin.us.
(wiidiii Carnar\(in. lil\i'd:
Thf l(H'als
News
Nt-w
ihr
Kin.yddiii
lh,t.-ir
iilsf I
tracked
it
ihi-
held h\ Thfinldri' l)a\i>
main'
pcdpli-, acli\cl\' di>-
>liiiuld iidl sijrals Id llic
man
a Idiiib wiiicli the Tlu-ban
phmdcrin.u sciTrllx
hx-cii
ddwn.
jdinl bnrial
muiii
It
(k'U't'lut-
lor sdiiu- time-.
wdik, I'artiT had
prd\fcl tdbi- thai dfAmi'iKipltis
prepared
for the
kiii.L;-
and
the
e(l.t,'e
in aiitiqiiiu-.
way
to the Deir el-IStihri I'ache.
had carried
cletiranci'
had
brou.yht
inscribed \"essel h-a.mneiils. a
\
blue
h-il
and
lincliiiK
thuse wild
some
.'l.OOO
and the niddern r(i)bers who had
stumbled upon the lonib Carter's
l-Sul
dUt the stiKa.ye (iperatidii
\e;irs belori'
/'I
The burial had and the nuinimies df
the rd\al pair had been reiiidxed. ultimately their
dii
of the nearby eiilti\-alidn.
been dismantled
r-y
1.
his iiKither
Ahniose-Nolreliri. wild sliared a fiinerar\ temple
in-f:;::fx.n^:i^
a collection
to
left
imitii behind.
li.uhl
lar.ue
mass
,a
dffnigmeiits from the iiiird intro-
and his tomb tifter .\menophis mother had .u'one. Il was Carnar\'on's first nnal tomb, and spurred him mi to .dealer thin.Us. it
Oiiiii's sLrlili ni lhn< siilurh hiiinlcl iiiniillllll
r./'
I'liK/liis
fllll'l'llllft il
Inr l.nia
Ciiniiirrmi in (hlnlur /."/.?
I.i(\nrduihijiis,i
trniii llu
IIUSIIIL
.
.
\
Ihi
II
I
"I nhji lis
lli'll
lli'lll
iniiiiilniinn ililhisils
:iii.;iiin,l hvCiiilii iiilniiiii
/"
///.
llu
III
Iniiihiil
.\m,iinphislll:lhi
I-
si
n ml
iiii'ihli'issi'lsii'
mill
liiiiistiiiii.
hill,
iiiiiiiii
iiirtniiilii' jilmiiiis
mill III
III,
Aim
liimil mill
liiiih III
iilhiy.
/ii'ltiiv
iiisnihiil
I'll iiiiiiii II III
imliliis Ill's
I'ulillll.i^lS
l\\
mill
iiiiiiii II
iiillii r.
ii'
„,,^^,, ,,.,^j
,^„,,,^
<;uali!\a
I
,,,,.
|,
d
a.ini-
raniflian.
nuinmn
i\:v
.ihHVl>
,„, ,
wvW coiuain
iiii.ulit
il
;l'.c
aiiaii-
l-.ad;
ai'.lKiui'.io iiiarkri
,|^,,
n|
nl
di,.
dlhcr ;)K\r> of ar'asiu-
inliii'sl,
The t\ca\
tfa
ali d'-'
\hv idinb ol
'rh(iu,i;li
Anirn(j])ha>
I
sal\"a.t;r a
dral
.tri'i'-it
l-'diir
insi-nlx'd
df
llir
an
m
iic
xair,
llial
liisf
111,
atlniinistralidn
iifi'i'diidlis
W.
Carki'
ua>
ai)lt-
the smasht-d dfliris
h-diii
drii;inal li\f Idnndatidi;
in It-fl
di-pusus
liirTnthmosis I\'(lhf falhiTdf Anifiidiihis
wi-rr fdniul nndistnrbrd al llu- tiurancf Id
Ill)
lumb,
of
Ndfrt'iin. h.ad a;)pari-n!l\-
aiilurx
it-nlli
llu-
Wfrciinl id
ir;>
.\iiirHdi)lii>
and AlmidM-
been diMiianiU'd in
during
indicalin.u
had
sepnliiire
Within the liiamber
llial
be,i;nn
tdiiib.
v.crk dunn.i:
kd
(inaiT\ in,u
that
kin.u's
and
elearaiu'e nf the well
prndlieed
a
wimle
ran.ue
df
tin-
the
rei.Ltn.
well-
funerary
dhjecls. UKiiidin.t,' Irti.emeiits nf >erpenliiie. ealeite.
faience
and wiKiden
.•'//(//i/zs.
broken \essels,
a >iiperb pectoral drnameiit ni ties of
that
jjieeesdl
faience. (|uanti-
liliie
beads. sei|uinsand amulets, and diiecdriier df
a braeek't plaiiue in blue Itnence
Irom
had started Carnarxdii and
tlie
same series
Ctirter
nil
their
search.
ni
hi'an-scarab of
Intermediate Period burials whiiii htid been (luced into the
l,ii\(
lnlia\i.M,ncfa(iiinii-d
ht-hind.
was
discd\iT\"
had
ihf
(,11
whirh apiicarcd
ni\al
of Carlcr's latest disi'd\fr\ dffiTt-d a
I'Ai'iitnallw afki'
a
had had a>
ldr\\ar(l,
\\a\
'k
IUhIl;,-
llmr asxicialKin. Lord
I'ark'i'
>lill
Idid |Ma>pi-i-d|
'I
a.uain'l.
/-;
in
(if
Wala^
'The I'dnccsMdii for die W'lllcy ni
nc(,T(ii)(ili^.
Cava-r
thrt-r line hracclcl ;)la(]Ui--
Ill
::.
wm-
III.
al llir a.ni:i m| AniiT.Mijlii> III i\.i. i!2i
lai'lfi'V ar(|ui>ilinii
,\lllrnl;olrIi|.\!i;rr,M])lj-|l
l-'i'diii
Mda
l-rl)raar\
.'-i
ilawai-a,
al
I'.aw in
rr.i'.K
I
1).\
wi.rk
iiiiin'(.'(!
.
i
and
\',Mrk
Aninu-r.iiiu-
nl
l]yi"anii(l fiini]j|(\
dtiiicd.
h
ii'
iiie luii'dpean effects in
felt
e\"en in
was makiiyu its was stranded
war. howc\er. lyu;\j)t.
C'ariiar\on
and Carter's ener,i,'ies were taken u]) mure with essential war WdiiN as a
h'.ii.uiand,
nidre .and
diplomatic courier.
In ]91(),
he dad
clear on Lord Ctirnarcdii's behalf a clilf-ldiiib in
the
Wadi
liiui
new
1\-
the time to
discdxcred
Sikket 'I'aqa
Calate head with black eye
from a
detail,
large shabti-
o/Amenophis III. The head is inscribed in pencil with the excavator's number, 99, identifying it as a piece
figure
recovered from the
chamber of the on
2 March
well-
king's
tomb
1915.
Excavating the Valley of the Kings down to bedrock (Left)
in search of Tutankhamun: a photograph taken by Carter on 24 January 1920. The
work of shifting the thousands of tons of was facilitated by the use of a handpropeUed
limestone chip
DecauviUe railway, seen here
running diagonally from the centre of the photograph.
had been prepared for Hatshepsut while still Tuthmosis II's queen. But the tomb had never been used, and, apart from the abandoned sarcophagus, there
were no
By
finds.
was able to start work in the Valley of the Kings proper, and over the following years, with brief interruptions, he proceeded to clear 1917, Carter
the Valley
down to bedrock in the search for a single
Apart from ostraca (flakes of limestone employed by the ancient quarrying teams to jot down their lists and accounts), the only discovery of note was a group of calcite jars buried at the entrance to the
The cache of
Merenptah in the Valley of the Kings on 26 February 1920. Lady Carnarvon, in a
had been employed
rare foray into
to contain oils used in the final preparations for burial of Merenptah's body. Of these 1 3 jars, six were presented to the excavators. It
was a generous share of a miserable tally, but a poor
tons of limestone rubble
return
by basket and hand-
left)
jars found at the
tomb of Merenptah. To judge from the hieratic dockets they bore, these tired and worn-out vessels
tomb: that of Tutankhamun. Countless boys and men laboured to move thousands upon thousands of propelled I)ecau\iile railway. But finds were few.
(Below calcite
entrance to the tomb of
on
investment.
Lord
Carnarvon's
considerable
work,
is
tier
husband's
said to have dug out
the jars herself. (Below)
of the six
One
vessels presented to
Lord Carnarvon, inscribed with the cartouches of
Ramesses U.
(l»»»l»lim»«t»»fl»ll»""Hltn»»tfll»»»tt»l»»»IIIIHI!»»<»M»M«l»»»M»tMf»Mm»»»t»f»?IIIH»f»»
4
\'
!-'
I:i
1:
'
The Discovery 11', :
t;i~ iriiiuir \rr.n iihiinvi
u-ji.
\\;iik-. ;in(!
had
in ;hr rK(i
(lividrc!
1..
halrdlKadnii:
rail
a.
w
ll'.f
'l
C;:n i;ir\
in!
1.1
'
iIk- i)ir;:k
I"
Ijcl;:! .r.ir.u
w;;-
]\'-\
:^
:lu-
iii
•
-r;;—::
l:r
a da;.. Miiai; a~ U:i-i:ar\ui:
)a\ i~'~
1
'A ri"i
"i;'- cr.il'.u-i;;^!!!
.1
i:
"i"ir..
m.-w
:ha: •l;r\allr\ oi du-
Kiim- \\a- \\urkr<: ^u: MTiiu-d I'l liaa.r :ircr; ai'iTn'a 11a and lii> fxaaxaliT wri-f i''!)\niu>K al:a~ia;^ a ahinu-ra. Car'.i-r
aT
THE WONDERFUL DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT LORD CARNARVON'S OWN COMi'LETi:
NKW (AVE
.\(((n:NT.
OF ALADDIN
\\a> .-iininMiird a
bail iH'\v>.
larnarMiii
lii-a-MPi'ialf \)[[>\
WW
lirnspfi'l
he
siu\a>>.
WORKS OF ART
>
rracAf dir
>',a;rd lu'
iiii;
tha;.
ilu-ir
W'
wid;
'rk ^1 llu-
linlr
>iu-l',
amild; iin Imauri" anii;niur ai
llu- -caiaii. CarUT had Ih-it. r\])i'a:ir.,L;- a> and numUTrd ualh a ]HMi)M>iiini! In- h. i;H-d
liiia.iuT
nuiiii.
would
in
apiH'a.l
Cai'UT wiiuk:
Caniar\"iiiiV
liiiaiux-
iroir,
>;iiinin,L;
hi>
own
in>!iiu';>:
iioi'kfl
nnr
fuiahii- saa.soii. alcann.u du- lasi irian.^k- of oxouiid
uiikii
Ik'
It'll
were niadc.
it
iiiiMil.
would
dir iifdi
season,
>rl xicld ri-sults
nii,L;h;
of die I'onccssion.
MArClILl'As
liuluicrr a
when. alu-nrN u-w
\v:\x>. iif
1
1
\\a-t'lraii.\ a^ da~a,;)]iMiii:rd. a--
bill he.
Ix'IoH.l; Io
lni])i'i'ssr(l
h\'
I'l'lrnU'd:
hi'
i-'.arl
not CarliT,
and
if
Caniar\'on as
would
CarUTV a.ui'i'i'd
a
liiui
lioldrl'
aoinniil-
lo a
fool \\\v h\\
iiiial
Perseverance
is
was
rewarded
had been
though it is difficult to believe that Carter harboured much optimism when, on 1 November 1922, a Wednesday morning, work llie race, then,
still
on,
cleared,
and the upper part of a plastered
blocking stood revealed, stamped over
its
surface with large though blurred oval seals.
discovery as puzzling as
it
was
It
The Discovery
entire
was a
exciting:
began. Three days later the outlook had brightened loiisiderably. For,
'some thirteen
the entrance to the
tomb
of
feet [3.9m]
Rameses
VI,
below and a
similar depth from the present bed level of
1
The
had come to i.ijht. By late afternoon on the following day 12 steps
\'alley',
the top of a sunken staircase
The
design
was
certainly of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
be the tomb of a noble buried here by royal Was it a royal cache, a hiding-place to which a mummy and its equipment had been removed for safety? Or was it actually the tomb of the king for whom I had Could
it
consent?
spent so
many
years in search?'
1921 the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Society in
In
London reported seems
to be
and more
that
'it
becoming more
difficult, in
fact
almost impossible, to excite in the general public that interest in archaeology generally,
and in Egyptian
archaeology in particular, i^hich we feel our country take.' When, a few months later, news of Carnarvon and Carter's discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings (left and
should
opposite below) hit the
headlines (opposite above), that
all
changed for good.
51
L;irirri-i--r\:iniiiki: tni'-riil i;ii;iiT---:Mr-.
iwiici'-hip
\];;Vr
\\"u'd'.
."
rriiiai;
.\Iu>UTir.,L; all lii~ will ])M\\ri", l.c
laniMU~
a-lf.iirani
'<'
-
I.
,r:i :K:nii.-
ii:;:i!>\\rri-i:,
inlrrrd la~ hut.
wli-i
I'ariua-vu!:.
\\a-
-:ii:
'..i
iii
l-aiulaiui,
Ijiix: I
Carr.ar\iir.
icrbi-i"!,
>;c;)|)cu
and •>'.'.
I'lillowany (la\' W'^rk
^
inoiith ni Ih,
Til,
rj.anilinnlili.
ni Hhininiu
ir„ll.
,ii,iii,isl,,ii,
risihh
II
i;
1,1,1'
i,
mil
i,,iiih
sIh'Ihii,-;
III,
sliiinviiv mi,
H'ruiii',
111.^,1,
li,iii,l
l>lh,l,,Ui;i/>li
i,irn,s
A
III
Ih,
,,'
III,
III,
iii!,i!iiil:,,U'^'i,irii,nr,,ii
,i,
lis
J:iiii ,111, III,
,
i
l,S,ll,bl,ll„, ,,,,.>!„, II,
u;,r,il,,r>
Ih,
I
::n,i
I,
bt-.tj-ai:
(ia.imliU'r, 'rair. ii:
a;
l,ai',\
Mwiyr
Lux^ir: aiai
:1k-
raiaio'.
-
C
,
lii^
l\:v
lli,
hi,:, III,, r
1,11,
,
I,,
I,., I
>,, nil, iii,kii,ii
,111,1,1
(.,111,1
>
,..-
J-
Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert, arriving at
Luxor station on 23 November 1922, are met by
Howard
Carter
and
the
governor ofQena province.
With the
stairwell entirely freed, the full
of the plastered
doorway could be
expanse
seen. 'On the
lower part the seal impressions were much clearer, and we were able without any difficulty to make out on several of them the name of Tut.ankh. Amen.' The diggers' elation was tempered by the observation that here, at the top left-hand comer of the blocking, were signs of reclosing: the deposit, whatever its true nature, had evidently been tampered with in
antiquity - a reluctant conclusion the debris already encountered on the steps of the tomb only served to reinforce.
Piece little
by
by
piece, the blocking
little
was removed, and was revealed,
a descending corridor
to the ceiling with packed limestone chip, through which a tunnel had been dug and anciently filled
By 4 o'clock on the afternoon of 26 November the corridor was empty, and before the refilled.
The plastered door blockings had been stamped all over with a range of large oval seals, including the famous motif of the jackal triumphant over nine bound captives: the detail
here
is
from
the Burial
shown
the blocking to
Chamber.
A
drawing by Carter of the jackal
and nine
captives
device, to the right in the
photograph,
is
shown above.
53
/
/
/
/
//
/
/
il-'arnul:!. 'xi'.wi Th. I
i:!iiiiiii
h'llllll S
!•'
S
till
17
,i:r,,1k iihui;
!niu!>
/{(/,.
tliii!
'•:
IIIKIIlll
tl
."
Inliiiikiniiiiitii. i-:'iitiihtitiii!i
f
h.-vkiiiu'shiiriiil.
fxrawit Ill's loouifd a scroinl nxrr
>lanii)c(i
|)la>U'|-.
seals
ami rriinsrd
The
first j^limijsc
lis
al llic
ildor, a,L;ain liu'cd willi
cnliiT surlai'c wiih nxal
tup Irll-liand iMnirr.
Thi> was
knnumi;
slairrasc do()i\\a\ I
Ic tluii
wiial
(.'arUT
I
iiriiiaps a
a small Imlc
and inscncd a ('andlr In k'Sl pcrrcd mlo ihr \iiid ht'\ ond:
m
sn-nnd
llic srali'd
lnr imil ,t;asrs.
i-'.\
cK
IxTrd
1
lie
llir
ehaniliei cau-iiiK' llie landlr llaiiir in
I
piVM'iillN. (lelail- nl
euiiKI
,1- ii;\ ill,-
1
nnilnnv;, ihr
r\r> livrw
n!
t;, ,1,1
11
air
,-Mapir,mren:
helie\-e
iii,-krr. bill
.i|
llie
and (cnainlv
\MllllIl elllcl.m'cl -in\\l\ ,t;nl(l
the
and aivonipanu'd h\ l.acK and L'ai"nar\ nn liam-
inio
AnU'iiiaiiilH'rwlu'rr du'V sIikkI.
llic
SlowK
whal
I
heir
iheiv e\"es
ha\e seemed
du'\ ninxcd Ixiwcen mind- m a whirl, unable were seem.u. Alter what
t-arrliilK
.
Iicasurr.
like
.
an
elei"nil\".
llie
With Callender's
than belnie.
parl\"
lillul
rest
next day.
eleetrie h.uhlini;
''"' ^'''''H' ^^-'^ 1>'^^ 't"'' ''I'l'i ''v>'r. lid mnr,'da//iin.i,'
the
Carter's house lor a
t..
Ixinre resuniin^i; exploration
t;,
1
whusf
CallcndiM". Carlcr
sHimbled hark
linin ihe iiu-l,
rM'Muhne
oiu'
in sec a,t;ain.'
hole,
.leeii-r ip'.ed In ilie !n:hl.
-ii.aimr .iiiiinaN. M.aiii.-. anil i;lii;i
lini
down
heaps
mnsl lir-i
and
dunilislnk'k.
III
Mr
At
n
'lhr(la>
llian fN]H'i'UHl
wnilr. 'ihr mnsl WdiKlrrUil ihal
can \)v\cv hnpc
l-.nlar.mn.';
a'cxpcrl
made
sonuirh sonnci'
lia\c fXiT luril dirou.uh. like
\(il
il,
liays.' Carlri"
"I'
now
iiislalled
the sjiarkk' nl ih
I'.u;
the la\"oul nl ih
was now clear. Beneath the couch, on the west wall, was the entrance to a second chamber (the
deposit
Annexe), while an area of stamped plaster between two 'guardian statues' standing against the north wall of the antechamber marked the entrance to a third chamber, the blocking of which showed signs of having been resealed in the middle at the bottom.
As is now common knowledge, and as was undoubtedly their prerogative, Carnarvon and Carter entered this third chamber within a short time of the discovery - to judge from a letter written b\
Carnarvon to Alan Gardiner, on the evening of 28 November; this was the day before the official opening of the tomb, by which time record photographs of the ancient sealed reclosure had been Dismantling the resealed section. Carter first, followed by Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn: Callender proved too large for the hole. taken.
wriggled through
The chamber was
filled with a huge gilded shrine, while beyond lay a fourth chamber, with open
doorway through which could be glimpsed ever more beautiful things watched over by a reclining figure of the Anubis dog, divine guardian of the royal cemetery. But it was the shrine which attracted everyone's attention.
now clear: and
I
'I
The nature
of the deposit
have got Tutankhamen
believe
.
.
.
intact.'
was
(that is certain)
^
TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN
The
Team
Excel rati oji
-; \y.:\-.:.-
'/'';;
')'\^
''"",?'";'.'''.''"'"!''"
'..'",'?,'
ilid
I'
lake
iiu;
wurk
\vci-k> oi
him', L'aniai"\(iii (ipliiiiis'acallv
\>mii
Im
an,i
u~
.i,>o,v,.^^
,1,.
.,:
has
lnl;)lk'anll|l^. 'Lai'U'i"
Cane!"
aixi
Cai'iiarx'i]-.
ar.rail o!
sunn
liii-fca>I
:hr liiml)
lllr
\'\V
IcikUt, a I'losc iritild of Cai'UT, sini'cil Nnwnilx'l".
l.nil
Iinif.
iil',-;
had
Al'lh.ui"
hand
brcll
hl^a^si^lan^^ \\a>i-k'arl\
fiidUKh. [•nnunaicK, AllxTi l.vthtiuc Cui^aior , \i Ak'iniijiihlan .Miisfinn s ,,
I'al-
'
1-
'
r,t;\ .'ii'ian l)<'i)ai'lnH'nl.
'
\m<\
'lu-
,ii
i>
II hail
'
..
cabled In
oiuld. Carlcr louk Ijr.yinnin.L;
an\
cnn.yTatiilalinns anci
(iiier
and
his wm-d.
i,\lh,t,''>f al
lu'l])
Ik-
L
•!:,
il;,
::,,-
i^,;,.:
I
.
.^'
!.>:-.
ord
Carn.-iT-xoii
-
L,-in::ii'. 'a:i;ii:.
:
ii'-'"1\'^i
>':^'«":^
l-'-
')L':i)
.1.
'.-<•.'.:.
iirall:
;;;'-
^''-
-ii:
,
aia;
An:;. liC'i
.i
\\'iu;ii n-i
.
•
:r.lini'!',n:i.
a':ri;(.
;,
an
":
i.,'i:'aT
-\
Hi-
.
;.
•
.
I'-UA pi' i|.iy\
':.'
~v:sr.
.,:;:ri-i;.
:i
-i>iin::::L: iia--i. ''"'^ 'i'"' "->; "^
;
""":|"-:i-';
^ iiiinir.i-.'i
.',;;:.
::
:
uiinn:
i,.',^\
aui:::.-.
ii;
Laniai'\"r-
,
Sfid-l
1
(
-^
A.i" ,-,',:.::...:-
.
an.a
.|;i(
ihc
al
of Diwnihci- k'lc,i;Taplu-d ;hr folkiuin.u
Howiird Ckirtor (1X7 \hv
^^. ^hallk^ iiu'>>a,i;r [s '.nan and nri-d iAiia assislancr. L'nukl \nu i-on,si(kT ,^^,
.
,
,^
!.,
McmbcVS of IllC TcdlU
al'ri" I
nili'l'ill.u
..;
,
-: !•;-. ;r:;i;;.;
(u-mI,,-!^,-!] Mil--,-'.
a„paviai. ih. ..nnniinv
K
s.|:, -, r-
(.;.:-.;.;,
:i--n; Im-.\
I),
l-l!i:!;))
dinva'd
la- ra:pl..\r:-. Lara-r
.i:
nfilk- iniiili.m ix'hal: n: Akr.ir-.a.
lA'avanii
\'r.v
Cania'A-iri.
I.a(;\
Mr
I
,
alsd Mipi'iaiMti
(nr.MiAannr,
ilir
ih.r
•>'.
i"inh airniiuiT
•<'.
liurlnii HI UTiinliii.t; in linir Ikinui' i.o>i> in
wnuld
Iniiilndiatr I'l'pU
ti'
inslallannii m,
Laim
Cam''. nauii'f
cabled
On
\\a> (|iiick lo rcpix".
l,\lh,L;iir
till-
u
_ .
I
KwihIht hr
ik.r
and rrsnuivr.
lali-iu
Lniuini'iilal.
Laii"
II- Iiansp'in.'ili'ir.
anr..
r.t'iA
'
,-\a'-iniv
wrn
nan
a-n,
ilfliKlilcii In .assist in
-l.ilY. .\ii; cahlin.L,'
cmtx' pnssihk' \\a\
and an\ nlluT mcinhcrs
liurinn. in
Anluir \lacn \\a-
nf nur
ndrcl. I.Mlic'nr.'
ili.ii
Vwr
.\ln
(k/aand
a!
a
uhnin
clDn,
Muv
,,
were
Miiseiini ,,
,,
,
,
stfeiit;lhened. was a neiiei'osi u w ach wouk in p due course he fewarded In Caner eipuiiieennn die Med- aci list ion ol die Carnaiaon col led ion. I
-
.
1
I
olTeis of help,
on
;t
cheini-t with the
lite
,-
Deceniher hoiii Ahied laica-. a
l{,u\ \
roin ,\r
plian
k hill"
I
)irect
in> I
1-1
oxertmienl. and on Id I-
oyisl With Mace, an h.e\pio -'
M.'tropolilail l-.Npedi;ion.
llenr\- llreasled.
sii
(
VI
M\
da\s
work on
in
impro
the seal
w Inch cm ered the plasleivd bloi-knms. l.iuser two archmvls w ith ihc Metropohian team. I
lall.
,
i)eL;an
,
woIi^ on diawini; a plan o ,
1
,
,1
And on
(i.ardiner
inscnplii
skill>
-
.
,
ar-t \ii.nineni
,,
ilir
-,-
/,;,
/-a/.-"
..
-,,
and
,-•
m
n;
-,r.-r ..nd praciical
andmied
In i.,irU'r, :ir.d lie en
.,..
M;„.^.-. i„.alili tailed,
,
/,,./;•....,
tile
,,.,,.
,
hL'.
r. In
b,\'.
carieP- reurei he lea h.^xpt
„- ,_,n, «;,
Ills.
.'1
JaiiuarN
armed
,
lo
-
work
In the ,\nlliinilu> Sel
,.
.
in
on
the
.
wnnld wnih em-rh u i
i
ith
\
.,_
It _.,
he
itine -e.l-ni'.> •
Cuter
\annn- in.HenaK hmnclii
fill
ICe
,•
,
in ih.e enn.-n.Uiatinn n; i
T,„,-,„kl..a,min-- luiria: epiii|.inenl.
and
in
..nak
,
iia;
die
imnh, Larter harek lii|HTeeni "l the iniiil.'- ennlenl> wnnki liase reached kann m ^••"'' '" ''"' '^l^'l'""'" I'''-"-'- '" lnoi- >i;>'ls haivk e-.iiiii,iiec. tlrii
in !ii;lu in ih.e
withniii cnn>er\aiinii
:i
cent ni
UL'., |>er 1
the linlish i)hilol.M,nsl slarl
-Mfivd Lucas (lS(;7-i;)4r>) A.avc hiiea-. Mancte-ai an;i:. ua> Imin Lllelltl.-I
,
he ohn'c s
'
po-iiion.
.Man
James
later.
or of the Oriental Institute
Chica.uo. an"i\ed to he.Ltin
and
.
K'n-r.cr. wniKini;
\
\>-wiani diiiamr
An, Mace'- >nnnd cmnnmn,
were iiuakiahle
<•.
trndrra. lliw anil
I
niatler ol da>s. Carter recei\ed liiillier
\\ ilhin a
leceiuber
\('ar-n!
a'\\
had innuni
I'-Uvpiian
I
a,!
(it-nrue
-in-ll «i:l'.
Natf,
Carnarvon and die Meliopolilan
I
ai-i
1S7J-1!)1'.S)
(
lie (Iiil;
Mrlniixiliian Mu>enii; in IPcl a-
,
.kirr.aa'ii ir
•
siudrni .ind lii-nan' cnu-in
a infinrr
l-'lmik-r- I'l'lnc, inr
|'hf cliisc lies ihal alread\ existed Ixiween Cavler,
..
Iv
na
P-;,--'-
Inlkiwiipu nicssaMc:
I'lrasc call upnii llnrlnn
1
«
i'iir.!ai-n
'n ',
rr.n!
-miili'irn. ir.ai.. 1
,a
ins ,aiu; Hil;!; -irur.,^'.
nil will nil r.r I'an'.r
il-,-
Mn-nnn-.. lK'>p!U- in-
CarU'i' u.i-
Ailhiir Cnittendon Mait'Only Inn
-t.r^i-
h'.r r.ir.;.
ir.
^I^,
nhli.yr, IAcr\- i-i,yard>. L'arUT.
',
upnr.
nl
\\a>
'
,
Ill-
i,,,.m'^
ilunlmvl.
,,
-kill- at preseiAatinii.
nn,
ii-i
, I,
,\- we,; a-ilrawiiii:
.
.irier
wa-
I.uc.i-- tnieiKic laleni- in In-
the inhhenes
m
which ihe imnh
aflei Tiilankhaniiir.'- hnrial
.
In rel\ i
recnn-inietmn
k.ad ix-en
Mihiected
m
lit«
Tomb
Clearing the
i
l'Ai-iu-ii:iiU
;>;iiiM-
l::iil
I"
:ii:ii.
r.ni'.'
IniluTlii, ar.(i u-i\Tii ii~ rj
i)r lii^pi >-f(i
ll'.iTr ail'.
1
\\i' liaii
rnlailni. Tla~
il
ii
'
in Til
ill
a
111
wa-
iniial -ca-i
li'.O',
Mriiir(la>ll
II
i.^h
v,,- i),'i;;i!;
n; :rMiii ni
.
c.i
i.
atid
ii>.
Mr(hi;ar\
W'
ir.'~
inn lu-hnu u- linw
a^.iuIM(ira;i rxpt
.m
imu-
;ni- il;r :i|--i
a iiiodmiMU- l:i-k
.\l:a: a rr-|iiii>rn!lH\
\\a^
ii-
;jrii)))i-il
:nr !l:nu,i:l:i, ihii
!"i:i'!7r v.h;!'
irk:
in liaaila
ii'
•!"
n.
iH'Wi.diiir.i;. ai
ihrrr
v.iTi- nil in
.iiiildaaMiiipliMi.?
I
liiwani Cai'U-rV tiraranci- nl
•aniiin,
and
llu-ni in
had
ivnio\al in
ihc- liinih lirrii
wilhm
luuiid h\ anviiiic
and ihc iniinnisc
whiph
>ui"\
Thf
a nionlh.
cauliiin wilh
ihi'
imnh
nl
Tuiankli-
Caim, innk almnsi a (ircadc:
ha\th((Iu|^a^t'(l aiidaii\' dis])la\
llic
his prfSfrx-alinn nfllir ircasiircs Id niai-ic
Idi"
L'arli'i'
i\
i-lsr.
ii
iii_i;(iinUiil>
wmild pui up
and
la\ishir..e',inicar.d. ninr.iN
ihc
aniujUKio a>
lii'sl
iwiiM-aMips
wilhi
waw
I
hi-
ip. lih.
in
lhiiiMii,i;h
niaiiilainin.L; llic hilli-sl
and
he Irh.
alk'rwavds aflm'd ninsl
piosrd
nu'lh.iKhcal
rnrnrdisPniinialU'r
iri\aal a disi'ii\t'r\ ajiprars al du' ninniriil iiia\'
nir,,
luin!) nf Raiiif>sri~
CpirU'raiu! his u-ani ;i
m.uh.l
hi-i
apijriiaclifd his lask,
biirdi-n nl rfspiiiisil)ilil>"
cicarana'
nn :h^,)I•ts^I\a;i"^.
wtrr
fxpi-dilinn had: h'Min ihc >Pir; \\\v. niipluN
Tlinai.k'hall ih.cihsli-at'liiinsand (hliiciihu'Siifih.r
111!
llii\
dilUTciiPf undfriinci-
salua'pli- inliirniaiinii'l
nrricim' la niinihi'i" n! Wh.irh.
wnuid
Is
iiiiw
aich.
ilir r-Pairwrll
:
lipinkiN
r,
iir
\
;:i
ri-r\pa\:i',
Musruiin.
1":
suiipii'inrnu-d iiy ;hc ainiii nf N-lhus
wiiuid
)iiraliir\
1:
The
T
m^
as a sPircriiiini
irmn
alf a i-rr.;ui'\ iaUT')\
i
li
n])plirs aiu: im' niinur ::ni:s
\
hnw
...iinlo
\1 iNn,
W nscd a^ a stuiirf
and,
ph.iiinyraphk'
lirid i-hpsitn ain
>;uih(i.
Tuinh
'.
n\cnkii;l\ siluaa-dan-ii-sih.ipalh, n-ntn Tu:an,k
-
t.
^
(Far left) Carter and two of his Egyptian workmen, with Callender looking on,
dismantle the ancient partition wall erected between the
Antechamber and the Chamber to allow the
Burial
removal of tlie large gilded shrines which surrounded the sarcophagus. (Left) Carter
and
Callender
dear the final objects from the Antechamber: one of the life-sized
tied to
'guardian figures',
a large wooden
wrapped and padded for rruinoeuvring up stretcher, is
the sloping corridor
and
transfer to the laboratory in the
amun, was pressed
into service as a
darkroom
for
Harry Burton.
made
A routine was rapidly established for processing vation challenges issuing forth from the tomb.
Each
group of objects was given a reference number; in situ photographs were then taken, with and without reference number cards in position, the object or
by Carter or Mace on a was located on a ground-plan of the tomb being prepared by Hall and Hauser (for the Antechamber only); and the piece was removed to the laboratory for treatment by Lucas and Mace, with further photography and recording.
A
card; the object
final
served. All this for
photograph was taken as con-
many thousands of objects,
over
camera carefully positioned so that every object showed in at least one of the shots. A brief
several seasons, in sweltering heat (24-29°C (75.2
where appropriate, was
(who were soon complaining about the excessive
description, with sketch
A
tl.
of each object
numbered record
the seemingly endless flow of treasures and conser-
tomb ofSethos
84.2°F)),
with continued harassment from the press
(Below centre and below) Transporting objects to the laboratory for photographs, recording, cleaning
conservation.
and
-^M^
•j*^'"-
m
rS^jf^-
1:^
-'-
.V?
^^
Tomb 433' was assigned an number ranging from 1 to 620; subdivisions for objects within a numbered group were noted by the use of single or multiple letters - a, b, c, etc.,
group of objects from object
where appropriate aa, bb, cc, aaa, bbb, ccc, or even 4b (for aaaa. bbbb), etc. Additional subdivisions were noted by bracketed Arabic numerals. Group no. 620 is anomalous in that it was given 123 numbered subdivisions: 620:1 to 620:123. 4a,
The distribution of object numbers throughout tomb was as follows:
the
la 3
ll««tlMtMI««llttl«l««tlfttllH««fl>tM«H«()«f»>««t«l))«li««f«HHMtMtlftff«ft«MfmfmifMtt?1
The Death of Lord Carnarvon
lniii,wlll,L; llu- t'XlT.lllUT.:
\\-^\ III"
Miinal Cliain'hn
;l-.c
;ilUT
111-
liiTual
ij).
'
'Ia- ":i"u-K;i
if
W'I'.c'.Iut
-'-:^l
A^\^,•.^.. Li;i"!:;'r'.'<
,'il
i-i-ddciifcl a!-.,L:nl\', |)f-;);lc •rr:i:ii:,u
''
'-
111 II
'
,1 I
Ill
.
'
\1 .(
'
(
irnm
i(i(iiiH' r-f!
II
1
rfcii\t-r.
Thi>
lakT
was up
lit-
uiu'xptru-d dfalh nf
waltTsht'd
in
liislorN-
llu-
laiixl (if
Cai-nar\-nn \va>
thti-
:i
tomli clfaranaf.
ali-K
.
;ii
III'.,
wnri!
1 cmiiau' hun
kinpcra'airu
(lau^^hUT H\-(.-Kn
Wlu-n -l-l^j.
Carr.ar\ I
if
:iS.:i
>ftiiir(l ai (in ar.cl a.bi
iiil,
'.l-.i-
1
I
a
,
\
'wn
i-a
1'.)-
am;
a- i"t>i
:)!.•(;
iriak. aac:
ca.izt-r
aixi
alliiwcdi
l-"i,
;i'
ip.
a u-\ii-
i'\i-r,;>
'r)\
Ii'l
"':
>
wniir.i; wr.h.
'.'Wv
'li!
'yK'V.W.'d
\v:;~ hr.'.i-r.
'r.
h,i> \vfll->iiicki(; nu-i'afir.i- ii:r>:.
and Lord
!r,
niniiiii.u'a
'
'
/
'
"
?
II I
'
•
'vx-i^x^'
i:a\ainiai.
'.Ia'
ln-r la'.b.rr siiniiai: a rfiaip-c ainin-: iiiinux'a-
I.ach I'ArKi^. in
ni(i\-fd
tin-
madfarran.m-nu'na-
Ciiniir.t.'naai-Sa,\ nv
w.
ii
ir
iimi a be >
Caiivi.
nr,
11
// (
,_
,
I
I
I)
,
{I
)\-frni,uiil I'ai'UT
addni.i; Ik Ins
was
nwn
a\(-a\al(ir llic full
ihrusl
fiilK into
ihf Imit'liKhl,
imnu-nsfl\- -lu'ssful duties as
burden
nf jjublia rt'landiis,
which
llu!
.\la.i\-li.
ac(adfnt,
funher
;li(.-
a
tnc
\\a>
.ITAcaraik;
xM-akeiied.
a>
lau-.
l-i\ci"
>ii'.ai.-
Ifaii haci bt-t-n a k.e
was.
b\
Ia>
weais
die
aar
niar.:
preseii'
The Curse .
.
.
all s;ine jx-ople
shduld dismiss such inventions with
ontcmpt.' Ilciward Carter
Lord Carnarvon's death focused popular attention on a warninR made just two weeks before by the noxelist Marie Corelli that 'the most dire punishment follows an\' rash intruder into a sealed tomb'.
The
public chose to ignore the fact that Lord Carnarvon's
and indeed that Eg\pt had t»en undertaken
constitution had never been strong, his annual pilgrimage to
primarily on heaUh grotmds:
it
preferred to regard
sudden passing as the inexitable consequence of having disturlx-d Pharaoh's rest. his
-tssu^
days before penicillin, he fell an easy summoned from England, arriving by air in a Puss Moth with her husband's physician, Dr Johnson. Before long their son, Lord Porchester, had joined them, just in time to spend a few hours with his delirious father. By the morning of 5 April it was all oven as Carter records in his diary, 'Poor Ld. C. died during the early hours infection, in the
prey to pneumonia. His wife was
of the morning.'
The show of emotion from family, friends and was matched by the black frame sported
colleagues
by the Cairo newspapers. For, despite the uproar caused by his exclusivity agreement with The Times (p. 64), Carnarvon had been much loved and respected in Egypt.
Arrangements were made
for the body of the fifth embalmed without delay for transport to England and burial on Beacon Hill overlooking his beloved Highclere. Meanwhile, in Egypt, Howard Carter was left at the helm of what was now Lady Carnarvon's 'ship'. Sadly, he was to prove a poor
Earl to be
sailor.
Death by association Rumour was rife. On the day
tomb was opened. the Carter's pet canar>- was swallowed by a cobra cobra being the very serpent on Pharaoh's brow which spits
fire at his
of Carnarvon's death,
the
enemies: at the precise it
was
moment
said, the lights of Cairo
inexplicably went out; while at the
same
England. Carnarvon's three-legged
terrier bitch,
Susie,
time, in
howled and dropped dead. of anyone who had been even
The demise
remotely connected with Carnarvon. Carter or the was immediately seized upon as further
discover>'
evidence for the efficacy of Tutankhaniun's
vengeance: Carnarvon's younger brother, Aubrey Herbert, died suddenly in September 1923; an X-ray specialist passed away unexpectedly while en route
Egypt to examine the king's mummy; the American railroad magnate Jay Gould died of pneumonia, the result of a cold contracted during a visit to the tomb; the Egyptian Mi Kernel Fahmy Bey was shot by his wife in the London Savoy some time cifter viewing the discovery; Arthur Mace, Carter's right-hand man, suffered a breakdown of health and died before the tomb had been fullv cleared; the to
French Egyptologist Georges Benedite died as the result of a fall after seeing the tomb. Carter's secretary' Richard Bethell died in unusual circumstances at the Bath Club in 1929; Bethell's father. Lord Westbury, who had never seen the tomb but possessed a small collection of Egyptian antiquities, committed suicide a short time later; while an 8-year-old child was accidentally killed by Lord Westburj''s hearse. These were just a few of the claimed victims. Such a catalogue of tragedy, public opinion maintained, could hardly be fortuitous. Statistics drawn up for his own amusement by the American Egyptologist Herbert E. Winlock in 1934 paint a rather different picture. Of the 26 people who had been present at the opening of the tomb, six had died within a decade.
the 22
'the curse'. Indeed, Carter
who had
witnessed
himself did not die until
1939, at the age of 64; Harry Burton, the expedition
photographer, died
in 1940,
aged
60.
Lord
Carnarvon's daughter. Lady Evelyn Herbert
Lady Evelyn Beauchamp), bom the
's.^?:-'l>C.
Of
two had died. While of the 10 who had been present at the mummy's unwrapping, none had yet succumbed to the opening of the sarcophagus, only
first to
in
(later
1901 and one of
enter the tomb, lived until 1980. Others
involved closely with the discovery included Professor Percy E. Newberry, Carter's friend and
Arthur Conan Doyle attributed responsibility for
Carnarvon's death to not souls, not 'elementak spirits
- created by
Tutankhamen 's priests to guard the tomb'. Modem explanations of
tend
to be
'scientific'
'tlie
atrse'
framed in more terms: infection by
long-dormant microorganisms (histoplasmosis) is
a current favourite.
mentor,
who
H. Gardiner,
died in 1949, aged 80; Dr (later Sir) Alan
who
studied the tomb's inscriptions,
died in 1963, aged 84; while Dr
D.I-1 Derrv'.
who
performed the autopsy on the king's mummy, died at the age of 87 in 1969. As an imaginary' inscription was purported to proclaim, 'Death shall come on swift wings to him that toucheth the tomb of Pharaoh.' It cannot be denied, however, that Death was peculiarly selective in his choice of victims, and surprisingly long in coming for those who were perhaps closest to the work.
Arthur Weigall (above), the former Antiquities Service Inspector, who for a time was employed as a special correspondent for the Daily Mail. Observing Carnarvon's good humour at the opening of the Burial CImmber doorway, Weigall is reputed to have commented: 'If he goes down in that spirit, I give him six weeks to live.' Just over six weeks later, the fifth
Earl was dead.
63
I
l(«H>MtHlfl«l«f«t«M<«l)ftlttttl|«|l|««t««(»«|««|t«iiit,it«««)f«t««fM«tf«f«tfl««ffmt?«M«l«ffn
-ali-lai-iii
:hr
Politics
111
Tiriir,
-rriii.i;
<'i'
lie
niiii:
:ii.-h:M;
irii
(:r\'rii'|iin;; 111:0
i'r\
\
ii
.Ml: h.iiii>fll wl'.uii,
cnrirarl wnli
(I
-r.
'
:«
li-ick;.
J,-;i:r..M-\
hf!icftnr:h br liiaiaicllcc:
A;
nnif,
:ht'
bull;
Tbf
I'iiiiiS
airs iiab
a.
'if
whom,
praaiiaail'.
:\nC.
;:
.
aro-, bu;
ii('\v~i)a;)ii>. aiu; LriH-rilia
wanara
haii t-niplovcd
\h:i'..
a,
b;r i-\aa\a-
irmii bu- Tinu aba. 'nijia'aa
bia Ihiiiy
iir
br aa
a-
\\a^ k-a
l-:L:;.-;);iaa
na-iroin;^
-ui'iV-i-
iiii-iiik'f-niakir.,!;-
jaah
'.v
'hal afw-iiapcr.
;;a-iiiii:!i
aLi:rcfi;:iia
bu- Wdi'lcib
11!
a:
ami ;hili-u'aib. a \\a- \" be a
1-:
alTrnna imi oaK- a) :bc iMaai 'b.a rasi
a
iir -iijr.ci:
"!'L',"..
|j,p(;..r.
iinaaaiaiix
M'tiiicd a M:-i>ibli- nin\
(lisa>UT,
m|'
7/;;/(>
yV/i
aia;
'!>
iia-
<
Cariarb
iili:
mail. Arlliui- Waiaall. a^ ihair-pt-ciai aorra-pi^iaiana Ibir llic Ibk'vpliaii nallo^all^t^. bin ;)ro\
idcd a
only
;bif
.Lii'iiaral.
but
aolonaali.',
iiriii>h
would
It
'Htiii s at^Tctiiiair,
wlmii
-liak wjil;
('.od-,u:uti'.
a\ai;tuall\ ;)ro\c
ai brat no;
ioi-ci,m;ai>
11;
tlia (.x;x-c:itioi;b
undioin^u".
Tension in the tomb With tha ;h;it
the
was ll
!
,'i|^,
'.
on lb Ib'brtiary
undistuiix-d wa'h.in
hi.-
Ibl'b.
lomb.
sif the lind baaania woi'sc. Thci-f
|)|-fs.
also ihf
'diM^A it\
(iliiaial
kiiyt; still La\
ola duision
na,L;.t;iii,t;(|Uisl loll
the limib to he alassifiad
intact or oihfrwasc-
;is
would, undlcr
'intaatb the l-lsyjMian ('in\i'ninu-nt
the ti-niis of
thi'
exca\alofs'
I'lamis
was
ol the (ihuvts:
i-oiKvssion. be entitled to den\- the
share of the ohjei'ts
;iny
to
reeo\'ered.
and
Cartel"
way
best
tile
of
diliieullies wbiieli the disi'o\ei"\' l)i"esenl;
on
I'arler.
Ilmiiinl Ldit, ris!l,.r.
i;,m
r.
a
.;i,iii,i'i'':t>
Imivii ai„l
'"""'"'"'"//"
'-'l"l';"
'
r,nnn,n„.r,.„l,.,tlu t.nnh •
''Stlin, lil;,ilh,hiii,l
>iiii!,
s liniihli
irii<
hn
Ih,
ii'iiil;.
ilu
k
miUMnl
I
lu
u\oi i-iiilti iuim \m u Kini;
i- i-m ini \o nn< ilk< "7I' iHusupu nun.u nni ana
Wiiiui I'lkui
"';"""^''^'" "'
"'
I
1
.x.nuh.u
In... ,1 „no,u ..liMuanu s„ni. ,.tnum UMimiiiniik, nii-Jml huunnC iinanup mil ilie
111
iHpiitniinini
u
i\
iln
111
\iiii(|aiiitN
iitliii
uxm
mil il'l
\uliuoliii;\ phi- imini
I
ik< - -uli1-
ili-ii
mie
lull
uhiii Mill
1(1(1
I'li'iiR-
It
Ixmnu-
1
link loo
l-'ebruarx
b'b
.,., I
lie
whnle ,
In Ins wile Wkiiiir
r ,, a (lismrecible iniMius.s 1
,
IS
Hiiliana.itiHTal ail
was
eoiinnuiu.u; to
out altogelllei'
fell
aoiiyt;"
Ibb'b,
so far as to
It
ol tj],„,„,
which
Tutankhamun camp lollownm ''••'"'^-
""
reah/ation
''
''-'
-^l""''
^^'•-
how much more
ol
their inllueiUKil
deseeiiiled on
l.nrd
be.kain in
had spent the summer
(
'"'ensilied
bv the
vulnerable without wiis,
)ctober Ib^bA'aiaei"
Ibi^land.
ill
ilie
Carnarvon-s
sponsor the e\pediIion now-
The second season
oncession undei" her own name. readily a.trreed.
,
llie\-
where he visited renew the
IliKhclere to persuadi' l.ad\ Carnar\"on to
Arthur M;iee
i
eoiii-se
Ixromebriie aloud
hid
y
due
with the
dealin.i,'
demand thai Carnarxa ni iiexer enter Ins hi luse a.t;ain. was an ind.K';ilion of how frtiu.ijhl the situation litid
I
iiiniia'h
in
Ixaween
l'arnar\'oii lx%'an to ar,i:ue
theiiiseKes as to
iliai
m
be thwaried
.,1
ciintracl
•
,
and
(.arler IS
eveia
uinuako
which
tis
she did also
h.ad
.,,,
"'"' l"-i'V'"iis
Wiinficd Mail'
111
her iiiniher
ol
To
had
this sln'
renew m.t; ihe
'//;;/(
.<
much Ljnef luss was to be
been the cause of so
,
setison.
even worse, lliauks
reasuii frnin hiin. J
lo
,
,
Ihis vear ihe
lar.ueh' to (.aner's
the silualion. .\s a
first
.
'
poor
liandlin.i,'
step in the (iownw;ir(l
MONDAY. FEBRUARY
1M4.
18.
TOMB
LOCKED OUT AT LUXOR.
LOCKED AGAINST Mr.
carter.
LUXOR SURPRISE.
LUXOR TOMB.
TOMB CLOSED AND ALL WORK]
LADY CARNARVONS LICLNCK
STOPPED.
CANCELLED.
LUXOR SURPRISE.
MR. CARTER.
GOVERNMENT GUARD
"DISCOURTESIES." NOTICE POSTED IN LUXOR HOTELS.
•*THE
TOMB
HIS
KEPT OUT.
ULTIMATUM TO
THE LUXOR
GOVERNMENT ORDER TO RESUME
ZAUHLLL ANXIOUS TO SETTLBl THE DISPUTE.
with the clear aim of circumventing a call from journalists that all or none be present when an spiral,
find
MR. CARTER.
TOMB.)
ISN'T
YOURS."
announcement on the
POSTED.
HOW HE WAS
OF
STORY
was
to
be made, Carter
member still
be
WORK
of the excavating team. The Times would
with the news.
first
The Egyptian Government - and
in particular
decided that Merton, the Times's correspondent,
Pierre
would no longer be r^arded as a pressman but as a
General of the Antiquities Service - had been under
Maspero's successor as Director-
Lacau,
increasing pressure to take action over the Times
embargo, not
least
by the Nationalists who much
resented the lack of Egyptian involvement in the enterprise.
IN 2 DAYS.
(Above) Lord Carnarvon 's agreement with The Times generated much iB-feeUng in the rival press, both
European and Egyptian. The sniping continued after
Carnarvon 's death, and would culminate in Carter's lockout from the tomb.
Admittance and an immediate briefing of
the Egyptian press
would have been a sensible first step towards soothing ruffled feelings - but stub-
The Tomb
ofTut-unkli-iimeti
bornly Carter refused to budge. He saw it as a matter A sniping war broke out, and the awkwardness between Lacau and Carter escalated of principle.
STATEMENT u
Documents, (o the Ev xurrwl in EdypI in the V 1
1923-24. lending to the
liltl
break with the Eitypti
Government
rapidly
into
December
unpleasantness.
was articulating the ultimate
many
As
threat:
'.
.
.
there are so
Mr Carter might even close the work who knows what will happen
Cin-ulal
.
official
sarcophagus
lid on 12 February 1924. wives of the expedition members should visit the tomb on the following day was thwarted by the newly appointed Nationalist Minister of Public Works, Morcos Bey Hanna - no
lifting of the
Carter's
intention
that
friend to the English since their attempt to
hanged
for his political activities
have him
some years before.
Carter could see nothing in the Minister's action
except a personal insult to himself, to his colleagues
CmHI ..ndon.
maA Company. Limited
New York, Tara«l<
Mace saw it more as petty jealousy, dream of every Egyptologist'. Carter, 'looking desperately ill and in a fury', carried out his
and
to England;
'spoiling the
The cover of Carter's
containing
'a
full statement
of the facts which have led us to the
present position with
the Egyptian government'.
This rare volume recounts in
minute
detail, letter
by
letter,
..'
.
Matters came to a head following the
Prnvu
23
troubles
down, then
[For
as
early
1923, the wife of Carter's co-worker. Mace,
(Left)
privately printed pamphlet,
conversation by conversation, the events leading
up
to
Carter's suspension of work at the
tomb in February
1924.
One of the
appendices,
removed by Carter from many copies of the booklet, contained embarrassing transcripts of Herbert
Winlock's coded telegrams
and letters warning Carter of the discovery in the Harnesses
XI storeroom. The printing of this ill-judged
pamphlet would
cost Carter the support
of
many friends and allies.
65
|
liirni!: lie;
he rIoM'd
li;ni,L;"in,u
iKi'.ua-
111
ilu' luiiih, Ifiniii.ii 'la- -:ii'iii;ilia.mi>
prrcanoiislv hv
uMlif WiiiUT
'lir |.>1)1)\
i-\j)laiiiiii,i; ilif
ils i-njic-.
iTa>nn
I'nr
am;
I'alacc
;iii-'rii a Liixiii".
ill
hi- u-ani'- ar'iMp:
>u!)M'(|iicnl (ini>lir l\u\;)l.
Carlrr
Wiuki
liavr
l'],L;yp!ian>'
i-o-iiiii,
>ir\ii-i-,
V
!" wiirk all. Ill-
:\'.\
aiu
11!
ihr
mllnhdraiuis. a-
:i
])niir-i.
wasaaxiiai'iilnuA
misiakf.
had
1-U1-,
by ahandunin.i;
111"
his eoncessiDn,
and
l-aiyTind
A'.
mi lotus
.V («)/,!,'
III:.
I. \ /)/(/»/
,'i)
link
III li
mill, stall
iiiuiiil III /)(i))i
u-liifli
\l
i'liiniliir
inn
r.
/;m
.\iiierican lecuire lnur. Iiiminy trust ralMii at haxan.u
been -n
hull
ii/i/i(7-
'ihil vit Hilly
™^"
ready
packed as
country. Sirdar.
n^uisttnil.'
,,.,,,,.,
with the di>co\-er\"
.1
I!ul
Sir
il
1
a tiessoed
Stat'k.
1
]
on
murder 19
.-
1
h.ead ol tile ,
to be sliipped out ol
for die terrorisi Li-e
wooden 1
of the
l!rilisli
i
w
the
in
Caniarxun
l.'Ki.i )()().
when
l.acau.
;i>
i->lale in U'.'ln
m
ahandi
.\>
wnrk.
tlir
reeened the
marked llie end ul' ih.eir euniniitwuuld he linaneed !)\- ;lie
li
Carter \\a>al
last
nn better pefM m
e\'en h'nni
able tu continue with
t"
and recurdin.u die whuni tlii> delicate
was a .h m me else wanted. W'l n'k tomb and conserxan.t; the ohu-ct> would continue lur more than >e\"en \ ear-, anc; ;he
on
hi tiinh,
.
ii
j.
i
'
II
.
-
.
,
u- contents and
would
liaii.u
iireparatioiis lor punlica-
as a burden around Carter's neck
for the rest of his
life.
'The question of lectures I
1
1
.,
,
suid\- o| linn
.
the
clearin.t,'
is
Koing to be a rather serious
don't think Carter has ever given one in his
and he doesn't
in
the least
know how
.\nhur Mace
W,1,
i
irra-uro.
could ha\e been entrusted', was W'lnlnck's
i,.u
one.
THEATRE NEW OXFORD OXFORD STREET,
il)li,L;t.tl Ii
i
kin.y's
the iiKiniiiiiental ia-k uf clearin.u
,
the
No\eniber, and a
Lectures
K!
lu-ws
and the Carnarxi in i-siatt-. (k'S])i'i' niu- ir iwn diiplicato wdui: dir
111'
Uilly yk-arcd,
iilians and by Larier hinisell'. There were >i,t;iis uf relief all rnund.
x
absence, matters went fnim bad lu worse
]
, III
1
tile
tniiib; 'there is
Resolution and recovery In Carter's
cnv.-
nii
lusi its niiinii])(il\" nf
7/);/(.^'
du-
np.
iirw
lyiiy
lef;
cnmplclely i)UtnianMeu\fed.
<
,1
il liiiil
il
till
and
hu; \hv
the final >eaMins
nieiil;
sUilt
//,^ ,'1)1,-1
Niiiiii s.
III
indi.Linatiiiii
Ills
and Carter
till
Si Can,
,,,,,,,, Hull
,
t,
inrth u-niii
'iHirftiui;
lu-im,
,L;nil
and
wmild
ai'lion tu re-eslal)li>li
111 ill ilhin.Lf,
dul
yumpeiisatioi: fur i-\priiM's iiuairrrd in
-uni nf
caneelled. it
NaIiMiiali>'.
ih,-
ia\ci\a-d
L'ark'i'
claim
loniial
aii\
was duly
eoniplele the wurk.
I,e,i,'al
had hfcn
ImweNer.
ilsell
with sun
fill
it
clearana-. Caru-r
mil)
he had inhan.urtl the
ly^'yptian (lux-enimeiit declared dial
lni-
II.--
tht-
The
his claim liuheli mil) raiiie
T:i!iiiiiJuiii!!ii:
andC'ai-lt.TVbi,u>if>t
lii'sl sti'iki',
lu-
ilia',
i>i
Lady laiMiaiAim's namr.
in
still
\a,mir iiriiiiiiso
i)layeil iiilu l.acau's liands;
leniis
nu-aii;
unii-.
llu- discii\a-ry.
1)11
iiiir.il.'
>
'.iick
dcpailurr
i;;
ihnr sniTituir
liirllui' iipni;
i,\rr
nr\"tT ha\a- rtiunk-d. .\>
llu-
Jaiiuai-y 192.1; Tlii
my
li
1;
u.
Mi\-,'ninu'nl
(
ii,uhli.Miir.,i,'ul |-!n!i>li i-niilriil
nii,t;lit
The unprecedented
to set
life,
about
to his wife
public interest aroused
discovery had to \x satisfied, and Carter's
.'
it.
.
.
Winifred
by
the
first
were at the New Oxford Theatre in I^mdon and 25 Septemlx-r 192:5, On Saturday. 12 April
lectures
on
DISCOVERY OF THE TOMB OF TUTHNRH-MIIEN:
FROM UNTE-ROOM TO OURIAL CHAMBER I'osin'
uiiiuninnnn Caitcr's
hctuir at the Self O.xfuril
his most Illustrated Lcctur delivered by rk to be
recent
Theatre. London. I'ress
in leliiih
and Canada, Kroni the end of middle of June. Carter enthralled audience after audience with one of his two prepared texts, the first a general lecture on the tomb, the second describing his most revent work of clearance. It was something of a whistle-stop tour, taking in New York, Philadelphia, New Haven, Baltimore, Washington (where he gave a private talk at the White House to President Cah'in Coolidge), of the United States .April until the
Worcester, Rjston, Hartford, l^iltsburgh, Chicago,
Henry Ford among the
audience), Cleveland, Columbus, Buffalo. Toronto,
more faeourahk: 'Utile imafiimition was needed to /Hiietrate the siinfile and
manner
Carter embarked upon an extended lecture tour
Cincinnati, Detroit (with
reports could not have been
una.'isuininf;
21
192-1,
mil).\Y.SHPT.11.1925
Montreal and Ottawa. Mace netxi not have worried: Carter turned out to be a convincing and witty speaker. The tour was a sparkling success, cTOWtied
eroiened with such surprising
by the presentation of an honorary dwtorate from Yale University on 18 June. These triumphs were only the first of many, to be followed by lecturer in Madrid in November 1924 and by an Ivnglish tour, Ixcture halls proved tcx) sinall to receive the numbers applying for tickets; theatres were filled to capacity. Carter had well and
re.'iults.'
trulv arrived.
.Mr. to
Carter
Ijild
his stoiy.
and
experienec the thrilk of
excitement as he revealed the
romance surrounding every staf;e in the f;rcat leliicli
m
adventure
leas destined to he
at 3 p.m.
i
What
a curious and
unhappy
seems
fatality
surround the tomb of Tutankhamun.
.
.
.
to
>
Edward Robinson
Howard
Carter
finally
conservation on the
Howard
Carter:
completed his work of
Tutankhamun
objects in the
the Final Curtain
spring of 1932, four years after the last chamber had
been cleared and almost a decade after the discovery.
The
third
and
initial
final part of 'the prelimi-
nary narrative', The Tomb of TutMnkh Amen, appeared in 1933, and the next years were occupied with the preparation of the definitive, six-volume
work on
the discovery, which
was
Tomb of Tut
Report upon the
to
be entitled
'ankh
A
Amun. But
progress was slow, and reading through his notes one gains the impression that the task to which Carter had given his life at the end proved too much
Carter the gentleman: after
an oil painting by his brother, Vemey. Carter's sophisticated air owed not a little to the influence of Lord Carnarvon
and his
circle.
for him.
Carter died in London, at 2 Prince's Gate Court, his Kensington home, on 2 March 1939, having been blessed with fame and fortune, though denied any public honour. Carter's papers
By the will he had made in 1931, and personal possessions passed to
his niece, Phyllis Walker. His furniture
tioned at Sotheby's in
months
later,
December
on 22 February.
1939, his
was
auc-
books two
THE TOMB OF itTUT- ANKH AMEN
A portion of Carter's
small but choice collection of antiquities passed via
King Farouk
Museum; other pieces were London dealers Spink, and objects
to the Cairo
sold,
through the
from
it
now grace half a dozen collections around the
world. 'Castle Cartel, the house at Elwat el-Dibun on the Theban west bank, scene of so much excitement during the digging years, passed to the Metropolitan
Museum an
of Art.
It
was, in so
many ways,
the
end of
era.
1 of The Tomb of of of this splendid, three-part work was ghost-
Volume
TutAnkhAmen. Much the text
written by Carter's close friend, Percy White.
Carter's last will
and
testament, dated 19fufy 1931. by which the bulk of Us estate
was
left to his niece,
Phyllis Walker. Carter's
executors were Harry Burton,
who advised
the niece
on the
disposal of Carter 's
and Captain Bruce Ingram, editor of the Illustrated London News.
antiquities,
67
jiMmMSiM^&smmimL. The tomb, when found, proved something of an enigma. The narrow corridor and the minimal area of its ground plan indicated clearly that
it
had never been intended
for
the burial of a king. The excavators' first impressions were
had found merely a cache of objects - albeit wonderful objects - salvaged from the Amama royal that they
cemetery, a cache perhaps related in
some way
to the
Tomb
55 deposit across the Valley path. But, with the increasing prominence of Tutankhamun's name, and with the entry
Chamber,
by Carnarvon and Carter all
the small
If
hend
was
itself was a The funerary
and sparsely decorated tomb
disappointment, furniture
into the Burial
doubts were dispelled. its
contents were not.
magnificent, and
it
was
difficult to
either the quantity or the quality.
compre-
But the tomb had
How much had gone? When did the What had the robbers been looking for?
clearly been robbed: thefts take place?
Carter's skill as a digger
was unmatched, his thorough-
ness as a recorder unrivalled.
Much
that might, in less
capable hands, have been lost forever was observed, noted,
photographed, and preserved for posterity. Tutankh-
amun's
is
the richest burial ever to have been found in the
Valley of the Kings; thanks to Carter,
it is
also the best
documented. More than half a century after the discovery, it is possible not only to reconstruct the state in which the
tomb was found, but also to check
Carter's
answers
to the
questions the discovery posed, and to re-examine the
evidence upon which his answers were based. The tomb of Tutanklmmun
at
tlie
time of the clearance.
jtmmmaM^(^S(Mimas^
in
The Archaeology of the Tomb
^.m
TI
tt««MM«MMf««ft>«Uftftl«tlf««H|«MIM»«»)««(Mf««tttl(IHni(«>t?fttf*ftfff»fm«mf?tfftt«ftN
.\;
northern end
th.e
ol
a dr\
.\ntech,;ini':)ei"
llie
partition wall of rough. hnu->toi'e .^phir.ers aitd du>:
had
Architecture iiiimmmmtKtmmimirrimmmmiiiHimimiimmmffliiHHim
and ]")laslered o\'er. Thi> i^artition wall was pierced h\ a doorway with a rou.gh wi «)den lintel, l.b.")!!! (,~)t; wide and l.78ni (,5t't liiml high.. Like the ."iiiil doorways at either end ot the corridor. aned olY with rough stones and lt^ plastered \\ath
surt'ttce >';inii)ed
ruiaiikliamunV
"S
(if
C
ina^sfsand oa'asional
loiiiliill
of
some 21ni
The entrance
LLI
(oft
Ik-dmck
wuh
slair\\a\' eoniijrises
westinimost end.
\\idi a
\-cins(>fcalcik>
((i9fn i-isin,u dirt-clK- ab(i\-f
wide. I'ooled in b\ the
(iiiiil
iiitu iht-
a wilile. aiiiui-phDUS liiiK'Sliine
ihc \'allcy
llinly
down
I'Hiib is ciil
sleps. iJiSni
lii
livin.i; I'ock
steps of
'I'he kisl si.\
it.
llie
at
its
staiivase.
lo.Uethei"
with the hntel and
away
antiquity to enable the lartjer jiieees of
in
janilis.
had been cut
funenai-y tufiiitui'e (such as the sarcopha.tfus
shrines) to be introduced, the steps and
doorwa\'
entrance
jambs
subsequently
Ixnn.i^
structed in slone and pkisler and the
linlel
recon-
repkiced
would be cut away ti.t^ain when the slirine panels were remox'ed by Carter's team. Within the entrance doorway, still in position at the time of die discovery,
was
a blocking of dry limestone constiaiction taced
with a hard, light
was
gypsum
.gi'ey
ox'er its entire surface
time of the discovery.
by
.")ft
(>iin)
and stamjx'd
with large oval seals. Beyond
a descendin,g corridor,
(2(ift (iin
plaster
tilled
with rubble
measured 8.08 by
It
tmd
2m
(6l"t
in
a similar
manner
ticcess to the
to the outer
tlie
cut tiway
middle
The
.-Vntechamber
is
i);mels ot [the] shrines to
ing the sarcopha.gus. cut low
;i
m
th.e
west
wtilj of
the
.\ntech;imber.
The
Chamber and Treasury
Burial
lleN'ond the ijarlition wall
by
().:57
:;,(i:im
(
}.i)2m (2()ft l^tin 1
the
I-iuritil
Chtimber.
by
l.'lft
2tinl,
and some
mi high. The
ll
1'l
1
l;iy
lloor w;is (i.91ni
below- that of the .Antechtimber
below the
7.8.1
by
iMt't
Iml
tiiid 8.(),5m (2(il"t fiinl
Cut into the north, south,
\';illey surt'tice.
and west walls of the Buritil Chtimber betore it was ptiinted were tour niches lor the tomb's 'mti.gic bricks' (id. 13.")). t'ound concetiled wath rough pieces of
east
in pkice and painted and the .\ntechaml)er, the
limestone plastered the .Annexe
orienttited east -west, its walls
is
ox'er.
Ikiriai
(though
gypsum tiiid decorttted wath p.ainted scenes (p. 72). The pkister seems not tohttvebeen fully dry when the tonil^ was closed, not the ceiling) pktstered with
which accounts
fact
\isible
Chtimber
orientated north south:
the northwest
putt-hole' to take the betiin employi-d in manoeu\-r-
Still
!,'i-:ii(iiil-l>!iiii.
ol
chamber.' .Al>o noted w;is
buritil
hy
lamp
ceilin.g tire 'tr.aces of
in
part
number
a
smoke.
;is
employed by the tmcienl
or torch'
for
the
of objects.
end of the Burial
northeast
the
at
least
at
humidit\" ckimti.ge sul'tered
The Antechamber and Annexe
iiiiiilysis ni [lu
Tiittiiikhiiiiiiiii
the rock
ot
and longer
tor the larger
pass into the
Chamber
of the eastern wall.
Cdiii i'>
portion
l;ir,ge
;i
it
corner of the .\ntechamber. to tillow sutlicieni room
l.(i8m
doorway, which
.Antechamber throu.gh
was renio\'ec; ... w.as workmen h;id had to
dynastic
dist'o\'ered that the
I'lilike
corridor terminated in a rock-cut doorway, blocked
,g;i\'e
series ot large owil seals.
;i
this ptirtition wtill
at the
high. 'I"he
(ffin)
'When
and
of the
with a heavy, limewashed wooden beam. TheN'
'K\
'bonded with i)iece>ol timber'
l)een cor,>trucled.
trom
tin oil
tirtists,
lly sivni^'iiii,' llic rhiniibiys tii-niiiiil '.Id
rornslhiiid (if
a
I'
III
limy III,
Willi' lyjiiiiil
lliiiml Chi/iiihii-
mill Trriisiiiy
9in
hei.ght
by 13ft S^in). it measures 2.(T
low doorwtiy. 1.12m
.A
of the
wtill
the lloor of the \'alley. 'Idle surfaces of the wtills here
Tretisury.
and indeed ihrougiiout th.e tomb, with the exception of the Burial Chamber, are unsiiK « )thed and exhibit a pinky 'glow'. .A third doorway in the west wall of the Aiitechambei-, 0.9i5m (3ft l^in) wide and 1.3m (ll"t 3iin) high, and a.gain closed wath a masonry
."Krin)
the
llw
Aiiiirxf
iijiii si ill livn riiiiiiis irliiiii.
llii
tiiiii' siili
Ill
llu
tiiiililiniiiil ilisiMii.
hliiliil I'lliinihi
inllipliX.
!:»^in) in
pillaird hall
III
III!
to
ISIh
III
siiiikni 'iryjil': lln
sun
Ih'
ilyiiiislv rn\;,l tninh.
nil
,').,5om (2,5ft
ih'iinis. the
Aiiltiliiiiiihi
I
hud
blocking, natural
is
positioned
through into a second .Annexe,
to
fissure in the rock.
l.:!,')
by 2.(im
2.r)r)m (8ft -Hin) high, 'i'he lloor level
of this
tiiid (1 1ft
ttike
of
advtitittige
;t
This blocking leads smtiller chtimber. the 3)jin
by
8ft
;md
again orientated north south,
chamber drops 0.9m
(2ft
Ikin)
below that of the .Antechamber. Carter records ihtit ''{'lie masons' guide .and nieasurin.g marks in ivd ;ire
upon the unlinished surfaces of the lew walls'. ,and here ,as elsewhere in the tomb Hakes of limestone h-om their chisels were left lying upon the lioors'.
still
\-isible
'ti
south
'i'his
like the
On
room.
2.33m
;ind
8Hin) wade, in the east
(3fl
chtimber .gives ticcess to the
Buritil
4.7.~)
(7ft 7-fin)
by 3.8m high,
is
to
be
,g(K)d, if
l)laces
where the
which
'still
showan.g a certain asymmetry
tidhered to the limestone
These stime t'or
lissures mtiy well ha\'e Ix'en res])on-
exception
tomb, the
of
the
wtills, ceilings,
thtit
damp
and
chtimber.
growth
in
the interior of the
tliHirs
aiasin.g
took jjkice
])laces. i)articukirly
kin.goid
sunken sltiirway and the
ptissa.ge. througiiout
di.scoloured by
buritil
surl'tice') !i;id
fissui-es in the rock.
the seepti.ge of water into the tomb: 'With
descending
urations
in
nitison's chisel ('minute jxirticles' ol
taken advtmtti.ge of the natural
the
7in b\- 12ft
.Annexe tmd the .Antechtimber.
the whole. Ctirter considered the cutting of the
tomb
sible
(Ifil't
orient.ated north
have been much
trom intrec|uent
the
ptist.
on the painted surt'aces
the
w.alls
|in pai't]
are
s.at-
.And in mtiny
disligured
in
the
by
;i
nourished by that mois-
(Clockwise from bottom
left)
The Annexe doorway, as seen from the Antechamber; the same, from within the Annexe: the Antechamber!
Burial
Chamber partition
wall, partially
dismantled and
with the wooden
lintel
revealed; the southern 'magic brick' (no. 260); the western
'magic brick' (no. 258); the
northern 'magic brick' (no. 259); the eastern 'magic brick' (no. 257); the rock-cut
entrance stairway.
six steps cut (all
away
cut-away
features later made good with plaster)
One particularly large fault runs from the comer of the Antechamber through to the northwest comer of the Burial Chamber. The tomb of Tutankhamun was clearly non-royal in form, showing a basic similarity to the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (No. 46) and to the enigmatic Tomb 55. But it was a private tomb (it has been suggested lure.'
southeast
Ay himselO which had equally clearly been adapted - albeit in a very much restricted form - to that of
the royal type: the Burial
Chamber of Tutankhamun
corresponds to the sunken sarcophagus 'crypt' of a
more normal royal tomb, though with only one sideroom (the Treasury) instead of two; and the Antechamber, swung round, corresponds to the anterior, pillared section of the
sarcophagus chamber, here
again with one side-chamber (the Annexe) rather
than two. Carter identified the tomb's architect as
Maya, who presented two wooden figures
to the
This high official lived through several reigns and included among his titles those of Overseer of Works in the Place of Etemity and burial (p.
139).
Overseer of Works
in the
West.
:i.
;~
Wall Decoration
u;mi,
am;
laplir
I
/;:'
;'^
/'/
.
',
'
|,
riKiiii
will: iiariira:
,'h'/
/,'
','
d:>iHiii!t!i li 'liifiiii;
.
.
aiK-ii'iil
!iu
Minihl
III,
iivi^iiii iii<
///I
mn
ni
-^ ir:
ar.;.
wIium- ])annin,u-
I'lif
f'j
till
rilual naiiu-: 'ihc
I'l'i-.U! ar.(:
I'ium-
i,i'
(
Wk-s; \
ailt-y
imnl)
walh
llic
n\
\\ (No.
CliaiiilM"
I'rllcc;
uixkivd nuiil
i'!>
Thr
.did'.
L'lli.
west wall. 'I'hrsi'cnes are niari'rd
])>
(PcTupio
lliiny
'small bi'iiwn
l!!irl"ii. lUirh'ii'f
nliilnl In
lU'/ll If
Inn
iiihicl srrlh'ii
III,
lniiiitiiii< slill nil
till'
inill
a.ucd
llir
ihf pi'i'Scnec nf
ihr
,
tlu' ,uiM'in>
III'
the enclosed luiniidit\-
])lasler
thai
exuded
whirl;
aher the chamber had been
Ironi
settled
iiiuullri
nanus abo\e
the
shrine, beiiiK
P «
IVia
j?*^
supine within dr;i.u',t;'cd b.\'
tall,
men
w
arr 'hr
i,
X
.
I
'^'
trf*
^V
I
Ji*
SlSliy ^WpW** #jfikl4
§
H*4 n
!
t'
"f
•
~!i;;\ rii
\/.\vv>.
\
Tlir mnaiiidri'.
'Ni-'iklu'iii'iirr;
:V.v r.nr:!-. ir.I"
wall
'.I'.iVf
\hv
^<\
x'ljaia'.r
ci'mv
llui-ial
MX-r.i->,
si
!ur
/<
rutar.ldianuinV hiiv.
ijhu-rrnwn and iH-\mv>\.
i\a:ii,'a;ior. lii-
llu-
'Mm'
]x-n'irniin,i;
I'iuial I'llu- npri'.in.U
'lallk-i'':
thr dead
hii\
as Osiri-. ku'd of ihc unckTworld.
their
heads
'.lie
(lri--M-d in dii'
"f
hrl'i' 'i'lif
and Ay arc written
in hii-roulyphs.
second >cene 'rulankhanuin, whose name
o\
hi- tiirure, has rc\"erted to
the Inini; i
if
kin.L;'
ihe .ijods
tilthounh he
where
In
the ultimtile scene on the
lu' is
litis
tile
now
.urceted b\-
aiinin, wetirin.u the
closeh"
(11' in
by
his ka or
//(
;;zc,s-hetulcloih
s]jiritutil
Tutankhand lollowed is welcomed
iiorlh wall,
double,
^?:^S^^^a^t^a%jfe^^^gM1^;?fe4»g^^^^^:%
.-
i'!;
:.'.'
the Koddess Nut.
.u'arlaiid-bedecked
,urou])s of
',1k-
a.utiin ttpijetu's ;ibo\"e
U]).'
wrillen abo\e in hiero;i
li\'i'
ii'i,u
of both 'rultinkhaiiuin
In the
part of theetist wtill depicts ihc
kin^", his ntinie
iMir iii-iuiTinL;
i);iii'.
in Irll.
entered the rctilm
,ij;l\"phs, lyin.t;"
'ir.
>u!xii\idr>
skin uf a
co-tunie
ThedecortUed uijper
ia,-'
iir \\). ill
MK'c'. -a\
\
ntvessarx' re\
aijpt.-ar>
Kast wall niumniilied
iiif
Aw wearin.i;
lrii])ard.
all tin-
were possibh" inirodiia'd lilluT wilh the ])la-UT or the sizin.i; of the paint, anil were nouri^hcd |in part] b\"
trmlitl.
Kf'iwths,
l\in.t,T.is
I
ka'sl sct-iu- dlpl<_;^
C,iil,i',iii,i,»h>:l>:i;inl>li,,ll'y
l-'lii'!,,firiij'li
'ii'.
a \rlkiw-
scenes orienlaU'd li)war(l>
>vnn'
1
w
wriinii.^
The
iiiMTipiHiii a'!jM\-c :lirir liraii> jir. arc
Tlir iai-yr pauam.u'
(Uvtiralinii, wliiiii is imi (lissiniilai' In ihal in
|,n„- \vall>,
tin-
I
!!;'! :;!.(;
bi'^ i\\ ~.
North wall
i-
'rniiyli. k-'<\\\\-\:
and M-\"frcK >iniplc' cxcfulrd 'Hi ])aiiili'd ,L;\psuni uround w ill) wiiiic dadii
Lhiiiiihi r piiiHthiii iiu<
s,ii<:'ii.
'iiir.al
^•tii-:,i!i\ i]i-':r>i\-i,i ii-lhii ii'iriiii'
111'
lliinal Llianibri'. "'''''"'^'''
''"'^'.''
:hiii'
(ii>:i!:s;iii-I:!i;L: (irr--.
-peak
": '""'.
w
:rf-r-ri; Hi
I
;~
fBMMBMBmK ^mmsimii
^
iiuiiittttuintuinnu rofliinnnyiiniitB
^'^i ml with an embrace into (
)f
the dead, with
./;a/-headdress, is
1
whom
he
now becomes
one.
South wall The decoration of the south wall
parallels that of the
north wall. Here the king, wearing the bag-shaped
«
welcomed
"i
mill
iiuMfiin'ii
into the realms of the
underworld by Hathor, principal goddess of the west. Behind the king stands the embalmer god, the dog-headed Anubis; behind him, again identified by the hieroglyphs before her head, originally stood the
goddess
Isis.
She was shown greeting the king
in
a
73
-miliar la^hiiin id Nut on >al
niiiior
li'.rcc
liKurcs wtTi- losi wlifii
was
(iisiiianlii-(i
rt.iiiii\'al III
llic imrili
nf
(icuics
irif],
'j'iic
pla>UTf(i parlili'ni wali
llie
Cartt-rV
in-
wail: ix'iiinci licr
iiiKicrwi
llic
W(iri
aiinw
in
liif sliriiics.
^
1
Tile priipnniiiiis \\ail,
was
wlucii
111"
ttic
liKvire^
simif liasU-alkT llu-shiaiics liad llu'
iiurial
(isrwiuTc a
Clianiixi-. 111 till-
dilTiTftil
li,L(urt's
li
luit
nil
ii])iiii
I'liinpiisituinal
liii^
paililinn
iast
and
iiccii iTcricci
Irmii
(iilYcr
iIium'
llii-
in
witliin
ciiiijinwd
b dci'iiralion. C]fari\ iaid-iiiU
drauKlilsnian.
|)i'ii|)iiniiins
uf
in' llit-
upon tlic Aniariia ctinon ii\3) moru tradilmntii 18-s(|ii;iri.-
arc liascei nut
s(|ii;ircs
mi
i-\Kicnlly (Icciiratfd
till'
I1.
J
lA ,),
I
,L;ri(i,
West wall Tile west wali.
llif
locus and culniintition of the
Ikirial Clianilx'r's dcci)i';iti\c scliemc, is tal
cxtrtict Iriini the lioolx
the Underworld'.
The
f)(
upixi' re,L;ister
the solar b;irc|ue. preceded 'I'lh
icisl Willi: Jnriis mill
niliiiliiiiluiii
Ciiiiiiihi r
(/(
I
if Hit
liiiiiiil
rtiriitinii.
s(iu;it 12b;iboon-deili(.'Si)f
the night
throu.t;li
Aiiiilniit.
i)\"
the
is
lirst
lra\"el l)elore ;icliie\'in,t; rebirth at
1)\-
Is in
occupied
fu'c deities,
wliich the sun
up
or \\'h;it
\
\ '
b\-
lieiow
of the 12 hours of
and
l
must
dtiwn.
m^sm^
/
< ... in the
rubbish covering the entrance of the tomb
were traces of broken pottery, wood,
linen,
and
leaves,
probably pertaining to the burial, but beyond
Howard
Carter
The ground immediately above the entrance to tomb of Tutankhamun had been covered
The Tomb Entrance
the in
by a collection of rough workmen's huts, 0.9m (2ft ll^in) above bedrock and spreading over the entire area in front of the tomb of Ramesses VI (No. 9); they joined up with others on the opposite side of the path which had been uncovered by Ayrton in January 1907. Some of these huts Carter had already cleared in 1917, like Davis (p. 37) stopping work within a few feet of the tomb. Dismantling these structures five years later, 1-4 antiquity built
November
1922,
in
iffmyntmnwryfmnrwnnffTnffmTTiwwMTmTmnynffTiTTmniiyum
preparation for planning, a
broken ostracon of Ramessid date was brought
to
and together with an
light 'bearing [a] polytheistic sketch in bl[ack]
red
Horus and animals',
of
enclosure in stone which the excavator tentatively
an ancient '(?)Mortar trough' associated
identified as
with work on
The
Tomb 9. Tutankhamun's tomb was
step of
first
uncovered on 4 November, immediately beneath the huts which had yielded these finds; a further 11 steps and the upper part of the plastered blocking
were dug out the following day. No foundation deposits were found. The tomb entrance was immediately refilled, to be uncovered fully on 23-24
November
arrival of Lxird Carnarvon.
after the
Clearance of the lower staircase-fill revealed a
number
of antiquities (object nos. 1-3), including a
green-glazed
scarab
steatite
of
Tuthmosis
III,
several clay seals from linen packages sporting the
and nine captives
jackal
pieces
of
resin,
motif, a fragment of ivory,
turquoise-blue
and
chevron-
patterned glass, stone and pottery, wine-jar dockets,
animal bones, wood and rush fragments, and the parts of two boxes. The first (no. Ik), inscribed with the names and titles of the co-regents Akhenaten and Nefemefruaten, and of the great
jar seals,
royal
Ramessid workmen 's huts constructed above the
entrance to Tutankhamun 's tomb.
wife Meritaten, carried a hieratic docket
recording
its
second box carried
original linen contents
(no. 1
the
1),
(p.
190); the
knob of which Tutankhamun, was
the fastening
pitenomen
of
inscribed with a docket recording the silver vessels it had once contained (p. 190). Carter also claims to have turned up 'In the lower strata of rubbish that
filled
(Top) Foundations of the
the staircase ... a fragment with the
name
Carter's drawing of a green-
glazed scarab (above) of
Tuthmosis HI (no. in the rubble fill
la),
found
of the
entrance stairway.
of
Amen.hetep [Amenophis III]', though no further details of this object can now be traced. Carter
was
puzzled:
'Why this mixture of names? The balance of evidence s
Dynasty kings, brought from Tell
Tutankh.Amen and
el
Amama
by
deposited here for safety.'
The descent
into the
tomb
thefuOy cleared stairway leading down to the first, outermost corridor (left):
blocking.
75
•HMfflM««t»l«tt«««lttl«t«ltfl(lllllt«««f««l«ll(«tl«i(t««i«ift«l««tMM«)tltl»««M>nt«Ttt(l«Uft«
The Corridor
II
ul
l-llll ll
I
1
1
III
I
t
I
II
(
ll
ll
11
\i
I
I
1
hi
1
1)1
1
r>\
1^
H
111
t
II t_('
IK _ili \\i
ill
ihchliifkm.i;
It
tl i-tt
I
1
(
I
I
1
I
^ttniiil
h
nia\-
l^i
and bv means
i;.>---v-
(Ahonl
Th, nuin- siiilid
(liHOimv lalh hnlr
III
lh'i,L;litl
Oirlir l'i:.'.'J.
S
l_'l>
il.
fnnur.
ihmni
hv
Xiirciiihi y
riinnliii.mil lulls nftlli nil.
nt;lill
A
neinset rissil Ihr
niriih
lis lnt>lift
fnlTuinr
(l-'iiy
IIS iiisl
irstnnil rnhhns-
nil
ninvlnr
hlur
juiiiil, ,1
liio. 'II iniiiiii
lill
m
('
I-:.,
hull
I
mill
(111
lit
I
^
1
^
It
^uh^l mil ll
(
if
ll
II
I
It blinkll ^ i~
I
III
It
I
h(
h k1
I
iiui
111
n wt till
I
ui
lit
I'dKli
111
I
I
lii^ III
I
1
ivvfiil all,
md
lnid us tlial there
[svcl llie unliiiaiA- rii\al
i
11
11(1
I
ill
ll
11
w
1
lull!
.cases
Tliehan lunih
when
aneieiit MibteiTaiiean exea\"atiiin
111
I
he a liianiher' Candles were limfured
iiiiimnaiu led la'e 'nr
l.aii\-
Ikd
1
spai'e. I't-iiiaps ar.nllier (Icscciiiiini; slaiivase.
ai\iirilai!ce )r
>
1
,)
1
"i|
| iarkiit>s ar.il llic irnr, icsniiK i-iiipIN
I
11
1
U
1
iliiiiii ^1
'111
would
i<
I
til
I
1
'•
ti
11
11
R('
11
]
"iiii
1
u
1
U
tin
mil
1
1
-
I
^
II
ill I
1
(
I
~1-
I
I
^
I
til
II
Mil
^
nib iilp iiittiuit
I
II
I
\
ihi
(
t
1
1
(.1
tl ((
I
II
1
mil
_ii
lit II (.it
I
I
1
ll
1
-1
1
M
I
II
1
\
(
I
'
1
1
I
I
(
II
I
I
ihe candle
li
«
iked
1
iipenin,i;
the
anxious exiKctatU'ii.
.
.
plan'-' all
an
widened ihe breach in, while Lord C.
anil Ca'leiider wilh. ihe i,i^,> [nver seers] .'
was ir,
waited
In
Distribution of
finds in Corridor
First part of
passage
fill
of passage
9
blue-painted nemset-wesseX (near blocking)
10
clay seals
11
wine-jar docket
some inlaid work
12a
faience pendants,
12b
portions of gold
12c
inlaid gold plaques
foil
from jewellery and broken)
.la
fragments and
.')!)
red pottery 'foundation deposit' cups
12d
faience rings (whole
fragments of
5d
fragments of piaster jar seals fragments of mud (?)boxes
12e 12f
faience floral pendants
5e
splinters of gessoed
bronze razors
5f
splinters of
12g 12h
5g
fragments of faience
12i
clay seal
Sh
pieces of felspar
fx-
lids
of stone vessels
and gilded wood
wood
12j
'Lying upon floor near wall, far [south] side of passage', under till 6 water skins 8 head of king rising from a lotus(?)
.
7
calcite vessels
.
.
upon the
floor
.
gaming
piece
fragments of ivory and ebony inlay from (?)necklace
12k
shells
dried fruits
12m
pieces of
worked semiprecious stone fragments of metal work: gilded bronze; shabti yoke and basket; bronze arrowhead; gilded bronze staple
12o
wooden
12p
fragments of (?)felspar fragments of glass (iow-palm nuts pottery cup (like 5b) fragments of stone vessel-lids
12q
'Lying under the filling [north] side and far end'
faience, including
fragments of resin (one showing inlay)
121
12n
Antechamber
12r
12s 12t
labels
The fin of the corridor as it appeared following removal of the outer
blocking, the
refilled robber's visible in the
tunnel clearly
top left-hand
comer.
71
l«tMft«l««««fM«««f1lt(l>t«l»t«m«(IIIU»t««tf till! tlttmiltMlttttfltf lilt ?tf«<«<(t«ft«««M««rtM •.,.-
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.,n
,
lar.
'a-:\
a
i
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li
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itanMi^. li'iia
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lli-iii
i ^:w\i A,:,
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that ;a\
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.
.
.
>
Cartf
( The impression is overwhelming. It is a sight I have never dreamed of seeing; the ante-chamber of a Pharaoh's tomb still filled with magnificent equipment .
.
.
still
was
standing as
it
was placed
there
when
the
tomb
last closed in antiquity. >
James Henry Breasted
placed in the pillared section of the burial chamber
Two of Tutankhamun 's
and
ritual couches,
anteroom preceding
For the Czech Egyptologist Jaroslav Cemy, this, the Antechamber, was the "Hall of Waiting' mentioned in documents of the Ramessid period. Between the objects a path had been cleared, in the
it.
and
three
the tangle
of chariot parts which dominated the southern end of the Antechamber.
by Carnarvon and Carter during tomb (p. 54). As an early photograph by Carter shows, the large Painted Box (no. 21) had certainly been moved between the time of the discovery and the start of photographing the Antechamber by Harry Burton perhaps
in part
their preliminary investigation of the
The Antechamber presented a chaos,
its
picture of organized
contents having been disturbed at least
twice following the original closure of the
tomb and
only roughly put back in order before the final resealing.
It
contained 157 numbered groups of 600
to 700 objects (nos. 14-171) of a type which, in a normal New Kingdom royal burial, would have been
on 18 December.
The ion,
clearance began in counter-clockwise fash-
starting with the funerary bouquets in the
79
^1
1 1
northeast
comer
(nos. 18
and 19a) and leaving the
The first object to be removed, on 27 December 1922, was the Painted Box (no. 21). 'Clearing the objects from the Antechamber was like playing a gigantic game of spillikins'. Carter and Mace record. 'So crowded were they that it was a matter of extreme difficulty to move one without running serious risk of damaging others, and in some cases they were so inextricably tangle of the chariots (nos. 120 et seq) to the end.
tangled that an elaborate system of props and supports had to be devised to hold one object or
'Ph Antfchamhi'r
group of objects in place while another was being removed. At such times life was a nightmare.' This nightmare finally came to an end on 16 February 1923: the
Antechamber stood empty save for the pair and 29), which would be
of guardian statues (nos. 22
removed at the on the tomb.
start of the following season's
work
(Opposite above) 'Wonderful things the west waO of the Antechamber as first seen. ':
(Opposite below) Hall
and
Hauser 's finished plan showing the Antechamber contents in situ. The path cleared to the
Annexe
doorway (probably at the time of Carnarvon and (Mrter's first entry) is clearly visible.
(Left)
The northeast comer
of the Antechamber, with Carnarvon and Carter's access-hole to the Burial
Chamber concealed behind a basket-lid and handful of reeds: the Painted Box (no. 21) has been repositioned with
its
fastening knobs
facing south rather than north as found.
81
lt««ft«ltl|f««ll««(flMI«tfMfltltlltM(IIIMIfl«*fll«l
TJic Ihtridl CJuiiubcr
\}mmmmmm\mmmmm\\\\\\}}}}m\}mmmm}m}
hv Us
r;
rutin,
The first objects Carter removed were elements from
Tlie opening:
two broad collars (no. 172) which had been dropped on the threshold by the tomb robbers. The work of clearance proceeded in an anti-clockwise fashion. Around the room, between the panels of the outermost shrine (no. 207) and the decorated walls were various objects: against the east wall stood a calcite lamp (no. 173), a resin- varnished wooden goose (no. 176), two reed and papyrus boxes (no. 178), a second calcite lamp (no. 174), and a wine jar
rest while
(no. 180).
over
tlie
Burial
Carter lakes a
Carnarvon peers
partially
Chamber
dismantled blocking.
Against the north wall was the ritual object
and eleven magical oars (nos. 182-92); in the northeast comer, the double shrine (no. 193) and an Anubis fetish (no. 194) in the form of an inflated
no. 181
animal skin
'full
of solutions for preserving or
washing the body' suspended on a pole. Against the west wall lay a second wine jar (no. 195); while in the southwest comer stood a second Anubis fetish (no. 202), as well as gilded wooden symbols which took the form of the hieroglyph res,
'to
awake'
(nos. 196,
199-201), and the clay supports on which they were
intended to stand (no. 198a).
A
large funerary
bouquet consisting of persea and olive (no. 205) also stood poignantly in the southwest comer of the Burial Chamber.
(Below) The entrance to the Burial Chamber, with three-
quarters of the sealed and plastered blocking removed to reveal the briUant blue
and
gold of the outermost shrine.
I!'ii:
i!
Ci':j: '.;
I'
ii:'
!llll>l,hll,l,.,ll:l„ln.l Ih, 1:1,11,1/ Chiiiiih,)'.
>/("/(;/«
.'i/liiiiin
III,
Mii,,'lili,ii;H>.
>/»v«i.v.
III,
Ill,
IHilllV nil!, ii< s,;ill,
///.
,111,
I, ,1
llltlllll ,lllil ,ll'illll,l.
i(il>t
ni;i!!i
In, ,11
l:,iI>
h.
,111,1
>liivi,
.
III,
II,
III.
iiiiii;ii,il
lo.o
nlimh-huils
III
'I,
ii,,illi icii!
III,
ii-illi
l>i,
I"',
imcrira! n: lnvn:.
c:.r]
and southeast comers, stood a bundle of bows and other objects (nos. 212-19, 221-36) (p. 174). The spaces between the second and north-
sticks, staves,
was bare but
third (no. 238) shrines
for
a single
self
bow (no. 241). Between
the third and fourth (no. 239) were several items, most notably four bows and two groups of arrows (p. 174), and two fans (nos. 242-8)
and the quartzite sarcophagus (no. 240). Four concealed niches cut into the decorated walls
(no. 249),
of the Burial
Chamber
(p.
71) contained the 'magic
bricks' (nos. 257-60) (p. 135).
Dismantling the shrines and opening the sarcocoffins - comprising the bulk of the 88
phagus and
(p. 179).
Chamber contained (well over 300 individual pieces) - would take almost
pillar
eight months, from
Within the fourth shrine lay a large djedof painted wood (no. 250), a bundle of reeds
object-groups the Burial
November
to
May
1925.
85
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Treasury
TJic
m\}\mmmmm}mmm\}m}m}\mm\\}mmw\mm
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ii
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Duriiii;
be hluckrd
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ai;
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r.
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Willi ihi' \a>:
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lllf ni)jfi-lS.
.' .
.
liunal ChanilxT. \\f
\cm\v,vC\ lu(]i>uir!) ain-
'i\
The entrance to tlw Treasury was dominated In a majestic image o/Anubis, lord of the west, mounted upim a shrine equipped with carrying poles (no. 261).
(Below)
To Anubis's
right lay
a row ofjewel caskets (nos. 267-271), their sealed lids broken open and their contents rifled in antiquity: in
front of the canopic shrine, carefully
wrapped in
linen,
stood a gilded head of the
Hathor cow
(no. 264).
--is^
:^(.
rv:i\ri\ Willi
,M'i.
•(
l;iv ;ih
i
1.
beneath the southernmost of the three great noticed a small irregular hole in the wall. Here was yet another sealed doorway, and a plunderers' which, unlike the others, had never been repaired. hole, Cautiously we crept under the couch, inserted our portable light, and there before us lay another chamber, i Peering
couches,
we
rather smaller than the
first,
The Annexe
but even more crowded
with objects. i
The
state of this inner
room (afterwards
called the
Annexe) simply defies description. In the Antechamber there had been some sort of an attempt to tidy up after the plunderers'
but here everything
visit,
confusion, just as they
had
left
it.
was
Howard
The Annexe was
Clearance of the Annexe was to be difficnjlt indeed. Because of the clutter, 1 .8m (5ft lOsin) high in places, the excavators had to be suspended on ropes above
in
y
for Carter equivalent to
Carter
one of the
two side-rooms off the 'crypt' in a full-sized royal tomb of the 18th dynasty; for Cemy it was the specified
'House-of-repelling-the-bowmen'
docket of box Ik
(p. 190). It
was
the
chamber to the end of November,
Though
the
its
clearance would yield
of objects
- half the numbered
smallest of the chambers,
some 283 groups
in
the last
be cleared, work beginning at 1927, and ending in the spring of 1928.
groups from the entire tomb and well over 2,000 individual pieces.
The
material recovered
was very
thanks largely to the activities of the restoration party, who appear to have compounded varied,
the inconsistency of the original stocking robbers' destruction
by throwing
anything for which a satisfactory found in the Antechamber.
and the
into the
chamber floor (which lay more than a metre below that of the Antechamber) until sufficient space had been cleared for them to stand. Work proceeded slowly and carefully, south to north, the
room
home could not be
again employing props and supports to prevent the
mountain of furniture collapsing into a broken heap on the stone floor. To Carter's surprise, the original layout of the chamber could in due course be salvaged. The distribution of the objects had been rather more ordered than that which Carter first encountered, but the range of material had been just as disparate: "... firstly, nearly forty pottery wine-jars were placed
on
the floor at the northern end of this Annexe; next to
these were added at least thirty-five heavy alabaster vessels containing oils
and unguents; stacked beside
them, some even on top, were one hundred and sixteen baskets of fruits; the remaining space was then used for other furniture - boxes, stools, chairs and bedsteads, etc.
- that were piled on top of them.'
A
cutaway diagram of the
Annexe as found.
89
Tlir.\iiiU'\rli;i(ll)(viiinU'n(lr(Ulu'ii,as;isI(ira,u'(.' iin.uuciils,
(iiainbcr lur
llic
ininrd
|'ulaiiklianuiii.
willi
anidunt
nl
inaim.T
iii
nils,
iIkhikIi
and
llir
\\ines
ivdiuTd
spa.v available and \hv disornani/rd whu'li ihr limih xviiis lu have Ixvn
>ln.kcd had rcsnlU'd
knmV
loixls
hn\i'd iiu'al>l
in >iMiir o\rrll.nv (n.ilahlv llir iiiln
the AnUvlianilHT. In
lis
Uini.llir \nnrxrliads.iArda>ai-..nvciiU'ntslo|-a,uc
area lor
and
iliiii> sn.ii
oihri
Uciiir-
as
llic
which
hrds. rhairs. sluihti li.uun'S
ini.yhl.
wuli space, have been
inoiv appn^iinaU'ly plaaxl
m
llic
Ankvhanihrr
i>v
the TiTasur\\ •|'hr
liianihrr apprars lo havt' IxTii
M'alod hv
llic
sKH'km.i; of dir AnUxiianihfV hlorkiii.v; at
Ira.u-inrnls
tlic ..I
nid
nnr
.i;ypsnni
u'.
and lIuTnvlioiK.I
tlir
oi \hv rurndor; a luinilxT ol
plaslcr (no.
wliuii Vliowrd |a|rasl ol
had ronlamcd
llic last
luvrnixilis ollinals Ix'loiv die nnal
UHkll,
ilic llatU'iU'd disli
.mc
ol
whuii
arc probahlv lo be ass.Kaalcd wilh
diis aiicicnl closure.
I'iiotograplis taken by Harry Burton during ckarance of the Annexe. (Opposite) The
south end,
its
hopeless tangle
offunerary equipment surmounted by the wooden day-bed no. 377. (Above) The west wall, showing one of (Mrter's wooden props in place supporting the bed no.
466. (Left) The northeast comer, with the stool no. 467 precariously balanced beside
bed nos. 466 and 497.
•lt«*lflll«fflt«t«lfl«inl>tlttlH«l«IM«««t«)lflfMM)tt«tlfMtll«fM?Mf«««tl?t«tMltlMnf1
The Seal
Inipressio/is 111
The
n n ID n
(liior sfaliiij^s
ly]x-s ot
|{i,i;hl cli^lill^l
nial)l\'
lar,L;i-
Irniii
pri)(liict.tl
pt'i'haps sU'aliu-. Nserc cni])!!
hunal and
llu'
i\
od
cm
in
wdml.
,tv
iiu-nihti's nl
'i)\
ilit-
ii'Slni-aPun parlu-s to slanip the pla>U'i"fd
dutfi' Mirlacfs
of
M'a! niipro.-inii. proii-
iiiali'H't'>
and
Chamlxi' and thf
A
tomb,
type
I'lid
al du- cnlraiK't's inln die liunal
.Aiincxf.
lypt'S Carter assi.ijjned
d'ypes
t-nvlfd al nlhtT
ihi- bl(K'kin,i;s
lit
ciiiTidDr
To
blurred
dii'M- ci.uiit
A
die referenee lellers
11.
dak' Ironi die original (i(i>ui-e of die
(i
to
II
reelosures
the
followiiig
tb.e
robberies: for details of the distribution and Carter's
count of the seals, refer to the table. J';iL:iitiM,iii II 1,1111, <
inn
Ciii-diiui
Ih iirv i:n „sl,
,1.
sliiihliiii; niitsid,
to Ih,
,iilniii,,
mid
>,
,
II
of the lar.uc
ur^l
Ih,
hiinr,
,111,1
I,'
iiiipr, SSI,
imp, n,
HIS sliniijh
j'i,iilii,'i)i<^
IV, r,
lie ,L;Tnupiii,L;
Uii'se -eai- \\a-
iiiaiiiiti"
ill
(OiV-
a^ liaplia/aixi a>
wliieh lliey were linne.
eaeli oliieial Willi las seal dalihed a
iipressiiiiis abniit the iih,,ii
,1
erHmet(]r\r
,1
b\
lank spaces
\m1
bein.t; tilled
siiiiai'i'
up with
tile
I'^aeli
number
~eal.
ut
nf ihe jilaster. ihe
iiiipressinus nf
tlie !a^t
'I'liir^hs' ivhifli
i):ii,i' iviis lluiiiihi,
II,
li.lieiii
nin,,iis ,l„„r hl,„iiiws.
th,
up
Idle a\"er;i,t;e size
bricni b\-
Ih,
h'liih.
l:r,,i
,l,,iph,rth,
,1 ,1,1,1
1
2-1 n).
I
(,(ir,liihr
se,alin,L;s \\;is
III
i;
I-
pi, pllllltl,'ll 1,,
iippiiir
piil,h,',ili,,ii
,'i
I,,
I,'!'
III,
i,',,rh
d'liedisuabtitiiiii of the \"aiaou>
t\pes would indicate
ill,
lliat
mini l,,iiih.
not
in the
all setil
\anous
holders
>tai.;"es in
\\ai"e
the
present
cIosiiil;
at
or
iiudhed
of the tomb.
Hurial
Seal type
Key:
Corridii (no.
L'.S
X
1^8
;\iitcchainl)t>r .i)
t)
iK'Currenees ef the l\|v.
iiuiulx'r
iif
el
m'curreuio uneerlain
ChamlKT
Annexe
MBit
Tlie large door-seal
impressions (drawings after Carter):
A
'INehjkheprure, great of love in the entire land'
H
who
'Nehkheprure.
creates [images of] the
who makes festive
gods, tlie
temples with his
offerings
C
'Nehkheprure, King of
Upper and Umer Egypt, who spends liis bfe creating [images of] tliey
tlie
may give
gods, that
to
him C)
the breath of life, incense, libations
and offerings
every day'
D
Osiris
and
temple as first
E F
X:^AJ7V
who
'Nebkheprure, creates [the
image of]
builds his
it
was on
the
occasion
'Nebkheprure' 'Nebkheprure. beloved of Imentet. Osiris
and
Anubis'
G
'Anubis their
[i.e.
the
four subject people 'sj overlord'
The seal at lower
^\shi-x^'
right is
Carter's drawing of type D.
The
object sealings
(Left)
A photograph of the
blocked In addition to the large door-seals, several smaller
impression
types of seal
were found attached
(sometimes with a counter seal as corroboration) to lengths of cord or linen employed to close boxes and other objects within the tomb. Carter noted
11
types,
and plastered
entrance to
Burial
tlie
Cliamber. stamped over
its
entire surface with
impressions of seal types A, B. Q?). E, F, and G. The reseated robbers hole at the '
to
which he attached the reference
number
letters I-S,
a
of these displaying in their design certain
correlations with the larger door sealings.
These
smaller sealings had been produced by pushing a signet into a pat of
mud
to
produce a
clear, relief
impression. Signets of this sort appear to have been
bottom of the doorway, breached by Carnarvon and Carter and concealed behind basketwork tid no. 26, carried impressions of seal type H. (Below) The viceroy
presented by the king to officials acting in his name,
receives his seal
and
detail from the
in their details to
individual.
One
occurs also in ring
to that
of the seal impressions, type N,
Tomb
may have
have been unique
55;
ofKush
of office: a Theban tomb
of AmenhotepHuy (No. 40).
whoever the owner of the
been, he not only took part in the
stocking of Tutankhamun's tomb, but played a crucial role also in the
There probably
is all,
little
Amama reburial (p.
20).
doubt that the majority, and
of the smaller sealings are contempor-
ary with the original tomb closing.
It
has been
suggested that one of the smaller sealings from the
tomb - type R
contains a version of the prenomen
Neferkheprure (i.e. Akhenaten); but the break might
prenomen of Tutankhamun. Two other seal-t>T5es - Q and S have been considered later in date than the inter-
just as easily conceal a reading of the
^;
^\. :t^ *r^
^riir^^y 93
c
'
I'lii'iici;
.\\
:
:
i!i;
pii
i:i
-iiiir
-luriiiiraiA'c
'11111:
A>
111
;
ire;:!/.
%!i,;4
a
lia'iiiv^ ilii' rnii'tH-ric-
.A
^?/
Y^jy
Tii';:i.k!;::ii.ii:,'~
^i
a;:-
/:
^,
\^^^y
-iiixr--'
i:ii. 'iu
iii
luiir!
ilu- ininij.
/
:^
v^^;
'\
i
Now
that the
whole door was exposed
to light
it
was
possible to discern a fact that had hitherto escaped notice - that there had been two successive openings
and
re-closings of a part of its surface.
then
was not absolutely
Plunderers had entered once.
.
intact as it,
.
.
.
we had
and entered
it
The tomb
hoped.
The Robberies
more than
.7
.
Howard
Carter
The
replastered and sealed hole in the outer doorway had forewarned Carnarvon and Carter
whatever the nature of
that,
chamber,
underground
this
The damage
contents would not be intact.
its
disorganized
state
of
the
the
deposit,
sustained by several objects and the discernible lack solid metalwork, bedding, glass, oils and unguents were marks of the ancient Egyptian tomb robber. The Annexe was the worst affected: 'One [robber] - there would probably not have been room
of
more than one - had crept into the chamber, and had then hastily but systematically ransacked its entire contents, emptying boxes, throwing things aside, piling them one upon another, and occasionally passing objects through the hole to his comfor
panions for closer examination in the outer chamber.
He had done his work just about as thoroughly as an earthquake.'
The
excavators'
was
first inclination
to date the
when the Theban west bank was being plagued by a serious spate of tomb robbery. It was a conclusion they soon disturbance to the late 20th dynasty,
had
to revise. Breasted 'reminded Carter that the
tomb
of
Thutmose [Tuthmosis] IV
.
.
.
had
after a
mwf^jfnmmwmmnmmwmmm^^mf'fnwmmm at the
time of the
first
reclosure of
Tutankhamun's
tomb (p. 38). A number
of objects was recovered from within and beneath the corridor fill, including stone jar lids, splinters of gilded wood, fragments of gold, a bronze arrowhead, razors and a gilded bronze staple (p. 189). These pieces, it seems, had been dropped at the tomb entrance by the first band of robbers, and were later gathered up with the rubble employed to fill
the corridor.
Where
material appears to have
can be
it
identified, this
come exclusively from
the
Antechamber: the gold elements originated from the 'corslet' found in box 54 (p. 190); the bronze staple had been wrenched off the semicircular box no. 79 + 574, while the arrowhead those broken from the arrows
is conceivably one of in the Antechamber. Although Carter had concluded that the first band of robbers had had access to the entire tomb, the second to the Antechamber and Annexe only, the evidence would seem to indicate the opposite
sequence. Carter's
The box
king's white-painted bow(no.
370) as found on the end of still showing
floor at the southern the Annexe,
view that the
group of thieves were would seem to be borne
first
robbery been restored by Tutenkhamon's almost
interested primarily in metal
immediate successor. King Harmhab [Horemheb]. ... If another royal burial had suffered robbery soon
out by the materials which
may
be associated with
what Carter identified as the of one of the
dirty footprints
tomb-robbers.
Tutenkhamon's death, might not the same also have entered his tomb?' The argument for a near contemporary plundering of the tomb was compelling, and one for which the evidence offers considerable support after
robbers
The
.
.
first
.
robbery
There can be
little
doubt that the entrance corridor
was empty at the time the first illicit entry was made. The earlier breach in the entrance blocking was positioned too low to have allowed a passage to have
been successfully burrowed through the mass of loose chippings in the corridor beyond. Moreover,
the original plastered surface of the inner doorway,
unlike the replastered hole,
pressure of the chipping
was immarked by
fill,
the
suggesting that the
main plaster coating had been long dry when the rubble
was
beneath the
introduced. fill
which appear
Carter
recovered
from
a number of fragments of objects
have been stored in the corridor at first break-in. This material had evidently included the king's embalming refuse and to
the time of the
remains of the so-called 'funerary meal' discovered by Davis in 1907, packed in a series of large ceramic storage jars in Pit 54 where they had been reburied
95
r^ ^t^ C'
!hi> iJhasi' II:':.
:
/,(, irriiii/ii i!
-i.i.i
niii;<
innTiiK .
ivlun:
:!•! ii:l.>
<,v/.
nil,
ml"
III,
mill
I
'I'hi
/,,;/
I III,
."
n. hill r
riiiii;lil
llu-
in
llic
(
il
riit)i)ci'\
hilUT
in
.
I,ir,rij
aiul
shii])])iiiL; lisl.
i"(il)l)i.'i>'
t'liniiiiiKlily
v\\w\ fiiuld nui
haw
n
i>iiu'!k>
w rrralM
i
Tlir in;rii(!ci>' iiilcrrsl
clc'ii'h
ncrurrrd
indicaU's ihal
\fai> alu-r
iiian\
\W \W
<,,i
l^niu's hui'ial:
hit, I
and
llii
;//(!,> Iii<<(,l i'liii;
liiiiih iiy
on
iiilii'fii
imJili i-uidv
'!'.
;v,/, y,'/A'
I
,,ih
i-.,u\pliaii
in llic hdl l-;,y\i)nan
n
i>iiuiu-s
wciT lal-haM-d
climate thru' iik'-span will
ha\-i- ixt-ii Iimilcd.
iii>i,
dial a ii;ain
ill,
Wdiild
''"'"/""''--'""'"''
'''lit'
The
second robbery a\"ailal)lf
-iTund jxTidd
I'Mdcp.iT III"
^j^^^—^^ ,^k^~^^^\
men
lia\-f lakcii
wnukl
du-d war-
>u,u"Kt'Sl
nnn-i- i-\u-n>j\c
die
llial
dian die
(
)mf
in.
'
K^
wiii l-.aw l)rf>rr,;rd lar m..^^
vw.vw tarui-
!:i->;
;ia>>in,u
^nnic
^ kiiui> [n
7
in-i;,ll^.(j cliip-!ill
ai)]H'ars a 111
i
ha\r
"
l\inei-ai-\-
-
ir.iei'esi
:.
ni i-u:i:iK'
d;,i;
a Uinnrl
dir
cnmdnv.
acci»
:.
>
all
acin n\ uidan dir
hriT. rr>;nclfd
li
•
rriiii i\-
die km.Lr's U'Wrl t'aske',> and uiiM-alnii;
nneiifdu'blafk \-aniishrd shrines
V
S^§\\J''" ^
-ii
du' roi)lx-i> a;)iH'ar lu haxc had;
die lids
r-'.inia'.rt:
back ba>kr:s
])ar;s nf ihr 'aimh. ihnu.til! dicir l'i"far-iir\'
,
iti
I;
ihr
'liar,
dinm.uh die ncwlv
ni.t;
\
iiricl.
f(|ua,ll\
il
i.fa chalkii.iic
li.mires C'arlei'
iwliuii
was
able a
cimlainin.u; .mided.
;)rii\ed >
e>iiiiiale.
'.n
lie
Ii'i iiii
in\ en'a
ir\
Annexe - 'seem
have been
dockets scribbled at the time of the funeral, that
Carter in the
some 60 per
as great a hurry as the thieves, and their work of
cent of the jewellery originally con-
tained in the Treasury caskets
had been
stolen,
rep)aration
to
in
almost
fearful
vessels.
restoration party succeeded in restoring a superfi-
A
knotted scarf of linen containing
solid gold rings'
'a
had been tossed casually
the boxes in the Antechamber.
any
them.'
case, with If so,
some
cial
into one of
shrines broken open by the thieves
'We are almost forced
stake, as represented in this
members, perhaps, of the very party which had
Uerogfyph.
ened stake.
The
officials
the
responsible for resealing the
tomb -
who undertook restoration Tuthmosis IV burial (Tomb 43) in Year 8
Horemheb, and whose scribbled his name on a
assistant, calcite jar
decayed cosmetic.
subjects of one of his immediate successors -
Ramessid counterparts:
by impalement on a sharp-
perhaps led by Maya,
with marks of the robber's fingers stiU visible in the
of
The fate of the captured robbers will probably later
was resealed. Chamber and Ante-
Djehutymose,
still upon had stolen
so very much of the jewellery from the Treasury was
the bastinado, followed
in the Burial
of
of the plunder
the second group of robbers
have been that of their
The breaches
(Above left) Calcite vessel (no. 435), as seen from above,
chamber blockings were reclosed, plastered over and stamped with the necropolis seal - the jackal over nine bound captives. The hole dug through the Corridor fill was packed anew, and the dismantled portion of the Corridor blocking made good and resealed. The seal employed was again that of the necropolis administration. It was the same seal as that which had been employed following the first break-in, an indication that the two separate instances of theft were not far apart in time. There seems little doubt, therefore, that Tutankhamun's burial had been robbed, on both occasions, by the
from the burial on more than the one occasion, since gone.
order to the burial, though none of the boxes or
handful of
to the conclusion that the thieves were either trapped within the tomb, or overtaken in their flight - traced, in
of
<^
was sadly scamped'. Perhaps they were drawing attention to the tomb. The
together with a whole series of precious-metal
stand found by
(Above top) The king's jewelcaskets Hned up within the entrance to the Treasury.
The
seals
had been broken
in
antiquity, the contents
ransacked. The restoration
party repacked what was
left,
a
replacing the lids to achieve
semblance of order. (Above) The ultimate fate of tomb-robbers and enemies of the state:
impalement on a
buried him. (Below
left)
Hieratic graffito
tomb of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43). dating from the restoration carried out under Horemheb and recording the name of the necropolis scribe
in the
Djehutymose. This same man had scribNed his name on a jar stand (no. 620: 1161122) in the
tomb of Tutankhamun
(below right).
•}
97
mmmi jtfinniimflflft^ The realization that the tomb had been robbed in antiquity was tempered by the discovery that the robbers had not penetrated beyond the outermost gilded shrine: Tutankh-
amun still reposed within his sarcophagus and coffins, just as the priestly burial party had
him
left
thirty centuries
before.
Egyptologists had a shrewd idea of what to expect: a papyrus in Turin preserved a plan of the burial of Ramesses IV in position, his stone sarcophagus surrounded by five shrines and a linen pall; while a document (Papyrus Amherst) dating from the 20th dynasty provided a graphic description of a king's mummy lavishly adorned with jewels and accompanied by his
weapons
(p. 111).
an interview with The Times on 18 December 1922, Lord Carnarvon gave free rein to the ultimate archaeological fantasy. 'I shall expect [the sarcophagus] to be of alabaster ... I expect it will be filled with flowers and will In
contain the royal regalia. In the sarcophagus I shall first expect to find the ordinary wooden coffin. Inside there will
probably be a second coffin of thin wood, lined with finely chased silver. Inside this, again, there will be a coffin of thin
wood, richly
will be,
I
gilt.
Then we
shall find the
mummy.
It
'V^
conjecture, encased in sheet gold about the
thickness of the tin used for
making tobacco-boxes. The
mummy will have gold bracelets at the wrists, gold rings and a gold plate on the side where the abdomen was opened. His fingernails and toenails will be inlaid with gold. Enclosed with him in the coffins will probably be other precious royal objects. I shall also expect to find the richly ornamented vessels in which the heart and other internal organs are at the ankles, a gold collar and breastplate,
preserved, and
it
will,
no doubt, have a
finely
on the lid.' No one could have guessed how much reality, would exceed even the wildest speculation.
worked
portrait of the king
Tutankliamun 's gilded and
richly inlaid
second
for once,
coffin (no. 254).
jUwnWWMIttfe cJ^JJWWBBBWR-
II'
iw^
—m
i\
\
m^m^ IV
Pharaoh's Burial
TJic Slirines
and Sarcophagus
liiiiiici;K:lrl\
:)fi:in(i
'lir
roiil'njiiu-d
wiiod
ai
\w
~!!i"ir.i>
>ra;i>iii>
Were
rai'rlull\
at
a(ii)])fi--!)')un(l
it-
inwcr
i-a>k'rn i-nd uilli
(kmbk-
wiTc
':)\
sliu!
nia-suc. >il\rr riiaut: >la'j)lo> nil
ford
(kinr
t'ai.-li
audi
bindiiii;-
iifidiei-
I'liixl 11(11-
tlir
iiid
Si-i-(
and
iHTscn; and
cupix-i-
had
Niiw iHirlufJ r,ir,iiilly
srnlioliliiii;.
rolll'urhtlu
tacfs ha\
hnnn, llu'
hill
II t'lill
nn
I
i'lisi
liin. _!(>'.>!
l(.i-i-ilyin,yi\"
which lay
a iiilili il iniiiu ii-'irk dm. inrtul IhIioiii Hi, iir
conlinrs of
iKisihli
hiiiii,
Cm-
mill
a
hnl
ini.i
\\\,<
I
shniii',
!|i.iul;!i oil
M-al>
ci 'i-dlni
du'ir
Ix-cn
wi-i-i-
owmu
sraktk
ycs^d suv
,i;ikle(i
in shi-inka.ut'
shniics sn ilosrh
and
\M!l;in
funlu-r
an,djl;llk-diiiii>ui die
had ncwr
Ira.yik'.
dun-
r.-
v.,*,\>
nl"
lilk-d
ihr
suifly ciianibcr ihal
llu-
sitimus
al
hundi-i-dwci.uhl
(Uliu'hin.t,'
ami half a
loni
anil
lnmb prnved nn i'as\- task. As Cai'kT ri'cnrds. 'We hunipt'd niir heads. nip]X'd our hn,t;ei"S. we liad Id s(.]Utv/e m and uul like weasels, and wciik in all kinds ,\\ I'nilianassin.i; ixisitiniis' ivni(i\-al
'I'll,
ih.c
llic
The
iiu;i'i-nio>i
llirsr
plan's paru-d
in
disas.M'nii)l\b(.l\\i'rn
Slllllll s.
iii.u
base uimd.
siaplo:
ihc
upcs
loiirdi (inniTniii>n sliianr
,'i!
ai
ki;irt!
>lK:ir..L;
\\as in i-xadciu-r,
lliii-d shi-iiit^.
in'.aci (M-al
.il
kkaak. sk.niic,
Ixtii iiUtiidoi! lo vrt-fi\c a
On
sral.
st'alm.i;
iaryc-i'
uiinr..-
1)>
wa,-
i). il',>
lli.diir-^
,,\
Tin-
iii-iiri/u,
f(i,L'i-.
wcrr
Tla- wai:
la:r!'.ar.
w w,-^; \\i«<..
kikiirii; (knii^.
fhiMiy
IliirKii
a wall mi aikii-i;
lu-k; !ii,m-!luT
Tlmrr. wmikI am;
'lak, Cl;ri>l >
hflii
,,\
i'>iiicrr(;
actiai-,
III'
blur
hnlliar.:
iin;rl'inn>'.
•,l:r
oi
!h-
i
'hr
iMllr,';,i;ik--
l-i>
lia: a;)i)cai"f(: a
\\\\\\
iiilaifi
;)ro\r(l
w
1)\
•!
:)l..i-kinL;
Ll'.aiiiitt-r er.-.i-arai-. L.-ii-'rr ;;r,(l
h'lini
dii-
ii'Ai iiiiiiiil ill ilii .<: III! iiiiu.l;,
iiiiiilil/iil III iiisiili
hiii-k
siiiik-nliij
Iwiiihif
ii,iil,iiiiii.
FIRST . (OUTER)
SHRINE
ill,
iiii
till
iiiyl
(lilt, '^o'l'l.
I'iul
h\-
the end of ihe seeond season, afler 'ei.tlhu
tourda\"so| real manual labour'. einployiiii;onl\- die
most pianiilue of
liflin.y-j^ear.
die
work
of disniant-
had been completed: the wall panels lay propped against the walls of the Burial Chamber, their roof sections in the Antechamber. Conservation began in 1928, using up over half a ton of paraffin wax; two seasons later the shrines were ling
strong enough
Museum where
to
be transported to the Cairo
they could be properly examined.
The outermost shrine The outermost 3.28m
207)
(no.
measures 5.08 by and 2.75m (9ft) high.
of the four shrines
by
(16ft Sin
10ft
%m)
Constructed from heavy panels of 32mm (liin) thick cedar, the surfaces both inside
gilded
with
and
inlaid. In
and out are gessoed,
shape, this outermost shrine,
battered walls
its
and double-sloping
roof.
bears a close resemblance to the s^rf- festival pavilion in
which the king achieved rejuvenation and rebirth. had been chosen as much
In Carter's view, the shape
for aesthetics as ritual requirement:
'owing to the
great depth of the shrine, a single sloping roof would
The
Professor Newberry
linen pall (no. 209)
Between the
first
and second outermost shrines had
have necessitated its elevated curved front to have been in height far out of proportion with the rest of
been erected a poorly constructed nine-piece gabled framework (no. 208) of gessoed, varnished and
the structure.'
gilded
wood - 4.32 by 2.93m (14ft 2in by 9ft Zfin) and
2.78m
(9ft
The
and rear panel of
sides
the shrine are
decorated with double tyet-knot amulets of Isis and djed-
('stability')
dazzling
effect,
background.
hieroglyphs
of
Osiris,
set,
to
against a brilliant blue faience
A pair of protective wedjat-eyes decor-
what was intended
be the shrine's north
side,
but as erected these eyes actually faced south.
The
ate
to
two doors each carry a rectangular panel with a representation in sunk relief: that on the left a headless and pawless leonine creature; that on the shrine's right door panel a seated divinity with twin-
feather headdress, grasping
an ankh or
'life'
sign. In
Hin) high. Over
this
209), 5.5
by 4.4m
by 14ft 5iin), made up of sewn together, decorated in diameter - marguerites
(18ft iin
with large - 4.7cm
(liin)
which had been sewn on to the fabric at intervals of 19.5 and 22cm (7f and 8|in). To the American Egyptologist J.H. Breasted, this pall was 'like a night sky spangled with stars.' Although the excavators expended a great deal of time and ingenuity on the preservation of this extremely fragile item, which had torn apart from the weight of of gilded bronze
bronze sequins,
suffered irremediable
damage
through having been
Book of the Dead spells 1, 134 and 141-2, and from the Book of the Divine Cow (the legend of the
period Carter and his team were locked out of the
around)
is
vultures.
decorated with winged solar discs and 13
removal from the tomb, preparatory to conservation.
several widths of material
its
middle section
its
had been crookedly
shrine are heavily inscribed, with extracts from
The inside of the roof (the of which was put on the wrong way
209) after
spread a coarsely woven, dark brown linen pall (no.
contrast with the exterior, the inside surfaces of the
Destruction of Mankind).
and his
wife unroll the fragile linen pall (no.
it
tomb and laboratory 'Mr. Carter's agitation
the precious object
left
out in the open during the
(p. 66):
on discovering the condition of intense, but he contented himself it's your pall, not mine,
was
(Below) The complex of closely nested shrines filling
the Burial right) the
Chamber:
(left to
outermost shrine
(no. 207); the framework
shrines (nos.
237
239):
and
with the remark, "Well, anyway,
the quartate sarcophagus
and
(no. 240).
it's
the only one in the world.'"
and
paB (nos. 208-209): the second third and fourth
101
•:,/<
•Hi
l;ik:1"i:i;!1!
inuirrvM
:lir
'<'.
liaiicl I'^uTir^
:;
iju;:
ii-l,;:
'';,
,,;
-nr.iL'ii' ui:ik-i'\>.-"rii;
i\
ii'i-
^-.i;:!!:!;!!;
:!:•,(:
:
:;
.>.
i:'
.'I'lhri:
'wn
a;;(;
:
>lr,iH-.>
:1:
irr\\..-la ciull'.r
l)cai;. ir.\ci'Kiii,L; 'In- J
The
uiuKTwiirk!. ai-c
sliriiif
aM\v>.
nukk'i^ of spells 111
Kl
l.'l.'l.
insiiibi'd (if
wiih 1
IS.
One
•']
'':'a
ij
ir-aia: !)aak
pai-.rJr
><]
:1k
r^
!-a(-,>
c,
:"\
\i,L:r,iiU>
>ui;ii rriu-; >;)cli
1
Aimtk.ci"
\
mao:
lllu'
l,'^
of lu-a\i-ia aiui
louv
ilu-
ilkisli-au-~
i.uiirtU'
1:,
The baak panel
(if
ik.i'
shniie
wuh
i~
kJdok
17, a slalniii'iil of lh(L-Milard(n';rir.c.
imerrslin.t; feaiuivoflhis shrir.f
i-finscribfil. Tlif
mmv
I'artdiKiios rcxcals ibat tbf
is
;hal
bi"illianl Kildin,u
i'.
l;a^
'>\
ihv
nonirn 'riuankbainur.'
was uriunidX'iTandi'iKinal nania.ai'dnipdnanl (if wbaali. aix'iirdin.tj lo Carli'i'. was -ait-nk
pat'l
liMia
::.
aiK;
ii'f-
\
1
,r.':V.v]
>;)(.-r:
1
'•',
1,
third shrine (no. 238) Tulankhaniun's
tbird df
|'bt'
design
t(i
ibc
is
nf similai-
skipin.t;"
rodf aiui
10 b\- l.fL'm (lib somewbal smaller dimensions liin b\" lib :');inl, willi a maNinuim bei.udil of Lkblm ,'k
(Rif^hli
Oirln's
llw
Sdiiiiil sliruii
a;
a'^k
±c
i:
laa,-^
!:,
..;
I.-m^I ;1:c (if
Mw^
la m1 ,!;,•
i
)ca,i;, ar.i:
luui" i"ani-l;ra(;i-(; .Liuard'.aa:
raak.
"la-
,LTa.>i)in,:;
n-piTMiiaii
••]'
:\\''
a.^ hiiinaa'.-hi-ai'kt;.
air.i-kipf-k.i'adfc; ni- iTi>a'Kiiir-l'.ra(:ri'..
Tk.f
m-idu a
(k'Si.L,'!:
aailin.i;
;lu-
itk.
disc.
waii.Lied
xuluirc, a "f
mi; ;lic
w
si.\;k.
sb.rinc
\"ari(iii> .l;(k:>.
end arc sbuwii
a
i":
imI
fx'a'Mi
.-iiiiklar
!';\c
iialaraTti Mr.
l^
iv
deadra'adii,
\iil;uivs.
:i;i-
i'(iiia|)ri>ir..i;
-cvpria-hfadcd.
a
\uluiia-and a falona Tlu' irau'r\\ajl> aiv ik-oirak-d
wbalc l>is
or. ib.c
cmiv
ir.sicii.-
and Nk'pbUi\>.
ou'.spia-adi lo ])rd;i\", ;lia
pr(nTs>i(in>
\vi;h
ibrir
])aiU'ls
(pf
and
\\iii,l;s a,t;aii'.
daaupaa:
(no.
239)
mnmiids; df Tutankb.anninV fdur >l!nrAuk'asuia-s l'.;icii; b\- lb bHiiii. aiui bitlni ((ill li^inl bii,'b. and was I'onsinieledi from l',\e sep.acale seebons,
.\
reiu'esentaiion
ibe prebislone d'akkx- of die
m
niiniauii-e of
Noi'ib.', '.be /'
r-;,',7,
i!s
ibdtaiiii
shiin-in^ tin Duthiid
alldcbituni
1;
I-
riu-
sbrint's
witb a
second,
.::<-
Ti:.-
The innermost shrine
The
-i:i'ii;c :.:v
-.,•,-
Waa'
.:
-.a
;;(
i:
,
'hr -h:-ii;i-arra>ar::)it: w;:!:
lull]- lit_Taki>,
\airiini-i\
~h!i- •; 'he
r!--iii;>
Aaiaaa:i
r^•Ilr^•^lnIa;lMI;^
kraAoaial
aclduiiiiial tf\;> finiii ^l)eH~ Kin.
kiiifl) (k'liiu'ak-d liiei'ii.LjKphs
ill
Uu'DeadsiX'll
brrn
!)iill
lu'avciil. 2.
and
1
ihr
r-uiu
Irl':
wi'h
liunk nf \hv Dcac;
illii>lraiir.i;-
cck->u:i\
aiid
ri.^hi
(liTMi-;iU'c:
.^ali--
:l',f
Thr
laii'^ii:-,
wiii; a:irn:ui'(;
I-:
(11(1.
of
mninf the In
L':!7l.
the shriins.
ilisiiimitliiih'
mdi
Oirl( r inHiiil n
riiru ly
ni jniiitini; liiiiiiiiiina
uifludDiu
till
ttr
siiiHiii
siiinolh mini. Ilk irhih'd
d
,i;lii(
Ilii
ti
iniiit.
ii:in
III' .^iiiiih
mid
I'hiiii iiiiln
tlh
mid
ini
.
Iniiiiis. stidi
Construction .
pairs
li
The spaee
/((.w/e
in
the Burial Chanilxr
Ciirlir
iiiiiit.
had hull
iinlnl tlKitthiwoiid siiti/'liid in
innir or
stiindiird ruts
lis.<
hiilkf. jihiilks.
and
diid.<. hiittni.i
.
seetions
i.Xbmi rinhlllhh
many jiiiiii
»> '
phnliiiirapln
shi'iius.
m
tin
nim'h.< in ntii
nn the
and plaivd
in
order
was so
been iiUnKlueed
a,t;ainst
in
die walls kir
first and outerniost last. More marks had Ixrn either seralelied
ereetion innermost
than
b'lll
joiners'
into the metal or painted
show
III
available
nulls
reslrieled ihal ihe shrines h.ad till
not onl>'
how
on
in black,
intended to
the various sections titled
lo.^ether but also their correct orientation.
practical reasons, ix'rhaps.
was
i,i;nored,
ixisilioned
.at
and the
llie
l'"or
correct orieiualioii
d(K)rs of all four shrines
the east rather than the west end of the
cliamlx'r. where, b\ ilk'
more space difliculties
Tieasur\ doorway, there was V.wn so, the eiavtion of no easy matter. N'rious
kn' niano(.ii\rin.«.
the shrines had proved
had been etu-ountei\'d when
that the ,s;ircopha.i,;us alter choppin.i:
was
iniiennost shrine at
it
was kiund
sli.uhtly out of true:
awa\ the inner surkice stnite.i;ic ixunts,
of
the
e\en
tlu' til
continued
and joints ix'tween the side and end had to lx> left ,t;apin,u, I'roblems with the third shrine were resolved b\- biaite knee, with hammer blows still in e\iclence on the .i;ilded corners. to Ix'
ti,i;ht
.sections
roof
is
barrel-vaulted, decorated in bas relief with
kneeling figures of
Isis,
Nephthys, Selkis and Neith,
Anubis dogs and vultures, each on a pylon. The right and alternating with wedjat-eyes, recumbent
left
side panels carry respectively a procession of
Imsety, Anubis,
Duamutef and Geb, and
of Hapy.
Anubis, Qebhsenuef and Horus between figures of
Thoth supporting the sky; the end panel and outside door panels carry protective images of the winged Isis
and her
The
sister
Nephthys.
ceiling of the innermost shrine is decorated
with a magnificent representation of the goddess Nut, again with outspread wings, flanked by the falcon-headed Horus. Isis and Nephthys again guard the doors, while the interior wall panels carry the text of spell 17
from the Book of the Dead.
The sarcophagus 'The decisive
moment
moment was
at hand!
for the archaeologist!
what did
An
that fourth shrine contain?
excitement
I
drew back the
doors; they slowly
swimg
indescribable
What was beneath and With intense and unsealed
open, and there, filling the
any further an immense yellow quartzite
entire area within, effectually barring
progress, stood
sarcophagus,
intact,
with the
place, just as the pious
embrace.
bolts of the last
lid still
hands had
its
it.
Howard
decorated with one horizontal and six vertical columns of deeply incised hieroglyphs, and, at its westemmost end, an incised wedjat-eye. The east and west ends of the box are similarly inscribed with a single horizontal band of text and a further 14 is
firmly fixed in
left
A cavetto comice at the top edge of the box
balanced at the bottom by a dado of double tyetand djed-amuleis. Each long side of the sarcophagus is
Carter
The mismatched granik
lid
of the rectangular quartzite sarcophagus (no. 240) as first revealed,
with the crack
running across the middle.
verticals.
As Carter records, 'When Carter and I opened the doors of the third and fourth shrines and beheld the massive stone sarcophagus within, I felt for the first time the majesty of the dead Pharaoh's actual presence
James Henry Breasted
our
and 1.47m (4ft 9Jin) high, the king's golden-yellow sarcophagus (no. 240), carved from a single block of the hardest quartzite, was supported at each comer upon a block of calcite. The sloping lid, with its winged sun disc at the head end and three vertical columns of incised hieroglyphs, was of red granite, painted to match the yellow of the sarcophagus box. Carter suggested that
it
by 1.47m
(9ft
by
4ft 9Jin)
was perhaps a replacement
for the intended
which had not been ready in time for the funeral. The lid had been cracked across the centre, owing lid,
perhaps to some accident at the time of its hurried installation. This crack had been filled with gypsum,
which was
itself
colour of the
The
touched up to blend in with the new
lid.
decoration of the sarcophagus
is
dominated
by the four tutelary deities Isis, Nephthys, Selkis and Neith,
carved in high
relief
to
the
traditional
pre-Amama, 18-square grid and delicately picked out in colours. They stand at each of the comers of the monument, their winged arms outstretched to envelop the box in a protective proportions of the
sarcophagus]
lid.'
by passing angle irons beneath the long edges of the lid, permitting 'it to be raised by differential
was resolved. On was brought into play:
pulleys as one piece', the difficulty
12
lid
2.74
crack greatly complicated
But,
Febmary 1924
the tackle
the ropes tightened
Some
'the
final effort, the raising of [the
slowly
and the ton and a quarter granite the air. The supreme moment
lifted into
The west or head end of the beautifully modelled
sarcophagus (no. 240), towards which the faces of the four tutelary goddesses here Isis (right) and Nephthys (left)
- are turned.
Ht«
The
Coffins
(fiiimTttTrrnrrnfnnnfnMnM""'"""""""""'"''"'"'"""'"
I
In-
ouUm- collin (no.
'2.->'A)
The second
The
254)
coffin (no.
The original design
of the outermost coffin's
included four silver
handles - two
enable
it
to
be safely lowered
in
had to each side - to position. Now, on 13 lid
October 1925, three millennia later, these same handles would be employed to raise it. According to
was a moment as anxious as exciting.' But was lifted without great difficulty, and the
Carter,
the
'It
lid
third coffin (no. 255)
Unlike the outermost
coffin, the lid of the second had not been furnished with handles, and its removal was further hampered by the fact that the
coffin
10 gold-headed silver nails holding
not be fully withdrawn while
Here again the surface was concealed beneath a decayed shroud of linen (no. 254b), itself obscured by
sufficiently for 'stout
(no.
found by Davis
in
254a) not dissimilar to those Pit
54
(p.
Around
38).
the
on Pharaoh's brow, over the shroud, was a small wreath of olive leaves, blue lotus petals and cornflowers (no. 254a (1)). protective deities
Before the linen covering
was drawn
in place
fitting outer shell. Carter faced the task
The
garlands
it
could
lay in the close-
with the
sang-froid he reserved for his Egyptian endeavours.
anticipated second anthropwid coffin revealed.
floral
it
pins of the second coffin were withdrawn
copper wire' to be attached;
'Strong metal eyelets' were then screwed into the
edge of the outer
coffin
and the two separated by
lowering the outer shell into the sarcophagus while
hung suspended. The removal of the second coffin's lid was accomplished in a
the inner fragile
similar fashion: eyelets were screwed into the edge
mask of Tutankhamun 's innermost TTie breathtaking
coffin (no. 255), the
most
magnificent ever brought to light,
beaten from sheet gold
and embellished with chasing and inlay.
back. Carter
and his team decided to remove both the delicate lower half and contents of the outermost coffin from the sarcophagus. The delicacy of the gessoed and inlaid surface necessitated that this
be achieved with
handling as possible - by inserting steel pins through the inscribed tenons of the outermost coffin
as
little
and employing pulleys. It was, as Carter records, a task 'of no little difficulty'. But it was carried through without incident, and the coffin was deposited upon trestles resting upon the rim of the sarcophagus box.
The second coffin was in due course revealed as even more magnificent than the first, 2.04m (6ft 8^in) long. Constructed
from a
still
unidentified wood, the
surface was again found to be overlaid with gold foil.
The use of inlays, however (which had suffered from the presence of damp and showed a disconcerting tendency to fall out), was far more extensive than on the outermost coffin. Details, such as the stripes of the wwfs-headcloth, eyebrows, cosmetic lines
and
beard were inlaid with lapis-blue glass (the inlays of
somewhat decayed). The uraeus on was of gilded wood, with a head of blue
the headcloth the forehead
faience
and inlays of
red, blue
and turquoise
the head of the vulture, Nekhbet,
wood
was
glass;
also of gilded
and, like the image of the outermost coffin,
with a beak of dark black
wood (probably ebony)
and eyes of obsidian. The symbols of divine kingship, the crook and the flail (held in the left and right hands respectively), were inlaid with lapis-blue and turquoise glass and blue faience. A broad 'falcon collar'
picked out with inset pieces of brilliant red,
blue and turquoise glass showed at the king's throat,
with two similarly inlaid bracelets modelled at the wrists.
The
entire surface of the
risfe'-pattem,
though
coffin, the feathers
body was decorated
here,
were each
in
unlike the outermost inlaid with jasp)er-red,
The places of Isis and Nephthys were taken by the winged vulture goddess Nekhbet and the winged uraeus, Wadjit; here again the figures were inlaid with pieces of red, blue and lapis-blue and turquoise glass.
turquoise glass.
107
nl ilu- lul at liiur
puiius,
ilif
sihri' pin- M'lurni.i;
in inscrilx'd siKaT iciioii- rcmnNcd,
was
lid, al'lt-r snini' inilial llcxin.u,
and ihf
liu-
inliin
eiiliin.
Air. III'
die
lid
revealed a llurd anlhniimid
a oi\erinL,' nf line linen
,, , ///('.-.-dieaddress.
.111
in
place abnxe die .•
,1 the b(id\- iit;lill\" lucked in Irnin a a. ,, neck to leet with ;i shriuid ol red linen, Inlded three
y/i
•
1
.
1
I
'
.
,
,
limes did.
I'.i,"")!)).
The
face
bretist
decorated with an exlreiiicK' of
.u'lass
dowers, benat's and
fra,L,'ile
bro;id
beads and various leaves,
fruits (includin.t;
l'iiiiii'(i
^
^^,^
-pa m-uh
.N/.';.r
ir.i..
,:
LTiaai.
n'.aik-
ir.aiir i.i- ;il'.M!,.i;ni]il;K- lax^i-ci.,
il^ra: >..;iaieHr ar.e '.aar.
'.;;<
:aat
.\r. asr.iir.dia.Lr
ua^
wa-
Mi.n'i iii'ln!
ii:
liHe.Msrd 1
In-
I
aa. -trr\
ilan;
iir
1
oAiiaii;-. a.
.aa:
ll'.e
eniirnriu-
wa-
r.MU c.ear,
>>!
'
,
,
,
wii.ulil.
wliKt.
^.x./aiml
,
,
,
.
lallirrt.' liac pii//ir(; us.
..lmhi:\
a\„
wla-
afuT the
cotiaa laad ix-en a^
ei,i;lu -iPiii.i;
,
had liiaari-iud -u cniraa aa.ii ila- ad Mfihr -ec.
'la-
,
li
lir-i
wei-'la
ieii-.ii\e(i. its
nan
ueiuhi \\a>
-ti!:
a-
iiui
naici-.
i-i.u'.d a.a.'
^I'diiu^
lar
-'^^^^^
-rar
Ilin-i-i: a;
'aei. ivir..i\r(;
The
_^
aiu;
iiacKii'.,L; iiai.
,
had been led I'xpnsed. the
collar
blue
iimmr.uraiia'ri
pap\iai>
liflcd i-l'lnrilfSsK"
inic die air.
Krnioval
imii
initial
from
appetirance
,L,'leamii\L;,
o| the niettilwork wtis \er\
howexer. ReiiioNal of the linen
shroud and pa])\aais collar revealed
had been covered -with
tliat
the cotiin
a thick black iiilch.dike la\er
which extended from the hands down
to the ankles'.
(Above,
left to right)
Steps in
Carter estimated that two bucketfuls of this anoint-
the solvere of a priceless
ing liquid had been poured over the coffin, filling in
treasure: Carter delicately
the whole of the space between it and the base of the second coffin, setting solid and causing them to stick
firmly together.
The removal
proved extremely
of this resinous layer
difficult:
by age had to be hammering, solvents and heat, while the shells of the coffins were loosened from one another and extricated by means of great heat, the 'This pitch like material hardened
removed by means
interior
of
being temporarily protected during the process
by zinc plates - the temperature employed though necessarily below the melting point of zinc was several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. After the inner coffin was extricated it had to be again treated with heat and solvents before the material could be completely
away the decayed remains of the Unen shroud which covered the face of the second coffin (no. 254); the brushes
second coffin is removed from the outermost coffin shell (no.
253) by means of an elaborate pulley system;
Carter patiently chips away at the hardened black unguents poured liberally over the
innermost, gold coffin (no. 255).
removed.'
The The
coffin
measures some 1.88m (6ft 2in) in length. heavy gold sheet, varies
metal, beaten from
(Right, top to bottom)
Tutankhamun 's
coffins,
varying slightly in
size,
were
accommodated one within arwther around the goldmasked mummy. (Left)
The physiognomy of
the second coffin (no. 254),
shown
centre, differs
markedly from that of the first (no. 253), shown far left,
and the third (no. 255). shown left, and there is every reason to believe, as with other objects from the burial furniture, that
was not
its
Tutankhamun
intended owner.
109
;i
1
All miin;i
< We opened their sarcophagi and their coffins in which they were, and found the noble mummy of this king equipped with a falchion; a large number of amulets and jewels of gold were upon his neck, and his head-piece of
gold
was upon him
The Gold Mask and
y
Extract from the confession of an ancient
Trappings of the
tomb robber
occupying the whole of the interior of the golden coffin, was an impressive, neat and carefully made mummy, over which had been poured anointing unguents as in the case of the outside of its coffin again in great quantity - consolidated and blackened by
Mummy
i Before us,
and sombre these unguents, was a brilliant one might
age. In contradistinction to the general dark effect,
due
to
say magnificent, burnished gold mask or similitude of the king, covering his head and shoulders, which, like the feet, had been intentionally avoided when using the unguents. J
Howard
Carter
fnTwmTmmryrrnrnrfymrrr>fmfmfTnwnt?mim!tTryfTiTnmnmfwi the outer as well as the inner angles.
As on
coffins, the lapis-lazuli outline of the eyes
reproduces
the
the distinctive kohl eye make-up, originally applied to protect against the sun's glare but increasingly
employed
for
its
beautifying
personal embellishment
is
(Bebw) Profile of the awesome mask of inlaid sheet gold (no. 256a). (Below
effect.
Additional
alluded to in the pierced
ears,
which were covered with discs of gold
when
found.
foil
left) The sheet-gold hands (no. 256b(l)) which were seum on to the mummy bandages; between them is
blackresin scarab no. 256b.
Superbly modelled, the king's portrait mask (no. 256a) stands without parallel as a masterpiece of the
Egyptian metalworker's
craft.
Beaten from two
separate sheets of gold, remarkably consistent in thickness and joined by hammering, the
mask was
subsequently embellished by chasing, burnishing,
and by the addition of inlay work. It measures some 54cm (1 ft 9iin) in height and weighs 10.23kg (22ilb). The mask represents the yoimg king as Osiris, wearing the ««'/««s-headcloth with bound queue, or pigtail, falling down at the back, inlaid with opaque blue glass in imitation of lapis lazuli. On the brow sit the vulture and cobra, Nekhbet and Wadjit, the latter poised to spit fire at Pharaoh's enemies. Each of these fittings has been fashioned from solid gold, inlaid with blue faience, glass, camelian and lapis lazuli, with eyes of translucent quartz backed with a touch of red pigment (the eyes of the vulture are missing). The eyes of the king are made from quartz and obsidian, and convey a distinctly life-like impression; as so often
in
Egyptian
art,
they
mistakenly show red discoloration (caruncles) on
111
Onuinicnls of flic Mil III) IV I
m Objcii
'liiil.
•till
lUHiiiDiv r
I
xti
hmias uiui
111')- !riil'!'iiiL.'.< III
(Left) Carter's unpublished
of drawings (with new added) recording the
series
lettering
jewels
and amulets
had
that
been bandaged in with the royal
mummy.
(Far
left)
The
crook-winged Nekhbetvulture pectoral no. 256ppp.
At least
one authority has suggested this may be one of the earliest examples of enamelling.
The bead-work cap
(no.
4t) found in position
king's head.
on
256 the
The cartouches
contain a variant form of the early
Aten name.
Tutankhamun's blackened left
hand, detached for
photography, with sheet-gold finger-stalls (no.
256 11) and 256
heavy signet rings (nos.
bbb and 256 ccc)
in position.
lAhnnl
I'liii (•/
iniik
,i;iilil li'iiiiii
hiiiiih'
fiiij. i'iiii
ciiiinsiiif;
till-
N.'DI
il >;lii.'s
and
I'lirinits sIdiiis.
iiuld
mask
sliiiii'inf; till'
(nil. i'lili
a)
.sci)arate
.A
III,
nntal.
n
III
till
til
()\-er
III
mil
In-
till' kiii!;'.i
iinliimlydiath
a
f)iiry
is
it
was
him,t; a
niiiniinx
til,'
attachi-d beneath
plaits indicated
The back ol
by inlays of faience
cleca\-ed to a gre\ -blue coloui'.
mask
of the
is
chased with a series of sjx'll
the Dead, 'Ihe text identifies the
of the
mask with
Horns, I'lah-Seker, and others) |)l;i\
151b of the B(M)k
component parts
a succession of deities (.\nubis.
thi'
had hull In
its
texts containing a version of
that Caymirniii'f
laiisidhv unit
divine beard, again of gold,
which ha\('
hi'
pi lint mil that
this vii-v juiint nil
and
lalcon-hratled termi
nl'
1,-tt I'll,',!'.
naf d(t,rtid
siirinn
its
lazuli, ciuartz, t;iveii felspar,
necklace of three strands with lotus flower
the chin,
may
siilni'stitioHs liar,
lifinii lit
tliichuss
only
'I'll,'
n slmc
I
tlii
niu'ss wliiili
diti'i-tnl If nil 'I'll,'
with
and uraeus terminals: the top and bottom strands of this collar were composed of large disc beads of yellow and red gold and dark blue faience, while the Ix'ads of the centre strand were of yellow gold alone.
ri'iniirkahlf
riinsislniry in
mil
collar,
with lapis
obsidian and coloui'cd glass,
t.\hiirf rinlit) :\ nidiiifimph
of III,-
broad
'riic
nals, is inlaid
who were
each lo
a crucial role in the ])rolection of the king
ag.-iinsl
the manifold dangers of the underworld.
op III.
Id,
made up from odd
I
A
ill
tail
III
th,
i;iild
The mask, perhaps
pair
a
Ix-'neath.
2561x1
)).
sewn
of
burnished
directly onto the
image
/v/-bird (no. 25(ib(2)l
framework
(no.
Uelow them,
was
surmounting
a large
a llexible
one vertical and tour horizontal
inlaid
These had a.gain Ix^n prepared for .Ankhkheprure. and were only subsequently taken over for use by Tutankhamun by cutting out some of the original names. Kach element numbered on the back, the trappings had Ixw made .gold
to
bands
ot
lit
(nos. 2,5(ib (3)
their
original
<4)).
owner: Tutankhamun
was
evidently a rather different sha|X'. and the I'rame-
work had
h;id to
be adapted
cutting out
l)\
and
piecing together. .As the wrap])in.gs ot the
troni the
liail,
barely visible through the unguents, .gold
2,'i(ib),
hands
.gold
mummy wrappings,
clasped the decayeti crook and
lery. su|X'rb
the best-known
trapi)in.gs
originally preiiared tor .Ankhkheprure (no.
removed, a turther
rli,,'l\
Other ornaments I
decorative .gold band
the rnyiil i-mpsc.
inlaid with cnlmiji
film
iiismhcil
'muimiiy
iir
1,50
mumnu
were .gradually
ma.gnilicent items of jewel-
amulets and other objects were brou.ght
to li.ght (nos. 25lk' -h). l'"ashioned
and
|xisitioned
niijsl'.
tomb,
is
in
fact
but
one element
ornamental ion of the royal black resin, spell
11
1
291),
its
mummy.
in .A
the
outer
.scarab of
base inscril)ed with I^xik of the Dead
hung suspended from
the neck on
,i
according the\'
to the dictates of the l^xik of the
would ensure the
kin.g's tra.nsfoniiation
death to true immortality
way hem
if in
Dead.
trom
a rather different
that ori.ginall\' envisa.ged.
t«)MiMMili«ifi«t
rarrai
The Roval Mitminx
)•.
iiai;
ariiiie
>ii:li-re(i
iiASei'ed
oh-ruri'
ai!(i
riihriiifra!
the
iiiuiKai;(! \rai->.
\va>
llu' r'liniax
\iflilf(l lis I
hi- prcsc'iil
uf
~,i
•
>\
Mffii: 11!
ti-
i'ra>ii.u a
': yv\C.)-\
my
.-;i
die
iii'ai
in
auTi
liic
uj-n
'iiai. •:;!n
aia; hi-a^rj.'
II. :.
''>''""""""
Ih'UalilS
lhlT\
':i:<; !i!fi
"'-''."
,
llUlkiS
ui Ihi
, i.iii'ii.<.
uci.yh.l
ihi' ••:
pa~i
.
Iliniidi iiiiih'tlii r /turliis.
,
,
inh
n
l-'iuiimcl(isrl\- imiihisanlhi"o])()i(ii'asi'. (111
,,
/
111
III
lu'iuhl, ^
nia,i;"iii!uvnl piirti'ail
curves of the bncly
riiii.L;k,l\
Owiii.u to ihe irvv
resins Iwhuii were
\>n;\; ij.idy
die exea\alnrs liad Hide ehuier
di.a!
die iiuimnn uliere
>'.ili
mask were hmiui
aiul
re~ul:
iTu-ini:
Ihe unw
7
uiuiiji!ii:^.<
.
same
-hiinl\
ei'i'iise
had been
a.
widi die Ini:
ai
la>.
il
liati ri-arl:i-(i
Ilir.c. ar.ii ih.r
Ilnwani Lan.T
Sii( Inli V
ihe
o>;iins
inyriu:
1.
I'esnaiiased
fasi I" die inlerinr nf die oillin
examine
till
'"-'"'"""""'-''""
,
Liiili r.
nwr
uiic
llie
liaxesUiek
ihc
mask
lii-ail
soim- l.srun
priik-cu-(l
h\-
i!>
Dnu.uias
liy
Analumy
die
l-'.,i:\
I:.
II
in
(Nn.
die lai,
IVntessur
)erry.
I
Alexaiuhaa,
nl'
Alfred Lueas, UaiTX'
L'arler,
liL'.'i
t>\
plian I'liiva-rsUy in Cairn, aiui
llamdi
I)r Saleli liey
Nii\eml)er
li
die inini) uf Sedm,-
(if
uiKk'riakeii a'
mi
i)e,L;an
ouler eiirriddr
iif
of the kinjj
raijpiiifj
auaijisv
d'lie
l"'"A\i'
ami
trmn
>arL'i i])ha,mi-.
'b.ese
Niseid in ])laee-i.
1:^-1;.'ii,
'.k.e
rr-i-aiiiir-' Tl;r a .irb l:ai;
llic iiir^a,!,'!-' "I Ml" il;i'
u-
I'liUTni. a:!ri"
\\
nir J
•
spilf
main- yrai>.
I'liici",
had
>haiin\v m! a iianir,
i|-,
ami
iiiuinn!)-
'I'.e
apjjiiea'iiur. ul i Tl:r Niiuliiui! I'iiar.i.il. 'a;i- iR->
iha:
ini]ieau-(l
;rans\ei"se
I
,L;'n'a;l\'
])uurf(:
iil)eraii\
i:'!ia:i.ii>
\m}m\mm}mm\mm\mmm\mmmm}mmmm}}
m> n;\r r^
ei: iia
ill,
oLar.ee
a~.i;!;rr\\i-e: ihruiriershrniK:. k.rki in plaee
.
ir.aii,
A MrMud
iiU-, .'.
•\:.'.v
in die preseiiee
and \anous
liurlDii,
'
(iin.
iiliaM]).
1
1
skilliiUx' rcprockicfcl b\-
1
land ihr
means
uf
and
lyu\"plian
layei' of jjarallin
innK'iludinal ineision
remnved
,i,Ta(lually
wax.
down
decayed wrappin.us
Id
sense
oulwards and
uirnecl
in lar.tjepim's.
Skiwly. palieiidy.
wilh an e\er-
lliiiu,t;li
caiijniiized
api)earaiice of
DUler shniiid had been a sad au.tiury
come:
hope
Carter's
wi'appin.fcjs in betlei'
where
aretis
ivduced
die
ihin.t;s tn
nt
find
mi.tihl
the
thick-
al'ter seyei'al
])i"o\ed vain. l-!xcei3t lor tlie
linen
was somewhat
the inner wrappin.tjs had been
preservt'd,
Ix-ller
they
dial
condition
nesses had been removed
one or two
enaieti
)erry dieii mack- a
1
nt tiirel)odin.t;.
Idackeiied.
Idle
lirsl
the middle, allnwm.u' the
Ix'
ihe unwraijpin.i; pmceedi-d. increasin.t;
di.iinitjiries.
shmud was
ddie tjriule siirlaee nl die
with a
and
ulliiaals
luirii])eaii
to the cimsisteiicy of soot
accordin.L; to
Lucas, the chemist, the result of 'some kind of slow
spontaneous coml)usnon fun.LToid .t,Towili
pkiys a
record t'ould
made
corjjse.
had
lie
was
It
in
.\sa result, no reliable
system of bindin.u tile all tlu' lin.t;ei"s and toi's
of the
e\adent that
bei'ii iiidi\ itiually
which, almost ceriainl\\
part'.
wrapiJed. as
Ixdy had
limlis: the h-oiit of the
indwd
sheets of linen which reached
down
knees and were held
b\"
da.ttes.
in
place
in
with
as lar as the
transverse ban-
while more elal)orate methixls
were ol)ser\cd
liad all the
Ix-en ])acked
ol
bindin.i;
the perineum (between the anus
and scrotum) and over the thorax. .\ll in all. tlie leiiiiiKiue appeared to conform to 'the mode of usually practised upon mummies ot the limdm.L; .
New
1
ho
riie
.
.
i-jin.)ire'.
b()d> lirsl
i)aits of
divestt'd of
tlieii
atleiiuaied lowei
nuinimy to Ix' comiilelely were the slii'unken and l>y 1.1 Nowmlx'r the team had
the
wraiipin.us k'.tts,
pro.mressed as far as the neids.
'I'iie
kin.i,''s
sexual
By
16
allow
November the body had been dismantled removal from the
its
Now,
coffin for closer
to
examin-
were able to turn their attention to the problem of the head - stuck 'so firmly' into the mask, in Carter's view, 'that it would require a hammer and chisel to free it'. Fortunately, such extreme measures were not to prove necessary:
ation.
'Eventually
at last, the excavators
we used
hot knives for the purpose with
and the king's 'beautiful and well formed features' were finally revealed. While the poorly preserved skin of the body was
success',
(Uft) The body of
Tutankhamun
(no. 256),
dismantled during the
unwrapping process but reassembled on a sandtray for
this final
photograph.
Carnarvon 's original intention luid been to X-ray the
mummy
be/ore
unbandaging began, but the radiographer died en route to Egypt - doubtless another victim of 'Pharaoh's curse'.
greyish-white in colour, the face proved to be
somewhat
darker, though equally brittle
and with a
cracked surface further disfigured by spots of natron (hydrated sodium carbonate residue from the
embalming
process).
The head was
the skin of the scalp covered with
cleanly shaven,
what appeared
to
be a whitish fatty acid, and the ears pierced with
some 0.75cm
holes
(-ftin) in
diameter.
lesion of uncertain origin but
A
rounded
perhaps associated
with the embalming process was noted on the
cheek
in front of the ear lobe.
flattened to
wrap
left
The nose had been
by the pressure of the bandages employed
the head, while the nostrils themselves, like
the eyes, had been plugged with resin-soaked fabric; resin
had similarly been applied
was empty, save
to seal the lips.
The
a small amount of resinous material introduced through the nose by skull itself
breaking
The
down
for
the ethmoid bone.
findings -
and the second autopsy
From his examination, Derry was able to suggest that Tutankhamun had been a slightly built youth, more taller in life than the 1.63m (5ft by direct measurement of his remains. This estimate, which was essentially confirmed by a re-examination of the body undertaken in 1968 (see below), is precisely the height of the two 'guardian 2.54cm
(lin) or
4iin) yielded
figures' (p.l28) positioned at the entrance to the
The extent of union physes (growth plates at the ends of the that seal at full growth) suggested to Tutankhamun had died aged between Burial Chamber.
and in
in all probability at 18.
of the epi-
long bones
Derry that 17 and
19,
A series of X-rays made
1968 by a team led by Professor R.G. Harrison of
the University of Liverpool
was
able to confirm
Derry's dating Cwithin the early part of the age-
range 18-22 years')
organs had been revealed, the penis bound erect position
and the scrotum
perineum; no pubic hair was
in the
flattened against the
visible,
and it could not
be established whether or not the king had been circumcised. (3^in)
A
ragged embalming wound 8.6cm
or more in length
positioned
'parallel
to
a
was
visible,
line
drawn from
umbilicus to the anterior superior navel
to
iliac
uniquely spine
hip bone] and an inch above
embalming
plate
was
in evidence.
if;
the [i.e.
no
The arms were
flexed at the elbow, the forearms arranged in parallel
one to the other, the
left
above the
right.
Leek, a
- an estimate which
F. Filce
member of the Harrison team, later sought to
reduce to 16 or 17 years on the basis of the state of eruption of the third molars (the
Doubtless the
last
wisdom
word on the subject has
teeth).
yet to be
said.
Diagram showing
the
peculiar positioning of
Tutankliamun 's embalming wound, running from the navel to the hip-bone on the left-hand side of the body.
Another feature noted by Derry and again confirmed by the Harrison team's radiographic examination is the similarity between the shape of
and
Tutankhamun's
skull
Tomb
Valley of the Kings
55
in the
that of the
body from
(p. 20).
Other
anatomical similarities have been noted between these two bodies, including a common blood-group
117
(Ah,,,;) I'hnluiil-llhh nitlu
AJ
with the scrum antiKwi
rnyut skull (hit) ttikai in
tlic
two wcfc
Olid
iy)2ri i'd.
l'.)()S.
Two distinct
i)l (I
ni
iiiaik in
I'hv (inas iiuirktd
'.\"
inlrinlHnil
iii»-tsi'iil n'.siii
iDilmhiiiiii^
diiniiii tin
t,nn-iss. \\
'
i<
II
siiiiill
'I"he
conclusion
llial
inescapable.
Icxels ot'radioptique resins visible in
X-rays of Tutankhtmiun's skull indicate
19(i
thtit
theenibalmers treated thehetid on twosi'p.artite
occasions: once with the top of the skull
and
with
aKtiin
the
position.
of
btick
the
The X-rays
downwards.
skull
in
the
further confirmed
sternum and mucli of the rib cage h;id been removed by the embtilmers. presunittbly ;it tlie time that the
l(>M)iisih hill
'I'hc
kind's
riiiiiijnf shyiiie
dm.
2(i(i).
mpjinsil,
ahmrl
iiihiid iiriii hi
mil
III'
Isis,
intern.al
were
or.uans
extrticted
tor
septirtite
ivilh
coipse.
nliiliiin iniii'l; in
Hark.
mummies and
th.at
'I'uttmkhanuiii
consumption examintition
hme
[X)ssible ctiuse of the
young
t\
sugKi-'^tion
king's dea.th
tis
was
to the .a
great
The peculiar Egyptian practice of mummilication was destTibed by Herodotus, writing in the fifth century uc, in Biwk Two of his Histories. He noted were three qualities available: good, bad, Tutankhamun's mummy, although embalmed several centuries before the time of which the Greek historian was writing, had evidently been treated according to a version of the most elaborate: that there
indifferent.
as much as possible of the brain is extracted through the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is rinsed out with drugs; next the '.
.
.
flank
is laid
open with a
contents of the
flint
knife
abdomen removed;
and the whole
was
is
then
mtide
IfXi^
in
h.ad
not .as
died as
some
;i
result
of
htid prexaously
the preseiiceof ;i smtill t'rtigment of
piece dispkiced from
son did not
is
it
h;i ve
;iccidentall\'
initially misidentitied
tlie
nasal ctivity. Sadly
to ]uiblish tull>" his thou.tihts
li\'e
tmd
as
ti
Iltini-
on
this
not cletir whether he believed the
been sust.ained
or intention;ill\-.
murdered, however,
swms
bet'( )re
Tlitit
(
ir
tifter
death.
the king w.as
incre.asiimlv likelw
thoroughly cleansed and washed out,
first with palm wine and again with an infusion of pounded spices. After that it is filled with pure bruised m>Trh. cassia, and ever>' other aromatic substance with the exception of frankincense, and sewn up again, after which the body is placed in natron, LX)vered entirely over, for seventy days never longer. When this period, which must not be exaeded, is over, the body is washed and then wrapped from head to foot in linen cTJt into strips and smeared on the underside with gum, which is commonly used by the Egyptians instead of glue. In this condition the body is given back to the family, who have a wooden case made, shaped like the human figure, into which it is put. ."
the cavity
vertebnie
(tuberculosis),
within the skull,
dtimtige to inabilil\' to offer
surpri>ing
litirdly
of iJreser\ation of the
specuhited. .Another letiture re\faled h\ Harrison's
ofck)th.
and
mummification
X-ra\s of the
tetiture.
Derry's
though
sttite
revealed that the epiph>'si,al plates were mttict. tmd
emb;ilnnn,t;tind subse(|uently repkiced with bundles
an
Herodotus on
118
view of the poor
Ihtailiiitbi'
us fnizc. (Oppusiti'
hue) Thi Milihd ifiiiidci
ii^uit
the
dis;ii)])ointment to Carter, in
the
downward
iy(iL;iui'iil III hi, III
MN.
closci\" related sccnis
.
.
i
One
heap
thing in particular
...
I
think
seen anywhere.
it
is
.
.
.
simply knocked us
all
of a
.
.
M iMW Mw iiiii w iww
wtmw Mm tw iw>wt< M lnMWw«tnHMM>iM>iMM»MMnHt>M
the most beautiful thing I've ever
Round
were four statues of goddesses, most unEg>'ptian in attitude, and beautifully modelled. One simply couldn't take in what one saw; it was so wonderful we all came out dazed.? .
[the canopic shrine]
The Canopic Shrine
Arthur Mace to his wife Winifred
mTmrnmwmfimmTfrTfyryTTywmnmmiiTwmfmi Doininating the middle of the Treasury's east wall,
summit barely clearing the ceiling of the chamber, was a large gilded shrine mounted on a sled (no. 266), which held the embalmed internal organs of the young king - it is, as Carter observed, west-facing,
'a
its
monument not easily
forgotten'.
The outer canopy some
of this shrine (no. 266a), 1.98m (6ft 6in) high,
1.53m
(5ft)
long and 1.22m
(4ft)
wide, consisted of
comer posts supporting a cavetto cornice surmounted by a continuous frieze of uraei inlaid with coloured glass and faience. Between the four square
posts,
on each of the
shrine's four sides, stood
an
wood - Isis, each identified by the
elegant guardian goddess of gilded
Nephthys, Neith and Selkis,
hieroglyph upon her head and
Amama
all
modelled on the
20-square grid. Each figure stands feet
inwards, arms outstretched in a gesture of protec-
with the head gently inclined to either right or - breaking the rule of fi-ontality which is basic to
tion, left
Egyptian
art.
Within
this outer
.£:^IL.
framework was a
lik-I-
\h!i-il;jl; r\;i:;i;iii-'i! ~iui.
'hr
)riii!V.
'rlri;
It
i:!irr i:r\\
-iinr'i'.i:.,L;
O'ulr :« -nil
m
Ull
<•;
(
iiivi
'
r,'"/i.'/
,'i.
n
,i
I'u.'itli,
"'
,y/7i//
.'/';.
walls ck-i'orated
iiH'
iriiin
'
•
ilii'li,
W'll'iiiii
ii'iir
till
III,',
I
riiiiojtic llu
liimiiui
and
its
ils ,t;il(k'd
unv nf the fnur
al
(Miulliwe-l
/(, r,
.
III
iiiud
nihil
.s7i
disniantlin.t;
II
irn/lil'iil itiii'ilnr
Itc
nil.
aia:
,/
iru-i; a:
;l;r
M'liai'ak-d:
wiiinl'.
lid.
raxrUn
\\a^
cnrniri-.
could
underttiken until clearanceof theTre,asur\-
not hticl
\\a> allarhi'il lo
ll
chi>l
ilk-
I'liur
i)air>
III'
in
iiiild
he
been
nl
I.
prnpnninns. wb.ik-
l>i>
Si'iki.~
Neilii Isnulheasll. si'ul])U-d in
i!i.t;li
frmr,
llu-
winded disc sui-nmunlcnlunins of U'xt spoken b\- ihe
1)\-
xcrlical
six
inia.i;t's
Innrlhwcst
\i-i)hlln>
a sreniid
pnsilinned In either side; t'urlher in\n
,„s are present
i
m,
either >k\v
and the rear
i
if
the
chest.
With the
lid
of the cano])ic chest reiiio\ed. tour
''
completed I
shrine
nianiUTand
lour ciinu-!> Willi
il>
was (kiminaled
,.;,i„
the
-liijjin.L;
rclirf in ilu- ii-adilinnal
in.i;-
Tlio canopic chest nil
,/-,
a M-i'nnd wucKiri; ~lcd.
ihr ii>ual
Il~
eii|'ik-rl,
(nnrlhcasn and
ijo(i(lesse>
Work
iiiliiiil liiiiii i-iiiiiiii
L'liikl Imldin:^
if
(iwn easklln cnrnii-e dtwraU'd wiili a
in
]9'H't 7.
llln<. i'lilic-JI illlll I'lillllllllllli;
an
i
scCDiid cobra friivc.
ihvltiil
rxliiiilnnil
II
each
ri-licf willi
hlur
(iari-.
dwublr
-laplc-. iwu pairs in rilhri- sklc, M-ak-c wiih iluubK|uiIiius jackal and niiU'i-ai)li\i'> nmiiL Tliciik'>l ilM'll. shnncdikc and with inward-slo])ini;sKir>, \\a^
i'hhhi.
fifiiilmrliiinits. iiuli
mill
sunk
11]). ji;
'dcIhw
';)ii\
llir
irliirh in tiiiii
.
liiiiii
(I
f-!h
in
rMir.ra>ini!_;
iik-an< iilrnixis i)a>sn;u '.hrouuh
^^
'
i)ri)]X'r.
ii;
a
',rar,>lu
-il\rr->hi-c! aii\frrd iirun/f ininidri! in
111
llijni>-iinrn.-lidrl. '
ami x-nn
\fiiicd
i:
iri.in
drniiiali-d a; 'lir Irmil wall: llu' \\in,m-d Milai' dasc nf
.UuaiTlian .i;nckk'ssi's lai'iuK niir ni ilie fnur canniiir Ki'iiii,
jtmtirhil
layer, ilk' shrine
~1mm(;
li
i'riiiM\-|-(:.
niiflurn and Hiutlirrr. ~idr- wili: lnun luiyr
drmi-alrd
sen ind
nsruv:
J nnh'/iy
ni:)'i]^,
\hv -hioiu;
will; a Ljiidt-d (iaii.i m1
-(r\r a^ liandlr>.
^'
::iU;„ii;n,il,dui;ihl,.l ifnn,l,ii shniii
-'.
-!a;)ii>
'I'iii
"iih i-ju,r!i,,ii
lli<
:
i:~
pmiiriinii i.iviil
:>
(lrlk-alrl\
L;r~~i in: aiKj .mldrd: in
^''"""-
,•-<,< nil,: ", iHi
and
;)!L;:iir;,: ;
111
i'\;).i-ril \\;;~
ihc iiir~I liad hrH! raiAcd
lli,'i'
aaliKr. jiiikci: mu:
acir
I i
'
iii'ick
r-Hiyii-
\\'i:l.
hrciniici ^ur
I'.ad
lldW
;)n--;ii;c i)r,-:ui\
had been
I'lin Hilly
stood
jiiii-kii.i;i
l..")iii
When
casin.t,'
reiiio\ed, the ctmopic chest itself (no. 2()(ibl
re\'i';ilc(l.dr:iix'cl
(4h
the .yiided outer
1
1
in b\"
1
Ifl
with a dark linen sheet f>iin)
l.fib}-
folded over three linies.
human-he.adeci stoijpers wereexposed (nos. 3i(x;irrant;ed in ptiirs, thnse
the
on
lids
modelled
m
we.arin.e
the
the
mi the
west
calcite.
etist lacm.i;
lacin.L;
eai-h
lid
east.
fl.
west and
1-A(|uisitel\-
represents the kiiiy
;;cy«( .--he.adcloth
with
seixirateh
modelled \iillure head titid uracils. .Ml four ;ire hollnwed out underneath and ctirr\" ti sxiiibol l);tinted
m
black on the shoukk'f to ideiitny the
comptirtmeiit for which
lhe\-
lacial fetttures are ctiivfulh
with d.abs of red for the
were intended. 'The
jiicked out with blai'k.
li])s.
'Hiese detachable lids concealed four c\lindrk-al
hollows, the kin.y's canoi)ic
'lars'.
drilled into the
matrix of the chest proper. Each hollow contained a single linen-wrapped
and resin-smeared coffinette of
beaten gold (no. 266g), all four closely similar in design to the second coffin (see p. 107), inlaid in rishior feathered-pattern with coloured glass and car-
stomach, and Qebhsenuef the intestines - the four
Over them, perhaps before their tomb since the canopic lids were displaced slightly, had been poured the black resin already encountered on the king's coffins and
elaborately decorated gold
nelian; these coffinettes contained the
mummy.
According
sufficient
evidence to
inlaid the
with fied
name of the appropriate protecting genius
whom
the king's internal organs
were
identi-
- Imsety the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the
and interior
views of one of the four
introduction into the
carefully
embalmed and wrapped viscera of the dead king. On each of these coffins, which are 39cm (1ft 3^in) high, is
(Above) Exterior
'sons of Horus'.
commenced with south-west
show
'There
that
the
was
by the north-east
.
.
.
anointing
north-west coffin and ending
coffin,
when a very
little
which contained
Tutankhamun 's embalmed viscera. This coffinette (no.
the south-east coffin, thence to the
coffin, the
unguent was
to Carter,
coffinettes
266g), holding the King's
wrapped intestines, was under the protection of Qebhsenuef.
of the
left.'
121
I
Ml ,-;in-
In- -liiiir ;:;ri-
1;(
lU-i: II;
:
l,i':;ri-;i;i,m-i[HTi'
|.i- l,-.rL'c .Ljildrd ~l:riin-~ \\;i^ r\i(;ii;I
r(,i;i])iinT:! Viliii-i;
Ncphtln-
(Itilu-
;»i-r(:. ;n:(:
phuvinnil W'i.rtlrii ,L;il(!i-(i
ai-n, Thi' ;)n-i;i.ii;~ ;ii:(i
iwndl the
ni'
hciii
raniip\
\\(«i(liii
.
i;i:i(:r in llir
iiiIiikI t-Mliiiic!'r-.
(iiip^, (ifi;ir!ir(i
-l;ii:(iii;;^
Sclki- Ikk; iini: 'r;ii-
-iniiliii" nii-l.-ikc li;;il
ii
>>\
d; '1;c r;i;;Mj)ic
ihr tirr
1|
1
(iunn.u
;lii-
Imd been
A
lim;)
:';llir..i;
ahaiiii.
'iicfi
ni'
.if
il;,
mi
'.In-
liitciulcd for aiiotlu'i? with
.\>
nhjcfl^
(illicr
liiTpaicd
loi-
Tulankh.anuii;.
lu"
,i,'i'i
Hindi-
rlciikiii-
>iri_Mir.ah\
'iHtii
were >urpki-
I'.cni^
ihr uniiM'd Uinrrar> ((|uipiiicnl nf a
Ifll u\"ci' h'liiii
prc(lci-r>Mjr. hi ihc ra>r
ihc
!jul
burial
kiii.u'-
ilia' rrrlair.
the cannpir asM'nil)la,Uf had unl
iil
n|
llu-
triiiii
liimiuuf. ilu-ivarc iiuliiaUnii^
>•]
\hv
c:<.]cv.i-
caiinpif hd-,
(lnuhtin.u du- aui'llnitiun arc ^i\h^-
|(ir
(|iiik- >ini])l\-.
the
])iini-ail- (ki
noi rtx-iiiliK- ihoM.'
ihf hoy kin,u. thnu.uh >uch a i'f>t'niblaik'fh.a> btrii
o illliicllo nhc hd which Carter i)cHc\cd chllcrcd iii
rkiniK'(k In ihc case of ;hc t-ann])ic 1(1
at \r;i>l
one
ol
wnrkiiianship and ullcrcd a puor cxick'iicc is
im
irc su!)stanti:ili
on the interior
,i;okl
canouches ahered
lit
tu the bnxi, tlic
the inscripliiin> ch.a>e(i
linin.ys ha\"e
h-oni tho>c
ol'
had the own.erV Ankhkhci)rurc
lircsuiiiably Nctcriiclruaten. the eni.Lriiiatic corctjcnt ol'
Akhenaten
perhaps lAImnJ
ihuuiit ainojiif
Till'
iii,
mill
i'liiihl. III
lulls
ill
mill „ nilih
iliirk hill,
lUnllllhd
dlllln.
IVnudlll
iih'^
Inch
Sl, lli;,
nil rill
.
,1
mil
,1
Ulllhd
II
Slllllll
rnnlsn-liirli„nfilil,illvli,I,l lid
III,
I'usihmi
III
Ih'lullll h', III!
1
n
1
III,
Till
Jill',
,11, I'
hlai'k.
'fill,' ,-lli'sl
all il hiiir iiiuly
iii,„l,ll,,l,',ilril,
,,lli,
III, IX h,
III,
i,i,'iii<^
li,,i,ls lii,'<.
ir iiii'ud
/i,iliii',<
,iiiil
l>i,'l;i ,1
I'll,
nil,,
mil III,
I'
III III
(]).
ofl'cr a
181. ol' wii.pni
likeness.
the colliiictte
masks
had one of those babes lived there might never i have been a Rameses. J .
.
.
Howard
Among
the shrines
and chests
up
piled
Treasury was an undecorated wooden box
some 61cm
over
(just
2ft) long,
the
Carter
Pharaoh's Children in
the
(no. 317),
of which,
lid
and sealed with the jackal and nine captives motif (type I: p. 94), had been removed in antiquity. Within were two miniature anthropoid coffins, 49.5cm (19iin) and 57.7cm (22-1%) long, placed side by side, head to foot. The toes of the larger coffin (no. 317b) had been roughly hacked away in order to allow the lid of the box to close. The outer surfaces of the coffins had been painted with the usual black resin, relieved by gilded bands of inscription referring to each occupant simply as 'the Osiris', with no name specified. The lids were attached to the coffin bases in the usual way, by means of eight flat wooden tenons. Bands of linen had been tied around the coffins beneath the chin and around the waist and ankles, and applied to each of the bands was a clay seal, again impressed with the jackal and nine captives originally tied in position
motif (type
When
was able to record little more than a badly ordered mass of linen some 1.5cm (fin) in thickness, with pads placed over the chest, legs and feet to give the bundle
its
form. Beneath he found the
prematurely
bom
child
with grey,
body of a
brittle
lashes were in evidence, and the eyelids were nearly
There was no abdominal incision, and it was how the body had been preserved. The limbs were fully extended, with the hands arranged flat to the thighs. According to Deny, the foetus
closed.
not apparent
(which preserved a portion of its umbilical cord,
and
still
in a low position) was probably female. It measured jor -717 / u »irt: \t. u j» . a mere 25.75cm (about lOm) from head to toe, and
_
the anatomist's view could have been of
I).
these linen bands had been detached
skin
through which the arrangement of the bones could clearly be discerned. Neither eyebrows nor eye-
than five months' gestation.
m
no more
V^ ^^^ ^1^"^^ T* ^ p^, ^ origimOy intended
discovered by Theodore Dovis
for the elder foetus (no.
31 7b(2)).
the lids pulled away, the coffins were each foimd to
contain
a second coffin (nos. 317a(l), 317b(l)),
differing
from the
covered with gold
having the entire surface Within these second coffins
first in foil.
were two tiny mummified foetuses. The first mummy (no. 317a(2)) measured less than
30cm
(1ft) in
height.
was preserved
It
in
almost
perfect condition, with large sheet swathings held in
two triple longitudibands down the front, back and sides. Upon the head had been placed a well-modelled mask of place with five transverse and nal
gilded cartonnage, with the facial details picked out
Though the mask was masks sometimes canopic contents, it was
with dabs of black paint
quite small, similar in size to the
employed
for packets of
nevertheless far too large for the foetus.
The second
mummy
(no. 317b(2)), in
outward
was somewhat larger (39.5cm (1ft S^in) overall) though wrapped in a similar fashion with a triple longitudinal band over the front, back and sides and four transverse bandages. It wore no mask, although one had evidently been prepared for it: when the embalmers found that it was too small to fit over the head of the wrapped bimdle, this mask had been consigned to the embalming debris stored in the entrance corridor, later reburied in Pit 54 where it was brought to light by Davis in 1907 (see p. 38). appearance
less well
preserved than the
first,
The autopsies The examination
of the
mummies was
Douglas
Deny
mummy
had been removed by
in 1932.
entrusted to
The bandages Carter,
of the first
and Deny
123
!
i.r
-111 mi;
iii',ii!;ni'.
I
kr:
:L'.nu(;ii,;ii
.
;.;.;:.' ill
du
11.1:
liLtamen:
nil :ai
d;e
ii.i'.
lunher -ah
.\inc!.
d;r'>ui;f
-:::.
i;i-'
-o;;:sed
wif!
-.".ha:
br re-m.
to..k ;o
lerr;,
I
bii:
U:irl; a.\rVri'. ihr \\h,\r -I i.,
and iTN-
died
pi'iiiabf,
!.a
unibilicai curd:, wh.icf.
cT(i>.- \y.:VA
appear-
clo-e to dte aiidoiiiinai wail,
wm-
iiumim\ III
plaiv
sf\ cral
1)\'
1)11 ill
>i(:r^. lr,L;- ai;(l
>lifti>
woinul
rrwaied a
iijimidiiiiiniii'f tivii hiihx
a
fhild. .'lli.lnn
pnihabK
\]:v
il
la\rr nl
:inal
(ahoiu In
irnialc. tin-
Ij^iini
m
a^f which 'I
li'ii.mh I
l)ii(i\
ni
and a.uam
)iTr\ pul
a! a.iiuui
si'xcn innnihs' _L;c>laUiin. .<,,;, II, I i,„
Ins
li'iic II! tin
l)i
Imiliiu
\naliiiiiy ni tin
-
Ciiini. Till !i
I't
iiiiiv h,
III
I
I'Jil,
III III
nivi rsity ni
ulniiiniitiHy lnah
ffiilnila mill iiimitiiiilcil
I'liiTiiliin
I
7h
liln. ::i
Inn-
III' III!
rhiiiiv
rmhll
irmiiliii hiix
s,
!(
,
Till
(iiii.
fl
liariiii
IL
twnitiil ::i7i
H tllSl S. IIS Inllllll Slaikl
determined.
till'
iiiiiHii list
'I'l'i'iisiiir.
rnriur
ll III
lit' till
lii^I.
dii>
wvn- \u\W cMcnclcd lhou.u:h widi die hands plaiTd beside niduT dian uyinn die dii.s,'hs. The skin was a.t;ain a unitorni .i,'re\' coKiur. witli remains ol downy hair upon llu- scalp. Ivyebrows and e\"eiashes were \isible, die eye> open and still coiilainin.u the shrunken e\'eballs. I'nlike the first melliod
'Idle
iiilltlllllllli; till' tlCll fnftllll ll •i
ihan Uu-
child's limbs
the
skull
of embalniin.t;
wtis
etisily
had been pticked with saltand Derry
sotiked linen inserted throu,t,di the nose,
noted a liny embalmer's incision,
1.8cm
(jYtinl
in
'
lcn.t;th,
! di
iiild h.a\
line
Jite
by
kirri-. in
1
little
more than
immediately abo\'e ;ind
W-'^rM
tetmi led
;i
.It lie
I
had not dried up a> u ed h ir :;i;\ ler;,L';h
known
condition
con,yeiiitall\
:i,i.;e
1
lil.'w
sut,',L;e-t
;:-
l;i,i;h
w",a> ei.uht
wa^
by the
'nuersuy
i-e\ealed e\idetu-e to
ation
die
to l'.a\e iu'en cut off
had; >lic -ur\
-ecoiui loi;ii>
\\ h.en till-
recenll\I
chik:
:iir;l:;
it
•
>!
:ii;ei- birtl;.
scoliosis, d'lie
RaUic-r lf>s wtII pirsriArd
mummy,
wi
..i
soiiifwl-.a;
:i;i(l
(k'licau- linen. Ix-ncalh ll)i> cnx-iTin.i; lay ihc I
<
riu- iTiimx;;!
baiida.Ljui.i;.
iran>\t.i>cl\
ciixciin.Lr
rl-.t-.:
(Hii will; liirllifi" pad--. a.n.Mi: lu-k;
iran^MTM-
lai'.Hf.
liiari'fd
Tlif
afer
or -i;oi-d\
at
wiiu'li
The
l.aca- u;eii:i;;ed a- altered animal :i-~iie.
-.lilYciiiii.uaiKl >ha|)c.
had
wi-; ~e.-.ie(':
I'^c
Th;~
ii:i
iineii
re ex;imineti
erp'
that
ri.Lih.t
» .1.
r;:di' .Ltrajiliy
cluld h.ad
th.e
delormity.
^pren.uelV
-capiihi. r-pit;a
i)il;d;i
su.u'.uested !)y this X-ra\-
or nine nioiillis'
more
IVofosor R.C.
l:ae
;i
with.
;ind
examin-
.uesltitioii.
Whose Were these children? .Mthou^h more nnohed. ntu.alistic' hypotheses h.tiw Ix-eii jiroi)osed. the '
iw
not
II,
most
likeh' tiiiswer
ruttiiikliainunV
i>.
and presumtibly by .\iiklieseiiamun -ince he
known
d\ai;ist\"
to lia\e litid ;iny
ixirtillels
nitiy
be
other wite. Se\"enil citeil
Ijredecetisin.i.; their lather, bein.i;
of
t"o\;il
buried
tomb: Webeti.seiiu, a son of .Xmeiioijhis \';illey
Tomb
.another,
f!;!:
l\"
children.
in the kin.u's II,
buried
and Tentamiin, Ameiiemheat
unidentified
Tuthmosis
iNo.
l,'!).
olTsprin.u
in
is
l.'^thi
the
in
tinci
toiiii)
of
125
Despite the richness of previous finds and the evidence of the tomb-robbery papyri, the opulence and sheer quantity of the funerary furniture buried with Tutankhamun were take difficult for the excavators and the world at large to
The broken scraps recovered from the robbed and dismantled burials of other 18th dynasty royals were a in.
poor preparation for the riches Tutankhamun had in store. Tutankhamun, in life the embodiment of Horus, was in death identified with Osiris, lord of the hereafter, the various aspects of whose presence pervade the tomb. He was, at the same time, 'son of Re', the sun-god, with whom
he travelled in his barque through the sky from dawn until dusk, continuing his circuit through the 12 hours of the night - the underworld - to be reborn again each morning.
The dangers of this journey were manifold; and here, in his tomb, smothered in gold leaf and inlay-work of semiprecious stones and coloured glass, were the ritual figures and amulets upon which Pharaoh could depend for his future well-being.
But the king was also a man, whose needs after death would mirror those of his lifetime. And so we find the tomb stocked with ample supplies of clothing and shoes, regalia and jewellery, perfumes and cosmetics; a treasured lock of hair from the head of his grandmother. Queen Tiye; the beds, headrests, chests, chairs and stools upon which Pharaoh could take his ease; writing equipment and gameboards; chariots, weaponry and hunting paraphernalia, and sticks, staves and fans; lamps and vessels of pottery, stone and metal; jars and baskets containing wines and provisions. in short, was a microcosm of the hopes, and aspirations of an Egyptian king more than 3,000 years ago. By the discovery of his burial, Carnarvon
The tomb,
beliefs
and Carter had caused the name of Tutankhamun once again; here,
among
his treasures,
flesh out the boy's skeleton,
shrivelled lungs,
was
to breathe air
and establish personality,
to live
material to into his
taste
and
affections.
The lion-goddess from
the first of the gilded ritual couches (no. 35).
«mmmmp&.IJSSSSSBSSS^
u. V
Treasures of the
ittAi
Tomb
if»iinmiii»»f»»»»i»fitmM»(i»t»tiM»Miinfif»i»!in»»m»f»»»«»ffifw»»»»n«»»n«"»MHWM
ilK.i: ;);iii\rii~ in.T.^. Hi rl'.;irai,",fii>', If pi im-
::i:
ii:r:ii:ir
The Guardian Statues
\'
'he ISunal ChaiiihtT. ^li.uhlK oli-r!
i
;]cdi->l;il>.
iicir
locuM-d
-la'ait'S
\l;i) ihi"faU'ik-
L'ar\('(! In
U'>-
i
Mr
>n>iii,i;
;i,i;inv-
U
Kii-daml hnlfoi
nil;,
chamber, anionH the
CarUTS li.uhl.
lirsl
the Ante-
iiitn
which cauyht
things
eye, iheir ,uikk>d (k'tails retkrtin.u in
were twn
lar.ue,
the kin.u. their ancient tallers
throu^uii
tile
blackened pnrtrait spitues lini'ii
>hawls
slill haii.uin.t;
ih/li
tin
Till
St
liu
uf
lliiriiil
Cluiintn y hhrh'iu!,'.
fh'i,i;lit)
ArlliKi'Miir,
iiiid
Miyidl.iinisiit ivnrk CnnSl
nil!,!,' Ilu
iiiiiinhdii
iiiiiii'i
Si I'lillll I
no.
L'i'i.
wmid. jdinu-d. and
Aiih
shiny black
Ik-cii
,i;a/r
\\)\V.
plaslur. die lloli
paiiut-d dirci,al>
nii
i>n '.he
ainoric
rf>iii,
ihi-
"V.
am
ui;c\rr.
panin
hradcliilhs,
ilu-
-il
ih.t'
wikkj iirnad
and ilht-r dflail> 1\ crlaid widi ikl n; a bast' iif Hncn and s^'si-n. d'hi- Inrcpan ni a ,i;ikk-d bnin/A- urat-us had \xvn allached 'ai cai-h sialur'illars. kills
and the
i-\cs
(shij\vin,u
dnu'nle
earuiiek'-i
liiiiesl,
the ti.uures are nut a malchin.u pair; the nm-t ihe head,t,'ear, ihe statue im
the diHirwa\- wearin.i; the kluit (nn. east the
is
uoins
i
me and iil)si(han ^et in bnmze. AhhuUKh ckiseh' siniikir.
mlaid with indurated
frames of yikied
,i;i
1
(
m
siziil ^^iKirdui
tin
:',ini
I'liirr.
had
a
lif!
difference
IIIIK L'HI l>nSltl:'IU(l to
11',
;xiiflraiii!,L;
.
(if
Inim their shnulders. Standm.u' npposile mie
Sllllll,
llu-ir
ai
made up with
'nniw.
Wluii hf shdiie his lurch
d
ialiii>
•I
ll„,^;,,-il i^-;in,.,-
111!
lauii MXirall,
l.iiiii
(no. '12y
2fi|,
tin-
iii,
table
west
nl
that nii the
The
front of the triangular kilt of each figure is
inscribed with the
amun; the
names and
figure wearing the
of Tutankh-
titles
nemes headdress
carries the additional information that
it
represents
the royal ka, or spiritual double of the king.
Fragments of other
life-sized figures
The final lluit
secret:
each of the
figures from
probable
it is
life-sized
Tutankhamun's
tomb had been hollowed out to contain a papyrus roll. The apertures appear to have
have been
recovered from several royal tombs of the
New
Kingdom. Three of the best preserved are in the British Museum (EA 854, 882, 883), and in one of these (EA 882) the kilt has been hollowed out from
been ctosedoffby means of a limestone flake plastered in position
and gilded over,
producing the uneven surface visible in this photograph.
beneath to a depth of 20cm
(7|in), probably to Both of Tutankhamun's guardian statues show evidence of a similar feature, with the hollow stopped up by means of an irregular
receive a papyrus
roll.
piece of stone plastered in position, and gilded over precisely the
Burial
way
in
which the 'magic
Chamber were
sealed in place
bricks' of the (p. 85).
These
statues represent less the guardians of the Burial
Chamber, perhaps, than the guardians of Tutankhamun's final secret: the hiding place of his missing religious texts (p. 167).
Detail of the second guardian
figure (no.
22f The flesh
parts are painted directly
onto the
wood with a
thick,
black resin, the nemes-
headdress, broad collar
and
armbands and kilt on a base of The uraeus is of gilded
pectoral,
richly gilded
gesso.
bronze, as are the eyebrows
and
the frames of the
limestone-
and obsidian-inlaid
eyes.
129
Riliuil Figi/J'cs
and
Mdi^ical Objects
T!i:;.rkl;a:iu:i: l;.i
~ur\
Tlir
.
thr
ill
'All- i!;\ !i:ci: 'n-",\i r;
i';;ii
:>
I'LTuri-- iirr "i :\\.
hiniM'll":
i^iKL;
in'l(ir,,u'iii,y
l\a)iR>~i>
whiiii
II.
Ml
wha;.
l\'.
n;
,
plan
111'
iiiw-l'i'•.-.av.w
llir :iiiii:i
III
rrU'iTri; ai a- alir (li\ii;r ani'cac;
i-
ihf la-ihriwiirk!',
i~ la
>:
ci;;~~
:l;:i:
Tiii'ii:
ill!'
pr-;
jiniici;)::! ;,
liiii:
''.i
li'iM- ai ;hc
;iii>i;i.'iH-(l
>araiii)ha,yii>, I'aina-i! i'i'prfM.'iila!iiin> nf >ui'h n'aial
li.miras
ari.' I'iiuik!
(Nil.
II
ITii.
nil llu-
whilr
walls
I'ui-ib.rr,
r\anii)lf> lia\r hwv, iwi
kin.nK
burials.
Tiillininai>
inaludiii.L;
l\". lini-fiiihrl).
()
1
1
11
I
II I
L 1
1
1
I
1
L(
Iruiii
llmsa
1
nl
Ranu>M-> aniilain a
Kd!(
and
11\-
Ill'
Sc:1m>
I'ra.ynu-na-d.
a iiumixT
.\niainii)hi> I.
and
ii|'.\iiu'nnphi>
iiiia,m>.
1
tiiiii!)
ii>uall\"
i-rici
i\
ihc
111'
II,
Sr:lai>
had
i-nllf
L'lklL'l.
;hf
liilded. Ilie
:i:
.'.i
hir:.'.'i,i;
ri
:i:r lluri::l (.'l.M^rirV
~;:r:i,r-
Tiv::-;ir:. ^iiiiti
-iir\a\
ri
i-ci
o'dci"-;
iiaa
Ti:;-
>;•!
i:;.
-rai-
'Ij'
'iiain-c; ~ii.ar
M^ai iiu;iri--~a 'K-
la:
ma-
>l;niir
i:\
II,
-iai'.
hrai-.
Inlikc ni
lvamiieniar\
'hi'
aaaiaaa. \
allixt-d in aiaillk-r iia
i,
"-.r
aaa ii
i-r-ii ii>.
wa-
i!
'iu
.i
>;.
'::ai'.
T:a
rai
a.i
<:
a. a;-.:,.
Lara^aV K
-caln: wr'a. ;!a
wlaii-
J.-^:ll
»•:
rr;a.ai',.!ir i;
pa (^ lnvau-iix
niiiiirr. nl' llni'aiirr.c:) ip. \>\\.
I.
-l ":!;.
'he
''ai
:;iili
la.n.
(inkln; laknr. iiina:
\<\:.".^
'ht;. -in-i iv
iaiaa
a;r(:<
\',\ri
"T-
ni
'
aial laa.r aajar. a- :y;)r nr. aia:
1:-
\-
;,i
':::i;
nl"
I'liiiiTaia
maimaia
:;r"';.i'' ~i;;'ii i-~
'.l-.r
rrat;
a-
'la-
M-a: iir.par-
was nl'laraT'-
ai p,-
N.\\iaali.a>\\rlla>ai)pfarn;L;f]~c\\luTt.-in 'I'lr.ar.kh .iniuiiV iniiaal. llnnv debris
.Xaanrdmy ca.ah brrr.
die
h.ac:
i-aiiir;-
nfrnnii)
,"i.'i
ih-iT:
I'liHH:
ai Carlcr. lliu I'laain-
wraiiprd
in.
aainii.u
'.hrniM'ho
a liner. >lia\\i wh.ui;
laae ae\eale(h Minie
".h.f
ip. a'iM.
:it;iire-
hadi
Irl! nr.j\"
wnia- \\iva.di> ni
sprouting barley grains, or garlands
made up from
willow and pomegranate leaves and blue
olive,
cornflowers sewn on to a strip of papyrus pith.
eyes of
The
but Qebhsenuef and the Duamutef from
all
shrine no. 304, 55 and
58cm
(1ft
9^in and
1ft
Wm)
high respectively, which are simply painted in black, are framed in bronze and inlaid with glass or semiprecious stone.
The
fittings,
including the objects
they carry and their sandals, are of gilded copperalloy. The bases of the majority are inscribed in yellow with the king's prenomen, Nebkheprure,
of the appropriate deity. The same carelessness evident elsewhere in the tomb may be discerned among the figures. The base 'beloved
Sakhmet
of the
statuette (no. 3(X)a), 55.2cm (1ft 9Jin)
high, for example, has been roughly
allow
it
to
fit
into
its
sawn
off to
shrine. Moreover, the collection
- which
may be incomplete (a striding figure of the king appears to be lacking) - is something of an ad hoc assemblage. One figure (no. 289b), 85.6cm (2ft 9Jin) high,
which shows Pharaoh standing upon the
back of a leopard, differs in a number of important respects from its 'pair' (no. 289a) of similar height:
Amama
influence
notwithstanding,
the
figure's
prominent breasts and low hips would seem to indicate that it had originally been made for a
woman. According to Carter, all the figures were wrapped in linen shawls carrying dockets dating from as early as Year 3 of Akhenaten; the texts of only three of these dockets are recorded (nos. 281a, 291a,
3(X)a). If
the linen
marks date the figures,
had evidently been prepared jected
for
Theban tomb (perhaps No. 25
Valley),
abandoned
these
Akhenaten's pro-
at the time of his
in the
West
break with the
Ritual figures
-
grace, in fact, the divine
brought
in familiar
and the human have been
touch with one another.'
The Anubis Shrine The main
Hitutii
Of the figures of the gods, Carter wrote:
(273.5cm
(8ft lliin))
which lay a 'These comparatively inartistic figures of strange gods are valuable to us as a record of myths and beliefs, ritual
and custom, associated with the dead. That they were supposed to be potent for good or evil, or have some form of magic inherent in them, is evident, although their exact meaning in this burial is not clear to us.'
was a wood with long
focus of attention in the Treasury
large sled-based pylon of gilded
life-sized
Figures Objects
and Magical
carrying poles, upon the top of
image of the black Anubis dog,
guardian of the Burial Chamber and of the king's canopic equipment (no. 261). Around the dog's shoulders when found was wrapped a delicate linen shawl, Vhile fastened around his neck leash-like linen scarf
.
.
.
was a long
adorned with a double
fillet
and cornflowers woven upon strips of pith, twisted into a bow at the back of the neck' (nos. 261 b-d). Over the whole thing had been wrapped a
of blue lotus
linen shirt (no. 261a) inscribed in ink with a docket
dated to Akhenaten's seventh regnal year.
Carved from wood and with a covering of black picked out around the ears and the collar in gold leaf, the Anubis dog has inlaid eyes of calcite and obsidian set into gold surrounds, and nails of solid silver. The cavetto-comiced shrine upon which the 95 by 37cm (3ft 2iin by 1ft 2tin) and 54.3cm (1ft 9tin) high dog lies is made of gessoed and gilded wood, its long sides decorated with two rows of double djed- and fye/-symbols, a palace-facade dado and one horizontal and two vertical bands of text. Its inner compartments, four small and one large, resin,
contained a curious array of materials which, in Carter's view, 'seem to signify the perpetuation of, or
belong
to,
the ritual of mummification'. These
(Left) Ptah,
god of Memphis, and
divine patron of artists
craftsmen: a figure (no.
291a) of gilded wood with blue faience cap
and gilded
bronze scepter. (Below) Large carrying-shrine
of gilded wood (no. 261), surmounted by the elegant Anubis dog. guardian of the Treasury and the king's canopic equipment.
133
:
-i:;.- -: Ti!.i-::
-iir.iuiii
liilui-uir.
('k:uiii!
r:ir'iM:K::ri.
:;:!Hr(! fi.ulr
•f.
:.::<'.
iii.'ilK
><«liiiir,
\\i-;:;)|jfil
:]\
\
llic
ii:
liiiri:
ciy-hl
an
;)i'u>l~
<)l)jei-t
.
^
ii-
Ih^'wi-ch
|:ii
,
aari'ii-ii
liir(i,
,,l;'>
'
tMij.
ir)iii, ,,riL!-
;)rii:a;)~
\\i'.i'
r.aTnt:
;ir.i:
.ni;);;rinic:
i-~;!)l\
wrvc lam ii; .
paw-
liad
i\"nr\ ]iaif''c ii'.-naiji-il loi- Mcrnaa-i'..
Tuiaaiidiannir.'-
Figures of Tittaiikhamuu
i-i
aiui -ralri:. wlai'i:
a'\\riii.-i"\
|)riii'i'>>inn lo llic ;iji)il)'.
'uTii iilaci'd
-ul;,il;;ilr
iui-l:,i
iai'.ur ;)ri'',Mr;:l iM"n;;:'.ii-ir- i;i.
ruiiiiiriM' ihr K" Willi',
i;;i.-.rt.
:
I'.all
-i-'c'- M). LMi.
(Far
Magical Objects i
.
.
.
a system of defense against
The tomb
of
Tutankhamun
what may,
for
human
imaginations. >
the Burial
quently as obscure as their significance.
hes-vase
between two pylons.
included a whole range
Their form
181) in the
form of a varnished
Carter
(Centre
the sake of convenience, be
classified as 'magical objects'.
is listed
From
ritual object (no.
Howard
of
left)
Chaniber: a Nackvamished
The two 'Anubis 194 and 202).
left)
fetishes' (nos.
from
is fre-
the northwest
and
southwest comers of the Burial Chamber.
A selection
here. (Left)
Narrow wooden shrine found empty in the
(no. 487).
Treasury. Carter believed that
it
had originally
rimtained a metal cubitrod. carried off by the
tomb
robbers.
(Below
left)
the shape
288a),
Wooden fr-ame
of Osiris
from
in
(rw.
the Treasury.
Filled with silt from the Nile,
such 'Osiris beds' were planted with
com
seed which
would germinate in
the
tomb
to symbolize the resurrection
of both god and deceased.
Olqect
t«MI>MIMfff«fffl«t«tli(tt(HI«tt«tlM««?««)tf«lf«)t«t««f«tttH«tMMI*lttftMI«Mn«tMtttl
^/
•;''.';
Midcili-
lau-
:l:r
The Shabtis
wiTc
!:,L:iirt'~
;i
(ijiiiiiiiiii
(iriva-cc'L
l\iii,u(!uiii
ISlh
the
i;\-
ihc
on his bchah
menial a>
(Icaii
a.^i'ii'uhiiral
>inyl\'
\hr
(lapuU".
in
llu-
ii;
lai'.n'i-
a inil)> ol
>u!)>liuiu>
ci\na-l\.
lui'
liiai'.ucd
wnli
un anv
wniicl
ni-xl
lilt-
had
sluihti
lask> ihai needed ai he earned
die nali'iiial
;)aia nl
a.-
man's
'hi-iiiiH'
wui-kiiii;
nil!
Icauircul \n><\
;iM;;ii bui'ial-. tli>t ai)|)ci!riii,u
I;l;;,
eiir\-ee,
Thi- new
relleeled in the iin])lemenls wilh which.
rule
wa>
Iruiii
die
niid-lSdi (iynasU" mi, sueh. li.uure^ are ednimwiily
pnixided
re]ire~.eiiu-d nr iiK ife
and nne
a line,
i)iel<.
In mi sijeli
li
(
.fllie
1
V
ij<
>k
>
if
)ea(l whiiii olien a])|)ears pain led. nr meisedl ini
ihe
i
ihe
I'l.mire
m a more nr less al)l)re\aaled new
ilie sliiih/i'>
'() sliii'i'i
alldtled
nr
if
111
die realm nf
I
1(1
the owner]!
iiie |i.e.
ilie (lead.
.
,
banks, nr nf
am
Upieal
1".
ynu
Ii
I
i)e -uii'.nv iiied
wnrk whieli ha> .
\-nii vliall
In i)e dniu'
detail yniii-~cli inr
net-;istnti nl' iiiakiii.i; .arable
llnndiii.i; tile
Wot: "Here
lnrin. relleels
hinclinn:
i)e (ielaileci In (in ai;\
lite nil e\-er\
Idle
a
The extrael
l)askels.
the lields. nf
(ni'.\'cyiiin Mir.d iVimi ea^l in
-hall >ay.'
pri\'ale burial nl duiankhaiiiiin's
was pri ixaded walh me i
U" (
perhaps wa t
i
day
shiihli linures.
With die tiilal
b(i\ -kin.t;" were hurii-d a sla.L;,t;erin,u- IIM a which has been broken down as: IKia workmen
(one lor each day
ol ihe \'ear); lib o\"erseers
lone lor
each lO-day week): and a sui)pleiiienlar\" series of
monthly overseers. Of die found, only \e'rsioii
Ii!)
number wilh a more
loUil
were inscribed
Ik'
of figures
or less
lull
of the fhitbti lormula: die remainiiyi; dSl
more than the kiii,t;'s name and lille. sluihti came troni the .\ntecliamber. compared wilh 17(i found in the Treasury and a carried Hide
Only one
lurllier I'dli
specimens
in
die .\niie\e
(ol
which the
(Oppo^te and above,
left to
right) 'In the finer specimens,
by their
own symbolism
is
(Below)
Tutankhamun
recumbent upon a Uon-bier (no. 331a), in its black-
Each of the two long sides of the image an incised band of
king's shabtis.
carries
expressed the perfect serenity
varnished wooden box
text recording that
of death'. DetaUs of large and shabti-^ares (nos. 110, 330a, 330c, 318a.
The figure had been
been presented
finely carved
furnished with a set of copper agricultural implements, and
330j).
was evidenth
related to the
it
had
to the king's
burial by the high official
Maya.
lAf'nn ,uid ivjili iiin^i
iviH'ii,
(//M.S.
;,7,s7\
7iii;,
and
iiii's.
::is,
nil
in/li I'/h, I
mil niry
i
n
;('(
m
nil Ills
inr
luiliiris liiiK
uf
!:'u'<).
iirmcs
n
iliiii
Idiiii.
till
li'i'iiniiLi
hiiiiliii'lli,
innn
III
ri'
II jn'i
Kiiil
II
eiKiriiKiusly.
n
and
iir
Ixiiis,'
Sill
nn
iiiiiiiiziii:
.
Iinii
28(1
In
\aiaonsl\-
Ileatldi
1
if
Thf
7inl in
ihe
ti.yaires
\
aries
wilh and walhoul uracils fre(|iieiuly neeurriiiL;-
specimens were
mtilerials as
iims.
ni llu
shahlis
iioIi'cL
w
The
upe i,i;-.
of
k'asi
shown
2
1
ideiltilied
'the
ribbon ;ind
1(1
li.i;iii\''s
The
hands,
types
/vv,-.'
and
or oxerseer
by Carler as those shown
were
boxes,
each
headdress
the table.
in
Tile simhil li.uures
in
with
lla,uelliim'.
had been housed
recoNcred from
\\)v
ori.^inalK' in
norihctisi corner of
iinil
I'.aij. ::'j:;i .
combined
lid.'m.
theTreasurx- and II from the ,\iinexe. Twenty-three ol
these were resin-])tiinled. slopm.tj-roofed 'kiosks'
restin.t;
on
sled,u;es (no.
Tutankhamun's Shabtis
and
Ial)k').
the ojijects held
Inn:
sliiihlis
slum
::L'7h. :;:u>n. :i22i iio.,1,1.
fl
iVeeiueiu was die ckaibii' crown, of wliicli onl\ one exampk' was reco\erc(k Carler noted ei.u'hl varia-
iii;iiri
limn
L-ina's h ss iliihnnili iiiii
1
thai wearin.t;- die 'areliair' nr iriparlile
lioldin.i;"
III
(
diflereiu l\])es nf ht'address are
|-j.i;1il
cnjjra. the iikisi
which some
ijiiili
iciiinnii.
1
ii\er O.rini
sliiiiiiirniilly.
Ilinl tin
mn-
limc-
\ariii\l:
ni inldiiritl laifiifc.
run-ol-the-inill. 'The icon(it;ra|)h\-
/iiiiiil
liiiilurininallyhiiiiniiiil,
lllnllmn
li-ar\c(l.
ii
the
liiisillnlli'il
sii,i;,i;;st
and die induralfd
measured
\\(jii(l,
represenU'd (see i
'I'lii'
nn
of
tions in Illl'Silli
till'
iinil
niaUi'ials
llu
llms, in llu
hny kino; iiinn
The wddt'i
hei,uln. (^iialil\ ran.u'ed hMiii die s|)eclaciilai" In plain
Ihi
tliinl s/KCiini
till
).
j^fssD-uili): (luarlzilf: rakalc:
black uraiiiU': and a raiiKr lar,U('SI.
!>
unt ulhn
lliiil
liiinh liml nrlujiiiilly Ik ini/ili
.
tin
shahlis hiinal In
llii
in ivim-ti
uniiui
iiiii/inii ill.
iiir niilinilhiiis
sni'is:
'l;iiisl.y
II
::i'.ii
::l'l'.
shahiis
III!
a siva)
yclldw,
sidiif (while,
'
Ifnndl
11 Slll-iiillli ./
ni-
(if
ni tin
llini
I
\w]v
ciiipliiNa'd
mi,!
i.,si.
l)aiiiU'
iiivhl iih'T,
was
sc\n-al
.\nU'(iiami)(i' spcciiiu'ii
>h:il)li !ii:iin s
II
.•;:,'.,/.,
Distribution .Anti-cliainlKT
Treasury
.'ilS,
lor extimiile, iiieasurin.u
Headdress Types
^i
Tutankhamun's Shabtis - Headdress and Hand Types Head-
Hands
dress type
crook
holding:
&
fla//
two
djed.
flails
flail
ankh
&
&
two ankhs
Hail
Sail
Tr.6 Ann. 4
Tr.23 Ann. 21
Tr.9
&
bandage
hoes & baskets
empty
Tr. 33 Ann. 46
Tr.66 Ann. 95
bandage Quantity
Ant.
found
Tr. 39
1
Tr.
Ann.
1
Ann.
1
1
Ann. 36
Ann. 32 nenies
w(c), q,
blue
\v(c)
1.
l(i).q
w(gg) l(y)
crown white
w(gg)
crown
l(y)
khat
w(c)
— — —
Nubian wig
w(c).
w(pg)
tripartite
q, g,
red
w(gg)
CTOwn double
w(gg)
crown
wig
w(gg)
1
—
c
w(pg)
l«M«tllti
The
Golden Shrine
Little
m}}m^mm}}\mmmm]\mmm\}}\}mm\\mm}w\\mm
l^.s^;,r<:(.;:!|^,
riii> >iiiail -hi-iiic iil)U-cl>
.m'a])l!>
li'iiiii I'l
(III
IdSl, uiic
I.
(,f ih,; iii(,>i
iln- i(inil). a])pi'ars
llir Air.ciiiaiiiix-i'
imim-diau-lv 'Drhiiu;
hi])pnp(itaimis cuurh, a pusili(Jii |)frliap^ (/; (/
U
I
/
II
^
I
li
'
I
In
I
I
II III'/
I
I
(hii'ip..!,;
idiiil) ,")!).
Tx-ni
/' 111'
(
1't
1
;'-,'ri
/'.
T-t'm)
dft']),
-ill!
ill'l
and CarU'rV
NiixcnilxT
111
tlx'
l-n'Kal).
li'l'L'
lii.nii,
lis
I
>hi"iiif ol
I
lit'
;l-,f
ha(;
AniicXf. ilic
M(.'a>urin.u miiiu-
K^^inl wiik-and nL'nii
-Idpinu n«if
ancuii!
in
it
milial surx't-y ni
."].")).
(p.
L'li.rxm
to wlarl:
aiwss
id allnw"
bi'i'ii nii)\'i.'(l,
L'ariiarx'iin
clrL;;!!;!
in liuriMr,'^ jiliMio-
idfiitilit>
it
a^ the
the .tioddrss W-khix-l
Mminti'd mi a siKri -cncasfd
slrdyi-. the
sil\-ff-b(jllfd, ci'Hiijir-di
wund Icll
nf
nw-rlaid uilli
duo]- ijanrl llu'
b.axan.t,'
(lisi-ii\cr\
i
mn-d
>iinr,t; i- i'iir.>lnu-lrd
lliick .enld
mi
a
Ikrii
t'uil
clia; nf,
tl-.r
R-niuxTd >iixt
d
iiisidu
;l;r linx-
liixii-rnNrfrd jilastrr ha-r.
Within the shrine was an ebony pedestal, 24.8cm with gilded, round-topped back-pillar, lightly incised with the royal titulary - on its
.4 detail
outward-facing surface, the king's nomen; on
of the shrine s
vuiture-decorated roof.
{9Jin) high,
its
back surface, his prenomen. Two small, depressed sandal-prints on the top surface of the base indicate the original position of the statuette which must once have stood upon
it;
this,
as Carter suggests, had
probably been carried off by the robbers. All that
was
left within were fragments of a corslet, the major portion of which was recovered from box no. 54 (p. 193), and a large (14cm (S^in) high), gilded
wooden pendant stnmg with beads of camelian, felspar, glass and gold and carefully wrapped in linen. In this amulet, the
serpent-goddess Weret-
heqau, given great prominence in the shrine's
scenes in which some have recognized a sexual
who
metaphor, or even an allusion to the coronation. Given the maternal role of Weret-heqau, 'Great-ofMagic', an epithet associated with several goddesses
ftaming
texts,
is
shown suckling
the king
stands before her.
The shrine is decorated on its roof with two columns of seven Nekhbet vultures. The inner and outer surfaces of its doors and the outer surfaces of its sides and back carry a series of 18 embossed and chased scenes of touching intimacy representing Ankhesenamun as the perfect wife and queen -
with
whom
fied,
the scenes
on occasion be identimore probably emphasize the vital role played by Ankhesenamun in the continued existence and sustenance of her husband in the hereafter.
the queen could
Tutankhamun, hunting with a bow,
is
birds
kept supplied
with arrows by his queen,
Ankhesenamun: a the right-hand side Little
detail from
of the Golden Shrine.
llfltlt)tl|««))t>«lllf«lfflllll||tftllllMtMI«tllltHMI«llttft)M«f«l«««ttl««tflMimt««t«MMtlf1
Wooden Funerary Models lioats
-
1
1
I
I
1
1-
It
\1
\^l\\ 1
1
J
11
^-LLinl
ikl I
Ull
^iiK lllllr
^l
I
11
\l 111
In
111
^1
I
W
\
il
111
1
-,ll
I
1
nil )(
11
(-1
111
)tU
I
1
N t
(
li^^
l^lK t\l.e])ll
u
(
ll
(1
Ul,) ill
III
IIK
-I
)l
liii ll
il
1
I
Mill
Jl( 11
lUK
1(1 It
I
1
c^f \l--l:K
U(
I
c
t(l I'll
^
111
tUh
1
1
1
1
k
~
t
(1
1
1
tl
ltd Ihll
1
full
111
It
ll
,llt~ I
111'
-It
Isl
-
11
111
])
-1~
I
1
111
~
(
-f
It
R
1\
\1
IMl
,
~ii
,h
J
>vi
-<
hllM
' ^J.
-»
?
'
--'^%^*
"^
\i
t
u
I
\1 It 111
I
\1
1
1
t~
111
\t
])t t
^*'-v.
1
I
tl
nil
t
\
lit in
^
M
t
1
1
1
(
)
'
I
I
l1
t 1
_^
~
\-
1
~ eti
1
1-
1
1
I
^ b
II
11
in
ll
\n
111
I
11
I
111
u
It
1
\
t
1
It
1
-ll 1,)1\
1
-,1
~
ll
111
'
jC
I
I
hi"
^^
all
come from
the
Annexe and have been
identified
as ordinar>' fishing, cargo or transport boats: four further specimens, two with a single chequered cabin (nos. 334, 597) and two with cabin and forward kiosk (nos. 437
+ 598, 513 + 572), may
elaborated form of the
be seen as an
same type. The class of boats
with double steering paddles is represented b\seven barges without mast (nos. 273. 284, 287, 306. 309-10, 314) and one craft with mast and sail (no. 352); all have a central roofed cabin and a kiosk at either end, with protruding
prow and stem
posts.
iAhni;
I
Hnolitly lunil'ad
The umib's and
rtctinii;iihii-. s/i.tipid
ciibin.
[trmv
iiihi
,(
a
ni
iitnii
steering (l-',ih.u-i
Tin
iiiiisliil
boat o/
TiitankhdDuiii'f ririmy: u th.tiiil 11/
rnnii
-Jin.
iihiy hi
>i
11
ui Kii
I'lnciiil's
'fill 1
iruiit :if thi
lioms
in tht ir slull in I'l
lUii's.
ri.LTKiiiK "t 'Ills.
ntrul cabin.
in
die TreasurN".
and arc
and mast, and twn 'Hie linen sails (madder d\"edl and 27(i and 'X\& are preser\ed intact, and
clnseh" I'eseniljle the
Tin him tmiih
Huy. king's Sun
i\,:
.
thi:
Uiund
has a stepped central
riiif; (nir.<.
I
ihrt-f lar.yv sailin.u; b( lais (nos. 27(i. :S21
wert'
characterizt'd b\" Uit-ir datlened. ]5ap\-nlonii slerns.
l;insk.<
l-"ach (iihl tu'ii stt
M')(il
Ilalshepsiit
caljin
I'iggii^i;
of the Punt shijjs of
reproduced on the walls of the
monuary temple at Deir el-Hahri. The basic construction of each of the same:
tiie htill
C|ueeii's
(
ir fr( 1111
least
a
number
(
if
ii
lined pieces
one instance, pmbabh'
then ekiborated by the addition ot
masts,
gessoed,
sdiiietimes gilded.
painted
(olten
The smooth
wi
« id
tittin.tjs
is
adzed from a single block of wood
sue h as
and
nn Klels
c;tr\"el-built hull
kiid ed.tje to
t.'d.ge.
than oveiiappin.gl.
For details concerning the boat-sh;iix-d these models
I
which was
finish of the
with the planks of the hull
I'ather
if
ctirelesslyl.
reproduces well the surface of the (i.e.
i
ot acticial,
'centre-piece', see p.
pp. 83, 85.
13,"i.
\W. For the
c ilcite
'ritualistic oar;
The granary of the model sailing boats (no. 276) from the south end of the Treasury was supported upon a rectangular structure of white-painted wood (no.
One
277).
This object was,
74 by 65cm
(2ft
5iin
in fact, the
by
model of a granary, and 21.5cm (S^in)
2ft Ifin),
high, to an enclosure with entrance yard and sixteen separate comFartments for cereals, which brim with grain and seeds. the to filled were found Large "Shunas" of this kind, built of sun-dried mud bricks, are the mode for storing cereals in Egypt to-day.
showing a doorway
Their external architectural details are precisely the same as this very model of thirty-three centuries ago."
Models of this sort had been buried in Egyptian tombs since the First Intermediate Period and were intended to provide the deceased with an inexhaustible
supply of sustenance for their new
hereafter.
life
in the
>ttnitmmmttlt<»mt>miHH>Mm»t»tHf mttfm MMmWHMft*l tf>tH»ffmmf mWW >
i
Tin- inininiM' ^-n.ud -um.uiuim.t: ihr
uaik-(i patn-iuh lincin" I'tir
M-vcral \\n\ir>
riricr,i;f
The Ritual Couches
tmm
.icri'tisquf
i-li
(ia(il^huIl(i.
What
IS
.
.
.
,
n
t'l
i\\
huili
tile
intert-sl whicli
-ji-
a
roi>ar,u
iti
'.','.-,
•.:vn\\UK< >\ix-p." >
ihc threi' ritual onicht-s
fact a
new
class oldbject:
fragments had been brnuKht
(ii()\anni Helzoni
wrecked tombs
i-].\ (i](i()7),
iiraDii.i;
!)i;r< "! a
cniwii,
aroused, they were nut
ot"
ll;i-
ral:'. (l.jn^ki-\, ,t;uat, liivr.
Tiilankhanuii throuKh.uut his
>pliiitered
m
,
hursf'^' tiacuiattti
IVspile the
<
Miit-
ihr -ur.
[Mr Caru-rl
the Inir.h wnl; hi- a^-l~IaI:!-
moated
,
li.nil) Mi; a;:
tlu' ni^.lir^cI^•^^ i"a\.- n:
^linriA- Ix'turi' li.inn.
and Theodore Davis in
the \ alley
In light
m
a
(e.g. Fjritish
while painted representations
by
number Nhiseum
ot"
similar
couches were depicted on the walls of the tomb of II (No. 15), which the Tutankhtimun tetim were employing as a laborator\-. What sitiijled out
Sethos
(Abovi. •thi
The head of Ammut.
I
dcvounr'. of •;]hh'd
iiith irory Ictih iiiid
wond
a ird-
stiiimtl iroiy toiigui': a detail
of the third
jiopulay with
leas
ii
of d soil
tlie /•'oyptiiiii,<:
jniil hipl'oliotiimiis.
rroeodile
(no.
ritiiii! eoiieli
I.'!7). Aiiiiiiiit
i-oiiifiosde ^'eiddes.'i
and part
part
heniess.
ih'iohtl Tin Aiiiiiiiit eoiieli Id'/), luirtiidh-
liin.
posdioii
Aiiiii tin
III
till
elean
xe
may
he
enatiii-e'^
in
d.
Aideelianihii'.
hieaehideiitiiiiie,
I'll,
to tin
si'eii hi tici
l,o.<-
i
ii
these couches for
comment was
state of preservation
their magnificent
and the gleam of
The couches had been chamber, arranged nose to
their gold.
positioned in the Antetail,
facing north, along
the west wall. All are constructed in the same way, in
- the couch proper, with footboard at the end and two supporting animal side-sections
four parts tail
slotting into a stout rectangular base-frame with
mesh mattress - of gessoed and gilded red hardwood, held together with hooks and staples and angle pieces of copper alloy. The first couch (no. 35), with lion-headed sideimitation
and high, curling tails enclosing a footboard ornamented with djed-piWais and /yeZ-knots, measures 1.8m by 0.91m (5ft lOJin by 2ft llfin) and pieces
1.56m
(5ft
IJin) high.
The
animal's features are
highlighted to good effect with elaborate inlay work: nose, eye firames and tear drops' of blue glass, and eyes of crystal, painted on the back for the detail to
show through. There are two construction marks
in
black on the right-hand animal, at the neck, and
emains of a third on the neck of the left; the couches had clearly been brought into the tomb in sections to be assembled, as they were disassembled, on site. '"!ie rail connecting the two creatures is inscribed an extended cartouche containing the king's ^lonomen preceded by the epithet 'the Osiris' (indicating that this couch had been prepared for the tomb), and a reference to the goddess Mehetweret, 'the great flood'. As others have pointed out, this ,h
inscription is better suited to the
(Above) The cote-goddess of the second gUded couch (no. 73). which is evidently to be recognized as an image of
Mehetweret,
The
'the
great flood'.
blotches of the cow-hide
are represented by
trefoils
of
opaque bbie glass.
cow-goddess of the
second couch than to the lioness supports present here - while the text of the goddess Isismehtet of the
cow couch is more appropriate to this. There was clearly some confusion at the time the component parts of the two couches were inscribed.
147
'
Mian
iirj.rv
iiira>iinr.,u
:lir
-.iLjiiihaaiilK iiil;
l)a>r
Ml'
nil
a^
.l;\
The Ioiil;
,/;,;-.«'/ 77/,
ill
^,r
OiirnMiisiiiiii.
III III,
ivmild
iiii
,11,1
,11,1.
,
II, II,
In
III,
III,
I'lii
/iiv ;;
liiivi
ii,,hil
iYiis,,iin,iil
Kildi, lie, ,ihv
si. irilli III,
I,
,
I
l,iii;ii,ii,>,ilh,„ir,i
iiLiiiliis!
lail
Minirwiia
\\hu-|i
line
Willi ircli |)kivcil
(
Ifl
lln'^>
1
'(
mui
mill
•
i
ii:
1
n-ii
jiaiii:.
v^illi
l.-'llni
l,'17i.
hiuii.
ni
in^aiabcd
ih.r
liiipnjxiiairiii- licadat;
m1
ul' i\-tiry
>bA' i> -la iwi;
il'.ci
irclli
w
iili
aiK
a ari
li'liiif k-L;>.
bliia
L',:i7ni (7ll ',t;ini
\\a> dial
ami
'I'hi'
jiicktii aiii
1
a jxH'i-i'l
i\-iir\' Uiii,i;iicl,
Thi-
i'ai"iiiiaK'>.
in liiir (iiu,
Ifinl
wlaas
nl
li'anu-,
>|)iiriiri,t;
iiicd
«
('\cl)rM\s> ai"c >iniiiar!\
and n-d
iliiixi ciiik'ii
ill'
„'iiii
lluMrisiil iln-t-vc.
1^
psiini
and
il
iiilaiti
ilk-
lino and
ni>iiu'lk,ula-->,
i
1
Imn i-muii mh
Ivniii llic
l)iHi\'
.
llic
!nil
iiii(iai"
aIll^lal^. i-acli
cnw luT
w
lir-i
l\i~'
I'xK.k ut ilic l)i\ iiir iiijuii
tht.'
Lnw.
inkTinr
>hnik' j)nilcr;ii;i,Mlu'
ol
>ai'C(ii)lia,L;u>. >u.l;,ui>;-
Mrluiwcril cuiich \va> a Milar spi-cd ilk- isir,,!,' Irniii tlii> wurld inirnnM' nf
ilu'
i
a \aT>iiin ni \\i;k-li
iilm- :H'(i>
i~
ihc in>i (Miiluniio-'.i
barc|ik-
dial
llu-
which wnuld
in lk'a\k-n. Tlk- la'.nal
i> -lill iiiu-jfar.
Removal from the tomb As Carter records, was no easy task: '.
.
.
after three
the dismantling of these couches
thousand years the bronze hooks had
and would not budge. them apart eventually, and with scarcely any damage, but it took no fewer than five of us to do it. Two supported the central part of the couch, two were
naturally set tight in the staples,
We got
responsible for the well-being of the animals, while a fifth,
working from underneath, eased up the hooks, one
after the other, with a lever.'
Nor was their removal any less stressful. The fragile sections were manoeuvred, with difficulty, up the corridor and into the daylight, where the excavators, sweating with the physical exertion and awesome responsibility of their task, were greeted with 'acclamations and a perfect tornado of camera clicks'.
For the three headrests of gilded wood
(nos. 21c,
547-8) perhaps to be associated with these couches, see p. 183.
(Above) CaBender
and Carter
supervise the removal from the
tomb of the
lioness side-
section of the first ritual
couch (no. 35). (Left) Reconstructions in the
popular press
(this one.
showing the assembly of Ih^ second of the ritual couches, no. 73, first appeared in The Sphere/ although based upon the most fieeting glimpses of the dismantled sections as
they were
removed from
the
tomb, were often remarkably accurate.
(Right)
One of Carter's
object
cards, detailing the
dimensions, decoration
and
inscription of the Arrtmut
couch (no. 137).
Amulets and
Jewellery,
Regalia i
...
iiiMiU'
Ill
exlnhil the
\va\s these
New
>,-|iiie |)(i'k-('li(iii
I'jiipirc siM-eiim ii> (in not
uf linish as
we
liiid in
the
wurkiiiansliip uf ihcir Middle Kin,t;di)in predeeesSM]--. 'lliere IS sliiiwn, liuwever,
1)\-
excellent stall in exeeuliuii. a
and
the
'I'lielxiii ie\vellei>,
marked
dee(iran\-e seii>e.
tiiuch iiiveiitix'eness in syinbolical device. ?
ll.iward Carler
Jewellei y and amulets had been buried with many more
'riilankliaimiii
jewels and amulets than those Carter
mummy
kind's
(p.
112),
but,
louiicl
ui)on the
jud^e from the
to
ancient dockets detailitiK the contents of the jewellery
boxes
ISIO),
(p.
robbers
(p.
95):
more
a K"<>d proportion ol the
precious pieces had been cairied
estimated
Carter
indeed.
by the tomb
ol'f
perhaps as much as 60 per cent of the best jewellery
was missing. What was
items, including 20 pectoral
in
ol
precious
represented a sub-
stantial addition, nonetheless, to the
then known, both
well o\er 2(H)
left
oniaments
metal and liye counterpoises
that
'loose'
ran^e of pieces
terms of quantity and quality.
Major and minor items of jewellery were vered from: the tomb entrance
(obj.
no.
reco-
la);
the
and k): the Antechamber (boxes, baskets, shrines and vessels
conidor (including nos. 21, 25,
-10, -13,
44, 46, 50, 54,
and individual (Ahnvt) Ihviviiigs by lit
a
si'li'iiiiiii III
Caiii')
Uiiiiicc
iiii<;
rcnircnil /I'liiii llw Ihior nf -Jill- Aiinixr Inn. fi3):t)(> ll'iirO).
(Rmht
[i)/))
pi'itdiiiil
Snllil giilil
nf II
fun. .'lyirl iif
sqiiullnif; kiiif!
pi'nhiibly
an
iiknlitied
ii.'ii/iiHy
Amninphif
III.
hut innn'
imiii^v nt
'I'liliiiikluiiuuii hiinsilf.
.-1
nf siliiss brink is lied iirnmid his iii'i'k. mid the iilriiiii
irhnli' IS SHSfii-iidid III
mi a
Innp ihaiii nf henry
Innp-
linhi.
iRi^ht) Idr.xihir srnnib briinlrt Inn. lift
i'lihi/i/l
arm nflhr
iiiinnniy. Tin
fmni
thr
hint's riinnits
rlrnirnlsnt Ihr drsinii sprll nut
llir kinii's
\ibhhrprui-r.
pn
nninrn.
obj. nos.
12a.
,5(5,
,5,3a
c.
(i3,
d,
f
79, 92, 97, 101, 108,
b, 138,
147b,
1,53a):
and
the .Annexe (includin.t! box nos. 51,.
individual obj. nos. 525. 619. (i20:9-l).
falcon
The remains terminals,
eleclrum (no. of the Burial
172),
the
of
620::-!8
,585. .587.
49,
one or more collars with
left
ol
the
.tjold.
ri,t;hl
Chamber, 'hangin.g on the ja.g.ged edges
number
of pieces, however,
Treasury, where originally to
ol
were found on the \ery threshold
of the stones' behind the re.sealed robbers' hole.
largest
and
620:66a w.
many
came from
of the king's valuables
The the
seem
have been deposited: they were found in and in lyvo caskets (nos.
the ,A.nubis shrine (no. 261)
267 and 269) on the north side of the
rcKini:
various
(Left, centre,
above and
beknc) Earrings
and ear-
studs (top. no. 269a<5}.
jimked by
no. 269a(3):
bottom, no. 269a(2) jianked
by no. 269ai6» from
Tutankhamun 's youth. Made of inlaid and gramdated goldalloy, they were found m a snwU jewel box (no. 269a) the Treasury. The design of no. 269a(3) incorporates a
m
version of the king's prenomen.
(Left)
Two
lavish pectoral
ornaments of gold from a jewel box (no. 267) in the Treasury, the outer face of
each inlaid with coloured glass and semiprecious stones, the reverse with
chased decoration. In the top
specimen (no. 267a) the motif of the scarab pushing solar disc has been elaborated to
fcrrm the king's prenomen.
Nebkhepntre. The bottom
pendant
other
hems
erf
jewellery were found in boxes 270,
the form
and widiin the miniature coffin no. 320b. Tutankhamun's jewels ranged in type from bead jewdlery of the most elaborate sort fashioned from predous metal and inlaid with semi-precious stones, to the plainest of stone hoop jewellery. The various 271,
its
pectoral ornaments, pendants, collars, necklaces,
by the king at pubertyX fingerand armlets, and scarabs. The
ear-rings (discarded
bracelets
metals emptoyed in fashioning these pieces irKluded gold (employed pure, or deliberately alloyed to var>
Aimexe (DOS. 620:40-42). stin cany tbe names at these kin^ with a number at tbe predous floor of the
Re-used pieces .As with
many
classes of
±e
his predecessors.
Some objects, such as
the faience
bangks of
Akhenaten and Nefemefruaten recovered
fr>
have been altered, in the ornament oo the ri^ above (na 261jX the bierogtyphs of Tutankhamun's prencoien, with the epithet image of Re', have been dumsaly set into the jewels, the cartoucfaes
king's funeran.-
equipment much of the jewellen." buried with Tutankhamun seems to have been pnxiuced under
-
'"
267m(l)) takes
ofafakon
with
talons the shen- ('eternity')
and ankh-
classes represented included a large assortment of
rings,
(no.
outspread wings, clutched in
pectoral
oval of a cartouche originally intended to -ccommodate a much longer name; their crientatxin -
reversed, though, as a pectoral of
Serapeum at SaqQaia suggests,
Ramesses this
D
from
was perhaps
-lal.
-
orientated hierogh-phs may be noted on ^~',,^\ from the same box (no. 261p(3))
-ctly
presence of the epithet "the good
was a piece originally as another jewel no.
ate that this n.
^_,
.-al
dtfrerence in tecimique
tV
f,vo my4
(right below) (no. 2611). the
between the inlaki names of and Nephthys, and the
('hfe
')
hieroglyphs.
:hfOil(iui-i.
chcisiii
Kom Sikiih!
I
rnlhir
ihc richiii-ss calcile.
quanz.
lazuli,
lAhni',
flivirum. r-ilwr. binii/c. and inui. Simius.
I'lir
amellu'sl,
and
mI'
ciillms
ilk-
li.tiurcs (pp.
,;,ll,:r:
dm; n
nk>nliiiik-d.
iiiliiti;
(IS i;
mid
l,,)iih
h,,ltniii
hi;,ii,l i;ill(ir
nuhli
fhiii,iv}
with
II
'pdd'
'/)/;,'(
7-
A
Dio. MUil.
,1
i,ii( ili;
:!ll
111
as wrll as
tcmb's
,L;ildcd
also
Ix'
Ijvoad v-nljars iwi ixcivd
1)\"
ihf .Xnik'Xf.
ilic
gaiiands
lloi-al
ilk-
mi,i;lit
Pit
."il
winch
liad oi-iijinall\"
ilie
'rulanklianuin
,,i'
been
'nuhsi\,,.i;:;i
cnislnirt,
lis i,,iiiid.
1,'Jn
(buth cnlciui\-d
bt;,ad
slni-ed
burial ii:,i,,if
:\:v
li'ali-iuni-i-oiiix-r
K'l;i>>
and
littil
(1).
|"lk-()d(irf l)a\is hi nil
u;,iu tlu
s,,hi;h,,i,p,ii
'Jli-it''
and
Tlu- xaridus
rlear variflicsl.
iViini
iKii^ii!} I>nllni,^ iiiui thn-iidiiii;
In;,
la;)i-
!ui"(]Uiii>r.
shells wti-f also iiM-d. as wi-ll as
arlitu-ial inalcrial.- 'l-lsyi^ii^i''
and
I,,
and
,111,1
o!,!^<,ii:„i,l<,,1i,,ii<.
,iii.<
irniiuii-ci
k'lsjjai".
,i;ri,-i,ii
s'a-air.c
sei'ix'ntii'i-.
silicak'!. K,t;>'ptian laiena-.
'",
i.-iilnui>.
iIh-ii'
canu'liai;.
uihl
n
•
bask'
381.
Ij).
ihe eniTidnr
in
l)ecoi-ali\e techiiic|ues ran.eedi h'oni tor
ihreadiii.tr
chasing.
ni'
^yraiiulalit
111
heads
and
exU'iisixe use of inlays.
!o the usi' of I'eiiousse.
linlin.ijfonhe.tjiild.and llie
This
laller
k'chnicjue
is
,ij
conmioiily lenned 'elDisoniie work'. des])ite ;7(/i,'>- III:,.
llie lael
.I'lhl.
that die inlays
dueed
seem noniialh' M lia\e been inU'oami ikH fuseti within llie cell,
in a solid loi'in
.\s Carter ivniarked. the
jewels
is
design
remarkably \abrant and
pieces showint;
much
The
would seem to more elalioi'ate
ot"
kin.ij's
prepared soleK" ot'
tor lunerar\' use,
wear noted on some pieces
indicate
mumnu). (p.
'ikiicate that other jjieces ol jewellerx' in lile.
main
had been Howe\er, e\adence
conjunction widi the box dockets
worn
th.at
jewk'ls
isucli as the pectoral
no. L'.Mippp, reco\ered li'oni the
iieen
nian\- of the
subtlety in their comj^isnion.
icoiioj,Taph\"
the
ol"
hvsli, iiidn idual
taken
U>(t|.
in
would
had actualh"
Four gold and goldmounted jewettery elements from the Annexe: a heart (Left)
amulet amulet
(no. 620:67):
a
Jcurllin; .AmuUts
and Hecuba
'tooth'
and two amukts (nos.
(no. 620:68);
papyrus-sceptre
620:72 620:73). The crook and flail 269h and 269e),
(Right) (nos.
concrete expressions of the
The
divine kingship.
butt-cap
of the crook is chased with the king's two cartouches, the
nomen form
in its later,
-amun
Regalia The most awe-inspiring of the jewels buried with Tutankhamun were the several and varied symbols
(Below) The flexible gold corslet,
much of which was 54 in
recovered from box no.
Antechamber, as first reconstructed by Carter and Mace. the
of his mortal kingship.
Of
these, the
are the Osirian crook (heqa) and
most familiar {nekliakha).
flail
Three examples of the crook were recovered - (nos. 44u (33.5cm (IS^in) long), from the Antechamber, and 269d (43cm (16Jin) long), and 269h (43.5cm (17iin) long) from the Treasury.
Two flails, nos. 269e
pieces having evidently been carried off at the time
As now
(43.5cm (17iin) long) and 269f (33.5cm (13^in) long),
of the robberies.
both came from the Treasury. They are the only
slightly
from the arrangement
Carter,
Mace and Lucas, having
kingly examples of such regalia to have
come down two smaller
The odd crook is uninscribed, the and larger sets of regalia from the Treasiuy inscribed upon their butt-caps for Tutankhaten and to us.
Tutankhamun each
respectively.
is similar:
The
reconstructed, first
it
differs
suggested by
its slide
fasteners
positioned on either side of the body (rather than
down
the centre),
and on each shoulder.
construction of
cylindrical sections of dark blue
and gold mounted upon a copper-
glass, obsidian
alloy rod; the long,
pendant beads of the
flail
are of
gilded wood.
Another sceptre
(no. 577),
was found
perhaps an aba (54cm
Annexe. Fashioned from wood and overlaid with sheet gold, one face of
(22iin) long)
this
object
in the
decorated in repousse with
is
five
registers of offerings; the opposite side carries a vertical inscription in blue faience and gold: 'The good god, the beloved, one glittering of face like the Aten when he shines, son of Amun, Nebkheprure, living forever' - which, as Carter notes, 'is of interest,
as
it
suggests a compromise between the Aten and
Amen creeds'. An object which royal regalia
is
should also be classed with the
the king's elaborate
greater part of which in the
the
Antechamber, with other fragments scattered
among
the corridor
chamber
floor,
the boxes 101 high:
'corslet',
was recovered from box no. 54
85cm
collar with
fill
the
little
and
115.
(nos. 12a, 12c), the Ante-
golden shrine
(no. 108)
The costume (40cm
wide overall) consists of a broad pendant pectoral ornament (showing before
Amon-Re, Atum and
his
consort lusaas behind) and counterpoise-clasp, and the corslet proper with
its
ns/iZ-omamentation and
shoulder suspension straps. Fashioned from gold
and richly
inlaid
with coloured glass and semi-
precious stones, the corslet
is
f^v.,'
(15fin)
(33iin)
Tutankhamun
M.M:A
and
incomplete, several
',-
'•'
'i
>
')
KK'y
:
.'
J
A
'.X
y',^'~)''
Tile kiii.uV imiiiini\. i-i;i!irlh-~lir(!
ir.iiiuluiL; llir nlii;!l
.mil urac:. (irriira!ioii>
tiiMUL'i;.
]\r^;:]]:i,
tiwiiirn; f\
clc,!;;!!!'
it>
:K-r;
h,';i:
pcndaii;
rilj!}iii>
ul a \\\>r laniiliav Iiliu 'Aail
i-
\\]'.]c\i
:uu\ ihr
l:iil.
woiix. wiiti
;iiul rl(ii-.iiniit'
i;i.l(!
p,;iuir:!il\
will; >c\fr.-il l:iinili;ir ili-in~ ni
and M-ulpluir.
l-l\i-n
iiiii|-r
i\iiiir;,L;.
IH'iiiaio. \\a^ (A idiiicc nf a clci-a\i'd licaddri'— ranilii'lcdiki-
liiir
ni wiiich. --adK,
liiit'ii",
llian ;lu' piulail i-mild ]>v rfOi\crrd. In Cailii'> llii-
was
a tiniiiuf
widi
w-i.i;-cii\-er.
hidW" had hiTii
example
il^
,l;i)1<1
(if
die Uiiil nv
tiiiiple
sewn ihr
band
'a
'jI
rm nmrc u-w
\
>hapc
\y,fj.
iLTilipi.
Tn
il-
llcxihlr iiracii>-stipei;; ni
inlaid .uold. widi. lo die back, a di-licalrl)- I'luiM-d shrt't ili'icii ,.ii till
mall
I'litl
[I ,£,'/(/>>
IS
h,<,k.
ii'ilil.
mill
Si
Till
ils
iiuispi-cad
\vin,i,'s
olUiiiiL;
part nl "die <
)r
iTuwn
had die
Id die ni\al head.
cardiK-
abxix'e
llie
u-wt'ls
priniMiiai
ruli' r)crhai)s
iiiliix: I
k-ani,
regalia. |)arliculai'l\ hi-ad.urar.
been
ol
lakcTi
fniblnns
(if
nvm>
lui-d;cr
wa^ krrnK by
i-
Irll.ilad;
tl;e
nibbfi>
ruiankhaiiuiir:
hii:'
pi-(ilffli(iii
mill
nil I'll
\uluire,
Ki'l'l
rxauadn.i;
Aldmu.i;)!
lulls
(\iiki'd
of
s\inb(iis
liicsf
I'harannii'
pnwt-r
a (.'(insidcrabli' sense nf awt- aindiii'
die
in i>lablish du-
Ixcause
ol
;;(/i-baskeI
wtis not unoiiiimoii.
for the
EKVPtiaiis to
new and obscure
f(ir
ritual
assij^ii to
and other
re;is(ins,
particular hieroglyphs
The practice is ]iarticularl\tomb of Tutankhamuii on the
\alues.
well illustrated in the
rrlained
b\- lii>
-uix'oso
ixtiuiivd in rM-rciM'
hi:
>wa\:'
Ifgure of the ibis-headed
Crypto(fraphy It
Wvn
li%'ilinia(.-\-
god Thoth
jx^rhaps
the basic similaril> in shaix' between the
and the god's lunar crescent; the
supporting tigures on the Tutankhamun pectoral a lalcondieaded deity and a standing ligure of the king are evidentl.\' to be construed as cryptographic
writings of
n and klupru
res(X'Cti\el\'.
second shrine and on the kiuK's jewels where \arious obscure or elalaoraled writings, esix'cialK' of the kins's prenoinen,
Nebkheprure
('Lordly-
nianifestation-of-Re'), are in e\ idence. Substitutions
include the festival sign hcb for
iich. lord',
and the
lunar disc and crescent for the solar disc bet'tle-si^n
re: while tin klwpcr plus three plural strokes (khcpni.
'nianifeslation') is
on occasion
rejilaced b\' a
sf|uattinK figure or 'manifestation' of the king. (See
also p. 158.)
On tomb
the tojjmost element of one jX'Ctoral from of
numlx-'r
thi'
Tutankhamuii (no. 2(i7tl) (Ixdow), and on of sealings of AmeiKjphis 111 from Tomb
and elsewhere, the nch hieroglyph
a ,'i.~i
is rej^laced b\- a
Colour (.'olour
was always used with
care
in
I\gyptian
and it is generally signilicanl. Our understanding of ancient us;ige. however, is C(im|ilicated b\ the fad that the Egyptians apix-ar not to have classilied colours in the same way as we comijosition.
(1(1
today.
Light blue, for example, .seems to have Ixx'n associated with given or white rather than seen as a
shade of dark blue, which the lCg\ptians evidenth' related to black. This difference in ix'rceplion nia\' exiilain the use of light blue for the ilesh of the
normally green-skinned g(Kl Pttih in this ixvtoral (alxive) from the Treasury (no. 2li7q) and
ornament
similarly the use of black for Ijoth the blue the king ;ind the gcxi's clost'littiiig cap.
laie of the king, sir the doubk'-c;irtouclie Ix.x, p.
l;"xS.
crown
l'"(>r
of
the black
unguent
IMtffftffHfllflltflttf
and
Clothing
Textiles
m^mimfinwmmmiimwmimmm)im}^miwm^mm We have some
fearful problems at the tomb. Just now contains garments and covered with beadwork. The cloth is so rotten you can hardly touch it, and the beads drop off the shoes i
we are working on a box which shoes
if
all
you look
at
them
of marquetryveneered sandals (no. 397). (Left) Pair
The upper surface of each sole IS decorated with
bound captives and an Asiatic
y
Arthur Mace to his wife Winifred
two a Nubian
and nine
bows, symbolizing the traditional enemies of the
Egyptian
state.
They would
be crushed underfoot with
every step
Tutankhamun
took.
Whether the
image of a dapper Tutankhamun conjured up by Harry Burton had any basis in fact is now difficult to assess. Clearly, much Tmen
was
in
delightful
evidence in the tomb, despite the depreda-
tions of robbers collection
<
The most
novel, perhaps,
among all
was a wooden dummy upon which it Tutankhamen tried his tunics and other
seen to-day believed
the antiquities
vestments, after the fashion of a
is
modem dressmaker.
New York Metropolitan an enthusiastic member of Mr.
Mr. Henry Burton, of the
Museum
of Art,
who
is
advanced the opinion that Tutankhamen was a man of fashion, scrupulously exact in the fit and hang of his garments. >
Carter's staff,
.
.
(p.
seem now
95);
to
but
full
have gone
details of the
for good. Unlike
most classes of the tomb's funerary equipment, the textiles were but poorly documented at the time of the clearance; many bundles Carter and his team seem never to have unwrapped at all, either because of their unpromising appearance or their poor state of preservation due to humidity and mould. While 'Cloth in some cases is so strong that it might have come fresh from the loom, ... in others it has been reduced by
damp almost
to the consistency of soot.'
.
And Manchester Guardian
the inexorable process of deterioration has
continued.
(Below left and right) The gessoed and painted wooden 'mannequin' (no. 116), a portrait figure in Carter's
opinion 'probably used either for the king 's jewellery or robes'.
(.aniu'iils I
:i\
I'lH'
and
iiliiiit;
\\a~
<1^
liiirii
(|ualu\.
kil!>.
ii'iaiiuulai'
l|).
17)711
hi^ wanlr^
I
hv
nuni'.
luiiic^.
'I
sc\rial
i-
ilcar,
'it
Ix-cii
woni
in du-
I'V.
1
li^
'i'.i-
liraii-
wlmii
ni I
I
lux nn.
ll.L'L'J.
>.,,,-,
llllllllllll
i>
die lonii
tl>
li'diii
and
\ai"irl\ nl iis di'n iralinn. riii> ran.ucd
Miiiplr Irin.uinK In dif
.Hdld span.ulfs
uduT
ik'nis
and
iif
clddiin.t;
and
a brilliaiu conirasl
(il
yclldw. wiiui', and blafk pai"t
darkened
had
,t;aniienls I'dlled
U])
atlendon tidied
a
storage.
detail
oihiurs
inaKniliccnd}-
didUKli
hkif.
imw
III
kit.
I
-omr docketed
III
hnx
preciseh as the ori.umal buiaal
a
number
nf irarnients nf a
(no. ,7S7al
irliat
Oiiii r iksrribcd
sHitfi biiiid/if;i. biiiidiii;i<
and
III'
thr mini f stall
sliiiii'ii
sizes,
dm.
Inn
T'.tijl
l{ach
nl
nmsi these
r.'.acie
>ir.ai;,i;c tiiid aiiiini.L' ll'.e
.'I
c7nh.
:•'
ci;il(r< ,c'lu\i'
iH''.iin,c'ir.,i,'
three nr Inur \ear- nld.
the
.\nl;ur
only the most superfi-
uhiche\er box came to ha.ve dire
thedishe\elled
.'<
and
prie-; i'Ut:!t>
(*;
a leathei- cuirass
niijo
kin.c'^
il
chrd
nui^l
I
ha\e
a
l'«i:iy
^l;(lu!
six
iieei; uiie
to
hand
Tiiis
conseciuences when,
came
to
Ma.v
tn la- witr \Vn.i:7v(i
unpack them. linens in
time of their disco\"er\\
the
.\t
aroused an enormous amount of interest
anioii.t;
,ulo\"eunakers
they
are
said
exhibit
to
the tomb:
found
in
which
1,'!
'2'.)
tiitbrniikn
irniii
shiri's
and and
a
siiiiih III
d
tuiiu
Irii.ntli
.
tiiii.
silviduis.
III'
a nncr innttnnl
<
inbi llislud with wnviii
I
inbrniikri
bands. III till'
Till
,i/
III
work.
mrativi
is
d
i
much
if
dirididly drawtiii;
apl>lkd.
till
I'k
iinpirssiiiii
ankh
I'piiuiii; .u'tiis nil
III
till
ijuality
ni
When worn,
pirhiips lath a till
di
the ik tiuh
ItaihitI shiipid
III)
d
liiaiuiii r
diinralmn
.Syr/j/;;;
.K'uriiwiit
u-iiist
would
sash,
hiifi
rrarludtoiiist bilow tlw
iKiiihIl Til,
t\"pe
of
stitch
from the .Antechamber
'diiliuatir' dill. .'Ih7ii:
Ilk
a
were rei'overed h'om
iLitl riu nil brut, d siipi rbly
lor .u'ood reason, since
imt
the
into
ei.ijhteenth
bulk of the material appears to ha\e been stored
and
modern industry until the century. In all. some L'7 .i,do\es were
introduced
\ar\inK C|uantilies throuKliout the tomb, thoutjh the in
Tuttinkhamun's
.ulo\'es
down
kin.it's
iindirwiai: a tnani^iilar
Hi
>peci,ali/ed n.aliire.
,m
In a
ini.a.uiiie
1
sitpphincntid with tiipinn.u
\mttttt /7-'7M,-.i.
them.
emit allied:
li)
of the
n/liihii/nldid
^5
]«i>i;i.,r,.
>anie
Hindi
V
m
>till
(jloves
a
srirnil nthi r
viinnus
the
17l)l.
ij).
the Aiilciiiiiiiihcr. iiidiidcd «..'
mure
Idff, ctc.i
Ici.
1
liv iiii
i)arl\' liad left
ir.cludin.u M'\eral lenijard--kii; linclu(iin,u' iio^.
frmii 'lie
nth.er ,L;ainienl>.
.\> Well a> e\er\"day cloihins.;. the ton
7i>
nil.
textiles
'l:e
1\
k
i
VM
Nil. eIllpk.\i-(: In wrapll'.e \ari.iU>
1]).
'ruliinkhtiiiuiH's iirst tiiuHil
1
vhawls' and
"t
dniiie li.miro. These Were found
1
lur ihc
Carter's notes record the pi'esence ot
mil
rea>ur\ and .Xnnexe. Man;.
rrea>ur\ con~i>te
l.'i.
p.
frnm the
Ibii, .and
(p.
.uri'rii, rrci.
rntortnnaleK".
three millennia later. Carter
lAbiiii
1
'~. L'i.
were recovered
lra,i;iiieni>
wra])pin.y^ uf the niumni_\
had not been K'ven b\ those who
thefts: interested in achievint,'
was
her sera ])s and
iin
box docKct-.
tlie
been lolded with care and
cial order, theollit-ialssiniph" stuffed
slo\enliiiess
M-ealsn
;v. 101):
.71.
bcadwurk:
up the tomb following the chaotic period
textiles into
)l
iwiXo
.Xlitech.ainber. with, in ei.uhi .711.
jjaiU'ls. nritiinall\" pi't-si'iu-
blaekd)i'(i\\'n.
orit^inalK'
lor
t
to
displa\i'd
sliirls
carpt'dii.L; nt
M'(|inns nr r\(iuisiU'
ciiihivjidcrrd bnnk't's in.i;
linm
plain
bdasUiiK a \iTUal)lc
10 o\"ti-,i;"aniicnls 'r:it,uikhini!iiirsdiivv,,l :iv,h,_
kin^V
(
a> a
kiii.i;
>niall fill 1(1. Tlu'nii>sl sinkiii.u fcalun-i'l d!i'Cii>;iinir ,.]'',:; iC.'i.i nil
Iti.
-ri;
-a-lir-.
i-ap>.
itt-in^
rcai\iTcd In mi die Tamil n
had licarh-
I'l
il
>l!ir!-,
M-ai'M-.
loitu'ldih^.
,i;ln\fs,
li>i)friall\- ihiiX' I'l
lia'vc 'wri; i-.in in:
lliniu.t;lioul,
l|||l^i^tl^.l;
and
!i-
Tiilankliaimiii'~ iiM;ln-. liM\\f\
ilic I'aii^f ol
!iiir>l
(IroM-s.
ajipcar
liiifi;
r(il]l)fi>.
riiiiamt'ci, I'll
:Li-
;- ;;ti(i ijrci
>i:i
loinrloth ino. I'uib) .Anil ihninbir.
from
liiu
thi
n
boxi'Sl:
and
{ti\
a turtiier
two pairs from separate boxes in the Annexe. One of
Sandals
the finest pairs, 38.4cm (just over 15in) long, reco-
CJjithtif;
vered 'neatly folded' from box no. 367 in the Annexe,
"When
tapestry-woven on both sides with a rishi-pattem,
among
is
and has tap*
modem
in
for securing at the wrists; entirely
design,
like
those found, Carter
all
believed that the gloves 'were ix)ssibly intended to
go with' the 'dalmatic robe'
and Trxtiks
these sandals have been restored, they will be the most wonderful articles in all the mass of
extraordinary works of
few years' time
we
art,
and
I
fully expect that in a
shall see our smartest ladies
wearing
footgear more or less resembling and absolutely inspired by these wonderful things.'
no. 367j.
The Times (Below left) Ay shows off Us red gloves, a gift from the
f]-
king
Carter recorded 93 items or fragments of footwear:
and a mark of honour: a
scene from Ay's
tomb (No.
Amama
25).
17 from the Antechamber, of which 10 were found scattered between boxes 21
and
gold sandals on the mummy
itself (no.
(1 l^in)
54;
a pair of sheet-
256 11), 29.5cm
long; a pair of 'sandal-like' slippers of leather
from a box
in the
Treasury
28cm
(no. 270),
(llin)
and a range of sandals (including 32 pairs, 'of basketwork' - nos. 620:119 - 21.5-31cm (c. 9-12in) long;
long) scattered throughout the debris of the Aimexe.
The types
varied from undecorated specimens of
(no.
sandals of leather (on one occasion
the
calf-skin),
from the tomb, were sumptuously patterned with bead-work or partially melted, like all the leather
gold
(in particular, no. 85a,
20.5cm
large papyrus sandal from the
(c.
Sin) long).
Annexe
620:119) Carter describes as having
'a
One
An elaborate sandal
(Above)
rush and papyrus to elaborate examples of wood with marquetry veneer (no. 397). Several elegant
85) of multi
Antechamber.
One of the tapestrywoven gloves from box no. (Left)
367.
floor (group
design in linen
and needle- work upon the sole representing African and Asiatic prisoners above the tie of Upper and Lower Egypt*. Each time the king took a step, he crushed them underfoot.
Contents of the Painted as found
Box
(no.
21)
a-b
rush and papyrus sandals
aa
collar of shirt
c
gilt
headrest
bb
pieces of similar garment
d
ceremonial robe
cc
tapestry-woven garment
e
cloth
dd
necklace of resin beads
f-g
decorated sandals
ee
pieces of
h-i
leather sandals
ff
j
beadwork sandal
gg
tapestry-woven belt or scarf
k-1
decorated shoes
hh
several small bundles of cloth
m
remains of tapestry woven garment
ii
large linen tassel
n o
ij
gold sequins
collar
kk
belt(?)
wooden label band from
shirt
f)-r
garments decorated with gold and faience
s
sequins cap or bag of beadwork
t
leopard-skin cloak
u
collar of faience
V
parts of garment of tapestry -woven cloth
w
cap or bag of beadwork pieces of tapestry-woven garment
X
beads and pendants
y
two-string collar
z
child's glove of fine linen
two or more tasselled two ends of tasselled belt
II
tasselled belt of plain cloth
mm
shawiP)
nn oo-pp
rolls of fine linen
qq rr-uu
w
belts
loin-cloth
10 rolls of bandage of pads of linen
fine linen
gauntlet
wrw-xx boards of wood covered with gesso and painted blue
yy
gold pendant
The unpacking of box no. 21. The sandals in the first shot were in perfect condition: the beaded robe next to them, visible in
both photographs,
crumbled at a touch.
157
and containers
I?()\es, .spoon.s \ -Hi;
l\ni-\
ill
-ulj~tanee
and
hi i\
li
hollowed out
diiek.
Cosmetic Objects
j>nie',
I'l
fitted
with a
wa> lound m .\nteehamher if the mh. The
part
the
ot
he i\
bit"dV
were
identii'al l)oxes
linieot his death.
(
neck and
are >tained
le,i;s
m
fil
n,,.
liead.
ti
i
-mnlar
:i
>\\ i\el lid. 8..'iem if. .!:ini
overall.
loiii;
a ;rils>ed
;l;r -li;i])e ot
ii;
eoiiiam >al\e or
to
i\\
er
Two
lilaek.
CarterV po->c»ion
in
tlie
k
the
at
objcei- lornierh in
)thei' eo>nii-tic
the Carter eolleelion inehided a iiiaKnilieent .uras-
ho])per box of sttiined i\ory,
ointment >poon
lid
it.-~
m
the torin of a
and a delieateh- carNi-d stained i\or\-. with swutTlidded
pair of ino\'able
win,L;>,
ot
bowk
ponie,i,Tan,ate
was usualU'
.\neienl K.u'yptian knld. or eye -ptiiiit.
eoinposed of either mtikiehite (hydrtited copper earbonatel or
powder and it
(lead sulphidel. Kroniid
,t;alen;i
torm
apjilied in the
with water
or. perhtijis.
into
ot a jiaste b\- mixin.i;
Tutankhamun
with Kum.
been buried with se\cral lumps of both mater-
htid
the ,i
itils (e.ii.
originally tied
use
this
in
might
'.,1
up
mind,
presumabh- with slabs' troni hix no.
four 'paint
'ilie
htive
In mi the .Annexe,
l.')lib.
i.
in a linen ba.tj).
intended
l)een
tor
the
.i,Tindin,u
mineral. nilh
.1;; n-iiyy in.
Like
sini-il lid liihiiK hi'll. (iirni! Ill
iiiiiii .//'«
till
III.:.:,
Inifsi
aiula
hi.
iliiik
il
diiiihh
•ilas.-i
mid
iviirx in,,.
^docI
l-:,i;.\plians,
till'
was
i-ari'ful
him the impkiiu'iils and
Kemarkttbly lew
and
till
/.'n///
eontamers were reeo\ered.
of these from the .Anteehamtx'r: ,
pR'pai'atioiis nea'ssar\- for
ance. While someot'thcse life,
Iliijl.
|'iilankhanuin
.m'avf with
kohl
iah
lull,
all
to lakf to
maintaining his appcai-
had evidently been used
olhefs were elearly jm-pared
hereal'ter in
mind.
solel\-
in
with the
serpentine. '5.2cm '.',2.
container which held
;i
;i
cosmetic \-essels tind reklted objects: (l.licm
(Uin)
and
lon.t;)
;i
double
ivory. 12cm(lYintlon,i,'.
no.
Ki.
hiertilic .\
Two
gold
docket of hix no.
though of
mentioned
oimment
Kicm
conttiiner.
the stircophti.gus. there
is
.Akhentiten to the
b\-
doubt thtU
little
been discox'ered within
outermost shrine;
its
with
t.akes the
high-plumed
I
nil,, i'dii
lllllllll III inlllilllli
.i;lii.-
mid
brown
are inkiid with
ti
h'jirh Ian'
sliiiirii.
ihrnriilid mill a
jiiiiy
nl
roiiliiiiiiii!;
/»( ,
irhiis
Inmlnl
I:iiii;'s
,,l
III,
lli,
rill.!;
slii.i;,s iii
bkick-oninge
litis
different stages or tion
ti
double the to a
of the Ixix
writing of 'I'mtinkh-
klhpru
ele-
Ixt'tle kin
per
ilie
sctirtil')
h'om
in
m
two
been interpreted klupni
roytil child,
varititions.
the face inkiys
in
;is
The
ortmge-redrellecting the
the king's tr;insform.-i-
through
to tidult king, de.ad
king tmd ullimtite rebirth.
Irmisliirniiiliiiii
In, III invul
nhirlli.
dull
a squtitting tigure of the king
colour pro.gression
.Vi bldiiliriii;
iiiihiiiilii
flii;lilly III!
II
111,111,11.
mil
prob.ahly
three plurtil strokes, has here been replaced with
!.•<
nlipiisidniiliiiiiihs
h;id
deconiposed
still
|-!oth ftices
ment, noniKiUy written with the
.iiwitiiid
jiri'imux
colour.
cr\'pto,gr:ii)hic
ithin
it
held
amun's prenomen. Nebkheprure.
I
iiiliiid
Ill .i;iild.
I'l,--'!
mill oilimn d
'bad smelling'
was
form of
lui.
renitiins of its origiiitil un.giienl.
w
tkKirs of the
tin-
ongintil nuinlx'r
which
220. This box.
was
high, of a type
(r. (>|iri)
being offered
fre
ih'mllll
in the
ritualistic rather llitm everyd;i\- use.
solar disc. .Although Cttrter places this object
cartouche
.gkiss
timoiiggrouii
.'iT.'i.
inn^orttint
the gold box no. 240 bis.
origintilK'
mkiid
.t;ilded ;tnd
was lound
knlil sticks ,are
particularly
to,t;ether
\uhv of woikI.
knli!
and
tube
tin\-
:i
bound
knlil sticks
with strips of cloth cttme from the ctisket no. 11; ;ind
pot of dark
:i
was found in box no, number of smtill stone
l|inlhi,i;!i.
(r.
!'"or I
lull!
Ill
nlliiiiali
the series of stone vessels conttiining the
king's oils tind unguents, see
p. U'S.
Mirrors and mirror-cases
(Uft) The lid of the second mirror case (no. 271c-d). The
Although clearance of the Treasury produced two elaborate mirror-cases of gilded wood (nos. 269b and 271c-d, each
27cm
interior o/tlie case is
hollowed out to receive the
(lOJin) high), the mirrors them-
mirror today represented by the handle no. 54ddd (3)
selves were not present; the inscribed ivory handle
from that of no. 271c-d was found in box no. 54 in the Antechamber, its mirror disc wrenched off by the
(below), incised in black with
Tutankhamun 's Horus name. The mirror disc, perhaps of gold or silver, had been
robbers for the sake of its metal - probably silver or gold.
carried off by robbers in
The mirror-cases were each made in two halves. The first of the cases (no. 269b) takes the form of the
antiquity.
an appropriate funerary play on the Egyptian word for mirror which was hieroglyph for also ankh.
'life'
(ankh),
The central part of its lid is decorated with
prenomen picked out in coloured glass and semi-precious stones, while bands of hieroglyphs in raised relief on the gilded surface of the case the king's
The interior of the The second mirror-case is fashioned after the god Heh, who is shown kneeling, reproduce the standard
case
titulary.
lined with silver.
is
a cartouche before and behind his head, with palm
branches held in either hand surmounting frog- and s/!€w-hieroglyphs.
head
The exaggerated
decorated
is
gilded
in
disc
relief,
upon
his
again with
The entire compobe understood as conveying the simple
versions of the king's prenomen. sition
may
wish that Tutankhamun's years of renewed might be without number. This case is lined with
life foil
of brilliant beaten gold.
Shaving equipment Egypt were employed not only to shave body also, including the head. A hieratic docket scribbled in ink on the white-painted box no. 68 from Tutankhamun's tomb records that it had originally contained 'The equipment of His Majesty life! prosperity! health! when he Razors
in
the face but other parts of the
was a
child. Contents:
and ewers;
razors, tackle.
copper handled-razors, knife- i.e. the royal shaving
linen.'
When found, the box contained nothing more
than two cloth 'pads', a bundle of cloth and a clay sealing;
who
it
had evidently been emptied by
thieves,
(Bebw) The first mirror case (no. 269b) as found in the cartouche-shaped box no. in the Treasury.
No
found of the mirror
269
was had
trace it
once contained.
all but one which Carter recovered from the Annexe floor (no. 620:53, 18cm (c. 7in) long). A further group of razors (no. 12g), which may or may not be associated with the equipment of this particular box,
carried off for their metal content
knife-razor
was found
in the
fill
of the tomb's entrance corridor.
'ar left) Hieratic docket
the lid of a whitened
,-r^i-^
.^
on
box (no.
68), containing the king's
shaving equipment.
159
i«M«itf«««ftti«i«tt
riir ar.cHii;
m-i>
.yank- aiT
l:!ii->(iu;irc
Games and Game-Boxes
Tuiankliainup.V
\Mili ]>ii'liuiw
atk'itiiii:,
mihh'
(;arn'n>'i
oi'
iin;
-
fiSd.
n
aiu;
Inuiici aninii.L;
:;;i,",.
am; pfrh.ap> two
pHrt.'>
c:
i
i>i )/i
imir inniplfU-
oiniaiiu-d
MK!
jjlayiii.u
Titi
fxrct-dir.uly
ihr iin-Mjuaiv
iiiiri-(|Ut_-iul\'
-
.'llfi
uiir
III
<>{
luiiii)
.i;anu--bnar(l> {]V'>.
7)\'>:\\.
:\i-.:n\
Tix-
ii;l:fi>.
(I'allni
ur
i'lHiu.
[jawn' and 'rriT lunii~ wi-rr lnunc:
iduil).
:iu-
urn-
l-!,Lrvi)!i:ii>
:)m;iI('; ,i;;;iiie>. ar.ti
unl:
i(i,u'f!l:f!'
'.uu
"i
~i-;>
ir.
inui"
ras;iii,i;-slirks. (
)t"
and
ihf K^nif
bi ianl>.
iVagnit-nl
a
iiHn\ ti'fd iVdin
bnards canu-
lliu
Anteehanil)ei\
in
aiiiiin's
tn
iud,t;e
other
iin
item of fiineniry
iqiiipment.
imluded
tomb
amusement
lis 111!
the dead, to
idle^ory of
llie
Ill tlie firiiiie
iiolili'iiiiiii
a
in the
mud jiidi^ment.
jiliiyed l>Y tile (ri<,dill.
the iidversory ««.< Fate, till
for
eiinoiis
Ameiimosi
stake imiiiortalitw
and
Inn.
i
m
lh\
Uiii
>.
>\m\-
.\nr.i-\i-.
sewn
i
il
m
uti-e Iniind
ihe
the kmieklebi mes:
I
if
'I'h.e
the in.umal >
etiuipiiieiil. h'nin
disi^hiced
(and
Anr.exe. In iiiie
whieh
partialK'
>
>\
it
in slmri.
Tutaiikli-
had
the liniiieless drawer at the time nl
)iii
l)eeii
plundered,
I
i
me
the mbberies.
ptitliwtiy of
30 steps,
shtiixti like
wound
;i
backwtird
S,
their w;iy single tile
"l-yTabel-Seega". phived almost universtillv in the hi the 30-s(|uare
gtime of
.sy);(7,
each player had
Near Kast.
tin
,' .
.
equal nunilxT of phniiiK pieces, distinguished fmiii
was Movement
those of the opjjosilion by the form, which generally 'pawn'-like or 'reei'-shaped.
of
up along the two longer edges of the board, was dictated by the throw of the knucklebones or of the casting-sticks (the 'score' of the latter deix'iident upon the fall of the black and the pieces, lined
white surfaces). Movement has been characteri/.txl
;is
i
wvxv
i
toward the five final square?; of the board, which were usually marked in some wa\-.' The tiim was to remo\-e all of one's pieces from the board Ix'fore those of the opposing !)l;i\'er. The marked squares were clearly advantageous to the player (those marked with the hierogKph infer), or haziirdous (such as those marked with the water hierogl\-ph). According to Carter, 'The contest was obvioush- an early form of, and allied to, the mcxlern game called
Tin senet bnard developed
yrarf friim
al least
along which the pieces
of Senet
Didiiiiiry
easlin.t,' >Iiek.-
li:i\'e Ijeeii
.i^aiiiin.t;
ptimtilK'
liver the
(ii'awci'
Annexe. Tlk-
the Anteclitimber.
tippears to
"a
>(k'.
i
x'l-ntri"
(and pertiaps thivel niher knueklebimes were
luimd
The Game
inc
the enlranee pa»a,i;ewa\ ami
ii!
The
Annexe, a> were I\v(i
'
the laruer nuiiitx-rni pla\in,t: pu-io:
immd
^U'a\^- wtTi.'
inl\-
.Xnlfi'hanilx'i"; all the I'nniplrU-
In mi llu-
laii\'. pi"iidinv(l
i
u'ury
(il
111
1
11
tn i
>v
The ebony game-box and stand (no. 345 + 383 + 580) The ebony game-box
(44.4cin (174in) long), found
component parts (board, drawer and stand) at the south end of the Annexe, is one of the most elegant objects from the tomb. Now somewhat warped, so that the bolted drawer will not fit the box, which now no longer sits squarely on the partially gilded and ivory-clawed feline legs of its sledge, its fine appearance belies its actual construction. The surface is merely a veneer, applied to a core of poor quality wood, and though conventionally identified as 'ebony' may well be some other wood to which a dark stain has been applied. Both the upper dismantled into
its
three
and lower surfaces of the box Jire veneered with ivory, to which raised strips have been glued to divide each surface for either the 30-square {senet) or
20-square
games
symbols.
The
and three more hieroglyphic
(see opposite), with five
of the squares incised with one or
bones and set of ivory and ebony casting-sticks, formed part of the set as buried.
sides of the box, as well as the ends,
are inscribed with large, yellow-filled hieroglyphs
which expound the royal titulary and leave no doubt as to the game's ownership. When found, the drawer was empty. Carter in view that the original playing-pieces "were probably of gold and silver and consequently stolen in ancient times'. This is arguable. Eight print taking the
faience playing pieces of a suitable size for this game
were recovered from elsewhere
in the
tomb, and
it
is
possible that they, together with a pair of knuckle-
The two
ivory boxes (nos. 393, 585r)
Although one of the ivory game-boxes was found broken on the floor of the Annexe, close to the doorway. Carter believed that it had originally been stored with its 'pair" in the box 585. Eioth gameboxes, each some 13.5cm (5iin) in length and extensively inscribed with extracts from the royal protocol inlaid with blue pigment, are carved from a
and the upper and
(Top) The elegant ebony game-box and stand (no. 345 + 383 + 580). The top and bottom surfaces of the board itself (seen on the opposite page in position in the Annexe) were each bud out for one of the principal
games
(left).
(Above) The two pairs of ivory and ebony casting-sticks associated with the ebony
single block of ivory, with the squares for the 20-
game-box
30-square games cut directly into
345 + 383 + 580.
no.
161
^^^^ iAh.,r,ilr..nr,ii,,n,iv„li„
liiwcr
'<.fXlih:.',!i::i in.iii
s(|uaivs.
AiiiKX,. inlii 'n
r siiiii'ii
I
III,
Its piinii'-
ll hli/riiii;
jiu
r,,l-himili,l iii'i-r mill
kiiiirkLhuius. 'i',i,i;iii. III
.
Til,
ihi.
Iiir.
\jili iliiiiiih, r.
liiiri
.
I,
,1
f ni
I
sin.u'le
The
nun
mu
purl
iiiul
hmkni mill
ni!
Ill, .
,1/
/Ins, nil.
.','.>:;.
Iniiii
ti,
with
tiiiiii.isii
III
III,
mnii
m
\siiiti,- ,;i/>tii;
C,ii1,rinsli,,lli,
V
ilrmnr
lined a one end oieaeh box. I
llu-
boxes
die lhie\es'
Tutankhaimin.
wiiieh lia\e
(his
l
he
|
)ren(
mien are inscribed ab( I
i\-e
carlouches.
Carler associaled nine i\or\- ]da\in.i;-pieces and a sin.ude
knucklebone wilh ihe
of
ivory pla\ in.y-pieces and Iwo knucklebones
1(1
widl the second.
now warped and do
lirsl
box. and ihe
full sel
si
box.
tme of
mie dislance awa\
lii.
die i^ix lia> die soulli-
„
iii'iiiu riiir i/iiiililr.
two
ils
ijolied
Wiieereci Willi ca,r\ed
.
iii.e;
loins
and
poj)])y mollis
w
a decora; ive border.
nil
Theeffecl iscloselv .-imilar loihal of d;elarL;e.ivor\
veneered caskel no. olo
•
b.'d
described on
p.
liL'.
lirsl
l)ox
described,
is o|
surface
is
duided
inio
s(|uaivs. willi die lower surface similarh
,'!0
dnided lasl
jioor quail!)
local wooii. 'Idle
iiieans
b\-
iii)])ei-
gilded 'slucco' ribs
o|'
lor ihe L'li-S(|uare ,L;aine. |-"i\e S(iuares of lliis
surface
ups;
!lle\
Willi
uold
slill
reiain iraces oi hiero,L;i\-i)hic
would
ori,eiiiall\
mark-
lia\e been lii.uhlr>;h!ed
foil.
Carler assoiaaied
2(i
black-
and red-iianded
box, as well as a
i\-or\
pla\in,u'-pieces willi
lliis
wory knucklebone^,
lie al.so j)ro])osed :liat llie
pairs of i\or\- i-as!in,e-slicks lakin.y .\sia!ic
and Nubian caplues
belon,^ 10 111
a
as die
])ile
and black- and red-slained (or lieal-n-ealedl i\-or\. die decoralioii on each side consists of li\e ak.erna;-
1,1
,111,1
no!
ll
widl
len.u'd'.
ir.
ib.epari "]
of die (ira\vei>
was found m Annexe, in die same
reassein'Dled.
sled-moiinied
drawers
iisa..L;e oi:
ib.e exeei)ii..n
d'he core of the .uanie box. as widl die
h,K\ ,11-1
wid;
;ui!,
wesl I'orner of die
names
i\()r\ tfaiiK'-box (no. o9.'])
iiad sulTeivd mikii irom rou^i^h
oS.")!'!
(no.
and clutching the //c/iz-sceiilre. receiving a lollis Irom {^ueeii .\nkhesenanuin. who stands before him:
,iss,„-i,iti
i;mii, til,
i\(ii-y. is
now been
Iiii
Aiiii.x,
Ill,
piece of
ojiposile end of one of
wood and
lln^'
'('his elianiiiiisj; ,uanii--hu\, L'7."h-iii (1U;1!i|
sealed on a block ihroiie, wearin.t; die blue crown
in
'h"ir. takiii!;
niarkeii
ir,iiy
III
<;i.
Xiihitiii
si)eiiall\
small boiled di-awer, alsn i-arved Irmii a
earries an incised reijreseiilalion of tin
iheir illili'ici Tivii l>iiii:<
A
tiviii
irnry
limy nt
mill
mill
n
There are nu
surlaa's.
Idle
form of
(no. (iL'Od lUl pr
one of ihe box's drawers.
odd drawer
liiamber of die loinb
box similar
of
iwn
.yame', allhou.u'h !he\ are loo lar.ev lo
iliis
iiilo eillier
llie
jiair
(no,
liiiM
e\ ideiilK
found
in
llie
came from
.\ii!e-
a .uanie-
in si/e lo lliis i\oi-y \eiieered six'cimeii, ils jiair. One of ihe !wo sels of which Carler a,^soclaled wilh llie
and conceixably l)la> in.Lj-pieces
g I
wood and
bo.ard
ini,t;h!
mleiided for ihis niissin,u
obuM,
i\or\-
well
ha\e been
The
'musical instruments' recovered by Carter from
the
tomb are few
type: a pair of
pair of sistra. Eighteenth-dynasty
more to offer than to their ritual
and
this,
the presence in the
it
accompaniment
next
far
that
objects
owes more
any
desire that
function than to
in the
Egypt had
may be suspected
tomb of these
Tutankhamun should have
The
tfttffHWffHftffWlfHfflfffflfffffffffl'
number and conservative in ivory clappers; two trumpets: and a in
pleasurable musical
life.
Musical Instruments mmmmmmwmmmm^mnmmm)}wm}fn^viwmmm
ivory clappers (no. 620:13)
Found on
the floor of the Annexe, these arm-shaped
clappers measure
some 15.7cm
(G^in)
in
length.
Holes at the proximal end of each clapper were intended for the insertion of a cord linking the two
manner of castanets - though, as tomb scenes apparently show, the noise would have been produced by shaking rather than by controlled percussion. Each arm is rather crudely incised on its together in the
polished outer surface with an elongated cartouche associating
Queen Tiye with her granddaughter.
Meritaten: 'The great royal wife Tiye.
may
she
live:
daughter Meritaten'. Precisely why granddaughter and grandmother should have been the
king's
linked
in
this
way
is
presence in the tomb of
uncertain. The Tutankhamun is
clappers' similarly
obscure.
(Right) Pair of ivory dappers
inscribed for Tiye
and
Meritaten, pierced at one
end and with hands carved at the other.
(Below) Simitar clappers in use: a scene from the
12th-dynasty tomb of Inyotefiqer
at Thebes
(No. 60).
163
riic liimii)e'ts (nos.
17.))
.i()j4jj;,
:;!>
;;:rn >]i\ir. 'k:.
wri;
'irii
'liv M'.lur liin,
wri'r
1(:
ii'iil;
r(\-i
! liiniu-r. \\|-a;)|ir(i iillir,-;>l
ihc
runu-r
Ml'
ii\ci-l,-ii(:
wilh a
11,1,
,l;v>-o,h1
inlrn.dfi:
llir '.l:in
di-innion wiu-n
Tlu' ball and lube ui
la>hionfd
in
':::]'
m
'jir
li'
»,i-
u:
ilic
l-,im
liirni^had
\\a-
\\M.id,-n (iirc. jHTliaj)incla.l
iHil
ilic
sihcr
s(]uara lajo.
liilik-d
ilk-
•
warr
iixcrand Mined;
kmi>lic(l(liaiiicuToldhr bell i!>aild>a iiuTa
(iralh.
Tl:''
ilidsul iipnii !ri
III,
hilln!
r Iniiiiiiil iii:r
lllhiit till
h,ll,,:'!lu
!hi
!','.,
r,././i,
The
\rVh-.'\
i'l:
lim-
i-Hil-inri
lUrl'.r-
I'lll-j
lc;i\r-- ^uiti ".ir.iiii:^
])riiia;i-
i"'
mI"
>''ip;x-|-
im-lal
ilk i\\
ivr:ai:,uular iranu-
a
.]"\wy
'i-.r
my
Tui;;r:kl>
wa^
-UjH-i'ini-
aMmainir- a
-ivin'
Ix-lnrr I'lah
Ra-1 Inrakk.:;,
i\-;)-
ihr rn:n-f l-ku\;):ian parahcMn, allux
!runipr1
o.L'aniiii
lO.L'
\\a>
la-lai iiird
ihiakl.
will:
a
liniii
:)i-a/i-d.
inraiuk'i' imnl runnin.a llu- wlinia lanM;!: nf :hr 'i'"!
ball
''i
imir
imn ijclwccn luba
i-ivt-l
ainicaalad
lllaan^
i)\
nn ludiiHrac aiin>]-N bi'azrd nn a
"1
s,,ii,
'I'll,
o
i-a-cnaain
liaunpal iHilniv ni;liH
W
'irhpu-iT
liir iiu
;;r.(;
ii
ii:.
:hr l(i:u- (kx^raiiMr,
ka and
Aiiinr,
-l:"''
li-unipc;
lll'.i'
Mi;i-c(iiinrl\.
,i:uii:'^
aaaKim'al
Inniii
in UM-.
Mil llir \k\\ 1~ ii;;!-r(l,
!)"-<(: iiixiii '
pn-iiK
iii'-i
n; 'lie m-jkiJ.-
luii).
liu- liii'iT
m
ill
niMu;l: 'A [hr 'n
iK-nUii
'Mtnir.in.L; :l:c kir.,u"~ ]irri;Miiir!i nr.i: iiMinrii al:(Ti:;r,
:;.,i;
il
>il\-arHil(lri-lii,t;]\"aanii\ri-all laiiKlli"! .'if^.-iiiiia.
j!.'linl:
'
-l;r
:l;r
;i'
iiiTi,
:,i
iwiipiacfs Iniin haniiniTad.-hai-: iiiaiak
llu-adKi> au! i)\
vi-.
lriini])ai
and paniird
pinU'c;
111
iiania.t;"f iir
in-
ihr i-(.nirni-
l-;aali
'a:;!,
;);m"
•!,
.;i'i
;i:.-i
':i\-r,/,
'V
•
Clinmuii":
ilk- Hiiniil
all.
n,
:;',
;,'
Irniii ;l;r Ai;:ici:;:i:,:H
ii-rii-, 1\
AiiiiThanilHT will;
wiKiiki! liM\
rM|j|xT
Ml'
A rn(;
ir.
r-ilni
;;i.ii
^)(l^,l;l
(rlci-.iiini?!
.l(:-;iilii\
run
I'lriiund
than
r-aai-l
lubaand
ilk'
hci\Vf\tT,
aOt'iii
i
if
a
a
'A
'mn;. pa~-ad
~Kx'\r,
'IT.a
(•k-i':ninid-'i
iir.n
.^ulri
~ini]jk-
xwr
'.lir
rr.d nf -k.r
bi'a/i-d l^l'alpll^lIMn. Willi a ((,
L'liiin,
silvai' six-aiiiu-n:
\W
irunipa!
iha dianialai-
i> >li,ahll\- lai'.mT. al
uiha
rk-airunii'i
aniii
abmil 9ani
i> nl'
ki;,L;":l'.
>liMr'fi-
dk- ball.
id-ir.i.
Tlk-
;
!(i
ihai nil
-Ik- >il\"rr
inmipr;, wiaiii >lki\\> dir blua-
iilhy Iniiiilht ih
ai'dwnad
'rinankhaaiuin.
ik.a
i;od
I'lah
Ix-hin.d,
receiving the
ankh
('life')
from Amon-Re, behind
whom
stands the falcon-headed Re-Horakhty. The physical differences between the trumpets
indicate that, though pair.
two
in
number, they are not a
the two occasions they times - the silver trumpet
As became apparent on
were played
in
modem
BBC broadcast of 1939 (by Bandsman Tappem, with a modem mouthpiece inserted), when
during the
it
shattered; the copper (or bronze) trampet in 1939
and 1941 (on the last occasion without a modem mouthpiece) - both instmments are tuned differently.
The noise they produced was characterized by Hans Hickman as 'raucous and
the musicologist
powerful', recalling 'rather the timbre of a medieval
trombone or primitive hom than that of a trumpet or comet'. In the case of both trumpets, the higher
range was achieved with such difficulty that it is unlikely ever to have been used, while the lower range
is
decidedly poor both in quality and strength.
One may
conclude, with the musicologist Jeremy Montagu, that the middle range achieved during the experiments was that for which the trumpets had and from this that 'the Egyptian been designed military trumf)et signal code was a rhythmic one on
a single
pitch'.
The
sistra (nos. 75-6)
(Above)
though differing slightly in size (51.5 and 52cm (20^ and 20iin) high), clearly represent a pair. Each has a wooden grip of facetted section, surmounted by a
The two arched
sistra, or ritualistic rattles,
which
slots the shaker-loop
three serpentine rods
and three sets of three
cube-like 'capital' into
with
its
square jangles. The heaviness of this unique design is relieved, though only marginally, by the gold leaf applied to the gessoed
wooden
grip.
nantly a female instmment, with the burial of a king. sistra
It is
little
moments
relevance to
possible, therefore, that the
from the tomb of Tutankhamun were not
part
of the funeral equipment proper, but instmments
employed during the burial ritual and abandoned on the Hathor couch at the time the tomb was closed.
.-f^lR^^i-
before
during the
it
shattered
BBC broadcast of
1939. (Left)
The gilded sistra of
wood and copper alloy (nos. 75 6). These had perhaps been used in the ritual associated with the closing of the
That the two sistra were functional instruments and not merely funerary models is indicated by wear on the inside of the arch. The sistrum is predomi-
Bandsman Tappem
playing the silver trumpet
tomb
(Below)
in
1323 hc.
A scene from
the
small gilded shrine (no. 108),
showing Ankhesenamun presenting her husband with a broad collar, to accompaniment of a
shaking sistrum.
the
Writing Materials and
Equipment Arrnrdiiiu biTaiiic
ihc I'vi-aniK! Tcxi-.
i.i
sri-ilx' In
ihc
a! leas! in pai'l. \\ii\Ix-fii l)iirii'(l
wfi-fiKiU-d
liiic pi-ii
oS7.
111.-
ill I
I
(iin, j'Tlcllll,
\m Mr
liac;
\\'lii!(.-.
8:1.8,7
paint .-labs
made Irnm
a
(11(1.
red.
liiDi.
p.
87).
:!2m.
;i>
wi'il
\-i-llii\\.
])(ilslii.T(.i (11(1.
tin- lUirial
,'!ii71
r..
a
!\\(i \\"ritin,i,f l:^lll^ (ii(i>.
a inii-nishci- (nn. 271k).
(nil-. ()1?():82
bciKilcd. irom I
1,
in shell.< Iniib. (i2(i:7;i
linicsliiiu'
ciiniaincr
L'?!!). L'7ic(2i,
L'lij!,
(yndl
9:;,
])iKnu'nt> (black.
andt-akcs alfd
Cant-rdio^.
1)>
and
nmtaint'd
(ir:;:!;
iii
Willi ruianklianiur.. l-'mirU'fi': palciir^
case
:!9S).
ilir kn;,<;
Tlii> lirlj)> In r\])la!i\
.-unuui; wialiii.yi'quipiiiti',;
r)S:)bl). (y():,Si-)
lll'r.
\"ari(
>vin-,t;u(l.
(II-
a.-
blik'l.
lump-
in
and Inur indur.\ii
(/^//ziK'painl
17,7(1)
may
Chamlxi"; wiiik'iKi.
1
alsd
17e. a
Paletlcs and jiaints Tiir palriu-- wti-c nrjii' Kii,t;"!ll nl' iii
w
ui k:
seclinn. wiih a sloi
rusli
and
ix-ii~
iiia'aTial. i\-r:ar.milar
sui-iace liiix-ccu ftlii-
hi'ushi-> waib. tb.cir ~haipl\
l\nnTar\
iiiijdfi>,
mu-
ivc iwri-d
llit-
iniiucini.t;-
dirr,
dia;
]x'li(.-\i_-d
inipk'iiu'ms
acuialh-
iillu-i-
ilic 'aip
in ^ia^.- (nn.
])riid.iK\-d
LarUT
ii:
Inini
(llfriii)l
,i;T
caiiicr.
-.aleii.
bearin.i;"
llit-
cxaiii;)!!/
wi-inn.t;
ui'
'\'\\:;\>ux\
\\a>
nf ihu kini;'.
Tin-
\Vx-
ijrualu prii]XT:\
]);ik-Ht.'
an
I7'.k-ni (lii;iiii Icni;-!.
fnnii bn.x im. 7'71. incluck-d
.t;T(iiip.
nv
rii:
end-. Alilmuuli M-wral -H :lir])alri!fs
,i;vnd\- liu-wtt! \\ci\' siilid
:ra(ii;i'ii;ai IvuA'iv.iai; t\-])c: a
nr xnik-
small
a.
kiii.y'-
n'lii.^kni
m
naim-
n-
tonii.and aiKidin-df ickiiiu'al k'li.mh
111
! I
small
pit.'a'()(
t'i"ib;il
'cDist'i
slDijifd siindsldiic, ]X'iii;ipssi.Twd
a>a
bi.-ariii,y"
i\"i)i-\-
du-
naiik-
(.'(ikiui's. I'cd )iii(l bl;i(,'k.
(if
lia\-iii,u
Ixvn
in
u>ed7
bndi Tin.-
sIkav i-xadfix-f
i.':iscs
wrilin.u
a>S(.'mbla,i;f
and
iiiLiudes a six-ciacular rush aistMil'.yilck-d
wood.
,'!(icni
((.
liu
111
Tlx-
Tiit;inkli,amuii
Ifii.uih.
a
inlaid
iollipnixsliaix-d
'lxap\a'usburnislii-i-7 l(i..7aii ((>^in) long, ot i\(ir\,i4"old,
and wiial Carter
i\"or\-
(diameter KklVni
same
outlit.
reet;iii,i,'ul;ir
top and
ot"
((>iinll.
|-!elon.t;iii,i;
to this
and h'om the same chest. w;is a box ol' i);ip\rus decorated both on its
h-oiital panel.-
|)reseiice
and
ideinilled as a water-dish of
.\mon-Re
.:^'^:^
with scenes
ol"
the
kiii.t,'
;ind Re-I lortikhty.
)iiid
in
the
I'tali
with the unwrapping of the royal
mummy,
an example of the "Book of the Dead" discovered'.
The
will
closest that the excavators
were traces on the fragmentary 'ritual
mummy .
.
.
least
"at
came
and
of a small
be
ver>'
written in white linear
hieroglyphs' (perhaps no. 256ii). Although this
was
(L\/'t)
Hniihily painted scene
of Tiiliinklumiuii before Hall, the
fidiliL'SS
Sakhmet
Ik'hmd: detail fnim a simple
papyrus box dm. 271a) as.'idcuiled leritiiifi
lath the king's
equipment.
decayed and disintegrated to allow of practical here and there names of gods, such as Osiris and Isis, were with difficulty decipherable.' t(X)
conservation,
It
and Sakhmet. The box carries an impression of sealone hoped, upon opening it, to find type N (p. 94); '.
.
.
writing, perhaps a specimen of the boy's
some
calligraphy: but
it
was void ...
of
any form of
proved the
.
.
.
final
disappointment: Tutankhamun's
papyri were written off as a dream, and Egyptologists abandoned the chase. Had no papyri been buried with the king?
Or had Carter and
simply misdirected their search (see
his
team
p. 129)?
Despite the disappointing lack of papyri, a great
document'.
number tomb -
Inscriptions
of inscriptions
were recovered from the
indeed, most of those objects offering a
in fact, was void of any significant document written on papyrus. In the early days of the discovery, hopes had been high that "among the documents which are expected to be found in Tutankhamen's tomb will be some that will afford an explanation of his reconversion to Amen wor-
sufficiently large surface carry a text of
ship, determine the length of his reign at Thebes, and reveal the real reason for the inveterate hatred
vessels.
The tomb,
some
sort.
These range from extracts from the funerary books, notably on the shrines (p. 1(X)), to longer or shorter versions of the titulary (p. 24) and more spontaneous texts scribbled in hieratic on the young king's boxes, box-labels, wine jars, boxed provisions and storage But about Tutankhamun himself, they
us disappointingly
little.
.
.
.
.'
Great excitement was caused by the
sighting, in the
Antechamber, of a 'box of papyri',
in
which the fevered imaginations of the Egyptologists at once saw significant historical documents and
unknown literary works; the excitement turned to dismay when the box was opened, and it was discovered that the 'papyri' were nothing more than 'discoloured rolls of linen', described
by the Daily
Mail (with some relish) as 'simply folded table napkins'. But hope continued to be expressed that.
'^.4h
^i^
left)
labels (nos.
Two wooden 620:96.
620:109). with hieratic inscriptions recording the
contents of the boxes to which they were once attached: 'gold rings'
which his successor, Horemheb, displayed towards
him
tell
(Below
and
'clothes'.
(Bottom left) The 'papyri' of box no. 43, which, on unpacking, turned out to be notliing
more
titan tightly
folded items of royal underhnen.
(Below right) The no.
54 ddd. with
lid
of box
black ink
docket mentioning the gold rings
it
once held.
-—
-^
J 167
i«t«ff«iMftfMfifititii«t«t«mt
A
uiiiii)ci-
Ml
ii^iiiic-
iaiiiil\,
'Heirlooms
ma,\
IP.
Ixms
rdnlaim-d. willi
.
'•<:!, ./ /frr,-,;, ;;
i-ojiii
i
n}n.
Anini;;;
'"
,','
'
'",;~'!''i
ijali-tu-s
MenlaUii, nl
,,•
:\:!ii,n_
llitrd.
,1
turn, luhi u
niinniinn r<,nin
Immliil
hiindi,
m
ii-und inn. rrjubl
tiuiilk icnip/iui
inu.::2iiri.
limn
icrnii-ci
hi
df
clf-ci'iljfd. llir iiiii>l
(^ucni li.uuru
'i\
Tiv-cV
hair
a ^(iiiallin.ij
dl"
hi- lialf->i>Ui>.
iJuTol.
al lca>l
a>
Mclu-laMi ami
Must
hi/Hiiiiini>.
Ml far a> the inscrilx-d niau-rial
is
would be Ix-tu-i" rharacu-rizi-d a- (jdd> and ends drawn Iii,i;vlhc]- a> i-t'(|uin-d h-imi \-aniius riiiu'iTiu-d,
o,l,i,d U'nn,Ill!
Till,, in
1)c
lo(•|^
]xiulaiil
nia\" alsu Ix- n-Karcit-d
^
mnu:
ihc llii-
^
^
the
:hr nival
':^VKl^'^^n^^"!t^"'.^:t^^^ i\iir\
pinvh riuiaJK \mn:\\ auslnii! nwv i\]-A~
',//.;i '/«;;;,/ /..(/
'/;i/";r'
i<\
prii'Dablclha; rciali\cl_\- few oiju'cis
is
Ii
ihu -irii'lol scum-
apijan-m
inMffnnTTffrr»»!rrrfifrmmi7nm»mmyy'""nTn»frfrr»nr!fifinMiin
ur nniii:)rr>
kin,t^>
uhk'fis which Laru-r i-alhcr 1
ik'ii-ln(ini>'.
'
iit)H-c;> Ironi nil' tniii!) iji-u"
1)1
t-arliti"
llnwani laricr
ri
mid
i\"al >li irt-s
iIk lu.yh. if
m
i,
a di-lilx-rau-
sif;
mi;
i
if
l
lit-
material might be detected. The almost total absence names (Nefertiti and Kiya - if the latter was indeed the mother of Tutankhamun) is of certain
especially striking.
Many
of these 'surplus' funerary objects
more, one suspects, than can
now be
far
recognized -
had originally been prepared for the burials of Amenophis IV-Akhenaten (at Thebes) and of Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten. The majority of these pieces were fully reinscribed for their new owner, though in a few cases the original name can still
be discerned beneath the palimpsest. Contrary from the tomb
to popular belief, there is nothing
inscribed
with
the
nomen
of
Ankhkheprure
Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru.
o
(Left)
When unwrapped,
linen bundle (no. 320c)
found to contain (above) a solid gold image of a squatting king with bead collar
and
tasseled
suspension cord.
the
was
'Heirlooms'
and Chariot Equipment
Chariots
mill Ivuvpi
lr,li-(i(liK't'<:
\mmmmmm}}\mwmmmmmmmm\yvmmw\mm
\
1\
\
I
11
1
h
^('
1)1^11
III
li
wn
hi
n/llu ivit'ii
111!
d
iiddi
ill
ssn
mill
iiild lik rrnii
illass.
i-i'iiliiiii.---
II
vc,
iitlu
/(;///
iidmil
a
vn-hd>iisl;i
ri
hiis
uf
iiriii
11.1.
riiyiil
llii
pn
nib
1
bm di m
1
I
the
111'
'rmaiikli-
\-i'liick->
iiul aiiiillu'i"
U)
(liiii
littiiiKS
1
I
1
were
from
llif
lngi^'llu-r willi
in llit \ alk'\-
III
\iiU(-li
tli(
and and are
rt-lifis
(if
and
a
I'ra.u-
the KiiiRS
in inkhaiiiun yielded
ml lakh iimlsdf uni)ai"alleled lu
iihi
liei ui\
sawai through to enable
a
iiarniw- eiirridin- into the
iiiiiiiiii.
I'.iiyjdimi liiiii'iut.
Till
ill
t
\'(-T\"
nipli-U'
uii(_(_
Ihehuiiil
nd
t
i\
wall
n
l
lur
fiaiiid
at
the
mibiraiid twiialiiiiKthe 1
nil
had had
its
axle
fiirmiiinitiiisi
rniiciii'iihly
/
I
w
n nil /)(
llifi
lid
iiehtu
Tin llhdalliuil
Wfdiai-i
nipklL
i\ e
uf ranuliiiii mid
rishi inlay f
rnlniind
m
ti
11
bank'.
III'
ihi't'DiTfSiiiiiidfiice
III
(-
liflcl
(l\na>ty,
(II-
liu\ul\
hi
iiuKWwhm
nliir dioim!iiiii of
tw
III
m
)ti
l^lli
lit
wild
lllc kill!,',
iiK his bnw". Cliariiils
^il
III
mil
ind
1
u
(-(lIIiil
niLiil
liiiinat (Ilu. 122).
iii-st it.s
t^II\
ml)
1
w
II
ii(_
^\
1
iiK
iliiK llif III
I
nl
t
111 I
I
ml)
11
111
lit
dipl
I
mm
(1
w
I
II
\iiiiii t
1
111
ti
Ilu' tl
iiiuiii
IhtiiiUhn fuUinftlu hulk
iijpt
I
iiRnli
h \Mi
ilu-
lliniii^U-liiiui ill
1111(1
II
iiiiuii,,
]
ll\k>
iI'a-
ch.-iriiii
111
mil
I
Kill
i)\
ihc
III
it
tn Ix' brnuKlil
akmt; the
tomb, and each had been
as '
'riitmiklimiiiiii liiii.
i'lliiiii
'.<
122)
hruail. l)-.id ividily Iraii'id Ilu
rih
hai-l:.
irnnil ivitli
and
iir.
ivas
filmi.
iii
and list
'>'/«/(
.diiiivs.
at
iipcii
m
hi lit
Itatlur. tn.^itlur
tlabiiraUly cnnstriichd
ivliuls
livltli
niaih fur
ranliidi tyirs)
,!,'irat li,i;litii(ss
nnnlinal sarrinn
ui
sin
mill
/
n.ntli.
down into its eoiiiponeiit pans fur eompaelwhen stored. Thrown ab( ml when the tomb was nibbed, ;md niu.tiliK' handled when the burial was broken ness
confused and j^reearidus heaps into which these pans had been tlimwn were a nii;littidied up, the
inare to untan.tjle. ti\"e
work.
bled
I'or
Ikil.
after
much
delicate preser\"a-
li\e of ihe six charints could
display
reconstructed
it
in
was
the
Caini
be reassem-
Museum. When
possible to see liow" markedly
they differ in points ofdetttilaccordin.si; to the roles for
which
The
first
with a
Ix'iit
the\"
\":irious
had apparenth" been intended.
of the chariots (no, 122)
wood body.
l.dL'm (oil
is
constructed
liini
wide
tiiid
11m (It't ,'i^in) deep, partialh" tilled with a thin wooden sheet. The frame is stren.uihened at the h-ont with an additional top-rail, the space Ixlween it and the b()d\- decorated in openwork with a siiiii-tiiny (union of the two lands) SN'mbol llanked b\- capti\es. d.
The main
body are
outer and inner surfaces of the
gessoed and overlaid with gold which
is
further
embellished with bands of brightly coloured glass
and stone
inlay.
The
and outer panels with a winged solar
central inner
are decorated in raised relief
first.
Here again, the entire surface
is
covered with
gold and highlighted with coloured inlays. running-spiral
The
decoration of the outer body
is
by a
vertical panel decorated with plant
motifs, at the top of
which
is
a 'heraldic' panel
nomen
containing the cartouched prenomen and
Behdet),
which hovers above the king's prenomen, nomen and the name of Ankhesenamun. On the lower part of these 'heraldic' panels, two rekhy thirds
by his Horus name in a serekh. The entire inner surface of the chariot body
(representing the people of Egypt) adore a djed-piWar
central
in
a sma-tawy motif.
An inlaid wedjat-eye roundel is
covered with
relief decoration, consisting of
a
sma-tawy emblem and bound captives, dominated at either edge by a standing royal sphinx. These, the two finest vehicles recovered from the tomb, Carter identified as the king's
Arthur Mace and
II.
tomb of
stabilizing the
surface of the second 'state chariot' body (no. 120).
of
the king flanked on either side
is
left)
laboratory in the Setlios
interrupted
falcon (identified in the inscriptions as Horus-of-
(the Osiris Tutankhamun) flanked by ankh-signs, while, below, foreign captives are shown entangled
(Above
Alfred Lucas outside the
(Above) Gilded Besmask uilh richly inlaid headdress: from the rear siding-frame of the
second
cliariot (no. 120).
'state chariots',
present on either side of the outer body.
The axle, 2.3m (7ft 6iin) long, the greater portion which was still attached to the body when found, was decorated with inlaid gold bands; the wheels, removed from the axle when the chariot was placed
(Left)
in the
tomb, are of the
variety, like all the
later,
Bound Nubian and
Asiatic captives modelled in
of
relief on the gilded interior
the
second
of
'state chariot' (no.
120). (Below) Detail of the
composite, six-spoked
relief.
Tutankhamun specimens. The
pole of the first chariot, heat-bent from a singk
length of straight-grained
wood and embellished
with gold, attaches to the main body
beneath the rear floor bar,
is
in
a socket
held in position b\
lashing around the frontal floor bar, and
is
further
supported by two strengthening rods connecting to the top
rail. It
artificially
connects with the two-horse yoke, of
bent hardwood overlaid with gold and
with calcite terminals, at
pegged and lashed
The 120),
its distal
end, where
it
was
into position.
basic construction of the second chariot (no.
2.89m
(9ft 5^in) overall, is
similar to that of the
i'J^-^'tg^SSamimmltimSiJtmlii^mf^
171
nrniiMntrUd
iRiiiiili Til, Inlllill
iiihh
ImirUud "/'(
;;
inn. Hi!
,-ili,l-l,,t
Illi
I.
and limn with
I'lhid
hKiiliiii;
siiiiiin miiiii
and ccrenKinial
chariot (no. 121 till'
and
cnilx'llislu-d
hi.uhly l)aradt'
use.
found
1,
f(|ually la\asli ihird
willi ils ])ok' still atltichfd in
the Antccliamlx'r. perhaps
soiitlietisl i-orntT ol
falls into
Thf
iur
inlfixk'd
priniariK'
the sanu' cali'^orw though the ftiicslralcd
sidf ptuifls of this vehicle, which were e\identl\ leather, hti\e hti\"e
now
deca\-ed.
The original
effect
ot
would
and second thou,L;liaspreser\-ed the appearance is one
been
chtiriots
siniihir to that of the lii>t
of dra,y"on-ll\' li.uhtness no! dissimilar to that of the iIh Iniv
ivddl Oirld'^ sh
(iiid cniiiiihiils
hndv rannii.i; .
rhiinats
"'"'"
""
I
(III
hallur
till
iif llu
Irli
ii/tli
and
(n,is. :;:rd. :::;::i
fourth I'hariol (no. Kil
Tile
llnlini-)
nnimilii
III
die
man nd diinii" rliiirano
at'
.\iiiiiialiiiis III
Cniii I's
III
nn.i.
I'll,
,;,nil,l,.x,-aiislnirli,ai,a.-^i,rli
'"'"''' i.ili-,aia i,,r III,
'«'«""/""/e'/W»; ami dinwidl la sjilill liar, and nalin
am llu iliiiui, max
lainaniik a.vl,
.
fxlindyifnl h,
,i,
t'^''
I
strui'ted.
re.Lfarded Ijy Carter
laiiih ,a
III,
'"
,as
liuntin.L; \-ehicles.
\\asesseiui:ill\" undecor.aled thou.uh
pa„,.]s
\^.Mh^.,
of the r.ather
i,,
bodv
the
Tile
in tliectise
sixth chariot, here.
coloured and decorated'.
aiiv
Related equipment With both
.!i;roups
nititeruil,
wood were ,\niliciall\'
of chariots
TwelNC
one
present bent
iiilo
an
was
\"oke
('ound
.a
mass
by which the
of
saddles of gilded
p.air
to
in\ cried
each ch.anot,
I'-shape,
these
saddles were surinouiited by a re(Tshti|)ed knob
saddle was lashed
to the
ol
\oke
lower end of eacli terminal of yoke saddle was inleiided lo .accommodtite llie h.arness straps. The leather of ihe htirness had
proi)er, .A hole in the
the
e\-erywhere dectiyed
liliiiker> ;nid
(iios,
iu>t o\-er
spiked
^j^
loil
ajipluiut's
wimit had
b.
l.lL'a
(fii.'^ini
.also
Ten \iiecls wooden rods,
bosses.
c, d, eti'l
L'fll lon.i;,
if.
disi'iis
liridle
Ih2,
witli
.a
central, co])per-
fonned ])an of the
chtsriot
^
'^'^'^
'
O-j.^^
i
^^^
'.-';
'
.C
(due
lo
the
beNond saKa.ue
iiiterniiltent
into a
;
lil.ack,
humidity) .udutinous
•'"'.,..-1 ,;^;
lirsl
The ordinal
sides.
more ehiborale
aci'ordin.e; toC.arter, hi,t;hly
I'alcite
sc\"er:il
rowels'
with remains of
presence of simihir side ptinelsw-tisn,, led
rehited
thcuoid
.'-k!L')
.
iia.-iiiHntan-flmnutudud
of i)arts mtikiii.t; up Tut.ankliamun'> and sixth (no, :!:i,'!)chaiaols w.as found .,. '-«'sur>-. Onlv no. .>,!., has been recoiiMoth were li.uht in conslruclioii and a.Lfam
taii.ule
hflh (no,
as
^
exercisin.n- purposes'.
hunt in,u or
man'." of
lint
once decorated the bridlery were reco\i-red. a> well
\-ehiele with,
'of ,,,
prolxiljK- for
I'li'-'^'i''.^-
an iindecorated
wooden Ures characterized 1)\ Ctirter more oiteii ,,. li.uiiter construction
hard-\vearin,!4
as a curricle,
I,
mas>,
V
^^.
(Above)
A
wooden
blinkers (no. 122i>
pair of gilded
tdth glass inlaid wedjat-eyes.
from
the bridle
of the first
'state chariot' (no. 122).
(Left)
Tutankhamun
in his chariot:
a
at hunt
detail
of the
king's ostrich-feather fan (no.
242). The charioteer stood on
a
leather thonged floor
covered uith a rug of animal an skin or tufted linen elastic footing
more
made even
effident by
a flexible
and by
yoke-pole
the
placement of the axle at the
harness, originally attached to the reins to distract a
formed part of group no. 333 from the Treasuiy
quarrelsome male team. Four objects identified by
inscribed for 'The king's son, the troop
the excavators as fly-whisks (nos. 148a-c, 168),
Tuthmosis,
0.35~<».43m (1ft IJin-lft 4|in) long, inally
that
hung from
no
bits
the horses' sides.
were foimd;
It
perhaps
may
orig-
be noted
their metal content
had
evidently proved too great a temptation to the
tomb's ancient plunderers.
Three whip-stocks (nos. 50ss, 122u, 135cc) were found among the chariot debris in the Antechamber. The first of these, 0.503m (1ft 7fin) long, of ivory
mounted with gold, electrum and
silver, is inscribed
prince
is
who
repeats
uncertain; he
life'.
The
rear of the body. .
It is
commander,
identity of this
may perhaps
as easily be a
son of Tuthmosis IV and younger brother of III as the elder brother of Akhenaten. A fragmentary whip-stock said to come from the tomb, of painted ivory, takes the form of a galloping horse (not numbered in Carter's sequence). One fragment of linen housing or trapper was
(Below
left)
Carter's
reconstruction drawing showing the arrangement of the yoke and yoke saddles.
Amenophis further,
recovered (group no. 332/333), parallel
its
only possible royal
being a fragmentary example recovered by
with the titulary of the king, 'who appears upon his
Carter from the
team of horses as when Re ascends ..." A fourth whip-stock, 0.51m (1ft 8Jin) long of wood, gessoed and gilded, with a bronze tip and marbled glass knob.
46526).
A
tomb
of
Tuthmosis IV (Cairo
CG
crescent-shaped piece of coarse, folded
(Bottom
left)
rowels' (nos.
A pair of 'check 152a
b) from
The lower on shots resting upon the
the Antechamber.
specimen in situ
may be
that seen
seat of one of the folding stools (no. 83).
(Below right)
A fanciful
reconstruction drawing by
linen (group no. 333) has been identified as part of a
Carter showing the harness
neck strap.
of one of the chariot-horses.
i««t(««ini«MHt«tti«t<«i««iitiif«t(ttMifll)«t«lfttft)f««ittf)if«t««f(tf)«««tffl«fimttft«IM
Weaponry mmvmimvmmmmm^mmmmwmvmvm^mmv Tiiiankliaiiuiii
was
sui'
a k-allui" ciiii-ass
ai'iiuiiii'
and
\\]\h
iiu'ludin^y
a
,i;"ii(id
daKK<'i"s.
ijuncci hnih wi;li
i-anyi-
of
>v.iirds,
The niainnly
liHind.
InniTai') in
Fn.in
Aiihauiinlky:
(iia,L;in
ol
,11
durin.i;'
ni'dclcn-
slackis
wcajiurs
arrii\\>.
nii'nw-
no l)auk--axc>- wcrt-
dicsr
and. Id jud.uc
a iiunibn' ina\- well liaxa-
III,
iiciiir-
ii.ylii
(il'[rii>i\c
bnw^.
slui
ii:,h.ii-i
and
].)it'Ct's
wt-n-
ikip,-
li'nni ihfirsniaill >izt',
Ijei'ii
used
1)\-
ihi-
kuvj:
his lilfUiiU'.
•^gi.
till
Miliiiil.unl' iiikI lips,
mid
tirnduhonjhk dmnvlul r,,)iil
hnirs
liiiis.
JSiill.
'bbf kn^yt-s! ymiii])
Archery equipment
which was
iil
wcapunrx
/'
I
lie
hdws and llu'v
(k'Si,L;ii
arrow
(if
aiTiiws uxciU'ti supri'nir iiiUTcsl. In
arc nol unlike the oiawnuiinal
bnw and
nuKlt'rn. nnii-s. Ihii \hv\ dis|.)la\ a reniarkabli-
iiiKi-nuity and thuruUK'bnfss m amstructKnr II was lliat they had bcin jjlact'd in die tmnb wnli Tuumklianien tn assist Ins ancitut .\kiicsty in amiliatin^t; any cnnnifs wild na,i;lu atli_in|)l In rrlard las pniyriss
apijarcnt
frum this wiirkl
Clearancf
bit-
il
cniraiicc
o mridli n"
brdiizf aiTiiwhfad lyTdii]) no.
brokfii
b\"
ilif
chamber, which bows. 2
b sell
with
lealhei'l
Burial
to dii' next,'
i
roblxi's h"om itsell
(.|ui\"ers
and
1
12
Chamber were
Tutankhamim
Object
5
Boivs
inscribed
ihi-aiX'hiTy tanl
;)i"(
ihc idiiib.
idiiia'd
lj!ii),
arrows
oiid in
a siiyuic
ol
those
tin-
.\nu'-
produced lb coiiijxisue bows, (both ol linen, one reinforced
arrow> or arrowheads, a further in self
arrows, while the TreasuiA Ihiily 'l'ihi:i'(il'h
is
loiind scallcrnd thnuiydinul
IS/i.
wooden bow case
hi the
bows and
L'd
\aelded an elaborate tiio. .'lilbi
l.,!.'!!!!
ir.
,~)f;
i
at least
one
bow of this type was among tribute sent
by the Mitannian king Tushratta Amenophis III.
The longest of the 14 ordinary or tomb (one of which had been
the
to the court of
'self left
bows from unfinished)
exceeded the length of the English long-bow - 1.9m (over
6ft).
The
long.
The
material of these
scientifically
shortest
measured 0.67m
(2ft 2tJin)
bows has never been
examined.
Of the arrows from the tomb, all but 21 (which were constructed entirely of wood) had reed shafts (where examined, Phragtnites communis, van
isia-
made fletched (feathered) and with wooden nocks. The tips are of various specialized shapes, made from wood, ivory, bone, bronze, stone or glass. The wood employed in the construction of the cus),
arrows, which vary in length between 0.145 and
0.95m (5f and
37tin),
has not been analyzed.
Slings, throwsticks, and leather, with marquetr>', bark, faience and gold-leaf decoration, containing three composite bows. The Annexe, where so much of the king's weaponry had been stored, produced a white-painted bow box (no. 370), 1.67m (5ft 5Jin) long, 16 composite bows and fragmentary bowstrings, a self bow, 295 arrows and 4 bracers(?) to protect the inner arm from the released bowstring. Seven of the composite bows from the Annexe had been stored in the bow box, together with some 254 arrows, and it is likely that long, covered with linen
the rest of the archery material
chamber had shared the same
found
in
boomerangs and
clubs
Among the miscellaneous weapons of sport and combat found by Carter in a large wooden box (no. 585) in the Annexe were two fragmentary slings of finely plaited linen-cord, each fitted with a pouch for the missile (a rounded pebble, several examples of which were recovered from the floor debris) and a loop at one end for attachment to the little finger. The type is one which has continued in use down to the present century - one correspondent was to draw Carter's attention to the similarity
between the
Two clubs and a boomerang from the large white bow box (no. 370). (Above)
(Below)
One of the two
wooden 'snake batons' (nos. 620:11-12) found on the Annexe floor. A fowling scene (bottom), from the Theban tomb ofNebamun (No. 146), shows a similar weapon.
this
origin.
The powerful 'composite' or 'compound' bow - a laminated weapon consisting of a wooden core backed and/or faced with sinew or horn and wrapped in bark - was, like the chariot and the khepesh-sword, an Asiatic import of the Second Intermediate Period and in frequent use during the
New Kingdom.
Before Carter's discovery of the
tomb, only 10 weapons of this type were known.
Tutankhamun's impressive collection of at least 29, and perhaps 32, composite bows is thus the largest extant. The king's bows range in length from a childsized 0.34 to 1.4m (1ft Ifin to 4ft 7in), and showconsiderable variation in their individual structure.
examination
Scientific
employed
to
manna ash
(F.
shown
has
be ash (Fraxinus
sp.), in
the
omus); the bark, although
been positively
identified,
may
wood
one instance, it
has not
be birch or cherry.
Like other composite bows, the
Tutankhamun
specimens are elaborately decorated and frequently inscribed. The best of them is the gold-sheathed and gold-granulated 'Bow of Honour' (no. 48h) - des-
cribed by Carter as a 'work of almost inconceivable
which was found with a number of other staves laid on the bed no. 47 in the Antechamber. In the inscriptions of this bow, the name has been rather clumsily altered from 'Ankhfineness',
bows and
kheprure'.
As
the
Amama
correspondence reveals.
175
;!!>"
-..
ihc
Ill
'UllLjic- Ml" M:i!;:',a_
Arii.n'iKi; 'i.L;ir:rr.
ani^K'd
mil.
li
;l;r !)
;ir;('
n[ iiinriMir lr-~ l,'Hila>;ic li>riii
and
line la^lii'
,'17ll.
(Iflin^
!l.|u]-
r\ii;iliMii
111
iiin>.
iiL'(i:l
v\M. id naiipt-d
w
)f ilk-
liilal..'l
and
'rhc\-
a
linol lunclli
and
Ahnni
11, r,,
,1,1
da
'h
and Irmn
\W
(lrhi"i> nii
wrll kiKiwii fnnii
hnw
III
iiial
Tulaiiklianiun's
sprfinicn
i
>!
\\,
iiiMTihi'd lor 'TIr'
wt-re fimnd with ol
ih'cjili I'litiiiilduiiiiiin II
lii'ii: ,1
I'l
y, iihiiiiii!.
up,nn'nrk<',,i,hln,i:ihl,i
die pri lirrlik'S
hanlwoiid
III"
painlrd
in
il
\\
mi
li iii
wrrr
biHiiiifraii,L;>
,\'\
.
,u"<
t-iv lar
,,\
nn
ire
wi
.".li?
VI],,
1
liic nl
(
a
i>
ild-i'appcd al
.Xiincxr
wilh
]),,\. ^v.,,,
(i7!l i:i
^imd yod. lord uf
llii'
cnNt'i-fd
i
nmi rnd
mh-
ilic
lliHir.
liL'ii:
'rwo In1
7il
'riifniainriu
rkmanlikr
>n"ii)> ol
\
ilic
I'lali, sniiili ,a
al!aii>,
hirch :)ark m"
pol\iiironu-. l.cn.ylhs waricd
oxcriik'nilKh;
(H ilnlnia lliaiV'ir.kallui-
,i
ihc rliainin-i" llnnr.
liAslin.i; si'cncs.
Lands. .Xrhkhcpruri', bcluvfd
>,.,-.
i.
Irum imxi-
wairiiio. (yO:d):u\iisiiiiilari'\anii)lcsiii()>. Aiiii.x,
:)'-\
.\iinr\i'>i)fiiiiHii>. llnaurcalcrniiinijcrliad
included iwii'snakt'-hainns'liins,
l\'|i(.'
i-rni
iiii
ijinHviilr-
ihdu.uii iiiluT> wci'r rrCH\-frrd (iii7.
:ia-' i'.
Wnl; -i;,and ,L;iidr(;
in a :>ii\
ijccn llirown iniiia lanur \\liiu--])ainlfd .'1701.
)
-'u-i'.
lllr ,\ll!ll•\^
H'l.
1
.;
,':i
'inii'lr
im
1
-
.
.Xiincxc
ri-ni\ii"i.-d Innii llu(
(
im
Ai-rc rni
,m-SM'((i
'hc^r
i|'
all
i,\
Idund
laiciin-.
ill;
.Xiiu-iiianiluT,
ilic
ir.
iyn:l
li.
lu.i ~])c(iiiuii>
n|'
wm idi
am: alllnim
11(1. (lIlV,
'.'•,
r'
priiiiai)!'.
^'lIlltllunll)^l>:
l^Pdll]!
'1
m
.
i.a'
iii
iiuih ;>;«- la'
iil
:a^lan^k
irmri
iiii-ii
Iriuii 'lie hiiiili lln>. :l()7,
r\ani;ilf~
iii'idcl
:'
i'
1
w
!:' ii:
rnipln\-c(i lur I'nw imi;: ihr
\\;i~ ])riin:inl\
Ac'u.'il
d
inii'i;;i.L;
rcUirriHiilc
\\ ;ir
111
iVoiii 7'h..7 to
too\-cr:iriinl. wfiKlits Ironionidij^iiiio-
to;>i(izi.
'I'lir
,';70i
which
Uinii.-hcd
llir
bulk
also contained a
nuniber of pniiiiiixe hardwood
i\]H'
were
ov
riirxcd
>onic 7n-8,7i-ni ^^x\\) c,,w\\-(.\
>anic box (no.
of the kin.uV bo\\>. l)oonH'raii,t;>
oddl>
t'liili>.
111
andi
-trai,L;l',t
i-iid.m-1-like.
7,:;'ini lon.L;. >onir;iiiii> witli a
(L'7:
hiiTli hark. Dtlui" tiuii- of similar
LancrV .i^roirp iio. d(i7. ai.-o weapons were found:
loun.d anioiiLr
in ;h,e .Xniicxe. hi total. l.!^Ul^.
one
was
(no. ;;7ii1p
er.,ura\ed w
a standiii.u' bull.
itli
Twii decorated woockit maces
(no>. IMS.
L'o.'ll.
and .i^-ilded. had been piai-ed between the oulerino>t and >econd slirnio in the i'lurial Chamber. Th.e\ measure ShS and SlV'm i.'!!': and .Ljessoed
'.,,,
*.
lone rcspecti\el\
.'!l';inl
Armour The only Item of inn- body armour reco\eri'd lioiii tomb was a clo>e-!illin,u leather cuira>>. lound m
ihe
a crunipled-up -tate
described
the form of a
Irom
.
.
,
-hields, of
hei.Ltht
between
more
delicale
tlu'
ISiSbi,
S:i.,7
.71 (p.
and
t\pes.
Isiii.u
oi
Iiiiih.l;.
in
l,7:',i.
of
SlK'ni
„\
tile (7.1!;
.tiilded
beiii.t; 'of
of
:lie>e
larger
m
addition.
lran,i;in.i; in
and 7.7in) lliou.L;h openwork, were
ceremonial ]nirpo>e' ceremonial
-liields
as a sphinx iramiilm.L,' his enemies (no.
human form
/,//( /ii
.-//-sword (no. (L'^imi
is
ihick
seated upon his throne Inos.
or in
71cm
.\nnexe. h
scales
to;i linen basis, or
which four
The doi.uns
represcnl the
ol
.\nnexe pro(iuced.
le.uarded by Carter as onl\.
7iS7 in the
bodice without >lee\es.' Seical-o the
l>ox iio
Clearance of ei,L;ht
box
worked on
tinted leather
corslet
m
Carier as 'made up
1)\
smitiiiK
ti
lion
:!.7(i.
:!7;ial.
with a curved
The lour -mailer (about hmhland more functional shields honi :',7!tb).
31 .9cm (12iin) long,
was found
'tucked
.
.
.
obliquely'
under one of the narrow, chased sheet 'girdles' that surrounded the waist, 'the haft to the right of the abdomen, the point of the sheath over the upper part of the left thigh'. The dagger sheath is of sheet gold, its outer surface delicately inlaid with a rishi pattern
and
fitted
with a fennec- or desert-fox-head chape,
the inner surface decorated in repousse with an
energetic chase-scene
and
incised with the king's
name: 'The good god, lord of valour, Nebkheprure'. With its hardened gold blade, the ricasso elegantly chased with a palmette design, its elaborate grip richly granulated and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, the
weapon
is
a masterpiece of the
jeweller's art.
The second dagger (no. 256k) 34.2cm is
even more
to the
ratta
startling,
(IS^in) long
bearing a close resemblance
weapons sent by the Mitannian king TushAmenophis III. Buried in the mummy
to
wrappings along the right
thigh, this
dagger too was
contained in a sheet-gold scabbard, decorated on outer surface with a chased
rishi pattern
its
and again
terminating in the head of a fennec, the back with a vertical palmette design contained within a rope
Unlike that
border.
uninscribed.
of
the
first
dagger,
it
is
The weapon proper is fitted with a grip
closely similar to that of the first dagger, except that is fitted with a pommel of sparkling rock crystal. But only when the dagger was drawn from the it
the
Annexe
(nos. 488a, 492, 545, 566) are of solid
sheath
was
its
true significance appreciated: 'the
construction, covered with either antelope or chee-
astonishing and unique feature of this beautiful
tah skin. Each of them
weapon
is
decorated with a central
is
that the blade is of iron,
still
bright
and
panel of gilded gesso containing the prenomen and
resembling steel!' This metal, of Hittite origin and of
nomen
the greatest rarity and value,
of the king.
was destined to change
the world.
Swords and daggers Two characteristic New-Kingdom a type of Asiatic
The
first
origin,
kliepesh-svfords,
were found
of these (no. 582a)
made
in the
Annexe.
of bronze
and
measuring some 59.7cm (23iin) in length, was with a mass of sticks and staves in the southwest comer of the room.
It is
a heavy-backed, full-sized weapon,
handle and the grip inlaid with panels of ebony or
be 'more blow, loped.'
its
fitted for
it
to
a "crushing" than for a "cutting"
convex edge being only
The second
left)
A second
showing
the king as
a sphinx
trampling his enemies.
its
curious, sickle-shaped blade cast as one with the
some other, dark-stained wood. Carter believed
(Above
ceremonial shield (no. 379a), again of gilded openwork,
partially deve-
kliepesh (no. 620:52), recovered
(Above) The two bronze khepesh-swords from the Annexe, that on tlie left (no. 582a) a full-sized weapon, that on the right (no. 620:52) evidently prepared for Tutankhamun as a child.
from the debris on the Annexe floor, was in contrast a very much smaller weapwn, 40.6cm (16in) overall, again cast in one piece from bronze and with darkwood grips but lighter in weight and with a finely
edged cutting blade. As Carter suggests, it was probably made for Tutankhamun as a child. Two small (8.5 and 9cm (3^ and 3iin) long) gold amulets of kliepesh form were also found in the
Annexe floor (nos. 620:60-61). weapons buried with Tutankhamun were the two daggers found wrapped in with the royal mummy (p. 1 77). The first of these (no. 256dd),
debris of the
The
finest
Two daggers from the royal mummy, with blades of gold (no.
256dd) and iron
(no.
256k): after watercolours by
Winifred
M. Brunton.
177
Sticks,
and Fans
Staves
Sticks and slaves Tlu-
luiniliiT
III
lar\
('xani])k'S.
Chamber and thai 'The
slirk>
snnu-
'ruianklianiup.
Iniiii
llie
Annexe
k'd L'arler In S])ec'uk!te
ynun^'ruLankli. Amen nuisi waki^iii^"
wei'e
The
ihe
fnriiis
showed
will;
Ira.ijiiuiv
diu AiikHiianilxT. the lUirial
Man\"
h(i\\"e\"er.
and
cmiiijleU'
amaleui- eoHeelnr of iif
buried
slax'es
luitl
l.'io
slieks
lia\'e l")een
and
riluak
olearl\-
an
sla\-es'.
nlhers.
of use.
si,L;ns
t\'i)es:
'Inn.sj;
sla\'e>
with knobbed
and
Inrked tops and lerrulecl ends, crooked slicks, and cur\'e(l slicks lor killin,u
mounted with sold and ;i
Willi
II
m
liiiai;,
kllia nil Sinhh
One
I'
sluii.
.»
,0 "
II IS III
llh>ii;Jil In liiir,
hallirni
I'nI-lllllllinll.
llll
whhe
wood
left
A
,
J^'
iiuki
liSUem
(
111. II
iliiiii-ii
iKi'^hn
III
Irniii
iisi
:
l-lalitiiin slirks
till
tniiih ni
Ajiiniiiinsi l\n. I'.ilatriifha
kin.t;'
and mie L'n,""ia
1)1.
and
Imi.t;.
i^lain
but the
('.
i:
siafls. I
mie nf
lilirricin e:ii,i;"ie>
siiek sinnd nul L'L'fi.
ISklieni
A\'e wniidered win- such, an nrdinar\-
reed should
le.ijend
haw
been so richh niounled.
upon which Ills
written
solution: ".\ i^eed
own
ISa
i.-.
nf sih'er
One
irn'iii
inside die
extiuisile minialiire
1)\"
Inns.
iwn
1
panned, in
liii
uji
h"iim ihe rest b\' its stark simi.)lieily (no,
(71tin)>
it
,L;a\-e
the tnucliin.t;
Maiest\- cut with, his
hand".'
l>i till! iiniii
tiiiiih jiiiiiiliiii;
Imldiiiii
a stick
II
kiiiii
Ilk,
tlu
^nld
miirijiutry-iinlhlhslitd
nil,
t,,
riMlit iiln.
til,
111,1.
'I'll,
22yii
*
Til, hull
nf ii
iiiid
n,,l iiifli iiltid niiiiiiiiilly ivilli
(31tinll
surniounled
of ihe youn,u
iFiir ni;litl ihnltnlll In In/K llns. ."iS^f
eai)ii\e>
jii'iijiped
.i;i"'ii-i]i
(kiwi'Mifihe niilennnsi shrine wei'e
lliihnvl I'li^hlum sticks
^anld iiiniiiitidhdllinrkiiiifkh-
Ahaean and A>KHii-
widi amnher
llhlmi-i
diild-
tli,
iiiiili'liiiiii silvi
beaulilulK"
,UToup Inini the .Xntechtiniber included
skill l,nrj:i:>,L
II
Some
others decorated with
marquelr\' of btirks. or with the polished
plain'.
iMi.iirl
snakes.
silver,
represeiil
Ii"iini5i.").r> '.n
earwd and
Ijiinl wuli i'riHik>
in
(.'")liin)l.
kind's slicks and sla\es were of sev'eral
different
luui'siK-cinicnsraiiM'ii'.Kir. kiiud; (.'lii;
227, il
'^,ild-iii,,iiiit,d
,
f^
i
%
The enemies of Pharaoh: bound Asiatic and (Left)
Nubian
captives decorating
end of one of Tutankhamun 's more
the curved
elaborate sticks (no. 50uu).
(Right)
Head of a gold-foU
covered fan (no. 596a). inscribed with the cartouches
ofAkhenaten and the later name-form of the A ten.
"Such charming relics seem to elude time;
many
(Right)
have risen and died away since that fan in this treasury. Such a rare, but in many object provides a link between us and that tremendous past. It helps us to visualize that the young king must have been very like ourselves.'
Tutankhamun
civilizations
returns from the chase in
was deposited ways familiar,
triumph: the
tlie
reverse side of
Golden Fan
and (far
right)
(no. 242):
an ebony-
stocked fan (no. 245),
its
gold-foU covered 'palm inlaid '
Howard
Carter
Fans In a land as hot
and frequently
was a necessary
fan
airless as
Egypt the
piece of equipment, intended to
provide shade as well as a cooling breeze. Tutankh-
amun had been
buried with eight - a single hand-
held example and seven fans mounted on longer or
by a
shorter stocks for operation
courtier. All are of
the half-round, multi-feathered variety, distributed between the Burial
and
245), the
Treasury
and were
Chamber (nos. 242 and the Annexe
(no. 272a),
599 and 600). The most remarkable of Tutankhamun's fans
(nos. 389, 415, 596a,
was a small (18cm
(c.
7in)
long) but exquisite
rotating hand-fan of ivory found in a white-painted
wooden box
(no. 272) in the
Treasury.
Its feathers,
predominantly white with a shorter row of brown at the base, were preserved intact.
The first of the long fans was no. 242 (the 'Golden Fan'), deposited in the
space between the third and
fourth shrines, on the western side. Just over a metre in length (1 .015m
(c.
both the handle and the which the feathers were
3ft 4in)),
semi-circular 'palm' into
originally inserted are covered with thick gold
foil.
Both sides of the palm are embossed and chased, the one with a scene of Tutankhamun hunting, the other with his triumphant return.
down
chased the
feathers
The
vertical inscription
the length of the handle records that of
the
fan
(42
in
all,
before
the
of insects, alternating white and brown) were obtained by the king 'while out hunting
depredations
in the desert east of Heliopolis".
The second stocked fan, no. 245 (the 'Ebony Fan'), was lying on the south side of the innermost shrine. palm
Its
is
similarly covered with thick gold sheet,
decorated in inlay work of coloured glass and calcite
with the king's twin cartouches, while the ebony stock
is
The
decorated at intervals with inlaid bands.
from the Annexe varied in length between 60.96 and 121.9cm (24 and 48in) and their five fans
with the prenomen and nomen of Tutankhamun.
materials from stained and gilded ivory, to
wood
(Below
with ornamented bark covering, and gold
Each
rotating hand-fan as found in
had been
fitted
preserved,
it
foil.
with 48 feathers. Where traces were
could be seen that the feathering had
left)
The king's
small,
bottom of box no. 272, feathers preserved intact. the
its
been stripped from the quills for part of the lower length, presenting a
spoked
effect. All
except no.
596a, which carries the later form of the Aten
nomen of AkhenTutankhamun himself.
cartouches and the prenomen and aten,
were inscribed
for
(Below right)
from 600).
had
Two of the fans
Annexe (nos. 415, The latter, when found,
the
the quills of its ostrich
feathers
still
in place.
iiMMt(
I
>:nuiri;
Beds and Headrests
^Miiic
l.;S:,ni
iiiaxmuini
ii'auirr I'r.liki' llu- lar.m', i-r.iiali>lk' I'Durlit'^
wall iihlk- luiiibV AiiU'i-lianihriij). l)c(is
and
liianihci"
I'li-licr
i)t'd> wa-i't-
rcniaindt-r >li,'ipr
uiJi
ilu-
iwn
All iXllH
tn/il
hui,lr,:
.
of Ilu
Hint
(iiiidity
l>iin
iniuliliiiii
'iiidf iin nil
n
u pn
it ii.<
thoiioli
t.iiiili.
til,
Ill,
iiii'ii III Ciiii'i'j
rh iiiiy uli iiti/y fioiii
dark
.,i
Inlhw'.
,di^iii!i to Ih,
It
ntmii in Cnrtir's
iiiniitnrx.
iRioht)
i^odllisihinhd
Till
hy tico niinluinl lions: a ptiiul I
mm
hiolhonnl
III,
,hoii\--b,dliio. niiiir, >
nil luiinti
liiLtlilioldid
mill
iii
III,
I7).''rii,
d
hliii
,i;old
anil
hiu:
th,
in,-i>, il liiii-o,Jyj-ilis.
iiiri'i'lioriilin;d
aiiil iioiiiin oi •illiil
lOpt'osit,. till
III, till
/'iinonun hill,:;,
I,
It
iihor,
kino's hiilstnos.
I'.iyi
an
icilliy,llolc pif;ni,nt.
Tivo oi
I
Iliii.
in position in tin
Ann,xi.
1 1.,
It
hihii-l Til,
o.,ldr,,i-,r,,lio,,th,ardo,h,,l no.
liiii,
ivitli Its
inatlnss. th,
ih'iolit)
stnni: niisli
A
di tail oi
to,dhoai,l's initial pan,
d,roiatid siii.i
Two
lau\
III
nlirl latli a
I'l'iiiilino III
ijinds'i inotiK
III!
I.
m
.\nnr\i-.
,-1
lirsl
i)f
llir .\11
Air.c-
ilu-
lui"
ural
um-
(\a'ryda\- bed six
all.
.\nleclianibrr
lakr
till-
dippin.u in
>anir
ilir
I'liinid .--ikii
and
I
Ik-
.ticncral
niiddk-
and
111"
tlii-si-
lion
(nil.
17)
Cai-U-r
L-iaii-li [nil. :k~)|
inin
111
;lii.-
ihm-
i-ct'oi-ds
and
a>
pi'iibabh"
i)r(i i^
i)all^•l^.
ilu'liomraml
iTuwr..
liar.kt.-d
])i-iilik'i
b\-
l)iri-i),L;1\pli
ihr
a
nn
.\
It-^s
lr.i,',uf(;
riilu-r
ranipan;
Inn.k'iu-
in>n'ipliiin>. incisrd
I'nund
1)\
:;r(; ;i;ir'::,il;.
i-lalim-aU'.
ar.
i:_'i:
>K;r
liun
iiii
c.w nin!
']ki'wnrk
^
i\'>lin,!4
i\iii'\.
upnr.
nyurr:-
ilk-
Mi-
a
li;!>
lik-i-iii;ly;iliii-
lilk-d willi \rlki\v
uf
K-ll
a
\\a>
niuli;
'I'lir
l.i!ii>
and
riLih:
liiiH-. l-iarl: n! ilu>'{
rmri),
(l\\arI-L;.iC. pair.ii;
iirnU-L-liDii';
and
akIi a
llrini,
-hnv.i- wt-arn'ua
i-lal)iii-au-d \-t-r>iiin
mi du-
L!i:
I
curaaii;!!;,!;
llii-lu-anl'.. i~
>i,i;inlyin,L;-
jji-nlruciin.t;
'i"ii;.
lMii;l)iiar(i, \\!-aili i>
each
])aniciilarl\' Miliifi'abK-
a
7l'
(,-.
1
a; :lir I'i'H rr.i; "i M.7(i;ii
i;^. Thi> bar:(l\
li.u'uiT m|"
m|
ii.iini
l)\
I:
rnnlain an
I'crlaiiKular fnothuard.
'Ri'Slin,!;- niKiji llhi-J
(0/l/),,.vi7,
till- 1\
1)1'
:illr(l iiiu-
llir -iiiallti-
liil.
l\t;\plian In lu^thllld^. In
iiiund. ill
III
li-liiU'-foiiU'd.
liiu-d willi
The
1
Iruiii
and AiiiifXf wiTr inu-ndrd
K'a>l nil Klrlk'd ni lln'
rcruw-iTd
!)f(l-])aris
wlikii
\\'»'(: n(;ri;ii;A'(; ::>
.ii
piunirnl.
rn>al iirnan-nk
lmit--\\-aslu-d Ix-d Iikl Sdl \\;i>
I'l-ntral
i'iuk-Ii.
'nlninu-ly
iini
in
r,>
original position',
pierced scribed.
its
painted, linen-weave mattress
by the cow-goddess's horns. It was uninBed no. 377, from the Annexe, had been
similarly roughly treated, being found 'on
its
side
upon a heap of divers objects [at the] S. end of [the] chamber'. Its ebony frame is gessoed and covered with gold
leaf,
the inner surface of the footboard
decorated with figures of the hippopotamus-headed
Thoeris and of Bes and
and
lotus motifs.
outer face vnth papyrus
its
The most
notable feature of this
roughly constructed piece, which Carter believed to
be 'for sepulchral purpose', of
its
is
the elaborate stringing
mattress.
Two beds were recovered from the heap of debris end of the Annexe. The first of these and the most spectacular of Tutankhamun's beds (no. 466) had its carved ebony frame at the north at the
same time
entirely
covered
shorter, at
1.75m
in
thick
(5ft 8Jin),
gold
foil.
Somewhat
than the king's ebony
bedstead, scratches on the gold suggested to Carter that this piece of furniture
had seen use and was not
primarily a funerary piece.
The footboard
is
again
181
(_
II
v.\
di\i(k'(l into lliive borderrtl panels,
])ai)yrusiiunii)saiid i)lant can-yin.i; a
from
this
modest
siiiU'tdicy niolif.
lai-.t;e
heap
desi.iiiis.
(no.
4;)7)
was
a
letinin.i; a.tjainst
The south end inlticl. full-sized
tiiul
leii,t,'lh IS
The
of
inwtirds
for
feline
when
0..'!llni
le,
1)\-
tit
I
Mtideofa
lyt,'>pt.
l(Hin)
(."ift
two points by Laek
the provision of
t\"pe,
ft
1.79m
resulltinl
the bed 1
in .antK|uil\-
and
tr,a\elliii.t,'be(l(no.."iSt))
h-om aneient
me.asurin.t;
eompeiisated
mere
more
of the .\nne\e yiekled the only
interrupted
liin,t;ed-ioints.
,a.t;ain
deal
than \hv oiIht beds from similai' in lorni.
uf no.
Iii7.
lunib. bin
ilu'
its
was
it
entire siirlaee (inehidin.u
mattress)
strm.i;
is .ufiieralK-
fi»)lbi)aiTi is ijaneiled, like ihal
and, like bed no. 80.
painted oxer
wo\en
The
in
white,
ori.t;inall\-
it-
eloseh'
presiimabK-
limewash.
the north wall.
exampleofa
toh:i\'esiir\i\c(l
wood
seemid bed
'I'lie
,t,Teat
of sim|)k' woocU'oiistnietion, with itspkiin,
panelled footboard broken aw;i\t'ound
decorau-d wiih
iIhtimHimI panel
o\-er,'ill.
hetivy,
of If
lii,i;li
elosed this
its
eopper
ri.i;idity
lur extra
whieh are hin.ned is
li.ulit
to
le,t;s,
fold
uj) in Z-foi-m, .\t
bed
sits
is
,a
rather lower
Headrests CloseK asso^'iated with the tiiid
beds was
ti
ritiitil
padded with linen, pro\ided l-a,L;ht were Ifnind in x.irious
The
liitiraeleristk-
New-
wtiisled lorin, protlueed in ISi'in
or sole.
7iii) in
were reeorded, the gilded
woihI.
eouehes
l-l(i)
Ip.
series of hetidrests whieh. suittibly
supjiorl
diirin.t; sleej).
jiarls ol the
two or
tomb.
headrest
Kin,i;doiii
is ol
threi' ptirts, .and
height. Si\ extimplesof this t\pe lirst
otherwise
(no. ^lel, ol
without
i;ess(H'd tind
(ki'ortition
or
was recovered from
inscription,
Box
Painted
Chamber
positioned
blocking;
two
front
in
elaborate
the
of the
Burial
lii'(is
atui Headrests
similarly decorated head-
were found in the Annexe, in box nos. 547 and three had perhaps been intended for the ritual couches (p. 146). A rather better example (no. 101 o), of hard reddish-brown wood which Carter rests
548.
The
was found
tentatively identified as cedar,
in
a black-
and-white box with vaulted
lid on top of the hippopotamus couch in the Antechamber. Bluepainted figures of Bes decorate either side of the base, with a column of text, again in blue, on the front and back containing the prenomen and nomen of Tutankhamun.
The
majority of the tomb's headrests, like the
beds themselves, came from the Annexe. The 'excavation' of a delightful 'table-shaped cabinet"
found lying on top of the jumble in the middle of the chamber produced four headrests -
Headrests inscribed with the
names of Tutankhamun, from Annese box no. 403. (Top) Headrest of turquoisebhie glass (no. 403a), of traditional, single-pillared
form. (Centre) The folding headrest of tinted ivory (no. 403d), with beaded 'cushion
',
Bes masks and duck-headed (Bottom) The ivory Shu
legs.
headrest (no. 403c). with
curved pillow and base decorated with the lions of the eastern and western horizons.
(no. 403)
though Carter was of the opinion that 'These were put there after the robbery and have, no doubt,
nothing to do
vyith the
four headrests
is
turquoise-blue glass,
from the
damp
itself.' The quality of all The first (no. 403a), made of now somewhat discoloured
box
superb.
of the tomb,
is
of the usual waisted
form, fashioned in two halves and joined at the
column with a square wooden dowel. by a narrow strip of gold foil, evidently attached to a central wooden 'washer', chased with alternating ankh ('life') and was ('dominion') hieroglyphs. Both sides of the column carry a centre of the
The
join is covered
one incorporating the prenomen, the other the nomen. One comer of the base shows evidence of an ancient mend. vertical inscription,
The second headrest (no. 403b) from this box is of deep blue faience, made in two pieces joined at the middle, the joint concealed with a delicately inlaid gold band. Both front and rear facets of the column carry an elaborate cartouche in turquoise-blue glaze, one side containing the prenomen, 'Nebkheprure', the other the
nomen, 'Tutankhamun, ruler-of-Upper-
Egj-ptian-Heliopolis'.
The two remaining headrests from
this
box
(nos.
403c and 403d). both of ivory, are each unique design. In the central
first,
column
is
which
carved
is
made
in the
air-god. Shu, supporting the
the headrest
base
is
(
= the
in
two
in
pieces, the
form of the kneeling
curved top surface of
heavens) on his shoulders; the
decorated with the two couchant lions of the
eastern and western horizons, carved in the round to
The back
either side.
column of
of the pillar carries a vertical
incised hieroglyphs (with blue-black
fill)
containing the king's prenomen. No. 403d takes the
form of a miniature folding 'rest'
stool,
with a flexible
of threaded ivory beads, variously stained, like
the headrest
itself, in red,
green and black. The outer
surfaces of the pillow terminals are carved with Bes
masks, while the gold-hinged, duck-headed legs (one of which
is
Tutankhamun's prenomen) by horizontal, yellow-stained ivory feet.
incised with
are steadied
183
--
Chairs
and Thrones
1\
.\!,-r
11>
'il
!•'(
n
I.
111:1.
w
rin"iuu-l\
:hi;c;i:1i
:ii:<'!i.
Ar.lniKiiiiixi-.
llii~
w
r; !]);)((:
I'l:
;;
Iri'.L!'!',
.'i
nu'".
':l'.ri
1
liii
C,\\ fur.
;)l;u"k
il
<
r-i:Ki:
l;i])]).';)Miaiiu:-
:l!c
\Y\<:
ii:
lu-j:, i- in
i
rcalii)' ar. rlalwiraU'ilaniuii.-ui-Mi'w.i, ,(:M\,-ii:iu! will;
-licrl
,u(il(l
ami >\\wx irJau:
IjloiJtii'i aii(i
'[)>
:iiil\
hack
,L;ni,>
In
fiiniinik-d
prnimdi-
apntniijau-
die
in
die chair lake
iwo
•.hroiie.
nil
ni a '.xpc wl'.kii
Uii-muirc
I^ija ])liar!
U
ilu'iiu-
lu'ad>
whirl;
\vn\
n| V])\x-r
and Lnwcr
imnicii nf ;hc knpe in
llic
-aleii liirni. l-'nur
nmre
l\i;\ p:.
il> earlier,
uraei decnrale 'he hat'k ^l die
eidier mcIc
'The locus (ildhis chair
die ceiilral slik\
nl'
die slnpin.i; hack, wadi
is
C|iieen aiminlin.t;-
her
which
is
open
here referred in
I'erlain delailsnii his panel
was
firsl
wnrn
nu'iits Inriii
made
hnshand
.couii.l;"
wilhiii a lloral ])a\'iluin
In die
in
ils
il>
d
inlaid scene (in die relaxed .\niarna sulci
m
ai'.:i
nf wiiiyvd iiran adtinird
llic li'nii
wilh ihc diiuhk' crnwii wiiuii ijrtsfiii
ir,
'*)iiuaii,L;
'.I'.r
Imn!. Thi' nik'iiwork >idc-i)ancls
dii-
h-iiiii
mi'
kniv.r.r
a
lltTf dk'\- a
dcsi.yii.
arc
(s;j/(/-/(//r\i,
Ix'H-m.nin.u-
iV-x-
lurn;
Tl'.i- araiiia,!
Irainnxnl
,i;"nllt'~
i)\'
cMiui-i'r
ar.
i
!lii'Iiinir)i'()l)lxT~lrri)rr^fi:Iin.L;
T\sn Lands'
(if llir
l^
:)ici:i! nl cnli
u~iial
M-nii-;)i"rrinii~ -air.a^,
Mia.mnally liiikrd
V,t;>,
III"
and
lainu'c
i':la>>.
a^c
;)\
((hillri:
will', llic
llie
Willi ])ertunie
ra\>
die
nl
.Xteii.
laler iiaiiie Inini.
haxelieen allered since
il
iimsl nnliceahl.c the head-nrna-
h\ die rn\"al cnujilc which in iheir linal
dirnu.uh lhidile-,m\an.m'a\"s nf die disc. Tlie
I'liI
queen's
wI.l;-
size. lea\
in.u"
ajipears alsn In lia\e l)een reducetl die pleated rihlinns of the
m
han.uint;
lillel
unallached. 'riierepnus>e inscri])tinns tn thelell and of
ri.ulil
cnui)le refi'r In iheiii with the -anuin
tile
fnrnis of their
names; these names Inn a] ipear
In ha\-e
iieen altered. 'I'lu'se alteratiniis are jierhaps to
relurhishmeiil
conslrued as
])art
H)iiipleledl In
which the chair had
hefnre
Iwn
it
nf a
was intrnduced
hieratic nntatinns
into
nii
he
Uilly
heeii subjected
tile Iniiili.
the retir
(nnt
and
ri.uhl
in
le.i;
which
perhaps
relaie.
The
dirniie's fnnlrest
(tin. IKl). (i:;.ricni (L'diiil Inn.i,',
had been placed sidewa\s upnii the inlaid l)nar(l seat. Cnnslructed nf heavy wood. tind
.uilded
slniiel?).
nf diree 'all
inlaid
chetjuei-,t;essne(l,
with blue faience and yellnw
the tnp surface carries a desi.t^n cnnsistm.u;
Nubians and three
fnrei.i;ii
.\siatics, the chieftains of
lands |wlin| are under his |the
kin,i,''s|
feel'. .\ii
uninsi'nbed
.\ntechtimber.
is
idiair
iti
dm.
:'if»l,
ti.ijain
from the
similar desi.un In the Cinlden
(Far
left)
The Golden Throne
91) after consen-atinn by Lucas and Mace: the positions of the missing sma(no.
tawy grilles
may
tk'neath the seat
he clearly seen.
The Golden Throne 91) as found beneath the (no. 137) in the Antechamber. The hack of the throne had been hound (l^ft) (no.
Ammut couch
in antu/uity icith
a length of
black linen.
(Below
left)
Chair no. 87,
finely carved
its
wooden surface
picked out to dazzling effect with gold foil.
The gold-
covered sma-tawy
grilles
beneath the seat were
wrenched away and carried off in antiquity by
tomh-robbers.
(Below right) Detail of a rushwork hassock (no. 354) from
Throne.
Made from
African ebony with ivory inlay,
had been prepared for Tutankhamun as a child, to judge from its small size (0.71m (2ft 4in) high). The mortise and tenon joints with which the chair was assembled are secured with bronze pins capped in gold. Unlike the flat seat of the more elaborate throne, that of the its
side panels overlaid with gold leaf,
child's chair is
stretchers are
it
made with a double curve, while more
simplified.
the
One of the most elegant of the chairs buried with Tutankhamun was again found in the Antechamber (no. 87,
0.96m
footrest, no. 88,
(3ft IJin) high,
0.51m
with
its
(2ft 84in) long).
associated
The
piece
is
constructed from an unidentified fine-grained wood,
with tenon and mortise joints strengthened by gold-
capped copper-alloy rivets. The deep-red colour of the base material is emphasized by a contrasting gold-foil overlay on the winged sun-disc, the wooden
the
Annexe, lined with linen
and
elaborately decorated
with the figure of a
bound
captive in coloured beadwork.
1,1
I
riohll Til,
^.\h,.n
l-ichsiaMhairUi-u,,, :i.,li.
imin
<(iliL
'
lhif\Ts)
animal
ii
they wi-rr
(Ix-liii'i-
iijxiiwdrk
k'ss. Tlif Sfal
I'uiA'fd,
mi,
'
>';;/r/-/(/;('\' 111'
i,-;ii'ric(!
ihf chair
II
ll
II i
is a,t,'ain cliiublf,
i
1
I
1
t
^
II
lu u
I i
I
I i
ui
I
it iiK-tli
I)
11,1111, ,,i
lAhiiri
.
111,
ii,p
i")alin
ribs,
an
(/;//,7/-si,un
the hu'riiKl>'pli
nss,ii'i,it, ,1
til,
wliilc iht' liack carrit-s
an nix-nwnrk
ri-p-
lite.
kiiffliiiH
inscription, cut in
iif
and
In coti\'c>' llic lio]X' of lon.i;
The main
In
upnn
a complex mlt-raclinn
gold
liir
symbols intended prosperous
nvcr imearni,
reliet'.
wlilt
ini
I
i
I
ut
It
in
I
di^t
will ii
1
h
i
\t
lit
p
kit
1
in
i
ic
i
I
it
uil
t
utlt^
ii
it
t
ii
1
^ lit
it
it i
ti
It
I
\t ii
I
~
i
i
\
t
t
ii
il
I
It
tl
I
n
I
ii
ii
i |
I
t
lit
it
tin
i
wli
i
ui
I
u
i
l
t
ul uit t
1
i
I
i
lli I
i
ii
u
I
imt_ i-
i
tK
l
i
ii
^u
\l
lit-
^
ii
i
in in
k^
~t
ll
id wii
^])it
lit
\
1
U
(
^1
1
I
ul
\1
nil" ij;
miilits Ix'lwiTn ihf
ri'sentalion of llfh.Ki)d (ift'ltTiiin. t,Taspinj,miitiiif(l
'Tiil,iiikh,iniiiiT i,irui.< ni' Hi,
siii-i,i,;
llu'
1
II
1
uisnilHii intli hull,
I'likiiiklml,
kuiii's
and
l)ack-l)r;ici'i>.
niu.
Aiiikx,: a
!lh
^t
I
I
1
I
i
itti
l.
//;,/.-;(. I,_rtl Siii,ill,h.,iiv
,-li,nr (II,
i.
,;.'';.
iiiiul,
Tiiliiiikliiiiiiiiii ill,
I, ,11'.
,,iilr,
,-liiiii- II,,.
:i'.i.
I
us
comprises the names and
lur
(no.
(SL'l
iliough
with
\erlical;iiKldi;i,t;on;il brticiii.ys
n^linCliair
III,.
h,i,'k
sli,,ts
Hi,
.s7,'i
III'
7r/; itiiiilf
mi, I
fiiiiH
.an
.•irran.u'emen!
between the
le.us.
of
The
m|)itii
t
tl
t
|
1
lit
1
i^
itiu
till
\
i
niiti
It
ii
t
i
witl l
tl
t
iti.^ii.
.Xssot'ialed with this tlinme j.iiece
fooiresi
(no.
simikirly \eiieered
and
was
(l.,"iS7m
;l78l.
inlaid.
ti
(lit Its
simple,
tliree-
lltini
lon_i;.
top surlat'e
is
,'
eboiu'
hniiiil mill ptipynis sirip
mill mill
in a
state of \arlual collapse, a second i-hair of similar desi.^'ii
b-ti\td it^ ul
Carter also recoxered from ihe .Aiitechtimber.
,,i
n;iiii L'lirh,
iiiif,i,l,lisli,,l ll,,t,S.
lIi,l,HV.
of the kin.u. here as
rulankh.amun'.
rliilil.
II
Sl:,t,ii
titles
ii,'iil ii
iiiiiU'riiil:
by Ciirur.
framework
{'Ml .'lYinlhi.uh. ,1
papxrus.
employed
was
while to
of this chair,
which stood l.dlm
held to.uelher merely by strips of
sheets
form the
of
papxrus
h;id
lieeii
into two.
alterntuin.y;
Nine state.
setit tiiid btick.
-Tl
m
dixideti
e.acli
bhick and
liows'. or
si.acked liori/ontall\- with
Asitilit-
trtitlitioiia.l
bound
c;ii)ti\-es
eiiemit> of
tile
the
Mun pHtm
What may be a seventh chair (no. 33), albeit a very -mail one. low-backed and a mere 0.242m
comes from the Antechamber:
!t,'h,
it
(c.
9iin)
was found
jalanced on top of the carrying chest no. 32 beneath
The excavation
the first of the ritual couches.
records describe
it,
(Right) The reconstructed framework of the king's collapsible wooden canopy (no. 123). The original base was not found.
rather doubtfully, as a 'wooden
stand' with 'slots cut out at each side, at top of back
and
front of seat', perhaps 'for side bars'.
information
we have
(which
indicate that the object
very
is
little)
The
might
was a low feeding chair used
by Tutankhamun as an
infant.
In addition to the footrests associated
with the
and thrones enumerated above, eight further examples had been buried with Tutankhamun, both decorated (no. 30) and plain (nos. 67, 92, 414, 442b, 442e, 592, 613). Of those from the Annexe, Carter comments, 'Their dimensions seem appropriate only for a child'. With these footrests may be grouped a chairs
series of hassocks (nos. 34, 354, 361, 431b), evidenth
'intended for the royal knee', 'of rush-work, lined
and covered with elaborate polychronuDimensions for only two of these art recorded: nos. 34 and 354, with diameters of 26 and 29cm (lOJ and ll^in). In all, 12 stools, of six distinct types, were found (nos. 66, 78, 81, 83^, 139^10, 142b + 149, 412, 467, 51 1 595). The first, represented by nos. 66, 81 and 84, ranging in height from 0.305 to 0.38m (c. 12 to 15in), with
linen,
beadwork
'
,
is
of simple, straight-legged form with double-
curved seat and vertical and diagonal bracings; the second,
somewhat
similar, but with
animal legs and
sma-taury grilles (nos. 78 and 467, at 0.345
and 0.45m
(1ft 5Jin)
(1ft
high respectively): the
If in) third,
with 'turned' legs and horizontal stretchers (no.
142b +149, 0.415m
the fourth, of
(1ft 4iin) high):
folding type (nos. 83, 139-40), again under half a
metre (c. 19iin) in height; and the
one example was recorded
fifth,
of which only
(no. 412), of tripod form,
0.29m (9Jin) high, with animal legs and semi-circular seat. The type of no. 595, constructed from papyrus and palm-stalks and very badly preserved, is not clear.
Object no. 511, from the Annexe - rectangular in form, with bronze staples, a goose-feather
filled
cushion and leather carrying straps - Carter identistool'. This stool, 0.342m (1ft and 0.205m (8in) high, was constructed from inferior wood improved by gilding and blue
fied
as a 'travelling
l^in) long,
faience inlays: three of
its
four sides are decorated
with a sma-taivy motif flanked by two bound captives on either side.
The
associated with the collapsible
stool
123, 'carried in the king's train
and
set
up
the sun'.
at a
The
were found
appears to be
wooden canopy,
moment's notice
no.
wherever he went, to shield him from
framework end of the Antechamber
principal sections of this
at the south
with other elements recovered from the Annexe. Several parts of the canopy were missing, including the base. Its fabric covering, together with fittings,
had perhaps been carried
its
metal
off by the robbers.
I
t«(IM«ltf«(«t*ll«tftllllltlt««MtllMlllfffll«tff«tllMI«lttt««ttMMt«««)«*l«tf««fftftffM«llt«tttf
miiirniiiLri:
Boxes and Chests
rr.li"aik-i- (ii,':}n>, ^cfiii
T'lbhiT-
III
can'v
il'ickr;- (p. illUil
l!Nii.
a> Well
>ifiuki"
and
iiiu*.
nl
u«'\:
iiu>l>
iii.t;'
afi,
in:;,
I
nian\" nf •A"iio(k'ii
\'cr-scls.
iv
:nr.kai>.
-l-.rir
an-
mi'
riaiii
ar.d alila
''.
Xui. iScr aaaicj
;;,SiS
wi'k.
>ki;)ir..i;.
bnxi-s arraaniiufk,i-->lia;)c(k
Nfiitri'ttk bari'i-l a(iri>!i"Uiliiir., i> ~iiiii-
inu-rnal ilu'
'nnxo
AkiU'iaals
jjamU'd wiiod
iif lis
(c.,i;,
Ui
il
ar.a
nn.
.'ilai
s]X'Cikic
(|uainy
\"ar_\-.
die
ii"R'gukirly
fnund
ciin!aini_'i-dj(ix nu. Ill
lincndmed inkTinr.
( )ii
m
m'
ihc iht-
Ni-lkiw-
llaand.
bnx
no. L'71a, wid;
dit- wiinli.-.
linwcxur. cwv.
c:\
(.
lite liasii' I'linsiriielinn
api)earecl tn be
see
iii)ii'i';s
irnni
mack'.
wilh du' must attraclix
we
i:a\a' ,L;rca:
an- knted wilh
rfi'ii\"t_'
dif i)ai)>Tus-])itli I'linslnK'Uiin
jiiintin.i;
aiii
r.n.
(r.,u.
kd>. 'Hu- iiiUTi(ii> ui a
dixasiiins. a^
in
bad
]:<.
:i\
:<• lar.u'i-
\\i:l:
ijrrduniiiiau-.
k(l>. l-'uui"
Anlechanibfr
the
n;
nnii-
btvamifiilh" kinished cak'ilc casket nn. In
lis
•!:.
arrnn'ai:^ ,,
l";;U'(;
aax'iilar in >kuii)i\ Sc\a-ral buxi'S -i-aiin(kiry
>,
AIim:
\-f->rl>,
i>nirtia~
n' ai
ti)nii>
iir llal
h;,\-r 'dut. ciiipli
hat! cMt-i-iiu-i;
:lu.\-
ii;iis.
k'.i;>
K'cclaii.uaiku"
.uabk'd
li
i;ai"r\
i
ilu-ir
a,> -l!\-tT
Ill^|^I drill. ale.
liii;a;iiiaal
!i
dl:
i-
nf the huxt's. the (|ualil> nf
Iiida\' nia\' Ix'
])i»ir. thmi.Ltii
due
at lea,-! in
pan to shnnka,L,'e. The maiiii"it\" nl 'rinankhaniun's bnxes ha,d been closed by means dI cord wrapped annind the knobs
•
'
r
i'
i
on the movable
was then
lid
and end,
Some
attached.
to
which a
seal (p. 93)
containers,
like
no.
with gilded-copper side staples; such boxes 'were evidently intended to be used for travelling purposes, strapped either on the back of a beast of burden, or over the shoulders of a
12n
+ 79 + 574, were
fitted
Copper hinges occur, for example on box no. 267 and on the 'toy chest' no. 585, both of which are fitted with an automatic catch: 'the fastening of the knob upon the lid is so notched on the inside that slave*.
when
the
locked the
lid
closed and the knob turned, it the box'. In Carter's opinion, 'This
was
lid to
(Opposite, above) Bowfronted travelling box (no. 12n + 79 + 574). perhaps in earlier days intended as
container for papyrus
a
rotts.
(Opposite, below kft) Cakite
box (no. 40) of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun. with
(Above) The portabU
i,«.3.
incised, colour-filled
(no.
and obsidian fastening knobs. When
Antechamber beneath
decoration
32)
in position in the
the
lioness couch (no. 35).
found, the box contained a
mass of decayed hair and two hair balls wrapped in Hnen remains of the royal marriage contract?
(Left) This type
of large,
portable chest (no. 32), loith retractable handles, is well-
known from tomb scenes Old Kingdom. Tutankhamun's, however, is tlie only example
inning back to the
(Opposite, below right) Small
panelled box (no. 56) on legs, with 'ebony' and ivory veneer
and ivory fastening The six
known
to
have survived.
knobs.
interior is divided into
compartments, and fitted
with a secondary hinged Hd.
(Left)
The 'Painted Box' (no.
21), decorated over its entire
outer surface with highly detailed scenes executed in
tempera on a gesso base. The scene on the box side depicts
Tutankhamun
in battle
against the Syrians: visible
on the
lid
tliat
shows the
king hunting in the desert.
189
lAhn,',
,
Til,
I
mill
:'h'.l.
!l,l
ulhnx
I'nfjjxfhs
III,
cuniruaiii-i' ...
llu^
u/
.\s
mil
.s/),//;//,!,'
I
I'lh
with ulher liassts (ifubjifl
r Eiiyl^iiiii ll,lh,p,,lis:
names
the
iiLihll Til,
>li,!pi tl h,ix 1)1,1.
ol
nunilx'i-
had
pic(-fs
r-,,'-
during pn-\aijus
,-url,,iii-li,
i'lUn Iniiii
rei.tjiis.
tVuiii ilu-
been
(ii-iKinall\"
Willi bn.x Ik.
i',,iiliiiii ji It;
ilihli il i)iiri;ir
ii.
whuii carrifs
.\khenalen. .Nefernefruaten and Merilhad been no alteinpl t(i alter the eai'lieinames, though on box 2n t 79 -,17 the earn mehes (if
lii>
1
nxcr
wiili
MfnlaUT
fdiison. Tlif inlaK: wkuCvv.
f'iund in
tht- .\mi-iiiani:)fr(.'i
Thi' two I'tunted
no.
was nm
Yki .if
a -mail iinx
tomb
the
are
from the .\nteehtimiier
L'l
and
.\kh(.T,a;Uii
..f
reenxei-ed.
Imm
boxes
liiiest
ISox
rra>c(i
Ihl^k-arnit; lIuMiaiiiiMif
Ni-ftTiicfrurf, die :if;h dau.uhlfr
Neferlin; the box itself
Ix-i-n
l;ac:
of rii;ai;kl;amiii; aiu:
-.lidx.'
tile
ides-
I,,
;/( »;>• ,ii
rv,
III
riiyiil n'iidliii. liiii
iimib. a
pivijarrtl
alen. there
1
Tr, usury, inuilil
III,
.\f ffi-miruaUii aiui
>'f
ar.d wriik-n
/,-/;«> ii,,„i,ii:
III,
'TiilinikhtDiuiH. nil,
iM>,,r,
ihr raiiicsi auidiiialu' lasUiiin.t;
is
knoun'.
hilhi-nii
hniiv, 111(1 liiitid irurv
iiiul
III,
u
nis,
The Box Doc Tlie
kh
I I
H
1
\\Tltt(
such after
Objei.
1
I
numlH
I
1
1
^
i
insl
iti(
Ik
u
ilUh'ivl li,:\liillii,K.->llili) 11,1)11 III,
mill
\,
I,
III,
111,
:\)iliiii,i))ih, ). nihil, iiiDiii
ino;
.
,1)1,1 iDiiii^i
mill
,hiii;lil, )
Til,
h,,x ils,li
,,i.\l;li,)i,il,)i.
inis
II, ,1
1
1
k
1
III
f
I
I, '1111,1.
lor
12n-7 •
.i74
milk
Plie IJutkln /-oljjeets of the km.u Nel)khei)rui-e life!
prosixTity! health!
whieh
lx'l()n,t,'ed
to tlie
I'uneral
C.kIs
I'K'l
Ip,
l.'iD)
Contents:
!!o(i
Contents: 17 blue faienee
iiiiii.-ni
ewers
The ^luipnient
of His Majesty
l)rosperity! health'
a
and cedar cypress wihkI Contents: kerehiels and shin of b\ssus
4ft4
The
'
life!
when he was
eliikl.
Contents: eopper handled razors, knife-razors
and ewers:
for inakin.t;
up
.'U (/(//feloinelotlis
Cold jewellerydd
for the luneral
made
[onyinallvl for the Ix-d-ehamlxT of
Nehklieprure
Cold
fa
/i
vase and
lx-lon,i;ed to
.
e(iuii)inent of His
.
(df)
Contents:
.l!)-l
Tlie i-c|uipineni of health!
vase which
of the Ix'd eliamlxT
let
/-basket,
when he was
1
(/(
1
Pharaoh
/)-jar
i/i
for
for applyin,u |l)lack|
of Rold. 2
broken
/ii
life'
a child.
.1,11111
ish land) .^7w/ifc
when he was
tcklihi.
waten?"!, ii(>ii.<( t
the Uineral
The paraphernalia
into
lluffyi:")
.
Majesty
Contents: frankincensi- [and]
tljiiy len.k'ths,
.eold
toil
pnisixTitx' health!
linen
Contents: 17
(madel of
sli,ii(vl'li.< \.-:liiihlis]
:>88
9)
Ciold seal rin^s lx'lon,ein.t; to the funeral
);,<»
life!
pnis]XTitv'
a child. Cold: h y.n
I'or
I
can-yin,i;
pure water!?), 2
slickst^-'l
,ijrasshop|XTs eye-ivum. vases [and] a taskel of
copix'r-bits(')
.'i
by Breasted as 'the work of a master artist of compared with whom the greatest artists among the Greeks and of the Italian Renaissance and of the Louis XIV period are mere hacks'), and the ivory veneered box no. 540 + 551 from the Annexe. Breasted's rapturous comment on the Painted Box
cribed all
time,
was characteristic of all who saw it. It
is,
indeed, one
of the finest examples of miniature painting to have
survived from ancient Egypt, considered by Carter to be 'one of the greatest artistic treasures' found.
With
its
vaulted
lid
in position,
it
stands some
44.5cm (17iin) high; its length is 61cm (24in), its width 43cm (IGJin). The tempera decoration covers each side (the king in battle against the Syrians, and against the Nubians), both ends (opposed images of the king as sphinx), and the lid (the king hunting
(Above) The royal (no. 585).
'toy chest'
of solid
when found contained a mix of objects: jewellery, a gameboard, a pair of slings, and construction, which
the king's fire-making equipment.
(Above left) The interior of box no. 585, showing the complicated arrangement of partitions and box-shaped drawers with sliding
lids.
(Above) Scene of box-making
from
the
tomb of Rekhmire
(No. 100) at Thebes.
(Uft) Hieratic docket from the white-painted
wooden box
(no. Ik) found in pieces at the
tomb entrance.
Many of Tutankhamun 's boxes were carefully veneered, using a variety of different
woods or ivory. The decoration of the box shown here (no. 268), with its elaborate herringbone
marquetry, had involved the gluing and attachment
of more than 45.000 individual pieces.
191
u\ iiin.
Ill, Willi ricli
Um
iiihiy
mill kiii'hs nf
ij,,h
I'liK III!
siili
I'lii
.
collie of whicli
111
III
II
till
km
III' till
liiifi
I
oni wiiiiii
III
li
)ft
,
ti
mill
hrld wlini
Il
iH'tii
lodk
lilt-
tnnib
Macrand Lucas
was
lii-sl
llin
il
,')
Id
and
I'oiiics. iki. .1.11.
lIu'
slinri-lcMXed
ai'fcoiislnick'd
bn\
iVdiii a
rcddish-bn)\\n wood, overlaid with slabs of
i\(>r\' sili'iil irisli
II
If)?).
Had
Il
a raii.yc ol rhiklrcii':
eniply.
huliliiiii iiiilrliiil Imliii
hniiirlii s
(]).
rile slopin.L;- lul iH).
ilirnnitiihnlli iipposiil iiiiimi s
slill
iilUniiiliiiii
niilnilhi hiixi.
till
il
nil
.<
till
mil! iimiii
iiniiii II
kiim:
liiiiis).
iin.tjiiially in coiiiaiii
I
tpcned
iliiiiinti li ifilli j'l'i
iin
caiA'ed in low
and
ix lie!'
delicaleh" slaini'd.
I'nr
lurlher embellished w th inlays of
faieiiei'.
k'I^i^s.
I'askel
llie li"(inl pani-l
of ihe
delii'ale
i
ealcile, eboiiN" ,and i\(iry.
box we see
On
'ihe kiii.u sealed upnii a eushidiied ehair
(decoraled with t;'arlands), shooling wild-fowl and lisli
with
bow and arrow', while beside him sc|iiats The sides and back panels ol" ihe box are
ihe ciueeii.
decoraled wilh sc.amperin.t; animals cah'es, Ix'in.u;
and ibexes
winch,
in
some
bulls,
liul.
asCarler noU's. ihe
liiin
y hi
III!
Iiiiiib iiiiifl
^nhl.
ii: ii
I
iipi iiirnii- liil liiii. L'li/'il. ii'iiiiil III till
iilisMiiif; III
\iiiii
.
hnx
XI
:
till
liiis l>rnhiihly
iiiiiiiy
till
l>iii'i
'li'iisi '
rnnii
il ni'i
hy
tliii
ri s
mii
s
in
iiiiliiliiily.
iFiii- iii:lill r.iix lln.
:,I7
slminiiii
III.,,
iiiiislii'iiiiiii fliiil'i il
till
lull I'ii'f
iittiin: III iiiiiiisii III III lib
AhvilnS
II
Ill-Ill
ill-illHli liltll
'nil III!
In
II
mil
nn^iiiiilly
finlilmiil
il III I.
wfaW>-'Wt^w'
^Tjr-wuMt»»iu
and
'chief Hlor\' of ihis
iRnjlitl All iiidiiiitinii iiilimv iiiitili iiili,
bulk
inslances, are
allai'ked b\' a lion, a cheelah. a leoi)ard.
hounds',
iiiin
is
upon ihe
ihe i\'ory panel
lid.
'carNcd
in
III,
low
relief liki' a (Iri'ek com'. Here,
ilower-bedecked
esenaniun
who
below ihe
c
leans forward a boy
mandrake
aiiparek
and
fruits.
ihis caskel loo. ihou.irh ori.uinallx"
we
see ihe slender .\nkh-
]3reseniin.u boii(|uels of llowers |o her
husband, colleclin.tr
i)a\ ilion.
wiihin a
sli.uhllx
.triii
upon
his slalf:
are shown, kneelmt;.
Like ihe I'ainled llox.
found emi)ly,
ha\e been emiiloyttl
will perhajjs
|o conlain wearin.i;
Boxes and Chests
i«««t?«ft«f
and Lamps
Tools
mmwmm^m}mmmmmm}mm}mmm)mmmm -*'
Tools Miul iinpliMiicnts cnii^i^lrd
'riil;miNli;iiiuii'.'.~ iMdl-kil
\
I
\i
pi','ir!u';il
r,rni>
iiiaHci-
,'iiul
Willi ihc
kiino:
iiu>rl>;
and
linear
lii^l
,t;Miii|)
ini])l('inciil-:
>
a.ui'U'ulmral
pr
he rla»c(i tour
nia\
inalK'H"l.iiri,L;iiiall\- t'livi'red Willi .unkll'-'). Iriiiii li)
ihc Anli'iiiaiiilh-r. a
111
handle
eiip])er
iir
blades
of
had been
are assi leialed
lashiiuied imi
hux
1)\" Si
irniii
(im.
ihe usual
iron. .Ml bill line
wall
the innuih' eereniiiiiN' depleted
The
ii'i 111,
III
nil
iheiii
III
tile 'iipeiiin.u
the nnrth
which
III
I
III
\\;ill nl
than
nil ire
was eiuplnxed fur all hi blade>. i> prnliably nl' when Inund. the metal wa> 'enaled
l.y-
"^'•'^^^^^•^^•imm^^^t^m^mt^^mt^^^^^ aniii) ul
ilu-
men;-.
ti"(ini
ihe .\nnexe
The
and lILVni
kiines lnn>.
and
(il'():(iL'
and
liini Iniiy.
were
rei'nx'ered h-niii the debris nf the .\iinexe llnnr.
while
bnx
nn.
:';l
.~i
1
I
j ln(>t;iii):
I
wn nindel
euttiii,uhiii\-es'
panned wnnd. axe-shaped, were Inund in bnx nn. 111 ihe same eh.amher. and nil the. \nne\e llnni- Inn.
Tn jud.ue h"nm
liL'llt.'i^l.
//,,
liniestniie, raii.uiii.u in leii.iilh h-niii
>^\
10.9 in Ui.iSeml
nf
l^.
ihe .Xnleehamber eniiiained se\en
ill
iiindel kni\"e-
(
'//
11,.,.,/,;,. ;);,.,/, //;.!,
'J ill! ir.Jlll th,
hC'i.''
'•iiiiliiii:: llii
hhi.l,
hull, II.
mill '^nld
!'n'ii:,
l>i;n"ii> iiu Uil
nirn.d
in,s,rul,iill\
.-•',' ///,
iw,.
.\ll!,rluilllh,i\
ik'lU'lli h'i!ii„l,i,l:, i/i.K
ixpreseiitaliniis in tlie|)ri\ate
Inn,
,,i
III,
III,
Us.
il',irivStitiC,i-,iii,,iii,il
,ii.,..,iin
1
III i;,>hl
liiiiii ,111,1 nihil, I icilli
d,i>s,ni,l.;i!,il,.
(iL'ii:.")
tn
these nia\
luundatinn
be iinled
(ie>
wnud
1.
an ad/e handle
by the rubbers,
lar,L;er
in
seeond adze
and. a
liiL'i.
preiinnien l.unlil?!
tnille
size
lS.,"")eiii
in
and
hiiiil
.ijiild
Inii.^.
and
Inn,
brnnze
ils
line ntual
immtii and
it.-
unld
bindin.t;: i:>
irniii
ihe .\nnexe
-lill
ivlaiiiir.,u
rilualistie' siekles Inns,
ilh yiiKI
,L;itiss. is
ealmn
it'
blade wa- misMn.y. .Mmi
twn
iinmeii
i
wa.s iniind in the
willi the kin,u:'s
and
insenbed with
and the lA
.ijTindin.u
eleelruili tnil
inndi.
I'liilhel .\
tmd
."ilil
hnth nf wnnd. The iimre elabnrate ated w
ul
blade e\ideiitl\
Imiei, i;>
and still retainiii,^ Miekeled blade. The bmiize handle nl" a h'lial,
will:
addipmi
wnudeti nindel hue
a
inu.
hi
I'liM.
i]).
de])iisit' tyi)e(nii. iMlii.
wh.ile-paiiited eai'ried oil
1
welliiiuipped
wel-e
iiKidel a.^Tieulpiral iin])leiiieni>
.\nnexe, inlaid
ll„""i
tln.ir ino.
,/VA'VMl.mire>
tidze Inn.
liiiely ])nli>lied tlini
iiii])lr-
iimn/e.
erihed by Carler a> a >l)auila. \\a> al-n reenxered
with nxide',
Twn
Tlirlx>.
liidi a;
i.\n,
k-alhcr-WMrkciV
a
iiiniair
ruiind-i-iided kiiile'il -hee;
.\
iiielenrie nriijin:
d2ll:ii,''il,
Rrklmiirr
izicr
\
wrll
nia\'
llif\
ehisel-like
im. !!U) in die Treasurx: llie\
line sclii liars
ihe lUirial I'hanilier.
llir
Uinhel-
lli
bronze but Inmi
liiund wilhin
Inmi
nr >iinilar ini|)leiiuiil
liiisel
The
iinplenieiil-
Were
a
Iroiii
()L'n:,l(;i.
and ihe
(;2ll:27l.
lairiuc nimlfl
Annexe llnoi" eleelriini-l)ound wnoden
[iiiundi-rd-'l, S..'Inn l.'lrin) lout;.
debris (nn.
h:'ii::,:")i,
'
•-
an
t'l)iiii>-
11(1.
'
>m:<.\\
irniii ilir iliitir m|"
ihc Aiiiu-xr niu.
-
'
''
iiit\a>iii'i->.
huiu-v
hnx
'
'•
:ir,il
i"i:ii,'il
lour bi.iaii i'alr,t;Mnr~:
iii'.n
I;i1Iii!,l;
iil'hiilli
and
iim.
."iiil
deenr
inla\ s ni ealeile
thekiii,L;'>])renniiien
belnxed nf Hu'
nmdel
(i20:lill, I.
'thrustin.u'
enrn. nf saudstniie
and wnnd
and
Ipersniiili-
hand
mill Inr
emislruetinii.
lotus chalice flanked
The
by elaborately
fretted 'handles'.
decoration of each handle contains a combi-
nation of symbols - the god
Heh grasping a notched palm rib and ankk sign, the prenomen or nomen above - intended to convey the gift to Tutankhamun of millions of years. Both cup and handles are cemented onto a heavy, strutted pedestal carved from a single block of calcite. When employed as a lamp, the cup was part-filled with oil - perhaps sesame oil - traces of which still remained, and
(Left)
Model
mill (no.
'thrusting'
hand
279a) for nhndmn
com. with nniUer and soddleftone of yellow quartzite. The saddle-stone is set into a gessoed wooden 'seat' fitted with a trough to catch the meal.
provided with a floating wick. When lit from within a scene becomes visible, painted upon the outer surface of a thin calcite liner cemented inside the cup.
One
amun
side displays a scene of
Queen Ankhesen-
presenting the seated king with the symbols
of hundreds of thousands of years; the other side
prenomen and nomen between bands of petal ornament. The second lamp is of triple form, 27cm (lOgin) high, again of calcite though this time worked from a
carries the king's
was found
in the
Treasury. For the see
wooden box' no. 279 in the wooden model granary (no. 277),
'rough
p. 145.
Six cubit measuring rods "dark red wood',
(1
cubit
come from box
= 51cm),
no.
50
in
of the
Antechamber; but whether Carter was correct in believing the tall, shrine-shaped box no. 487 found in the Annexe to have 'once held a heavy metal standard cubit-measure' stolen by the robbers
is
debatable.
horizontal
single block of stone. Like the
floating-wick variety,
its
three
first,
oil
it
is
of the
reservoirs fash-
ioned in the form of a large blue lotus flower flanked
on either side by a white lotus, with a circular base from which the three stem. Each cup preserved traces of the original oil. The sepals of each cup are delicately incised, but there is no painted ornamentation like that of the larger lamp.
Lamps and
torches
A
smoke-blackened pottery dish (no. 86) some 19.3cm (7fin) in diameter was found beneath the
"It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber, and who repel that one who would repel him with the desert- flame. 1 have set aflame the desert{?). I have caused the path to be mistaken. I am for the
protection of the Osiris [the deceased]"
Spell
Clearance of the Burial calcite
high,
from the torch no. 263
Chamber produced two
lamps(nos. 173, 174). The first, 51.4cm (20iin)
is
really
an elaborate stone vase, made
in
more
than one piece and taking the form of a thin-walled
A lamp of a rather more practical had perhaps been employed by the tomb robbers or by one or other restoration party.
ritual sort,
cow -couch.
it
(Below
left)
calcite
lamp
from
Bowl of the first (no. 1 73),
lit
the inside to shoie the
scene (otherwise invisible)
painted within the thickness
of the translucent
walls.
(Below) The second calcite
lamp (no. 1 74). of triple-lotus form, carved from a single block of stone. When found, the three reservoirs
still
retained traces of the origiiuil
oil.
reed torch (no.
tliird
.\
8.:icin
j'b.'J),
CSjin) Iouk,
impre.unaled with pine resin and decorated with a ,i;old-|oil band, was found ;it the entrance to the
Treasure
it
had
ori.[,'inally Ix'cn
slotted into a
mud-
brick base, incised with a spell for the protection of the dead kin«- (see quotation p. U),!). -AinoiiK the tools recovered from the
elaborate llanii'
tomb was an
which would ha\c ])rovided the torches and lamps of this sort. It was
lire-drill
l(j li.<;hi
discovered
in
the kin.u's 'toy ch.est' (no.
the
.IK")) in
.\nne.\e. Carter'> description of its eini)lo\inent
is
lollowx: -The rotation
was
bow
forward>and backwards,
alteniatel>- thrust
which
thon.ir ol
stock of the oi-der to
by means
effected
as
of a the
wound round the was fixed, hi upper end was held in a
ha\in,<; Ix'en first
which the
drill in
steady the
socket (drill-head).
drill
the
lire-^tick
The round holes in which the lire-stick was rottiled were made near the ed^es of the tire-stock, so that a vertical sfjt was created .
.
.
which allowed the spark created to the tinder'.
The drill
to ha\-e free access
stock measured
1
9.7cm (7f in)
in len,L;th. It
nlualislir pioi'cs found on ihe lion-couch in AntcclianilxT were, as Carter observed, 'absolu-
l-"iHir
llic tel\-
lM>n,;.
1(1/ 1111,1 llilhll Oil,'
J'llir nliiiil liiirli
siiMmrhdin.
Jnriii iif liiiiidhd ..(/ iiilii
hdsis
niniislicd slifticii
liiini.
III'
laiiiil.
Inn
uml
ID
is ,,t
laiii/i
tnkiiiu tin
new
m
type',
and takes the
l-lacli
lorin of
one
is
about
an diikh
2:;cni (9in) tall
of bronze fitted
si.iiii
withentoldin.narins. set into a black-varnished base. of the bases are fitted with tubular torch-
Two
aiikh-.s/i,'//,-.'
hliiii;-
Tlii' t,nrli
linsldl
ol
may
raw
he noted that the tomb also yielded a i-an,sie includin.L,' a small piece of lead, tin
materials,
oxide, chtilk, galena and malachite (see p. 158). red and yellow ochre, orpiment (arsenic irisulphide) and N'arious other pi,i,mienls (p.
Resin
l(i(i).
lumps,
(in
and rods) and artilicially shaped pieces of Irankinceiise were also found. 'tears'
holders of,sjilded bronze, one of which still retains its twisted linen torch. The reniainin,u two bases api)ear to ha\-e
ihouyh
been intended
lor
use with a
lloalin.t;
wick,
bowls were now .none I'robabK- these were of ^old and were stolen by the tomb-thieves'. their
Carter
l)elie\-ed that,
sticks'
had
bei'ii
not only are they of
but -their
before the thefts, these -candle-
stored in bo.\ no.
wooden
,11 (i
in the Treasur\':
an appropriate size
for this box.
pedestals, coated with black resin,
coincide with blotches of similar black material found on the bottom of lln' intei-ior of the bo.x'.
(H,'l,iii: Iril liiiyliliiiii.i
die III,
iliiil
thud
and mjhl) The
km
IV iiiillii/iii llii
dh,r
nn
rriiitiiii;
hti^iiliuiiii
,
.
III
iiil>li,v,
I'miii
niinii.< III 'III
III,
siiDii
h,'ir-drill.
llii
till- 1111,11
lath resin
til, I,,
iiw hv
ftiid; ivurkiiii;
/iriiinpli
lis tin
Tiitiiiddiiiiiiiiti
.iS.'uiii) I
tliiiii III,, St.
-
tin
II
,iiilv
liiisi' III'
till
I'liiminiiir niduiidiiii.
Iiiii.
III'
sinhr. and lli,-y
'.<
icis rrldiiitly
a
iiiniiit .,iriiiii'ii
mil
ilcsioiiiil
and
drill h.ilfs liiiid icilli
jmniint,
i'riiti,in.
.'';/// -..Yo
///.-//,/ >y''-'-',^ //.-/•
^^
'^t-jtf
wwm»wf»HHwwwHmwwwtmwwtwwwwwmwftfwwwwtwtwfmn tt w ttfw
Metal and
S Q
Stone Vessels iWTnmTyTmyyryfwryyrTywfrrrTTmfmfiwwiMtinmffnnfnmmTttiwm A pair of miniature vessels (nos. 394, (Left above)
620:37), one of gold, the
other of silver, perhaps part
of the original contents of box no. 575 from the Annexe.
and below) The finest of Tutankhamun 's metal
(Left
vessels: a pomegranateshaped vase (no. 469), 13.4cm (5 fir in) tall, with serrated rim and bands of delicately chased floral
decoration (as
shown
in
Carter's sketches below).
According to Carter, the metal contains a considerable proportion of gold 'and might be considered as either silver
or electrum
'.
It
had originally
been fitted with a rush-work stopper, which
was found
inside together with the
broken section of the rim; the
remains of the 'dark brown material' the vessel contained
could not be identified. The novelty value of the pomegranate, which was brought back to Egypt from
Asia following the campaigns of Tuthmosis III perhaps explains its popularity as a vessel form during the later years of the 18th dynasty.
Metal vessels Only three metal vessels were found in the tomb, and all in the Annexe: no. 469, a silver pomegranate vase, beneath the oval basket no. 452; and nos. 394 and 620:37, a pair of small bag-shaped vessels, 3cm (Uin) or so in height, one of gold and one of silver, both rather battered. Carter believed that the latter
were 'Possibly
They
for writing or painting purposes'.
are perhaps
the docket to
The
box
two of the vessels mentioned no.
575
in
(p. 190).
three vessels recovered
by Carter
clearly
represent only a few of those originally buried with the king,
upon.
if
The
the
box dockets
(p.
190) are to be relied
fate of the 'missing' pieces is fairly clear:
they had been carried off for scrap at the time of the thefts.
197
SKMlc
X,.,-..]^
\i!,ri -:.'
\\\..:..
:-
i':.<,
li
lnHi
I I
Ir,
,|iraa
a
.
r.:il 'lin- i!Ki!iit"ir, liaa.
niadir
;nri,i!i>, iniliri"
r 'iiTri
lai-
I'l
a
rM\al r.;mk>. L::v:rr
i':iiii('ir.,u
m1' ;l;r i"i.iii!!Miu-i' 'v
lie-
rxaiiiplr^
wrrc
la-'
iiiaiudiiai; (iuaiiiu
<-.;ni;)irifn:'.
A
'iir (ildrr
Ill
');i.i-.
'I:,-
riiKin;
I
lakiT In .r
luiuTal
die
di--iila\
a >iMrc
iiii
i
ild
ar.ii
drrak- and anauiv.
_ .
^''*
\rral ...|j
wi(\naN
^^' ij).
(iMHiN-
dJ I
-—
'>*^" H •'•^
l.'iSi,
Ni
\a-^i'l~ uiTi' n'pii'Mi'U'd n: thr a mi'). m1
dillrirn; I
-mii-~.
u|)-. r-iniiilc
i-an,i;in,u
hay
~hai)c(:
ironi
a
h'iii
])":
larr-, !ii,u>. diiiuiili'
and
\aM-~, am: a >::ula ai laryc nn!-. ani])lini-ar.
"
i-M'L'P r.iv
\V
)\rr
I'ladoralf \c~m'I^ n| lrr;uiir!x anal
_
''*
t-"^"'-'
;
])lii~
iraU'
\
animal doi.mi
a -pi ink lint; nldwiwl-, lid-. -aip]Hi"-. si i.urd
ncnlinii'lri'-
a
i
ahi
iflrr.
111
lici,i;h!
Till'
and- and
Iidiii a
niaiMnn,
lew
wiTr
;ind
iwn
and
L'lni nicrt'
LM
1.
nl,^l(ll
,
n nni
dccn iini)ln\aHl
and
]u\>. li-oiii
1^, aa.
7i:
an
7lV-ni (d7;in) ni
lliai".
:iii.Sciii
hci,L;l!l I
(
ln-iii)l
Irnin ihc |-iiinal i.
diilh,
carh
l.'!:!l
in
was ])ia-doiiiinpamlcd and sonie-
t-niploNcd Kil'li't-
with ankuiia'd
-a inc-. Scrpi'inint'
umib
ihr
Aniil)i> >linnf (p.
llic
Thr same
ralailc. liiaiuiaidN
liinc- inlaid
and
iw.i aalriu- tK-akcr^ (ni
lall i:';inli
I'unhiT
wi'.li
liliM. i
lani|)^llnr whiiii si-c p, Hid
dir Trca>ur\
anah
ii;
frazil Hi; l^
\-a~i'-,
a^- iim.
ChamlxT: and h,,^in
.\iiiu-\c
l!ir
ri^rw liiTc
and: llic aiirruiur nai>.
[he -aairwa,\ i-laii-
-r.r.il
hiik';
h(i,L;hl. r. i>nit'!k' laniiii.
laii(
iii'.-i !i
L;lass
and Sfnii-pivrnuis had als
induiraU'd linu'slonc
inr a >inall
nninbrv
o| xa-sscls.
1
j
j
|
Inscribed Stone Vessels
'With rare exception', the closed stone vessels had
had
their stoppers
and
lids
removed and been
ransacked by the tomb robbers. From the size and number of the vessels, the capacity of which ranged
from 2.75 to 14 litres. Carter was able to estimate that 'at least 350 litres of oils, fats, and other unctuous materials' had originally been stored in the Annexe.
A number of these jars still contained the remains of their original, fatty contents. Carter noting that the
two 'craters' nos. 420 and 435, 25.8 and 47.6cm (10^ and 18Jin) high respectively, still showed 'Finger marks of thieves on [the] interior walls'. When the tomb was later tidied up, the empty vessels had been employed as containers for the smaller objects which had been scattered around by the robbers.
'**^
~ '
'^^wtt^^^^^^l^lBIP
(all calcite)
WM»«in»i»»t!«fM»Mttt(tittiiM)Mi»ninn»iMiiiinti>tmtt»iMt»»»tn»»t»tnt>n»ftttm«»»M
111
Fdicju'c (iiui (jh/ss
1
I
1
I
II
I
1
ll
^
\l
I
"^1
^
I
l'
-
1
I
I
II
I
111 \
1
1
1]
11k
I
)
im'
I
I
lull
.
ii
it
11
u
I
I
'111
t
I
111
II
111
1
\\l
I
liiu t
1
\ii (I
11
I
-
It II
n
wnt-
Mil
i_
I
hliit
mi'ii
I
in inl I
ihihiu
\iv-i K(i
>li)])i)i;-i>
l\
ini'ii
ll
nil
11
1~
1-
1\
K
iiik'wiIiii \
iiiit^i
I
1
111
\iiiu \t iwiil
111
111
K
111
ll
--1
I
IIH
--(
1
M
llit
1
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II11
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^(
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Im H-
111
I
il
I
wImlIi
t
\\ii
u
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Ilk
\i in \i
.ind i7
1ii,l;1ii
-
1
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1,1
hi\il)ti_iiL
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tin')( lit
II
\(
Kind
I
1
1
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I
.1
)i
Km
1
ll
in
iwii-
)i
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-pti
u u'
ll
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I
11
U^i ~
\
1
1
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11
ll
iipi ll
11
I
lit
ll
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Hill 11
Ihl
(
1
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1
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\iiii
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"(
I
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)*
'
1
I
I
1
111
I
I
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1
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I
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iliiK
11
I
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III
1
Uliu~
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(
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11
Mil
1
III
I
,
1
1
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1
II
III -
I
1
1
i
Ik lilt liliiii
pu-M-m.
>,ill
(ilass ThfR.
,
Ifaiiin.u
had
no
i> ab^iu.ilfl\-
ij.
uibi ilin; ilir niml) \\;i> ruhiK-ii
think, -iran.ufly cnuu.uli. that hkis-
I
,
Ix-i'aiisi'
...
I
liid
nut
di'wn \vr iniind
I't'i'tainh
iir I'liniin.i;
was
Ix'fii tlu-rr
.
and
18tli dyii;ist\-
Khissproductiiin. iilher
i.hi.
.
.
\\a.- i-illitT
binkiii miinu in
mit.'
1.1
Since the
takt-n
any ylass. am; m thr |)assa,L;i' iwn l)ns prnNiii.t: thai .ulas-
si-f
iibjecls
dI'
it
was
ird Carnar\-(iii
a peniul nt
hirt,'e-si'
isniniiustliai sn few \-essclsaiid
this
nititenal
slimild
have been
reemtTed
h-iini
exiT,
ihene had urigintilly been niniv: unlike
lliat
the lomb.
taienee. ^Lass at this i)enod altert-oninioditx-: 111"
the glass
llial
il
omkl
litid
it
seems prnbable. huw-
was
a custly ;uid
sou.u;lil-
;ilsiil.)ei-ee\iied.;ind
niueh
been huned with the km.t; no
diHibl disapix^arecl al the time his
tomb wasmblxxi.
a view that Carter,
It is
who had a great interest in
ancient glass, seems to have shared: 'A plain wooden box of oblong shape, which stood on the north side of the Canopic canopy, had its contents completely cleared by the tomb-plunderers.
shaped
lid
Its
had been replaced the wrong way
only the packing material in
its
gable-
on,
and
eight rectangular
compartments was left. This material comprised pieces of papyrus reeds, shredded papyrus-pith and, at the bottom of each division, a small bundle of linen matting of long pile. There was not a trace of evidence as to what the original contents were, save that the careful arrangement of the packing suggested that the objects were of fragile nature - possibly glass.'
As Carter remarks on the object card for this box (no. 315): 'DAMN!!!'
The only glass vessels found in the tomb of Tutankhamun were three small specimens, one a small cup of translucent white (5.2cm (2in) high), the other two - a second cup and a small flask, each (li^in) high
- of an indigo-blue
colour.
5cm They came
from the portable chest (no. 32) in the Antechamber. It is perhaps only by chance that these and a handful of other accessible glass objects
headrests
Amama
(p.
king
182),
(no. 54ff,
5.8cm
(2i-in) tall,
(Far right) The tantalizing
of box no. 315, with carefully padded ~ but empty - compartments. interior its
(Right)
Found base
in the
portable chest (no. 32):
Tutankhamun 's
three
remaining glass
vessels: 321,
32k, 32].
(Below
left)
large
the pair to
and a model scribe's 166) - should have survived at all.
no. 54ee, of calcite), (p.
- including
a blue amulet of a squatting
Two globular
faience jars (nos. 31, 31a) in position in the Antechamber.
(Below right) Drop-shaped jars (nos. 54w, 54ccc) of bluegreen and yellow faierwe.
palette
Willi
Jars
(I
ml
>
Other I'ullny
.\i;i,rxr, N^ lilT',
!in
fl
c
It
^1
(
i|
:;i
f^
1:
I'll
I?
If
V
in I
MM
in
•
1
I
1
<
i\
iTci'
Tutankhamun 's Wine Object
List
l)(/sL\ Is
mw M tttmwwimwwwwtwwwi MMM ttt Mm iitttM>f>w ww titwm
mwi»*»w*t» M W»
»
Foodstuffs
m)iimmmimmmmmmmm}mmmfiww}mm Tutankhamun's
funerary provisions scattered throughout the tomb. Other foodstuffs had been
recovered from Pit 54
(p.
Bulbs of garlic (no. 32x) recovered from the (Left)
king's portable chest (no. 32).
39) in 1907.
A basic staple of the Egyptian diet was and still is bread, eaten alone or with onions (or garlic, of which
box no. 32 yielded a small bunch - Allium sativum), and beer. It is not surprising, therefore, that the king should have been provided with a range of different types of bread and quantities of raw grain contained in
baskets (for example, nos. 401, 439, 473, 531), a
model grinder (no. 279a) (p. 195) and a model granary (no. 277) (p. 145). The baskets and granary
among
included
their contents barley
(Hordeum
and emmer v/heat (Triticum dicoccum), with some, presumably accidental, admixture of leguminous and other plant seed. Actual examples of bread or cakes were recovered from the Antechamber (no. vulgare)
\
and Annexe (nos. 620:112, 620:117) floors, where they had been thrown by the tomb robbers. Those from the Annexe were the best preserved: Carter describes them as semi-circular in shape, varying in size from 9.5 to 13cm (3f to SJ^in) in length, and enclosed 'in a mesh of rush-work'; a dozen or more were found. The bread's original taste can only
99, 119e?) (
The
finding of canned beef 3,350 years old in
Tutankhamen's tomb
is
admitted by cold storage
experts to be a record. Mr.
Raymond, hon. secretary of
the British Cold Storage Association, says the record, so far at
as cold storage
is
concerned in this country, stands
eighteen years. > Daily Mail
be guessed
at:
according to Lucas,
and has the appearance of Although there was, of course, no 'canned' beef buried in the tomb, Tutankhamun had been sent to the grave accompanied by a range of foods in order that his ka might not go hungry in the next world. Most of this sustenance had originally been stored in separate baskets (p. 204) and pottery vessels (p. 202) in the Annexe; but, thanks to the activities of the tomb robbers, Carter and his team found remains of
it 'is
very cellular
petrified sponge'.
The
composition of one trefoil-shaped loaf or cake (no. 620:117) is described as 'a mixture of meal and fruits'.
from
Other specimens of bread were recovered one of the Annexe baskets (p. 204);
at least
Carter believed that they were intended for beermaking,
and
it
has been further suggested that the two strainers from the Treasury (no.
wood and copper
274) were perhaps associated with this process.
Three small loaves of bread (group no. 620:1 12). the specimen on the right encased in
a rush-work mesh.
205
iri-,
.'
'i
-
III
i.n'ri: Ml. •
I
:~
'hr
raici,--.
a-ia- ina.iali
wnllrll
Ilr
Ininhcl"
ilt'M-l-i|)ll(iIl.
liiincc!
iri,L;iiiall\'
iii
llic
Ilir;i
(If Ml
Ihi- liulk
pinlrir,
and
win.i;> .\ii(/.<
,/
'
'
'
'
(
^
I
I
,
Ill .\\
''
"
liadl
and
ti
l\\i)
//,
duck^
iiiadlc (
Imir
b/scr
j>(
nis: wilh
bi't-nl
(///)//;'(';/.<;
iiji
m
[
ih'd liai;
Aai(
'I
die
.-'iiliriiiin
unidciili-
h( nihitr.
iwii large
a
nii..'l()7l,
ni
la
also a
iai"~
m
w llumniauicd ii, :ia>kf;^ were ainiiiri" hen irr-i/,yy/;/)( /7r,<
hmnd,
;v/).
as
cn'lamK
nii>idtiUilifd.
hiine\ .\
Inns, (d
li
kl wiikii
iiond selei'tidii of
sinned dates
in a lar.yc pnllerx"
{I
•''''
cic.l
die
die
in
.\nnexe.
(/'i;;/-palni fiaiil
iiix ddclxii-
well
as
fmiii
a
lar.ue
J-Aainples nf die
were reoi\-ered frmn
larwr .\nnexe baskets
lie CI irridin"
111
'km
waTe
fnm> was
dish Inu. lallfrnni
dins.
.'!
basket
Ki,
bnx
iin.
debris Inn. IIT)
and
in
ll^rl.
and
the reed
''.d.'!,
lim.
.\ntechaiiiber: nther, stra\- exaiiliiies t
hux
Iniin il!t'i)o;u'i-\ 'ar
'riilankhainun had laken will;
includin.i;-
cnniained
.\1-m
//(/.a//;; v;i.
i.\'/.:,'i
Tiivmlii'ii spic:ilii (Irmii
I'lipiiyihiiii -|i.?
if
\i"j-iiii;ilr,:iin
.\nlechaniber and six small nuind l.)askel< Inns.
•'1^'.
iif
i
ill',
"c-aiiif i.N.a/
Icnu.urt'i-k.
i)iaak auiiiin
die .\nnexe.
ubK|uitnus
\^'
and
i>alm(isl
iwn
slnred
a
Aia'.rxr, Lai'.d-
ir".
Da-kcl-i. aMnar.drr
~.\\eeleran.<,',
ir
wliilc
r;iii:i:
ilic
ilicni a.^ani
l)a^k(a^l.
Tht-C '/'/(/(
la
(il
i.
llie
'itJf^Ji
lluiii-
am:
iiiKii-
'A
arm
hn/Ji
la iiia-rn
ii.-
nuli'd \\a~ a draiuii ol
lain
widi an incideiilal scallenn.y of
nl
llwii
'z;/^/// //a//i7//);i
bean
Umih nu'luded
i<
ihf .\nni-.\c.
in
:^H
a.uan: iVuiii
ll:i--i)iai'>aiu: ;la\ ih11-1!:,u- liiirini
iii,<^
111
nnc
)nf(l
iniMiirf
;i
i/ii liii
TiiHii,
il:f IjuTk
:
-lured
li'al.
TnL',
iiim,
'ai"
'•xyci ilnisi
u'.ir.
riir;::iiiir(l
'ix
:l;c
It /err iiiii lliiiiiin. lent lis (/a lis iidiiuiris
sciilriilfi)
wiiir
(
a atiw
Aii.<( r idhdlis).
I
:ii i;!'!
1
ni
--niall
iwu
lii'diita
and
le.mmies and jnilses Irnni die
chick-peas l.iiis
.
1-
>1io\c1Ici-s. Sjuiluhi rlypi
limi" .s^t-fsc la
wliilf liMnlcd
llie
f\ tT.
l)rra>!> nf niiu'
iTiin/:
.i;fe.
J
al.
I'll
.uadwall, Chiiiihliisiiiiis slr(
I
''
lV(ini
ii
i)ru\ i>iui>
I
ininb were n-c ii\i'i"f(i liuia
'Will
II, 'I.
i-i?)
were
]'2
d(i(i. etc.i,
in
the
fniind in
in the .\ntech.ainber tni\- iin.
llti.
Boxes of Prepared Food
Dried
grapes
were found
{Vitis vinifera)
in the
Annexe
Lucas notes the remains of small spiders and
their
baskets 471 and 518b, as well as in the 'bottle-shaped
webs, while 'various wooden
baskets' nos. 364
sticks found within the first shrine, 'contain holes
christi)
manifestly
and 451. Jujubes (Zzyphiis spina were particularly well represented in the tomb, mostly in the Annexe where 36 medium-sized baskets were filled with them. Seeds of safflower (Carthamus tindorius), often used as a red or yellow dye, were also found, here perhaps for making oil. The range of basket-stored commodities included persea fruit (Mimusops laurifolia, formerly schimperi) (three baskets), grewia fruit (Grewia
made by
further information
is
objects', including the
insects ... in the tomb'.
No
available; for spiders, at least,
(Above
left)
amphora the
Small pottery
(no. 6l4j) found in
Annexe. The hieratic on the side of the
inscription
vessel reads: 'Honey
of good
quality'.
this is regrettable, since they are otherwise peculiarly
absent from the Egyptian record.
(Above right) Oval basket
(no.
97) filled with fruits of the dom-palm.
M
tenax) (four baskets), cocculus fruit (Cocculus
sycamore
figs (Ficus sycomorus).
seeds (CitruUus lanatus)
(1 1
sp.),
and watermelon
baskets) for planting or
chewing. Other 'nibbles' included almonds (Prunus dulcis = P.
amygdalus).
Although Tutankhamun was supplied with the raw materials for its manufacture in the afterlife, no actual beer seems to have been buried with him. The boy may well have preferred fruit juice, perhaps grape, the sugary remnants of which Lucas identione of the tomb's calcite jars. For Tutankhamun's wines, see pp. 202-03.
fied in
Insect life It
is
hardly surprising that the quantity of food and
young king should have attracted a range of insect life. Several calcite jars (nos. 16, 58. 60, 61) and the painted wooden box no. 111-1-115 contained the remains of several small, edible matter buried with the
farinaceous
beetles:
the
so-called
cigarette
or
tobacco beetle (iMsioderma serricome). the bread beetle
(Stegohium paniceum, formerly Sitodrepa
and Gihbium psylloides of the Spider Beetle group. Such domestic pests are commonly found in stored fcxxJ, and have been known to feed off stored
paiiicea).
animal matter
perfume
jars.
hence their presence
in the king's
Tutankhamun 's companions in death:
Lasioderma
serricome,
tlie
so-called
cigarette or tobacco beetle:
and
the bread
and spider
beetles Stegobiuni
and Gibbium
paniceum
psylloides.
207
A-
i\ri-'K:i-Ar. ISiiiial L'hani:x-r.
Epilogue: Tittankhamitn Life,
rari-.ri;
Death mid Rebirth
aiTn->:
and
Mill ia>iii.
a„-
ilu-
wiTc
jiiMiu;.
iliii'L!
>i|"
;t;r
lici
a,t,'air.
aci/t-i;
-t-;
"f
i-(i\rnii,i;
c
miiut
llic
>iiniiiiaia'i\
iiiui-ajrd IjfiH-alli a
ini--ni;;;i'
'.l-.c
iiiir.
«,;.
l.
i.:':.
~ijla-i;c(!
in ;)iarc.
iS iirrak
pla^'rr.
;ii;u-(i
'riicli'iiu;jli>'iiiii->(iun,i; kin^u hac; hi-rr. laid liii-i>i. in:
In- burial prt-paraliun^ i-(inunufd luv suM-ral
;a;.>,
TIr' la-k of
i])fraliiin :ii:(i
cw-
\\\\
Ix'licldin.i; k-linf>. ?
ln-cn|)nnn
ihc
nii
lap'
\\"i>liin,L;
['ir.
iji,
p
1
;lit-
iliialK
n)U,t;lil\'
pusiiion, a
in
hflWLrn the
Tuiankhainun nmk
M,t;\'plians nf wcallli.
all
I.iki-
,ura\-c
tlu'
personal iJivlert-nce
dicialt-cl
ruual nr
ihal
I'xcrythin.u'
he would rnciuirn
happ\- and i-(inUiUfd i-xiskiicc
in
next
llii'
loi"
a
and,
life:
b\ a niirack-. niosl of the objecls buried in ihe lonib
March da\s
(i\cr ihiise
L'arnaikon and years
,'>,()()()
I
Mecause of ease:
it
l.'U,'!
Ik remained lor
i.ci-d
more ihan
lo disinter
excites
tomb
relalixcly intact stale, the
its
of
sjians ihe millennia with ijeculiar all
way
of the senses in a
in
which no
before or since has done.
;irch;ieolo.t;ical Ifnd
\\'i-seetht-kin,L,f's\-outhful ima,t,'estanflin.t;l)eloreiis
which once .guarded the l-Surial Chamber entrance: we know the raucous blast of his trumpets, which ha\'e sounded a.uain on more than one occasion: the pri\ile,ued few- aretible to,irr:is]) the in
the portrait
same
fi.Ljures
Tutankhamun cut with his own hand while walking one day down b\- the ri\er: reed slick which
the resins
and
un,t;uents la\ished
detith continue, e\-en
and
llif
nu-nl
wurknien and
now,
which the as
the_\-
upon the
kin.t; in
to .tjive off their he;i\-\-,
was fond
bo\-
;is
slip, to re\-eal
ourselves:
other, jjticked off to the next
cletin
:i
boy
w-orld as
like if
to
school, accompanii-d b\- timpli- supijlies of
linen,
hampers of his fa\-ourile foods, his and a lock of his beloxcd
ijossessions.
I^rized
grandmother's tation,
hair, ^"et in this, his linal manifes-
Tutankhamun was no
longer the mtillettble
he had .grown into a wilful adolescent, his
child:
lather's son, ea.ger to assert
probtibly
The within
murdered
for
hastil\-
himself .\nd he was
:idapted
was
and
fast
private
cor])se e(|iiippe(l with a rag-btig
I'areless,
sepuk-hre,
around the shrines.
till-
The
ritutil
ilk-
ilu- linal
ihestieks.
found seallered
and
in
was
this wall
shackle
way with more
iht-
wound
its
of
in a
roxal
the
its
The
iheotlicials ]jresent.
b\-
.\nnexe and .\ntechamber were stocked
ram-
funerar\-
equipment, and their doorwiiys closed: the entrance
was filled with tlie t-mbtilmin.u; refuse and more lood i3ro\-isions, the outer corridor-blockm.u erected, and the tomb entrance buried from si,t;ln. Tutankhamun had ,L;one but he was not \et coiridor
torKolten. Within a short time of the burial, perhaps
uncertain
the
durin.t;
recorded \e;irs of .\yV
by robbers.
I'lie
perhaps drawn it.
period rei.ttii.
robbers, familiar
four
the
tollowin.tj
the
tomb was entered with the tomb and
I'rom amon.i; the \er\-
men who had
rtinsacked the burial tor mettils. linen,
;ind precious oils
anythin.i,'
was
throu,i,'h
inconspicuous or
detected by the iiecro-
polls .t^iards betore the intruders
break
had
Iseen tible to
and the
into the Burial Chtiniber,
was
entrance corridor
lilled
rubble
with
as
a
deterrent to t\irther ihetT But robbers returned a short time later, burrowin.t; ihrou.gh the coiridor this time penetrating
tis
far as the
outermost
till,
.u'ilded
shrine sutTounding the stircopiiagus.
'I'hex- weiv and this time ctiught. 'ilie .gruesome fate that awaited them ensured thttt the tomb would not be robbed .-igain. Within a matter of xears, it h;id
ti.gam delected,
mix
land and
way
u])
I'ollin .'-I.iJOO
b\-
the
'lAitankhtimun
the
funerar\- corte,ge, followed b\-
highest ollicials of
ululating w-omen.
m
in ai-raiiKin.Lr
due course,
In
outer surface and sealed
of whale\-er
new, old tind adapttible funertiry ec|uipment was readily to hand.
ivclansiilar
aiXTss to
been completeh- forgollen.
it.
burial of Phartioh a
and
oilier objecls
recNclable. 'i'he robbery
begins to
human
h-ail ;ind
are as lamiliar
e\er were.
l'li;iraoh's,t;od-likem;isk
bo;ir(lin,t;
A
in ihnst- ijricsis iiu'iikt-d
bows, oars and
civck-d
liurial Chanilx-r.
paink-d Uj compk--
tin- latu-r
stiickini,Mifthe'l'reasur\"
.tjlass
tin\-
wall nf
and ihf
(ioiirwa\- watliin this paililion alkiwi'd
and
creature as
wiili
\)\-m\-
was
wall
parlilidii
Anlci-lianilx-r
xmlh
first filled
juices of
uriciUaU'd and
\\i-iin.i;l\
banijwl inin
ihf w-alls alivatly dcfnraU'd.
aromatic scent: while the taste of the foods, wines in lytjypt tod;i\-
an and
closed with a dr\-slone bliK-kiilK, pliistered on
later.
Tutankhamun other
in
Inward Carter
a liasU"
in
nialk-I>. (iania,i;in,i,' llic cltvoralt-d surlaccs. Willi ilu-
^lirim--
wiih luin lo
pani-l>
hc.Ljan,
>hi-ini.'>
ll;i"iiii,L;h
ari-ic-- niaiiiK'i". u>fli.>>.
ilu-
ei-i-i-lir.,u
carrit-d
a.k'mn
crowds
\'alle\-.
'opening of the mouth' wtis ix-rformed
l)\-
of
The .\\-.
Tutankhamuii's lu-irand successor, and thecollined
and
in
the
\ears tall
K'entiissance
many
within
his
outermost
h:is o<.-cupied for
more than
lies
which has seen the rise Rome, the birth and the coming of Islam, the
a s])an of time
of
crucifixion
still
tomb he .\lhens
of Chrisl.
and
and the Industrial
centuries.
I'litirtioh's
\-ades the sepulcliie fasi-intilion of this
i\e\-olution. .\l"ter so
sad presence
and the objects Irom
presence,
tis
much
still
it:
per-
and the
as the lure of
draw
him and his treasures These visitors, by speaking Tutankhamun's name, cause him to live, gold, continues to
to
Tutankhamun was
a king unwanted by his by his successors and forgotten for
millions of visitors every year.
subjects, ignored
as he so fervently wished, every minute of every day,
more than 30 centuries; thanks to the discovery of his tomb by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter, he has been reborn as Eg>'pt's most famous son, to
around the vastness of a never have imagined.
modem
world he could
achieve true immortality at
last.
Tutankhamun emerging from the shadows: detail of a gilded wooden shabu, figure (no. 330e)from the Treasury.
209
TJu ()!
.V'
The
The Discoverv
liurial
lih 1
1922
;{23 BC
Jiiiiiiaiy
Manii
/ \uii iiil't Mart of season / X'ln mix I'
Tiilankhamuii dies l-jiiply ])n\atf si-pukinf cnlarui'd and adapted llir kin.u's use
and wcsl walls
\(iilh, east
ul'
l)i>C(i\(T> of first ^te])
ihc liurial Clianiht
.">
Sarcophagus
.\nn mix r
Outer
dccorali'd
blockin.t; i'e\ealed
inlnidui-<-d
and other items
Cani)i)ic cqnii)nu'nl
installed in
Corridor
Treasury
rexealed
till
\iivi luhi y
lH'i
and royal nuiinniy in>lalled in sareoi)ha; Shrines erected around sarcoi)ha>,'us Antechamber lUirial Chaiiilx'r jjartition wall
Access to .Antechamber and \iew of .\nne\e as \nniithir
Collins
Access to liurial Chamlx-r and Treasnry Sail »ihi r Oliicial openin.t; of Antechamlx-r and .\nneNe :in Xnii i)ih( )
erected
'J!i
SoLith wall
ot"
liurial
ChainlxT decorated
'lYeasury and liurial
l-'mal stoe-kiiiK of
Chamber
Burial Ch.aiiiber bl(Kked off
hirst pi"ess reports
Annexe and Antechamber stocked with
jT
I'unerar
tjoods
I)( rciiilit
l-'irsl
Annexe blocked
off
Final sUK'kinK of
object
li(..\no.
r
removed Irom Anlechamlx'r: Painted
L'l
Antechamber
Atitechamber d(K)rway blocked off lintrance coiridor stocked with burial K<«>ds Corridor blocked off
1923 ii
JdiUKiiy
Carnarvon si,t(ns contract with the I h F( bnidiy
luit ranee stairwa\' buiaed
Openin.t; of liurial
I'liinf
Chamber
Al>ni Death of Lord Carnar\iiii (buried 2S April)
:,
c.
1319 HC Antechamber and
First robbery, with access to
May
/ /
Annexe
h'irst
Burial put back
in
order by necropolis officials
Closure of robbers' breach
in
objects lea\e for Cairo Mnseiini (arrive
22 Nkiy)
Antechamber
bkx'kinjj
Material stored I'it
iti
corridor
remo\ed
tor reburial in
1924 !i' l-'cbruary
54
Coiridor
lilled
with rubble
Closure of roblx-rs' brivach
of sarc()])ha,trus lid
l.iftiiiK
in
Fcbnuiiy
/.;
outer d<)orwa\
Strike
Burial of entrance
Second robber\', ix'rhaps over access to all chambers
Robbers a]3preliended Burial put back in order
with
lubi'iKin-
I'l
Lock -out 12 April Carter leaves lui.uland for
necropolis oiiicials
1)\
Closure of robbers' breach
si'veral days,
in liurial
Chamber
I'.S.
lecture tour (until
July)
blcK'kinK
Closure of roblxTs' breach
in
AiitechamlxT 1
bl(X'kin,ij
KefilliiiK of roblxMs' tunnel ihrou.t;!) corridor
Closure of roblxMs' bri'ach
in
923
I.'!
till
Jdiitdiry
New concession
d(K)nvay
to continui' wcirk
i:!(),i,>b(r
liurial of entranct'
Lid of outer
cofliii
removed
2:i()(bil>,r
Lid of second coliin removed c. 1
Huts
131-4:? I?t for workmen
Kaniesses to
\'I
i'S Oiliihcr en,i;a,i,'ed
on
(|uarryin.t;
tomb
ol
eretted iinmediateh o\er entrance
'rutankhamnn's tomb
Lid of inner coliin renioxcd ,ind ro\al re\-ealed
// Xorniibir Slart of autoiisy
c.
1000 HC
192fi
'roinh of 'I'litankhamun missi'd
on
disnianlliiif,' i"o\'al
on imimm\
when work
necro]x>lis
lx-,i;an
i'l
Orh-hr
Start of
work
in
Treasurv
mummv
'.
1932
1927 30 October Start of work
Sprittg in
Annexe (completed 15 December)
Final objects conserved for shipment to Cairo
1930
1939
10 November
2 March
Final objects
Death of Howard Carter
removed from tomb: shrine elements
Object class
Tin hlxJiibilioin
K\'li/hil/()/is
1
!)(;,")-
19(5(5
Japan
(//id I
Slates
nitt'd
)rr,'i, r I'.Hi:,
I
l',';':7.v/
Disph/ys
\iiUTiia
ol
'
'(
;•'!',
.\nr, mil,
r
I-
lur,.',
l-ukiioka
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I
•'.>,,!
lhr(
AiiuMica
nitecl Stall's of
III'',
r
I'.Hi.,
Jiiniiiiiy I'.Hili
1967 I'raiice
I'hiladrlphi;!
hiimiirx
/'(
Nrw
llavrii
/•'(
I'r.'iiirv
l'an>
nil).'.'
I'liiiii'x
hi hriiiny
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.\f>nl
I
lIliUSlol! .l/)r;/
l-liiffland I.oiidoi;
.Miiv jiiiii July !!)hL'
lh.r,iiih,r l'.)72
.\!,nrii
I'hu-a.uo Ai/.l:ii.
uh',:;
St-anle
1973-1974 Sijilciiilur ()rtuh(}-
.\iifiii.
San
I!>ii7
1972 May HUH'
Omaha
July
.\i<.t;ii
'.Hi:!
l::
LSSK
l-'ranciscd
Ufluhc)- Snriiiihti-
l>ii-(
iiihir Ull)2
Mos.o\v
Dircwbcr U)?:; May IUTI
Clfxelaiul
Ihrcnihcr HHiJ! Jmiiitn-v
I'.Hhl
Leningrad July .Xiiii'iiihcr
l'.)7
1963-1964 I
nited States of
America
1975
ISSK
l)iisl()n
l-'chnidiy April
1\1C\
I'.Hi:',
Saini l.ouis
Jiiiiiiiiry
May
April
Marih
i;>7.1
/.'v;.V
lialtiiiKii'r
Jinir July
197(i-1977 I'.Mir,
L nited States of
Dayliiii irniii
W'ashin.uion
Jiih nxi.'l
Dciriiit
irnin S('p/riiih( r
Scptniibrr
Aii,<,'iist
1977-1978 19li'!
United States of America
Riclmiond lhi-(inbrr !!Hi:i piiiKaiy !i)hl
Svw York friiiii
ChicaK" tujiily
1977
Ni'w Orleans
JdiUKiry IIHil
Scptcwhcr 1977
1964-1965 Canada Toronlo
I97S
Los Angeles
Xiirciuhcr l)irriiihcr HXS
February .May 197S
Winnipeg'
Seaitle
Dcniiihcr I'Xil Jaiiiiury \ aiicoiiNcr
I'.Hk)
July .Xiiiriiihrr
I97S
New ^o^k l-'(briiiir\- I !»!.'>
(^lelxr .Miiirii
Jiiuitiity
1S)78-1979 United States of America
Moniri'al
Jiiiiiiiirv
h)7h
Hh;.'!
Toledo
Scptcmbrr Orlnhrr
America
in.
Drrniihrr 197S April 1979 S;in l'"ranciscii
April nu;.,
.May (ktohr 1979
1979-1980 Canada
while one of the foetuses
Toronto
Luxor
Anatomy
November 1979~January 1980
The
is in
the Department of
of the University of Cairo.
gilded
cow head from
the tomb,
two pairs of
sandals, 63 gilded bronze pall-rosettes, six arrows
and two boat models are on display in the Luxor
1980-1981
Museum
of Ancient Eg>'ptian Art. Other objects from Tutankhamun's tomb, includ-
West Germany
many
of
black-varnished
the
shrines and Theban west
West Berlin February-May 1980
ing
Cologne
bank. These pieces are not accessible to the general
baskets,
tomb on
the
public.
June-October 1980
The tomb of Tutankhamun is No. 62 in the Valley The remains of the young king lie in a
Munich November 1980-February 1981 Hanover February-April 1981
of the Kings.
box within the outermost gilded coffin, which still sits within the quartzite sarcophagus in the painted Burial Chamber. The lid of the sarcophagus has
Hamburg
been replaced with a panel of plate glass, so that the coffin within can be seen by the tomb's many
May-July 1981
Note: dates given in some cases include storage, travelling
and mounting
storage in a
lie in
visitors.
The
times.
for
plaster from the tomb's sealed
many
original storeroom; to the
tomb
of
it
has now been transferred back itself. Other, minor
Tutankhamun
objects from Carter's clearance of the
entrance corridor are light
doorways lay
years in the tomb of Ramesses XI, Carter's
among
Tutankhamun
materials brought to
between 1977 and 1979 by John Romer during Ramesses XI tomb, where they
his clearance of the
Museums and
are
Collections
now
stored.
Outside Egypt Those unable
Egypt The
to
visit
Egypt need not despair.
Objects dating from the period in which Tutankha-
great travelling exhibitions of
funerary treasures have
now
Tutankhamuns
ceased because of
concerns for the welfare of the objects, which, inevitably, were beginning to suffer from constant packing, travelling, unpacking and handling. Fortunately, visiting
Egypt
cheaper; and there
is
itself
much
has never been easier or to
and reigned may be seen in any of the European and American museums, including the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, and the collections of Brussels, Munich, West Berlin, Leiden, Turin, Chicago and Philadelphia (cf. pp.
mun
lived
larger
26-9.).
The
be said for seeing the
best objects discovered
by Theodore Davis
Tutankhamun-
54 in the Valley of the Kings are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; other
related material in Egyptian collections: for the
pieces from the Pit 54 assemblage were de-access-
young king following
larger
is
in the context of his native land.
a brief check-list of
The
in
Pit
ioned in the 1950s, and are
monuments, see pp. 26-9.
Museum Cairo The greater part of the king's funerary equipment on display on the upper
Museum.
some
Cairo,
of
it
floor of the
as
first set
elsewhere. is
Egyptian
out by Carter
himself; a few of the Cairo pieces are in storage.
The
second and third (innermost) coffins and the gold
mask
are
shown with
the jewellery in
room
4;
the
A
the Victoria and Albert Museum. The magnificent collection of Egyptian art assembled by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter is now
memorabilia from the
45, at the
end of which Tutankhamun's two
guardian figures stand sentinel.
Much of the botanical material recovered from the is now in the Agricultural Museum. Dokki:
tomb
York, and
is in
displayed in the run of galleries
and
the American
New
specimens from the tomb of Tutankhamun was presented in 1933 to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on long-term loan. A group of textile fragments
one of the treasures of
15. 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,
in
representative selection of botanical
assemblage and animal couches in galleries 8, 9 and 10. The remainder of the material is shrines, canopic
now
of Natural History in
Museum
New
York's Metropolitan
and personal pre-Tutankhamun
of Art; further antiquities fifth Earl's
days are on display at Highclere Castle in Hampshire, the Carnarvon family home. Other Carterrelated objects are to be found in Brooklyn, Detroit, St Louis, Kansas Citv and elsewhere.
FiirtJii
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pp.
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Ihnaslv.
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III /i'v/i,'
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dr Toulaiikhamon sur
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vi/icrs'. in
iCairo, IHSril. pp.
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pp ..r
(IS
III:
a
wnli .\klH'iiaUii'
Ull
NctV'Uni:"' .l.O; Ais il;(77i.
Ray, J.D. 'The parentage of Tutankhamun', Antiquity 49/113 (March, 1975), pp. 45-7 Review-article, D.B. Redford, Akhenaten,
'The date of the "Restoration" stela of (1973), pp. 9-11
Tutankhamun',
CMS
'A fine piece of Egyptian faience',
the Heretic King,
Burlington Magazine 119/890 (May, 1977),
Redford, D.B. Akhenaten, the Heretic King
340-43
pp.
'Kiya',
CdE 49
25-30
(1974), pp.
CM
pp. 11-21
W.
Kemp,
B.J.,
'Kije',
AcOr 35
and el-,
and G.T. Martin Excavations
the Royal Necropolis at
El'Amama
'New
'3t;
light
CM 30 (1978), pp. 61-9
on Kiya from texts
in the
British Museum',/£4 74 (1988), pp. 91-101 'The tomb of Tuthmosis IV: two 44 (1981), pp. questionable attributions', 49-55 Tutankhamun Pocket Guide (Reading/
(Cairo,
1987)
CM
Amama', //K 20 (1983), pp. 119-32 Das Ende der Amamazeit (Hildesheim,
London, 1987) 'Tuthmosis IV as "great-grandfather" of Tut'ankhamun', 56 (1982), pp. 65-9
1978)
- ursprungliche Besitzerin der KV 55', MDAIK 42 (1986), pp.
CM
Kanopen aus
Roeder, G. Amama-Reliefs aus Hermopolis
67-80 Krauss,
hmt nsw
in
Krauss, R. 'Der Bildhauer Thutmose in
'Kija
1979), pp.
Reeves, C.N. 'A further occurrence of Nefertiti as
R.,
and D.
Ullrich 'Ein
glasemer
(Hildesheim, 1969) Sa'ad, R. 'Fragments d'un
Doppelring aus Altagypten'.yPA: 19 (1982), pp. 199^ 212
RdT 29 (1907),
'Notes d'inspection, XXVII. Le protocole de Toutankhamon', >1SA6;6 (1905), p. 192 'Notes d'inspection, LII. Un duplicate de la grande stele de Toutankamanou a Kamak', ASAE 8 (1907), pp. 256-8
Miaofilms, 1978) 'The granite colossi of at
No/retete in
Die Totenfigur der Nofretete',
Amama?
MDAIK 42
GM 18 (1975),
affair',
/AffCS 15
(1978),
'The Berlin "Truauerrelief
and some
Tombs of Memphis (London and New York, 1990) The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut'ankhamun, I-
y/l/?C£4
(London, 1990-)
The Royal Tomb at El-'Amama,
I-II
(London, 1974-89)
Tut'ankhamun
(1978), pp.
134-5
Morkot, R. 'Nakhtmin, the supposed viceroy of
Wepwawet 1 (1985), p. 4 Mumane, W.J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies Ay',
'Tutankhamun on the Eighth Pylon at Kamak', VA 1 (1985), pp. 59-68 Peet, T.E., L. Woolley, and others The Gty of
officials of
(1965), pp.
'
(no.
12411)
41 (1955), pp. 112-14
1935) ( = l.I.) The Secret of the Gold (Moscow, 1978) Perepelkin, I.I. Keie i Semnekh-ke-re (Moscow,
(n.p., n.d.)
'A tomb prepared for Queen Hatshepsuit and other recent discoveries at Thebes', /£4
4 (1917), pp. 107-18 'A tomb prepared for Queen Hatshepsuit discovered by the Earl of (Camarvon (October, 1916)', ASAE 16 (1916), pp. 175-^2
I-Il
(Moscow,
l%7-84) problemes souleves par
persecution de Toutankhamon',
(Montpellier, 1986), pp.
a
Egyptian Government (London, 1924)
TuLankhAmen, Cxjne, P. (ed.)
Mace) The
I-III
Tomb
of
(London, 1923-33)
The Discovery of Tutankhamun's
Tomb (New
York, 1976)
The Secrets of Tutankhamen (London and New York, 1978) Davis, T.M., and others The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatdnkhamanou (London, 1912)
The Tomb of HdtshopsitH (London, 1906) The Tomb oflouiya and Touiyou (London, 1907)
The Tomb of Queen T^' (London, 1910) The Tomb of Thoutmosis /F (London, 1904)
Drower, Margaret S. Flinders Petrie. Archaeology (London, 1985) Gardiner, Sir Alan H.
My
My Early
Working Years
A
Years
Life in
(n.p., n.d.)
(n.p., n.d.)
Hoving, T. Tutankhamun: the Untold Story
A W 32/6 (Nov.-
Mace, A.C. 'Work at the tomb of Tutenkhamon', Dec. 1923, Part II (Egyptian Expedition 1922-23), pp. 5-11
Project, I-
J.
Toutankhamon dans
Weigall, A,E.P.B. The Life
les
archives
Tut'ankhamun
in the
Rijksmuseum of
Antiquities at Leiden', yfi/1 22 (1936), pp. 1-2
J.
'The
last survivor',
Dec., 1981), pp. 10-21
BMMA
Naville, E.,
and others The Temple ofDeir el
Bahari, I-VI (London, 1895-1908)
Newberry,
P.E.,
and others Beni Hasan, I-IV
(London, 1893-1900)
ElBersheh, I II (London, 1893-4) York, Metropolitan Museum of Art Wonderful Things: the Discovery of
New and Times of
Akhnaton, Pharaoh of Egypt (London, 1922) Wijngaarden, W.D. van 'Objects of
la
Hommages
of Tut.ankh.amen: statement
(New York and Harmondsworth, 1978)
httHtes (Istanbul, 1961)
Perevorot Amen-khotpa IV,
Tomb
The
with documents, as to the events which
occurred in Egypt in the winter of 1923-24, leading to the ultimate break with the
Philadelphia, 1963)
Vergote,
1979)
II
in 1914', /£4 3 (1916), pp. 147-54 Sir Portraits of the Thothmes Family
Camarvon
Lavrton,
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Coffin
and H. Carter Five
'
Heka-Nefer and the Dynastic Material from Toshka and Arminna (New Haven/
Akhenaten Temple
Perepelkin, G.
of,
Years Explorations at Thebes, a record of
work done, 1907-1911 (Oxford, 1912) Carter, H. 'Report on the tomb of Zeser-ka-ra Amenhetep L discovered by the Earl of
Tut'ankhamun and Ay',
Smith, R.W., D.B. Redford, and others The
Akhenaten, I- (London, 1923-) Pendlebury, J.D.S. TeU elAmama (London,
Franqois Daumas,
1923)
55-68
'Excursus on the "military officer" Nakhtmin',/4/?C£3 (1964), pp. 124-6 'Some observations on the military background of the Amama period', /j4i?C£ 3 (1964), pp. 51-69 Seele, K.C. 'King Ay and the Close of the Amama Age',/AES, 14 (1955) pp. 168-80 Simpson, W.K. 'The head of a statuette of Tut'ankhamun in the Metropolitan Museimi',
JEA
(Chicago, 1977)
545-8
Amka
of
Cxjttrell, L.
1983)
pp. 43-8
Martin, G.T. The Hidden
and Smenkhkare',/£4 64
Amun and Amonet
Tomb
Experiences in the
Camarvon, The Earl
Carter, H. (and A.C.
Schulman, A.R. "Ankhesenamun, Nofretity, and the
Meltzer, E.S. 'The parentage of
IXe pylone
GM 38 (1980), pp. 69-73 Echnaton-Tutanchamun Fakten
und Texte (Wiesbaden,
99-107
Manniche, L. 'The wife of Bata', pp. 33-5
Ratie, S. 'Quelques
Kamak',
Schlogl, H.A.
lx)eben, C. 'Eine Bestattung der grossen
(1986), pp.
le
Kamak V 1970-72 (Cairo, 1975), pp. 93-109 Samson, J. Amama, City of Akhenaten: Nefertiti as Pharaoh (London, 1978) Schaden, O.J. The God's Father Ay (University
pp. 162-73
Some
Tutenkhamon (Chicago, 1923) (^part, J. The Tomb of Tutankhamen (London,
de Kamak',
Toutankhamanou a Kamak',
GemahHn
monument de
Toutankhamon retrouves dans
Legrain, G. 'La grand stele de
koniglichen
Tutankhamen (New York, 1976) fames H. Breasted (London, 1948) 'Over the threshold of Tut-ankh-Amen's Breasted, J.H.
filiation of
Tutankhamun', /SS£4 9/3 June, 111-15
MDAIK 40 (1984), pp. 159-67 others Amama Reports, I-
of
Tutenkhamon', C//20 (1924), pp. 363 73 Brackman, A.C. The Search for the Gold of
tomb', Asia 23 (1923), pp. 437-41, 465, 468
'Once again the
(1973), pp.
(London, 1984-)
Khouly, A.
and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies (Toronto, History
1967)
'Nefertiti rediviva',
5-13
tomb
Allen, T.G. 'Discoveries at the
Breasted, C. Pioneer to the Past. The Story of
(Princeton, 1984)
4 (1973), pp. 15-17 'Nefemefruaten', 'Nefemefniaten regnans', AcOr 36 (1974),
Heick,
GM 86 (1985), pp. 81-93
Search and discovery
Tutankhamun 's Tomb (New York, 1976) tomb of
Peck, W.H. 'The discoverer of the
Tutankhamun and
the Detroit Institute of
the Arts',ySS£4 11 (1981), pp. 65-7 Petrie,
W.M.F. TeU el Amama (London, 1894)
215
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from the tomb of Tutankhamun', AcOr 43 (1982), pp.
S
represented on the sarcophagus of
Tutankhamun and
12
Musical Instruments from the
Tomb
statues found in
of
Tut'ankhamfm (Oxford, 1976) Montagu, J. 'One of Tufankhamun's trumpets',
/£4
and M.
H.,
Nuttall
A
(Cairo, 1951-2)
Congress of
Egyptologists, Abstracts of Papers (Cairo,
AJA 82
(1978), pp.
273-83
Reeves, C.N. "On the miniature
mask from
Tut'ankhamiin embalming cache', (1983), pp. 81-3
the
BSEG 8
'Tut'ankham(3n and his papyri', (1985). pp.
—
GM8S
39-45
of the Kings. The Decline of a Royal Necropolis (London, 1990) Valley
Riesterer, P.
623-7
Das Agyptische Museum Kairo,
Grabschatz des Tut-ench-Amun
(3.
11.
Auflage,
Bern/Cairo, 1972) Ritner, R.K. 'Unrecognized decorated linch pins
from the tombs of Tutankhamon and Amenhotep 11', 94 (1986), pp. 53-6 Robins, G. 'Isis, Nephthys, Selket and Neith
GM
(Louvain, 1982),
(London, 1971) 'Evidence for Osirian rituals
Cairo (Mainz, 1987)
in the
tomb
of Tutankhamun', in Pharaonic Egypt: the
Seton-Williams, M.V. Tutanchamun: der
and
Pharao. das Grab, der Goldschatz (Frankfurt
Bible
am
Jerusalem, 1985), pp. 328^10 'Jewellery for a procession in the bed-
Main, 1980)
Settgast,
J.,
and others Tutanchamun
(Berlin
exhibition catalogue, Mainz, 1980; similar
chamber
catalogues were prepared for the
BIFAO
of Tutankhamun',
Fifty
Christianity (ed. S.
in the
tomb
of
I.
Groll,
Tufankhamun',
84 (19*1), pp. 335-45 Wood, R.W. 'The purple gold of Tufankhamun', /£4 20 (1934), pp. 62-5 Zabkar, L.V. 'Correlation of the transformation
SAK 8 (1980), pp.
spells of the
Book
of the
Dead and the
amulets of Tutankhamun's mummy', in
Wonders of Tutankhamun (New
York, 1978) Masterpieces of Tutankhamun (New York, 1978)
W. 'Zu dem Grabfunde des Tutenchamun', OLZ 28 (1925), cols. 140-44 'Zu den Jagdbildem des Tutenchamun', OLZ 38 (1938), cols. 569-71
Spiegelberg,
220
Reed, C.A., and D.J. Osbom 'Taxonomic transgressions in Tutankhamun's treasures',
tombe de
pp.
233-6
feathered corselet against iconographic
II
la
and H. Sourouzian The Egyptian
Museum
tomb
Tutankhamona (exhibition Moscow, 1973-4)
la
Studio Paulo Master
Wilkinson, A. Ancient Egyptian jewellery
coffin
Silverman, D.P. 'Cryptographic writing in the
Podgorski, T. "The position of Tutankhamun's
in
Quaegebeur),
ASAE 40 (1940-41), pp.
of
Tutanchamun exhibitions in Cologne, Hamburg, Hanover and Munich)
N.
Piotrovsky, B.B., and others Sokrovishcha
J.
containing the lock of hair of Queen Tyi', Saleh, M.,
and identifications of the alabaster ibexes in Tutankhamun's treasures', /£4 73 (1987), pp. 243-4 Pfister, R. 'Les textiles du tombeau de Toutankhamon', RAA 11 (1937), pp. 207-18 Piankoff, A. Les chapeUes de Tout-Ankh-Amon
1988), p.
tomb
Ages (London, 1931) Rowe, A. 'Inscriptions on the model
D.J. 'Corrections
sources', Cairo, 5th International
Oblata (ed.
'Quelques enigmes eclaircies, a propos de tombe de Toutankhamon', BSEG 8 (1983), 97-9 Vilimkova, M. 'Pectoralien in Form von Tutanchamuns ersten Namen Nb-hprtv-R' und ihre Varienten', ^A'M9 (1980), pp. 163-9
statues from the
GM
1978)
catalogue,
Toutankhamon?', pp. 263-7
'Two
Treasures of Tutankhamun at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York,
(ed.
'Pour qui a ete creusee
in the
Tutankhamun
GM 72 (1984), pp.
23)',
Tutankhamun', 71 (1984), pp. 47-50 Ross, E. Denison The Art of Egypt through the
Musgrove, P. 'Prehistoric aeronautics', Hemisphere 19/9 (September, 1975), pp. 10-14 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Shrines of TutAnkh-Amcm Rambova, New York, 1955)
and Ay (KV
62)
Vandersleyen, C. 'L'iconographie de Toutankhamon et les effigies provenant de sa tombe', BSEG 9-10 (1984-5), pp. 309-21
27-32
Catalogue of Objects in Tufankhamun's Tomb (Oxford, 1963)
grobnitsy
GM 72 (1984), pp.
'The proportions of figures
(KV
Handlist to
Howard Carter's
Osbom,
62',
decoration of the tombs of
64(1978). pp. 133-4
Murray,
in four free-standing
KV
21-5
Grabkammer des Tutanchamun', ASAE 38 (1938), pp. 641-67 Game-boxes and Accessories from the Tomb of Tut'ankhamiin (Oxford, 1982) Tawfik, S. 'Tutanchamuns Grab; Provisorium Oder kunstvolles Novum?', in Studien zu Sprache und Religion Agyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf II (Gottingen, 1984), pp. 1131-9 Teeter, E. 'Enameling in Ancient Egypt?', AJA 85 (1981), p. 319 Thibault, J. 'La masque d'or de Toutankhamon radiographie', PCR (May, 1968), pp. 216-17 Thomas, J. Les boomerangs d'un Pharaon (n.p.,
Melanges
offerts
1985), pp.
375-88
a Jean Vgrcowrter (Paris,
n
Archival and miscellaneous sources The bulk
of
Howard
Carter's papers relating to
the discovery and clearance of the
tomb are
in
the Griffith Institute, Oxford, together with a
Harry Burton's photographic negatives; a
Steindorff, G. 'Die
set of
Tait, W.J.
Museum
further set of negatives
of Art in
New
is in
the Metropolitan
York.
The voice of Carter himself may be heard on BBC double LP BBC 1922-1972. Fifty Years of the BBC, issued in 1972, together with a brief snatch of the Tutankhamim trumpets broadcast. The original recordings may be the
BBC Sound Archives in London. Contemporary newsreel footage of the clearance is held by the National Film Institute in London, and by Visnews, London. The film footage taken by Harry Burton is in the Mefropolitan Museimi of Art, New York. consulted in the
217
Sources
(ij
QiioUilious
p.
/,. \:
IS .
..
,
:
,;,.. r-
;
11 ^
i
1
160
pathway some way' T. Kendall, and R.E. Freed. Egypt's
Leopold-Amherst, Capart. Gardiner and B. van de
620:119. p.
Walle.y£4 22
in E. Brovarski. S. K. Doll
(1936). p. 171; Before us,
.
the
.
.
TutankhAmen II, pp. 82-83. youthful many years' Carter.
unguents' Carter.
116
'The
.
.
p.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Human
Remains, p. 18-22 years' R.G. Harrison and A.B. 7; 'within the Abdalla, Antiquity 46/181 (March 1972), p. 11. p. 1 18 Herodotus. The Histories, is put as much
revealed' Carter, quoted in Leek. .
.
.
.'
'.
.
.
.
translated
.
.
.
.
by A. de Selincourt (Harmondsworth.
19 'One
Mace
.
1972),
.
TutjinkhAmen
.
162
p.
165
La trompette dans
or comet' H. Hickmann.
'actually the
.
.
no.
.
167
.
.
single
.
166
.
been used'
.
one hoped.
'. .
.
document'
... of
TutjinkhAmen III, p. 81; 'among the towards him The Times, 2 Jan. 1923; 'box .
.'
of
.
difficulty decipherable' Carter,
1
thing ... out dazed'
archive,
17 Feb. 1923; 'a monument not easily forgotten' TutjinkhAmen III. p. 46. p. 121 'There was was left' Carter, Tut.ankhAmen III, p. 50. p. 123 had one ... a Rameses' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III. other objects Carter p. 28. p. 1 28 'Strange and and Mace. Tut.ankhAmen p. 112. p. 130 'We will ... the room Carter, TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 51. p. letter.
.
'.
.
.
.
.'
.
.
.
.
.
I.
.'
.
.
132 'The
statuettes
TutjinkhAmen comparatively
111,
.
.
.
Carter archive,
Tutankfiamun, notes on figures; 'while fastened
.
.
Tut.ankhAmen III. p. 41; 'seem to TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 42. p.
the neck' Carter.
.
.
.
168 "Among
TutjinkhAmen
.
human remembrance' Carter, TutjinkhAmen 111. p. vii. p. 1 70 'On that his love' Lichtheim. Literature II p. 49. p. 172 'of 119. p.
more
.
.
.
purely
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TutjinkhAmen
exercising purposes' Carter.
.
.
175
Telegraph, 17 Jan. 1923. p.
'work of almost
inconceivable fineness' Carter and .Mace.
134
176 'made up without sleeves' Carter, TutankhAmen III. p. 143; 'of ceremonial purpose' Carter, TutankhAmen III, p. 142. partially developed' Carter, p. 177 'more fitted TutjinkhAmen
TutjinkhAmen
111,
p. 42.
135
p.
'.
.
a system
.
.
.
human imaginations' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 36. 136 shabti shall say' R.O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egytpian Book of the Dead (London, 1985). p. 36. p. 137 'In the of death' Carter. TutjinkhAmen consider modem' 111. p. 83. p. 140 'These are Carter. TutjinkhAmen 11. p. 15. p. 142 'Among these p.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... to traverse' Carter.
45
1
'showing a
.
TutjinkhAmen .
.
p.
.
.
.
TutjinkhAmen
pp. 63-64. p.
'.
.
.
after three ...
a
'The immense 25 January 1923. and Mace,
TutjinkhAmen I, pp. 131-32: 'acclamations and clicks' Mace archive, letter from .Mace to
.
camera
wife Winifred.
Feb. 1923. p.
1
symbolical device' Carter.
'hanging on p. 76.
.
153
p.
.
.
150
'.
.
.
in
many
of
.
.
.
most
... his
garments
'We have
.' .
.
... at
creeds' Carter,
Manchester Guardian, 27 them' .Mace archive,
Jan. 1923; 'Cloth in ... of soot' Carter
and
letter,
6
.Mace,
.
.'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
p. 137; 'tucked
II,
.
.
.
.
Mace
.
.
.
p.
.
obliquely'
TutankhAmen
resembling
p. 135.
steel!'
178 The
archive,
and
II.
p.
cloth
.
.
and
staves' Carter.
.
.
.
.
180
TutjinkhAmen
Resting upon
.
.
.
III,
.
fan
p. 69, re:
original position'
Carter archive. Tutankhamun, card no. 47;
'obviously not
.
.
.
no. 80. p.
181
'on its
.
.
.
p. 120.
1.
.
.
.
Post,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TutankhAmen
in Carter.
III,
195 'rough TutankhAmen III.
.
.
.
.
.
nos. 50dd-ff; 'once held
TutankhAmen 111. p. 127; TutankhAmen III, pp.
[the deceasedj Carter.
.
196 'absolutely new in type' Carter and TutankhAmen p. 113; 'Probably these TutankhAmen p. 'their wooden ... the box' Carter. TutankhAmen
40-^1. p.
Mace,
1,
219;
'The rotation
p. 93;
I,
... the tinder' GI, Carter
Tutankhamun, notes on
'Possibly for
.
.
.
Tutankfiamun, card no. 620:37; 'and might
.
.
.
.
\,
p. 118.
p.
186
.
.
.
funeral equipment' GI. Carter archive, objects, p.
exception' Gl, Carter archive, objects; 'at least
TutankhAmen
.
.
.
quoted plain
.
200
in the .
'With rare
marks interior Tutankhamun, notes on coming out' Carnarvon,
lU. p. 145; 'Finger
'There
is
.
.
no. 315. p.
DaUy Telegraph,
204
'They [the
TutjinkhAmen
'thrown topsy-
205
1
Dec. 1923. p. 201 'A TutankhAmen III, p.
Tutankhamun, card baskets] and pliable'
111.
.
.
.
pp. 149^ 50; 'On certain
.
.
side bars' GI, Carter archive,
Tutankhamun, card
no. 33; 'Their
dimensions
...
a
'The finding
.
.
.
\\l,
.
.
p. 150.
eighteen years' Daily Mail, 20
mesh of msh-work' GI, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, notes on objects; 'is very petrified .
sponge' Lucas,
ASAE 45 (1947),
.
.
mixture
p. 134; 'a
and fmits' Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card 620:117. p.
II,
.
.
.
.
Jan. 1923; in a
•wooden stand
.
.
.
.
possibly glass' Carter,
.
199
Tutankhamun, notes on
unctuous materials' Carter,
walls' Gl, Charter archive, objects, p.
archive,
.
.
or
and 'dark brown material' Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 469. p. 198 'His omate ... to wonderland' Carter in E. Denison Ross, The Art of Egypt through the Ages (bmdon, 1931), p. 45; 'the
... the [Annexe^ and 'tied up the throne' and 'the blotchy Nubian goat' Gl. Carter archive. Tutankhamun, card no. 351; 'an important ... the reign' C^er, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 113. p. 187 .
...
electram'
Carter,
[the]
Tutankhamun, card no. 377. p. 183 'These were box itself Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 403. p. 184 'one of been discovered' The Times, 6 Feb. 1923; 'dulled by exquisite bloom' Carter and
TutankhAmen
197
objects, p.
painting purposes' Gl. Carter archive,
p.
Mace, turvy
.
.
tomb-thieves' Carter and Mace,
377; 'for sepulchral purpose' Gl. Carter archive,
.
no.
dark red wood' GI. Carter
p. 62;
cubit-measure' Carter. is
'It
'foundation
wo
Tutankhamun, card
archive,
p. 90;
Tutankhamun, card
deposit' GI, Carter archive,
deceased relatives' Carter. TutjinkhAmen
.
.
.
chamber' GI, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no.
.
p.
86; 'Damn!!!' GI. Carter archive,
original position' GI. Carter archive,
Tutankhamun, card
work
Tutankhamun, notes on
.
.
31 Jan. 1924; 'The
letter,
.
majority
Carter,
TutankhAmen III, p. 135; 'long staves ... left plain' Carter, TutankhAmen III, p. 135; 'We wondered own hand'" (barter. TutjinkhAmen II, p. 36. p. 179 'Such charming .
.
TutjinkhAmen I. p. 159; 'probably used ... or robes' Carter, TutjinkhAmen I, pi. XX V. p. 1 56 'I made his own Mace archive, letter, 21 Jan. 1923. p. 157 'neatly folded' and 'were possibly ... go with' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 126. When these wonderful things' The Times, 1 Feb. 1923; 'a design Lower Egypt' GI. Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. .
left
TutjinkhAmen
GL
TutjinkhAmen III, p. 134. p. 154 a fine cambric-like linen' (barter. TutjinkhAmen U. p. 112. p. 155 'The Jan. 1923;
.
no. 272a. p.
.
TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 71; Tut-ankhAmen HI,
Amen
thigh' Carter.
.
like ourselves' Carter.
.
his .
the stones' Carter,
'is
III,
.
.
.
TutjinkhAmen
131; 'the astonishing
young
lever' Carter
.
.
'the haft
exquisite work'
p.
146
centuries' sleep'" Yorkshire Post,
149
p. 57.
III.
centuries ago' Carter.
.
III.
.
.
'the
archive,
p. 113. p.
I.
Carter
no. 511; 'carried in ... the
TutankhAmen
mere hack.s' Breasted, quoted in 22 Dec. 1922; 'one of artistic and Mace, TutankhAmen I, p. 110. and arrow' and 'scampering p. 192 'the king animals and hounds' and "chief glory' and 'carved in Greek coin' Gl. Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 540 -h 551. p. 194 'coated with oxide' Lucas,
III,
of mummification' Carter.
possibly comprise ... the tomb' Carter,
191
94b. p.
p.
II.
il, p. 60; 'highly coloured and decorated' M.A. Littauer and Jil. Crouwel. Chariots and Related Equipment from the Tomb of Tut'ankhamun (Oxford, 1985), pp. 56, 74. p. 174 'The bows ... the next' Daily
one another' Carter. 133 'These
p. 54. p.
... to us' Gl,
of linen' Gardiner,
.
Carter,
.
The Morning
.
papyri' Capart, Tutankhamen, p. 39; 'discoloured rolls
Carter.
p.
.
p.
.
The Times, 14 Feb. 1923; 'at least ... be discovered' Gardiner, The Times, 14 Feb. 1923; linear hieroglyphs' and 'too decayed 'ritual
p. 160.
.' .
.
p. 220. 'travelling sttxil' GI.
III,
treasures' Carter
.
.
1
polychrome beadwork
.
189 'were evidently ... a slave' Carter, TutankhAmen \\\, p. 119; 'toy-chest' Carter. TutankhAmen III, p. 122; 'the fastening ... the box' Carter. TutankhAmen III. p. 121; 'This contrivance hitherto known' Carter. TutankhAmen III. p. 121. .
TutjinkhAmen III. p. Carter. TutjinkhAmen
Carter,
.
.
the king' Carter.
.
80; 'The colours, lU, p. 80. p.
.
(1978), p. 134. p.
.
sun' Carter and Mace,
I'Egypte
Egyptian
p. 33; 'the
Montagu,y£4 64
J.
.
Tutankhamun, card
archive,
.
'raucous and powerful' and 'rather the
aruienne ((^iro. 1946), pitch'
.
Tutankhamun, card
the thieves' Gl, (barter archive, 593. p.
'had suffered
the royal knee' Carter.
TutankhAmen
.
p. 132.
III,
TutankhAmen III. p. 115; 'intended fr)r TutankhAmen III, p. 1,5; 'of
child' Carter.
msh-work
.
.'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TutjinkhAmen 11. p. xxiii; 'some kind ... a part' New TutjinkhAmen II. p. 186; 'the mode Empire' Carter, quoted in F.F. Leek, The Human Remains from the Tomb of TuVankhamun (Oxford, above it' D.E. Derry 1972), p. 6. p. 1 17 'parallel to and Saleh Bey Hamdi, quoted in Leek, Human free it' and 'Eventually Remains, p. 12; 'so firmly with success' and 'beautiful and finally we .
.
.
.
Carter,
'a
Golden Age (Boston. 1982). p. 261; 'The contest Near East Carter. Tut.ankhAmen 111. p. 131. p. 161 "were probably ancient times' Carter.
206
Tutankhamun, card no. 519; out of J. Cemy. Hieratic Inscriptions from '.
.
.
other joints'
Tomb of Tufankhamun "various
wooden
p. 166.
Carter
p.
.
.
no.
'Dried lens in interior" Gl, Carter
... the
208
tomb' Carter.
'Live thy
.
.
.
beholding
and Mace, TutjinkhAmen
1,
.
.
the
207 TutankhAmen
(Oxford. 1965), p.
18.
p.
felicity'
p. 190.
219
AckiioivlcdL^niciils
Cre (ills
Illust I'd lion
/,'....
W
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• .
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;,
,
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i,
,
\1 .-,,,. l;.-,
,
,v,
,
W, |i|
\l
M I'-
I
,:!]
\-'
;„:
\|...;,
..:v
\i
.M M..,, ,/,..,.
i.
,>.
W
,
il.
.I.:-,:,,
I'r.k.
,
i
/'(
A'Al;,
\
W
\i^
7, -.11.
w,.
Illi.-.li;ili..iitrcclils
,
....
.I,:l
Ill
:(.,,!>
U.
77!'.,
ril)Mr:,l,',; 1, ,:„;,,. \,
ln,Kui,//.W-'-:;/,,;,7-. A7',;/,
.
I
>
:i;i,.
>v\. Kl-.;;,-.
\h>,i;-
Ml.-, 17,,:
i;:i
r,
|,iil,h-;utl
l.;i7T,,k-,.,)
I.;h-.,i;,
!;.l.kin;,:i, /;,/
l.x
K,,<::,ii~li,i
-/,,',-,/«
l.cvk, //;»/;,;(,'
A',
V,.;,;/7»;/i;/, »„;;(,-
r:ir,:i.kiuiw:,i.
M,„,.
pr.«;u,r,: ;n Miiiakii
il,li,,l,ii:n,].:i-,iii«i:,.iil,,
,|1'
/.;.
/,-»,',,.,
/;,,,«*;,. Iw,),.
I
2;l>i ,C.,ir,
,.iii:l:.
I'.
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;
,:
;
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Index Page numbers
in italics refer to illustrations
baskets 204, 204. 206, 207; shabti 77 basketwork sandals 157 beaded cushion 183. net 192. robe 157 beads 48, 110,114,141, 150.152 beadwork 155, 157, 187; cap 113 bed, Osiris 88
Callender, A.R. 72, 54, 55. 56. 57.
bedsteads 89, 90, 91. ISaffi; folding travelling 182,
cap,
Besl71. 780,181,183
16
Akhenaten (Amenophis IV)
17. 18,
18-19. 20-21, 22.
24, 25, 26, 40. 75, 93, 131-2, 151, 169, 190,
193. 199
Kemel Fahmy Bey 63 almonds 207 Amanislo 29 Amama. el- 17. 18, 20, 23^, 23. All
grid 74 .'Vmama period 18-23 Amduat (Book of What
40
63
bier 106
mummy
binding,
1
is in
the Underworld) 74, 104
see
Amenophis
III
25. 30. 32, 32. 93.
144
777. 178.
model
62
10, 72, 36, 43, 44,
86, 88, 88.
U2-A. 142, 144; 142, 144, 144
works
40. 61. 68;
for
Egyptian Antiquities Service
40-42; and Carnarvon 45-56, 62. 64; buying antiquities 47. 47; in Valley of the
opens
60, 61, 201;
Ts
tomb
Kings 48-56.
65, 66; lectures on finds
66; receives honorary
(36,
10, 12;
66ff;
death
publications
10, will 67, 67;
quoted 54, 76, 78, 82, 86, 89, 92, 100, 105, 111, 116, 132-3, 149, 179, 201, 204 et passim
Book of Gates 130 Book of the Dead 101. 104, 114, 136 Book of the Divine Cow 101 boomerang 175, 176. 176
40 67
Carter, S. 40, Carter, V. 44.
cartouche-plaques, faience
48
caskets: calcite 188; jewel 86, 87. 97, 150;
casting sticks 160, 161,
IV see Akhenaten amethyst 152
bow box 95, 175 bow case 174-5, 1 74
'Castle Carter',
cat
Amherst, William, 1st Baron 40, 40 .\mherst. Papyrus 98 .\mmut 146. 148 AmonRe 16. 29. 47. 164, 165, 166
Bow
cat coffin 44,
48, 48;
U
16. 17, 41;
lU
17,
16.17. 19. 24,
amphorae
198. 202. 202,
25,
26-7,27
.\munet 27
Ankhesenamun
(wife of T) 33. 124, 140, 141, 141.
162, 165. liA. 184. 192, 195, 195.
Ankhesenpaaten 24 Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten
199
22. 75, 114, 122, 151,
169. 190. 193
Ankhkheprure Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru Annexe see Tutankhamun, tomb of
23. 33.
169
armlets 151
139^0; shrine-shaped wooden 29, 75
86, 88, 195;
travelling 189, 189,
children's clothing 192 chisels 194,
bracelet plaques; canielian 47, 48, 48; faience 48
cigarette beetle 207,
bracelets 46. 107, 110, 150,
152
clothing 155-7, 756, 767; children's 192
92
95, 101, 105, 106,
clubs 7 75, 176 cobra, divine (Wadjit) 106, 107, 110, 111
191
Museum
coffinettes,
47
bronze 152; adze-handle 194; arrowheads 77, 95, 174; knives 194; marguerites 84. 101; pins 185; razors 77.
swords
177. 1 77;
burnisher 166
Atum 120, 131, 134 Ay 18, 19. 28, 29, 30,
Burton, Henry (Harry) 10, 36, 37, 56, 57, 57, 63, 67. 72.
Chamber
see
falcon 107, 150; floral 38, 39, 112, 152; 1 14;
Tutankhamun, tomb
of
(Kamak)
cakes 205 calcite:
on
Ts mask
Nekhbet 152,skebyu 17
Memnon' 17 colossus (Kamak) 79 colours, significance of 154
Sir TVrthur
63
cornflowers 106, 107. 131. 133
cabinets 183. 188 cachette
106-10,
'Colossi of
Conan Doyle, Corelli, M. 62
91, 116, 155
baboon-deities 74. 74
T
29
collars: of beads, leaves, berries, etc 108; faience 752;
157
Aa-bird 114
miniature 86, 168, 768, 169, 769; of collar terminal, faience 29,
29 head of see cow, Hathor
Burial
canopic 121-2, 727, 169
coffins 43, 123, 124. 168; cat 44, 44; gold 707, 108-10;
706-70
trumpet 164
W. 177 "Buccaneers' 52
Aten, the 18, 18. 22. 23
144
207
clappers, ivory 163, 763, 169
bull-burial
barge. funerar>'
194
Box, Painted 21, 79, 81, 81, 157, 183, 189. 190-91
bull,
797, 196
'toy'
children, burials of 123-4
arrows 85, 174, 175. 180 Ashmunein, el- 23. 24, 26 astronomical instnmient 28
bangles, faience 151, 169
hunting 172, 7 73 check rowels 172, 773 chests 88, 188, 193; canopic 20, 120-22. 120,122, portable 789;
box interior 191 box knobs 29, 75 box-lid, gold 192
95;
bandages 156
785-6
chariots 38, 38, 41, 41, 78, 79, 86, 170-73, 1 70-73,
Brunton,
Ayrton, E.R. 20. 21, 37, 37. 38
206
187
206; oviform 78, 206, 206; papyrus 166-7, 167. 188; razor 159; reed and papyrus 83; with ritual figures
armour, leather scale 156, 174, 176, 1 76 arrowhead, bronze 77, 95, 174
30. 31, 33, 33, 38, 38. 71, 72, 94,
79, 89,
chairs 78, 89, 90, 184, 185-6,
British
29 archery equipment 174-5
census 792 chair, feeding 187,
Breasted, J.H. 56, 57, 57, 79, 92,
bull burial
44
ivory veneered 189. 191, 191. 192; for meat 206,
Antechamber see Tutankhamun, tomb of
Apis
67
40
Cemy, Jaroslav
124; cosmetic 158, 158; ivory 158, 158;
bread 204. 204. 205. 205
133. 150
54,
catch, automatic 189-90
159, 190; compartmented 200; containing foetus
anointing liquid, resinous 108-9, 116. 121 .Anubis 73, 87. 88, 105, 133; fetish 83, 135, 135; shrine
Elwat el-Dibun
mummies
130; for shabtis
animals, decoration with 192
wooden 43
767-2
cedarwood 101
174 77, 89, 169, 193; calcite 189; cartouche-shaped
boxes
207
Honour 175
85, 169, 174, 180; composite 174, 1 74, 175; self
174,
amulets 48, 105, 113. 114, 140. 141. 150, 153. 201; djed 105; khepesh \TI; tyet-VmA 101-105
.\munl8,
of
bows
58.
52-3; and Egyptian
tomb
doctorate 66; archive
LA. 56
10,
authorities 64-6; excavates
bouquets, funerary 78, 79, 83
I
29, 43. 47, 48, 49. 75, 150. 169, 172. 198, 198. 199;
7S5,
82. 83. 98. 200; in
bosses, bridle 172
.Amenophis
7 79,
59, 64, 83, 100, 201; character 56, 64; abilities 40,
16
bones, animal 75 Boodle.
762
Luxor 44, 46, 47; and Carter 45-56, 64; collection of Egyptian art 47, 47; death 62-3, 62-3; and The Times 64, 65; loss of claim to finds 66; crest 52 camelian 47, 48, 48. 110, 111, 141, 750, 152, 7 70 Carter, H. 10, 18, 34, 36, 37, 40^3, 40, 42-3. 45. 57.
rivergoing 142-3, 144; sailing
40
26,
Ameiineau, E. 29 111
Beni Hasan 40,
7 7,?
47
44. 46. 48, 50, 53. 54, 55.
Benedite, Georges 63
boats, funerary
Amama
Amenhotep^Huy
19
18. 19,
Belzoni, G. 146
Abbad 29 Blanchard 47 blinkers, horse 173, 173 blocking, door 53. 54. 70. 75. 82, 83. 90, 92
alabaster cup 78; jars 76; vases 78; vessels 89
.^men.hetep
Bek
J.
Carnarvon, Almina. Lady 49. 63, 64 Carnarvon, George Herbert, 5th Earl
Bir
20
18,
207
Bethell, R.
Ahmose-Nofretiri 48
beadwork
186. 187
beermaking 204, 205 beetles 207,
722
20
captives 38. 94. 97, 139, 755,
Ahmose
Akhetaten
727, 169, jars 21, 29, 32, 120-21; lids 120, 121. shrine 86, 119-20, 77S
Capart,
'beef,
149
canopy, collapsible 187, 187
canned' 205
Abusir 28 Abydos 29 Acworth. J.J. 43 Adamson, R. 57 adzes 194, 194 agricultural implements 137; model 136, 139, 139, 194. 194
59. 61. 84.
canopic chest 10. 20. 120. 720. 722: coffinettes 121-2,
182
Abemayor, E.A. 43
57
'candle-sticks' 196
27; (Luxor)
corridor see
28
Tutankhamim. tomb 753
of
corslet 95, 140. 141, 153-4,
beaker 198; blocks 105; box iSS; canopic chest 10, 120; canopic stopper 33; casket 188; cosmetic vessel 97; dish 134; heads 49. 122. inlay 133, 179, 192, 194; jar lid 21; jar stands 198; in jewellery 152;
cosmetics 96, 97. 158 couch,
Ammut 746
couches, ritual 78, 79. 146-8, 746-8; reconstructions of 749; removal of 149,
84, 207; relief 18, saddle
752 cow couch supports
138; vessels 77, 169, 198-9;
cow. Hathor
lamps
83, 195, 195;
barley 205
lamp-liner, painted 195, 195;
barley-grains, sprouting 131
barques; lunar 142, 142. solar 74, 142, 142. 148
perfume jar and stand knobs 172; shabtis 48,
Barsanti, A. 20
'Wishing Cup' 12, 208; yoke terminals 171
149
counterpoise
87
148.
148
88, 700, 134, 734, 147
craters 198
221
1
I
1.
I
1
t.
«
1
1
111
1
I
I
1
1
(
I
[ I
HI ,1
1
/
~1
1S(
IS
\
\
N
/
1
1
»
I
k
1
k
1
1
1
^1
k
1
S 111
1
1].I^
/
L,
1
1
1
ll
K
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
.i;.
171.
1
It
I
k
1
I
Us I-
1
k
1
I
1
k
Mm
ii«
k I
k
I'-
1
I
I
1
I
li,i;iil,
han.lN
riil.mkii.umm'- // i;"Ul
;;/,
II
1
k
111
I
I
t
I
1
|_)i I
I,
kl -
II
VI
1
«
11
1
1
s
1
til-
k
1
s
1 V
1
Irti.
M.«k
Merenptah 36.
Kheperiu 131. lai khepesh-sviords 177.
177
Khons 26 129
kilts 128.
kiosks',
wooden
\3S,
102
24. 169
wood 194
knucklebones 160. 161. 162. 162 equipment 158; tube 158
kulil 111. 158:
el-Fakhry 28
Ghurab 29
wooden
labels,
77.
167
Lacau. P. iW.65.66. ;/6 lamiK. calcite 83. 195. 195. 198 1
.Jinsing.
A. 44
ii-ather 156. 172.
194
iL-atherworker
perfiune jar and stand, calcite 84. 207
Pernu
T standing upon
Per-wer 140
Montagu, J. 165 Morcos Bey Hanna 65 mummies 21; of Tiye 21; of T 82, 111, 112-13, 11213, lU. 115.1 16-18; of Ts children 88, 123-5, 121 4 mummification process 116, 117, lia 124 mummification ritual objects 133-4
Petrie, W..M. Flinders
mummiform
pottery 38. 39. 83. 89. 202-3. 202. blue painted 202.
figures 134
mummies
123,
124: pall 84, 101: quivers 174; scarf 96. 97, 133;
sealing bands 123, 124; shawls 128, 130. 130. 131. 133. 156. 169; shirt 133, 134:
shrouds 106, 107, 108,
120, 123-4; sling-cords 175; torch 196:
lion lion
wrappings
;S5
wooden 70
limestone 28;
on bed footboard
183
lotus-shaped cup 12.
lamps 195 57. 60-Sl. 116, 116, 128,
208: lotus-shaped
limar barques 142,
1 71,
Ptah-Seker-Osiris
and captives) 20, 53,
84, 94, 97,
207
142
LuxorJft 28, 29, 44.44 Lrthgoe, A.M. 43, 56
Nefemefhiaten see Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten Nefemefrure 190. 190 Nefertiti 18. 18, 19, 22-3, 22-3, 24, 190
Qebhsenuef
Neith 105, 119, 120, i20
quartzite 28, 105, 138,
nekhakha (flail) 106, 107. Nekhbet (divine vulture)
110. 114. 153.
195
153
106. 107. 110, 111, 113, 140,
152 129 200
radiographic examination of
mask
114: of
mummies
117-18, 7iS, 124, i24
Harnesses
128,
III
28;
IV
46, 98;
VI 55: IX 21;
X
36;
razors 77, 95, 159; Lord (Carnarvon's
62
reed arrow shafts 175
120, 122, 131, 134
reed stick 178
Netjerankh 131, 131. 134
Newberry. P.E. 33. 40, 56, 57, 63, 101; and Mrs Nubia 29, 32 numbering system for finds 61 Nut 10. 72, 104, 105
57,
101
reeds85, 164,
78
2
regalia, royal
153-4
Re-Horakhty
18, 102, 134, 164, 165,
reis (overseer) shabtis
166
138
resin 102, 134, 152; fragments 75, 77, 196; varnish 128,
obsidian 107, 110, 111, 114, 153, 189, inlay 128. 129,
ochre 196
resins,
officials, state
embalming
117, 118
wooden 83 Resthouse of Tutankhamun' 28-9
30-32
res symbols,
Ogden,J.R.56 oils 89, 90
bricks' 21. 70, 71. 85, 135
129, 130, 133 resin-based libations 108-109, 116, 121
133
Mace. W. &4. 65. 153. 178 maces 176 magical objects 135
ring bezels 23, 28,
33
ointment container 158, 158
rings: faience 26, 29, 77, 150: gold 29, 96, 97,
mallets 194
olive leaves 83, 106, 107, 131
risiti
.Malqata 17, 28
•Opening of the .Mouth' ceremony 72, 194, 208
.Mamu
:X).
32
; 7ft 177
Opet festival 28 ornaments of mummy 112-13
ritual figures 130-33, 134; object
orpiment 196
robbers' holes 54, 76, 93,
marguerites, bronze 84. 101
ostraca 33, 49, 75
131. 134
Osiris 73, 101, 102,
Oxford, Ashmolean
Mariette. A. 29
marquetry, bark 155. 157, 174. 175, 178 masks: gilded 38, 123, 123: plaster 24: of
ni.iu.ui.iu.m mattresses 180, 180. 181, 182 31. 71. 97. 137, 139 (?)
shrine for 135
rushes 75
12
rushwork stopper 197
T
106-107.
paddles, magical see oars
195
saddles,
yoke 172
painting, miniature 191
safflower 207
paintings, wall 10, 16, 40, 72-A, 72-4, 130. 144. 144,
paint palettes 166; slabs 158, 166
Sakha 46 Sakhmet 19. 131. 134. 167. 767 Saleh Bey Hamdi. Dr 56. 116, 776
paints 166
sandals 755, 157, 757
lie. 178,
191-2
Saqqara: Horemheb's tomb 31; Serapeum 29, 42
Pairy28
sarcophagi 20, 31
Palestine 29 palettes: ivory 134, 168, 169; scribal 32, pall, linen 57, 84,
.Meketaten 168
Panakht 30. 32
Memphis
papyri 167
25. 28 9. 30 Menkeret 131-2. 134
97
96 tunnels 76
rush-bound jar-handles 202 rush case 166
painted calcite lamp liner 195,
mason's marks 70 Maspero, G. 40, 42, 45
measuring rods 29, 195; meat 206. 206 .Medinet liabu 28 Mehetweret 147. 147
Museum
83
robbers 95-7, 95- 7, 208; punishment of
102
113
(feathered) decoration 106, 107, 121, 153, 157,
mandragora fruit, glass 169 mannequin, wooden 155. 155
Maticlwster Guardian 155
May 28, 32 Maya 30. 31,
XI 36,
65,66
105, 106, 106, 110, 119, 120,
oars, magical 83, 84. 135
156. i 77
magic
105, 121, 121. 131, 134
quartz 110, 111, 114, 152
rei^Ay/birds 171
Mace, A.C. 56, 57. 63, 64, 65, 66, 100, 119, 128. 155,
Mahu
120
putt-hole' 70, 71
Pyramid Texts 104
nemset vessels 76, 77, Nephthys 102, 102, 104,
couch
supporters 147; granite 29. 29: on headrest 183. lotus: flowers 133; petals 107;
Lucas, A. 56,
necropolis seal Gackal
141, 141, 186; collar
180. 180: calcite 84;
Ptahhotep. precepts of 45
necklacesllO. 114, 151
nemes headdress 47,
goddess 126 heads 184
lions:
Ptah 131. 133. 134. 154. 164. 166. 167
120, 123, 130, 139
154: inscribed 38. 39. 39. loincloth 156. 156: in
Psalms 19
31, 31, 33, 139
Ptahemhat-Ty 30. 32
Nebkheprure. House of 28
bags 38. 39. 39. box-lining 188; bundle 169; clothing 156; gloves 157-8; headdress
pounder, faience 194
prices for antiquities 47
limestone; inlay 128; model vessels 48: shabti 138 linen 75. 155. 167. 186;
202
77; storage jars
107
natron 38, 39, 134
lintel,
202. inscribed 48; model vessels 48: painted 76; red
(?)
leopard-skin 156
neckstrap 173; packing 201; pads
17.18. 29, 40, 40 photography 59 pigments 167. 196 Pit 54. 36. 38-9. 38-9. 123 plaster, gypsimi 70. 90 Plenderleith. H.J. 56 pomegranate: leaves 131; vase 197. 197
poultry 206
Nakhtmin (or Minnakht) 30, names of Tutankhamun 25
131
('Palace of the North') 105
persea fruit 83, 207
mirror handle 159
nails, silver
Leek, F.F. 117
151. 154. 169
Pentu3a31-2
campaigns 24 hand 194-5. 195 Minnakht see Nakhtmin mirror-cases 159, 159 mill,
157
172. 176. 176: sandals 155, 157,
11.3. 134. 150. 151.
166
1(56.
pendants 150. 151; glass 29
56
.Mut 26, 26, 27
lead 196
184,
47.
bands 112, 114, 169 musical instruments 163-5
207
ornaments
pen-case
Museum. New York
46
22
pectoral
mummy
apislazulillO. Ill, 114. 750.152 Ijisioderma serricome
leopard,
193 Merymery 30. 32
Pase
military 21. 21. 22. 23. 24.
knives: bronze 194: flint 194: model
.Medinet
186: packing 201; sandals 157
papyrus, funerary
Metropolitan
Kiya (?Tadukhepa) (?mother of T)
Kom Kom
49
metalwork fragments 77
138
Kipling. R. 44 kites, divine
49.
Meritaten 18. 23. 24. 75. 134. 163. 163. 168, 169, 190.
papyrus
166
100, 101. 101
39. 129. 129: boat 142,
sarcophagus of
T 65, 66, 84, 85,
707, 105, 705, 106
scarabs 48, 75, 75, 111, 114, 750, 151, 169 sceptre,
papyrus 134
sceptres 153
box 166-7. 167: chair
Scott A. 56, 61
223
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IViv. •::
The King 'The Tomb The Royal Treasure The fullest account ever published of the world's greatest
archaeological discovery
Contents include: • Tutankhatnun and his time: Akhenaten, Nefertiti
and the background to the boy-king's reign
• The story of Carter and Carnarvon's long quest for the tomb in the Valley
of the Kings • Double-page features on each stage of the discovery, each chamber of the tomb,
and all the main treasures • Extracts from Carter's notes and diaries, and first-time publication
of many of his drawings
and reconstructions • Specially commissioned cutaway diagrams, based
on Carter's plans and measurements
• Tables recording emythingfrom the ornaments
on the royal mummy to Tutankhamun's wine • Fresh evidence fror
'
scholarly monograph,
on
the shrines, chariots
and otherfinds • Full reference section