Nicholas Reeves - The complete Tutankhamun.pdf

e

1

!9i

Complete

]Lxtanknaniu»i The King The Tomb The Royal Treas"' •

•

"A ends to

story that opens like Aladdin 's Cave

and

a Greek myth of Nemesis cannot fail capture the imagination of aU men and women. ..." like

Lady Burghclere

THIS

BOOK

IS

THE

TREASURED POSSESSION OF

^K

The Complete

Tutankhamun The King

•

The Tomb

•

The Royal Treasure

by Nicholas Reeves

Foreword by the Seventh Earl of Carnarvon

519 illustrations, 65

in color

IT&H

Thames and Hudson

1

KaU

I-^ar

Chiirc,

and

IlaiT/ci

Contents

bJizabcUi

\

i

r^.

[

Fun

ivnnl by

tin

,\

n

CiinKirriiii Clini)!i,lnity

iitll l-'jir!

i/iiil l-'tiiiiily /\'(l/ifiiiii.
liilnifliiiiiiiii: l>isrnr( nu,ii >^'

< >i:<

litlr:

IL'ill ,'/,'(

hiii.i;'.--

llii

luiirri/liili

.<:';'il'i

niiinpir rlust. l-'njiuispitw:

illllcnilnsl

i-nfllll (III). L'.l.'))

iclurll

lukl

is

li/'is.

l-iii(

llu

m'

2(i(ir

llu

nuiii

il

Tuiiinkhiniuiii

.«ilid-ii,il(i,

lliiijy III'

Tiitniikhiiiiiiin.

A

note on

s|)(.'lliiit>s

Ik-rausc \hv

prusciAc mi hkir- llian

lliu

ni the IvKyplian laiiKuaKC

tliu

hii'r(),L;l>])hs

ninsdnamal skck'ton

priinnnciatid)! cannot iisualK'

ptian

lvi,'\

nl'ien

names

cslabiishecl.

exhibit a variety ol

is

modern

here empkiwtl as the

\ersioiis of the kin.g's

name

ancient

this reason,

l'"or

spellings,

based upon the (ireek lorm rather than the

Tiitankhamiin' iilliei-

Ix'

and

lijiypliiin-

i)reterre(l spelling,

exist

C

r^

but

ineliidinK

'rut.ankh..\men, Tutankhamen, Tut 'ankh .Amun.

Tiitankhamon, Tutenkhamon, Tuianchamun and Tutenehamun: these \ ariants have been retained where in book titles and (|uotations.

appropriate

An\- eojjy of this book issued by the publisher as a paperback sold subject to the condition that it shall not by \\a\" ol'

i>

trade or otherwise be

lent, resold,

hired out or otherwise

circulated without the publisher's prior consent in

any

l'i)i"m

of

binding or I'over other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including these words being

imposed on a subsecjuent purchaser.

Thames and Hudson

19f)()

I

Text

k'lrst

U)<)()

(

published

in

the I'S.A in

Thames and Hudson \','\\

York,

Ltd,

New

Inc..

li>iK> b\-

.^i(K) I'il'ih

.\vemie,

^'ork IdllO.

Library of Con.gress Catalog Card

.\11

London

Nicholas Kecves

Ri,ghis kesei-\ed.

No

jiart

Number

;K)-702I)2

of this publication

may

Ix'

repriKluced or transmitted in any form or by any means,

iiuiudmg pliot(K'oi)y, recording or other ml'ormation st(ira,ge and retrieval system, without

electronic or mechanical, an\'

prior ])erniissioii in writing from the publisher.

T\peset

in

n.L.

l'i(

TO

)MC

Monophoto Ceiuur\ Old

and bound

I'linled

b\

,St\le

,\rtes (iralicas

Toledo

lolili 10!Ki

olt'ei>

,ind records l'.OMk',

m Spam

rec-ording> ,ind conijiact di.scs. iass( l-"or

information and I'atalog write

Campllill.

I'.\

171112.

tc

S..\.

n--^

m'

7

1

1

r/j^ Dffl//?

of Lord Carnarvon

Howard

Carter:

The Shabtis

62

64

Politics

The Final Curtain

136

Woodew Funerary Models

67

Tte MYwfl/ Couches

Clothing

of the

Ci

and

142

146

and Regalia

feweUery, Amulets

in The Archaeology

140

Golden Shrine

T/?« Utile

Cosmetic Objects

158

Games and Game Boxes

Tomb

150

155

Textiles

Musical Instruments

160 163

WnftV^ Materials and Equipment 70

Architecture

'Heirlooms'

72

WaZ? Decoration

Chariots

DO T/ze TowiZ)

Entrance

T/^e Corridor

and Chariot Equipment

75

Weaponry

76 Sft'cfo,

Tfe Antechamber

78 Be
T/ie fiMn'a/

Chamber

and Headrests

82

oi

Tfe ^««eA'e 77z^ Sea/

92

Tfe Robberies

184

5o;res

awd Chests

188

TooZs

flH
Lamps

194

89

Impressions

178 180

and Thrones

86

M?ta/ flwd Stowg Vesse/s

95 Faience

and

197

200

Glass

Wine Jars and other Pottery

Tte Shrines and Sarcopliagus r/2« r/?e

a#/z5

GoW Afes^ ««rf

202

204

Bflsfete

IV Pharaoh's Burial

170

174

Stereo a«rf Fa«5

Chairs

Tte Treasury

166

168

Foodstuffs

205

100

106 Epilogue: Tutankliamun,

Trappings of the

Mummy T/je Royal Mummy

Life.

1 1

Death and Rebirth

208

o/fte Tow/)

210

116

The Canopic Shrine

119

Pharaoh's Children

123

Tfe

Storv'

r/ze Objects:

[L=^

Where They Were

Found Exhibitions

and

211

212

Displays

V Treasures of the

[W]

r/zf-

/?//«<;/

Tomb

Guardian Statues

Figures

Further Reading

and Magical

214

Sources of Quotations

128

Objects

218

Acknowledgments and Illustration Credits 220 1

30

/«rfe.r

221

Jk

%

Foreword by the Seventh Earl

of Carnarvon

I met Mr Howard Carter on his last visit to Highclere in April 1933 when I was nine years old. I remember him well with his bow tie, and being fascinated by some of the descriptions he was giving

my

mother of Egypt and the Valley of the Kings.

When my father died, had

to

during

the interest

was

rekindled: an inventory

be taken of the contents of Highclere Castle, and this period that the

it

was

remains of my grandfather's Egyptian

were found. I was lucky then to have the advice and help Dr Nicholas Reeves in identifying and cataloguing this collection, and finally putting it on display. Dr Reeves's knowledge of the period of Tutankhamun is quite remarkable and he and his wife, Claire, have been immensely helpful to me and my collection

of

family in presenting these wonderful artifacts to the public. I

have since started

to collect a

few pieces myself and hope that

we shall be able to enhance the collection, which is so popular with the public when they visit the Castle. over the years,

Dr Reeves's fascinating book

will surely

addition to the record of the history of

become an important

Tutankhamun as

encouraging more and more people from all over the world

well as to visit

the Valley of the Kings.

(Opposite)

Tutankhamun

receives flowers from his wife,

Ankhesenamun:

the

ivory-veneered lid of box no.

540 + 551.

New

Chronology and

Kin)»doni

18lh dynasty

IfiaO

1307

Ahmosi-

l.oO

la^f)

lalT)

1501

Tuihmosisl

1501

1102

'i'uthniosis

II

1

{uihiiKisis

III

1170 1125

Anu-nophis

Family Relationships

I

llaishepsut

The piwiM'

(InU'S

the ph.'iraiilis siibn'Cl

(if

i)f

wlm

nilfd dunn.u

lu-i-f

dfwliipt'd

1)\"

IViif

1

)<--lails

ha\"(' brcii .ui\c-n

and

ainiiii

in ilirir .!//(/>

of die lailn-s

m

ilinsr

fill!:

nl' ilu-

tlu-

nuinarclis

aru

still

Tlu'

mi die Jdlm liaiius and Ija^'d

ai"c

and put furwaixi

M.'ilck l\uyi>t.

iliiiii

drhalr.

srliolarh

ii;iK-li

I'lnpldVcd

ihc l-luyplKiii (l\iia>n('> iind the

daks

iiii"iiiiiil'is4-\

)r

1

'ij'

New

Jai'imiiV

Anru

ill

Kin.uxldiii

naiiir> 'A I'liiankliin

his

ininiediak'

faniih' havt- Ix-t-n hiifliliulurd in italics.

Late Predvnastic

Anienoijhis

Tiuhniosis

II

i\'

Aim-iioplils III

Anu'iiDphif

l\

Smcnkhkwr

Akhi'iiahii

(Xcfcrlitii'l

158

1

173

1

127

101

1101

:i9i

1

135!)

335

1335

,333

'rutdiikhainun

1333 1323

Ay

1323 1319

Horemheb

1319 1307

19th dynasty

1307 lUMi

Ramesscsl

1307 130(5

SethosI

13()(>

1290

Ramesst'sll

12^)0

1221

Merenptah

1221

1211

SethosII

1211 1204

Amenniesse ruifjn of

Sethos

1204 1198

Twosre

1198 119(i

Sethnakht

2920

2ri7.i

Old Kingdom

1070

11%

1194

1194 1163

RamessesIV

1163 115(i

Kaniesses

V

I15ti 1151

RamessesVI RamessesVII

1151

Harnesses VIII

1136 1131

Harnesses IX

1131

Harnesses

1143

1143 IKKi

\

1112

1112 1100

lUX) 1070

Harnesses XI

4th 8th d\iiastics

119(i

III

Harnesses

Early Dynastic Period

II)

Sipiah

20th dynasty

3rd dvnaslifs

170

1

13fil '

(usurper duriiiR

1st

lf)2

Third Intermediate Period First Intermediate Period 9th

llth dynasties

21st

1070 712

25th dynasiu's

2131 2010

Late Period

Middle Kinjjdom lllh

14th dynasties

25th d\'nasl\

2nd

712 332

I'ersian rericK,!

2010 Kilo

Graeco-Roman Period Second Intermediate Period 15di

17th dynasties

Maeedonian d\ nasty Runian UVIO 1532

cinpeiiirs

332

lit

At

I

395

Tutankhamun's family

tree.

Tutaniiluimuii was

prohahly the offspring of Akhemden, the 'heretic' son of Amenoplns III and Tiye. His mother is likely to

have been Kiya, a lesser wife of Akiicnaten.

Nefertit!

had home Akhenaten

whom was

later to

six daughters, one of become Tutankhamtin 's queen.

.

:l:r

Ijitrodiiction:

ihi'mIu'

wri'c- (|uu-k

nun; h:ui

Tu tan khan

Disco vering

iin

i

iiuricd

;li:ir.k-

iiii:i,u'n:.';'i"i'.

t\!rllr-l\"r Cii\vr::'f}.v Ir, I'

i

,'i;);ii"ri'ia',i- '.I'.a;,

all:

1!

aixl.

iir:liniuly (k-all;, a ~liii,u

\\\\\: ll'.c

111

lia^iiin'.nuifd >ua(;il,\

i"iinaii;> a lalr

bul panly

nm

and

il> oiiiti-nl^: Ik-

I'liLiiiikii.Aiiu

ar.d

ihf

I'.l,'),'!.

had

di'l'iniiui.'

U'.'iii.

'i

ihi-

\r,\\'v

Xiwr

ck-arancc- ni nil

(ini-


/in.-

III

/•r,il,,1inly
! II1II,US

mynl

III,

risniv.inhtailu/thcliilnf

i Wlk-ii

.-lark'd mil u.r

I

samdhin«. but as

iiinil)

I'lilJhl.


hlmi-

nihil

iiiiii

I

'II I

III

null d

tii'in

liad ar-iicipauti

I

iir\ir (iivaim ihai

I

-b.nii'.d

I

mkI!

;iii(l

a

iiC

Carlcr's (kni-t;c IkrbiTi. lihli

l-airl

n;Cariiar\iir.

I'll

kill

Carnarvon and Howard Lkirtrr could ik-\"fi- have inia.t;iiu'(l ihf wonders ihal ]a\" ahead as. late in ihe afternoon of L'(i Noxeniber Yyi'l. the\ 'The

(if

l-kirl

small

a

m

to li.uhl

pet'p-liole

head

the e\'ent.

'I

le

I

reeeiuK'

inner

broii.ylil

eandle belore him, put his

a

did not say

minutes, hut kept thou.i;ht

tomb

Lord Caniar\dn was

in',

bloeked

ihe

in

the \ alle\ of the Km.us.

yMr Carter, holdin.u

liad

"Can you see

me

to recall shortly alter

anythiii.sj; lor

two or three

rather painlul suspense.

in

been disa])pointed

anylhin.ij?" "^'es.

>

a.Lj.ain,

es."

he

and

I

said.

I

reiilied. "1! is

wonderlul.'"

Here belore them, eramnietl eeiliiyt;,

barely

i/i

iiifii

ml hv

/(///'

III,

ni'iii

.\'/(/

iiiiilil, .v<

till

iti'i-tli

mill

hniiiitiillhtriiil

in,L;l\

/|..;o

nil,

.\tli.

^I'lv ,'

iii't'Tii'iif I'fi

I

iirii,

eternit\"

and and st'em

iewiny; the kill

(lisi'o\-er\"

.ulint

did not take

in:

tomb

the will

.Man

C.ardiner

the

lie

uiist.airs lyL;\

alter

(lav

for the lirst time: ''riiere is

enough

M|useum|.

I'

.\nd

so

It

was

to

11

princ.

obscure owner and occu])anl l)e(-ameo\-eini,uhl a

IliiS^lSul

im.a.ume

pliansedioiiof the the .ureatest lind

is

I'ulankhamun,

ol this

l)ul /

III,

lyi;\

pi(i|o^\

the

treasure store.

household name. The disco\cr\

/

II

;,,-,i/,r, ,//iv (,///,

1

e\er m.lde.'

r

iltiii's: ••III

hiilliiiiith^ihliil

Tt.iiMin:

an

as y'arn.aivon excitedly scribbled to

|-Vypiolo,m.M

r.|rilish!

II

lin'il,..-.ih stiiiiliti iiiuntis

tllllil

to

'I'lliilllkilillllllll ,1:

itiirl'.iiiiiiiii;

Hill

sink

to

i1h.

sIulTlo '

for

condition: and exerywhere the

loiyi,'

\

//.iii>

untouched

in perfect

of .uold. The eiiormitx of the

C liitnth,

((',"/'"--""(

!lo
llickei'in.L; li,L;lu,

i.<

iriiliiis III

III!

trom

in

the e\ra\ators'

b,\

lit

a breathtakin.u arra\' ol lunerary lurniture

lay

ritual li.uures. iKiiihli Tuliiiikliiimuii

(/

nwY.v

Tlu 'l'"»:h

bcUwfn.

a'ljjxarrd

Utk'.'l

Ixm

ci-nwn

a

\n

Carler's

and a lunib and ib.f

knt-w

'/'/(/

'uiikii

\i.t\- niiicli lar,L;t.'r

a dtvadc

ib.t.-

"/'

'H'lnb

cNn-a-

b.alf df\-n;rtl

slud\" n\ \\>

and

Tular.khanuiii

his

Iniii-i-lf.

liiu-

cxkiisiM-

li

pi i>tri"r,\

ir

.

\\i irkri',

drawings and

Sfrii'S

Harry lUindii

linitily

made

ill

iha;

i>

ri\-unslrucli(ins

and

tlu-

nf siipt-rb phuinijraphs niadt- b>"

n\

\v\\ Vnrk's .Mctmijoliian Miist'uni

11/ Iniiisliin III ill

(loor\va\' of the iinimposin.i;

III,

])liai"aiil!>

iiiiblii-aiii'i'.

II

iliirk hliii

inliviiiiil

ii"Uinau-ly

nuiicukms

'iiulir.i;

this. ?

TiiliiiilJuiiiuin's null 'pic rliist liiii.

l-',,u'ypi

i:

Caru-r w a> a larflul and and iliadr niiii> on cvi-rx asiii-i'I ihe di-Oiwry. Thr-r noU> MirviNr. In.UflhiT wilh; i-'i

,!,'(',/,

\W-

Ripi'ii iifmii tin

ajiijriipi-iak-

aPi

li'.c

died, a di>illu>iiinrti ar.d

;rrasni"fs bt-lUT lh;m L'arUT

.1

ilic

a.ll

in.uiidrd mt'i'rh a> a lasu-r fur

bt'iii

dinai'\- carcci-.

ointtT.ls.

\''V

•^k-yx-yw.v >ina-.

:>•

Hi-- il'.rff-\-.iluinf

wlmii

It.

Ainiin. wliR-b. wiaild .ork.

^'^;.

;aal,

luir -1

Caniar\nn'-

l.nrd

iiw- tn rnnipk-u- hi>

r\haiistt-dnian. in '

T'j:;;r.'-N!',;;

:h./

'a. Id.

I'ni'ajjs ik.r real riu>i- n\

Caru-rdidi Iniiib

,

licIiinibiifTiiIaiikl'.aimir. .ucnrrali-i; a;

and

liiiii.

-i".

.rv. -j i;.;K-r^

:hr thnll -! :hr cha-i-.

lrc;!>urf

l)li;)lk-il\-

a- a -'

I

:•-

:i::r;

Lire:::

ir.

])rr--. T!.r

:l'.c

on the map, and

'I'liaiaoh's

tomb'

tiiiiii till

became

the \anlstick by

(liscoNcries

would

in

which

future

all

be

ariiitieolo.Ltical

me:isure(l.

No

of .\ruluniy<; dii'ck'araiu'i' of the lomli. lx'(|Ufathi'd lo

Carlei-'s

nieee.

I'lnllis

Walker,

m

VXWK

ihis

:

.'I

:iu' ;'iiii!)::i:(l thc;iii::(;iiilir- lii-iii~ci\i\- 'jul

;icnrrti

11!

w

Thr.LjMid rki;l\

I'.icl;

'I

;i'.;:i;ki::;iiii:i:

luii

'lu-r wrrriiuTri'.

I'liiilaini-d

,l:Ii

and

;)ni\a(!fs a

i-mia

rniiii'iiicd iiiiiciiu'

".r>. ur.di'rwivir.

'.louic-.

iiiurr

I!

liai)])\

I

(T, l;r

iiu.uiil

(\i>U'iUT

insmiil

iiild

111

:hi-'i]ic

li

loi; ;)i<

,-

.]

-'.

Tu;,-ip.kl!;;n'!iin'~

iidiI;

:l;iii,i;. isii;;^-

'l.r ::fl('. lri-1; ii^l-.;

:ii;i;,

i.<

.'.

n:.

ni.-.-k, :l:i- u-'Ari-. llir -ik'nt! ii.mirc-. -l:.-

ini.'iui lui'riiiin-

i\\>, ;.rni\\--. ^Ii^ «•-.

iiii!)

ii'.

llic

n'ii:ii

am:

i'('
fur

:,

alUTwi

^ridi.

Ii

ihc iialiin-

'il

Tiilaii-

\".v;.,,;„. A',

PALESTINE Jerusalem f Zakariya \fl^

Tell

Gaza^^-

Egypt

•

and her northern

(kft)

neighbours (above). The Nik in ancient times,

as today,

was bordered on

either side

by inhospitable desert.

By

its

annual ebb and flow, the river sustained life and gave a vital rhythm to the existence of the country's inhabitants. The precious, silt-rich strip of 'black land'

was reserved for dead were

the living:

tlie

consigned

to the lifeless

desert, in cemeteries generally

sited

on

where

the west bank,

Re was seen to end of each day. During the New Kingdom. the sun-god 'die'

at the

Egypt's principal necropolis

was situated in Western Thebes. Here, following a brief reign

and surrounded

by his treasures, the young

king Tutankhamun was laid to rest in

a rock-cut tomb

close to his forefathers. site

was a dried-up

known

The

river bed

world as Valley of the Kings. to the

tlie

Tutankhamun lived and died against a backdrop of one of the richest and most sophisticated periods of Egyptian

an age of international power-politics, religious and unbounded artistic and literary creativity brought to fruition largely by the will of one man: his father, the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten.

history,

turmoil,

The king's only known son, Tutankhamun succeeded to the throne as a mere child following the brief intervening reign of the enigmatic Smenkhkare. Tutankhamun's legacy was a country physically and spiritually drained

following his father's neglect of the traditional pantheon and imposition of the Aten cult, centred upon the new capital

at

el-Amama. With the boy's accession, the

Amama experiment was brought to an end; the religious factions were reconciled

and the country returned

to

relative normality.

But little of this was the young king's doing. Where Akhenaten had been strong, Tutankhamun was weak: behind the gold mask of the all-powerful god-ruler is the face of a vulnerable and manipulated little boy, a mere cipher for the deeds and aspirations of others.

Portrait of the

chUdMng: head

detail

of a gessoed and painted wooden

(no. 8) from the tomb.

-^uiAfloflruutQ^c^Aivwu^R^^

hi

I

'

Tutankhamun and His Time

ltflllM«l«f«l>t««l«llltfl«IMnff«fM)«fMtf)«ffff«l«>l«l|iH«tM«tfft<««f«lf«<»MI«>m«»ftl«Mftn

Dynasty

TJic IStli

.-1 .iii; \\i-

,

,l;r

ii;)iii;

ill!'

Amarna

'I

i;iini-;l:rlf^-

winch

,(';'. 1

ir.,L;.

ir;U-i-i>u-(l'.hrl-;,i;:.

!;ii.

Till-

lii-si

I'XiJuiMnii /'•^

/

AkaiKiM'.

-It-;)

Iniintii'i-

(l\iia>n" ol ilk'

The

rciKii

iif

a^ a

rule

wilh

Ih'niiikI

iiioi'./c \Mirkir;,u.

ii:

a,L;rkiil;urr aiu: uartarr,

New

ihi>

ilu-

a >:iimiliis a

wmikl

;»ilu-\

the

!)>

ISili

d\i'.as!y.

-,.,

,

I IK

,

,

,

I

,

/iiisiiildlinji ni Asiiitli

nihrsui

,i,:rthvni

/cNi

<

1

,

k1

nn

l-(ir in iiiv

1

a

IjnillkT >eiul 1

me

II

Udkl

.

III

Ihiiiii

Iniiiiliil .«i IK

I'luiidnh.

Ill

iri'iii Ihi

(I

"

Kini; Tii-hraila nl Miianni to I'liaraeli

I'haranh TiKliim

isi>

I.

AhniuM^V

fiiunh

calaracL

III

W'l'.l;

;l'.f

Vynm lyuApl b( )Ui"s

the

\'er\-

was

be,L;'iniiin,t;s

of her reeorded histdrNa

dl

and Anirnnpba^. ])illa.m-

II.

an

\\a~ fdlldUfd.

I'll,

n.uitxillii 01 Allhlli'lihls r,lll/'l..

IVltll Its

l:,il>Yni,.n,i,.'liii,iiis

iralial in.

the

and die

h; du- xiudi. Nubia \\a~ under die Nuvrov dr -KinK > Sdii dl Kushk WeaUli pdured inld ihe eiilk'is tA die lyt;)])'(if

inbule.

.

lan

kin.t;

l-;.i,'\i)ds

die

and

raw

dt his iiriiU'iiKil .k'dcL

Aniondve,

in

and nianpdwer. nol d!il\vassals bul by dipldinaiie exehan.ue

llilliles

nialeiaals

(in

Anatdlial.

nunhern

Medileri'anean

in

i)resenl-da\'

and deserts

to

the rulers o\ the Cireek

llieudrth, eatarael re.yidii in the south,

iiiiissin

III

a land apain. isdialed fiMni hir nei.uh-

by the nalural boundaries

luipli-

iMiiMilidalKiii

'

furiii (if

''"

III ,lt l.ll\:>l

\nien(iphi>

tmiili

in Si'hkhiitiji iSi'.h--} at

lirsl

'lie

expldilecl direcll\

?

rnriiMii hiiiii< lull /e tlitir

buis

;hr

j)nnai-

Kiii.udiiiii.

pkuKit-r and;

iniiidsilidn

a.

\er\ yreat (|uanni\.

bn.ilier's land Kdld is aMilentiful a>
:^.,•

lii7ii

Ix-

Tlichar!

r.drdi.bx' dif eslahiishnifiit df \assal rulers

Inhiili.-liu

i

Knilllinllll l.Vid

\\a> lialaiictxi by a ])nvt;iv>sinn
;b.i'

(if

iii,L;h.I

Mile. \\iiiir>.-c(i a ;iluiiiinuiial rxli-n-

under ru;hm(isi> \)h:\>c

)r(

|{L;\i)uan ])u\\cr noi-;liwanis ai

aiu!

ra'a-s.

mi"

Nfw

"t

>iim'»(ir hut >iiiii

ll'.r ir.

.,:

llic

;)nan^.L,T
Ihk-d^

ihc

(if

•;

-i\!rii'.;l) ctT.iur

Ml in|-cii;r. rnr.iai-, ir.(icc(; ]>rn\ kK-c';

r^])all^lllni>I ])ulir\- Ml

a-

\-.\z\ ;)i

>!--

,m-iaTa;i(iii>

1\ i.:-( i~

anvaia'r-

,L;rca',

n',:ii;rati' iH

Im laiir

ialcr

:j\

,i

(

niakii'.u. \vra\

;)Mi;i'r\

Lii^iduai

uf ihr -cN rr.UTiah

Chai'aaa-n/.ct:

i'\.

luiniilialir.,i;" '')]n>: m1 II

:lir

^^

:;\\:;rri!r—

\:r\'.

:.

M'xcp mail \ ranic

l\ i^^(l-. kii;,i;>

ir>

:>\v

1i\

|j!i.-;i>

l';,L,r\

\~i;!lic- will

Before

,;l;k^ .!

i-i:

wurli;.

Mii;-u:i-

'Ai.l:

Milanni

Syria!. .\ss\ na. isles.

die

frdiii

wnh

(Nahaian.

in.

Halnlon and

(Far kft) Amenophis HI,

'the

Magnificent', clutching the kingly heqa-sce/)/re

and

wearing the blue crown with uraeus-serpent and streamers

and &hthy\i-coUar: a fragment of limestone relief from the Theban tomb of

Khaemhat (Left)

(No. 57).

Queen

Tiye,

shown

with coarsely braided wig,

double uraeus

and diadem

inscribed at the front with her

rmme: a small head of green found by Flinders

steatite

Petrie at Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai.

When Amenophis BC,

III

came

to the throne in 1391

Egypt was at the centre of the world stage. As the

diplomatic correspondence reveals, during the

found at ei-Amama

37 recorded years of his reign the in full

and at peace.

A god

the benefits of an empire stable

Pharaoh was

a monument of eternity and everlastingness, of fine sandstone worked with gold throughout [its] '.

king and his influential queen, Tiye, reaped incarnate,

and elsewhere. The king's mortuary temple, its position today marked by the famed 'Colossi of Memnon', was perhaps the most sumptuous of all:

sufficiently powerful to

.

.

.

pavements

.

.

.

made pure with

.

.

silver, all its

doors with

fine gold'.

short-change his neighbours in the diplomacy of gift-giving,

and received

their princesses into his

harim with no thought of exchange. Great building works were undertaken, including a new palace complex with a vast, man-made lake at Malqata on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes, and temples, shrines and other structures at Luxor,

Kamak, Sulb

Amenophis III was buried in a large, rock-cut sepulchre begun by his father, Tuthmosis IV, in the western annexe of the Valley of the Kings. This tomb. No. 22 in the Valley sequence, was

first

noted

Egypt cent',

in the reign of

was a

Amenophis

III,

'the Magnifi-

nation at the height of her power and

prestige; she was, at the

same

time,

decadent and ripe for change.

come with a vengeance with

an Egypt

effete,

The change would

the theological crisis of

the succeeding reign.

scarcely less splendid than his mortuary temple.

The

broken fragments yielded by Carnarvon and Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1915 (p. 48) would offer many tantalizing hints of its former glory.

by two members of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition L-shaped ground-plan, characteristic of 18th-dynasty royal tombs, was elaborated by the

in 1799. Its

addition of

two extra rooms

off the enlarged.

easternmost store-chambers of the decorated burial chamber. One of these 'suites' is thought to have

weir chamber

foundation deposits of Tutfitnosis IV

been intended for the king's principal wife, Tiye though, since she outlived her husband, it would seem never actually to have been employed. The great royal wife

was probably buried

at

The Tomb of Amenophis III

el-Amama

by her son, Akhenaten. though during the reign of

Tutankhamun her

mummy

was

transferred to

Thebes for reburial in Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings (p. 20). The remains of both king and queen have been identified among a group of royal mummies found in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35) in 1898, where they had been hidden at the time the necropolis was dismantled at the end of the New Kingdom. The burial of Amenophis III was perhaps the most magnificent of any Egyptian king, in a sepulchre

-

store

chamber

Akhenaten and

the

Amarna Age Akii

\VliMM-«M,'«liu-;>

l^r;ul, trulliHi;, i:i',.

1','n,

W liM Whn

Ihuill

whu

sti'M'S hiir.

Whii kukIi'S the W'hi l)I-u\lSlnIi<

ui><:
l:i>l:i.,nr(i.

his niakii-.

I'l

rniu.-ni> hini with that wh.u-h. iilra>r<

!aii
h.i~ /.v.

\x-fft\ hiiii,

wh"

I'nr hiiii

ciilhiniu-ii hiii:.

his hnllSl' uf L-lLTllitV

Wiih iiiilh..ii>. h.uiidiV(hth(iusaiKis ol thin->. Wh.n i-xahs Ak-n. nia,i,'iii!it's his naiiu\

Whu

u

iF.iriv^iiti Til,

caiisfs the land tn

to hi> iiiakrr

b<_-lun,t;

.

.

?

.

aiuluiUi-ihdnn'l .

\ti

n'<

I5nunclarv str!a ^ al ivAniania

iiiiin, >.

With ihf pi"ematurf death

rii"

the

heii'-appai'tiil.

'riilhmnsis. the siuvessiiin passed in

r,e

in

I'niiee Anienoijhis, a NininKi-'i' ^'"i "' Anieiiophis

111

\'.)7i\

and his ehiel ennsnn. Tiye. The new kinsj;, wim had perhaps aeted asC(i-i"e,uent with his lathef tnr a slmn while belore the latter',- death, was to waste Itltle time

.\nieniiphis

his eharaeter

staiiii) I'lit

iliiii^ncitril

inn af

and

life Al)l(l!iif>jlis I\' flnlll

si'ius

lit

mil nj

ivurk

kiii,!^'<

KiiniiA.

liiiipli

rmii/ilix

and

tn reign Inr 17 years,

upon

to

The main

e\en

laiialit'.al.

e\'ei"y asix-et ol lyg\"ptian

eultiire.

e.\i'liisi\'e, III'

Ihi'snilptiirlliliiirirliiliii till

thousands of sandstone

feature of his nile

was an

changed

his

name

/(//(//(//-blocks re-eniployi-d

^'ear

I>\"

.\khenaten

is-content'l to

coincident,

lhe-.\ten'l

.\nienophis \\ had

(i.

(whiiii ma\' be translated '.\muii-

it

Cl le-who-is-benelicial-Io-

seems,

with, the start of

II

sliikiiii; riilnssiil

.^tiiliiis fpiiliii/is Ilk

was

l\'

traditional god-king

as building rubble.

asserting hinisell.

in

Whether by intention or not. the had become di\ iiie-dictator. The eaii\' \"ears of the rei.gn were taken u\) with extensu'e building works at Karnak. monumentlater dismantled by l'hai"aoh's successors and the worshipi.)ed him.

III

minor

.\ten. .\ relatueh'

personal tlevotion to the asix'i't

of the sun-god. Re-

llorakhty, the .\len had alreach' aehiexed a certain pri

iminenee under Tutlimi

l-'roin

were written

m

end

to the

names o|

111.

the .\ten

was shown as

a.god in its

hands presenting

'life'

was

to be thi'

symbol

ot a

new

imiiosed upon Ins subjects by I'haraoh.

Its

order basic

tenet is spelled out in the dreat ll\-mn to the .\ten. a

version of which the courtier

successor)

mankind.

inscribed

(destined

In this

ol

the

upon to

there

the tomb-walls of

be Tutankhamun's but one god. the

is

and gentle

sole I'reator

of

benel'actor

h\inn. a masterpiece of literature

composed

lieiiiajis

nature

is

.\\-

at el-.\niarna:

the

.\ten.

maintained

b\'

the king hinisell. the true

.Amarna

re\"olulion

necenheless

sttmds revealed:

I

)iil\

i- iio

\oiir

,iihcr

soi-i

wliu kiinws vou,

Nclerkhrpriire w.iriiie .\meiiiiphis |

l\'l

.

,

accos to the god would be through the mlermediacy of I'haraoh tilone. the .\ten and his sixikesman became in effect one and the same: riiaraoh worshipped the disc, and the poijulace

Smci'

the birthplace of

b\'

el-

its teiTitorx'

was m Tutankhamun. Here.

a strong militarv' presence, the .-Xten

.\ten's ollicial

The

name

I'MSts in

earlier first occurs

two

i)rincipal

accom])anying the

falcon-headed form of the god. and, subseciuently. a pair of cartouches (stressing the

ambiguity

l)etween god and king), as the earlier name-form of

sun

ra\-ed

tlu'

adojiled

disc. In the .Alen's later

about

in

^'et^r

;)

of the rei.gn,

Shu has been

lloi'akht\" .'ind

all

droiJix-d.

name

form,

mention of This name

chan.ge probtibly niai'ked the pinnacle of .\khenaten's

towards the old order.

hoslilil\-

It

was

accompanied by the erasure hum all accessible monuments of any reference to .\mun and the old I)olytheistic religion, including the

.Amen- element

in

own original name. This persecution was to mark the beginning of the

his t'ather's

end.

There

lonzon-ol-the-

reigned supreme.

withm

disc

I'l

a series ol 'boundar\" stelae',

b\"

all pi'ohabilitx"

The

(iiU'cn.

capital: .\khetaten

m .Middle l'-g\pt. This new cit\".

demarcated

forms.

noses of both the king and his principal

new

a

dedicated to the worship of the disc al

.\inai'na

which

Nelertiti.

The

.\ten').

(the hiei"o.glypli aiikh)

a solardise(or,globe)emittiiigra\s

ri.glit:

in

and .\meno]5his

the

o\al eartouehes, like those of the

king. In addition, the .\ten

own

isis l\'

Year^of .\inenophisl\'.

work on

With

and

his

the I'losuri' of the traditional shrines, the

economic slabilit\' ol the l-'g\i)tian state was serlousK' undermined: while, with the day-lo-da\' running of the counir\" left unsupervised in the

hands

of lesser

])oi)ulace

the

was

men,

rife.

posthumous

exiiloiiation of the disorientated

This negkvt would earn

j'liaraoh

.sobriquet 'criminal of .-Xkhetaten'.

(Left) This 'sexkss' colossus

/o^

^ n

from

Kamak was formerly

attributed to

Pharaoh

himself, giving rise to

a

plethora of doubtful hypotheses concerning his

p^°

masculinity. It

is

now

recognized as most probably

an image of the

^^

king's

principal wife, Nefertiti.

(Below

left)

and his

The sculptor Bek as depicted on a

wife,

quartdte stela carved by the

man

1|0)

MM A

The Art The

of

00

Amama

Amama period has given its name to a unique

and markedly st>'lized art, at its best highly sensual, at its worst wholly repellant, in which many of the age-old formalizations were abandoned. Gone are representations of the king-as-hero, to be replaced

by grotesque images of the long-faced, pot-bellied reality which was Pharaoh, 'living according to

maat

["right"]', in perfect

harmony with

his loving

family and taking fullest pleasure in the beauties of

And

here again, remarkably, the impetus have come from above: as the royal sculptor Bek records, he was 'one whom his majesty nature.

seems

to

himself instructed'.

mmmmimmm

himself.

IhiridI and Eiu^ma of Tomb 55

AkJiciiatoi iJic i

.

Ml.

.

iiww.iihi

.

-nnw

'.s

^•lll-|.Hl^ i(iii i>\ Ik r;ir\

(iliHrlinii

Ihr l..Kh

1(1 (.1

ilif suKK'Cr-tiiin

.\klK-nati-i).

louiid (^lUTii

Taia

thai lir

.if i,\t\

a.m-

and ub^linalr

I):iv)s fnti-n.-iiiu-d a inn>i \i(i!cnl


liaii

had hn,x-d ihai he had and when he wa> al la>l

Ill-

\'\"i\\-\.

"on ihis ialhicy. he Mx-nicd In acl hniist as

UmuKh

:lcminealion of

di'siiin),' to

thi'

ionale state of

\eais

later, his

di'scended

nrui;n-iiih II

'"ii

Til,

.:.,.

Ixp,

rajiln-i

;;,v;

i'iinil)iiii! Ill'//

ll'nllhlllllil- liirii

tmiih

ii!

iiiiiliiiviiiM

h',iiji,ss,s III,

Aim

iil> III

ii

ii

,

III,

.1.).

slinivii

y Iniiib

sill,

Riiiiiissul

III

ilil^irliiiii

niii nihil

III,' liii-'^i

IX.A

iiiiniiisliiil: will hi

II

Tiiliiiihiiiiiiiiiii.

lliiilliinil Tiiiiih

,11

.

hiiici'i

mill

II

III

i-hiiiiihii

tiiiiih IS llii

Willis

soiiiiil liiilliHV. ii;,ii'

iviis sl,,l>l„ ,1 iiiiTl

III!

l.iiiihiiinsliMiiliil.

Iiisl'

Ixxlv.

mind

brain

upon him.

in this

,i,'a\e

y

obscure

He was

llie

still in

a

regard whu;. a lew

way, and

ti

tra.yie olil

kU,^

body appears to have been transferred by son Tutankhamun to the Valley of the Kings. The remains of this Theban reburial seem to have been brought to light in Tomb 55 during work sponsored by Theodore M. Davis (pp. 37-9) in 1907. Tomb 55 is one of the most controversial discoveries ever made in Egypt. Excavated by the English archaeologist Edward R. Ayrton under trying circumstances and in due course poorly published by Davis himself, no consensus has yet been reached on its precise nature or on the identity of its occupant. A single-chambered corridor tomb, it contained an assortment of objects, including a coffined mummy, a gilded w(X)den shrine, four canopic jars, and a set of so-called 'magic bricks'. The material falls neatly into two groups. The principal element of the first group was the shrine, originally prepared for Akhenaten's mother and giving the title to Davis's published account of the find. The Tomb of Queen Tiyi. The second group included the coffined mummy, canopic jars and 'magic bricks', objects which the inscriptions on the bricks would seem to associate with the king's his

Akhenaten himself. In all likelih(X)d, the shrine indicates Tiye's original presence within the tomb.

Her

mummy

and

most of her funerary equipment, however, were missing, ix'rhaps removed when the tomb was stumbled upon during the course of quarrying the overlying tomb of Ramesses IX (No. 6); the dismantled shrine had been abandoned when the workers discovered that it could not be extracted without corridor.

first

The

clearing the rubble that filled the

mummy

of Tiye has been recognized

by American researchers among those bodies later in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35), though

cached

the identific-ation

The Tomb 55

is

not universally accepted.

coffin

prepared originally for

and canopic

had been Kiya, a secondary wife of jars

Akhenaten and perhaps Tutankhamun's mother (p. The names of the subsequent owner had been excised from the coffin, presumably at the time the mummy of Queen Tiye was removed from the chamber. Physical and blood-group similarities between the unidentified occupant of the coffin and 9).

the

mummy

of

Tutankhamun

(p.

117) are

remarkable; indeed archaeological considerations

(Above) Kiya: a caldte

Mfrom Tomb

suggest that the anonymous b(xiy ought to be that of

canopic-jar

Akhenaten himself, Tutankhamun's father. However, the estimated age at death of the Tomb 55 corpse reduced since the initial analysis from 25/26 + to 20 years remains problematic; even by the most conservative reckoning, Akhenaten must have been

55. superimposed upon a photograph of the coffin.

at least

30 when he died.

(Below)

One of the gilded Queen and a line-

side-panels from

Tiye 's shrine,

draum

detail by

Harold Jones.

1

.

Nefertiti

and

the Succession II

1

1

I

II

I

\i hi

AklK-iiak'ii's ijniK'ipal \mIi- \\a> the bfaulilul Xeli-r iili.

>u!)lfi"i 'if

W'c-l

and

ilii'

lanioiis ImifsloiH- pm-trail Inisl

I'ktIiii 121:1001.

nvw

Rcsuarrh

(kradc

iht- la>l

a half lias iiiclifau-d dial the inip(iilaiict' nl

(|iift.ii

durin.i; die

Aiiiania pern

ilk-

\va> i)i"iihahl\ lar

id

dun

ii~t

(

--1.I1

I

\t

11-

\1

fr,'iti

llii

il-Aiiiiiniii. Til,

sriillitnr

biikinri iirliii

,ii' lli(

nd

iiinij'li

by

liii,i!

It

Ihhiilyiiiu

I'/ III

j>i,

,i,li,(il,

in

n

I-

lit

\t

It

hi

)tlit_i

I

lit

I

I

1

\

1

11

11

t

RhtLii' ittin

I

I

ill

I

\t t

1

ititi

ntw tin

It

uk

(

nil

III

I

ojtiii

iiistnirtiniuil rail lyi

wfi

hv Ihf sniiliir

Akiii iiiiUii

mid

'Siiiiiiklikiiyt'.

III

I

lji)i,
ilmili'il

tnniiirlyhilnrnl

I'„s,

lii
Ills rii-!i!,'i lit.

Till

sliliiiciis

mid

III

illiir

iiidnidiiiil IS iimiiid: tin

tlin,

III

ii'iiif'liti d.

riiiptyrmliiiiiliis lildinitt

mi

iiniii'tlnh'ss.

.

thus,- nt

ti^'iin s iin

mid

'*-**'

mcktd

In nil,

-iiiliiy IS />i't si III.

lh'i_L;lit) ,li

mik

.

Ins in,

III.

,

tin

iii^lit

tlitit

.-\l;ln

tin

initiii

Sttirtiti. Tin

ijiiiiiTs ix,;f)tniintl stiitns is

simicii hy tin iiiiirs tin

tart that sin

hiiidv di'iihli-rmtcii

„irppn-midI...wirF^ypt.

tilt

flints

Hit- (if

indk

iiid

thf

iti

~

n-

mif

iit

tl

tlt-t

unit

1

i

It

n 111

II

thf quffii's naiiifs. l)flMVfd

ii

tt

ViiKhkluiJiuit -

kli

in

iinun lud

itiiut-n ift;fii

II

iiitutd

t

li^htiy-n'i'i^lit lihistir.

Pirliiifis hiruiisi

1

«

1- i])])t t

li

idtiiiitt' I

d

-t

I

It

ill

n

\hi

I

1

I

ii-ni|Ii it

itjtiit

t

I

II

It

)

I

)

1

I

I

t

I-

I

I

;ttnu-ui]x(

l\i

~l

1

(

(

1

t

idtntt It

1

K(

will

liinitih bi

I

1

u

^t -11]

^i -

iiK

\

I

)

I

I

^1

1

II

1

llli

ini

Ml

IK

rrmcii in

till

\ll

nil

\l

I

Ill

!

I

I

1

u

111

II

K

lit 11

1

ul

t

d

w In

11

lui

1

ill

n - -tt

-uul\

with thf

,,/

II

Xtkiiitliu

)1

hi

hii.-

i-i

nisi

tin

lit


till

p^

)

pill id

1

I

1

h

I'llllll,,! IlllltStnll,

ni Wfoiiti.

i-~

qipi

I

III

i\liiil

Ih/tl

nil

i

1

I

^

^1

I

I..

I

I

ht

^ln di

t

~t\n

UTealiT than pi\'\aiiiisK- recnunizt-d.

d

^1

II

I

-t

I

~

')(

I

I

till

I

d

1'

III

1

b u

llrlt II

ii<

•

111

IIIK

\i

in.

II

11

1

I

-

nit ,,\

t

kki

\nd lU^tit

niK Ixii-

Akhfitattii'.

but

'his'

nomen occurs on a number

of faience ring

bezels in the feminine form Ankhe^kheprure.

and

Nefertiti

the Successi

Akhenaten died in his 17th regnal year, leaving Egypt and her empire in tatters after the years of introspection and neglect. Subsequent developments are difficult to follow. The appearance of a king Ankhkheprure Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru is documented towards the end of Akhenaten's reign, and it is tempting to see this ruler as the ultimate manifestation of the former great royal wife, Nefertiti.

She

it

may

well

have been who,

in

a desperate

attempt to retain power after Akhenaten's death, wrote to Suppiluliumas I, king of the Hittites, asking for a son to marry and consolidate her position. A copy of the letter was found in the Hittite archives at Hattusas in modem Turkey, and is an indication of the depths to which proud Egypt had sunk:

A son I have not. But to thee, they many. If thou wouldst give me one son become my husband. Never shall I pick out a servant of mine and make him my husband!

'My husband

died.

Fragmentary limestone inscription from the North Palace at el-Amama. The column of text on the left was erased in antiquity and

say, the sons are

reinscribed for the king's

of thine, he would

daughter Meritaten. The

...

I

am

of these usurpations traces of the on this and other monuments reveal - not 'victim

'

was Kiya, as

afraid!'

original text

Suppiluliumas was astounded, and sceptical: 'such a

my whole life'. There was an interchange of messengers, and a son, Zannanza, duly despatched, only to be murdered en route to Egypt. Smenkhkare disappears after a brief independent reign, and the spotlight shifts to a child no more than nine years of age: Tutankhaten, better thing has never happened before in

known today by

his later

name of Tutankhamun.

Nefertiti,

as was once

thought.

Nefertiti,

wearing her

characteristic, flat-topped

crown, makes offerings to the

Atenona times tone block from

temple

elAshmunein.

23

:

Who Was Tiitankhamiin?

1

\

to

-\

•-^

o 'A

J

|)i->i)ilr

llic

^

rriiiain^

an

^

17

;/M

.

iiuiiiiiiu \

(p.

i/;;.-r;;V;.

ha>

^liick

T:
a,m'. lia\in,u

ediilirni.- ihai

is

ihere naiiiedl was iiuk'ed ihe son

Tlh hiru

less, in

,i> I\i\;

bin

I'dnii

h',>/<.nili<'

I'iil;,.

AiiiKii III

ts

.<,

ti'/ii

til,

,

, .

,

I>(l,nvi

hull, I

Til,

hill,

I'liliiiiklmiiiiiii's In

t(>j>t',>sit,

ill

(//

I

/III

w

riilankhtiiiiun

,,.,

III,

till'

thmiKh

itii

;i

\\

aeiMss die ri\er

i

(jI

seeiii>

a

kiii.u.

(

\i,

lia\'e

been

Aineiinphis

Jliieial

I

I

Nexerdie-

III.

ioiiy" eii-i"e,L;eiU'\"

was

a sdii

(if

i

1

in i

between

i

il

II

identitx

t'r,i"iiii iiliii\ sii

the latter.

i

ml

i

u

I

with eer-

in establish

1

'ruttinkh.aniun's

"f

iimtlier.

was

not his

wi\es

stands out: the ,, >hlaiiniaii

bnrne

timl eoncuhines.

one

Kua, -,.,,, adiikhepa.

prinet'ss

I

I

iii

>

II

i

l\

I

-

)

1

ii

i

1

i

\

1

I

^

some with

',

1

1

i

i

iii

Tusliratta, sent to

l\t!;\pl to

between the two eountries

cement

1

I

K

I

1

,

dtuiKliter

oi

treal\- reltitions

I

at the start of

the

rei.yn.

II

\

1

i

1

1

11

],

i

in ]i;irticular

ideiitilii-d b\'

hid\"

\t

i

Aklieiititeii nil sons:

wile. .XnioiiK the kiiiK's

oiil\-

\

i

1

11

1

II

1,1'nih ,)i Ahliiiiiiti II

,! Aiiiiiniii.

lai'kin.L;

de.nrei'iif inlornied s])eeulation IS i)(is>ible.

seeoiidars' ,

ri'Vi/l

is

Nelertili tippetirs to lia\e

but she ml.

e\idence

Itiinis'

'''^'

n;:iii

i-n\al

;ind Akhenateii. thepnibabilit\" imi-t

,

hirtli'

\

a:

lallei'

Ritiiiii In

tin

1,1

<>l,>sil,

tlitit

'> rei,t;ii

die abseiiee "f a

Ameniiphis be

SI,

'he

i

Tiilankhz/aten (as he

nil

stress his assoeialion

naiiH

iire>nniabK

dunne

In

nminl .\iimnuL

nilhn.h.xv:

1''

"'•'

I

,,ii-,:iiiini!iiilly

i!U!<-n-

boiai,

ehAshnumem

poliex' chirin,!:; llie

siihnri

been

.'!>

i

In--

been iiuesiinned. an mseiaiMiur.

il;,;n,rht,riim>h

iii,uti'\ tin

Ii'ijiii

Akhenaleii, AllhdU.eh hi>

i-ei.^n "I

Minieliinej~

ehAiiiarna

Tui:!r.';l:,'!iiuir.

juii.nf

(iit'd i)i'rli;ij)^ a-- vniiii.L;

Ill-

brmi.uhl in h.uin al ,/.

Tn

li.uiirr-

Akhelaleii Iniodei'n el-Aiiiarnal, half ,A die

.W':./-,

Kil.

hi> iiiinal.

1)1

tiii,t;iiialic 1

ui'

t-ai's

ri(i'.ni-»

M

'

\

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

t

.

.

The Names of Tutankhamun At his accession

to the throne

sequence of five to each ruler.

titled

an Egyptian king adopted a formal 'titulary', a names. The combination of names chosen was unique

1 the HoRUS* name: Kanakht tutmesut, 'Strong

bull, fitting-of-created-foTiis'

2 the Nebty* or 'Heof theTwo-L.\dies' name: Ne/erhepu segereh-taivy sehetepnetjeru nebu. 'Dynamic-of-Iaws, whocalmsthe-Two-Lands, who-propitiatesall-the-

gods' (variants:

(i)

Wer-

ah-Amuti, 'Great-of-thepalace-of-Amun'; neb-er-djer,

'.

(ii)

.

.

.

lordof-all')

Huy at Thebes - though whether Pharaoh himself ever took the field has been doubted. But the principal event of the reign was in the viceroy

the domestic sphere. Early capital of Egypt

Memphis,

on the administrative

was moved back from el- Amama to

with

Thebes

re-established

as

the

country's religious centre. At the

abandoning the

-aten

same time, by forms of their names in Year 2,

3 the Gou)E.\ F.ALCON name: Wetjes-kliau sehetepnetjeru, 'Whodisplaysthe-regalia, whopropitiates-the-gods' (variants:

(i)

Heqa-maat

sehetepnetjeru, 'The-one-

who-brings-together-the-

the royal couple signalled the formal resurgence of

cosmic-order. who-

Amun

propitiates-the-gods':

and the

traditional

pantheon following the

years of proscription under Akhenaten. Promul-

gated by decree at

Memphis and recorded

in the

regalia-of-his-father-Re";

retrospectively-dated 'Restoration Stela' (extant in

(iii)

two

em

copies, later

usurped by Horemheb), this one

(ii)

Wetjeskhauyotef-Re, 'Who-displays-the-

Wetjeskhau tjes-tauy .

.

who-keeps-

the-regalia,

course of Egyptian history.

the-Two-Lands-together

4

^

"Who-displays-

.,

event marks the reign as pivotal to the subsequent

the Preno.vien. which

commonly group

follows the

nesu-bity, 'dual

king', traditionally

rendered 'King of Upper and Lower Egypt':

Nebkheprure, The-lordly manifestationof-Re'

5

the No.MEN,

introduced by sara, 'Son of Re':

Tutankhamun

heqalunu-shema. 'Livingimage-of-Amun, ruler-of-

Upper Eg\ptian-

^^^ van

Heliopolis' (earlier

variant: Tutankhaten.

Livingimage-of-the-Aten')'

Of these names, those most frequently encountered

are the

prenomen and the

nomen, written within an oval rope border, or cartouche. * Those

names marked with an

asterisk are not attested with the

iniageofthe-.Aten') form of nomen.

Tutankhaten

("Living-

-

Archaeology

Tlie

Oj

Tiitankhamiufs Reign

.\:i- :(-; »iri~:')k'

Tl:c

f(iii
-flccUM'l will 1;

I'Mirit-

iim;

a> a -iirpriM' In mar/v'

f\\-r\ llaiiu ir.si'n'icfi

;jfij|iif

li-ani :lia!

iti

wai; the lainuM.l' Tiraakli-

muir, iin,i;ina!fs Irnni hi> imiib. Tlif vduii.u kin.u's

laasn

-licirl

\s'a> a liiiu' <<( ri-adHr^irucUDii fullnwiii.ir

El-Amarna An

onKinaliiiK fi"<)ni rl-Amarna from el-Ashmunciii on the

iin|)()rlanl bl(K-k

Ithouyh

ri-C"\'cR'd

opposilc bank of the rivcrl records thf Tutaiikhaniuii

was

the son of a kint;

fraKnientary stela (I5erhn

1

fact that

(p. 24).

A

!197) from el-Aniariia

Tutankhaten) offering repi-esents 'Putankhamun to Amun and Mut. Man\- faience tniger Tings (as

inscribed with the king's

prenomen

(less

commonly,

have been found at this site. Whether as 'I'utankhaten the king had begun to prepare a tomb for himself at el-Amarna is unknown, though one of tlie abandoned workings in the ro\al wadi there his nonien)

(perhaps \o. 27?) mi.ght eoncei\ably (Riahll

The

Khoii.-;.

sun nj

Milt:

bhifk

mill

(I

urtiiiiti

stdtm

Ifutiins uf

Thebes

Tuttuikhiiiium. Uniiid hriiciil/i ,<;(iil's

Ihr pan'iiH'iit nf

llii/

Kiiniiik

saiictiKiry in the Cniii

The work

Temple n{ Ainiin at Kanuik

of reconstruction referred to in the

Restoration Stelae' went on apace (flclnic) I Inn iii

fliinnnn

Ainiin

lli<

tinil

eons/Ill.

Ill,

conii^lex of Kai-nak.

Karnnk.

(ircal I'lmplr

added

nf

.-X

figure of

at the great

temple

Tutankhamun was The

to the decoration of the third pylon.

dismantling of the .-Xkhenaten temples apix^rs to h,a\e begun during the young king's rei.gn, as also

the prerinet nf his fii'ililess

attributed to

and

Aiiiiiii

tlif fiK'ial

Ix-

hini.

ii!iJiiii-,i
Mill.

PRECINCT OF AMUN

L^_^ seventh pylon /I ^eighth pylon n'—f ninth pylon I

pylon ^fourth pylon third pylon fifth

/^\

I

-^W^»^—~y^y

-^if^^,_| ^'

^

1

I f

of the

cachette

» fr utenth I

PV'o"

Temple hypostyle

hall

I

WfVv

-iK\-i>~'ir-. ihr cx'fi;!

of

Mut

ti!'

,1,'r.i-

~.u!)~ti:uii::K '

if

:i;;- :R-'i\

li-tir.u' ^I'liii-

inunifiii-- aa'.d aru-la("'.>

amm-

cli-wis a. ii~

timiilf

u~iii"jifii

i;;.

i\\i;ui:

;>

i-.

^'l'

iiidu-a'.inr. nt >il

li

raii.u'c "I ll'.a,:

l'.a>

in,i;'-(li>iiiairJrti

•i)rt•lanaI^ in ihi- !uiiii:)lc>l nl (li>aai-cir(.l

iiiiprosinris.

hi>

r.i-cr-~il\-.

.i'.u

'ruianklauiiui'

Iruiii >i)k-r.(:i(l.

by

ic-- (iii\-i('U>

>fai

1, •^^S^!-'

the restoration of Atenist

damage

to the east face of

works attributed to Tutankhamun include the avenue of ram-headed sphinxes between the tenth pylon and the precinct of Amun's consort, the goddess Mut, and the sixth pylon and elsewhere. Other

the decoration of the exterior enclosure wall of the

court of the cachette (so-called because of the large collection of hidden statuary

Two

light there in 1903).

which was brought to

structures,

and represented by scattered

now

dismantled

were called the 'Mansion-of-Nebkheprure-in-Thebes' and the blocks,

'Mansion-of-Nebkheprure-beloved-of-Amun-who-setsThebes-in-order'.

Several stelae of

Kamak,

Tutankhamun

are

known from

including the well-known restoration texts

CG

one of which was perhaps erected in front of the third pylon. Another stela of the king before Amun and Mut stands before the north face of the seventh pylon. A great deal of sculpture from the reign has been found at Kamak, either of the king himself or of deities represented with his facial features. A colossal seated figure of a king identified as Tutankhamun, and an inscribed statue-base, were excavated from the court of the Mut Temple, as was a once finely inlaid calcite sphinx (Luxor J 49). Three standing statues of the king (Cairo CG 42091-2, Cairo JE 66757) were recovered from the floor of court I in the Great (Cairo

34183

4),

Temple

(the court of the cachette).

A fourth piece

from the cachette (Cairo CG 42097) shows Tutankhamun seated between Amun and Mut. A statue in the Louvre depicts the young king protected by the seated Amun (Louvre E 11609); probably from Kamak is an indurated limestone head from a coronation group of the king, with the hand of Amun resting 50.6).

A

upon

his blue crown, in

Colossal statue of Amun at

Kamak, carved in the image of Tutankhamun and originally inscribed with his

name. The monument was subsequently usurped by Horemheb.

New York (MMA

black granite dyad, or pair-statue,

Tutankhamun standing with Amun (who is shown in ithyphallic form) is in the British Museum (EA 21); it probably also comes from Kamak, as does a second black granite statue in the British Museum (EA 75) representing the king with representing

the attributes of the Nile

god Hapy.

statue of indurated limestone,

now

A in

fine double Turin (768),

from 'Thebes' and again probably Kamak, shows the king with Amun. A colossal figure of Amun with the features of Tutankhamun stands in the courtyard of the god's sanctuary; it has been suggested that its

companion figure, representing the female aspect of the god, Amunet, was carved during the reign of Ay.

A

statue of

Amun

with the features of the king

was

recovered from the cachette (Cairo JE 38049), while detached heads of Amun are in Cairo (Cairo CG

Copenhagen (Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek /EIN and elsewhere. A black granite statue of Khons (Cairo CG 38488) comes from the Great Temple. 38002), 35),

27

Tlu- unlini-hi-d l'riiin;i!

Civ

niruuir ni

Amcnophi^

cli\-i

iraktl duriii),' llif

ihf

III

Luxnr \\a>

al

'I'uiankhamun, wiih jjorlraiis

i-(i).'n iii

(liMir iainl5>

of the north wall.

and wcsl walls llomnhcb.

Olx-l-U'Sliva! oi: ilK-fa>l -ul)Si-(|Ufntly usurjXfl In 19^1, a :-i'ncs of

colonnadfd I'oun

u-sl-bjnnns

m

made

'I'cniplf of

oi' tin-

so tailed 'LuNor

ol liu-

ui-iv

!)>'

unf\|xrlcdl\- brou.ulit lo till'

nl' ihi' kinj,' i>n

The sivm-s

a tn'nup of

lij^hl

tlu-

Luxor ':i2

slauics.

rarJii lt('. buiiL-d in alxiul llu-

numlxT

founh a-ntur\

i;i.

IraKnit-'nls of a

bkn'-panucd calfite sphinx insiritx'd

iii:xin its

Amoiij,' tluMr

shoukkr with

tlu- (.-artouchi-

uert- si'veral

of

Tutankhaninn, ir,.7w-;/

Two

mhoand a clay

laifiuv niiK Ix-Zfls

Tutankhamun (jxrhaps

si-al

impression of

also a limestone lintel

usunx-d b\ Horemheb) were found amoiiK the ruins of the palaee of Anienophis III a! Malqata. Tutankhaiiiun's mortuary temple was probably erected in the \icinity of Kamesses Hi's later funerary monument al Medinet Habu. Two eolossiil quartzite statues from this temple, which was employed to celebrate the cult of the dead king, were found reused in the mortuary temple of Ay and Horemheb. inscriix-d b\- .\y (Cairo JK 59869-^)1:51?; Chicago lbS8). .\ hi.gh priest of Tutaiikhamun's Orlnst funerary cull. I'serhat, is attested on a stela fragment 1

in

Museum

the ^ktroIX)litan

(MMA

Ifi.l.L'):

|I-"A .')S721

1

of .\rt in

New

carries the inscription of a

'S'ork

Museum

a shabli ti.gure in the British

«y;/) prie-st ot

the king called I'airy.

Tutankhaiiiun's tomb

is

now numlxred 62

that

in

the \alle\ of the Kings; other objee'ts Ix'aring the

name have txvn

king's

York.

MMA

Tomb

(nUKI.l

(Cairo

.'i8

Tutankhamun has

.>!

7S.S SOf)!

(New-

and

faience cuj) of

p. 37.)

11).

with restoration text on

Tutankhamun's

Tuthniosis

l)lue

'astronomical instrument' now- in

Chica.go (Orlnst 121 Ix-half of

A

also Ixrn tound in the \'alley

(Cairo jE ;W;«0). (See

A wooden

rivoveri'd from Pit

170.211 697.

.'i7 l.'iS).

.11-;

I\',

'great .grandfather'

probably conies from the

hitter's

destroyi-d mortuar\ tem|ile at Thelx'S.

Memphis 'House of Nebkheprure'. presumably a temple at is menlioni'd on the monument ol a tieasury ollicial. May. from the pyramid comi)lex of Siihure at .\busir. .\ limestone lintel of Tutankhamun .\

.Memphis,

in Ivast Herlin. (|xirt)).

and a

within the I'tah
the

tomb

reusexl

construction

of Shoshenq. the god's high priest.

ix>rhai)s originate

of

stvoiid lintel (Cairo JIC Wl.'il

Horemheb and found Temple enclosure in tiie

usurixxl by

Tutankhamun

from one or more other structures at

Memphis.

of the kin.g(?) (Cairo IK

."),")(),'i2)

.-\n

uninscrilxti 'bust'

was found

al

Kom

ell-akhry. .\n insi-rilxti limestone lintel

(Cairo.IK 5719."))

of

Tutankhamun

was discovered built into the mudTutankhamun' situated to the

brick 'Kesthouse of

west of Chephren"s valley temple

at Giza.

other objects of the reign from Giza

found

in the vicinity of the

courtier
The

is

Sphinx, in

shown adoring

Among

a broken which a

stela,

the royal couple.

third of the sacred Apis-bull burials

brought

Serapeum enclosure at Saqqara by the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette had been made during the reign of Tutankhamun. Four canopic jars (S 1151-1) and three instTibed glass to light in the

fondants (456) from the burial are

in the

Louvre.

Other sites A

fragmentary box of gilded wood was found by the French Egyptologist Eniile Amelineau at Abydos in the 1890s (part. .Amiens. Musee de Picardie); while Flinders Petrie. digging at Kom Medinet Ghurab, brought to light several faience rings and a wooden

Tutankhamun. now in University College Museum. UC 16050). A calcite jar of king (UC 16021) also originates from here. A

granite lions in the British

cubit rod of

dedication text of

London

up

the

(Petrie

Tutankhamun was noted by J. Gardner Wilkinson at Bir Abbad in the Wadi Abbad. en route to the Red Sea. In Nubia, Tutankhamun built temples at Kawa block with the cartouches of

(ancient Gem(pa)aten)

and Faras.

A

granite group of the king between

fragmentary

Amun

and Mut(?) and a steatite head of the king(?), both from the latter site, are in Khartoum Museum (3766 and 5829). Two

Museum (EA

1-2) were

found at Gebel Barkal, where they had been carried by the ruler of Meroe, Amanislo. Initiated by Amenophis III, one (EA 2) was inscribed with a

Tutankhamun and

(Above) Red-granite Hon

from Gebel Barkal.

itiscribed

with a dedication text of

Tutankhamun.

originally set (Opposite) Part of the

Sulb by Ay. In Palestine, a gold ring inscribed with the king's prenomen (Jerusalem. Arch. Museum 33.1708) was found at Tell el-Ajjul, in the family tomb of an

processional colonnade of Amenophis III at Luxor

'Egyptian governor'. Also from Palestine may be noted a faience ring, found at Tell el-Safi/Tell

cartouches those of his

at

Tutankhamun,

is

that of

the altered

successor-but-one,

Zakariya.

Among

Temple: the portrait

Horemheb.

the unprovenanced objects from the reign

might be mentioned three fragmentary stelae, one of Year 4 (West Berlin 345'67. with an endowment text) and two of Year 8 (Liverpool. Institute of Archaeology E 90 and E 583 the latter with a royal decree for Maya). A kneeling bronze figure of

Tutankhamun is in Philadelphia (University Museum. E 14295). Other miscellaneous objects Tutankhamun include an inscribed box-knob (I5altimore.

of

WAG 48.405), fragmentary faience

throwsticks (British

Museum. UC

Museum EA

54822; Petrie

an inscribed copper dish in the British Museum (EA 43040), and a fragmentary faience collar terminal (Eton College, Myers Museum, 12496).

ECM

1887) with a representation of the king drinking from a lotus chalice.

(Left)

Amon-Rc

presents

the hieroglyph for

'life'

to

the nose of liis son,

Tutankhamun: a wall detail from Temple A at Kawa. (Right)

Tutankhamun

drinking from a white lotus

a scene in relief on a fragmentary faience collar chalice:

terminal.

29

i»«««ffi«<«f(Mif»i«)iiit««iftft«Hitii«««t«ti«fifi«iti)ft«ii«t«ii«HfiH«tfifT«mtt*nttmtmf?fi

;\i.iirii;:(; iT.aiiiii;

All the King's

Ik- n.ilMWilji; ;irr

Men

\}y\\w\\y.\\

nu'inix-r

;l;u ,uo(!'- lallit-r

'rmaiikhainur. \\a> a

l'liara'4:

.-lar.diii.u a:

.,-//,,;:./',/-,;,

i:

Inp

ll'.c

u\

l-!y\plian >'iciru. |'luMnlcri-(>M.iiH-!\vi.-cii.L,'i<:~ar.(;

!iiiw nf

unh al

;hc lifr^,yi\in,U ix'ii])k-

l'.i>

iMun

\\a>

m

tlu'

ri\X'r Nile,


was

nf lusiu'c

ihi-

ivalin

dt'lf,i;alfd

In

irniaclfs

l-i,t;>])l's

adininislralixt.- ("ipilal.

radiali'd

for

which

iiiaiorii\-

I

he

rei.u'n

l-Acn for

'I'Ih

pyiiinuiliil

slim Inn m'

l^liriitmiui' ,««(( ly iliiriitfi llu ii;ii

"I 'IHliiiilJiiiiiiiiii.

ai'nn-

nllii-ial>

i)\

Mtniphis.

!iiniu,t,'b.

llu- Ifn.mii

oliitaals is (.'ona'rnt.'d.

nf Tuianklianiun

a

is

Ibii"

ji.s^'saw

the \asl

Tulankhaniun's conlcnipnrarics. high-

rankin.u or low. adiiiinisiraiois.

men, or

llu- i-ojlrrliun i,f

niosl of tlifpiccrs arc niissin.g.

of

(.'(inUK'l

friends, iht-

frnni

nul

and brradlli lA ihc country. Sn far as the nanit-s of ihfsr pt durin,;,'

km.uV

and admlnl^tlaUnn

an

wlinsf

l''.,t;\

ihf

iMT>ami

laxfs. rt-.y-ulaliun nf a.Lnicullurr.

!j

annual rhb and

prailu-f Imiiu-d Sui-i-min.dfd

b\ an innfri'in-lfnta(l\

da\- io cla\- ninnm.L,'

pupulaiT

ayricullural

whiiM' principal cnnctTn \\a>

I'l

:x'ii',,u

pM-aniiil nf

\\\v liirrarcl'.ifal

nun. ruling an rs>ciuiall\

'-^^

miiii-(!i\ iiir

iX'.asants. llu'

priests.

imthin.g whalsne\-er

cNceptions, archaeology

iiiilitar\"

i-

litis

kimwii.

provided

iiu-i.

to 'ir(;\ic::il;

Aw

'ru'.ankliannir.

ii\

>

i|

:|-,i-

\

ii;i:uriifii;,i;

lii>

(.nnriiili-atcd

.

A\V

a,

l;ar.d>,

\m luld

llu- i"ii\al linr.

n.uhi.

lii-

(ifai

l-nlluw

m. ;b.r

.\

rdiniixT of

Tht-ndnrfM.

had

ra;n,c\t'

\W

nf

l)a\-i>

ir.

\

ii'Uu-

nfb.is

I'l'.aranl;

fnil

I'ri.uMi

pai'I

ni

in

\W

m

has

Ti^nib

Kings,

disi-nwR-d h\

Tnnib.^sm tlicniam fnniird

\vai>

kir.,i;'>

\alir\- of

fra,Lrnii-n.l> ><{ ,i,'nld

i'\idi-nd\"

'.n

;|-,c

ii;i,'

\)\

a>

riilf

pinwcr

I'l

^\a^ buric-d a.flcr a bru-f

wolcrr.

Z\

tlir

aiTi>~ ''.aiid

ci'tr,nillii-.,u .trrt-a:

iinnnicly di-ath. A\. ;iiT>uniabl\links Ui

a>

ir:uc .iflii- po>i;ii.n a> pnr.ripal

ward,

ir.

i.ei-.i/rc:

-u-p-.uTar.dtallu-r

\h\\>

ar.t!

ai:\i>fr in Tiuar.kh.amui'..

.'iSl

ii"i>;rn:\

- ir.i:rr I'lrclr \\a>

kir.,i;

]xiiuii)> \f ix- rrri

NfltTtili

^1

lalhci"

own

i^

iiiiuT circk'

'\'\\v

innnmTfT»»?f»f!nrfnffn»frfnftTfmf!nnMnf?MTMn?rrrMmff»niMfm

l'.i~

a -I'icillni;.

\ alltnMiJ.

.\\'>

burial

furnituii'.

Il"i\ iiihi

l>

Thf /net" inlluciUTal I'nurl of ihi-.god's fallu-r .\y was balanced b\ die (k nii\ imwer nf the iiiilnar\ollicer llnrcnihcb. whnse biles includetl those of ili

conmiander-in-chiel king.

!i\

fnrce

><{

o|

ihe anii\-

.'irnis.

and

clf])uty ol the

Ilnreiiiheb w.a> .able to

reassert lygxjilitin sii/eraint\ abrnad tind ensure the

continuation of tribute from Egypt's northern and

Tutankhamun (p.

1 37)

are those of overseer of works the royal cemetery) and

southern neighbours. Horemheb's successes are

in the Place of Eternity

depicted in his finely decorated private tomb, which

overseer of the treasury (meaning in this instance,

was brought to Hght in the New Kingdom necropoHs

perhaps, the funerary storerooms). Maya's

at

Saqqara a few years ago; following his accession,

a second tomb

in the Valley of the

An uninscribed limestone dyad in the Museum (EA 36) may well come from his

Kings (No. British

was prepared

57).

A

Saqqara tomb chapel.

fine granite statue of

Horemheb as a scribe is in the Metropolitan Museum New York (MMA 23.10.1); a similar, though headless, statue of the man, from Kamak, is in Cairo (CG 42129). of Art in

(i.e.

gifts, like

those of Nakhtmin, suggest a close personal attach-

ment to the king. He seems to have taken responsibility not only for the preparation of Tutankhamim's burial

but

also

for

its

restoration;

he was to

(Above left) Horemheb, commander-in-chief of the

army and deputy of the (Above right) The officer Nakhtmin.

king.

military,

(Below) The necropolis official

Maya.

undertake a similar restoration, with his assistant (p. 97), in the tomb of Tuthmosis FV where he left a graffito) in Year 8 of Horemheb. The finely decorated tomb of Maya was

IJjehutymose (No. 43,

recently discovered close to that of

Horemheb

at

man and his wife, Meryet, fi-om the tomb chapel, are now in Leiden (AST 1-3).

Saqqara; statues of the

Nakhtmin

A second military officer of note was Nakhtmin (or Minnakht), evidently a close relative of best

known today

for the five Icirge

figures he presented to the burial of (p.

139).

On

a statue of the

man

Ay who

is

wooden shabti Tutankhamun

probably carved

during the reign of Ay, Nakhtmin

is

designated

Ay

had intended that Nakhtmin should succeed him, it was an ambition which 'king's son'. If

Horemheb was destined

to

foil.

Maya

Among the titles recorded on the wooden shabti and bier figure presented

by Maya to the burial of

Officials

and administrators

Usermont and Pentu

The

vizierate, or 'prime-ministership', of

this period

southern

Egypt

at

was divided

office.

into a northern and a Usermont, one vizier from the reign

Tutankhamun, is known from two statue fragments (one, from Armant, Cairo Temp. 22/6/37/1) and a stone sarcophagus from the Theban area. A second vizier, Pentu, perhaps the owner of Tomb 5 at el-Amama, is recorded on a wine-jar docket (no. 490) fi-om Tutankhamun's tomb (p. 203). Usermont and of

31

L

/\

7>

\

Aimnliol.l^Hiiv. Kiish diiniii;

th,

I

no nit;

Tiil,iiil,iiiiiiiniL

I'liiui

arc pi'ihaps ihc

two viziers depicted aninn.s,' which deedrales oiie wall

the liinefai-y iJfoeession of the

liuiaal

Chamber

'riitankhaimin's Kmil)

in

hW. we know next 1m iKhanmmi :!7iri and and also

Thebes

Ul^t).

lliiv (iiid

III,

neh

eoiiiitiy

aiKleiisuiethe Iree-tlow of

oiie Anu'iihotep-I ln\: tlie iiitiirs 1(1|

istu Thebes. Statues of

l-:ik,ab

and

.Miiisir

(l-'.ast

tions at l-'aras ,and .are

in

Cairo

S])iril' ol

(Jl';

ti

the kin,t;l;iiid

Tulankhaniun'

.an

lu\

til

lia\e

l!i,i;a.

with a luiun I'.eiiin (17:;:'.L'l.

Huv and

-liiief

iiistitutioii

wtis

decorated toiiiblNo. liei'ii

Ix-iiin lb!H)(l|,

K'rtiliito

,",7 Hi.'!,

the probable wile of

1

liilxite.

loiiiid at

with

Melae

iiiscrip-

of

to the

1

luv

hi or

Taemwtidisi.

of the litirim of

of winch, re.urettti

hdiii

the ina\or of

twn

steltie;

IraKineiit,

iti

the

during the (Cairo

CC

1

1701. .\

m

(

(L'(Wi|.

known

)tlier

]

)robal lie

Kawa

Memphis

li

Colk^ije

unnamed

is

known

I

is

lermitai;i' Ic. d).

iii

ihe l.ouvretN

1!1'11),

See further

pi). L!S

(L'L'!tll.

Museum

il.

i-:.\

.

(•71'.

lii.Lth

is

in

tars in

pnesl

,ind other

scribtil ptilette beloiiLfinu' to

of the

,

the chief

whose stela and two ctino])ic

lp\.

l(t7'Jl.

wooden

oliici.al

l-HTJin

and I'lahemhtit-Tx

liritish

.\

London. I'C

Malm

contemport tries imiude he scribe

kiiibetirer

I'tali (steki.

mery

Heir tTMediiia.

tit

sttittie

.and

a

(l-l

treasury oliicial

unii.anii'd

rni\eisil\

slehi louiid

moiinmentsl. ,111

and an

Thill ,,ii,

is

llie oiliei".

Kovenior of

Kliartoum

serxtml of .\muii' n.amed

I.eiden l.\.\l.

nil

who

Museum. OmilindKe

of one raiiakhl.

Miiscuin.

iretrie

of

d

Seba,

the l.ouxre (C S7l.

l-'itzw illiani

:inS(i|

l.eiiin.yr.ad

III,

is

tuinijlias

slehte are attested lor the ro\al snabe Mer\

slew.iril

M

own

u:

lu\

1

kiwer Nubia.

riiiiiis.

m

rei.un. is

Kliaw whose

I,

one

I'lie stet.a

SS."")!).

i

,.t

tnmli oi

in tin-

Aihoiil; the les.-exalled eoiUeiiiporanes ot'l'iit.aiikhtinniii IS

from a

,11, !V,.,

2(i!Hii

Other nanu'd odicials

1

',,.

(Kharlnuni

ehietuun whose

eniiie In li.uht at Tiislikti in

Xiihiiiii nui/iiiMiill

The vieeroN' nf Kush iindei" 'I'utankhaniun, whose jol) was to (iverseel-Vvptiaii exploitation ol the.uold-

allesled at l-'afas

imiib n|^'u\a and Tiiu

(in tile

(Hie lle(|aneter. a Idi'al

is

Kawa

MemKuied

C(i rdO^:!).

L'aifii

(p. 72).

at

iiodun^L;

kiiiLr.

hoiii Tluix's'.

is in

i

Woe

to

him

that assaileth thee

[O

AmunJ Thy

endures, whereas he that assaileth thee

Prayer to

Amun

is

cast

mwwtwwwHwtwwwwwmtimwtiwfwwwwwwwwtwwwwtMwwwMMmim

City

down

y

The End of the

on an ostracon from Thebes

For most of his reign Tutankhainun was the pawn of he grew older, the boy's

18th Dynasty

others; but inevitably, as pliability will

have lessened. With his wife's appar-

ent inability to carry children inheritance little

time

would pass

left.

to

to

full-term,

Ay, an elderly

man

the

mmmmmmmmmM}m}m\}mmvf{mmmmwf\

with

X-rays of Tutankhamun's skull reveal

damage consistent with the king's having received a blow to the head: Ay's gnawing ambition for power

may

well have driven

Tutankhamun was

him

to murder.

interred

by King Ay

in a

hastily adapted private sepulchre (No. 62) in the

Valley of the Kings in around 1323 BC - to judge

from the flowers and fruits buried with him, during the first half of March. Doubtless this small tomb had been pressed into service only because work on

Tutankhamun's intended place of burial. Tomb 23 in the West Valley, had scarcely begun; the excavation would be employed by his successor. Ay's brief reign of only four years appears to have continued the policies begun under his young predecessor. Ay died in 1319 BC, and the period immediately following may have been marked by a struggle for the throne between Nakhtmin, the 'king's son'

whom some have seen as Ay's appointed

and the general Horemheb. It was perhaps during this troubled time that Tutankhamun's tomb was entered by thieves (p. 95). With the accession of Horemheb, who dated his reign retrospectively from the death of Amenophis ni, the reaction to the Amama pharaohs began in earnest with the continued dismantling of Akhensuccessor,

monuments, the usurpation of those of Tutankhamun, and the general work of reconstruction.

aten's

Ay's perhaps tenuous claim to the

throne

may

have been

strengthened by forging close links with

Tutankhamun 's

widow, Ankhesenamun. alliance is suggested by

An

a

glass ring-bezel in which the

names of the two are found combined. The ring was first spotted by Percy Newberry,

who conveyed news of it Carter in this

among

letter

to

preserved

the Carter papers in

Oxford Destruction of the

Amama

19th dynasty, of which

legacy continued in the

Horemheb may be seen as

spiritual founder: within 50 years of

Akhenaten's

death, the heretic king, Nefemefruaten,

Smenkh-

Tutankhamun and Ay had been struck from records. It was as if they had never existed.

kare,

the

(Far

left)

Horemheb as

Pharaoh: a broken

calcite

canopic stopper found by Tlieodore Davis in the lang's

tomb

in the Valley

of the

Kings. (Left) King Ay represented as a Nile-god: fragment from a throne base of indurated

limestone.

33

By a curious irony, it was the very oblivion to which Tutankhamun had been consigned that would ensure the survival

of his burial. Consistently omitted by his Ramessid successors from the lists of Egypt's former kings, he was soon forgotten. With time, the site of his tomb began to blend in perfectly with its surroundings - to be missed not only by Ramesses VI who quarried a tomb for himself within a few metres of it, but more importantly when the royal tombs were dismantled following the abandonment of the Valley of the Kings by Ramesses XI

(1100-1070 BC). Egyptologists scrutinizing the fragmentary remains of

somewhat better informed. A few objects had been found inscribed with Tutankhamun's name, and the period were

the likelihood was, they reasoned, that the king

had been

interred in the royal burial-ground at Thebes. Indications

that this might indeed be the case were in

due course uncovered by Theodore Davis's team, and in 1909 a small undecorated chamber was brought to light which Davis imagined to be the tomb itself.

Howard Carter, for one, thought differently. He believed that that

Tutankhamun's burial still awaited discovery, and might even be intact. For five years he and Lx)rd

it

Carnarvon systematically cleared the Valley of the Kings down to bedrock in search of this archaeological Holy Their perseverance was rewarded when, at 10 am on 4 November 1922, workmen reported the discovery of a step cut into the rock of the Valley floor Grail.

Saturday,

beneath the foundations of a group of huts erected during the quarrying of the tomb of Ramesses VI. It was the

beginning of a stairway leading

down

to a walled-up

doorway. Tutankhamun had been found. The

Valley

of the Kings and the tomb of Tutanklmmun.

II

Search and Discovery

\\:!.i\,ii..ii

Tombs

'The Valley of the

'!>, r\ cv\

is

ir

li

r.ii:i;

'jiinal

Wr-:

:i:r

rl;ir.

v,

ii-.

.

Tin-

\r\\ KniL!i:i

:!:r

it

•

\ ;uir;,

:.i

~!

k

Wil-

'!ii

mr.r.r^; Tu:;'i'i.j;,-ip

I'l

111

Now Exhausted'

\ra\,'I'll

ha>

111

Tin- la~:

'DrMiisjli

In l)f iiMrri-f(:

kiii.Li

l\aiiir--c>

liia;)--

X,

;lir

ii:

I'laliT

I\anii>si> Xl.a -Ian

wa^

rii\n]

llir

\ ..\\v\

wn-

~iuri---M;-.

liL-

iiiadcitii (li^nianiir.,i; llic

~'

"]"],"

' '

^^

iViii'i',.

^

'^*'''

".;"',''

1."

l)iirial-,uTiJUii(l.

"'-'''^'

-Kill

I

irri

111

ui.a'd iii

11,

I'll'

Kiai; Tiilaiikliaiiirii, \\r .-anir uiiliin -i\

III

|ii>i

DaM-

Mr.

iluTi

fcarrd

iliai

liirilifi

rnad\\a\ and .iid.Tcd

iiiidtTiiiiiic ilir adiaaiiii

lis

iI^li^iiil;

nil

huHiiy-idacf-

I'xpkiia'i's fully

.,

di>niaiilliii,i;,

ncvvv ha\aISui

1(1

\'all('\'

die wa'si

llu-

Nile,

wadi. I'll, 11

iiKiiii in/,

Hi,

/\;/;a',\

li

III

till

ll

111

the

l\in,t;s is

III

niodt'ni

111

lad

llu' \'alk'\

I.

sitiialod

uxor

(-(iniprisfs

iwo

\-alk'\'s:

i)r()])(_'r;

and

nl

dikni (dnii)

(in lhfii])piisilc

die KiiiKs

(if

about

bank

nf

I

he

'

il

wliuii

tins.

all

wiin

Ironi ihi-

liiiilili.ahliiia Hi,

ratiii-s.

(if

Had

(a,>il\

nincjcrn

da)roii,L;liiU'-s

M'arch fur iniacl !iinih>

111

iliis

nii.uiii

;rra-urc \\a> ike iimln almi;

liaxa-

son

down

2 Hamess._-s

d.u.i;"

iii

Slu'ikli

(if

M(irc nilvn ihan

^

\'iili,Y

(ifiuidcd nl ilaar

har.duil

a

ir,

in

',liii'\i->,

bf_i;uii.

ci.uliuxiidi (.aiUurN"

a \\a'sk'i-n

ai

|ur ih.a rciiM- "f

:)ri)k('ii iiji

apprciaalfd dk'

llicir

liiri-nf k)uru'd

ahimsl

Kiii.l;^,

an t-aslcni

was

and 'hr nmipaiiN.

wciv reiiilunvd

guarded .,

ddif

riclit--

n'l'oi-'.iliK' Iniiplalii HI

>'''

'""i'' lurrauirr

niaUTial>.

ii-\\fl>,

i-cax' wiii'k, ?

"l«

P''"^

aiiMMr\ii;(\il"l'f w.iuld l'a\r ili-,i-/i\-crr(hrr

pii-ir.i Inir.li

iiiiiiirii>r

i'',

die \"alk-\

Maniani

>if

iIk-

in ihr iiiid-

'(iCarr.arxam and Caru-r in

ikii

ihf panka])anis

m

du-

IV

lmii,-iliiil ,xi-iii',iti,iii> ispi'iis,!!,11

ixrui

III,

II

,lis,;,r,n-

d mil

H'iiii, 111,1 iii'lli,

I'lilinikliiiiuiiii

-#

ir 1111,1 ,l(il,

,lisi;,r,'iyl i/uni,

hilar,

553

III,

(Davis/Burton fel2 1912)

l,,iiih ,,i III

8 Calcite lars C: Merenptah

llii'i'.

(Carnarvon/ Carter

->

of

a

7

\

As

>s^6 Harnesses IX '55 iDavis/Ayrton 19071

<:5>/j62 Tutankhamun (Carnarvon/Ca 58 (Davis/Jones 19091

\»12

49-52IQHKl

•

I

a

\

inopliisll

\

*

19081

Ramassesiil

^

A

>

^47 ,Q38

-2! (Davis; Ayi ton 1906)

"^--61

,40

I

-

1901)

^//l7 Setho -

•

_

h

J

«37 \

42 Hatshepsut-Meryotre Mac.'inos antlAndraos/C

28

"27

54 Tutankhamun

"21

embalming cactie (Davis/Ayrton 1907)

(Davis/Jones^lO)

Siptah (Davis/Ayrton 1905)

Uithmosis

19021

•44(Anliquities Service Carter

(DavS/Ayrton 19081

raiene%;up of Tutankhai (Davis^rton 1905)

/

.45 IDavis/Carter

//

\\

.

/

56 IDauis/Ayrton II

;57 Horetiheb

53

Tjuyu (Dav(S'Quibell 19051

(Davis/Ayrton 19061

\

\/rtr,n

46 Vuya ana

^4

II

^5

I9^'0)

QRamessesVI

r
pamesses

^

(Davis/Carter 1903)60

chase were blinded to the interest and importance of

what

burial furniture the ancients

recording

For

was skimped and

all its

had

left

behind:

the finds lost for good.

colourful characters

and abundance of

Davis came close be believed. His 1905/6,

to finding

Tutankhamun on

horrifyingly close,

several occasions

first

if

Burton

brush with the king came

when Ayrton brought to light a small prenomen,

in

faience

discovered

incident, the story of excavation in the Valley of the

cup

Kings

'under a rock' not far from private tomb No. 48. The second came with the discovery of Fit 54 in 1907,

is

a sorry one.

bearing

the

king's

Theodore Davis: Patron and Excavator

containing embalming and other debris associated

Had Theodore Davis stumbled upon Tutankhamun,

with the king's burial.

the story of the Valley's archaeological destruction

might have been sorrier still. Davis, a retired American lawyer, began excavating in the Valley in 1902, at first under the supervision of Howard Carter (in his

capacity as Inspector-General of

Monuments

On

due ti) Tutankhamun presence TIte first

'.;

is to

10 January 1909 a third

in

an inscribed faience cup found by Ayrton the Valley:

during the 1!X>5; 6 season. is

It

identical to others later

recovered from the king's

tomb, and had perhaps been removed from the burial by robbers under the mistaken impression that it was iruide

of glass

a valuable

commodity during

the late

18th dynasty.

Theodore M. Davis, an appropriately

striking

employing his own archaeologists: Edward R. Ayrton, Harold and Cyril Jones Burton. Davis had prodigious and, finally, Harry good luck, between 1902 and 1914 uncovering no

jodhpurs and puttees. The

fewer than 30 tombs of varying significance. His interest in careful clearance work was minimal,

on Davis's right stand Arthur Weigall,

of

Upper Egypt),

later

however, and his employment of photography and the most basic conservation methods almost nonexistent; while his splendid series of publications

manages

to record everything but the facts.

'archaeological' pose in

rakish is tiie

young man

to his left

archaeologist

Edward

R. Ayrton:

Inspector-General of Antiquities for

and

Upper Egypt,

his wife Hortense.

From

a photograph taken by Benjamin Stone in 1907.

i-iiit~;m

lined ir>

111

Twin!)

and

iininiiniT in

I

)a\ is'>

lie ll:

had,

and

walli

,> I.

,\

ha

u])

iciniul

and

mind I'l;

llu-

lumb

nl'

I,

and

pliaranh,

and ihc cniiifnt^ uf

my

Ir.

i

dlial ui ,\\

Tutankliaiiuiii

IjiJili 111

iliiM'd

[l'.',

The nl .\\

,i;iil(

,

ill

niui

ai llic

man w

hhi' ilh

;

1U(

Tulankli,

Pit

54

llial bciiiL >u, Ii,-,,|,inrd,'l

niiw rxhaii^ifd

Pit 51, 1.9

and

by 1.25ni

((ift

by

halt (about 5ft) deep,

21 IXvenilxT 1907. In

ll'tl

was

and |XThaps a

uixMifd

b>-

nu-tre

.\\rton

(jn

found a colkvlion of large storage jars jxTliaps a dozen in all which Davis ordered to be tarried up tf) his excavation house in the West Valley. FollowinK a disastrous official opening of the jars in the presence of the British it,

lu'

Consul-General. Sir Hldon (lorst (who. Hertx-rt

Winkx;k records, niereh- complimenti'd I)a\is on and left), the debris the jars contained was

his

C(K)k

consigned to a storeroom. The material included sinall clay seal impressions hx'aring the name of Tutankhamuii, fragments of linen bearing hieratic dockets dating to Years (i and 8 of the king, linen bundles of natron {s(xiium carlx)nate. a naturally

^Nf"

Jlfe'

(x;cuiTing salt used in embalming), a few bones,

masses of broken pottery, faded ininiature

mask

floral collars

of gildixi cartonnage

only use for the find

was

(p. 123).

and a Davis's

demonstrate to guests, by tearing the papyrus collars to shreds before their

sV.

to

>^..?,^v.•i>i:vr-

.i^?fc£i^

A selection of the finds from 54: (left to right) a piece of linen bearing an ink inscription of Tutanklmmun, 'beloved of Min', dated to Pit

Year 6 of his reign; three pottery vessels; a broad collar

offlowers and blue faience beads sewn on to a papyrus backing; and two linen bags containing natron or chaff.

eyes,

years

how in

strong the material could be after 3,000

the ground.

What Ayrton had brought immense

fact of

Metropolitan

interest.

Museum

to light in Pit

Winlock, of

New

,54

was

in

York's

of Art, believed that these jars

contained the remains of a funerary meal and ritually unclean mummification debris which had had to be

tomb with which it was and the owner of this material was Tutankhamun himself. Winlock was very close to the buried

away from

the

associated; to judge from the inscribed linen seals employed, the

truth.

The assemblage was indeed

the burial of

Tutankhamun: but

nothing to do with

its

ritual impurity.

associated with find-spot

had

As fragments

recovered from Tutankhamun's tomb were to show, the Davis jars had originally been placed in the

empty entrance

corridor.

They were removed

to Pit

54 after the first robbery (p. 95), when the decision was taken to fill the entrance corridor with rubble as a deterrent to further

theft.

—.>-'.£«iB.eMlEfc;^>iid>A

.

54 (left), an abandoned 'commencement' for a tomb

Pit

pressed into service in antiquity for objects orginaUy stored in the corridor of the

tomb of Tutanklmmun. Tlie photograph (far left) shows the location

of the pit

in the

Valley. (Below) Two mud seal impressions from Pit 54, that

on the king's

left

inscribed with

tlie

prenomen, 'beloved of

Khnum, manifold of praises'.

Howard

Carter:

Early Days

I

Inward

Cai'U'i"

Lniiclnn, al

IS7I.

;lk'

!ii'>i

npcnril

lii^

Riiii Tcri-ai-f.

111

yiiuii,L;i-sl

of

II

cyo

childi-tii

John LarUi', an animal painui'and llltislriili il l.iiiiiinii

was

Cil

iiitiJ-siiis ihtloi,:)-

!hi

:ii

,lilii;lilnil

irniii ih,

ill till!

iSiK

r.l III III III

ISIK:

III

ini-

iiin

ilhlmv nalil)

Sllltlli

III'

ili.ii-nnn

F.iivpt

till

irniii

d

llllllinitl il

ihiniii;

llllll

III,

'I'tii

IS

I'l trii

lit

I

III

stnlli

till

ilia,

l-Aiiiiiiiiii.

Ilk

l.iinl Aiiilirrst.

iiriliiii; il

ivliin

till

mill

hv

mis

l.iiiil Ciiniiirriiii

III

and which

inemnplele'

ina\'

at

leasl

iie;irb\-

I'ercN"

l)idlin,i>iiin to

Xewberry, an

the notn'e of the

l{g\])toliiKisl workin.t; at

IIU'I.

Hissed

the

would-be archaeolu^ist

wnh

liiiii

\\'hate\er ihe dour

and he

inlense. lyiz> pi

V.V.V

.

It

ma\- ha\-e

I'etrie

-in.yie

thouijlit.

was

with alacri'x

a.tn'ced

a

ir,

faint ])i";ase.

and

real

lo rt'Uirn

In

the lolluwint;- year as drau.uhtsmaii witli the

was as leam

Sur\e\-

l)endin,i;"

a

member

that

he

of ihe

the belter pari

l-il-ih'

Archaeological

encounleri-d

lirst

of

the

next

Thebes, \ears

six

die scenes and inscrii)tion> of the ma.u'iiilimortuary tem])le of llatshepsnt. the ISlh-

o]jyin,tj eiil

.

thai

lime for the

lo

b_\'

help ink-in

and

in

I'lxploralion

lyt;\"pl

l-\iiid

ll-ll-il-'l.

his talent, Newberr\- em]]loyed Carter

tomb scenes al ISeiii Hasan. same year the l7->ear-old artist

iracin.is's

October that

of

\isite(ll{,L;\plloworkal Heiii

ehlVrshtr While

in lyt;\pt.

I

lasan and lateral Deir

heunderlook

lo

excavate

liitn

.\iiili,rst riillirtiiiii

iriisili.-riyiil

uf

Carter's eillluisiasin lor arehaeoloo-\

Impressed

L'lirlii-'ssliiiiisiiriiii tin' I'l

xilla.uf

said ihal nalure ihrusis soiiie nf us inln the world

N'oung

rmiiyi

lyiiiiiiii lit I'lissi'il iiitii

.iilhrtiiiii

(|UU'I

parti.uTtiph. daninin.L;

,\mherst of

u

iii'Cirtrr's nurl; intli l-'liiiili

sik'iU in Nnrfolls. at

ihc

in

and det"ensi\-e manner which acoiiniianied him thnuiahoul his life, lint his inherited arlistic skills were considerable, and in the summer of 1891 were brought h\" the future l.ad\"

n-iifiiihiitiin

till

iIil-

partially explain the abrupt

l-'.xl
Milniiiitiii:

ui Saniut-i

illii>n'aUir Inr

Swainiam. lis foniial eclucatidii was niinmial. a larl which CarUi' was alwa\"s painlully aware i; is niisei-al)l\'

iviiliirnhiiirhy llniviiril

Cm III-

ii'.

Ma_\

III

ri/iniilmiiliii

lliisiiii.

[)

I

(I

I-'lll lIvilllS/V lillllh ,,i l\lllllllllllnll't>

hinm-

laniil\-

burn

wuild

mi

and his wile Martha Juxw

\(ivs.

Sands. Miiiii uf his youlh the Caru-r

ilk'

[•,

I\i'ii>iii,L;i(in.

at el-.\iiiarn;ion

behtilfofWilli.am .\mhursl T\ssen-

.\mherst (kiter

lirsl

under idinders

I'aron .\iilhersl of llacknexl.

i'elrie,

Pelrie,

unimpressed,

dis-

l\n;isl\"

The

woiiian-pharaoh,

])otential

which

at

Deir

the l-Yench lytiAiJlologist C.aslon nize. \kis])ero

li.ad

between ISSl and

was

to

see

was

Maspem

in

lel't li

reco.i,'-

had recently been re-ap])ointed head

of the h.^'yiilian ,\iiti(|nities Se'r\ ilepartmeiil he

el-lialir

I'etrie tailed to

ice.

the,L;o\-eriiment

alreacK seiwed with distini'lion

ISSii,

(

)ne of Ins lirst acts, in

appoint Ctirler to die new

of Insix'clor-Ck'nertil of

l\

Monuments

established of I'pper

\^W. jxisl

lyt;\-pl.

mmmmi

Carter took

and from

up

his

this time

new

position in January, 1900,

on began

to take

increasing interest in the vast

an active and

Theban

necropolis.

His introduction to the Valley of the Kings

came

almost at once, with the rearrangement and partial

lemoval to the Giza Museum of the royal mummies found in the tomb of Amenophis II (No. 35) in 1898; the

tomb was about

to

be opened

to the public.

Over

the following years, Carter undertook the clearance (

)f

several

new but plundered tombs,

not only for the

on behalf of Theodore Davis whose triumphs over the years Carter was in office would include the discovery of two new Ijrivate sepulchres (Nos. 45 and 60) and one royal that of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43). Carter did his job well, and was a valued member of the Antiquities Service, repaid by transfer to the more prestigious post at Saqqara in the north in 1904. His sudden and unnecessary resignation within months came as a shock to everyone. .Antiquities Service, but

(

p.

37)

'~»i
The magnificent setting of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple (above), looking

from

down

the path leading over

the cHffto the Valley of the

Kings.

Carter's drawing of the right exterior surface of

(Above left) Queen Hatshepsut seated before a

the chariot body discovered by Daiis in the tomb of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43) in

from

Howard

1903. The original ivnod, overlaid with

of canvas

is

and with gesso carved line relief: until the

in fine

discovery

table

of offerings: a detail

the wall decoration of her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri, where Carter was employed as principal copyist

by the Egypt Exploration

Fund for much of the 1890s.

if the tomb of Tutankhamun III 1922. it was the most siilistaiitial

portion of an

Egyptian royal chariot

known.

41

Howard the

Carter:

Lean Years i

I

luivc a

|)ur|)(i>f

iin;pri-. .ind th:il

lint

which

uiilriciuily

fncinics tn ic-rm

.

.

,

iiii

aniMimi

ur.aiUv

i.)'

nbsrr\crs Minu'linu'^

ol»linacy. anil which nowaday:-

.

.

,

il

plcaM>

»Hmtiiif< ninnti'n

.

n:'

call

\r.\

Well, thai

I

can't help' >

llMward

Oiiti

;•'>

/(

honim

I.iinWniDUrni //;,

iivi i-zi

l"iiih

II

il

mi

I

i(

ini-

clinii

iiiiiidy

/'iiiiiii liiiirists.

Ill

in

„.

out his

U

The

I

Ins

frimi

llu

1

U

fc*vv

R-.--,

(^

l--..»i-t^

III

iinl ski

Arllmr I

n

till iiKiili

11, ;w//.

HMD.

III

liiiii

11

III

wiiukl

when

a lickti In sec

I'cciuire

iu.i,'h-

al'ltr his

his ,i;(i\eninicnl I'an-tT.

l-"n-nch

liHl,i.

ihn

liitii

slKinh

and

In\ia] ciniu.uh.

,s,T(iup

Sa(|Ciaraiin8Jainiar\-

Imiiy nj

not a

lnvirisls

liltlc

\isiiin.i;

inlnniu'd ihat lhc\-

ih.e

Sefapeiini. burial

inis

place

iliiiiii-iiiiil-niit: c.

I

!><>!>

us

Aiiluiiutii sill

(il

the sacred Apis bulls.

and the

Idi'al inspei'loi's

l-!\'eiitually,

a

but

all

payin.iL; nieiiibers iiiiissi

llie

and

much

.iruai'dsl.

the jiarty.

ol'

worse

tlu>

Ixilh pa\an.L;

tor

and non-

way

of the ])arly forced their

iii

past the ticket colleclor into the darkness of

lonib. l)isco\ei'in,L; that ihere

a\"ailable to iheiii. the tourists

asain,

abuse Ixnh

(lonib

three nieiuhers

hciuor', a,irreed lo paxy

y

t
Ije.iiaii

,i,'/W'7rs

seyeral of whiitii were '\er\

In

Oirti r's

iiliiiil siiiiissiii-

hisju itur I.

II

cost

was

Ui (in.u

incidt'iil

Uv.JiCK.-

i^''^'^

the us

A

was

rayiirtiri

OiU' parlicular

altair

ciimic.

..hlKiillnirsl'Hi.

Ciiiti r

mauvmsi

life.

ni(i\'f to Sac|(|ara

hulls

Oiiii

In (lllnlu^lZI

ahiis

III

nvnis

sum

Iniiilniilh,'

n msid

Cai'tff's iiiiniiniii,^

tin

Sumiirii. Will

III

Caitci-

and demanded it by

sent

for. I'layin.i;

an\-

ret'und

and.

l-'rench to lea\"e.

I

heir

were no I'andles

promptly rushed out

money

the biok,

no uncertain terms,

in

ensuin.u affray

'I'lie

was make

hack. Carter

lie ri'I'iised lo

left

the

told

both sides

and knocked about', and il is hardh" surprisinj,' the French should ha\-e lul.ijed a tornial complaint. Carter, hauled Ix'fore Lord Cromer, then British ConsulCieneral. was asked to e\i)lain him'cut

that

sell.

Much

he should

was exjjres.sed for Carter's was considered diplomatic that

symjiathx

liredicanient. but

it

an apoloijy

olli'r

indi.ijnalion. refu.--ed:

had only done apolouy wei'e resi.nn

his duly,

to

.

Carter, with

richloms

so lar as he was i-onci'rned, he

and

if

the

demand

be pressed, he would

resiirn

tor

an

^uid

he did.

Maspero was

\er\'

'and wrote to sexeral

he did nol

much

distressed by the alTair.

ol Carter's

know what

Iriends saym.i; that

Ihe .\nlic|uilies l)e])artment

.

Limestone

relief with the

head of King Tuthmosis (far kft),

from

from Ikir

III

el-Bahri:

the portfolio of colour

reproductions of his work. Six Portraits of the

Thothmes Family, published privately

l>y

Carter (perhaps

Lord Carnarvon 's sometime before 1910. with

help)

Gilded wooden casket (kft

ofAmenophis III with Nue faience inlay, and detail

centre)

of the gilded and inlaid outer wooden coffin of Tjuyu (left): two of the watercolours produced by Carter for Theodore Davis's publication The Tomb of louiya and Touiyou, which appeared in 1907.

modem Egypt

would do without him, and begged us to persuade him to return.' But Carter, being Carter, went his

both ancient and

own way.

Business was anything but brisk.

For some months he eked out a meagre living as a gentleman -dealer* and artist, supplementing the

few Egyptological commissions which came his way - notably the recording of the objects discovered by Theodore Davis in the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (No. 46) - by painting the sights and scenes of

in rather

charming

watercolours which he sold to visiting tourists.

Had Carter been might have been different; but, both at this period and later, he seems to have discarded as many paintings as he produced - and no doubt as many were given away as gifts as were sold. An introduction to the Earl of Carnarvon less of a perfectionist, matters

offered the chance of a

new

start.

The Gentleman Dealer There

is

no one more familiar with the Egyptian market

or more closely in touch with

all its

best possibilities

.

.

need only point to our own "Carnarvon Collection", which [Carter] formed for Carnarvon over a long period I

of years, to illustrate his excellence of judgement and

sense of the beautiful.'

Englishman J.J. Acworth (many of whose pieces are now in the British Museum). Carter seems also to have sold through various Cairo dealers, including E. A. Abemayor and the well-patronized Nicolas Tano, whose shop was across from Shepheard's, the favoured haunt of many English tourists.

A

herding and fishing scene:

two limestone relief fragments from a 5th dynasty tomb, acquired by Carter for the Detroit Institute

of Arts

in

1930.

Albert M. L>thgoe

Egypt

decade of this century was a ver> from the Egypt of today. If not

in the first

different place

actually encouraged,

it

was

at least tolerated that

an

archaeologist might, on occasion, indulge in the

purchase and resale of antiquities. Carter's activities as a 'gentleman dealer' seem to date from this 'low' period in his career, and to have continued

throughout his life, profiting him well. His purchases for Lord Carnarvon (p. 47) and 'intermediary'

on behalf of the Metropolitan Museum of most notably in the acquisition of the £53,000 Treasure of Three Princesses', are well known. But Carter also put his eye to good use buying, on 15 per activities

Art,

cent commission, for private collectors, including the

43

t»nft»iM«Mi'M»»»'t»"»t»nin»«»i»«Mft»t»»»»m»"M»"»ft««ifM»Mfi»«f»»»»t»»f«i»mMimn

Lord Carnarvon mm}}}mmm\}mmmm\mm}mm\y}m}m}mmm /..(

.,.

Excavations

1907-1914 m^mmmmfimmvimivmmm}mim\mmimmmw concession and applying for permission to work at

(l^/t)

would have two strings as I am another whole 2 •IK mths at Luxor.' And later he wrote, 'If I get what I ant I shall bring out a learned man as I have not niie to learn up all the requisite data.' Under the watchful supervision of his 'learned man' - Howard Carter - Lord Carnarvon's second season began. Despite his interest in Aswan, the work was confined to the Theban west bank. The results of this 'small excavation at Gumeh' were immensely successful. Carter turning up not only the decorated tomb of Tetiky, an early 18th-dynasty mayor of Thebes, but a further tomb (No. 9 in the excavators' sequence) containing two wooden tablets. The more important of these was inscribed on the one face with extracts from the precepts of

woman stand behind Gaston Maspero, the French director of the

Aswan.

not sure

i

The

finds extend from the Xlllth

Dynasty to the

Ptolemaic period, and are particularly rich for Dynasties

X\1I and XVIII. They include coffins, furniture, musical instruments, toys, an inlaid board for a game and hieratic and demotic texts of great historical interest. J .

.

'I

thought

I

I

will get

my wife to stay

Ptahhotep,

a

series

of

instructions

for

moral

Howard

Carter

and an

unidentified

Antiquities Service,

and his

a visit to Carnarvon 's work at Thebes wife during

in

1913. Tlie photographer

was Lord Carnarvon

himself.

Pay-day (bebw left): Howard Carter settles accounts with

workmen at the end of the month. Another photograph his

from Lord Carnarvon's

.

guidance, and, on the other, part of a text recording the

Francis Llewellyn Griffith

first

The The

steps in the expulsion of the

personal album.

Hyksos by the

17th dynasty King Kamose.

following years produced equally successful

Excavating at Thebes (below): wintSng queues of workmen carry spoil from the

fiasco of the first season would have put off most would-be excavators. Not so Carnarvon, who

results, Carter

bringing to light a whole series of important private tombs dating from the end of the

excavations,

determined to press on, extending his Theban

Middle Kingdom to the

upon

start of the

New, and two

many with

baskets balarued precariously their heads.

1

lAhi'fi

'nhk(

I

I

was iml

aiti

I

hut

iliiy.

is

llllih IX'n'lOllI Inlllh

niirknun.

his

hy l.nnl Oiniarroii.

/."/.V.

lAhnn nfihllLunl Canuiirnii uiul his dnf;

Tnmb:!7at sjinil iiuiii

iiilinnr

till

hark

il

aiiav tmiii thi

iliiDifiiiii;

l\v

an

a

nl li-nrk.

till

Inn- lift)

sill

I

A

r hrairli

llnaril nl

pnttiiy

pair

Imsi

iif

part nf

ts.

at

Jill-

'Pi II

III

In thi

piimd

1

nil

lllnli til,

I'lnliDiair'

'hill

that

IS.

1(111

i\

npllllnll IS

III

Iiiiillirv diilis

I

i-.i:

llllll

mill

than tun

h'niiiaii tiiiiis. iiinii

rnitiiriislalii-.

niihti Ih tail imiii a

il-'a> llllll II

ran- papxriis nl

iiliin

III

.

hands

niiiiii,

adnivllnll nl

(

'aril

raisi

I

'<

Ihl his.

d

Ihl .i:nd

Ciiniannii

I'inin

thi

ll'th

a inlniiiid

shniciiif; tin

rif;iiitli

I'.Xi'i'

N

Indv ill f

st\lf

as Fin

Isil-IS.

and siiisiin at

-.

\"U k;

inlefi-;

t

\\a>

iinii'i^pinn.L;.

caused

(iraen i-Roman

doned

while continuinj,' the

di^.U'ii.t,'

tr\"

al

Thelies.

their luck at

Sakha (ancient Xois) in the Deha. iiul h'ortnne, who had smiled so sweetly on their Theban endeaxours. seemed less interested in the excavators' northern en\isai,'ed as coniprisinK \-oyA efforts. The team and Lad\ Cartiarvon, Carter, l'erc\ Newberr> hord Carnarvon's serx'ant. Lady Carnarvon's maid, Carnarvon's ever-present ph\sician,

1

)r

Johnsoti, a cook

had to abandon the place and some ."id workers after no more than a tortni,i;ht 'on account of the number of cobras and cerastes [horned vii)ei"s| that infested the whole area'. following; year, havinjj been foiled in their

attempts II

lialamiiii- Carti r diilnl Ihi

puns

la\"isii

Halan; the

I!>n7 1911. The volunif rrceiwd wide ai-claini: die Carnarvon Carter leani had made ils niai'k.

'l"he

thi

Hi Ihrx Inlllld

il

api:)n)i3i-iali'l>-

and Raiiifsscs work was

st-asims'

,

thf

III'

n/liaskil liin-sjnr

hill

till

m

Thihrs. Thi

hiDii; l>assi

Iniiili IS

nii

liianiJin

diiniii; Ihi

siti

llalslu'psiit

Carnar\'on and Carter decided to

jihntniiiaph

.1

in

(^lu-fii

i-cp(iil (if llu- lirsl

]'nirs' Kxpliiniliiaisiit Tin his. iini-nrdul' ivnrkdnm

in 1912,

rhaiiih, r hrmi^Jit In liohl hr

111'

1912 the

iniblisiied hi

his nirilif^aii

xph'niii; a sia hi niiiily

I

In

l\'.

ii/ruiil «'

piilliiifl nil

II

iIk

hands, liar

ilirlYDifi his

S(i

'lost' tfiiiijlfs

iiii/iiy

nf

llirllainlnoisis

t'ditcr

-

to

dis,'

at

Dahshur, Carnarvon and Carter

turned their attention to another Deha

site.

Tell el-

1)\

1

the disc

sil\t.'r

:iul.

as

al

Sakha.

\ -l)ile a brief re\i\al of iver\'

jewelli yy.

of a hoard ot

work was

abaii-

Snnewhal disheartened. Lord Carnarvon returned home after

ti

t'ew

trial

s

'undm.ijs.

Carnarvon the Collector To amass such

a collection

it

was

not merely a question

of riches, nor even of expert assistance. inspiration, of taste, oi flair

was a case

It

of

which cannot be acquired

from any amount of study.'

JeanCapart

Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon evidently recognized not only a talented archaeologist but a kindred spirit. Carnarvon was keen to continue digging, but the not-inconsiderable expense of such In

work had been brought home experiences of his

first,

to

him by

the

independent season. Carter

a business-like suggestion which appealed to Carnarvon's pocket and added a little spice to their venture. According to the fifth Earl's son and successor, 'Carter suggested that some of the expenses of the work might well be defrayed by .

New

the negotiations

.

York, Mr. Carter to have charge of

and

to fix the price.'

For obvious reasons. Lady Carnarvon was unenthusiastic about offering the collection to the nation at a knock-down price rather than at its true value, which stood then at over £35,000. The difficulty, however, advised by Carter, she determined to meet head on.

The

Director of the British

whether his institution would collection for the

came up with

.

Metropolitan,

sum

Museum was

asked

like to acquire the

specified in Lord Carnarvon's

payment should be made in full by 4 pm same day. The Museum could not meet the

will; if so,

that

deadline,

and

I..ady

Carnarvon, her conscience

cleared, offered the collection to the Metropolitan in

New York

for $145,000.

They snapped

it

up.

buying antiques in the bazaar in Cairo or elsewhere to sell them to collectors at a handsome profit. Carter proved very adept at this business and I heard them talk of many good deals brought off in this

Small basalt head (above) of a Tuthmosid pharaoh wearing the nemes-

fashion.'

headdress, purchased by

.

Both the Metropolitan

Museum

of Art

.

.

and the

Museum benefited from this arrangement, though whether the scheme ever realized much profit after Carter's salary had been paid (£400 a year in 1907: £200 a month in 1911) is perhaps doubtful. Much of their 'stock' seems to have passed directly in to Lord Carnarvon's own collection. Carnarvon's taste for Egyptian art was developing rapidly, and by the British

Carter in

1912 from

the

Cairo dealer Blanchardfor £151. Carter later chimed to have found a fragment from this same head during the course of his work at the tomb of Amenophis I which, if correct, will

have been the

original find-spot

time of his death in 1923 what had started off as a somewhat random assortment of purchased and excavated pieces ranked as one of the finest private

of the piece.

collections of Eg>'ptian art in the world.

The prices paid by the cognoscenti for Egyptian antiquities at this time were high. 'You have heard, of course,' Carnarvon wrote to Wallis Budge of the British

Museum

in 1912, 'that Morgan had bought you refused for 80,000£' (a figure which even Carnarvon was forced to admit 'I personally can scarcely credit'). While to Budge again, in March 1913, he wrote, 'I saw a head just like your little red head in the Museum but a trifle bigger in green basalt, price asked 1500 The prices paid by Carter, if more reasonable, were anything but low, as his diaries and surviving letters

MSS

the Coptic

'

record.

A

green stone head of Tuthmosis

come from

tomb

the

of

Amenophis

I

at

III,

said to

Thebes

(p.

48), cost

£151; three camelian bracelet plaques of Amenophis III and Tiye (p. 48) Carter acquired for £350, with a multiple toW-tube of Hatshepsut thrown in for

good measure. It was a rich man's market, and market Lord Carnarvon could easily hold his

in this

own.

The Carnarvon listed

by Carter

in

when it came to be November 1924, numbered some

collection,

1,218 objects or groups of objects.

These

antiquities,

according to the terms of his will of 29 October 1919, Carnarvon left to his wife Almina, advising that Should she find it necessary to sell ... I suggest that the nation

-

i.e.

first refusal at

And

if

the British

£20,000, far below

the British

would suggest

Museum

Museum

didn't

its

- be given the

value

.' .

.

want them,

'I

that the collection be offered to the

The spectacular centrepiece of Carnarvon collection

the

(left):

a solid gold statuette of

.AmonRe, king of the gods, said to have been found north of the Temple of Amun at

Kamak in

1916. Although

originally assigned by Carter

middle years of the 18th dynasty, a Third Intermediate Period date now to the

seems more

likely.

47

«f«Mf«M«»ftfft««)ff«ti«ii«(«f«it«t«t<»itf«ff«i«
had aiiard.nu-d ilii- \';;llr\ w a\ a; ia-1 P ir Carr.ar\or,

niKi, Th...,;,,!,' I)a\i~

Royal Tombs

I'l

iiu'o^ii

Mpri'.ir.u :i;r

'i;.

and CaHrr.

I'lai;-

1914-1922 I

hrliiAi-

HMJ!

in

daiT.aiA.iii In

die \fr\ bfKinninK^

Howard

Carnar\iin and

aim

iihiniatf

wiivIk

hdwcxcr. \\a>

Kin.us.

(wiidiii Carnar\(in. lil\i'd:

Thf l(H'als

News

Nt-w

ihr

Kin.yddiii

lh,t.-ir

iilsf I

tracked

it

ihi-

held h\ Thfinldri' l)a\i>

main'

pcdpli-, acli\cl\' di>-

>liiiuld iidl sijrals Id llic

man

a Idiiib wiiicli the Tlu-ban

phmdcrin.u sciTrllx

hx-cii

ddwn.

jdinl bnrial

muiii

It

(k'U't'lut-

lor sdiiu- time-.

wdik, I'artiT had

prd\fcl tdbi- thai dfAmi'iKipltis

prepared

for the

kiii.L;-

and

the

e(l.t,'e

in aiitiqiiiu-.

way

to the Deir el-IStihri I'ache.

had carried

cletiranci'

had

brou.yht

inscribed \"essel h-a.mneiils. a

\

blue

h-il

and

lincliiiK

thuse wild

some

.'l.OOO

and the niddern r(i)bers who had

stumbled upon the lonib Carter's

l-Sul

dUt the stiKa.ye (iperatidii

\e;irs belori'

/'I

The burial had and the nuinimies df

the rd\al pair had been reiiidxed. ultimately their

dii

of the nearby eiilti\-alidn.

been dismantled

r-y

1.

his iiKither

Ahniose-Nolreliri. wild sliared a fiinerar\ temple

in-f:;::fx.n^:i^

a collection

to

left

imitii behind.

li.uhl

lar.ue

mass

,a

dffnigmeiits from the iiiird intro-

and his tomb tifter .\menophis mother had .u'one. Il was Carnar\'on's first nnal tomb, and spurred him mi to .dealer thin.Us. it

Oiiiii's sLrlili ni lhn< siilurh hiiinlcl iiiniillllll

r./'

I'liK/liis

fllll'l'llllft il

Inr l.nia

Ciiniiirrmi in (hlnlur /."/.?

I.i(\nrduihijiis,i

trniii llu

IIUSIIIL

.

.
\

Ihi

II

I

"I nhji lis

lli'll

lli'lll

iniiiiilniinn ililhisils

:iii.;iiin,l hvCiiilii iiilniiiii

/"

///.

llu

III

Iniiihiil

.\m,iinphislll:lhi
I-

si

n ml

iiii'ihli'issi'lsii'

mill

liiiiistiiiii.

hill,

iiiiiiiii

iiirtniiilii' jilmiiiis

mill III

III,

Aim

liimil mill

liiiih III

iilhiy.

/ii'ltiiv

iiisnihiil

I'll iiiiiiii II III

imliliis Ill's

I'ulillll.i^lS

l\\

mill

iiiiiiii II

iiillii r.

ii'

„,,^^,, ,,.,^j

,^„,,,^

<;uali!\a

I

,,,,.

|,

d

a.ini-

raniflian.

nuinmn

i\:v

.ihHVl>

,„, ,
wvW coiuain

iiii.ulit

il

;l'.c

aiiaii-

l-.ad;

ai'.lKiui'.io iiiarkri

,|^,,

n|

nl

di,.

dlhcr ;)K\r> of ar'asiu-

inliii'sl,

The t\ca\

tfa

ali d'-'

\hv idinb ol

'rh(iu,i;li

Anirn(j])ha>

I

sal\"a.t;r a

dral

.tri'i'-it

l-'diir

insi-nlx'd

df

llir

an

m

iic

xair,

llial

liisf

111,

atlniinistralidn

iifi'i'diidlis

W.

Carki'

ua>

ai)lt-

the smasht-d dfliris

h-diii

drii;inal li\f Idnndatidi;

in It-fl

di-pusus

liirTnthmosis I\'(lhf falhiTdf Anifiidiihis

wi-rr fdniul nndistnrbrd al llu- tiurancf Id

Ill)

lumb,

of

Ndfrt'iin. h.ad a;)pari-n!l\-

aiilurx

it-nlli

llu-

Wfrciinl id

ir;>

.\iiirHdi)lii>

and AlmidM-

been diMiianiU'd in

during

indicalin.u

had

sepnliiire

Within the liiamber

llial

be,i;nn

tdiiib.

v.crk dunn.i:

kd

(inaiT\ in,u

that

kin.u's

and

elearaiu'e nf the well

prndlieed

a

wimle

ran.ue

df

tin-

the

rei.Ltn.

well-

funerary

dhjecls. UKiiidin.t,' Irti.emeiits nf >erpenliiie. ealeite.

faience

and wiKiden

.•'//(//i/zs.

broken \essels,

a >iiperb pectoral drnameiit ni ties of

that

jjieeesdl

faience. (|uanti-

liliie

beads. sei|uinsand amulets, and diiecdriier df

a braeek't plaiiue in blue Itnence

Irom

had started Carnarxdii and

tlie

same series

Ctirter

nil

their

search.

ni

hi'an-scarab of

Intermediate Period burials whiiii htid been (luced into the

l,ii\(

lnlia\i.M,ncfa(iiinii-d

ht-hind.

was

discd\iT\"

had

ihf

(,11

whirh apiicarcd

ni\al

of Carlcr's latest disi'd\fr\ dffiTt-d a

I'Ai'iitnallw afki'

a

had had a>

ldr\\ar(l,

\\a\

'k

IUhIl;,-

llmr asxicialKin. Lord

I'ark'i'

>lill

Idid |Ma>pi-i-d|

'I

a.uain'l.

/-;

in

(if

Wala^

'The I'dnccsMdii for die W'lllcy ni

nc(,T(ii)(ili^.

Cava-r

thrt-r line hracclcl ;)la(]Ui--

Ill

::.

wm-

III.

al llir a.ni:i m| AniiT.Mijlii> III i\.i. i!2i

lai'lfi'V ar(|ui>ilinii

,\lllrnl;olrIi|.\!i;rr,M])lj-|l

l-'i'diii

Mda

l-rl)raar\

.'-i

ilawai-a,

al

I'.aw in

rr.i'.K

I

1).\

wi.rk

iiiiin'(.'(!

.

i

and

\',Mrk

Aninu-r.iiiu-

nl

l]yi"anii(l fiini]j|(\

dtiiicd.

h

ii'

iiie luii'dpean effects in

felt

e\"en in

was makiiyu its was stranded

war. howc\er. lyu;\j)t.

C'ariiar\on

and Carter's ener,i,'ies were taken u]) mure with essential war WdiiN as a

h'.ii.uiand,

nidre .and

diplomatic courier.

In ]91(),

he dad

clear on Lord Ctirnarcdii's behalf a clilf-ldiiib in

the

Wadi

liiui

new

1\-

the time to

discdxcred

Sikket 'I'aqa
Calate head with black eye

from a

detail,

large shabti-

o/Amenophis III. The head is inscribed in pencil with the excavator's number, 99, identifying it as a piece

figure

recovered from the

chamber of the on

2 March

well-

king's

tomb

1915.

Excavating the Valley of the Kings down to bedrock (Left)

in search of Tutankhamun: a photograph taken by Carter on 24 January 1920. The

work of shifting the thousands of tons of was facilitated by the use of a handpropeUed

limestone chip

DecauviUe railway, seen here

running diagonally from the centre of the photograph.

had been prepared for Hatshepsut while still Tuthmosis II's queen. But the tomb had never been used, and, apart from the abandoned sarcophagus, there

were no

By

finds.

was able to start work in the Valley of the Kings proper, and over the following years, with brief interruptions, he proceeded to clear 1917, Carter

the Valley

down to bedrock in the search for a single

Apart from ostraca (flakes of limestone employed by the ancient quarrying teams to jot down their lists and accounts), the only discovery of note was a group of calcite jars buried at the entrance to the

The cache of

Merenptah in the Valley of the Kings on 26 February 1920. Lady Carnarvon, in a

had been employed

rare foray into

to contain oils used in the final preparations for burial of Merenptah's body. Of these 1 3 jars, six were presented to the excavators. It

was a generous share of a miserable tally, but a poor

tons of limestone rubble

return

by basket and hand-

left)

jars found at the

tomb of Merenptah. To judge from the hieratic dockets they bore, these tired and worn-out vessels

tomb: that of Tutankhamun. Countless boys and men laboured to move thousands upon thousands of propelled I)ecau\iile railway. But finds were few.

(Below calcite

entrance to the tomb of

on

investment.

Lord

Carnarvon's

considerable

work,

is

tier

husband's

said to have dug out

the jars herself. (Below)

of the six

One

vessels presented to

Lord Carnarvon, inscribed with the cartouches of

Ramesses U.

(l»»»l»lim»«t»»fl»ll»""Hltn»»tfll»»»tt»l»»»IIIIHI!»»<»M»M«l»»»M»tMf»Mm»»»t»f»?IIIH»f»»

4

\'

!-'

I:i

1:

'

The Discovery 11', :

t;i~ iriiiuir \rr.n iihiinvi

u-ji.

\\;iik-. ;in(!

had

in ;hr rK(i

(lividrc!

1..

halrdlKadnii:

rail

a.

w

ll'.f

'l

C;:n i;ir\

in!

1.1

'

iIk- i)ir;:k

I"

Ijcl;:! .r.ir.u

w;;-

]\'-\

:^

:lu-

iii

•

-r;;—::

l:r

a da;.. Miiai; a~ U:i-i:ar\ui:

)a\ i~'~

1

'A ri"i

"i;'- cr.il'.u-i;;^!!!

.1

i:

"i"ir..

m.-w

:ha: •l;r\allr\ oi du-

Kiim- \\a- \\urkr<: ^u: MTiiu-d I'l liaa.r :ircr; ai'iTn'a 11a and lii> fxaaxaliT wri-f i''!)\niu>K al:a~ia;^ a ahinu-ra. Car'.i-r

aT

THE WONDERFUL DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT LORD CARNARVON'S OWN COMi'LETi:

NKW (AVE

.\(((n:NT.

OF ALADDIN

\\a> .-iininMiird a

bail iH'\v>.

larnarMiii

lii-a-MPi'ialf \)[[>\

WW

lirnspfi'l

he

siu\a>>.

WORKS OF ART

>

rracAf dir

>',a;rd lu'

iiii;

tha;.

ilu-ir

W'

wid;

'rk ^1 llu-

linlr

>iu-l',

amild; iin Imauri" anii;niur ai

llu- -caiaii. CarUT had Ih-it. r\])i'a:ir.,L;- a> and numUTrd ualh a ]HMi)M>iiini! In- h. i;H-d

liiia.iuT

nuiiii.

would

in

apiH'a.l

Cai'UT wiiuk:

Caniar\"iiiiV

liiiaiux-

iroir,

>;iiinin,L;

hi>

own

in>!iiu';>:

iioi'kfl

nnr

fuiahii- saa.soii. alcann.u du- lasi irian.^k- of oxouiid

uiikii

Ik'

It'll

were niadc.

it

iiiiMil.

would

dir iifdi

season,

>rl xicld ri-sults

nii,L;h;

of die I'onccssion.

MArClILl'As

liuluicrr a

when. alu-nrN u-w

\v:\x>. iif

1

1

\\a-t'lraii.\ a^ da~a,;)]iMiii:rd. a--

bill he.

Ix'IoH.l; Io

lni])i'i'ssr(l

h\'

I'l'lrnU'd:

hi'

i-'.arl

not CarliT,

and

if

Caniar\'on as

would

CarUTV a.ui'i'i'd

a

liiui

lioldrl'

aoinniil-

lo a

fool \\\v h\\

iiiial

Perseverance

is

was

rewarded

had been

though it is difficult to believe that Carter harboured much optimism when, on 1 November 1922, a Wednesday morning, work llie race, then,

still

on,

cleared,

and the upper part of a plastered

blocking stood revealed, stamped over

its

surface with large though blurred oval seals.

discovery as puzzling as

it

was

It

The Discovery

entire

was a

exciting:

began. Three days later the outlook had brightened loiisiderably. For,

'some thirteen

the entrance to the

tomb

of

feet [3.9m]

Rameses

VI,

below and a

similar depth from the present bed level of

1

The

had come to i.ijht. By late afternoon on the following day 12 steps

\'alley',

the top of a sunken staircase

The

design

was

certainly of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

be the tomb of a noble buried here by royal Was it a royal cache, a hiding-place to which a mummy and its equipment had been removed for safety? Or was it actually the tomb of the king for whom I had Could

it

consent?

spent so

many

years in search?'

1921 the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Society in

In

London reported seems

to be

and more

that

'it

becoming more

difficult, in

fact

almost impossible, to excite in the general public that interest in archaeology generally,

and in Egyptian

archaeology in particular, i^hich we feel our country take.' When, a few months later, news of Carnarvon and Carter's discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings (left and

should

opposite below) hit the

headlines (opposite above), that

all

changed for good.

51

L;irirri-i--r\:iniiiki: tni'-riil i;ii;iiT---:Mr-.

iwiici'-hip

\];;Vr

\\"u'd'.

."

rriiiai;

.\Iu>UTir.,L; all lii~ will ])M\\ri", l.c

laniMU~

a-lf.iirani

'<'

-

I.

,r:i :K:nii.-

ii:;:i!>\\rri-i:,

inlrrrd la~ hut.

wli-i

I'ariua-vu!:.

\\a-

-:ii:

'..i

iii

l-aiulaiui,

Ijiix: I

Carr.ar\iir.

icrbi-i"!,

>;c;)|)cu

and •>'.'.

I'lillowany (la\' W'^rk

^

inoiith ni Ih,

Til,

rj.anilinnlili.

ni Hhininiu

ir„ll.

,ii,iii,isl,,ii,

risihh

II

i;
1,1,1'

i,

mil

i,,iiih

sIh'Ihii,-;

III,

sliiinviiv mi,

H'ruiii',

111.^,1,

li,iii,l

l>lh,l,,Ui;i/>li

i,irn,s

A

III

Ih,

,,'

III,

III,

iii!,i!iiil:,,U'^'i,irii,nr,,ii

,i,
lis

J:iiii ,111, III,

,

i

l,S,ll,bl,ll„, ,,,,.>!„, II,

u;,r,il,,r>

Ih,

I

::n,i

I,

bt-.tj-ai:

(ia.imliU'r, 'rair. ii:

a;

l,ai',\

Mwiyr

Lux^ir: aiai

:1k-

raiaio'.

-

C

,

lii^

l\:v

lli,

hi,:, III,, r
1,11,

,

I,,

I,., I

>,, nil, iii,kii,ii

,111,1,1

(.,111,1

>

,..-

J-

Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert, arriving at

Luxor station on 23 November 1922, are met by

Howard

Carter

and

the

governor ofQena province.

With the

stairwell entirely freed, the full

of the plastered

doorway could be

expanse

seen. 'On the

lower part the seal impressions were much clearer, and we were able without any difficulty to make out on several of them the name of Tut.ankh. Amen.' The diggers' elation was tempered by the observation that here, at the top left-hand comer of the blocking, were signs of reclosing: the deposit, whatever its true nature, had evidently been tampered with in

antiquity - a reluctant conclusion the debris already encountered on the steps of the tomb only served to reinforce.

Piece little

by

by

piece, the blocking

little

was removed, and was revealed,

a descending corridor

to the ceiling with packed limestone chip, through which a tunnel had been dug and anciently filled

By 4 o'clock on the afternoon of 26 November the corridor was empty, and before the refilled.

The plastered door blockings had been stamped all over with a range of large oval seals, including the famous motif of the jackal triumphant over nine bound captives: the detail

here

is

from

the Burial

shown

the blocking to

Chamber.

A

drawing by Carter of the jackal

and nine

captives

device, to the right in the

photograph,

is

shown above.

53

/

/

/

/

//

/

/

il-'arnul:!. 'xi'.wi Th. I

i:!iiiiiii

h'llllll S
!•'

S

till

17

,i:r,,1k iihui;

!niu!>

/{(/,.

tliii!

'•:

IIIKIIlll

tl

."

Inliiiikiniiiiitii. i-:'iitiihtitiii!i

f

h.-vkiiiu'shiiriiil.

fxrawit Ill's loouifd a scroinl nxrr

>lanii)c(i

|)la>U'|-.

seals

ami rriinsrd

The

first j^limijsc

lis

al llic

ildor, a,L;ain liu'cd willi

cnliiT surlai'c wiih nxal

tup Irll-liand iMnirr.

Thi> was

knnumi;

slairrasc do()i\\a\ I

Ic tluii

wiial

(.'arUT

I

iiriiiaps a

a small Imlc

and inscncd a ('andlr In k'Sl pcrrcd mlo ihr \iiid ht'\ ond:

m

sn-nnd

llic srali'd

lnr imil ,t;asrs.

i-'.\

cK

IxTrd

1

lie

llir

ehaniliei cau-iiiK' llie landlr llaiiir in

I

piVM'iillN. (lelail- nl

euiiKI

,1- ii;\ ill,-

1

nnilnnv;, ihr

r\r> livrw

n!

t;, ,1,1

11

air

,-Mapir,mren:

helie\-e

iii,-krr. bill

.i|

llie

and (cnainlv

\MllllIl elllcl.m'cl -in\\l\ ,t;nl(l

the

and aivonipanu'd h\ l.acK and L'ai"nar\ nn liam-

inio

AnU'iiiaiiilH'rwlu'rr du'V sIikkI.

llic

SlowK

whal

I

heir

iheiv e\"es

ha\e seemed

du'\ ninxcd Ixiwcen mind- m a whirl, unable were seem.u. Alter what

t-arrliilK

.

Iicasurr.

like

.

an

elei"nil\".

llie

With Callender's

than belnie.

parl\"

lillul

rest

next day.

eleetrie h.uhlini;

''"' ^'''''H' ^^-'^ 1>'^^ 't"'' ''I'l'i ''v>'r. lid mnr,'da//iin.i,'

the

Carter's house lor a

t..

Ixinre resuniin^i; exploration

t;,

1

whusf

CallcndiM". Carlcr

sHimbled hark

linin ihe iiu-l,

rM'Muhne

oiu'

in sec a,t;ain.'

hole,

.leeii-r ip'.ed In ilie !n:hl.

-ii.aimr .iiiiinaN. M.aiii.-. anil i;lii;i

lini

down

heaps

mnsl lir-i

and

dunilislnk'k.

III

Mr

At

n

'lhr(la>

llian fN]H'i'UHl

wnilr. 'ihr mnsl WdiKlrrUil ihal

can \)v\cv hnpc

l-.nlar.mn.';

a'cxpcrl

made

sonuirh sonnci'

lia\c fXiT luril dirou.uh. like

\(il

il,

liays.' Carlri"

"I'

now

iiislalled

the sjiarkk' nl ih

I'.u;

the la\"oul nl ih

was now clear. Beneath the couch, on the west wall, was the entrance to a second chamber (the

deposit

Annexe), while an area of stamped plaster between two 'guardian statues' standing against the north wall of the antechamber marked the entrance to a third chamber, the blocking of which showed signs of having been resealed in the middle at the bottom.

As is now common knowledge, and as was undoubtedly their prerogative, Carnarvon and Carter entered this third chamber within a short time of the discovery - to judge from a letter written b\

Carnarvon to Alan Gardiner, on the evening of 28 November; this was the day before the official opening of the tomb, by which time record photographs of the ancient sealed reclosure had been Dismantling the resealed section. Carter first, followed by Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn: Callender proved too large for the hole. taken.

wriggled through

The chamber was

filled with a huge gilded shrine, while beyond lay a fourth chamber, with open

doorway through which could be glimpsed ever more beautiful things watched over by a reclining figure of the Anubis dog, divine guardian of the royal cemetery. But it was the shrine which attracted everyone's attention.

now clear: and

I

'I

The nature

of the deposit

have got Tutankhamen

believe

.

.

.

intact.'

was

(that is certain)

^

TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN

The

Team

Excel rati oji

-; \y.:\-.:.-

'/'';;

')'\^

''"",?'";'.'''.''"'"!''"

'..'",'?,'

ilid

I'

lake

iiu;

wurk

\vci-k> oi

him', L'aniai"\(iii (ipliiiiis'acallv

\>mii

Im

an,i

u~

.i,>o,v,.^^

,1,.

.,:

has

lnl;)lk'anll|l^. 'Lai'U'i"

Cane!"

aixi

Cai'iiarx'i]-.

ar.rail o!

sunn

liii-fca>I

:hr liiml)

lllr

\'\V

IcikUt, a I'losc iritild of Cai'UT, sini'cil Nnwnilx'l".

l.nil

Iinif.

iil',-;

had

Al'lh.ui"

hand

brcll
hl^a^si^lan^^ \\a>i-k'arl\

fiidUKh. [•nnunaicK, AllxTi l.vthtiuc Cui^aior , \i Ak'iniijiihlan .Miisfinn s ,,

I'al-

'

1-

'

r,t;\ .'ii'ian l)<'i)ai'lnH'nl.

'

\m<\

'lu-

,ii

i>

II hail

'

..

cabled In

oiuld. Carlcr louk Ijr.yinnin.L;

an\

cnn.yTatiilalinns anci

(iiier

and

his wm-d.

i,\lh,t,''>f al

lu'l])

Ik-

L

•!:,

il;,

::,,-

i^,;,.:

I

.

.^'

!.>:-.

ord

Carn.-iT-xoii

-

L,-in::ii'. 'a:i;ii:.

:

ii'-'"1\'^i

>':^'«":^

l-'-

')L':i)

.1.

'.-<•.'.:.

iirall:

;;;'-

^''-

-ii:

,

aia;

An:;. liC'i

.i

\\'iu;ii n-i

.

•

:r.lini'!',n:i.

a':ri;(.

;,

an

":

i.,'i:'aT

-\

Hi-

.

;.

•

.

I'-UA pi' i|.iy\

':.'

~v:sr.

.,:;:ri-i;.

:i

-i>iin::::L: iia--i. ''"'^ 'i'"' "->; "^

;

""":|"-:i-';

^ iiiinir.i-.'i

.',;;:.

::

:

uiinn:

i,.',^\

aui:::.-.

ii;

Laniai'\"r-

,

Sfid-l

1

(

-^

A.i" ,-,',:.::...:-

.

an.a

.|;i(

ihc

al

of Diwnihci- k'lc,i;Taplu-d ;hr folkiuin.u

Howiird Ckirtor (1X7 \hv
^^. ^hallk^ iiu'>>a,i;r [s '.nan and nri-d iAiia assislancr. L'nukl \nu i-on,si(kT ,^^,

.

,

,^

!.,

McmbcVS of IllC TcdlU

al'ri" I

nili'l'ill.u

..;

,

-: !•;-. ;r:;i;;.;

(u-mI,,-!^,-!] Mil--,-'.

a„paviai. ih. ..nnniinv

K

s.|:, -, r-

(.;.:-.;.;,

:i--n; Im-.\

I),

l-l!i:!;))

dinva'd

la- ra:pl..\r:-. Lara-r

.i:

nfilk- iniiili.m ix'hal: n: Akr.ir-.a.

lA'avanii

\'r.v

Cania'A-iri.

I.a(;\

Mr

I

,

alsd Mipi'iaiMti

(nr.MiAannr,

ilir

ih.r

•>'.

i"inh airniiuiT

•<'.

liurlnii HI UTiinliii.t; in linir Ikinui' i.o>i> in

wnuld

Iniiilndiatr I'l'pU

ti'

inslallannii m,

Laim

Cam''. nauii'f

cabled

On

\\a> (|iiick lo rcpix".

l,\lh,L;iir

till-

u

_ .

I

KwihIht hr

ik.r

and rrsnuivr.

lali-iu

Lniuini'iilal.

Laii"

II- Iiansp'in.'ili'ir.

anr..

r.t'iA

'

,-\a'-iniv

wrn

nan

a-n,

ilfliKlilcii In .assist in

-l.ilY. .\ii; cahlin.L,'

cmtx' pnssihk' \\a\

and an\ nlluT mcinhcrs

liurinn. in

Anluir \lacn \\a-

nf nur

ndrcl. I.Mlic'nr.'

ili.ii

Vwr

.\ln
(k/aand

a!

a

uhnin

clDn,

Muv

,,

were

Miiseiini ,,

,,

,

,

stfeiit;lhened. was a neiiei'osi u w ach wouk in p due course he fewarded In Caner eipuiiieennn die Med- aci list ion ol die Carnaiaon col led ion. I

-

.

1

I

olTeis of help,

on

;t

cheini-t with the

lite

,-

Deceniher hoiii Ahied laica-. a

l{,u\ \

roin ,\r

plian

k hill"

I

)irect

in> I

1-1

oxertmienl. and on Id I-

oyisl With Mace, an h.e\pio -'

M.'tropolilail l-.Npedi;ion.

llenr\- llreasled.

sii

(

VI

M\

da\s

work on

in

impro

the seal

w Inch cm ered the plasleivd bloi-knms. l.iuser two archmvls w ith ihc Metropohian team. I

lall.

,

i)eL;an

,

woIi^ on diawini; a plan o ,

1

,

,1

And on

(i.ardiner

inscnplii

skill>

-

.

,

ar-t \ii.nineni

,,

ilir

-,-

/,;,

/-a/.-"

..

-,,

and

,-•

m

n;

-,r.-r ..nd praciical

andmied

In i.,irU'r, :ir.d lie en

.,..

M;„.^.-. i„.alili tailed,

,

/,,./;•....,

tile

,,.,,.

,

hL'.

r. In

b,\'.

carieP- reurei he lea h.^xpt

„- ,_,n, «;,

Ills.

.'1

JaiiuarN

armed

,

lo

-

work

In the ,\nlliinilu> Sel

,.

.

in

on

the

.

wnnld wnih em-rh u i

i

ith

\

.,_

It _.,

he

itine -e.l-ni'.> •

Cuter

\annn- in.HenaK hmnclii

fill

ICe

,•

,

in ih.e enn.-n.Uiatinn n; i

T,„,-,„kl..a,min-- luiria: epiii|.inenl.

and

in

..nak

,

iia;

die

imnh, Larter harek lii|HTeeni "l the iniiil.'- ennlenl> wnnki liase reached kann m ^••"'' '" ''"' '^l^'l'""'" I'''-"-'- '" lnoi- >i;>'ls haivk e-.iiiii,iiec. tlrii

in !ii;lu in ih.e

withniii cnn>er\aiinii

:i

cent ni

UL'., |>er 1

the linlish i)hilol.M,nsl slarl

-Mfivd Lucas (lS(;7-i;)4r>) A.avc hiiea-. Mancte-ai an;i:. ua> Imin Lllelltl.-I

,

he ohn'c s

'

po-iiion.

.Man

James

later.

or of the Oriental Institute

Chica.uo. an"i\ed to he.Ltin

and

.

K'n-r.cr. wniKini;

\

\>-wiani diiiamr

An, Mace'- >nnnd cmnnmn,

were iiuakiahle

<•.

trndrra. lliw anil

I

niatler ol da>s. Carter recei\ed liiillier

\\ ilhin a

leceiuber

\('ar-n!

a'\\

had innuni

I'-Uvpiian

I

a,!

(it-nrue

-in-ll «i:l'.

Natf,

Carnarvon and die Meliopolilan

I

ai-i

1S7J-1!)1'.S)

(

lie (Iiil;

Mrlniixiliian Mu>enii; in IPcl a-

,

.kirr.aa'ii ir

•

siudrni .ind lii-nan' cnu-in

a infinrr

l-'lmik-r- I'l'lnc, inr

|'hf cliisc lies ihal alread\ existed Ixiween Cavler,

..

Iv

na

P-;,--'-

Inlkiwiipu nicssaMc:

I'lrasc call upnii llnrlnn

1

«

i'iir.!ai-n

'n ',

rr.n!

-miili'irn. ir.ai.. 1

,a

ins ,aiu; Hil;!; -irur.,^'.

nil will nil r.r I'an'.r

il-,-

Mn-nnn-.. lK'>p!U- in-

CarU'i' u.i-

Ailhiir Cnittendon Mait'Only Inn

-t.r^i-

h'.r r.ir.;.

ir.

^I^,

nhli.yr, IAcr\- i-i,yard>. L'arUT.

',

upnr.

nl

\\a>

'

,

Ill-

i,,,.m'^

ilunlmvl.

,,

-kill- at preseiAatinii.

nn,

ii-i

, I,

,\- we,; a-ilrawiiii:

.

.irier

wa-

I.uc.i-- tnieiKic laleni- in In-

the inhhenes

m

which ihe imnh

aflei Tiilankhaniiir.'- hnrial

.

In rel\ i

recnn-inietmn

k.ad ix-en

Mihiected

m

lit«
Tomb

Clearing the

i

l'Ai-iu-ii:iiU

;>;iiiM-

l::iil

I"

:ii:ii.

r.ni'.'

IniluTlii, ar.(i u-i\Tii ii~ rj

i)r lii^pi >-f(i

ll'.iTr ail'.

1

\\i' liaii

rnlailni. Tla~

il

ii

'

in Til

ill

a

111

wa-

iniial -ca-i

li'.O',

Mriiir(la>ll

II

i.^h

v,,- i),'i;;i!;

n; :rMiii ni

.

c.i

i.

atid

ii>.

Mr(hi;ar\

W'

ir.'~

inn lu-hnu u- linw

a^.iuIM(ira;i rxpt

.m

imu-

;ni- il;r :i|--i

a iiiodmiMU- l:i-k

.\l:a: a rr-|iiii>rn!lH\

\\a^

ii-

;jrii)))i-il

:nr !l:nu,i:l:i, ihii

!"i:i'!7r v.h;!'

irk:

in liaaila

ii'

•!"

n.

iH'Wi.diiir.i;. ai

ihrrr

v.iTi- nil in

.iiiildaaMiiipliMi.?

I

liiwani Cai'U-rV tiraranci- nl

•aniiin,

and

llu-ni in

had

ivnio\al in

ihc- liinih lirrii

wilhm

luuiid h\ anviiiic

and ihc iniinnisc

whiph

>ui"\

Thf

a nionlh.

cauliiin wilh

ihi'

imnh

nl

Tuiankli-

Caim, innk almnsi a (ircadc:

ha\th((Iu|^a^t'(l aiidaii\' dis])la\

llic

his prfSfrx-alinn nfllir ircasiircs Id niai-ic

Idi"

L'arli'i'

i\

i-lsr.

ii

iii_i;(iinUiil>

wmild pui up

and

la\ishir..e',inicar.d. ninr.iN

ihc

aniujUKio a>

lii'sl

iwiiM-aMips

wilhi

waw

I

hi-

ip. lih.

in

lhiiiMii,i;h

niaiiilainin.L; llic hilli-sl

and

he Irh.

alk'rwavds aflm'd ninsl

piosrd

nu'lh.iKhcal

rnrnrdisPniinialU'r

iri\aal a disi'ii\t'r\ ajiprars al du' ninniriil iiia\'

nir,,

luin!) nf Raiiif>sri~

CpirU'raiu! his u-ani ;i

m.uh.l

hi-i

apijriiaclifd his lask,

biirdi-n nl rfspiiiisil)ilil>"

cicarana'

nn :h^,)I•ts^I\a;i"^.

wtrr

fxpi-dilinn had: h'Min ihc >Pir; \\\v. niipluN

Tlinai.k'hall ih.cihsli-at'liiinsand (hliiciihu'Siifih.r

111!

llii\

dilUTciiPf undfriinci-

salua'pli- inliirniaiinii'l

nrricim' la niinihi'i" n! Wh.irh.

wnuid

Is

iiiiw

aich.

ilir r-Pairwrll

:

lipinkiN

r,

iir

\

;:i

ri-r\pa\:i',

Musruiin.

1":

suiipii'inrnu-d iiy ;hc ainiii nf N-lhus

wiiuid

)iiraliir\

1:

The

T

m^

as a sPircriiiini

irmn

alf a i-rr.;ui'\ iaUT')\

i

li

n])plirs aiu: im' niinur ::ni:s

\

hnw

...iinlo

\1 iNn,

W nscd a^ a stuiirf

and,

ph.iiinyraphk'

lirid i-hpsitn ain

>;uih(i.

Tuinh

'.

n\cnkii;l\ siluaa-dan-ii-sih.ipalh, n-ntn Tu:an,k

-

t.

^

(Far left) Carter and two of his Egyptian workmen, with Callender looking on,

dismantle the ancient partition wall erected between the

Antechamber and the Chamber to allow the

Burial

removal of tlie large gilded shrines which surrounded the sarcophagus. (Left) Carter

and

Callender

dear the final objects from the Antechamber: one of the life-sized

tied to

'guardian figures',

a large wooden

wrapped and padded for rruinoeuvring up stretcher, is

the sloping corridor

and

transfer to the laboratory in the

amun, was pressed

into service as a

darkroom

for

Harry Burton.

made

A routine was rapidly established for processing vation challenges issuing forth from the tomb.

Each

group of objects was given a reference number; in situ photographs were then taken, with and without reference number cards in position, the object or

by Carter or Mace on a was located on a ground-plan of the tomb being prepared by Hall and Hauser (for the Antechamber only); and the piece was removed to the laboratory for treatment by Lucas and Mace, with further photography and recording.

A

card; the object

final

served. All this for

photograph was taken as con-

many thousands of objects,

over

camera carefully positioned so that every object showed in at least one of the shots. A brief

several seasons, in sweltering heat (24-29°C (75.2

where appropriate, was

(who were soon complaining about the excessive

description, with sketch

A

tl.

of each object

numbered record

the seemingly endless flow of treasures and conser-

tomb ofSethos

84.2°F)),

with continued harassment from the press

(Below centre and below) Transporting objects to the laboratory for photographs, recording, cleaning

conservation.

and

-^M^

•j*^'"-

m

rS^jf^-

1:^

-'-

.V?

^^

Tomb 433' was assigned an number ranging from 1 to 620; subdivisions for objects within a numbered group were noted by the use of single or multiple letters - a, b, c, etc.,

group of objects from object

where appropriate aa, bb, cc, aaa, bbb, ccc, or even 4b (for aaaa. bbbb), etc. Additional subdivisions were noted by bracketed Arabic numerals. Group no. 620 is anomalous in that it was given 123 numbered subdivisions: 620:1 to 620:123. 4a,

The distribution of object numbers throughout tomb was as follows:

the

la 3

ll««tlMtMI««llttl«l««tlfttllH««fl>tM«H«()«f»>««t«l))«li««f«HHMtMtlftff«ft«MfmfmifMtt?1

The Death of Lord Carnarvon

lniii,wlll,L; llu- t'XlT.lllUT.:

\\-^\ III"

Miinal Cliain'hn

;l-.c

;ilUT

111-

liiTual

ij).

'

'Ia- ":i"u-K;i

if

W'I'.c'.Iut

-'-:^l

A^\^,•.^.. Li;i"!:;'r'.'<

,'il

i-i-ddciifcl a!-.,L:nl\', |)f-;);lc •rr:i:ii:,u

''

'-

111 II

'

,1 I

Ill

.

'

\1 .(

'

(

irnm

i(i(iiiH' r-f!

II

1

rfcii\t-r.

Thi>

lakT

was up

lit-

uiu'xptru-d dfalh nf

waltTsht'd

in

liislorN-

llu-

laiixl (if

Cai-nar\-nn \va>

thti-

:i

tomli clfaranaf.

ali-K

.

;ii

III'.,

wnri!

1 cmiiau' hun

kinpcra'airu

(lau^^hUT H\-(.-Kn

Wlu-n -l-l^j.

Carr.ar\ I

if

:iS.:i

>ftiiir(l ai (in ar.cl a.bi

iiil,

'.l-.i-

1

I

a

,

\

'wn

i-a

1'.)-

am;

a- i"t>i

:)!.•(;

iriak. aac:

ca.izt-r

aixi

alliiwcdi

l-"i,

;i'

ip.

a u-\ii-

i'\i-r,;>

'r)\

Ii'l

"':

>

wniir.i; wr.h.

'.'Wv

'li!

'yK'V.W.'d

\v:;~ hr.'.i-r.

'r.

h,i> \vfll->iiicki(; nu-i'afir.i- ii:r>:.

and Lord

!r,

niniiiii.u'a

'

'

/

'

"

?

II I

'

•

'vx-i^x^'

i:a\ainiai.

'.Ia'

ln-r la'.b.rr siiniiai: a rfiaip-c ainin-: iiiinux'a-

I.ach I'ArKi^. in

ni(i\-fd

tin-

madfarran.m-nu'na-

Ciiniir.t.'naai-Sa,\ nv

w.

ii

ir

iimi a be >

Caiivi.

nr,

11

// (

,_

,

I

I

I)

,

{I

)\-frni,uiil I'ai'UT

addni.i; Ik Ins

was

nwn

a\(-a\al(ir llic full

ihrusl

fiilK into

ihf Imit'liKhl,

imnu-nsfl\- -lu'ssful duties as

burden

nf jjublia rt'landiis,

which

llu!

.\la.i\-li.

ac(adfnt,

funher

;li(.-

a

tnc

\\a>

.ITAcaraik;

xM-akeiied.

a>

lau-.

l-i\ci"

>ii'.ai.-

Ifaii haci bt-t-n a k.e

was.

b\

Ia>

weais

die

aar

niar.:

preseii'

The Curse .

.

.

all s;ine jx-ople

shduld dismiss such inventions with

ontcmpt.' Ilciward Carter

Lord Carnarvon's death focused popular attention on a warninR made just two weeks before by the noxelist Marie Corelli that 'the most dire punishment follows an\' rash intruder into a sealed tomb'.

The

public chose to ignore the fact that Lord Carnarvon's

and indeed that Eg\pt had t»en undertaken

constitution had never been strong, his annual pilgrimage to

primarily on heaUh grotmds:

it

preferred to regard

sudden passing as the inexitable consequence of having disturlx-d Pharaoh's rest. his

-tssu^

days before penicillin, he fell an easy summoned from England, arriving by air in a Puss Moth with her husband's physician, Dr Johnson. Before long their son, Lord Porchester, had joined them, just in time to spend a few hours with his delirious father. By the morning of 5 April it was all oven as Carter records in his diary, 'Poor Ld. C. died during the early hours infection, in the

prey to pneumonia. His wife was

of the morning.'

The show of emotion from family, friends and was matched by the black frame sported

colleagues

by the Cairo newspapers. For, despite the uproar caused by his exclusivity agreement with The Times (p. 64), Carnarvon had been much loved and respected in Egypt.

Arrangements were made

for the body of the fifth embalmed without delay for transport to England and burial on Beacon Hill overlooking his beloved Highclere. Meanwhile, in Egypt, Howard Carter was left at the helm of what was now Lady Carnarvon's 'ship'. Sadly, he was to prove a poor

Earl to be

sailor.

Death by association Rumour was rife. On the day

tomb was opened. the Carter's pet canar>- was swallowed by a cobra cobra being the very serpent on Pharaoh's brow which spits

fire at his

of Carnarvon's death,

the

enemies: at the precise it

was

moment

said, the lights of Cairo

inexplicably went out; while at the

same

England. Carnarvon's three-legged

terrier bitch,

Susie,

time, in

howled and dropped dead. of anyone who had been even

The demise

remotely connected with Carnarvon. Carter or the was immediately seized upon as further

discover>'

evidence for the efficacy of Tutankhaniun's

vengeance: Carnarvon's younger brother, Aubrey Herbert, died suddenly in September 1923; an X-ray specialist passed away unexpectedly while en route

Egypt to examine the king's mummy; the American railroad magnate Jay Gould died of pneumonia, the result of a cold contracted during a visit to the tomb; the Egyptian Mi Kernel Fahmy Bey was shot by his wife in the London Savoy some time cifter viewing the discovery; Arthur Mace, Carter's right-hand man, suffered a breakdown of health and died before the tomb had been fullv cleared; the to

French Egyptologist Georges Benedite died as the result of a fall after seeing the tomb. Carter's secretary' Richard Bethell died in unusual circumstances at the Bath Club in 1929; Bethell's father. Lord Westbury, who had never seen the tomb but possessed a small collection of Egyptian antiquities, committed suicide a short time later; while an 8-year-old child was accidentally killed by Lord Westburj''s hearse. These were just a few of the claimed victims. Such a catalogue of tragedy, public opinion maintained, could hardly be fortuitous. Statistics drawn up for his own amusement by the American Egyptologist Herbert E. Winlock in 1934 paint a rather different picture. Of the 26 people who had been present at the opening of the tomb, six had died within a decade.

the 22

'the curse'. Indeed, Carter

who had

witnessed

himself did not die until

1939, at the age of 64; Harry Burton, the expedition

photographer, died

in 1940,

aged

60.

Lord

Carnarvon's daughter. Lady Evelyn Herbert

Lady Evelyn Beauchamp), bom the

's.^?:-'l>C.

Of

two had died. While of the 10 who had been present at the mummy's unwrapping, none had yet succumbed to the opening of the sarcophagus, only

first to

in

(later

1901 and one of

enter the tomb, lived until 1980. Others

involved closely with the discovery included Professor Percy E. Newberry, Carter's friend and

Arthur Conan Doyle attributed responsibility for

Carnarvon's death to not souls, not 'elementak spirits

- created by

Tutankhamen 's priests to guard the tomb'. Modem explanations of

tend

to be

'scientific'

'tlie

atrse'

framed in more terms: infection by

long-dormant microorganisms (histoplasmosis) is

a current favourite.

mentor,

who

H. Gardiner,

died in 1949, aged 80; Dr (later Sir) Alan

who

studied the tomb's inscriptions,

died in 1963, aged 84; while Dr

D.I-1 Derrv'.

who

performed the autopsy on the king's mummy, died at the age of 87 in 1969. As an imaginary' inscription was purported to proclaim, 'Death shall come on swift wings to him that toucheth the tomb of Pharaoh.' It cannot be denied, however, that Death was peculiarly selective in his choice of victims, and surprisingly long in coming for those who were perhaps closest to the work.

Arthur Weigall (above), the former Antiquities Service Inspector, who for a time was employed as a special correspondent for the Daily Mail. Observing Carnarvon's good humour at the opening of the Burial CImmber doorway, Weigall is reputed to have commented: 'If he goes down in that spirit, I give him six weeks to live.' Just over six weeks later, the fifth

Earl was dead.

63

I

l(«H>MtHlfl«l«f«t«M<«l)ftlttttl|«|l|««t««(»«|««|t«iiit,it«««)f«t««fM«tf«f«tfl««ffmt?«M«l«ffn

-ali-lai-iii

:hr

Politics

111

Tiriir,

-rriii.i;

<'i'

lie

niiii:

:ii.-h:M;

irii

(:r\'rii'|iin;; 111:0

i'r\

\

ii

.Ml: h.iiii>fll wl'.uii,

cnrirarl wnli

(I

-r.

'

:«

li-ick;.

J,-;i:r..M-\

hf!icftnr:h br liiaiaicllcc:

A;

nnif,

:ht'

bull;

Tbf

I'iiiiiS

airs iiab

a.

'if

whom,

praaiiaail'.

:\nC.

;:

.

aro-, bu;

ii('\v~i)a;)ii>. aiu; LriH-rilia

wanara

haii t-niplovcd

\h:i'..

a,

b;r i-\aa\a-

irmii bu- Tinu aba. 'nijia'aa

bia Ihiiiy

iir

br aa

a-

\\a^ k-a

l-:L:;.-;);iaa

na-iroin;^

-ui'iV-i-

iiii-iiik'f-niakir.,!;-

jaah

'.v

'hal afw-iiapcr.

;;a-iiiii:!i

aLi:rcfi;:iia

bu- Wdi'lcib

11!

a:

ami ;hili-u'aib. a \\a- \" be a

1-:

alTrnna imi oaK- a) :bc iMaai 'b.a rasi

a

iir -iijr.ci:

"!'L',"..

|j,p(;..r.

iinaaaiaiix

M'tiiicd a M:-i>ibli- nin\

(lisa>UT,

m|'

7/;;/(>

yV/i

aia;

'!>

iia-

<

Cariarb

iili:

mail. Arlliui- Waiaall. a^ ihair-pt-ciai aorra-pi^iaiana Ibir llic Ibk'vpliaii nallo^all^t^. bin ;)ro\

idcd a

only

;bif

.Lii'iiaral.

but

aolonaali.',

iiriii>h

would

It

'Htiii s at^Tctiiiair,

wlmii

-liak wjil;

('.od-,u:uti'.

a\ai;tuall\ ;)ro\c

ai brat no;

ioi-ci,m;ai>

11;

tlia (.x;x-c:itioi;b

undioin^u".

Tension in the tomb With tha ;h;it

the

was ll

!

,'i|^,

'.

on lb Ib'brtiary

undistuiix-d wa'h.in

hi.-

Ibl'b.

lomb.

sif the lind baaania woi'sc. Thci-f

|)|-fs.
also ihf

'diM^A it\

(iliiaial

kiiyt; still La\

ola duision

na,L;.t;iii,t;(|Uisl loll

the limib to he alassifiad

intact or oihfrwasc-

;is

would, undlcr

'intaatb the l-lsyjMian ('in\i'ninu-nt

the ti-niis of

thi'

exca\alofs'

I'lamis

was

ol the (ihuvts:

i-oiKvssion. be entitled to den\- the

share of the ohjei'ts

;iny

to

reeo\'ered.

and

Cartel"

way

best

tile

of

diliieullies wbiieli the disi'o\ei"\' l)i"esenl;

on

I'arler.

Ilmiiinl Ldit, ris!l,.r.

i;,m

r.

a

.;i,iii,i'i'':t>

Imivii ai„l

'"""'"'"'"//"

'-'l"l';"

'

r,nnn,n„.r,.„l,.,tlu t.nnh •

''Stlin, lil;,ilh,hiii,l

>iiii!,

s liniihli

irii<

hn

Ih,

ii'iiil;.

ilu
k

miUMnl

I

lu

u\oi i-iiilti iuim \m u Kini;

i- i-m ini \o nn< ilk< "7I' iHusupu nun.u nni ana

Wiiiui I'lkui

"';"""^''^'" "'

"'

I

1

.x.nuh.u

In... ,1 „no,u ..liMuanu s„ni. ,.tnum UMimiiiniik, nii-Jml huunnC iinanup mil ilie

111

iHpiitniinini

u

i\

iln

111

\iiii(|aiiitN

iitliii

uxm

mil il'l

\uliuoliii;\ phi- imini

I

ik< - -uli1-

ili-ii

mie

lull

uhiii Mill

1(1(1

I'li'iiR-

It

Ixmnu-

1

link loo

l-'ebruarx

b'b

.,., I

lie

whnle ,

In Ins wile Wkiiiir

r ,, a (lismrecible iniMius.s 1

,

IS

Hiiliana.itiHTal ail

was

eoiinnuiu.u; to

out altogelllei'

fell

aoiiyt;"

Ibb'b,

so far as to

It

ol tj],„,„,

which

Tutankhamun camp lollownm ''••'"'^-

""

reah/ation

''

''-'

-^l""''

^^'•-

how much more

ol

their inllueiUKil

deseeiiiled on

l.nrd

be.kain in

had spent the summer

(

'"'ensilied

bv the

vulnerable without wiis,

)ctober Ib^bA'aiaei"

Ibi^land.

ill

ilie

Carnarvon-s

sponsor the e\pediIion now-

The second season

oncession undei" her own name. readily a.trreed.

,

llie\-

where he visited renew the

IliKhclere to persuadi' l.ad\ Carnar\"on to

Arthur M;iee

i

eoiii-se

Ixromebriie aloud

hid

y

due

with the

dealin.i,'

demand thai Carnarxa ni iiexer enter Ins hi luse a.t;ain. was an ind.K';ilion of how frtiu.ijhl the situation litid

I

iiiniia'h

in

Ixaween

l'arnar\'oii lx%'an to ar,i:ue

theiiiseKes as to

iliai

m

be thwaried

.,1

ciintracl

•

,

and

(.arler IS

eveia

uinuako

which

tis

she did also

h.ad

.,,,

"'"' l"-i'V'"iis

Wiinficd Mail'

111

her iiiniher

ol

To

had

this sln'

renew m.t; ihe

'//;;/(

.<

much Ljnef luss was to be

been the cause of so

,

setison.

even worse, lliauks

reasuii frnin hiin. J

lo

,

,

Ihis vear ihe

lar.ueh' to (.aner's

the silualion. .\s a

first

.

'

poor

liandlin.i,'

step in the (iownw;ir(l

MONDAY. FEBRUARY

1M4.

18.

TOMB

LOCKED OUT AT LUXOR.

LOCKED AGAINST Mr.

carter.

LUXOR SURPRISE.

LUXOR TOMB.

TOMB CLOSED AND ALL WORK]

LADY CARNARVONS LICLNCK

STOPPED.

CANCELLED.

LUXOR SURPRISE.

MR. CARTER.

GOVERNMENT GUARD

"DISCOURTESIES." NOTICE POSTED IN LUXOR HOTELS.

•*THE

TOMB

HIS

KEPT OUT.

ULTIMATUM TO

THE LUXOR

GOVERNMENT ORDER TO RESUME

ZAUHLLL ANXIOUS TO SETTLBl THE DISPUTE.

with the clear aim of circumventing a call from journalists that all or none be present when an spiral,

find

MR. CARTER.

TOMB.)

ISN'T

YOURS."

announcement on the

POSTED.

HOW HE WAS

OF

STORY

was

to

be made, Carter

member still

be

WORK

of the excavating team. The Times would

with the news.

first

The Egyptian Government - and

in particular

decided that Merton, the Times's correspondent,

Pierre

would no longer be r^arded as a pressman but as a

General of the Antiquities Service - had been under

Maspero's successor as Director-

Lacau,

increasing pressure to take action over the Times

embargo, not

least

by the Nationalists who much

resented the lack of Egyptian involvement in the enterprise.

IN 2 DAYS.

(Above) Lord Carnarvon 's agreement with The Times generated much iB-feeUng in the rival press, both

European and Egyptian. The sniping continued after

Carnarvon 's death, and would culminate in Carter's lockout from the tomb.

Admittance and an immediate briefing of

the Egyptian press

would have been a sensible first step towards soothing ruffled feelings - but stub-

The Tomb

ofTut-unkli-iimeti

bornly Carter refused to budge. He saw it as a matter A sniping war broke out, and the awkwardness between Lacau and Carter escalated of principle.

STATEMENT u

Documents, (o the Ev xurrwl in EdypI in the V 1

1923-24. lending to the

liltl

break with the Eitypti

Government

rapidly

into

December

unpleasantness.

was articulating the ultimate

many

As

threat:

'.

.

.

there are so

Mr Carter might even close the work who knows what will happen

Cin-ulal

.

official

sarcophagus

lid on 12 February 1924. wives of the expedition members should visit the tomb on the following day was thwarted by the newly appointed Nationalist Minister of Public Works, Morcos Bey Hanna - no

lifting of the

Carter's

intention

that

friend to the English since their attempt to

hanged

for his political activities

have him

some years before.

Carter could see nothing in the Minister's action

except a personal insult to himself, to his colleagues

CmHI ..ndon.

maA Company. Limited

New York, Tara«l<

Mace saw it more as petty jealousy, dream of every Egyptologist'. Carter, 'looking desperately ill and in a fury', carried out his

and

to England;

'spoiling the

The cover of Carter's

containing

'a

full statement

of the facts which have led us to the

present position with

the Egyptian government'.

This rare volume recounts in

minute

detail, letter

by

letter,

..'

.

Matters came to a head following the

Prnvu

23

troubles

down, then

[For

as

early

1923, the wife of Carter's co-worker. Mace,

(Left)

privately printed pamphlet,

conversation by conversation, the events leading

up

to

Carter's suspension of work at the

tomb in February

1924.

One of the

appendices,

removed by Carter from many copies of the booklet, contained embarrassing transcripts of Herbert

Winlock's coded telegrams

and letters warning Carter of the discovery in the Harnesses

XI storeroom. The printing of this ill-judged

pamphlet would

cost Carter the support

of

many friends and allies.

65

|

liirni!: lie;

he rIoM'd

li;ni,L;"in,u

iKi'.ua-

111

ilu' luiiih, Ifiniii.ii 'la- -:ii'iii;ilia.mi>

prrcanoiislv hv

uMlif WiiiUT

'lir |.>1)1)\

i-\j)laiiiiii,i; ilif

ils i-njic-.

iTa>nn

I'nr

am;

I'alacc

;iii-'rii a Liixiii".

ill

hi- u-ani'- ar'iMp:

>u!)M'(|iicnl (ini>lir l\u\;)l.

Carlrr

Wiuki

liavr

l'],L;yp!ian>'

i-o-iiiii,

>ir\ii-i-,

V

!" wiirk all. Ill-

:\'.\

aiu

11!

ihr

mllnhdraiuis. a-

:i

])niir-i.

wasaaxiiai'iilnuA

misiakf.

had

1-U1-,

by ahandunin.i;

111"

his eoncessiDn,

and

l-aiyTind

A'.

mi lotus

.V («)/,!,'

III:.

I. \ /)/(/»/

,'i)

link

III li

mill, stall

iiiuiiil III /)(i))i

u-liifli

\l

i'liiniliir

inn

r.

/;m

.\iiierican lecuire lnur. Iiiminy trust ralMii at haxan.u

been -n

hull

ii/i/i(7-

'ihil vit Hilly

™^"

ready

packed as

country. Sirdar.

n^uisttnil.'

,,.,,,,.,

with the di>co\-er\"

.1

I!ul

Sir

il

1

a tiessoed

Stat'k.

1

]

on

murder 19

.-

1

h.ead ol tile ,

to be sliipped out ol

for die terrorisi Li-e

wooden 1

of the

l!rilisli

i

w

the

in

Caniarxun

l.'Ki.i )()().

when

l.acau.

;i>

i->lale in U'.'ln

m

ahandi

.\>

wnrk.

tlir

reeened the

marked llie end ul' ih.eir euniniitwuuld he linaneed !)\- ;lie

li

Carter \\a>al

last

nn better pefM m

e\'en h'nni

able tu continue with

t"

and recurdin.u die whuni tlii> delicate

was a .h m me else wanted. W'l n'k tomb and conserxan.t; the ohu-ct> would continue lur more than >e\"en \ ear-, anc; ;he

on

hi tiinh,

.

ii

j.

i

'

II

.

-

.

,

u- contents and

would

liaii.u

iireparatioiis lor punlica-

as a burden around Carter's neck

for the rest of his

life.

'The question of lectures I

1

1

.,

,

suid\- o| linn

.

the

clearin.t,'

is

Koing to be a rather serious

don't think Carter has ever given one in his

and he doesn't

in

the least

know how

.\nhur Mace

W,1,

i

irra-uro.

could ha\e been entrusted', was W'lnlnck's

i,.u

one.

THEATRE NEW OXFORD OXFORD STREET,

il)li,L;t.tl Ii

i

kin.y's

the iiKiniiiiiental ia-k uf clearin.u

,

the

No\eniber, and a

Lectures

K!

lu-ws

and the Carnarxi in i-siatt-. (k'S])i'i' niu- ir iwn diiplicato wdui: dir

111'

Uilly yk-arcd,

iilians and by Larier hinisell'. There were >i,t;iis uf relief all rnund.

x

absence, matters went fnim bad lu worse

]

, III

1

tile

tniiib; 'there is

Resolution and recovery In Carter's

cnv.-

nii

lusi its niiinii])(il\" nf

7/);/(.^'

du-

np.

iirw

lyiiy

lef;

cnmplclely i)UtnianMeu\fed.

<

,1

il liiiil

il

till

and

hu; \hv

the final >eaMins

nieiil;

sUilt

//,^ ,'1)1,-1

Niiiiii s.
III

indi.Linatiiiii

Ills

and Carter

till

Si Can,

,,,,,,,, Hull

,

t,

inrth u-niii

'iHirftiui;

lu-im,

,L;nil

and

wmild

ai'lion tu re-eslal)li>li

111 ill ilhin.Lf,

dul

yumpeiisatioi: fur i-\priiM's iiuairrrd in

-uni nf

caneelled. it

NaIiMiiali>'.

ih,-

ia\ci\a-d

L'ark'i'

claim

loniial

aii\

was duly

eoniplele the wurk.

I,e,i,'al

had hfcn

ImweNer.

ilsell

with sun

fill

it

clearana-. Caru-r

mil)

he had inhan.urtl the

ly^'yptian (lux-enimeiit declared dial

lni-

II.--

tht-

The

his claim liuheli mil) raiiie

T:i!iiiiiJuiii!!ii:

andC'ai-lt.TVbi,u>if>t

lii'sl sti'iki',

lu-

ilia',

i>i

Lady laiMiaiAim's namr.

in

still

\a,mir iiriiiiiiso

i)layeil iiilu l.acau's liands;

leniis

nu-aii;

unii-.

llu- discii\a-ry.

1)11

iiiir.il.'

>

'.iick

dcpailurr

i;;

ihnr sniTituir

liirllui' iipni;

i,\rr

nr\"tT ha\a- rtiunk-d. .\>

llu-

Jaiiuai-y 192.1; Tlii

my

li

1;

u.

Mi\-,'ninu'nl

(

ii,uhli.Miir.,i,'ul |-!n!i>li i-niilriil

nii,t;lit

The unprecedented

to set

life,

about

to his wife

public interest aroused

discovery had to \x satisfied, and Carter's

.'

it.

.

.

Winifred

by

the

first

were at the New Oxford Theatre in I^mdon and 25 Septemlx-r 192:5, On Saturday. 12 April

lectures

on

DISCOVERY OF THE TOMB OF TUTHNRH-MIIEN:

FROM UNTE-ROOM TO OURIAL CHAMBER I'osin'

uiiiuninnnn Caitcr's

hctuir at the Self O.xfuril

his most Illustrated Lcctur delivered by rk to be

recent

Theatre. London. I'ress

in leliiih

and Canada, Kroni the end of middle of June. Carter enthralled audience after audience with one of his two prepared texts, the first a general lecture on the tomb, the second describing his most revent work of clearance. It was something of a whistle-stop tour, taking in New York, Philadelphia, New Haven, Baltimore, Washington (where he gave a private talk at the White House to President Cah'in Coolidge), of the United States .April until the

Worcester, Rjston, Hartford, l^iltsburgh, Chicago,

Henry Ford among the

audience), Cleveland, Columbus, Buffalo. Toronto,

more faeourahk: 'Utile imafiimition was needed to /Hiietrate the siinfile and

manner

Carter embarked upon an extended lecture tour

Cincinnati, Detroit (with

reports could not have been

una.'isuininf;

21

192-1,

mil).\Y.SHPT.11.1925

Montreal and Ottawa. Mace netxi not have worried: Carter turned out to be a convincing and witty speaker. The tour was a sparkling success, cTOWtied

eroiened with such surprising

by the presentation of an honorary dwtorate from Yale University on 18 June. These triumphs were only the first of many, to be followed by lecturer in Madrid in November 1924 and by an Ivnglish tour, Ixcture halls proved tcx) sinall to receive the numbers applying for tickets; theatres were filled to capacity. Carter had well and

re.'iults.'

trulv arrived.

.Mr. to

Carter

Ijild

his stoiy.

and

experienec the thrilk of

excitement as he revealed the

romance surrounding every staf;e in the f;rcat leliicli

m

adventure

leas destined to he

at 3 p.m.

i

What

a curious and

unhappy

seems

fatality

surround the tomb of Tutankhamun.

.

.

.

to

>

Edward Robinson

Howard

Carter

finally

conservation on the

Howard

Carter:

completed his work of

Tutankhamun

objects in the

the Final Curtain

spring of 1932, four years after the last chamber had

been cleared and almost a decade after the discovery.

The

third

and

initial

final part of 'the prelimi-

nary narrative', The Tomb of TutMnkh Amen, appeared in 1933, and the next years were occupied with the preparation of the definitive, six-volume

work on

the discovery, which

was

Tomb of Tut

Report upon the

to

be entitled

'ankh

A

Amun. But

progress was slow, and reading through his notes one gains the impression that the task to which Carter had given his life at the end proved too much

Carter the gentleman: after

an oil painting by his brother, Vemey. Carter's sophisticated air owed not a little to the influence of Lord Carnarvon

and his

circle.

for him.

Carter died in London, at 2 Prince's Gate Court, his Kensington home, on 2 March 1939, having been blessed with fame and fortune, though denied any public honour. Carter's papers

By the will he had made in 1931, and personal possessions passed to

his niece, Phyllis Walker. His furniture

tioned at Sotheby's in

months

later,

December

on 22 February.

1939, his

was

auc-

books two

THE TOMB OF itTUT- ANKH AMEN

A portion of Carter's

small but choice collection of antiquities passed via

King Farouk

Museum; other pieces were London dealers Spink, and objects

to the Cairo

sold,

through the

from

it

now grace half a dozen collections around the

world. 'Castle Cartel, the house at Elwat el-Dibun on the Theban west bank, scene of so much excitement during the digging years, passed to the Metropolitan

Museum an

of Art.

It

was, in so

many ways,

the

end of

era.

1 of The Tomb of of of this splendid, three-part work was ghost-

Volume

TutAnkhAmen. Much the text

written by Carter's close friend, Percy White.

Carter's last will

and

testament, dated 19fufy 1931. by which the bulk of Us estate

was

left to his niece,

Phyllis Walker. Carter's

executors were Harry Burton,

who advised

the niece

on the

disposal of Carter 's

and Captain Bruce Ingram, editor of the Illustrated London News.

antiquities,

67

jiMmMSiM^&smmimL. The tomb, when found, proved something of an enigma. The narrow corridor and the minimal area of its ground plan indicated clearly that

it

had never been intended

for

the burial of a king. The excavators' first impressions were

had found merely a cache of objects - albeit wonderful objects - salvaged from the Amama royal that they

cemetery, a cache perhaps related in

some way

to the

Tomb

55 deposit across the Valley path. But, with the increasing prominence of Tutankhamun's name, and with the entry

Chamber,

by Carnarvon and Carter all

the small

If

hend

was

itself was a The funerary

and sparsely decorated tomb

disappointment, furniture

into the Burial

doubts were dispelled. its

contents were not.

magnificent, and

it

was

difficult to

either the quantity or the quality.

compre-

But the tomb had

How much had gone? When did the What had the robbers been looking for?

clearly been robbed: thefts take place?

Carter's skill as a digger

was unmatched, his thorough-

ness as a recorder unrivalled.

Much

that might, in less

capable hands, have been lost forever was observed, noted,

photographed, and preserved for posterity. Tutankh-

amun's

is

the richest burial ever to have been found in the

Valley of the Kings; thanks to Carter,

it is

also the best

documented. More than half a century after the discovery, it is possible not only to reconstruct the state in which the

tomb was found, but also to check

Carter's

answers

to the

questions the discovery posed, and to re-examine the

evidence upon which his answers were based. The tomb of Tutanklmmun

at

tlie

time of the clearance.

jtmmmaM^(^S(Mimas^

in

The Archaeology of the Tomb

^.m

TI

tt««MM«MMf««ft>«Uftftl«tlf««H|«MIM»«»)««(Mf««tttl(IHni(«>t?fttf*ftfff»fm«mf?tfftt«ftN

.\;

northern end

th.e

ol

a dr\

.\ntech,;ini':)ei"

llie

partition wall of rough. hnu->toi'e .^phir.ers aitd du>:

had

Architecture iiiimmmmtKtmmimirrimmmmiiiHimimiimmmffliiHHim

and ]")laslered o\'er. Thi> i^artition wall was pierced h\ a doorway with a rou.gh wi «)den lintel, l.b.")!!! (,~)t; wide and l.78ni (,5t't liiml high.. Like the ."iiiil doorways at either end ot the corridor. aned olY with rough stones and lt^ plastered \\ath

surt'ttce >';inii)ed

ruiaiikliamunV

"S

(if

C

ina^sfsand oa'asional

loiiiliill

of

some 21ni

The entrance

LLI

(oft

Ik-dmck

wuh

slair\\a\' eoniijrises

westinimost end.

\\idi a

\-cins(>fcalcik>

((i9fn i-isin,u dirt-clK- ab(i\-f

wide. I'ooled in b\ the

(iiiiil

iiitu iht-

a wilile. aiiiui-phDUS liiiK'Sliine

ihc \'allcy

llinly

down

I'Hiib is ciil

sleps. iJiSni

lii

livin.i; I'ock

steps of

'I'he kisl si.\

it.

llie

at

its

staiivase.

lo.Uethei"

with the hntel and

away

antiquity to enable the lartjer jiieees of

in

janilis.

had been cut

funenai-y tufiiitui'e (such as the sarcopha.tfus

shrines) to be introduced, the steps and

doorwa\'

entrance

jambs

subsequently

Ixnn.i^

structed in slone and pkisler and the

linlel

recon-

repkiced

would be cut away ti.t^ain when the slirine panels were remox'ed by Carter's team. Within the entrance doorway, still in position at the time of die discovery,

was

a blocking of dry limestone constiaiction taced

with a hard, light

was

gypsum

.gi'ey

ox'er its entire surface

time of the discovery.

by

.")ft

(>iin)

and stamjx'd

with large oval seals. Beyond

a descendin,g corridor,

(2(ift (iin

plaster

tilled

with rubble

measured 8.08 by

It

tmd

2m

(6l"t

in

a similar

manner

ticcess to the

to the outer

tlie

cut tiway

middle

The

.-Vntechamber

is

i);mels ot [the] shrines to

ing the sarcopha.gus. cut low

;i

m

th.e

west

wtilj of

the

.\ntech;imber.

The

Chamber and Treasury

Burial

lleN'ond the ijarlition wall

by

().:57

:;,(i:im

(

}.i)2m (2()ft l^tin 1

the

I-iuritil

Chtimber.

by

l.'lft

2tinl,

and some

mi high. The

ll

1'l

1

l;iy

lloor w;is (i.91ni

below- that of the .Antechtimber

below the

7.8.1

by

iMt't

Iml

tiiid 8.(),5m (2(il"t fiinl

Cut into the north, south,

\';illey surt'tice.

and west walls of the Buritil Chtimber betore it was ptiinted were tour niches lor the tomb's 'mti.gic bricks' (id. 13.")). t'ound concetiled wath rough pieces of

east

in pkice and painted and the .\ntechaml)er, the

limestone plastered the .Annexe

orienttited east -west, its walls

is

ox'er.

Ikiriai

(though

gypsum tiiid decorttted wath p.ainted scenes (p. 72). The pkister seems not tohttvebeen fully dry when the tonil^ was closed, not the ceiling) pktstered with


which accounts

fact

\isible

Chtimber

orientated north south:

the northwest

putt-hole' to take the betiin employi-d in manoeu\-r-

Still

!,'i-:ii(iiil-l>!iiii.

ol

chamber.' .Al>o noted w;is

buritil

hy

lamp

ceilin.g tire 'tr.aces of

in

part

number

a

smoke.

;is

employed by the tmcienl

or torch'

for

the

of objects.

end of the Burial

northeast

the

at

least

at

humidit\" ckimti.ge sul'tered

The Antechamber and Annexe

iiiiiilysis ni [lu

Tiittiiikhiiiiiiiii

the rock

ot

and longer

tor the larger

pass into the

Chamber

of the eastern wall.

Cdiii i'>

portion

l;ir,ge

;i

it

corner of the .\ntechamber. to tillow sutlicieni room

l.(i8m

doorway, which

.Antechamber throu.gh

was renio\'ec; ... w.as workmen h;id had to

dynastic

dist'o\'ered that the

I'lilike

corridor terminated in a rock-cut doorway, blocked

,g;i\'e

series ot large owil seals.

;i

this ptirtition wtill

at the

high. 'I"he

(ffin)

'When

and

of the

with a heavy, limewashed wooden beam. TheN'

'K\

'bonded with i)iece>ol timber'

l)een cor,>trucled.

trom

tin oil

tirtists,

lly sivni^'iiii,' llic rhiniibiys tii-niiiiil '.Id

rornslhiiid (if

a

I'

III

limy III,

Willi' lyjiiiiil

lliiiml Chi/iiihii-

mill Trriisiiiy

9in

hei.ght

by 13ft S^in). it measures 2.(T
low doorwtiy. 1.12m

.A

of the

wtill

the lloor of the \'alley. 'Idle surfaces of the wtills here

Tretisury.

and indeed ihrougiiout th.e tomb, with the exception of the Burial Chamber, are unsiiK « )thed and exhibit a pinky 'glow'. .A third doorway in the west wall of the Aiitechambei-, 0.9i5m (3ft l^in) wide and 1.3m (ll"t 3iin) high, and a.gain closed wath a masonry

."Krin)

the

llw

Aiiiirxf

iijiii si ill livn riiiiiiis irliiiii.

llii

tiiiii' siili

Ill

llu

tiiiililiniiiil ilisiMii.

hliiliil I'lliinihi

inllipliX.

!:»^in) in

pillaird hall

III

III!

to

ISIh

III

siiiikni 'iryjil': lln

sun

Ih'

ilyiiiislv rn\;,l tninh.

nil

,').,5om (2,5ft

ih'iinis. the

Aiiltiliiiiiihi

I

hud

blocking, natural

is

positioned

through into a second .Annexe,

to

fissure in the rock.

l.:!,')

by 2.(im

2.r)r)m (8ft -Hin) high, 'i'he lloor level

of this

tiiid (1 1ft

ttike

of

advtitittige

;t

This blocking leads smtiller chtimber. the 3)jin

by

8ft


;md

again orientated north south,

chamber drops 0.9m

(2ft

Ikin)

below that of the .Antechamber. Carter records ihtit ''{'lie masons' guide .and nieasurin.g marks in ivd ;ire

upon the unlinished surfaces of the lew walls'. ,and here ,as elsewhere in the tomb Hakes of limestone h-om their chisels were left lying upon the lioors'.

still

\-isible

'ti

south

'i'his

like the

On

room.

2.33m

;ind

8Hin) wade, in the east

(3fl

chtimber .gives ticcess to the

Buritil

4.7.~)

(7ft 7-fin)

by 3.8m high,

is

to

be

,g(K)d, if

l)laces

where the

which

'still

showan.g a certain asymmetry

tidhered to the limestone

These stime t'or

lissures mtiy well ha\'e Ix'en res])on-

exception

tomb, the

of

the

wtills, ceilings,

thtit

damp

and

chtimber.

growth

in

the interior of the

tliHirs

aiasin.g

took jjkice

])laces. i)articukirly

kin.goid

sunken sltiirway and the

ptissa.ge. througiiout

di.scoloured by

buritil

surl'tice') !i;id

fissui-es in the rock.

the seepti.ge of water into the tomb: 'With

descending

urations

in

nitison's chisel ('minute jxirticles' ol

taken advtmtti.ge of the natural

the

7in b\- 12ft

.Annexe tmd the .Antechtimber.

the whole. Ctirter considered the cutting of the

tomb

sible

(Ifil't

orient.ated north

have been much

trom intrec|uent

the

ptist.

on the painted surt'aces

the

w.alls

|in pai't]

are

s.at-

.And in mtiny

disligured

in

the

by

;i

nourished by that mois-

(Clockwise from bottom

left)

The Annexe doorway, as seen from the Antechamber; the same, from within the Annexe: the Antechamber!

Burial

Chamber partition

wall, partially

dismantled and

with the wooden

lintel

revealed; the southern 'magic brick' (no. 260); the western

'magic brick' (no. 258); the

northern 'magic brick' (no. 259); the eastern 'magic brick' (no. 257); the rock-cut

entrance stairway.

six steps cut (all

away

cut-away

features later made good with plaster)

One particularly large fault runs from the comer of the Antechamber through to the northwest comer of the Burial Chamber. The tomb of Tutankhamun was clearly non-royal in form, showing a basic similarity to the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (No. 46) and to the enigmatic Tomb 55. But it was a private tomb (it has been suggested lure.'

southeast

Ay himselO which had equally clearly been adapted - albeit in a very much restricted form - to that of

the royal type: the Burial

Chamber of Tutankhamun

corresponds to the sunken sarcophagus 'crypt' of a

more normal royal tomb, though with only one sideroom (the Treasury) instead of two; and the Antechamber, swung round, corresponds to the anterior, pillared section of the

sarcophagus chamber, here

again with one side-chamber (the Annexe) rather

than two. Carter identified the tomb's architect as

Maya, who presented two wooden figures

to the

This high official lived through several reigns and included among his titles those of Overseer of Works in the Place of Etemity and burial (p.

139).

Overseer of Works

in the

West.

:i.

;~

Wall Decoration

u;mi,

am;

laplir

I

/;:'

;'^

/'/

.

',

'

|,

riKiiii

will: iiariira:

,'h'/

/,'

','

d:>iHiii!t!i li 'liifiiii;

.

.

aiK-ii'iil

!iu

Minihl

III,

iivi^iiii iii<

///I

mn

ni

-^ ir:

ar.;.

wIium- ])annin,u-

I'lif

f'j

till

rilual naiiu-: 'ihc

I'l'i-.U! ar.(:

I'ium-

i,i'

(

Wk-s; \

ailt-y

imnl)

walh

llic

n\

\\ (No.

CliaiiilM"

I'rllcc;

uixkivd nuiil

i'!>

Thr

.did'.

L'lli.

west wall. 'I'hrsi'cnes are niari'rd

])>

(PcTupio

lliiny

'small bi'iiwn

l!!irl"ii. lUirh'ii'f

nliilnl In

lU'/ll If

Inn

iiihicl srrlh'ii

III,

lniiiitiiii< slill nil

till'

inill

a.ucd

llir

ihf pi'i'Scnec nf

ihr

,

tlu' ,uiM'in>

III'

the enclosed luiniidit\-

])lasler

thai

exuded

whirl;

aher the chamber had been

Ironi

settled

iiiuullri

nanus abo\e

the

shrine, beiiiK

P «

IVia

j?*^

supine within dr;i.u',t;'cd b.\'

tall,

men

w

arr 'hr

i,

X

.

I

'^'

trf*

^V

I

Ji*

SlSliy ^WpW** #jfikl4

§

H*4 n

!

t'

"f

•

~!i;;\ rii

\/.\vv>.

\

Tlir mnaiiidri'.

'Ni-'iklu'iii'iirr;

:V.v r.nr:!-. ir.I"

wall

'.I'.iVf

\hv

^<\

x'ljaia'.r

ci'mv

llui-ial

MX-r.i->,

si

!ur

/<

rutar.ldianuinV hiiv.

ijhu-rrnwn and iH-\mv>\.

i\a:ii,'a;ior. lii-

llu-

'Mm'

]x-n'irniin,i;

I'iuial I'llu- npri'.in.U

'lallk-i'':

thr dead

hii\

as Osiri-. ku'd of ihc unckTworld.

their

heads

'.lie

(lri--M-d in dii'

"f

hrl'i' 'i'lif

and Ay arc written

in hii-roulyphs.

second >cene 'rulankhanuin, whose name

o\

hi- tiirure, has rc\"erted to

the Inini; i

if

kin.L;'

ihe .ijods

tilthounh he

where

In

the ultimtile scene on the

lu' is

litis

tile

now

.urceted b\-

aiinin, wetirin.u the

closeh"

(11' in

by

his ka or

//(

;;zc,s-hetulcloih

s]jiritutil

Tutankhand lollowed is welcomed

iiorlh wall,

double,

^?:^S^^^a^t^a%jfe^^^gM1^;?fe4»g^^^^^:%

.-

i'!;

:.'.'

the Koddess Nut.

.u'arlaiid-bedecked

,urou])s of

',1k-

a.utiin ttpijetu's ;ibo\"e

U]).'

wrillen abo\e in hiero;i

li\'i'

ii'i,u

of both 'rultinkhaiiuin

In the

part of theetist wtill depicts ihc

kin^", his ntinie

iMir iii-iuiTinL;

i);iii'.

in Irll.

entered the rctilm

,ij;l\"phs, lyin.t;"

'ir.

>u!xii\idr>

skin uf a

co-tunie

ThedecortUed uijper

ia,-'

iir \\). ill

MK'c'. -a\

\

ntvessarx' re\

aijpt.-ar>

Kast wall niumniilied

iiif

Aw wearin.i;

lrii])ard.

all tin-

were possibh" inirodiia'd lilluT wilh the ])la-UT or the sizin.i; of the paint, anil were nouri^hcd |in part] b\"

trmlitl.

Kf'iwths,

l\in.t,T.is

I

ka'sl sct-iu- dlpl<_;^

C,iil,i',iii,i,»h>:l>:i;inl>li,,ll'y

l-'lii'!,,firiij'li

'ii'.

a \rlkiw-

scenes orienlaU'd li)war(l>

>vnn'

1

w

wriinii.^

The

iiiMTipiHiii a'!jM\-c :lirir liraii> jir. arc

Tlir iai-yr pauam.u'

(Uvtiralinii, wliiiii is imi (lissiniilai' In ihal in

|,n„- \vall>,

tin-

I

!!;'! :;!.(;

bi'^ i\\ ~.

North wall

i-

'rniiyli. k-'<\\\\-\:

and M-\"frcK >iniplc' cxcfulrd 'Hi ])aiiili'd ,L;\psuni uround w ill) wiiiic dadii

Lhiiiiihi r piiiHthiii iiu<

s,ii<:'ii.


'iiir.al

^•tii-:,i!i\ i]i-':r>i\-i,i ii-lhii ii'iriiii'

111'

lliinal Llianibri'. "'''''"'^'''

''"'^'.''

:hiii'

(ii>:i!:s;iii-I:!i;L: (irr--.

-peak

": '""'.

w

:rf-r-ri; Hi

I

;~

fBMMBMBmK ^mmsimii

^

iiuiiittttuintuinnu rofliinnnyiiniitB

^'^i ml with an embrace into (

)f

the dead, with

./;a/-headdress, is

1

whom

he

now becomes

one.

South wall The decoration of the south wall

parallels that of the

north wall. Here the king, wearing the bag-shaped

«

welcomed

"i

mill

iiuMfiin'ii

into the realms of the

underworld by Hathor, principal goddess of the west. Behind the king stands the embalmer god, the dog-headed Anubis; behind him, again identified by the hieroglyphs before her head, originally stood the

goddess

Isis.

She was shown greeting the king

in

a

73

-miliar la^hiiin id Nut on >al

niiiior

li'.rcc

liKurcs wtTi- losi wlifii

was

(iisiiianlii-(i

rt.iiiii\'al III

llic imrili

nf

(icuics

irif],

'j'iic

pla>UTf(i parlili'ni wali

llie

Cartt-rV

in-

wail: ix'iiinci licr

iiiKicrwi

llic

W(iri
aiinw

in

liif sliriiics.

^

1

Tile priipnniiiiis \\ail,

was

wlucii

111"

ttic

liKvire^

simif liasU-alkT llu-shiaiics liad llu'

iiurial

(isrwiuTc a

Clianiixi-. 111 till-

dilTiTftil

li,L(urt's

li

luit

nil

ii])iiii

I'liinpiisituinal

liii^

paililinn

iast

and

iiccii iTcricci

Irmii

(iilYcr

iIium'

llii-

in

witliin

ciiiijinwd

b dci'iiralion. C]fari\ iaid-iiiU

drauKlilsnian.

|)i'ii|)iiniiins

uf

in' llit-

upon tlic Aniariia ctinon ii\3) moru tradilmntii 18-s(|ii;iri.-

arc liascei nut

s(|ii;ircs

mi

i-\Kicnlly (Icciiratfd

till'

I1.

J

lA ,),

I

,L;ri(i,

West wall Tile west wali.

llif

locus and culniintition of the

Ikirial Clianilx'r's dcci)i';iti\c scliemc, is tal
cxtrtict Iriini the lioolx

the Underworld'.

The

f)(

upixi' re,L;ister

the solar b;irc|ue. preceded 'I'lh

icisl Willi: Jnriis mill

niliiiliiiiluiii

Ciiiiiiihi r

(/(

I

if Hit

liiiiiiil

rtiriitinii.

s(iu;it 12b;iboon-deili(.'Si)f

the night

throu.t;li

Aiiiilniit.

i)\"

the

is

lirst

lra\"el l)elore ;icliie\'in,t; rebirth at

1)\-

Is in

occupied

fu'c deities,

wliich the sun

up

or \\'h;it

\

\ '

b\-

lieiow

of the 12 hours of

and

l
must

dtiwn.

m^sm^

/

< ... in the

rubbish covering the entrance of the tomb

were traces of broken pottery, wood,

linen,

and

leaves,

probably pertaining to the burial, but beyond

Howard

Carter

The ground immediately above the entrance to tomb of Tutankhamun had been covered

The Tomb Entrance

the in

by a collection of rough workmen's huts, 0.9m (2ft ll^in) above bedrock and spreading over the entire area in front of the tomb of Ramesses VI (No. 9); they joined up with others on the opposite side of the path which had been uncovered by Ayrton in January 1907. Some of these huts Carter had already cleared in 1917, like Davis (p. 37) stopping work within a few feet of the tomb. Dismantling these structures five years later, 1-4 antiquity built

November

1922,

in

iffmyntmnwryfmnrwnnffTnffmTTiwwMTmTmnynffTiTTmniiyum

preparation for planning, a

broken ostracon of Ramessid date was brought

to

and together with an

light 'bearing [a] polytheistic sketch in bl[ack]

red

Horus and animals',

of

enclosure in stone which the excavator tentatively

an ancient '(?)Mortar trough' associated

identified as

with work on

The

Tomb 9. Tutankhamun's tomb was

step of

first

uncovered on 4 November, immediately beneath the huts which had yielded these finds; a further 11 steps and the upper part of the plastered blocking

were dug out the following day. No foundation deposits were found. The tomb entrance was immediately refilled, to be uncovered fully on 23-24

November

arrival of Lxird Carnarvon.

after the

Clearance of the lower staircase-fill revealed a

number

of antiquities (object nos. 1-3), including a

green-glazed

scarab

steatite

of

Tuthmosis

III,

several clay seals from linen packages sporting the

and nine captives

jackal

pieces

of

resin,

motif, a fragment of ivory,

turquoise-blue

and

chevron-

patterned glass, stone and pottery, wine-jar dockets,

animal bones, wood and rush fragments, and the parts of two boxes. The first (no. Ik), inscribed with the names and titles of the co-regents Akhenaten and Nefemefruaten, and of the great

jar seals,

royal

Ramessid workmen 's huts constructed above the

entrance to Tutankhamun 's tomb.

wife Meritaten, carried a hieratic docket

recording

its

second box carried

original linen contents

(no. 1

the

1),

(p.

190); the

knob of which Tutankhamun, was

the fastening

pitenomen

of

inscribed with a docket recording the silver vessels it had once contained (p. 190). Carter also claims to have turned up 'In the lower strata of rubbish that

filled

(Top) Foundations of the

the staircase ... a fragment with the

name

Carter's drawing of a green-

glazed scarab (above) of

Tuthmosis HI (no. in the rubble fill

la),

found

of the

entrance stairway.

of

Amen.hetep [Amenophis III]', though no further details of this object can now be traced. Carter

was

puzzled:

'Why this mixture of names? The balance of evidence s
Dynasty kings, brought from Tell

Tutankh.Amen and

el

Amama

by

deposited here for safety.'

The descent

into the

tomb

thefuOy cleared stairway leading down to the first, outermost corridor (left):

blocking.

75

•HMfflM««t»l«tt«««lttl«t«ltfl(lllllt«««f««l«ll(«tl«i(t««i«ift«l««tMM«)tltl»««M>nt«Ttt(l«Uft«

The Corridor

II

ul

l-llll ll

I

1

1

III

I

t

I

II

(

ll

ll

11

\i

I

I

1

hi

1

1)1

1

r>\

1^

H

111

t

II t_('

IK _ili \\i

ill

ihchliifkm.i;

It

tl i-tt

I

1

(

I

I

1

I

^ttniiil

h

nia\-

l^i

and bv means

i;.>---v-

(Ahonl

Th, nuin- siiilid

(liHOimv lalh hnlr

III

lh'i,L;litl

Oirlir l'i:.'.'J.

S
l_'l>

il.

fnnur.

ihmni

hv

Xiirciiihi y

riinnliii.mil lulls nftlli nil.

nt;lill

A

neinset rissil Ihr

niriih

lis lnt>lift

fnlTuinr

(l-'iiy

IIS iiisl

irstnnil rnhhns-

nil

ninvlnr

hlur

juiiiil, ,1

liio. 'II iniiiiii

lill

m

('

I-:.,

hull

I

mill

(111

lit

I

^

1

^

It

^uh^l mil ll

(

if

ll

II

I

It blinkll ^ i~

I

III

It

I

h(

h k1

I

iiui

111

n wt till

I

ui

lit

I'dKli

111

I

I

lii^ III

I

1

ivvfiil all,

md

lnid us tlial there

[svcl llie unliiiaiA- rii\al

i

11

11(1

I

ill

ll

11

w

1

lull!

.cases

Tliehan lunih

when

aneieiit MibteiTaiiean exea\"atiiin

111

I

he a liianiher' Candles were limfured

iiiiimnaiu led la'e 'nr

l.aii\-

Ikd

1

spai'e. I't-iiiaps ar.nllier (Icscciiiiini; slaiivase.

ai\iirilai!ce )r

>

1

,)

1

"i|

| iarkiit>s ar.il llic irnr, icsniiK i-iiipIN

I

11

1

U

1

iliiiiii ^1

'111

would

i<

I

til

I

1

'•

ti

11

11

R('

11

]

"iiii

1

u

1

U

tin

mil

1

1

-

I

^

II

ill I

1

(

I

~1-

I

I

^

I

til

II

Mil

^

nib iilp iiittiuit

I

II

I

\

ihi

(

t

1

1

(.1

tl ((

I

II

1

mil

_ii

lit II (.it

I

I

1

ll

1

-1

1

M

I

II

1

\

(

I

'

1

1

I

I

(

II

I

I

ihe candle

li

«

iked

1

iipenin,i;

the

anxious exiKctatU'ii.

.

.

plan'-' all

an

widened ihe breach in, while Lord C.

anil Ca'leiider wilh. ihe i,i^,> [nver seers] .'

was ir,

waited

In

Distribution of

finds in Corridor

First part of

passage

fill

of passage

9

blue-painted nemset-wesseX (near blocking)

10

clay seals

11

wine-jar docket

some inlaid work

12a

faience pendants,

12b

portions of gold

12c

inlaid gold plaques

foil

from jewellery and broken)

.la

fragments and

.')!)

red pottery 'foundation deposit' cups

12d

faience rings (whole

fragments of

5d

fragments of piaster jar seals fragments of mud (?)boxes

12e 12f

faience floral pendants

5e

splinters of gessoed

bronze razors

5f

splinters of

12g 12h

5g

fragments of faience

12i

clay seal

Sh

pieces of felspar

fx-

lids

of stone vessels

and gilded wood

wood

12j

'Lying upon floor near wall, far [south] side of passage', under till 6 water skins 8 head of king rising from a lotus(?)

.

7

calcite vessels

.

.

upon the

floor

.

gaming

piece

fragments of ivory and ebony inlay from (?)necklace

12k

shells

dried fruits

12m

pieces of

worked semiprecious stone fragments of metal work: gilded bronze; shabti yoke and basket; bronze arrowhead; gilded bronze staple

12o

wooden

12p

fragments of (?)felspar fragments of glass (iow-palm nuts pottery cup (like 5b) fragments of stone vessel-lids

12q

'Lying under the filling [north] side and far end'

faience, including

fragments of resin (one showing inlay)

121

12n

Antechamber

12r

12s 12t

labels

The fin of the corridor as it appeared following removal of the outer

blocking, the

refilled robber's visible in the

tunnel clearly

top left-hand

comer.

71

l«tMft«l««««fM«««f1lt(l>t«l»t«m«(IIIU»t««tf till! tlttmiltMlttttfltf lilt ?tf«<«<(t«ft«««M««rtM •.,.-

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ui^i; at

ar.',

-1

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-:,:a.<

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;xt pai^i •\\V.

^'lll

I'f

.iriliKii

':

.,n

,

lar.

'a-:\

a

i
Aii:: y.'i; ai

li

":"'.\i:'!ai:.ril

aaa\: aiai iinpiai:

itanMi^. li'iia

i:'i~Uiai:i;

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~iir:ari-^ [iir

our f!rrinr luni;. a-

lli-iii

i ^:w\i A,:,

-..aa

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that ;a\

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llnw.arii

.

.

.

>

Cartf

( The impression is overwhelming. It is a sight I have never dreamed of seeing; the ante-chamber of a Pharaoh's tomb still filled with magnificent equipment .

.

.

still

was

standing as

it

was placed

there

when

the

tomb

last closed in antiquity. >

James Henry Breasted

placed in the pillared section of the burial chamber

Two of Tutankhamun 's

and

ritual couches,

anteroom preceding

For the Czech Egyptologist Jaroslav Cemy, this, the Antechamber, was the "Hall of Waiting' mentioned in documents of the Ramessid period. Between the objects a path had been cleared, in the

it.

and

three

the tangle

of chariot parts which dominated the southern end of the Antechamber.

by Carnarvon and Carter during tomb (p. 54). As an early photograph by Carter shows, the large Painted Box (no. 21) had certainly been moved between the time of the discovery and the start of photographing the Antechamber by Harry Burton perhaps

in part

their preliminary investigation of the

The Antechamber presented a chaos,

its

picture of organized

contents having been disturbed at least

twice following the original closure of the

tomb and

only roughly put back in order before the final resealing.

It

contained 157 numbered groups of 600

to 700 objects (nos. 14-171) of a type which, in a normal New Kingdom royal burial, would have been

on 18 December.

The ion,

clearance began in counter-clockwise fash-

starting with the funerary bouquets in the

79

^1

1 1

northeast

comer

(nos. 18

and 19a) and leaving the

The first object to be removed, on 27 December 1922, was the Painted Box (no. 21). 'Clearing the objects from the Antechamber was like playing a gigantic game of spillikins'. Carter and Mace record. 'So crowded were they that it was a matter of extreme difficulty to move one without running serious risk of damaging others, and in some cases they were so inextricably tangle of the chariots (nos. 120 et seq) to the end.

tangled that an elaborate system of props and supports had to be devised to hold one object or

'Ph Antfchamhi'r

group of objects in place while another was being removed. At such times life was a nightmare.' This nightmare finally came to an end on 16 February 1923: the

Antechamber stood empty save for the pair and 29), which would be

of guardian statues (nos. 22

removed at the on the tomb.

start of the following season's

work

(Opposite above) 'Wonderful things the west waO of the Antechamber as first seen. ':

(Opposite below) Hall

and

Hauser 's finished plan showing the Antechamber contents in situ. The path cleared to the

Annexe

doorway (probably at the time of Carnarvon and (Mrter's first entry) is clearly visible.

(Left)

The northeast comer

of the Antechamber, with Carnarvon and Carter's access-hole to the Burial

Chamber concealed behind a basket-lid and handful of reeds: the Painted Box (no. 21) has been repositioned with

its

fastening knobs

facing south rather than north as found.

81

lt««ft«ltl|f««ll««(flMI«tfMfltltlltM(IIIMIfl«*fll«l
TJic Ihtridl CJuiiubcr

\}mmmmmm\mmmmm\\\\\\}}}}m\}mmmm}m}

hv Us


r;

rutin,

The first objects Carter removed were elements from

Tlie opening:

two broad collars (no. 172) which had been dropped on the threshold by the tomb robbers. The work of clearance proceeded in an anti-clockwise fashion. Around the room, between the panels of the outermost shrine (no. 207) and the decorated walls were various objects: against the east wall stood a calcite lamp (no. 173), a resin- varnished wooden goose (no. 176), two reed and papyrus boxes (no. 178), a second calcite lamp (no. 174), and a wine jar

rest while

(no. 180).

over

tlie

Burial

Carter lakes a

Carnarvon peers

partially

Chamber

dismantled blocking.

Against the north wall was the ritual object

and eleven magical oars (nos. 182-92); in the northeast comer, the double shrine (no. 193) and an Anubis fetish (no. 194) in the form of an inflated

no. 181

animal skin

'full

of solutions for preserving or

washing the body' suspended on a pole. Against the west wall lay a second wine jar (no. 195); while in the southwest comer stood a second Anubis fetish (no. 202), as well as gilded wooden symbols which took the form of the hieroglyph res,

'to

awake'

(nos. 196,

199-201), and the clay supports on which they were

intended to stand (no. 198a).

A

large funerary

bouquet consisting of persea and olive (no. 205) also stood poignantly in the southwest comer of the Burial Chamber.

(Below) The entrance to the Burial Chamber, with three-

quarters of the sealed and plastered blocking removed to reveal the briUant blue

and

gold of the outermost shrine.

I!'ii:

i!

Ci':j: '.;

I'

ii:'

!llll>l,hll,l,.,ll:l„ln.l Ih, 1:1,11,1/ Chiiiiih,)'.

>/("/(;/«

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III,

Mii,,'lili,ii;H>.

>/»v«i.v.

III,

Ill,

IHilllV nil!, ii< s,;ill,

///.

,111,

I, ,1

llltlllll ,lllil ,ll'illll,l.

i(il>t
ni;i!!i

In, ,11

l:,iI>

h.

,111,1

>liivi,

.

III,

II,

III.

iiiiii;ii,il

lo.o
nlimh-huils

III

'I,

ii,,illi icii!

III,

ii-illi

l>i,
I"',

imcrira! n: lnvn:.

c:.r]

and southeast comers, stood a bundle of bows and other objects (nos. 212-19, 221-36) (p. 174). The spaces between the second and north-

sticks, staves,

was bare but

third (no. 238) shrines

for

a single

self

bow (no. 241). Between

the third and fourth (no. 239) were several items, most notably four bows and two groups of arrows (p. 174), and two fans (nos. 242-8)

and the quartzite sarcophagus (no. 240). Four concealed niches cut into the decorated walls

(no. 249),

of the Burial

Chamber

(p.

71) contained the 'magic

bricks' (nos. 257-60) (p. 135).

Dismantling the shrines and opening the sarcocoffins - comprising the bulk of the 88

phagus and

(p. 179).

Chamber contained (well over 300 individual pieces) - would take almost

pillar

eight months, from

Within the fourth shrine lay a large djedof painted wood (no. 250), a bundle of reeds

object-groups the Burial

November

to

May

1925.

85

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Treasury

TJic

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lllf ni)jfi-lS.

.' .

.

liunal ChanilxT. \\f

\cm\v,vC\ lu(]i>uir!) ain-

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The entrance to tlw Treasury was dominated In a majestic image o/Anubis, lord of the west, mounted upim a shrine equipped with carrying poles (no. 261).

(Below)

To Anubis's

right lay

a row ofjewel caskets (nos. 267-271), their sealed lids broken open and their contents rifled in antiquity: in

front of the canopic shrine, carefully

wrapped in

linen,

stood a gilded head of the

Hathor cow

(no. 264).

--is^

:^(.

rv:i\ri\ Willi

,M'i.

•(

l;iv ;ih

i

1.

beneath the southernmost of the three great noticed a small irregular hole in the wall. Here was yet another sealed doorway, and a plunderers' which, unlike the others, had never been repaired. hole, Cautiously we crept under the couch, inserted our portable light, and there before us lay another chamber, i Peering

couches,

we

rather smaller than the

first,

The Annexe

but even more crowded

with objects. i

The

state of this inner

room (afterwards

called the

Annexe) simply defies description. In the Antechamber there had been some sort of an attempt to tidy up after the plunderers'

but here everything

visit,

confusion, just as they

had

left

it.

was

Howard

The Annexe was

Clearance of the Annexe was to be difficnjlt indeed. Because of the clutter, 1 .8m (5ft lOsin) high in places, the excavators had to be suspended on ropes above

in

y

for Carter equivalent to

Carter

one of the

two side-rooms off the 'crypt' in a full-sized royal tomb of the 18th dynasty; for Cemy it was the specified

'House-of-repelling-the-bowmen'

docket of box Ik

(p. 190). It

was

the

chamber to the end of November,

Though

the

its

clearance would yield

of objects

- half the numbered

smallest of the chambers,

some 283 groups

in

the last

be cleared, work beginning at 1927, and ending in the spring of 1928.

groups from the entire tomb and well over 2,000 individual pieces.

The

material recovered

was very

thanks largely to the activities of the restoration party, who appear to have compounded varied,

the inconsistency of the original stocking robbers' destruction

by throwing

anything for which a satisfactory found in the Antechamber.

and the

into the

chamber floor (which lay more than a metre below that of the Antechamber) until sufficient space had been cleared for them to stand. Work proceeded slowly and carefully, south to north, the

room

home could not be

again employing props and supports to prevent the

mountain of furniture collapsing into a broken heap on the stone floor. To Carter's surprise, the original layout of the chamber could in due course be salvaged. The distribution of the objects had been rather more ordered than that which Carter first encountered, but the range of material had been just as disparate: "... firstly, nearly forty pottery wine-jars were placed

on

the floor at the northern end of this Annexe; next to

these were added at least thirty-five heavy alabaster vessels containing oils

and unguents; stacked beside

them, some even on top, were one hundred and sixteen baskets of fruits; the remaining space was then used for other furniture - boxes, stools, chairs and bedsteads, etc.

- that were piled on top of them.'

A

cutaway diagram of the

Annexe as found.

89

Tlir.\iiiU'\rli;i(ll)(viiinU'n(lr(Ulu'ii,as;isI(ira,u'(.' iin.uuciils,

(iiainbcr lur

llic

ininrd

|'ulaiiklianuiii.

willi

anidunt

nl

inaim.T

iii

nils,

iIkhikIi

and

llir

\\ines

ivdiuTd

spa.v available and \hv disornani/rd whu'li ihr limih xviiis lu have Ixvn

>ln.kcd had rcsnlU'd

knmV

loixls

hn\i'd iiu'al>l

in >iMiir o\rrll.nv (n.ilahlv llir iiiln

the AnUvlianilHT. In

lis

Uini.llir \nnrxrliads.iArda>ai-..nvciiU'ntslo|-a,uc

area lor

and

iliiii> sn.ii

oihri

Uciiir-

as

llic

which

hrds. rhairs. sluihti li.uun'S

ini.yhl.

wuli space, have been

inoiv appn^iinaU'ly plaaxl

m

llic

Ankvhanihrr

i>v

the TiTasur\\ •|'hr

liianihrr apprars lo havt' IxTii

M'alod hv

llic

sKH'km.i; of dir AnUxiianihfV hlorkiii.v; at

Ira.u-inrnls

tlic ..I

nid

nnr

.i;ypsnni

u'.

and lIuTnvlioiK.I

tlir

oi \hv rurndor; a luinilxT ol

plaslcr (no.

wliuii Vliowrd |a|rasl ol

had ronlamcd

llic last

luvrnixilis ollinals Ix'loiv die nnal

UHkll,

ilic llatU'iU'd disli

.mc

ol

whuii

arc probahlv lo be ass.Kaalcd wilh

diis aiicicnl closure.

I'iiotograplis taken by Harry Burton during ckarance of the Annexe. (Opposite) The

south end,

its

hopeless tangle

offunerary equipment surmounted by the wooden day-bed no. 377. (Above) The west wall, showing one of (Mrter's wooden props in place supporting the bed no.

466. (Left) The northeast comer, with the stool no. 467 precariously balanced beside

bed nos. 466 and 497.

•lt«*lflll«fflt«t«lfl«inl>tlttlH«l«IM«««t«)lflfMM)tt«tlfMtll«fM?Mf«««tl?t«tMltlMnf1

The Seal

Inipressio/is 111

The

n n ID n

(liior sfaliiij^s

ly]x-s ot

|{i,i;hl cli^lill^l

nial)l\'

lar,L;i-

Irniii

pri)(liict.tl

pt'i'haps sU'aliu-. Nserc cni])!!

hunal and

llu'

i\

od

cm

in

wdml.

,tv

iiu-nihti's nl

'i)\

ilit-

ii'Slni-aPun parlu-s to slanip the pla>U'i"fd

dutfi' Mirlacfs

of

M'a! niipro.-inii. proii-

iiiali'H't'>

and

Chamlxi' and thf

A

tomb,

type

I'lid

al du- cnlraiK't's inln die liunal

.Aiincxf.

lypt'S Carter assi.ijjned

d'ypes

t-nvlfd al nlhtT

ihi- bl(K'kin,i;s

lit

ciiiTidDr

To

blurred

dii'M- ci.uiit

A

die referenee lellers

11.

dak' Ironi die original (i(i>ui-e of die

(i

to

II

reelosures

the

followiiig

tb.e

robberies: for details of the distribution and Carter's

count of the seals, refer to the table. J';iL:iitiM,iii II 1,1111, <

inn

Ciii-diiui

Ih iirv i:n „sl,

,1.

sliiihliiii; niitsid,

to Ih,

,iilniii,,

mid

>,

,

II

of the lar.uc

ur^l

Ih,

hiinr,

,111,1

I,'

iiiipr, SSI,

imp, n,

HIS sliniijh

j'i,iilii,'i)i<^

IV, r,

lie ,L;Tnupiii,L;

Uii'se -eai- \\a-


iiiaiiiiti"

ill

(OiV-

a^ liaplia/aixi a>

wliieh lliey were linne.

eaeli oliieial Willi las seal dalihed a

iipressiiiiis abniit the iih,,ii

,1

erHmet(]r\r

,1

b\

lank spaces

\m1

bein.t; tilled

siiiiai'i'

up with

tile

I'^aeli

number

~eal.

ut

nf ihe jilaster. ihe

iiiipressinus nf

tlie !a^t

'I'liir^hs' ivhifli

i):ii,i' iviis lluiiiihi,

II,

li.lieiii

nin,,iis ,l„„r hl,„iiiws.

th,

up

Idle a\"er;i,t;e size

bricni b\-

Ih,

h'liih.

l:r,,i
,l,,iph,rth,

,1 ,1,1,1

1

2-1 n).

I

(,(ir,liihr

se,alin,L;s \\;is

III

i;

I-

pi, pllllltl,'ll 1,,

iippiiir

piil,h,',ili,,ii

,'i

I,,

I,'!'

III,

i,',,rh

d'liedisuabtitiiiii of the \"aiaou>

t\pes would indicate

ill,

lliat

mini l,,iiih.

not

in the

all setil

\anous

holders

>tai.;"es in

\\ai"e

the

present

cIosiiil;

at

or

iiudhed

of the tomb.

Hurial

Seal type

Key:

Corridii (no.

L'.S

X

1^8

;\iitcchainl)t>r .i)

t)

iK'Currenees ef the l\|v.

iiuiulx'r

iif

el

m'curreuio uneerlain

ChamlKT

Annexe

MBit

Tlie large door-seal

impressions (drawings after Carter):

A

'INehjkheprure, great of love in the entire land'

H

who

'Nehkheprure.

creates [images of] the

who makes festive

gods, tlie

temples with his

offerings

C

'Nehkheprure, King of

Upper and Umer Egypt, who spends liis bfe creating [images of] tliey

tlie

may give

gods, that

to

him C)

the breath of life, incense, libations

and offerings

every day'

D

Osiris

and

temple as first

E F

X:^AJ7V

who

'Nebkheprure, creates [the

image of]

builds his

it

was on

the

occasion

'Nebkheprure' 'Nebkheprure. beloved of Imentet. Osiris

and

Anubis'

G

'Anubis their

[i.e.

the

four subject people 'sj overlord'

The seal at lower

^\shi-x^'

right is

Carter's drawing of type D.

The

object sealings

(Left)

A photograph of the

blocked In addition to the large door-seals, several smaller

impression

types of seal

were found attached

(sometimes with a counter seal as corroboration) to lengths of cord or linen employed to close boxes and other objects within the tomb. Carter noted

11

types,

and plastered

entrance to

Burial

tlie

Cliamber. stamped over

its

entire surface with

impressions of seal types A, B. Q?). E, F, and G. The reseated robbers hole at the '

to

which he attached the reference

number

letters I-S,

a

of these displaying in their design certain

correlations with the larger door sealings.

These

smaller sealings had been produced by pushing a signet into a pat of

mud

to

produce a

clear, relief

impression. Signets of this sort appear to have been

bottom of the doorway, breached by Carnarvon and Carter and concealed behind basketwork tid no. 26, carried impressions of seal type H. (Below) The viceroy

presented by the king to officials acting in his name,

receives his seal

and

detail from the

in their details to

individual.

One

occurs also in ring

to that

of the seal impressions, type N,

Tomb

may have

have been unique

55;

ofKush

of office: a Theban tomb

of AmenhotepHuy (No. 40).

whoever the owner of the

been, he not only took part in the

stocking of Tutankhamun's tomb, but played a crucial role also in the

There probably

is all,

little

Amama reburial (p.

20).

doubt that the majority, and

of the smaller sealings are contempor-

ary with the original tomb closing.

It

has been

suggested that one of the smaller sealings from the

tomb - type R

contains a version of the prenomen

Neferkheprure (i.e. Akhenaten); but the break might

prenomen of Tutankhamun. Two other seal-t>T5es - Q and S have been considered later in date than the inter-

just as easily conceal a reading of the

^;

^\. :t^ *r^

^riir^^y 93

c

'

I'lii'iici;

.\\

:

:

i!i;

pii

i:i

-iiiir

-luriiiiraiA'c

'11111:

A>

111

;

ire;:!/.

%!i,;4

a

lia'iiiv^ ilii' rnii'tH-ric-

.A

^?/

Y^jy

Tii';:i.k!;::ii.ii:,'~

^i

a;:-

/:

^,

\^^^y

-iiixr--'

i:ii. 'iu

iii

luiir!

ilu- ininij.

/

:^

v^^;

'\

i

Now

that the

whole door was exposed

to light

it

was

possible to discern a fact that had hitherto escaped notice - that there had been two successive openings

and

re-closings of a part of its surface.

then

was not absolutely

Plunderers had entered once.

.

intact as it,

.

.

.

we had

and entered

it

The tomb

hoped.

The Robberies

more than

.7

.

Howard

Carter

The

replastered and sealed hole in the outer doorway had forewarned Carnarvon and Carter

whatever the nature of

that,

chamber,

underground

this

The damage

contents would not be intact.

its

disorganized

state

of

the

the

deposit,

sustained by several objects and the discernible lack solid metalwork, bedding, glass, oils and unguents were marks of the ancient Egyptian tomb robber. The Annexe was the worst affected: 'One [robber] - there would probably not have been room

of

more than one - had crept into the chamber, and had then hastily but systematically ransacked its entire contents, emptying boxes, throwing things aside, piling them one upon another, and occasionally passing objects through the hole to his comfor

panions for closer examination in the outer chamber.

He had done his work just about as thoroughly as an earthquake.'

The

excavators'

was

first inclination

to date the

when the Theban west bank was being plagued by a serious spate of tomb robbery. It was a conclusion they soon disturbance to the late 20th dynasty,

had

to revise. Breasted 'reminded Carter that the

tomb

of

Thutmose [Tuthmosis] IV

.

.

.

had

after a

mwf^jfnmmwmmnmmwmmm^^mf'fnwmmm at the

time of the

first

reclosure of

Tutankhamun's

tomb (p. 38). A number

of objects was recovered from within and beneath the corridor fill, including stone jar lids, splinters of gilded wood, fragments of gold, a bronze arrowhead, razors and a gilded bronze staple (p. 189). These pieces, it seems, had been dropped at the tomb entrance by the first band of robbers, and were later gathered up with the rubble employed to fill

the corridor.

Where

material appears to have

can be

it

identified, this

come exclusively from

the

Antechamber: the gold elements originated from the 'corslet' found in box 54 (p. 190); the bronze staple had been wrenched off the semicircular box no. 79 + 574, while the arrowhead those broken from the arrows

is conceivably one of in the Antechamber. Although Carter had concluded that the first band of robbers had had access to the entire tomb, the second to the Antechamber and Annexe only, the evidence would seem to indicate the opposite

sequence. Carter's

The box

king's white-painted bow(no.

370) as found on the end of still showing

floor at the southern the Annexe,

view that the

group of thieves were would seem to be borne

first

robbery been restored by Tutenkhamon's almost

interested primarily in metal

immediate successor. King Harmhab [Horemheb]. ... If another royal burial had suffered robbery soon

out by the materials which

may

be associated with

what Carter identified as the of one of the

dirty footprints

tomb-robbers.

Tutenkhamon's death, might not the same also have entered his tomb?' The argument for a near contemporary plundering of the tomb was compelling, and one for which the evidence offers considerable support after

robbers

The

.

.

first

.

robbery

There can be

little

doubt that the entrance corridor

was empty at the time the first illicit entry was made. The earlier breach in the entrance blocking was positioned too low to have allowed a passage to have

been successfully burrowed through the mass of loose chippings in the corridor beyond. Moreover,

the original plastered surface of the inner doorway,

unlike the replastered hole,

pressure of the chipping

was immarked by

fill,

the

suggesting that the

main plaster coating had been long dry when the rubble

was

beneath the

introduced. fill

which appear

Carter

recovered

from

a number of fragments of objects

have been stored in the corridor at first break-in. This material had evidently included the king's embalming refuse and to

the time of the

remains of the so-called 'funerary meal' discovered by Davis in 1907, packed in a series of large ceramic storage jars in Pit 54 where they had been reburied

95

r^ ^t^ C'

!hi> iJhasi' II:':.

:

/,(,
-i.i.i

niii;<

innTiiK .

ivlun:

:!•! ii:l.>

<,v/.

nil,

ml"

III,

mill

I

'I'hi

/,,;/

I III,

."

n. hill r

riiiii;lil

llu-

in

llic

(

il

riit)i)ci'\

hilUT

in

.

I,ir,rij

aiul

shii])])iiiL; lisl.

i"(il)l)i.'i>'

t'liniiiiiKlily

v\\w\ fiiuld nui

haw

n

i>iiu'!k>

w rrralM

i

Tlir in;rii(!ci>' iiilcrrsl

clc'ii'h

ncrurrrd

indicaU's ihal

\fai> alu-r

iiian\

\W \W

<,,i

l^niu's hui'ial:

hit, I

and

llii

;//(!,> Iii<<(,l i'liii;

liiiiih iiy

on

iiilii'fii

imJili i-uidv

'!'.

;v,/, y,'/A'

I

,,ih

i-.,u\pliaii

in llic hdl l-;,y\i)nan

n

i>iiuiu-s

wciT lal-haM-d

climate thru' iik'-span will

ha\-i- ixt-ii Iimilcd.

iii>i,

dial a ii;ain

ill,

Wdiild

''"'"/""''--'""'"''

'''lit'

The

second robbery a\"ailal)lf

-iTund jxTidd

I'Mdcp.iT III"

^j^^^—^^ ,^k^~^^^\

men

lia\-f lakcii

wnukl

du-d war-

>u,u"Kt'Sl

nnn-i- i-\u-n>j\c

die

llial

dian die

(

)mf

in.

'

K^

wiii l-.aw l)rf>rr,;rd lar m..^^

vw.vw tarui-

!:i->;

;ia>>in,u

^nnic

^ kiiui> [n

7

in-i;,ll^.(j cliip-!ill

ai)]H'ars a 111

i

ha\r

"

l\inei-ai-\-

-

ir.iei'esi

:.

ni i-u:i:iK'

d;,i;

a Uinnrl

dir

cnmdnv.

acci»

:.

>

all

acin n\ uidan dir

hriT. rr>;nclfd

li

•

rriiii i\-

die km.Lr's U'Wrl t'aske',> and uiiM-alnii;

nneiifdu'blafk \-aniishrd shrines

V

S^§\\J''" ^

-ii

du' roi)lx-i> a;)iH'ar lu haxc had;

die lids

r-'.inia'.rt:

back ba>kr:s

])ar;s nf ihr 'aimh. ihnu.til! dicir l'i"far-iir\'

,

iti

I;

ihr

'liar,

dinm.uh die ncwlv

ni.t;

\

iiricl.

f(|ua,ll\

il

i.fa chalkii.iic

li.mires C'arlei'

iwliuii

was

able a

cimlainin.u; .mided.

;)rii\ed >

e>iiiiiale.

'.n

lie

Ii'i iiii

in\ en'a

ir\

Annexe - 'seem

have been

dockets scribbled at the time of the funeral, that

Carter in the

some 60 per

as great a hurry as the thieves, and their work of

cent of the jewellery originally con-

tained in the Treasury caskets

had been

stolen,

rep)aration

to

in

almost

fearful

vessels.

restoration party succeeded in restoring a superfi-

A

knotted scarf of linen containing

solid gold rings'

'a

had been tossed casually

the boxes in the Antechamber.

any

them.'

case, with If so,

some

cial

into one of

shrines broken open by the thieves

'We are almost forced

stake, as represented in this

members, perhaps, of the very party which had

Uerogfyph.

ened stake.

The

officials

the

responsible for resealing the

tomb -

who undertook restoration Tuthmosis IV burial (Tomb 43) in Year 8

Horemheb, and whose scribbled his name on a

assistant, calcite jar

decayed cosmetic.

subjects of one of his immediate successors -

Ramessid counterparts:

by impalement on a sharp-

perhaps led by Maya,

with marks of the robber's fingers stiU visible in the

of

The fate of the captured robbers will probably later

was resealed. Chamber and Ante-

Djehutymose,

still upon had stolen

so very much of the jewellery from the Treasury was

the bastinado, followed

in the Burial

of

of the plunder

the second group of robbers

have been that of their

The breaches

(Above left) Calcite vessel (no. 435), as seen from above,

chamber blockings were reclosed, plastered over and stamped with the necropolis seal - the jackal over nine bound captives. The hole dug through the Corridor fill was packed anew, and the dismantled portion of the Corridor blocking made good and resealed. The seal employed was again that of the necropolis administration. It was the same seal as that which had been employed following the first break-in, an indication that the two separate instances of theft were not far apart in time. There seems little doubt, therefore, that Tutankhamun's burial had been robbed, on both occasions, by the

from the burial on more than the one occasion, since gone.

order to the burial, though none of the boxes or

handful of

to the conclusion that the thieves were either trapped within the tomb, or overtaken in their flight - traced, in

of

<^

was sadly scamped'. Perhaps they were drawing attention to the tomb. The

together with a whole series of precious-metal

stand found by

(Above top) The king's jewelcaskets Hned up within the entrance to the Treasury.

The

seals

had been broken

in

antiquity, the contents

ransacked. The restoration

party repacked what was

left,

a

replacing the lids to achieve

semblance of order. (Above) The ultimate fate of tomb-robbers and enemies of the state:

impalement on a

buried him. (Below

left)

Hieratic graffito

tomb of Tuthmosis IV (No. 43). dating from the restoration carried out under Horemheb and recording the name of the necropolis scribe

in the

Djehutymose. This same man had scribNed his name on a jar stand (no. 620: 1161122) in the

tomb of Tutankhamun

(below right).

•}

97

mmmi jtfinniimflflft^ The realization that the tomb had been robbed in antiquity was tempered by the discovery that the robbers had not penetrated beyond the outermost gilded shrine: Tutankh-

amun still reposed within his sarcophagus and coffins, just as the priestly burial party had

him

left

thirty centuries

before.

Egyptologists had a shrewd idea of what to expect: a papyrus in Turin preserved a plan of the burial of Ramesses IV in position, his stone sarcophagus surrounded by five shrines and a linen pall; while a document (Papyrus Amherst) dating from the 20th dynasty provided a graphic description of a king's mummy lavishly adorned with jewels and accompanied by his

weapons

(p. 111).

an interview with The Times on 18 December 1922, Lord Carnarvon gave free rein to the ultimate archaeological fantasy. 'I shall expect [the sarcophagus] to be of alabaster ... I expect it will be filled with flowers and will In

contain the royal regalia. In the sarcophagus I shall first expect to find the ordinary wooden coffin. Inside there will

probably be a second coffin of thin wood, lined with finely chased silver. Inside this, again, there will be a coffin of thin

wood, richly

will be,

I

gilt.

Then we

shall find the

mummy.

It

'V^

conjecture, encased in sheet gold about the

thickness of the tin used for

making tobacco-boxes. The

mummy will have gold bracelets at the wrists, gold rings and a gold plate on the side where the abdomen was opened. His fingernails and toenails will be inlaid with gold. Enclosed with him in the coffins will probably be other precious royal objects. I shall also expect to find the richly ornamented vessels in which the heart and other internal organs are at the ankles, a gold collar and breastplate,

preserved, and

it

will,

no doubt, have a

finely

on the lid.' No one could have guessed how much reality, would exceed even the wildest speculation.

worked

portrait of the king

Tutankliamun 's gilded and

richly inlaid

second

for once,

coffin (no. 254).

jUwnWWMIttfe cJ^JJWWBBBWR-

II'

iw^

—m

i\

\

m^m^ IV

Pharaoh's Burial

TJic Slirines

and Sarcophagus

liiiiiici;K:lrl\

:)fi:in(i

'lir

roiil'njiiu-d

wiiod

ai

\w

~!!i"ir.i>

>ra;i>iii>

Were

rai'rlull\

at

a(ii)])fi--!)')un(l

it-

inwcr

i-a>k'rn i-nd uilli

(kmbk-

wiTc

':)\

sliu!

nia-suc. >il\rr riiaut: >la'j)lo> nil

ford

(kinr

t'ai.-li

audi

bindiiii;-

iifidiei-

I'liixl 11(11-

tlir

iiid

Si-i-(

and

iHTscn; and

cupix-i-

had

Niiw iHirlufJ r,ir,iiilly

srnlioliliiii;.

rolll'urhtlu

tacfs ha\

hnnn, llu'

hill

II t'lill

nn

I

i'lisi

liin. _!(>'.>!

l(.i-i-ilyin,yi\"

which lay

a iiilili il iniiiu ii-'irk dm. inrtul IhIioiii Hi, iir
conlinrs of

iKisihli

hiiiii,

Cm-

mill

a

hnl

ini.i

\\\,<

I

shniii',

!|i.iul;!i oil

M-al>

ci 'i-dlni

du'ir

Ix-cn

wi-i-i-

owmu

sraktk

ycs^d suv

,i;ikle(i

in shi-inka.ut'

shniics sn ilosrh

and

\M!l;in

funlu-r

an,djl;llk-diiiii>ui die

had ncwr

Ira.yik'.

dun-

r.-

v.,*,\>

nl"

lilk-d

ihr

suifly ciianibcr ihal

llu-

sitimus

al

hundi-i-dwci.uhl

(Uliu'hin.t,'

ami half a

loni

anil

lnmb prnved nn i'as\- task. As Cai'kT ri'cnrds. 'We hunipt'd niir heads. nip]X'd our hn,t;ei"S. we liad Id s(.]Utv/e m and uul like weasels, and wciik in all kinds ,\\ I'nilianassin.i; ixisitiniis' ivni(i\-al

'I'll,

ih.c

llic

The

iiu;i'i-nio>i

llirsr

plan's paru-d

in

disas.M'nii)l\b(.l\\i'rn

Slllllll s.

iii.u

base uimd.

siaplo:

ihc

upcs

loiirdi (inniTniii>n sliianr

,'i!

ai

ki;irt!

>lK:ir..L;

\\as in i-xadciu-r,

lliii-d shi-iiit^.

in'.aci (M-al

.il

kkaak. sk.niic,

Ixtii iiUtiidoi! lo vrt-fi\c a

On

sral.

st'alm.i;

iaryc-i'

uiinr..-

1)>

wa,-

i). il',>

lli.diir-^

,,\

Tin-

iii-iiri/u,

f(i,L'i-.

wcrr

Tla- wai:

la:r!'.ar.

w w,-^; \\i«<..

kikiirii; (knii^.

fhiMiy

IliirKii

a wall mi aikii-i;

lu-k; !ii,m-!luT

Tlmrr. wmikI am;

'lak, Cl;ri>l >

hflii

,,\

i'>iiicrr(;

actiai-,

III'

blur

hnlliar.:

iin;rl'inn>'.

•,l:r

oi

!h-

i

'hr

iMllr,';,i;ik--

l-i>

lia: a;)i)cai"f(: a

\\\\\\

iiilaifi

;)ro\r(l

w

1)\

•!

:)l..i-kinL;

Ll'.aiiiitt-r er.-.i-arai-. L.-ii-'rr ;;r,(l

h'lini

dii-

ii'Ai iiiiiiiil ill ilii .<: III! iiiiu.l;,

iiiiiilil/iil III iiisiili

hiii-k

siiiik-nliij

Iwiiihif

ii,iil,iiiiii.
FIRST . (OUTER)

SHRINE

ill,

iiii

till

iiiyl

(lilt, '^o'l'l.

I'iul

h\-

the end of ihe seeond season, afler 'ei.tlhu

tourda\"so| real manual labour'. einployiiii;onl\- die

most pianiilue of

liflin.y-j^ear.

die

work

of disniant-

had been completed: the wall panels lay propped against the walls of the Burial Chamber, their roof sections in the Antechamber. Conservation began in 1928, using up over half a ton of paraffin wax; two seasons later the shrines were ling

strong enough

Museum where

to

be transported to the Cairo

they could be properly examined.

The outermost shrine The outermost 3.28m

207)

(no.

measures 5.08 by and 2.75m (9ft) high.

of the four shrines

by

(16ft Sin

10ft

%m)

Constructed from heavy panels of 32mm (liin) thick cedar, the surfaces both inside

gilded

with

and

inlaid. In

and out are gessoed,

shape, this outermost shrine,

battered walls

its

and double-sloping

roof.

bears a close resemblance to the s^rf- festival pavilion in

which the king achieved rejuvenation and rebirth. had been chosen as much

In Carter's view, the shape

for aesthetics as ritual requirement:

'owing to the

great depth of the shrine, a single sloping roof would

The

Professor Newberry

linen pall (no. 209)

Between the

first

and second outermost shrines had

have necessitated its elevated curved front to have been in height far out of proportion with the rest of

been erected a poorly constructed nine-piece gabled framework (no. 208) of gessoed, varnished and

the structure.'

gilded

wood - 4.32 by 2.93m (14ft 2in by 9ft Zfin) and

2.78m

(9ft

The

and rear panel of

sides

the shrine are

decorated with double tyet-knot amulets of Isis and djed-

('stability')

dazzling

effect,

background.

hieroglyphs

of

Osiris,

set,

to

against a brilliant blue faience

A pair of protective wedjat-eyes decor-

what was intended

be the shrine's north

side,

but as erected these eyes actually faced south.

The

ate

to

two doors each carry a rectangular panel with a representation in sunk relief: that on the left a headless and pawless leonine creature; that on the shrine's right door panel a seated divinity with twin-

feather headdress, grasping

an ankh or

'life'

sign. In

Hin) high. Over

this

209), 5.5

by 4.4m

by 14ft 5iin), made up of sewn together, decorated in diameter - marguerites

(18ft iin

with large - 4.7cm

(liin)

which had been sewn on to the fabric at intervals of 19.5 and 22cm (7f and 8|in). To the American Egyptologist J.H. Breasted, this pall was 'like a night sky spangled with stars.' Although the excavators expended a great deal of time and ingenuity on the preservation of this extremely fragile item, which had torn apart from the weight of of gilded bronze

bronze sequins,

suffered irremediable

damage

through having been

Book of the Dead spells 1, 134 and 141-2, and from the Book of the Divine Cow (the legend of the

period Carter and his team were locked out of the

around)

is

vultures.

decorated with winged solar discs and 13

removal from the tomb, preparatory to conservation.

several widths of material

its

middle section

its

had been crookedly

shrine are heavily inscribed, with extracts from

The inside of the roof (the of which was put on the wrong way

209) after

spread a coarsely woven, dark brown linen pall (no.

contrast with the exterior, the inside surfaces of the

Destruction of Mankind).

and his

wife unroll the fragile linen pall (no.

it

tomb and laboratory 'Mr. Carter's agitation

the precious object

left

out in the open during the

(p. 66):

on discovering the condition of intense, but he contented himself it's your pall, not mine,

was

(Below) The complex of closely nested shrines filling

the Burial right) the

Chamber:

(left to

outermost shrine

(no. 207); the framework

shrines (nos.

237

239):

and

with the remark, "Well, anyway,

the quartate sarcophagus

and

(no. 240).

it's

the only one in the world.'"

and

paB (nos. 208-209): the second third and fourth

101

•:,/<

•Hi

l;ik:1"i:i;!1!

inuirrvM

:lir

'<'.

liaiicl I'^uTir^

:;

iju;:

ii-l,;:

'';,

,,;

-nr.iL'ii' ui:ik-i'\>.-"rii;

i\
ii'i-

^-.i;:!!:!;!!;

:!:•,(:

:

:;

.>.

i:'

.'I'lhri:

'wn

a;;(;

:

>lr,iH-.>

:1:

irr\\..-la ciull'.r

l)cai;. ir.\ci'Kiii,L; 'In- J
The

uiuKTwiirk!. ai-c

sliriiif

aM\v>.

nukk'i^ of spells 111

Kl

l.'l.'l.

insiiibi'd (if

wiih 1

IS.

One

•']

'':'a

ij

ir-aia: !)aak

pai-.rJr

><]

:1k

r^

!-a(-,>

c,

:"\

\i,L:r,iiU>

>ui;ii rriu-; >;)cli

1

Aimtk.ci"

\

mao:

lllu'

l,'^

of lu-a\i-ia aiui

louv

ilu-

ilkisli-au-~

i.uiirtU'

1:,

The baak panel

(if

ik.i'

shniie

wuh

i~

kJdok

17, a slalniii'iil of lh(L-Milard(n';rir.c.

imerrslin.t; feaiuivoflhis shrir.f

i-finscribfil. Tlif

mmv

I'artdiKiios rcxcals ibat tbf

is

;hal

bi"illianl Kildin,u

i'.

l;a^

'>\

ihv

nonirn 'riuankbainur.'

was uriunidX'iTandi'iKinal nania.ai'dnipdnanl (if wbaali. aix'iirdin.tj lo Carli'i'. was -ait-nk

pat'l

liMia

::.

aiK;

ii'f-

\

1

,r.':V.v]

>;)(.-r:

1

'•',

1,

third shrine (no. 238) Tulankhaniun's

tbird df

|'bt'

design

t(i

ibc

is

nf similai-

skipin.t;"

rodf aiui

10 b\- l.fL'm (lib somewbal smaller dimensions liin b\" lib :');inl, willi a maNinuim bei.udil of Lkblm ,'k

(Rif^hli

Oirln's

llw


Sdiiiiil sliruii

a;

a'^k

±c

i:

laa,-^

!:,

..;

I.-m^I ;1:c (if

Mw^

la m1 ,!;,•

i

)ca,i;, ar.i:

luui" i"ani-l;ra(;i-(; .Liuard'.aa:

raak.

"la-

,LTa.>i)in,:;

n-piTMiiaii

••]'

:\\''

a.^ hiiinaa'.-hi-ai'kt;.

air.i-kipf-k.i'adfc; ni- iTi>a'Kiiir-l'.ra(:ri'..

Tk.f

m-idu a

(k'Si.L,'!:

aailin.i;

;lu-

itk.

disc.

waii.Lied

xuluirc, a "f

mi; ;lic

w

si.\;k.

sb.rinc

\"ari(iii> .l;(k:>.

end arc sbuwii

a

i":

imI

fx'a'Mi

.-iiiiklar

!';\c

iialaraTti Mr.

l^

iv

deadra'adii,

\iil;uivs.

:i;i-

i'(iiia|)ri>ir..i;

-cvpria-hfadcd.

a

\uluiia-and a falona Tlu' irau'r\\ajl> aiv ik-oirak-d

wbalc l>is

or. ib.c

cmiv

ir.sicii.-

and Nk'pbUi\>.

ou'.spia-adi lo ])rd;i\", ;lia

pr(nTs>i(in>

\vi;h

ibrir

])aiU'ls

(pf

and

\\iii,l;s a,t;aii'.

daaupaa:

(no.

239)

mnmiids; df Tutankb.anninV fdur >l!nrAuk'asuia-s l'.;icii; b\- lb bHiiii. aiui bitlni ((ill li^inl bii,'b. and was I'onsinieledi from l',\e sep.acale seebons,

.\

reiu'esentaiion

ibe prebislone d'akkx- of die

m

niiniauii-e of

Noi'ib.', '.be /'

r-;,',7,

i!s

ibdtaiiii

shiin-in^ tin Duthiid

alldcbituni

1;

I-

riu-

sbrint's

witb a

second,

.::<-

Ti:.-

The innermost shrine

The

-i:i'ii;c :.:v

-.,•,-

Waa'

.:

-.a

;;(

i:

,

'hr -h:-ii;i-arra>ar::)it: w;:!:

lull]- lit_Taki>,

\airiini-i\

~h!i- •; 'he

r!--iii;>

Aaiaaa:i

r^•Ilr^•^lnIa;lMI;^

kraAoaial

aclduiiiiial tf\;> finiii ^l)eH~ Kin.

kiiifl) (k'liiu'ak-d liiei'ii.LjKphs

ill

Uu'DeadsiX'll

brrn

!)iill

lu'avciil. 2.

and

1

ihr

r-uiu

Irl':

wi'h

liunk nf \hv Dcac;

illii>lraiir.i;-

cck->u:i\

aiid

ri.^hi

(liTMi-;iU'c:

.^ali--

:l',f

Thr

laii'^ii:-,

wiii; a:irn:ui'(;

I-:

(11(1.

of

mninf the In

L':!7l.

the shriins.

ilisiiimitliiih'

mdi

Oirl( r inHiiil n

riiru ly

ni jniiitini; liiiiiiiiiina

uifludDiu

till

ttr

siiiHiii

siiinolh mini. Ilk irhih'd

d

,i;lii(

Ilii

ti

iniiit.

ii:in

III' .^iiiiih

mid

I'hiiii iiiiln

tlh

mid

ini
.

Iniiiiis. stidi

Construction .

pairs

li

The spaee

/((.w/e

in

the Burial Chanilxr

Ciirlir

iiiiiit.

had hull

iinlnl tlKitthiwoiid siiti/'liid in

innir or

stiindiird ruts

lis.<

hiilkf. jihiilks.

and

diid.<. hiittni.i

.

seetions

i.Xbmi rinhlllhh

many jiiiiii

»> '

phnliiiirapln

shi'iius.

m

tin

nim'h.< in ntii

nn the

and plaivd

in

order

was so

been iiUnKlueed

a,t;ainst

in

die walls kir

first and outerniost last. More marks had Ixrn either seralelied

ereetion innermost

than

b'lll

joiners'

into the metal or painted

show

III

available

nulls

reslrieled ihal ihe shrines h.ad till

not onl>'

how

on

in black,

intended to

the various sections titled

lo.^ether but also their correct orientation.

practical reasons, ix'rhaps.

was

i,i;nored,

ixisilioned

.at

and the

llie

l'"or

correct orieiualioii

d(K)rs of all four shrines

the east rather than the west end of the

cliamlx'r. where, b\ ilk'

more space difliculties

Tieasur\ doorway, there was V.wn so, the eiavtion of no easy matter. N'rious

kn' niano(.ii\rin.«.

the shrines had proved

had been etu-ountei\'d when

that the ,s;ircopha.i,;us alter choppin.i:

was

iniiennost shrine at

it

was kiund

sli.uhtly out of true:

awa\ the inner surkice stnite.i;ic ixunts,

of

the

e\en

tlu' til

continued

and joints ix'tween the side and end had to lx> left ,t;apin,u, I'roblems with the third shrine were resolved b\- biaite knee, with hammer blows still in e\iclence on the .i;ilded corners. to Ix'

ti,i;ht

.sections

roof

is

barrel-vaulted, decorated in bas relief with

kneeling figures of

Isis,

Nephthys, Selkis and Neith,

Anubis dogs and vultures, each on a pylon. The right and alternating with wedjat-eyes, recumbent

left

side panels carry respectively a procession of

Imsety, Anubis,

Duamutef and Geb, and

of Hapy.

Anubis, Qebhsenuef and Horus between figures of

Thoth supporting the sky; the end panel and outside door panels carry protective images of the winged Isis

and her

The

sister

Nephthys.

ceiling of the innermost shrine is decorated

with a magnificent representation of the goddess Nut, again with outspread wings, flanked by the falcon-headed Horus. Isis and Nephthys again guard the doors, while the interior wall panels carry the text of spell 17

from the Book of the Dead.

The sarcophagus 'The decisive

moment

moment was

at hand!

for the archaeologist!

what did

An

that fourth shrine contain?

excitement

I

drew back the

doors; they slowly

swimg

indescribable

What was beneath and With intense and unsealed

open, and there, filling the

any further an immense yellow quartzite

entire area within, effectually barring

progress, stood

sarcophagus,

intact,

with the

place, just as the pious

embrace.

bolts of the last

lid still

hands had

its

it.

Howard

decorated with one horizontal and six vertical columns of deeply incised hieroglyphs, and, at its westemmost end, an incised wedjat-eye. The east and west ends of the box are similarly inscribed with a single horizontal band of text and a further 14 is

firmly fixed in

left

A cavetto comice at the top edge of the box

balanced at the bottom by a dado of double tyetand djed-amuleis. Each long side of the sarcophagus is

Carter

The mismatched granik

lid

of the rectangular quartzite sarcophagus (no. 240) as first revealed,

with the crack

running across the middle.

verticals.

As Carter records, 'When Carter and I opened the doors of the third and fourth shrines and beheld the massive stone sarcophagus within, I felt for the first time the majesty of the dead Pharaoh's actual presence

James Henry Breasted

our

and 1.47m (4ft 9Jin) high, the king's golden-yellow sarcophagus (no. 240), carved from a single block of the hardest quartzite, was supported at each comer upon a block of calcite. The sloping lid, with its winged sun disc at the head end and three vertical columns of incised hieroglyphs, was of red granite, painted to match the yellow of the sarcophagus box. Carter suggested that

it

by 1.47m

(9ft

by

4ft 9Jin)

was perhaps a replacement

for the intended

which had not been ready in time for the funeral. The lid had been cracked across the centre, owing lid,

perhaps to some accident at the time of its hurried installation. This crack had been filled with gypsum,

which was

itself

colour of the

The

touched up to blend in with the new

lid.

decoration of the sarcophagus

is

dominated

by the four tutelary deities Isis, Nephthys, Selkis and Neith,

carved in high

relief

to

the

traditional

pre-Amama, 18-square grid and delicately picked out in colours. They stand at each of the comers of the monument, their winged arms outstretched to envelop the box in a protective proportions of the

sarcophagus]

lid.'

by passing angle irons beneath the long edges of the lid, permitting 'it to be raised by differential

was resolved. On was brought into play:

pulleys as one piece', the difficulty

12

lid

2.74

crack greatly complicated

But,

Febmary 1924

the tackle

the ropes tightened

Some

'the

final effort, the raising of [the

slowly

and the ton and a quarter granite the air. The supreme moment

lifted into

The west or head end of the beautifully modelled

sarcophagus (no. 240), towards which the faces of the four tutelary goddesses here Isis (right) and Nephthys (left)

- are turned.

Ht«
The

Coffins

(fiiimTttTrrnrrnfnnnfnMnM""'"""""""""'"''"'"'"""'"

I

In-

ouUm- collin (no.

'2.->'A)

The second

The

254)

coffin (no.

The original design

of the outermost coffin's

included four silver

handles - two

enable

it

to

be safely lowered

in

had to each side - to position. Now, on 13 lid

October 1925, three millennia later, these same handles would be employed to raise it. According to

was a moment as anxious as exciting.' But was lifted without great difficulty, and the

Carter,

the

'It

lid

third coffin (no. 255)

Unlike the outermost

coffin, the lid of the second had not been furnished with handles, and its removal was further hampered by the fact that the

coffin

10 gold-headed silver nails holding

not be fully withdrawn while

Here again the surface was concealed beneath a decayed shroud of linen (no. 254b), itself obscured by

sufficiently for 'stout

(no.

found by Davis

in

254a) not dissimilar to those Pit

54

(p.

Around

38).

the

on Pharaoh's brow, over the shroud, was a small wreath of olive leaves, blue lotus petals and cornflowers (no. 254a (1)). protective deities

Before the linen covering

was drawn

in place

fitting outer shell. Carter faced the task

The

garlands

it

could

lay in the close-

with the

sang-froid he reserved for his Egyptian endeavours.

anticipated second anthropwid coffin revealed.

floral

it

pins of the second coffin were withdrawn

copper wire' to be attached;

'Strong metal eyelets' were then screwed into the

edge of the outer

coffin

and the two separated by

lowering the outer shell into the sarcophagus while

hung suspended. The removal of the second coffin's lid was accomplished in a

the inner fragile

similar fashion: eyelets were screwed into the edge

mask of Tutankhamun 's innermost TTie breathtaking

coffin (no. 255), the

most

magnificent ever brought to light,

beaten from sheet gold

and embellished with chasing and inlay.

back. Carter

and his team decided to remove both the delicate lower half and contents of the outermost coffin from the sarcophagus. The delicacy of the gessoed and inlaid surface necessitated that this

be achieved with

handling as possible - by inserting steel pins through the inscribed tenons of the outermost coffin

as

little

and employing pulleys. It was, as Carter records, a task 'of no little difficulty'. But it was carried through without incident, and the coffin was deposited upon trestles resting upon the rim of the sarcophagus box.

The second coffin was in due course revealed as even more magnificent than the first, 2.04m (6ft 8^in) long. Constructed

from a

still

unidentified wood, the

surface was again found to be overlaid with gold foil.

The use of inlays, however (which had suffered from the presence of damp and showed a disconcerting tendency to fall out), was far more extensive than on the outermost coffin. Details, such as the stripes of the wwfs-headcloth, eyebrows, cosmetic lines

and

beard were inlaid with lapis-blue glass (the inlays of

somewhat decayed). The uraeus on was of gilded wood, with a head of blue

the headcloth the forehead

faience

and inlays of

red, blue

and turquoise

the head of the vulture, Nekhbet,

wood

was

glass;

also of gilded

and, like the image of the outermost coffin,

with a beak of dark black

wood (probably ebony)

and eyes of obsidian. The symbols of divine kingship, the crook and the flail (held in the left and right hands respectively), were inlaid with lapis-blue and turquoise glass and blue faience. A broad 'falcon collar'

picked out with inset pieces of brilliant red,

blue and turquoise glass showed at the king's throat,

with two similarly inlaid bracelets modelled at the wrists.

The

entire surface of the

risfe'-pattem,

though

coffin, the feathers

body was decorated

here,

were each

in

unlike the outermost inlaid with jasp)er-red,

The places of Isis and Nephthys were taken by the winged vulture goddess Nekhbet and the winged uraeus, Wadjit; here again the figures were inlaid with pieces of red, blue and lapis-blue and turquoise glass.

turquoise glass.

107

nl ilu- lul at liiur

puiius,

ilif

sihri' pin- M'lurni.i;

in inscrilx'd siKaT iciioii- rcmnNcd,

was

lid, al'lt-r snini' inilial llcxin.u,

and ihf

liu-

inliin

eiiliin.

Air. III'

die

lid

revealed a llurd anlhniimid

a oi\erinL,' nf line linen

,, , ///('.-.-dieaddress.

.111

in

place abnxe die .•

,1 the b(id\- iit;lill\" lucked in Irnin a a. ,, neck to leet with ;i shriuid ol red linen, Inlded three

y/i

•

1

.

1

I

'

.

,

,

limes did.

I'.i,"")!)).

The

face

bretist

decorated with an exlreiiicK' of

.u'lass

dowers, benat's and

fra,L,'ile

bro;id

beads and various leaves,

fruits (includin.t;

l'iiiiii'(i

^

^^,^

-pa m-uh

.N/.';.r

ir.i..

,:

LTiaai.

n'.aik-

ir.aiir i.i- ;il'.M!,.i;ni]il;K- lax^i-ci.,

il^ra: >..;iaieHr ar.e '.aar.

'.;;<

:aat

.\r. asr.iir.dia.Lr

ua^

wa-

Mi.n'i iii'ln!

ii:

liHe.Msrd 1

In-

I

aa. -trr\

ilan;

iir

1

oAiiaii;-. a.

.aa:

ll'.e

eniirnriu-

wa-

r.MU c.ear,

>>!

'

,

,

,

wii.ulil.

wliKt.

^.x./aiml

,

,

,

.

lallirrt.' liac pii//ir(; us.

..lmhi:\

a\„

wla-

afuT the

cotiaa laad ix-en a^

ei,i;lu -iPiii.i;

,

had liiaari-iud -u cniraa aa.ii ila- ad Mfihr -ec.

'la-

,

li

lir-i

wei-'la

ieii-.ii\e(i. its

nan

ueiuhi \\a>

-ti!:

a-

iiui

naici-.

i-i.u'.d a.a.'

^I'diiu^

lar

-'^^^^^

-rar

Ilin-i-i: a;

'aei. ivir..i\r(;

The

_^

aiu;

iiacKii'.,L; iiai.

,

had been led I'xpnsed. the

collar

blue

iimmr.uraiia'ri

pap\iai>

liflcd i-l'lnrilfSsK"

inic die air.

Krnioval

imii

initial

from

appetirance

,L,'leamii\L;,

o| the niettilwork wtis \er\

howexer. ReiiioNal of the linen

shroud and pa])\aais collar revealed

had been covered -with

tliat

the cotiin

a thick black iiilch.dike la\er

which extended from the hands down

to the ankles'.

(Above,

left to right)

Steps in

Carter estimated that two bucketfuls of this anoint-

the solvere of a priceless

ing liquid had been poured over the coffin, filling in

treasure: Carter delicately

the whole of the space between it and the base of the second coffin, setting solid and causing them to stick

firmly together.

The removal

proved extremely

of this resinous layer

difficult:

by age had to be hammering, solvents and heat, while the shells of the coffins were loosened from one another and extricated by means of great heat, the 'This pitch like material hardened

removed by means

interior

of

being temporarily protected during the process

by zinc plates - the temperature employed though necessarily below the melting point of zinc was several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. After the inner coffin was extricated it had to be again treated with heat and solvents before the material could be completely

away the decayed remains of the Unen shroud which covered the face of the second coffin (no. 254); the brushes

second coffin is removed from the outermost coffin shell (no.

253) by means of an elaborate pulley system;

Carter patiently chips away at the hardened black unguents poured liberally over the

innermost, gold coffin (no. 255).

removed.'

The The

coffin

measures some 1.88m (6ft 2in) in length. heavy gold sheet, varies

metal, beaten from

(Right, top to bottom)

Tutankhamun 's

coffins,

varying slightly in

size,

were

accommodated one within arwther around the goldmasked mummy. (Left)

The physiognomy of

the second coffin (no. 254),

shown

centre, differs

markedly from that of the first (no. 253), shown far left,

and the third (no. 255). shown left, and there is every reason to believe, as with other objects from the burial furniture, that

was not

its

Tutankhamun

intended owner.

109

;i

1

All miin;i

< We opened their sarcophagi and their coffins in which they were, and found the noble mummy of this king equipped with a falchion; a large number of amulets and jewels of gold were upon his neck, and his head-piece of

gold

was upon him

The Gold Mask and

y

Extract from the confession of an ancient

Trappings of the

tomb robber

occupying the whole of the interior of the golden coffin, was an impressive, neat and carefully made mummy, over which had been poured anointing unguents as in the case of the outside of its coffin again in great quantity - consolidated and blackened by

Mummy

i Before us,

and sombre these unguents, was a brilliant one might

age. In contradistinction to the general dark effect,

due

to

say magnificent, burnished gold mask or similitude of the king, covering his head and shoulders, which, like the feet, had been intentionally avoided when using the unguents. J

Howard

Carter

fnTwmTmmryrrnrnrfymrrr>fmfmfTnwnt?mim!tTryfTiTnmnmfwi the outer as well as the inner angles.

As on

coffins, the lapis-lazuli outline of the eyes

reproduces

the

the distinctive kohl eye make-up, originally applied to protect against the sun's glare but increasingly

employed

for

its

beautifying

personal embellishment

is

(Bebw) Profile of the awesome mask of inlaid sheet gold (no. 256a). (Below

effect.

Additional

alluded to in the pierced

ears,

which were covered with discs of gold

when

found.

foil

left) The sheet-gold hands (no. 256b(l)) which were seum on to the mummy bandages; between them is

blackresin scarab no. 256b.

Superbly modelled, the king's portrait mask (no. 256a) stands without parallel as a masterpiece of the

Egyptian metalworker's

craft.

Beaten from two

separate sheets of gold, remarkably consistent in thickness and joined by hammering, the

mask was

subsequently embellished by chasing, burnishing,

and by the addition of inlay work. It measures some 54cm (1 ft 9iin) in height and weighs 10.23kg (22ilb). The mask represents the yoimg king as Osiris, wearing the ««'/««s-headcloth with bound queue, or pigtail, falling down at the back, inlaid with opaque blue glass in imitation of lapis lazuli. On the brow sit the vulture and cobra, Nekhbet and Wadjit, the latter poised to spit fire at Pharaoh's enemies. Each of these fittings has been fashioned from solid gold, inlaid with blue faience, glass, camelian and lapis lazuli, with eyes of translucent quartz backed with a touch of red pigment (the eyes of the vulture are missing). The eyes of the king are made from quartz and obsidian, and convey a distinctly life-like impression; as so often

in

Egyptian

art,

they

mistakenly show red discoloration (caruncles) on

111

Onuinicnls of flic Mil III) IV I

m Objcii

'liiil.

•till

lUHiiiDiv r

I

xti

hmias uiui

111')- !riil'!'iiiL.'.< III

(Left) Carter's unpublished

of drawings (with new added) recording the

series

lettering

jewels

and amulets

had

that

been bandaged in with the royal

mummy.

(Far

left)

The

crook-winged Nekhbetvulture pectoral no. 256ppp.

At least

one authority has suggested this may be one of the earliest examples of enamelling.

The bead-work cap

(no.

4t) found in position

king's head.

on

256 the

The cartouches

contain a variant form of the early

Aten name.

Tutankhamun's blackened left

hand, detached for

photography, with sheet-gold finger-stalls (no.

256 11) and 256

heavy signet rings (nos.

bbb and 256 ccc)

in position.

lAhnnl

I'liii (•/

iniik

,i;iilil li'iiiiii

hiiiiih'

fiiij. i'iiii

ciiiinsiiif;

till-

N.'DI

il >;lii.'s

and

I'lirinits sIdiiis.

iiuld

mask

sliiiii'inf; till'

(nil. i'lili

a)

.sci)arate

.A

III,

nntal.

n

III

till

til

()\-er

III

mil

In-

till' kiii!;'.i

iinliimlydiath

a

f)iiry

is

it

was

him,t; a

niiiniinx

til,'

attachi-d beneath

plaits indicated

The back ol

by inlays of faience

cleca\-ed to a gre\ -blue coloui'.

mask

of the

is

chased with a series of sjx'll

the Dead, 'Ihe text identifies the

of the

mask with

Horns, I'lah-Seker, and others) |)l;i\

151b of the B(M)k

component parts

a succession of deities (.\nubis.

thi'

had hull In

its

texts containing a version of

that Caymirniii'f

laiisidhv unit

divine beard, again of gold,

which ha\('

hi'

pi lint mil that

this vii-v juiint nil

and

lalcon-hratled termi

nl'

1,-tt I'll,',!'.

naf d(t,rtid

siirinn

its

lazuli, ciuartz, t;iveii felspar,

necklace of three strands with lotus flower

the chin,

may

siilni'stitioHs liar,

lifinii lit

tliichuss

only

'I'll,'

n slmc

I

tlii

niu'ss wliiili

diti'i-tnl If nil 'I'll,'

with

and uraeus terminals: the top and bottom strands of this collar were composed of large disc beads of yellow and red gold and dark blue faience, while the Ix'ads of the centre strand were of yellow gold alone.

ri'iniirkahlf

riinsislniry in

mil

collar,

with lapis

obsidian and coloui'cd glass,

t.\hiirf rinlit) :\ nidiiifimph

of III,-

broad

'riic

nals, is inlaid

who were

each lo

a crucial role in the ])rolection of the king

ag.-iinsl

the manifold dangers of the underworld.

op III.

Id,

made up from odd

I

A

ill

tail

III

th,

i;iild

The mask, perhaps

pair

a

Ix-'neath.

2561x1

)).

sewn

of

burnished

directly onto the

image

/v/-bird (no. 25(ib(2)l

framework

(no.

Uelow them,

was

surmounting

a large

a llexible

one vertical and tour horizontal

inlaid

These had a.gain Ix^n prepared for .Ankhkheprure. and were only subsequently taken over for use by Tutankhamun by cutting out some of the original names. Kach element numbered on the back, the trappings had Ixw made .gold

to

bands

ot

lit

(nos. 2,5(ib (3)

their

original

<4)).

owner: Tutankhamun

was

evidently a rather different sha|X'. and the I'rame-

work had

h;id to

be adapted

cutting out

l)\

and

piecing together. .As the wrap])in.gs ot the

troni the

liail,

barely visible through the unguents, .gold

2,'i(ib),

hands

.gold

mummy wrappings,

clasped the decayeti crook and

lery. su|X'rb

the best-known

trapi)in.gs

originally preiiared tor .Ankhkheprure (no.

removed, a turther

rli,,'l\

Other ornaments I

decorative .gold band

the rnyiil i-mpsc.

inlaid with cnlmiji

film

iiismhcil

'muimiiy

iir

1,50

mumnu

were .gradually

ma.gnilicent items of jewel-

amulets and other objects were brou.ght

to li.ght (nos. 25lk' -h). l'"ashioned

and

|xisitioned

niijsl'.

tomb,

is

in

fact

but

one element

ornamental ion of the royal black resin, spell

11

1

291),

its

mummy.

in .A

the

outer

.scarab of

base inscril)ed with I^xik of the Dead

hung suspended from

the neck on

,i

according the\'

to the dictates of the l^xik of the

would ensure the

kin.g's tra.nsfoniiation

death to true immortality

way hem

if in

Dead.

trom

a rather different

that ori.ginall\' envisa.ged.

t«)MiMMili«ifi«t
rarrai

The Roval Mitminx

)•.

iiai;

ariiiie

>ii:li-re(i

iiASei'ed

oh-ruri'

ai!(i

riihriiifra!

the

iiiuiKai;(! \rai->.

\va>

llu' r'liniax

\iflilf(l lis I

hi- prcsc'iil

uf

~,i

•

>\

Mffii: 11!

ti-

i'ra>ii.u a

': yv\C.)-\

my

.-;i

die

iii'ai

in

auTi

liic

uj-n

'iiai. •:;!n

aia; hi-a^rj.'

II. :.

''>''""""""

Ih'UalilS

lhlT\

':i:<; !i!fi
"'-''."

,

llUlkiS

ui Ihi

, i.iii'ii.<.

uci.yh.l

ihi' ••:

pa~i

.

Iliniidi iiiiih'tlii r /turliis.

,

,

inh

n

l-'iuiimcl(isrl\- imiihisanlhi"o])()i(ii'asi'. (111

,,

/

111

III

lu'iuhl, ^

nia,i;"iii!uvnl piirti'ail

curves of the bncly

riiii.L;k,l\

Owiii.u to ihe irvv

resins Iwhuii were

\>n;\; ij.idy

die exea\alnrs liad Hide ehuier

di.a!

die iiuimnn uliere

>'.ili

mask were hmiui

aiul

re~ul:

iTu-ini:

Ihe unw

7

uiuiiji!ii:^.<

.

same

-hiinl\

ei'i'iise

had been

a.

widi die Ini:

ai

la>.

il

liati ri-arl:i-(i

Ilir.c. ar.ii ih.r

Ilnwani Lan.T

Sii( Inli V

ihe

o>;iins

inyriu:

1.

I'esnaiiased

fasi I" die inlerinr nf die oillin

examine

till

'"-'"'"""""'-''""

,

Liiili r.

nwr

uiic

llie

liaxesUiek

ihc

mask

lii-ail

soim- l.srun

priik-cu-(l

h\-

i!>

Dnu.uias

liy

Analumy

die

l-'.,i:\

I:.

II

in

(Nn.

die lai,

IVntessur

)erry.

I

Alexaiuhaa,

nl'

Alfred Lueas, UaiTX'

L'arler,

liL'.'i

t>\

plian I'liiva-rsUy in Cairn, aiui

llamdi

I)r Saleli liey

Nii\eml)er

li

die inini) uf Sedm,-

(if

uiKk'riakeii a'

mi

i)e,L;an

ouler eiirriddr

iif

of the kinjj

raijpiiifj

auaijisv

d'lie

l"'"A\i'

ami

trmn

>arL'i i])ha,mi-.

'b.ese

Niseid in ])laee-i.

1:^-1;.'ii,

'.k.e

rr-i-aiiiir-' Tl;r a .irb l:ai;

llic iiir^a,!,'!-' "I Ml" il;i'

u-

I'liUTni. a:!ri"

\\
nir J

•

spilf

main- yrai>.

I'liici",

had

>haiin\v m! a iianir,

i|-,

ami

iiiuinn!)-

'I'.e

apjjiiea'iiur. ul i Tl:r Niiuliiui! I'iiar.i.il. 'a;i- iR->

iha:

ini]ieau-(l

;rans\ei"se

I

,L;'n'a;l\'

])uurf(:

iil)eraii\

i:'!ia:i.ii>

\m}m\mm}mm\mm\mmm\mmmm}mmmm}}

m> n;\r r^

ei: iia

ill,

oLar.ee

a~.i;!;rr\\i-e: ihruiriershrniK:. k.rki in plaee

.

ir.aii,

A MrMud

iiU-, .'.

•\:.'.v

in die preseiiee

and \anous

liurlDii,

'

(iin.

iiliaM]).

1

1

skilliiUx' rcprockicfcl b\-

1

land ihr

means

uf

and

lyu\"plian

layei' of jjarallin

innK'iludinal ineision

remnved

,i,Ta(lually

wax.

down

decayed wrappin.us

Id

sense

oulwards and

uirnecl

in lar.tjepim's.

Skiwly. palieiidy.

wilh an e\er-

lliiiu,t;li

caiijniiized

api)earaiice of

DUler shniiid had been a sad au.tiury

come:

hope

Carter's

wi'appin.fcjs in betlei'

where

aretis

ivduced

die

ihin.t;s tn

nt

find

mi.tihl

the

thick-

al'ter seyei'al

])i"o\ed vain. l-!xcei3t lor tlie

linen

was somewhat

the inner wrappin.tjs had been

preservt'd,

Ix-ller

they

dial

condition

nesses had been removed

one or two

enaieti

)erry dieii mack- a

1

nt tiirel)odin.t;.

Idackeiied.

Idle

lirsl

the middle, allnwm.u' the

Ix'

ihe unwraijpin.i; pmceedi-d. increasin.t;

di.iinitjiries.

shmud was

ddie tjriule siirlaee nl die

with a

and

ulliiaals

luirii])eaii

to the cimsisteiicy of soot

accordin.L; to

Lucas, the chemist, the result of 'some kind of slow

spontaneous coml)usnon fun.LToid .t,Towili

pkiys a

record t'ould

made

corjjse.

had

lie

was

It

in

.\sa result, no reliable

system of bindin.u tile all tlu' lin.t;ei"s and toi's

of the

e\adent that

bei'ii iiidi\ itiually

which, almost ceriainl\\

part'.

wrapiJed. as

Ixdy had

limlis: the h-oiit of the

indwd

sheets of linen which reached

down

knees and were held

b\"

da.ttes.

in

place

in

with

as lar as the

transverse ban-

while more elal)orate methixls

were ol)ser\cd

liad all the

Ix-en ])acked

ol

bindin.i;

the perineum (between the anus

and scrotum) and over the thorax. .\ll in all. tlie leiiiiiKiue appeared to conform to 'the mode of usually practised upon mummies ot the limdm.L; .

New

1

ho

riie

.

.

i-jin.)ire'.

b()d> lirsl

i)aits of

divestt'd of

tlieii

atleiiuaied lowei

nuinimy to Ix' comiilelely were the slii'unken and l>y 1.1 Nowmlx'r the team had

the

wraiipin.us k'.tts,

pro.mressed as far as the neids.

'I'iie

kin.i,''s

sexual

By

16

allow

November the body had been dismantled removal from the

its

Now,

coffin for closer

to

examin-

were able to turn their attention to the problem of the head - stuck 'so firmly' into the mask, in Carter's view, 'that it would require a hammer and chisel to free it'. Fortunately, such extreme measures were not to prove necessary:

ation.

'Eventually

at last, the excavators

we used

hot knives for the purpose with

and the king's 'beautiful and well formed features' were finally revealed. While the poorly preserved skin of the body was

success',

(Uft) The body of

Tutankhamun

(no. 256),

dismantled during the

unwrapping process but reassembled on a sandtray for

this final

photograph.

Carnarvon 's original intention luid been to X-ray the

mummy

be/ore

unbandaging began, but the radiographer died en route to Egypt - doubtless another victim of 'Pharaoh's curse'.

greyish-white in colour, the face proved to be

somewhat

darker, though equally brittle

and with a

cracked surface further disfigured by spots of natron (hydrated sodium carbonate residue from the

embalming

process).

The head was

the skin of the scalp covered with

cleanly shaven,

what appeared

to

be a whitish fatty acid, and the ears pierced with

some 0.75cm

holes

(-ftin) in

diameter.

lesion of uncertain origin but

A

rounded

perhaps associated

with the embalming process was noted on the

cheek

in front of the ear lobe.

flattened to

wrap

left

The nose had been

by the pressure of the bandages employed

the head, while the nostrils themselves, like

the eyes, had been plugged with resin-soaked fabric; resin

had similarly been applied

was empty, save

to seal the lips.

The

a small amount of resinous material introduced through the nose by skull itself

breaking

The

down

for

the ethmoid bone.

findings -

and the second autopsy

From his examination, Derry was able to suggest that Tutankhamun had been a slightly built youth, more taller in life than the 1.63m (5ft by direct measurement of his remains. This estimate, which was essentially confirmed by a re-examination of the body undertaken in 1968 (see below), is precisely the height of the two 'guardian 2.54cm

(lin) or

4iin) yielded

figures' (p.l28) positioned at the entrance to the

The extent of union physes (growth plates at the ends of the that seal at full growth) suggested to Tutankhamun had died aged between Burial Chamber.

and in

in all probability at 18.

of the epi-

long bones

Derry that 17 and

19,

A series of X-rays made

1968 by a team led by Professor R.G. Harrison of

the University of Liverpool

was

able to confirm

Derry's dating Cwithin the early part of the age-

range 18-22 years')

organs had been revealed, the penis bound erect position

and the scrotum

perineum; no pubic hair was

in the

flattened against the

visible,

and it could not

be established whether or not the king had been circumcised. (3^in)

A

ragged embalming wound 8.6cm

or more in length

positioned

'parallel

to

a

was

visible,

line

drawn from

umbilicus to the anterior superior navel

to

iliac

uniquely spine

hip bone] and an inch above

embalming

plate

was

in evidence.

if;

the [i.e.

no

The arms were

flexed at the elbow, the forearms arranged in parallel

one to the other, the

left

above the

right.

Leek, a

- an estimate which

F. Filce

member of the Harrison team, later sought to

reduce to 16 or 17 years on the basis of the state of eruption of the third molars (the

Doubtless the

last

wisdom

word on the subject has

teeth).

yet to be

said.

Diagram showing

the

peculiar positioning of

Tutankliamun 's embalming wound, running from the navel to the hip-bone on the left-hand side of the body.

Another feature noted by Derry and again confirmed by the Harrison team's radiographic examination is the similarity between the shape of

and

Tutankhamun's

skull

Tomb

Valley of the Kings

55

in the

that of the

body from

(p. 20).

Other

anatomical similarities have been noted between these two bodies, including a common blood-group

117

(Ah,,,;) I'hnluiil-llhh nitlu

AJ

with the scrum antiKwi

rnyut skull (hit) ttikai in

tlic

two wcfc

Olid

iy)2ri i'd.

l'.)()S.

Two distinct

i)l (I

ni
iiiaik in

I'hv (inas iiuirktd

'.\"

inlrinlHnil

iii»-tsi'iil n'.siii

iDilmhiiiiii^

diiniiii tin

t,nn-iss. \\

'

i<

II

siiiiill

'I"he

conclusion

llial

inescapable.

Icxels ot'radioptique resins visible in

X-rays of Tutankhtmiun's skull indicate

19(i
thtit

theenibalmers treated thehetid on twosi'p.artite

occasions: once with the top of the skull

and

with

aKtiin

the

position.

of

btick

the

The X-rays

downwards.

skull

in

the

further confirmed

sternum and mucli of the rib cage h;id been removed by the embtilmers. presunittbly ;it tlie time that the

l(>M)iisih hill

'I'hc

kind's

riiiiiijnf shyiiie

dm.

2(i(i).

mpjinsil,

ahmrl

iiihiid iiriii hi

mil

III'

Isis,

intern.al

were

or.uans

extrticted

tor

septirtite

ivilh

coipse.

nliiliiin iniii'l; in

Hark.

mummies and

th.at

'I'uttmkhanuiii

consumption examintition

hme

[X)ssible ctiuse of the

young

t\

sugKi-'^tion

king's dea.th

tis

was

to the .a

great

The peculiar Egyptian practice of mummilication was destTibed by Herodotus, writing in the fifth century uc, in Biwk Two of his Histories. He noted were three qualities available: good, bad, Tutankhamun's mummy, although embalmed several centuries before the time of which the Greek historian was writing, had evidently been treated according to a version of the most elaborate: that there

indifferent.

as much as possible of the brain is extracted through the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is rinsed out with drugs; next the '.

.

.

flank

is laid

open with a

contents of the

flint

knife

abdomen removed;

and the whole

was

is

then

mtide

IfXi^

in

h.ad

not .as

died as

some

;i

result

of

htid prexaously

the preseiiceof ;i smtill t'rtigment of

piece dispkiced from

son did not

is

it

h;i ve

;iccidentall\'

initially misidentitied

tlie

nasal ctivity. Sadly

to ]uiblish tull>" his thou.tihts

li\'e

tmd

as

ti

Iltini-

on

this

not cletir whether he believed the

been sust.ained

or intention;ill\-.

murdered, however,

swms

bet'( )re

Tlitit

(

ir

tifter

death.

the king w.as

incre.asiimlv likelw

thoroughly cleansed and washed out,

first with palm wine and again with an infusion of pounded spices. After that it is filled with pure bruised m>Trh. cassia, and ever>' other aromatic substance with the exception of frankincense, and sewn up again, after which the body is placed in natron, LX)vered entirely over, for seventy days never longer. When this period, which must not be exaeded, is over, the body is washed and then wrapped from head to foot in linen cTJt into strips and smeared on the underside with gum, which is commonly used by the Egyptians instead of glue. In this condition the body is given back to the family, who have a wooden case made, shaped like the human figure, into which it is put. ."

the cavity

vertebnie

(tuberculosis),

within the skull,

dtimtige to inabilil\' to offer

surpri>ing

litirdly

of iJreser\ation of the

specuhited. .Another letiture re\faled h\ Harrison's

ofck)th.

and

mummification

X-ra\s of the

tetiture.

Derry's

though

sttite

revealed that the epiph>'si,al plates were mttict. tmd

emb;ilnnn,t;tind subse(|uently repkiced with bundles

an

Herodotus on

118

view of the poor

Ihtailiiitbi'

us fnizc. (Oppusiti'

hue) Thi Milihd ifiiiidci

ii^uit

the

dis;ii)])ointment to Carter, in

the

downward

iy(iL;iui'iil III hi, III

MN.

closci\" related sccnis

.

.

i

One

heap

thing in particular

...

I

think

seen anywhere.

it

is

.

.

.

simply knocked us

all

of a

.

.

M iMW Mw iiiii w iww

wtmw Mm tw iw>wt< M lnMWw«tnHMM>iM>iMM»MMnHt>M

the most beautiful thing I've ever

Round

were four statues of goddesses, most unEg>'ptian in attitude, and beautifully modelled. One simply couldn't take in what one saw; it was so wonderful we all came out dazed.? .

[the canopic shrine]

The Canopic Shrine

Arthur Mace to his wife Winifred

mTmrnmwmfimmTfrTfyryTTywmnmmiiTwmfmi Doininating the middle of the Treasury's east wall,

summit barely clearing the ceiling of the chamber, was a large gilded shrine mounted on a sled (no. 266), which held the embalmed internal organs of the young king - it is, as Carter observed, west-facing,

'a

its

monument not easily

forgotten'.

The outer canopy some

of this shrine (no. 266a), 1.98m (6ft 6in) high,

1.53m

(5ft)

long and 1.22m

(4ft)

wide, consisted of

comer posts supporting a cavetto cornice surmounted by a continuous frieze of uraei inlaid with coloured glass and faience. Between the four square

posts,

on each of the

shrine's four sides, stood

an

wood - Isis, each identified by the

elegant guardian goddess of gilded

Nephthys, Neith and Selkis,

hieroglyph upon her head and

Amama

all

modelled on the

20-square grid. Each figure stands feet

inwards, arms outstretched in a gesture of protec-

with the head gently inclined to either right or - breaking the rule of fi-ontality which is basic to

tion, left

Egyptian

art.

Within

this outer

.£:^IL.

framework was a

lik-I-

\h!i-il;jl; r\;i:;i;iii-'i! ~iui.

'hr

)riii!V.

'rlri;

It

i:!irr i:r\\

-iinr'i'.i:.,L;

O'ulr :« -nil

m

Ull

<•;

(

iiivi

'

r,'"/i.'/

,'i.

n

,i

I'u.'itli,

"'

,y/7i//

.'/';.

walls ck-i'orated

iiH'

iriiin

'

•

ilii'li,

W'll'iiiii

ii'iir

till

III,',

I

riiiiojtic llu

liimiiui

and

its

ils ,t;il(k'd

unv nf the fnur

al

(Miulliwe-l

/(, r,

.
III

iiiud

nihil

.s7i

disniantlin.t;

II

irn/lil'iil itiii'ilnr

Itc

nil.

aia:

,/

iru-i; a:

;l;r

M'liai'ak-d:

wiiinl'.

lid.

raxrUn

\\a^

cnrniri-.

could

underttiken until clearanceof theTre,asur\-

not hticl

\\a> allarhi'il lo

ll

chi>l

ilk-

I'liur

i)air>

III'

in

iiiild

he

been

nl

I.

prnpnninns. wb.ik-

l>i>

Si'iki.~

Neilii Isnulheasll. si'ul])U-d in

i!i.t;li

frmr,

llu-

winded disc sui-nmunlcnlunins of U'xt spoken b\- ihe

1)\-

xcrlical

six

inia.i;t's

Innrlhwcst

\i-i)hlln>

a sreniid

pnsilinned In either side; t'urlher in\n

,„s are present

i

m,

either >k\v

and the rear

i

if

the

chest.

With the

lid

of the cano])ic chest reiiio\ed. tour

''

completed I

shrine

nianiUTand

lour ciinu-!> Willi

il>

was (kiminaled

,.;,i„

the

-liijjin.L;

rclirf in ilu- ii-adilinnal

in.i;-

Tlio canopic chest nil

,/-,

a M-i'nnd wucKiri; ~lcd.

ihr ii>ual

Il~

eii|'ik-rl,

(nnrlhcasn and

ijo(i(lesse>

Work

iiiliiiil liiiiii i-iiiiiiii

L'liikl Imldin:^

if

(iwn easklln cnrnii-e dtwraU'd wiili a

in

]9'H't 7.

llln<. i'lilic-JI illlll I'lillllllllllli;

an

i

scCDiid cobra friivc.

ihvltiil

rxliiiilnnil

II

each

ri-licf willi

hlur

(iari-.

dwublr

-laplc-. iwu pairs in rilhri- sklc, M-ak-c wiih iluubK|uiIiius jackal and niiU'i-ai)li\i'> nmiiL Tliciik'>l ilM'll. shnncdikc and with inward-slo])ini;sKir>, \\a^

i'hhhi.

fifiiilmrliiinits. iiuli

mill

sunk

11]). ji;

'dcIhw

';)ii\

llir

irliirh in tiiiii

.

liiiiii

(I

f-!h
in

rMir.ra>ini!_;

iik-an< iilrnixis i)a>sn;u '.hrouuh

^^

'

i)ri)]X'r.

ii;

a

',rar,>lu

-il\rr->hi-c! aii\frrd iirun/f ininidri! in

111

llijni>-iinrn.-lidrl. '

ami x-nn

\fiiicd

i:

iri.in

drniiiali-d a; 'lir Irmil wall: llu' \\in,m-d Milai' dasc nf

.UuaiTlian .i;nckk'ssi's lai'iuK niir ni ilie fnur canniiir Ki'iiii,

jtmtirhil

layer, ilk' shrine

~1mm(;

li

i'riiiM\-|-(:.

niiflurn and Hiutlirrr. ~idr- wili: lnun luiyr

drmi-alrd

sen ind

nsruv:

J nnh'/iy

ni:)'i]^,

\hv -hioiu;

will; a Ljiidt-d (iaii.i m1

-(r\r a^ liandlr>.

^'

::iU;„ii;n,il,dui;ihl,.l ifnn,l,ii shniii

-'.

-!a;)ii>

'I'iii

"iih i-ju,r!i,,ii

lli<

:

i:~

pmiiriinii i.iviil

:>

(lrlk-alrl\

L;r~~i in: aiKj .mldrd: in

^''"""-

,•-<,< nil,: ", iHi

and

;)!L;:iir;,: ;

111

i'\;).i-ril \\;;~

ihc iiir~I liad hrH! raiAcd

lli,'i'

aaliKr. jiiikci: mu:

acir

I i

'

iii'ick

r-Hiyii-

\\'i:l.

hrciniici ^ur

I'.ad

lldW

;)n--;ii;c i)r,-:ui\

had been

I'lin Hilly

stood

jiiii-kii.i;i

l..")iii

When

casin.t,'

reiiio\ed, the ctmopic chest itself (no. 2()(ibl

re\'i';ilc(l.dr:iix'cl

(4h

the .yiided outer

1

1

in b\"

1

Ifl

with a dark linen sheet f>iin)

l.fib}-

folded over three linies.

human-he.adeci stoijpers wereexposed (nos. 3i(x;irrant;ed in ptiirs, thnse

the

on

lids

modelled

m

we.arin.e

the

the

mi the

west

calcite.

etist lacm.i;

lacin.L;

eai-h

lid

east.

fl.

west and

1-A(|uisitel\-

represents the kiiiy

;;cy«( .--he.adcloth

with

seixirateh

modelled \iillure head titid uracils. .Ml four ;ire hollnwed out underneath and ctirr\" ti sxiiibol l);tinted

m

black on the shoukk'f to ideiitny the

comptirtmeiit for which

lhe\-

lacial fetttures are ctiivfulh

with d.abs of red for the

were intended. 'The

jiicked out with blai'k.

li])s.

'Hiese detachable lids concealed four c\lindrk-al

hollows, the kin.y's canoi)ic

'lars'.

drilled into the

matrix of the chest proper. Each hollow contained a single linen-wrapped

and resin-smeared coffinette of

beaten gold (no. 266g), all four closely similar in design to the second coffin (see p. 107), inlaid in rishior feathered-pattern with coloured glass and car-

stomach, and Qebhsenuef the intestines - the four

Over them, perhaps before their tomb since the canopic lids were displaced slightly, had been poured the black resin already encountered on the king's coffins and

elaborately decorated gold

nelian; these coffinettes contained the

mummy.

According

sufficient

evidence to

inlaid the

with fied

name of the appropriate protecting genius

whom

the king's internal organs

were

identi-

- Imsety the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the

and interior

views of one of the four

introduction into the

carefully

embalmed and wrapped viscera of the dead king. On each of these coffins, which are 39cm (1ft 3^in) high, is

(Above) Exterior

'sons of Horus'.

commenced with south-west

show

'There

that

the

was

by the north-east

.

.

.

anointing

north-west coffin and ending

coffin,

when a very

little

which contained

Tutankhamun 's embalmed viscera. This coffinette (no.

the south-east coffin, thence to the

coffin, the

unguent was

to Carter,

coffinettes

266g), holding the King's

wrapped intestines, was under the protection of Qebhsenuef.

of the

left.'

121

I

Ml ,-;in-

In- -liiiir ;:;ri-

1;(

lU-i: II;

:

l,i':;ri-;i;i,m-i[HTi'

|.i- l,-.rL'c .Ljildrd ~l:riin-~ \\;i^ r\i(;ii;I

r(,i;i])iinT:! Viliii-i;

Ncphtln-

(Itilu-

;»i-r(:. ;n:(:

phuvinnil W'i.rtlrii ,L;il(!i-(i

ai-n, Thi' ;)n-i;i.ii;~ ;ii:(i

iwndl the

ni'

hciii

raniip\

\\(«i(liii

.

i;i:i(:r in llir

iiiIiikI t-Mliiiic!'r-.

(iiip^, (ifi;ir!ir(i

-l;ii:(iii;;^

Sclki- Ikk; iini: 'r;ii-

-iniiliii" nii-l.-ikc li;;il

ii

>>\

d; '1;c r;i;;Mj)ic

ihr tirr

1|

1

(iunn.u

;lii-

Imd been

A

lim;)

:';llir..i;

ahaiiii.

'iicfi

ni'

.if

il;,

mi

'.In-

liitciulcd for aiiotlu'i? with

.\>

nhjcfl^

(illicr

liiTpaicd

loi-

Tulankh.anuii;.

lu"

,i,'i'i

Hindi-

rlciikiii-

>iri_Mir.ah\

'iHtii

were >urpki-

I'.cni^

ihr uniiM'd Uinrrar> ((|uipiiicnl nf a

Ifll u\"ci' h'liiii

prc(lci-r>Mjr. hi ihc ra>r

ihc

!jul

burial

kiii.u'-

ilia' rrrlair.

the cannpir asM'nil)la,Uf had unl

iil

n|

llu-

triiiii

liimiuuf. ilu-ivarc iiuliiaUnii^

>•]

\hv

c:<.]cv.i-

caiinpif hd-,

(lnuhtin.u du- aui'llnitiun arc ^i\h^-

|(ir

(|iiik- >ini])l\-.

the

])iini-ail- (ki

noi rtx-iiiliK- ihoM.'

ihf hoy kin,u. thnu.uh >uch a i'f>t'niblaik'fh.a> btrii

o illliicllo nhc hd which Carter i)cHc\cd chllcrcd iii

rkiniK'(k In ihc case of ;hc t-ann])ic 1(1

at \r;i>l

one

ol

wnrkiiianship and ullcrcd a puor cxick'iicc is

im

irc su!)stanti:ili

on the interior

,i;okl

canouches ahered

lit

tu the bnxi, tlic

the inscripliiin> ch.a>e(i

linin.ys ha\"e

h-oni tho>c

ol'

had the own.erV Ankhkhci)rurc

lircsuiiiably Nctcriiclruaten. the eni.Lriiiatic corctjcnt ol'

Akhenaten

perhaps lAImnJ

ihuuiit ainojiif

Till'

iii,
mill

i'liiihl. III

lulls

ill

mill „ nilih

iliirk hill,

lUnllllhd

dlllln.

IVnudlll

iih'^

Inch

Sl, lli;,

nil rill

.

,1

mil

,1

Ulllhd

II

Slllllll

rnnlsn-liirli„nfilil,illvli,I,l lid

III,

I'usihmi

III

Ih'lullll h', III!

1

n

1

III,

Till

Jill',

,11, I'

hlai'k.

'fill,' ,-lli'sl

all il hiiir iiiuly

iii,„l,ll,,l,',ilril,

,,lli,

III, IX h,

III,

i,i,'iii<^

li,,i,ls lii,'<.

ir iiii'ud

/i,iliii',<

,iiiil

l>i,'l;i ,1

I'll,

nil,,

mil III,

I'

III III

(]).

ofl'cr a

181. ol' wii.pni

likeness.

the colliiictte

masks

had one of those babes lived there might never i have been a Rameses. J .

.

.

Howard

Among

the shrines

and chests

up

piled

Treasury was an undecorated wooden box

some 61cm

over

(just

2ft) long,

the

Carter

Pharaoh's Children in

the

(no. 317),

of which,

lid

and sealed with the jackal and nine captives motif (type I: p. 94), had been removed in antiquity. Within were two miniature anthropoid coffins, 49.5cm (19iin) and 57.7cm (22-1%) long, placed side by side, head to foot. The toes of the larger coffin (no. 317b) had been roughly hacked away in order to allow the lid of the box to close. The outer surfaces of the coffins had been painted with the usual black resin, relieved by gilded bands of inscription referring to each occupant simply as 'the Osiris', with no name specified. The lids were attached to the coffin bases in the usual way, by means of eight flat wooden tenons. Bands of linen had been tied around the coffins beneath the chin and around the waist and ankles, and applied to each of the bands was a clay seal, again impressed with the jackal and nine captives originally tied in position

motif (type

When

was able to record little more than a badly ordered mass of linen some 1.5cm (fin) in thickness, with pads placed over the chest, legs and feet to give the bundle

its

form. Beneath he found the

prematurely

bom

child

with grey,

body of a

brittle

lashes were in evidence, and the eyelids were nearly

There was no abdominal incision, and it was how the body had been preserved. The limbs were fully extended, with the hands arranged flat to the thighs. According to Deny, the foetus

closed.

not apparent

(which preserved a portion of its umbilical cord,

and

still

in a low position) was probably female. It measured jor -717 / u »irt: \t. u j» . a mere 25.75cm (about lOm) from head to toe, and

_

the anatomist's view could have been of

I).

these linen bands had been detached

skin

through which the arrangement of the bones could clearly be discerned. Neither eyebrows nor eye-

than five months' gestation.

m

no more

V^ ^^^ ^1^"^^ T* ^ p^, ^ origimOy intended

discovered by Theodore Dovis

for the elder foetus (no.

31 7b(2)).

the lids pulled away, the coffins were each foimd to

contain

a second coffin (nos. 317a(l), 317b(l)),

differing

from the

covered with gold

having the entire surface Within these second coffins

first in foil.

were two tiny mummified foetuses. The first mummy (no. 317a(2)) measured less than

30cm

(1ft) in

height.

was preserved

It

in

almost

perfect condition, with large sheet swathings held in

two triple longitudibands down the front, back and sides. Upon the head had been placed a well-modelled mask of place with five transverse and nal

gilded cartonnage, with the facial details picked out

Though the mask was masks sometimes canopic contents, it was

with dabs of black paint

quite small, similar in size to the

employed

for packets of

nevertheless far too large for the foetus.

The second

mummy

(no. 317b(2)), in

outward

was somewhat larger (39.5cm (1ft S^in) overall) though wrapped in a similar fashion with a triple longitudinal band over the front, back and sides and four transverse bandages. It wore no mask, although one had evidently been prepared for it: when the embalmers found that it was too small to fit over the head of the wrapped bimdle, this mask had been consigned to the embalming debris stored in the entrance corridor, later reburied in Pit 54 where it was brought to light by Davis in 1907 (see p. 38). appearance

less well

preserved than the

first,

The autopsies The examination

of the

mummies was

Douglas

Deny

mummy

had been removed by

in 1932.

entrusted to

The bandages Carter,

of the first

and Deny

123

!

i.r

-111 mi;

iii',ii!;ni'.

I

kr:

:L'.nu(;ii,;ii

.

;.;.;:.' ill

du

11.1:

liLtamen:

nil :ai

d;e

ii.i'.

lunher -ah

.\inc!.

d;r'>ui;f

-:::.

i;i-'

-o;;:sed

wif!

-.".ha:

br re-m.

to..k ;o

lerr;,

I

bii:

U:irl; a.\rVri'. ihr \\h,\r -I i.,

and iTN-

died

pi'iiiabf,

!.a
unibilicai curd:, wh.icf.

cT(i>.- \y.:VA

appear-

clo-e to dte aiidoiiiinai wail,

wm-

iiumim\ III

plaiv

sf\ cral

1)\'

1)11 ill

>i(:r^. lr,L;- ai;(l

>lifti>

woinul

rrwaied a

iijimidiiiiiniii'f tivii hiihx

a

fhild. .'lli.lnn

pnihabK

\]:v

il

la\rr nl

:inal

(ahoiu In

irnialc. tin-

Ij^iini

m

a^f which 'I

li'ii.mh I

l)ii(i\

ni

and a.uam

)iTr\ pul

a! a.iiuui

si'xcn innnihs' _L;c>laUiin. .<,,;, II, I i,„

Ins

li'iic II! tin

l)i

Imiliiu

\naliiiiiy ni tin

-

Ciiini. Till !i

I't

iiiiiv h,

III

I

I'Jil,

III III

nivi rsity ni

ulniiiniitiHy lnah

ffiilnila mill iiimitiiiilcil

I'liiTiiliin

I

7h

liln. ::i

Inn-

III' III!

rhiiiiv

rmhll

irmiiliii hiix

s,

!(

,

Till

(iiii.

fl

liariiii

IL

twnitiil ::i7i

H tllSl S. IIS Inllllll Slaikl

determined.

till'

iiiiiHii list

'I'l'i'iisiiir.

rnriur

ll III

lit' till

lii^I.

dii>

wvn- \u\W cMcnclcd lhou.u:h widi die hands plaiTd beside niduT dian uyinn die dii.s,'hs. The skin was a.t;ain a unitorni .i,'re\' coKiur. witli remains ol downy hair upon llu- scalp. Ivyebrows and e\"eiashes were \isible, die eye> open and still coiilainin.u the shrunken e\'eballs. I'nlike the first melliod

'Idle

iiilltlllllllli; till' tlCll fnftllll ll •i

ihan Uu-

child's limbs

the

skull

of embalniin.t;

wtis

etisily

had been pticked with saltand Derry

sotiked linen inserted throu,t,di the nose,

noted a liny embalmer's incision,

1.8cm

(jYtinl

in

'

lcn.t;th,

! di

iiild h.a\

line

Jite

by

kirri-. in

1

little

more than

immediately abo\'e ;ind

W-'^rM

tetmi led

;i

.It lie

I

had not dried up a> u ed h ir :;i;\ ler;,L';h

known

condition

con,yeiiitall\

:i,i.;e

1

lil.'w

sut,',L;e-t

;:-

l;i,i;h

w",a> ei.uht

wa^

by the

'nuersuy

i-e\ealed e\idetu-e to

ation

die

to l'.a\e iu'en cut off

had; >lic -ur\

-ecoiui loi;ii>

\\ h.en till-

recenll\I

chik:

:iir;l:;

it

•

>!

:ii;ei- birtl;.

scoliosis, d'lie

RaUic-r lf>s wtII pirsriArd

mummy,

wi

..i

soiiifwl-.a;

:i;i(l

(k'licau- linen. Ix-ncalh ll)i> cnx-iTin.i; lay ihc I

<

riu- iTiimx;;!

baiida.Ljui.i;.

iran>\t.i>cl\

ciixciin.Lr

rl-.t-.:

(Hii will; liirllifi" pad--. a.n.Mi: lu-k;

iran^MTM-

lai'.Hf.

liiari'fd

Tlif

afer

or -i;oi-d\

at

wiiu'li

The

l.aca- u;eii:i;;ed a- altered animal :i-~iie.

-.lilYciiiii.uaiKl >ha|)c.

had

wi-; ~e.-.ie(':

I'^c

Th;~

ii:i

iineii

re ex;imineti

erp'

that

ri.Lih.t

» .1.

r;:di' .Ltrajiliy

cluld h.ad

th.e

delormity.

^pren.uelV

-capiihi. r-pit;a

i)il;d;i

su.u'.uested !)y this X-ra\-

or nine nioiillis'

more

IVofosor R.C.

l:ae

;i

with.

;ind

examin-

.uesltitioii.

Whose Were these children? .Mthou^h more nnohed. ntu.alistic' hypotheses h.tiw Ix-eii jiroi)osed. the '

iw

not

II,

most

likeh' tiiiswer

ruttiiikliainunV

i>.

and presumtibly by .\iiklieseiiamun -ince he

known

d\ai;ist\"

to lia\e litid ;iny

ixirtillels

nitiy

be

other wite. Se\"enil citeil

Ijredecetisin.i.; their lather, bein.i;

of

t"o\;il

buried

tomb: Webeti.seiiu, a son of .Xmeiioijhis \';illey

Tomb

.another,

f!;!:

l\"

children.

in the kin.u's II,

buried

and Tentamiin, Ameiiemheat

unidentified

Tuthmosis

iNo.

l,'!).

olTsprin.u

in

is

l.'^thi

the

in

tinci

toiiii)

of

125

Despite the richness of previous finds and the evidence of the tomb-robbery papyri, the opulence and sheer quantity of the funerary furniture buried with Tutankhamun were take difficult for the excavators and the world at large to

The broken scraps recovered from the robbed and dismantled burials of other 18th dynasty royals were a in.

poor preparation for the riches Tutankhamun had in store. Tutankhamun, in life the embodiment of Horus, was in death identified with Osiris, lord of the hereafter, the various aspects of whose presence pervade the tomb. He was, at the same time, 'son of Re', the sun-god, with whom

he travelled in his barque through the sky from dawn until dusk, continuing his circuit through the 12 hours of the night - the underworld - to be reborn again each morning.

The dangers of this journey were manifold; and here, in his tomb, smothered in gold leaf and inlay-work of semiprecious stones and coloured glass, were the ritual figures and amulets upon which Pharaoh could depend for his future well-being.

But the king was also a man, whose needs after death would mirror those of his lifetime. And so we find the tomb stocked with ample supplies of clothing and shoes, regalia and jewellery, perfumes and cosmetics; a treasured lock of hair from the head of his grandmother. Queen Tiye; the beds, headrests, chests, chairs and stools upon which Pharaoh could take his ease; writing equipment and gameboards; chariots, weaponry and hunting paraphernalia, and sticks, staves and fans; lamps and vessels of pottery, stone and metal; jars and baskets containing wines and provisions. in short, was a microcosm of the hopes, and aspirations of an Egyptian king more than 3,000 years ago. By the discovery of his burial, Carnarvon

The tomb,

beliefs

and Carter had caused the name of Tutankhamun once again; here,

among

his treasures,

flesh out the boy's skeleton,

shrivelled lungs,

was

to breathe air

and establish personality,

to live

material to into his

taste

and

affections.

The lion-goddess from

the first of the gilded ritual couches (no. 35).

«mmmmp&.IJSSSSSBSSS^

u. V

Treasures of the

ittAi

Tomb

if»iinmiii»»f»»»»i»fitmM»(i»t»tiM»Miinfif»i»!in»»m»f»»»«»ffifw»»»»n«»»n«"»MHWM

ilK.i: ;);iii\rii~ in.T.^. Hi rl'.;irai,",fii>', If pi im-

::i:

ii:r:ii:ir

The Guardian Statues

\'

'he ISunal ChaiiihtT. ^li.uhlK oli-r!

i

;]cdi->l;il>.

iicir

locuM-d

-la'ait'S

\l;i) ihi"faU'ik-
L'ar\('(! In

U'>-

i

Mr

>n>iii,i;

;i,i;inv-

U

Kii-daml hnlfoi

nil;,

chamber, anionH the

CarUTS li.uhl.

lirsl

the Ante-

iiitn

which cauyht

things

eye, iheir ,uikk>d (k'tails retkrtin.u in

were twn

lar.ue,

the kin.u. their ancient tallers

throu^uii

tile

blackened pnrtrait spitues lini'ii

>hawls

slill haii.uin.t;

ih/li

tin

Till

St

liu

uf

lliiriiil

Cluiintn y hhrh'iu!,'.

fh'i,i;lit)

ArlliKi'Miir,

iiiid

Miyidl.iinisiit ivnrk CnnSl

nil!,!,' Ilu

iiiiiinhdii

iiiiiii'i

Si I'lillll I

no.

L'i'i.

wmid. jdinu-d. and

Aiih

shiny black

Ik-cii

,i;a/r

\\)\V.

plaslur. die lloli

paiiut-d dirci,al>

nii

i>n '.he

ainoric

rf>iii,

ihi-

"V.

am

ui;c\rr.

panin

hradcliilhs,

ilu-

-il

ih.t'

wikkj iirnad

and ilht-r dflail> 1\ crlaid widi ikl n; a bast' iif Hncn and s^'si-n. d'hi- Inrcpan ni a ,i;ikk-d bnin/A- urat-us had \xvn allached 'ai cai-h sialur'illars. kills

and the

i-\cs

(shij\vin,u

dnu'nle

earuiiek'-i

liiiiesl,

the ti.uures are nut a malchin.u pair; the nm-t ihe head,t,'ear, ihe statue im

the diHirwa\- wearin.i; the kluit (nn. east the

is

uoins

i

me and iil)si(han ^et in bnmze. AhhuUKh ckiseh' siniikir.

mlaid with indurated

frames of yikied

,i;i

1

(

m

siziil ^^iKirdui

tin

:',ini

I'liirr.

had

a

lif!

difference

IIIIK L'HI l>nSltl:'IU(l to

11',

;xiiflraiii!,L;

.

(if

Inim their shnulders. Standm.u' npposile mie

Sllllll,

llu-ir

ai

made up with

'nniw.

Wluii hf shdiie his lurch

d

ialiii>

•I

ll„,^;,,-il i^-;in,.,-

111!

lauii MXirall,

l.iiiii

(no. '12y

2fi|,

tin-

iii,

table

west

nl

that nii the

The

front of the triangular kilt of each figure is

inscribed with the

amun; the

names and

figure wearing the

of Tutankh-

titles

nemes headdress

carries the additional information that

it

represents

the royal ka, or spiritual double of the king.

Fragments of other

life-sized figures

The final lluit

secret:

each of the

figures from

probable

it is

life-sized

Tutankhamun's

tomb had been hollowed out to contain a papyrus roll. The apertures appear to have

have been

recovered from several royal tombs of the

New

Kingdom. Three of the best preserved are in the British Museum (EA 854, 882, 883), and in one of these (EA 882) the kilt has been hollowed out from

been ctosedoffby means of a limestone flake plastered in position

and gilded over,

producing the uneven surface visible in this photograph.

beneath to a depth of 20cm

(7|in), probably to Both of Tutankhamun's guardian statues show evidence of a similar feature, with the hollow stopped up by means of an irregular

receive a papyrus

roll.

piece of stone plastered in position, and gilded over precisely the

Burial

way

in

which the 'magic

Chamber were

sealed in place

bricks' of the (p. 85).

These

statues represent less the guardians of the Burial

Chamber, perhaps, than the guardians of Tutankhamun's final secret: the hiding place of his missing religious texts (p. 167).

Detail of the second guardian

figure (no.

22f The flesh

parts are painted directly

onto the

wood with a

thick,

black resin, the nemes-

headdress, broad collar

and

armbands and kilt on a base of The uraeus is of gilded

pectoral,

richly gilded

gesso.

bronze, as are the eyebrows

and

the frames of the

limestone-

and obsidian-inlaid

eyes.

129

Riliuil Figi/J'cs

and

Mdi^ical Objects

T!i:;.rkl;a:iu:i: l;.i

~ur\

Tlir

.

thr

ill

'All- i!;\ !i:ci: 'n-",\i r;

i';;ii

:>

I'LTuri-- iirr "i :\\.

hiniM'll":

i^iKL;

in'l(ir,,u'iii,y

l\a)iR>~i>

whiiii

II.

Ml

wha;.

l\'.

n;

,

plan

111'

iiiw-l'i'•.-.av.w

llir :iiiii:i

III

rrU'iTri; ai a- alir (li\ii;r ani'cac;

i-

ihf la-ihriwiirk!',

i~ la

>:

ci;;~~

:l;:i:

Tiii'ii:

ill!'

pr-;

jiniici;)::! ;,

liiii:

''.i

li'iM- ai ;hc

;iii>i;i.'iH-(l

>araiii)ha,yii>, I'aina-i! i'i'prfM.'iila!iiin> nf >ui'h n'aial

li.miras

ari.' I'iiuik!

(Nil.

II

ITii.

nil llu-

whilr

walls

I'ui-ib.rr,

r\anii)lf> lia\r hwv, iwi

kin.nK

burials.

Tiillininai>

inaludiii.L;

l\". lini-fiiihrl).

()

1

1

11

I

II I

L 1

1

1

I

1

L(

Iruiii

llmsa

1

nl

Ranu>M-> aniilain a

Kd!(

and

11\-

Ill'

Sc:1m>

I'ra.ynu-na-d.

a iiumixT

.\niainii)hi> I.

and

ii|'.\iiu'nnphi>

iiiia,m>.

1

tiiiii!)

ii>uall\"

i-rici

i\

ihc

111'

II,

Sr:lai>

had

i-nllf
L'lklL'l.

;hf

liilded. Ilie

:i:

.'.i

hir:.'.'i,i;

ri

:i:r lluri::l (.'l.M^rirV

~;:r:i,r-

Tiv::-;ir:. ^iiiiti

-iir\a\

ri

i-ci

o'dci"-;

iiaa

Ti:;-

>;•!

i:;.

-rai-

'Ij'

'iiain-c; ~ii.ar

M^ai iiu;iri--~a 'K-

la:

ma-

>l;niir

i:\

II,

-iai'.

hrai-.

Inlikc ni

lvamiieniar\

'hi'

aaaiaaa. \

allixt-d in aiaillk-r iia

i,

"-.r

aaa ii

i-r-ii ii>.

wa-

i!

'iu

.i

>;.

'::ai'.

T:a

rai

a.i

<:

a. a;-.:,.

Lara^aV K

-caln: wr'a. ;!a

wlaii-

J.-^:ll

»•:

rr;a.ai',.!ir i;

pa (^ lnvau-iix

niiiiirr. nl' llni'aiirr.c:) ip. \>\\.

I.

-l ":!;.

'he

''ai

:;iili

la.n.

(inkln; laknr. iiina:

\<\:.".^

'ht;. -in-i iv

iaiaa

a;r(:<

\',\ri

"T-

ni

'

aial laa.r aajar. a- :y;)r nr. aia:

1:-

\-

;,i

':::i;

nl"

I'liiiiTaia

maimaia

:;r"';.i'' ~i;;'ii i-~

'.l-.r

rrat;

a-

'la-

M-a: iir.par-

was nl'laraT'-

ai p,-

N.\\iaali.a>\\rlla>ai)pfarn;L;f]~c\\luTt.-in 'I'lr.ar.kh .iniuiiV iniiaal. llnnv debris

.Xaanrdmy ca.ah brrr.

die

h.ac:

i-aiiir;-

nfrnnii)

,"i.'i

ih-iT:

I'liHH:

ai Carlcr. lliu I'laain-

wraiiprd

in.

aainii.u

'.hrniM'ho

a liner. >lia\\i wh.ui;

laae ae\eale(h Minie

".h.f

ip. a'iM.

:it;iire-

hadi

Irl! nr.j\"

wnia- \\iva.di> ni

sprouting barley grains, or garlands

made up from

willow and pomegranate leaves and blue

olive,

cornflowers sewn on to a strip of papyrus pith.

eyes of

The

but Qebhsenuef and the Duamutef from

all

shrine no. 304, 55 and

58cm

(1ft

9^in and

1ft

Wm)

high respectively, which are simply painted in black, are framed in bronze and inlaid with glass or semiprecious stone.

The

fittings,

including the objects

they carry and their sandals, are of gilded copperalloy. The bases of the majority are inscribed in yellow with the king's prenomen, Nebkheprure,

of the appropriate deity. The same carelessness evident elsewhere in the tomb may be discerned among the figures. The base 'beloved

Sakhmet

of the

statuette (no. 3(X)a), 55.2cm (1ft 9Jin)

high, for example, has been roughly

allow

it

to

fit

into

its

sawn

off to

shrine. Moreover, the collection

- which

may be incomplete (a striding figure of the king appears to be lacking) - is something of an ad hoc assemblage. One figure (no. 289b), 85.6cm (2ft 9Jin) high,

which shows Pharaoh standing upon the

back of a leopard, differs in a number of important respects from its 'pair' (no. 289a) of similar height:

Amama

influence

notwithstanding,

the

figure's

prominent breasts and low hips would seem to indicate that it had originally been made for a

woman. According to Carter, all the figures were wrapped in linen shawls carrying dockets dating from as early as Year 3 of Akhenaten; the texts of only three of these dockets are recorded (nos. 281a, 291a,

3(X)a). If

the linen

marks date the figures,

had evidently been prepared jected

for

Theban tomb (perhaps No. 25

Valley),

abandoned

these

Akhenaten's pro-

at the time of his

in the

West

break with the

Ritual figures

-

grace, in fact, the divine

brought

in familiar

and the human have been

touch with one another.'

The Anubis Shrine The main

Hitutii

Of the figures of the gods, Carter wrote:

(273.5cm

(8ft lliin))

which lay a 'These comparatively inartistic figures of strange gods are valuable to us as a record of myths and beliefs, ritual

and custom, associated with the dead. That they were supposed to be potent for good or evil, or have some form of magic inherent in them, is evident, although their exact meaning in this burial is not clear to us.'

was a wood with long

focus of attention in the Treasury

large sled-based pylon of gilded

life-sized

Figures Objects

and Magical

carrying poles, upon the top of

image of the black Anubis dog,

guardian of the Burial Chamber and of the king's canopic equipment (no. 261). Around the dog's shoulders when found was wrapped a delicate linen shawl, Vhile fastened around his neck leash-like linen scarf

.

.

.

was a long

adorned with a double

fillet

and cornflowers woven upon strips of pith, twisted into a bow at the back of the neck' (nos. 261 b-d). Over the whole thing had been wrapped a

of blue lotus

linen shirt (no. 261a) inscribed in ink with a docket

dated to Akhenaten's seventh regnal year.

Carved from wood and with a covering of black picked out around the ears and the collar in gold leaf, the Anubis dog has inlaid eyes of calcite and obsidian set into gold surrounds, and nails of solid silver. The cavetto-comiced shrine upon which the 95 by 37cm (3ft 2iin by 1ft 2tin) and 54.3cm (1ft 9tin) high dog lies is made of gessoed and gilded wood, its long sides decorated with two rows of double djed- and fye/-symbols, a palace-facade dado and one horizontal and two vertical bands of text. Its inner compartments, four small and one large, resin,

contained a curious array of materials which, in Carter's view, 'seem to signify the perpetuation of, or

belong

to,

the ritual of mummification'. These

(Left) Ptah,

god of Memphis, and

divine patron of artists

craftsmen: a figure (no.

291a) of gilded wood with blue faience cap

and gilded

bronze scepter. (Below) Large carrying-shrine

of gilded wood (no. 261), surmounted by the elegant Anubis dog. guardian of the Treasury and the king's canopic equipment.

133

:

-i:;.- -: Ti!.i-::

-iir.iuiii

liilui-uir.

('k:uiii!

r:ir'iM:K::ri.

:;:!Hr(! fi.ulr

•f.

:.::<'.

iii.'ilK

><«liiiir,

\\i-;:;)|jfil

:]\

\

llic

ii:

liiiri:

ciy-hl

an

;)i'u>l~

<)l)jei-t

.

^

ii-

Ih^'wi-ch

|:ii

,

aari'ii-ii

liir(i,

,,l;'>

'

tMij.

ir)iii, ,,riL!-

;)rii:a;)~

\\i'.i'

r.aTnt:

;ir.i:

.ni;);;rinic:

i-~;!)l\

wrvc lam ii; .

paw-

liad

i\"nr\ ]iaif''c ii'.-naiji-il loi- Mcrnaa-i'..

Tuiaaiidiannir.'-

Figures of Tittaiikhamuu

i-i

aiui -ralri:. wlai'i:

a'\\riii.-i"\

|)riii'i'>>inn lo llic ;iji)il)'.

'uTii iilaci'd

-ul;,il;;ilr

iui-l:,i

iai'.ur ;)ri'',Mr;:l iM"n;;:'.ii-ir- i;i.

ruiiiiiriM' ihr K" Willi',

i;;i.-.rt.

:

I'.all

-i-'c'- M). LMi.

(Far

Magical Objects i

.

.

.

a system of defense against

The tomb

of

Tutankhamun

what may,

for

human

imaginations. >

the Burial

quently as obscure as their significance.

hes-vase

between two pylons.

included a whole range

Their form

181) in the

form of a varnished

Carter

(Centre

the sake of convenience, be

classified as 'magical objects'.

is listed

From

ritual object (no.

Howard

of

left)

Chaniber: a Nackvamished

The two 'Anubis 194 and 202).

left)

fetishes' (nos.

from

is fre-

the northwest

and

southwest comers of the Burial Chamber.

A selection

here. (Left)

Narrow wooden shrine found empty in the

(no. 487).

Treasury. Carter believed that

it

had originally

rimtained a metal cubitrod. carried off by the

tomb

robbers.

(Below

left)

the shape

288a),

Wooden fr-ame

of Osiris

from

in

(rw.

the Treasury.

Filled with silt from the Nile,

such 'Osiris beds' were planted with

com

seed which

would germinate in

the

tomb

to symbolize the resurrection

of both god and deceased.

Olqect

t«MI>MIMfff«fffl«t«tli(tt(HI«tt«tlM««?««)tf«lf«)t«t««f«tttH«tMMI*lttftMI«Mn«tMtttl

^/

•;''.';

Midcili-

lau-

:l:r

The Shabtis

wiTc

!:,L:iirt'~

;i

(ijiiiiiiiiii

(iriva-cc'L

l\iii,u(!uiii

ISlh

the

i;\-

ihc

on his bchah

menial a>

(Icaii

a.^i'ii'uhiiral

>inyl\'

\hr

(lapuU".

in

llu-

ii;

lai'.n'i-

a inil)> ol

>u!)>liuiu>

ci\na-l\.

lui'

liiai'.ucd

wnli

un anv

wniicl

ni-xl

lilt-

had

sluihti

lask> ihai needed ai he earned

die nali'iiial

;)aia nl

a.-

man's

'hi-iiiiH'

wui-kiiii;

nil!

Icauircul \n><\

;iM;;ii bui'ial-. tli>t ai)|)ci!riii,u

I;l;;,

eiir\-ee,

Thi- new

relleeled in the iin])lemenls wilh which.

rule

wa>

Iruiii

die

niid-lSdi (iynasU" mi, sueh. li.uure^ are ednimwiily

pnixided

re]ire~.eiiu-d nr iiK ife

and nne

a line,

i)iel<.

In mi sijeli

li

(

.fllie

1

V

ij<

>k

>

if

)ea(l whiiii olien a])|)ears pain led. nr meisedl ini

ihe

i

ihe

I'l.mire

m a more nr less al)l)re\aaled new

ilie sliiih/i'>

'() sliii'i'i

alldtled

nr

if

111

die realm nf

I

1(1

the owner]!

iiie |i.e.

ilie (lead.

.

,

banks, nr nf

am

Upieal

1".

ynu

Ii

I

i)e -uii'.nv iiied

wnrk whieli ha> .

\-nii vliall

In i)e dniu'

detail yniii-~cli inr

net-;istnti nl' iiiakiii.i; .arable

llnndiii.i; tile

Wot: "Here

lnrin. relleels

hinclinn:

i)e (ielaileci In (in ai;\

lite nil e\-er\

Idle

a

The extrael

l)askels.

the lields. nf

(ni'.\'cyiiin Mir.d iVimi ea^l in

-hall >ay.'

pri\'ale burial nl duiankhaiiiiin's

was pri ixaded walh me i

U" (

perhaps wa t

i

day

shiihli linures.

With die tiilal

b(i\ -kin.t;" were hurii-d a sla.L;,t;erin,u- IIM a which has been broken down as: IKia workmen

(one lor each day

ol ihe \'ear); lib o\"erseers

lone lor

each lO-day week): and a sui)pleiiienlar\" series of

monthly overseers. Of die found, only \e'rsioii

Ii!)

number wilh a more

loUil

were inscribed

Ik'

of figures

or less

lull

of the fhitbti lormula: die remainiiyi; dSl

more than the kiii,t;'s name and lille. sluihti came troni the .\ntecliamber. compared wilh 17(i found in the Treasury and a carried Hide

Only one

lurllier I'dli

specimens

in

die .\niie\e

(ol

which the

(Oppo^te and above,

left to

right) 'In the finer specimens,

by their

own symbolism

is

(Below)

Tutankhamun

recumbent upon a Uon-bier (no. 331a), in its black-

Each of the two long sides of the image an incised band of

king's shabtis.

carries

expressed the perfect serenity

varnished wooden box
text recording that

of death'. DetaUs of large and shabti-^ares (nos. 110, 330a, 330c, 318a.

The figure had been

been presented

finely carved

furnished with a set of copper agricultural implements, and

330j).

was evidenth

related to the

it

had

to the king's

burial by the high official

Maya.

lAf'nn ,uid ivjili iiin^i

iviH'ii,

(//M.S.

;,7,s7\

7iii;,

and

iiii's.

::is,

nil

in/li I'/h, I

mil niry

i

n

;('(

m

nil Ills

inr

luiliiris liiiK

uf

!:'u'<).

iirmcs

n

iliiii

Idiiii.

till

li'i'iiniiLi

hiiiiliii'lli,

innn

III

ri'

II jn'i

Kiiil

II

eiKiriiKiusly.

n

and

iir

Ixiiis,'

Sill

nn

iiiiiiiiziii:

.

Iinii

28(1

In

\aiaonsl\-

Ileatldi

1

if

Thf

7inl in

ihe

ti.yaires

\

aries

wilh and walhoul uracils fre(|iieiuly neeurriiiL;-

specimens were

mtilerials as

iims.

ni llu

shahlis

iioIi'cL

w

The

upe i,i;-.

of

k'asi

shown

2

1

ideiltilied

'the

ribbon ;ind

1(1

li.i;iii\''s

The

hands,

types

/vv,-.'

and

or oxerseer

by Carler as those shown

were

boxes,

each

headdress

the table.

in

Tile simhil li.uures

in

with

lla,uelliim'.

had been housed

recoNcred from

\\)v

ori.^inalK' in

norihctisi corner of

iinil

I'.aij. ::'j:;i .

combined

lid.'m.

theTreasurx- and II from the ,\iinexe. Twenty-three ol

these were resin-])tiinled. slopm.tj-roofed 'kiosks'

restin.t;

on

sled,u;es (no.

Tutankhamun's Shabtis

and

Ial)k').

the ojijects held

Inn:

sliiihlis

slum

::L'7h. :;:u>n. :i22i iio.,1,1.

fl

iVeeiueiu was die ckaibii' crown, of wliicli onl\ one exampk' was reco\erc(k Carler noted ei.u'hl varia-

iii;iiri

limn

L-ina's h ss iliihnnili iiiii

1

thai wearin.t;- die 'areliair' nr iriparlile

lioldin.i;"

III

(

diflereiu l\])es nf ht'address are

|-j.i;1il

cnjjra. the iikisi

which some

ijiiili

iciiinnii.

1

ii\er O.rini

sliiiiiiirniilly.

Ilinl tin

mn-

limc-

\ariii\l:

ni inldiiritl laifiifc.

run-ol-the-inill. 'The icon(it;ra|)h\-

/iiiiiil

liiiilurininallyhiiiiniiiil,

lllnllmn

li-ar\c(l.

ii

the

liiisillnlli'il

sii,i;,i;;st

and die induralfd

measured

\\(jii(l,

represenU'd (see i

'I'lii'

nn

of

tions in Illl'Silli

till'

iinil

niaUi'ials

llu

llms, in llu

hny kino; iiinn

The wddt'i

hei,uln. (^iialil\ ran.u'ed hMiii die s|)eclaciilai" In plain

Ihi

tliinl s/KCiini

till

).

j^fssD-uili): (luarlzilf: rakalc:

black uraiiiU': and a raiiKr lar,U('SI.

!>

unt ulhn

lliiil

liiinh liml nrlujiiiilly Ik ini/ili

.

tin

shahlis hiinal In

llii

in ivim-ti

uniiui

iiiii/inii ill.

iiir niilinilhiiis

sni'is:

'l;iiisl.y

II

::i'.ii

::l'l'.

shahiis

III!

a siva)

yclldw,

sidiif (while,

'

Ifnndl

11 Slll-iiillli ./

ni-

(if

ni tin

llini

I

\w]v

ciiipliiNa'd

mi,!

i.,si.

l)aiiiU'
iiivhl iih'T,

was

sc\n-al

.\nU'(iiami)(i' spcciiiu'ii

>h:il)li !ii:iin s

II

.•;:,'.,/.,

Distribution .Anti-cliainlKT

Treasury

.'ilS,

lor extimiile, iiieasurin.u

Headdress Types

^i

Tutankhamun's Shabtis - Headdress and Hand Types Head-

Hands

dress type

crook

holding:

&

fla//

two

djed.

flails

flail

ankh

&

&

two ankhs

Hail

Sail

Tr.6 Ann. 4

Tr.23 Ann. 21

Tr.9

&

bandage

hoes & baskets

empty

Tr. 33 Ann. 46

Tr.66 Ann. 95

bandage Quantity

Ant.

found

Tr. 39

1

Tr.

Ann.

1

Ann.

1

1

Ann. 36

Ann. 32 nenies

w(c), q,

blue

\v(c)

1.

l(i).q

w(gg) l(y)

crown white

w(gg)

crown

l(y)

khat

w(c)

— — —

Nubian wig

w(c).

w(pg)

tripartite

q, g,

red

w(gg)

CTOwn double

w(gg)

crown

wig

w(gg)

1

—

c

w(pg)

l«M«tllti
The

Golden Shrine

Little

m}}m^mm}}\mmmm]\mmm\}}\}mm\\mm}w\\mm

l^.s^;,r<:(.;:!|^,

riii> >iiiail -hi-iiic iil)U-cl>

.m'a])l!>

li'iiiii I'l

(III

IdSl, uiic

I.

(,f ih,; iii(,>i

iln- i(inil). a])pi'ars

llir Air.ciiiaiiiix-i'

imim-diau-lv 'Drhiiu;

hi])pnp(itaimis cuurh, a pusili(Jii |)frliap^ (/; (/

U

I

/

II

^

I

li

'

I

In

I

I

II III'/

I

I

(hii'ip..!,;

idiiil) ,")!).

Tx-ni

/' 111'

(

1't

1

;'-,'ri

/'.

T-t'm)

dft']),

-ill!

ill'l

and CarU'rV

NiixcnilxT

111

tlx'

l-n'Kal).

li'l'L'

lii.nii,

lis

I

>hi"iiif ol

I

lit'

;l-,f

ha(;

AniicXf. ilic

M(.'a>urin.u miiiu-

K^^inl wiik-and nL'nii

-Idpinu n«if

ancuii!

in

it

milial surx't-y ni

."].")).

(p.

L'li.rxm

to wlarl:

aiwss

id allnw"

bi'i'ii nii)\'i.'(l,

L'ariiarx'iin

clrL;;!!;!

in liuriMr,'^ jiliMio-

idfiitilit>

it

a^ the

the .tioddrss W-khix-l

Mminti'd mi a siKri -cncasfd

slrdyi-. the

sil\-ff-b(jllfd, ci'Hiijir-di

wund Icll

nf

nw-rlaid uilli

duo]- ijanrl llu'

b.axan.t,'

(lisi-ii\cr\

i

mn-d

>iinr,t; i- i'iir.>lnu-lrd

lliick .enld

mi

a

Ikrii

t'uil

clia; nf,

tl-.r

R-niuxTd >iixt

d

iiisidu

;l;r linx-

liixii-rnNrfrd jilastrr ha-r.

Within the shrine was an ebony pedestal, 24.8cm with gilded, round-topped back-pillar, lightly incised with the royal titulary - on its

.4 detail

outward-facing surface, the king's nomen; on

of the shrine s

vuiture-decorated roof.

{9Jin) high,

its

back surface, his prenomen. Two small, depressed sandal-prints on the top surface of the base indicate the original position of the statuette which must once have stood upon

it;

this,

as Carter suggests, had

probably been carried off by the robbers. All that

was

left within were fragments of a corslet, the major portion of which was recovered from box no. 54 (p. 193), and a large (14cm (S^in) high), gilded

wooden pendant stnmg with beads of camelian, felspar, glass and gold and carefully wrapped in linen. In this amulet, the

serpent-goddess Weret-

heqau, given great prominence in the shrine's

scenes in which some have recognized a sexual

who

metaphor, or even an allusion to the coronation. Given the maternal role of Weret-heqau, 'Great-ofMagic', an epithet associated with several goddesses

ftaming

texts,

is

shown suckling

the king

stands before her.

The shrine is decorated on its roof with two columns of seven Nekhbet vultures. The inner and outer surfaces of its doors and the outer surfaces of its sides and back carry a series of 18 embossed and chased scenes of touching intimacy representing Ankhesenamun as the perfect wife and queen -

with

whom

fied,

the scenes

on occasion be identimore probably emphasize the vital role played by Ankhesenamun in the continued existence and sustenance of her husband in the hereafter.

the queen could

Tutankhamun, hunting with a bow,

is

birds

kept supplied

with arrows by his queen,

Ankhesenamun: a the right-hand side Little

detail from

of the Golden Shrine.

llfltlt)tl|««))t>«lllf«lfflllll||tftllllMtMI«tllltHMI«llttft)M«f«l«««ttl««tflMimt««t«MMtlf1

Wooden Funerary Models lioats

-

1

1

I

I

1

1-

It

\1

\^l\\ 1

1

J

11

^-LLinl

ikl I

Ull

^iiK lllllr

^l

I

11

\l 111

In

111

^1

I

W

\

il

111

1

-,ll

I

1

nil )(

11

(-1

111

)tU

I

1

N t

(

li^^

l^lK t\l.e])ll

u

(

ll

(1

Ul,) ill

III

IIK

-I

)l

liii ll

il

1

I

Mill

Jl( 11

lUK

1(1 It

I

1

c^f \l--l:K

U(

I

c

t(l I'll

^

111

tUh

1

1

1

1

k

~

t

(1

1

1

tl

ltd Ihll

1

full

111

It

ll

,llt~ I

111'

-It

Isl

-

11

111

])

-1~

I

1

111

~

(

-f

It

R

1\

\1

IMl

,

~ii

,h

J

>vi

-<

hllM

' ^J.

-»

?

'

--'^%^*

"^

\i

t

u

I

\1 It 111

I

\1

1

1

t~

111

\t

])t t

^*'-v.

1

I

tl

nil

t

\

lit in

^

M

t

1

1

1

(

)

'

I

I

l1

t 1

_^

~

\-

1

~ eti

1

1-

1

1

I

^ b

II

11

in

ll

\n

111

I

11

I

111

u

It

1

\

t

1

It

1

-ll 1,)1\

1

-,1

~

ll

111

'

jC

I

I

hi"

^^

all

come from

the

Annexe and have been

identified

as ordinar>' fishing, cargo or transport boats: four further specimens, two with a single chequered cabin (nos. 334, 597) and two with cabin and forward kiosk (nos. 437

+ 598, 513 + 572), may

elaborated form of the

be seen as an

same type. The class of boats

with double steering paddles is represented b\seven barges without mast (nos. 273. 284, 287, 306. 309-10, 314) and one craft with mast and sail (no. 352); all have a central roofed cabin and a kiosk at either end, with protruding

prow and stem

posts.

iAhni;

I

Hnolitly lunil'ad

The umib's and

rtctinii;iihii-. s/i.tipid

ciibin.

[trmv

iiihi

,
a

ni

iitnii

steering (l-',ih.u-i

Tin

iiiiisliil

boat o/

TiitankhdDuiii'f ririmy: u th.tiiil 11/

rnnii

-Jin.

iihiy hi

>i

11

ui Kii
I'lnciiil's

'fill 1

iruiit :if thi

lioms

in tht ir slull in I'l

lUii's.

ri.LTKiiiK "t 'Ills.

ntrul cabin.

in

die TreasurN".

and arc

and mast, and twn 'Hie linen sails (madder d\"edl and 27(i and 'X\& are preser\ed intact, and

clnseh" I'eseniljle the

Tin him tmiih

Huy. king's Sun

i\,:

.

thi:

Uiund

has a stepped central

riiif; (nir.<.

I

ihrt-f lar.yv sailin.u; b( lais (nos. 27(i. :S21

wert'

characterizt'd b\" Uit-ir datlened. ]5ap\-nlonii slerns.

l;insk.<

l-"ach (iihl tu'ii stt

M')(il

Ilalshepsiit

caljin

I'iggii^i;

of the Punt shijjs of

reproduced on the walls of the

monuary temple at Deir el-Hahri. The basic construction of each of the same:

tiie htill

C|ueeii's

(

ir fr( 1111

least

a

number

(

if

ii

lined pieces

one instance, pmbabh'

then ekiborated by the addition ot

masts,

gessoed,

sdiiietimes gilded.

painted

(olten

The smooth

wi

« id

tittin.tjs

is

adzed from a single block of wood

sue h as

and

nn Klels

c;tr\"el-built hull

kiid ed.tje to

t.'d.ge.

than oveiiappin.gl.

For details concerning the boat-sh;iix-d these models

I

which was

finish of the

with the planks of the hull

I'ather

if

ctirelesslyl.

reproduces well the surface of the (i.e.

i

ot acticial,

'centre-piece', see p.

pp. 83, 85.

13,"i.

\W. For the

c ilcite

'ritualistic oar;

The granary of the model sailing boats (no. 276) from the south end of the Treasury was supported upon a rectangular structure of white-painted wood (no.

One

277).

This object was,

74 by 65cm

(2ft

5iin

in fact, the

by

model of a granary, and 21.5cm (S^in)

2ft Ifin),

high, to an enclosure with entrance yard and sixteen separate comFartments for cereals, which brim with grain and seeds. the to filled were found Large "Shunas" of this kind, built of sun-dried mud bricks, are the mode for storing cereals in Egypt to-day.

showing a doorway

Their external architectural details are precisely the same as this very model of thirty-three centuries ago."

Models of this sort had been buried in Egyptian tombs since the First Intermediate Period and were intended to provide the deceased with an inexhaustible

supply of sustenance for their new

hereafter.

life

in the

>ttnitmmmttlt<»mt>miHH>Mm»t»tHf mttfm MMmWHMft*l tf>tH»ffmmf mWW >

i

Tin- inininiM' ^-n.ud -um.uiuim.t: ihr

uaik-(i patn-iuh lincin" I'tir

M-vcral \\n\ir>

riricr,i;f
The Ritual Couches

tmm

.icri'tisquf

i-li

(ia(il^huIl(i.

What

IS

.

.

.

,

n

t'l

i\\

huili

tile

intert-sl whicli

-ji-

a

roi>ar,u

iti

'.','.-,

•.:vn\\UK< >\ix-p." >

ihc threi' ritual onicht-s

fact a

new

class oldbject:

fragments had been brnuKht

(ii()\anni Helzoni

wrecked tombs

i-].\ (i](i()7),

iiraDii.i;

!)i;r< "! a

cniwii,

aroused, they were nut

ot"

ll;i-

ral:'. (l.jn^ki-\, ,t;uat, liivr.

Tiilankhanuii throuKh.uut his

>pliiitered

m

,

hursf'^' tiacuiattti

IVspile the

<

Miit-

ihr -ur.

[Mr Caru-rl

the Inir.h wnl; hi- a^-l~IaI:!-

moated

,

li.nil) Mi; a;:

tlu' ni^.lir^cI^•^^ i"a\.- n:

^linriA- Ix'turi' li.inn.

and Theodore Davis in

the \ alley

In light

m

a

(e.g. Fjritish

while painted representations

by

number Nhiseum

ot"

similar

couches were depicted on the walls of the tomb of II (No. 15), which the Tutankhtimun tetim were employing as a laborator\-. What sitiijled out

Sethos

(Abovi. •thi

The head of Ammut.

I

dcvounr'. of •;]hh'd

iiith irory Ictih iiiid

wond

a ird-

stiiimtl iroiy toiigui': a detail

of the third

jiopulay with

leas

ii

of d soil

tlie /•'oyptiiiii,<:

jniil hipl'oliotiimiis.

rroeodile

(no.

ritiiii! eoiieli

I.'!7). Aiiiiiiiit

i-oiiifiosde ^'eiddes.'i

and part

part

heniess.

ih'iohtl Tin Aiiiiiiiit eoiieli Id'/), luirtiidh-

liin.

posdioii

Aiiiii tin

III

till

elean

xe

may

he

enatiii-e'^

in

d.

Aideelianihii'.

hieaehideiitiiiiie,

I'll,

to tin

si'eii hi tici

l,o.<-

i

ii

these couches for

comment was

state of preservation

their magnificent

and the gleam of

The couches had been chamber, arranged nose to

their gold.

positioned in the Antetail,

facing north, along

the west wall. All are constructed in the same way, in

- the couch proper, with footboard at the end and two supporting animal side-sections

four parts tail

slotting into a stout rectangular base-frame with

mesh mattress - of gessoed and gilded red hardwood, held together with hooks and staples and angle pieces of copper alloy. The first couch (no. 35), with lion-headed sideimitation

and high, curling tails enclosing a footboard ornamented with djed-piWais and /yeZ-knots, measures 1.8m by 0.91m (5ft lOJin by 2ft llfin) and pieces

1.56m

(5ft

IJin) high.

The

animal's features are

highlighted to good effect with elaborate inlay work: nose, eye firames and tear drops' of blue glass, and eyes of crystal, painted on the back for the detail to

show through. There are two construction marks

in

black on the right-hand animal, at the neck, and

emains of a third on the neck of the left; the couches had clearly been brought into the tomb in sections to be assembled, as they were disassembled, on site. '"!ie rail connecting the two creatures is inscribed an extended cartouche containing the king's ^lonomen preceded by the epithet 'the Osiris' (indicating that this couch had been prepared for the tomb), and a reference to the goddess Mehetweret, 'the great flood'. As others have pointed out, this ,h

inscription is better suited to the

(Above) The cote-goddess of the second gUded couch (no. 73). which is evidently to be recognized as an image of

Mehetweret,

The

'the

great flood'.

blotches of the cow-hide

are represented by

trefoils

of

opaque bbie glass.

cow-goddess of the

second couch than to the lioness supports present here - while the text of the goddess Isismehtet of the

cow couch is more appropriate to this. There was clearly some confusion at the time the component parts of the two couches were inscribed.

147

'

Mian

iirj.rv

iiira>iinr.,u

:lir

-.iLjiiihaaiilK iiil;

l)a>r

Ml'

nil

a^

.l;\

The Ioiil;

,/;,;-.«'/ 77/,

ill

^,r
OiirnMiisiiiiii.

III III,

ivmild

iiii

,11,1

,11,1.

,

II, II,

In

III,

III,

I'lii

/iiv ;;

liiivi

ii,,hil

iYiis,,iin,iil

Kildi, lie, ,ihv

si. irilli III,

I,

,

I

l,iii;ii,ii,>,ilh,„ir,i

iiLiiiliis!

lail

Minirwiia

\\hu-|i

line

Willi ircli |)kivcil

(

Ifl

lln'^>

1

'(


mui

mill

•

i

ii:

1

n-ii

jiaiii:.

v^illi

l.-'llni

l,'17i.

hiuii.

ni

in^aiabcd

ih.r

liiipnjxiiairiii- licadat;

m1

ul' i\-tiry

>bA' i> -la iwi;

il'.ci

irclli

w

iili

aiK

a ari

li'liiif k-L;>.

bliia

L',:i7ni (7ll ',t;ini

\\a> dial

ami

'I'hi'

jiicktii aiii

1

a jxH'i-i'l

i\-iir\' Uiii,i;iicl,

Thi-

i'ai"iiiiaK'>.

in liiir (iiu,

Ifinl

wlaas

nl

li'anu-,

>|)iiriiri,t;

iiicd

«

('\cl)rM\s> ai"c >iniiiar!\

and n-d

iliiixi ciiik'ii

ill'

„'iiii

lluMrisiil iln-t-vc.

1^

psiini

and

il

iiilaiti

ilk-

lino and

ni>iiu'lk,ula-->,

i

1

Imn i-muii mh

Ivniii llic

l)iHi\'

.

llic

!nil

iiii(iai"

aIll^lal^. i-acli

cnw luT

w

lir-i

l\i~'

I'xK.k ut ilic l)i\ iiir iiijuii

tht.'

Lnw.

inkTinr

>hnik' j)nilcr;ii;i,Mlu'

ol

>ai'C(ii)lia,L;u>. >u.l;,ui>;-

Mrluiwcril cuiich \va> a Milar spi-cd ilk- isir,,!,' Irniii tlii> wurld inirnnM' nf

ilu'

i

a \aT>iiin ni \\i;k-li

iilm- :H'(i>

i~

ihc in>i (Miiluniio-'.i

barc|ik-

dial

llu-

which wnuld

in lk'a\k-n. Tlk- la'.nal

i> -lill iiiu-jfar.

Removal from the tomb As Carter records, was no easy task: '.

.

.

after three

the dismantling of these couches

thousand years the bronze hooks had

and would not budge. them apart eventually, and with scarcely any damage, but it took no fewer than five of us to do it. Two supported the central part of the couch, two were

naturally set tight in the staples,

We got

responsible for the well-being of the animals, while a fifth,

working from underneath, eased up the hooks, one

after the other, with a lever.'

Nor was their removal any less stressful. The fragile sections were manoeuvred, with difficulty, up the corridor and into the daylight, where the excavators, sweating with the physical exertion and awesome responsibility of their task, were greeted with 'acclamations and a perfect tornado of camera clicks'.

For the three headrests of gilded wood

(nos. 21c,

547-8) perhaps to be associated with these couches, see p. 183.

(Above) CaBender

and Carter

supervise the removal from the

tomb of the

lioness side-

section of the first ritual

couch (no. 35). (Left) Reconstructions in the

popular press

(this one.

showing the assembly of Ih^ second of the ritual couches, no. 73, first appeared in The Sphere/ although based upon the most fieeting glimpses of the dismantled sections as

they were

removed from

the

tomb, were often remarkably accurate.

(Right)

One of Carter's

object

cards, detailing the

dimensions, decoration

and

inscription of the Arrtmut

couch (no. 137).

Amulets and

Jewellery,

Regalia i

...

iiiMiU'

Ill

exlnhil the

\va\s these

New

>,-|iiie |)(i'k-('li(iii

I'jiipirc siM-eiim ii> (in not

uf linish as

we

liiid in

the

wurkiiiansliip uf ihcir Middle Kin,t;di)in predeeesSM]--. 'lliere IS sliiiwn, liuwever,

1)\-

excellent stall in exeeuliuii. a

and

the

'I'lielxiii ie\vellei>,

marked

dee(iran\-e seii>e.

tiiuch iiiveiitix'eness in syinbolical device. ?

ll.iward Carler

Jewellei y and amulets had been buried with many more

'riilankliaimiii

jewels and amulets than those Carter

mummy

kind's

(p.

112),

but,

louiicl

ui)on the

jud^e from the

to

ancient dockets detailitiK the contents of the jewellery

boxes

ISIO),

(p.

robbers

(p.

95):

more

a K"<>d proportion ol the

precious pieces had been cairied

estimated

Carter

indeed.

by the tomb

ol'f

perhaps as much as 60 per cent of the best jewellery

was missing. What was

items, including 20 pectoral

in

ol

precious

represented a sub-

stantial addition, nonetheless, to the

then known, both

well o\er 2(H)

left

oniaments

metal and liye counterpoises

that

'loose'

ran^e of pieces

terms of quantity and quality.

Major and minor items of jewellery were vered from: the tomb entrance

(obj.

no.

reco-

la);

the

and k): the Antechamber (boxes, baskets, shrines and vessels

conidor (including nos. 21, 25,

-10, -13,

44, 46, 50, 54,

and individual (Ahnvt) Ihviviiigs by lit

a

si'li'iiiiiii III

Caiii')

Uiiiiicc

iiii<;

rcnircnil /I'liiii llw Ihior nf -Jill- Aiinixr Inn. fi3):t)(> ll'iirO).

(Rmht

[i)/))

pi'itdiiiil

Snllil giilil

nf II

fun. .'lyirl iif

sqiiullnif; kiiif!

pi'nhiibly

an

iiknlitied

ii.'ii/iiHy

Amninphif

III.

hut innn'

imiii^v nt

'I'liliiiikluiiuuii hiinsilf.

.-1

nf siliiss brink is lied iirnmid his iii'i'k. mid the iilriiiii

irhnli' IS SHSfii-iidid III

mi a

Innp ihaiii nf henry

Innp-

linhi.

iRi^ht) Idr.xihir srnnib briinlrt Inn. lift

i'lihi/i/l

arm nflhr

iiiinnniy. Tin

fmni

thr

hint's riinnits

rlrnirnlsnt Ihr drsinii sprll nut

llir kinii's

\ibhhrprui-r.

pn

nninrn.

obj. nos.

12a.

,5(5,

,5,3a

c.

(i3,

d,

f

79, 92, 97, 101, 108,

b, 138,

147b,

1,53a):

and

the .Annexe (includin.t! box nos. 51,.

individual obj. nos. 525. 619. (i20:9-l).

falcon

The remains terminals,

eleclrum (no. of the Burial

172),

the

of

620::-!8

,585. .587.

49,

one or more collars with

left

ol

the

.tjold.

ri,t;hl

Chamber, 'hangin.g on the ja.g.ged edges

number

of pieces, however,

Treasury, where originally to

ol

were found on the \ery threshold

of the stones' behind the re.sealed robbers' hole.

largest

and

620:66a w.

many

came from

of the king's valuables

The the

seem

have been deposited: they were found in and in lyvo caskets (nos.

the ,A.nubis shrine (no. 261)

267 and 269) on the north side of the

rcKini:

various

(Left, centre,

above and

beknc) Earrings

and ear-

studs (top. no. 269a<5}.

jimked by

no. 269a(3):

bottom, no. 269a(2) jianked

by no. 269ai6» from

Tutankhamun 's youth. Made of inlaid and gramdated goldalloy, they were found m a snwU jewel box (no. 269a) the Treasury. The design of no. 269a(3) incorporates a

m

version of the king's prenomen.

(Left)

Two

lavish pectoral

ornaments of gold from a jewel box (no. 267) in the Treasury, the outer face of

each inlaid with coloured glass and semiprecious stones, the reverse with

chased decoration. In the top

specimen (no. 267a) the motif of the scarab pushing solar disc has been elaborated to

fcrrm the king's prenomen.

Nebkhepntre. The bottom

pendant

other

hems

erf

jewellery were found in boxes 270,

the form

and widiin the miniature coffin no. 320b. Tutankhamun's jewels ranged in type from bead jewdlery of the most elaborate sort fashioned from predous metal and inlaid with semi-precious stones, to the plainest of stone hoop jewellery. The various 271,

its

pectoral ornaments, pendants, collars, necklaces,

by the king at pubertyX fingerand armlets, and scarabs. The

ear-rings (discarded

bracelets

metals emptoyed in fashioning these pieces irKluded gold (employed pure, or deliberately alloyed to var>

Aimexe (DOS. 620:40-42). stin cany tbe names at these kin^ with a number at tbe predous floor of the

Re-used pieces .As with

many

classes of

±e

his predecessors.

Some objects, such as

the faience

bangks of

Akhenaten and Nefemefruaten recovered

fr>

have been altered, in the ornament oo the ri^ above (na 261jX the bierogtyphs of Tutankhamun's prencoien, with the epithet image of Re', have been dumsaly set into the jewels, the cartoucfaes

king's funeran.-

equipment much of the jewellen." buried with Tutankhamun seems to have been pnxiuced under

-

'"

267m(l)) takes

ofafakon

with

talons the shen- ('eternity')

and ankh-

classes represented included a large assortment of

rings,

(no.

outspread wings, clutched in

pectoral

oval of a cartouche originally intended to -ccommodate a much longer name; their crientatxin -

reversed, though, as a pectoral of

Serapeum at SaqQaia suggests,

Ramesses this

D

from

was perhaps

-lal.

-

orientated hierogh-phs may be noted on ^~',,^\ from the same box (no. 261p(3))

-ctly

presence of the epithet "the good

was a piece originally as another jewel no.

ate that this n.

^_,

.-al

dtfrerence in tecimique

tV

f,vo my4
(right below) (no. 2611). the

between the inlaki names of and Nephthys, and the

('hfe

')

hieroglyphs.

:hfOil(iui-i.

chcisiii

Kom Sikiih!

I

rnlhir

ihc richiii-ss calcile.

quanz.

lazuli,

lAhni',

flivirum. r-ilwr. binii/c. and inui. Simius.

I'lir

amellu'sl,

and

mI'

ciillms

ilk-

li.tiurcs (pp.

,;,ll,:r:

dm; n

nk>nliiiik-d.

iiiliiti;

(IS i;

mid

l,,)iih

h,,ltniii

hi;,ii,l i;ill(ir

nuhli

fhiii,iv}

with

II

'pdd'

'/)/;,'(

7-

A

Dio. MUil.

,1

i,ii( ili;

:!ll

111

as wrll as

tcmb's

,L;ildcd

also

Ix'

Ijvoad v-nljars iwi ixcivd

1)\"

ihf .Xnik'Xf.

ilic

gaiiands

lloi-al

ilk-

mi,i;lit

Pit

."il

winch

liad oi-iijinall\"

ilie

'rulanklianuin

,,i'

been

'nuhsi\,,.i;:;i

cnislnirt,

lis i,,iiiid.

1,'Jn

(buth cnlciui\-d

bt;,ad

slni-ed

burial ii:,i,,if

:\:v

li'ali-iuni-i-oiiix-r

K'l;i>>

and

littil

(1).

|"lk-()d(irf l)a\is hi nil

u;,iu tlu

s,,hi;h,,i,p,ii

'Jli-it''

and

Tlu- xaridus

rlear variflicsl.

iViini

iKii^ii!} I>nllni,^ iiiui thn-iidiiii;

In;,

la;)i-

!ui"(]Uiii>r.

shells wti-f also iiM-d. as wi-ll as

arlitu-ial inalcrial.- 'l-lsyi^ii^i''

and

I,,

and

,111,1

o!,!^<,ii:„i,l<,,1i,,ii<.

,iii.<

irniiuii-ci

k'lsjjai".

,i;ri,-i,ii

s'a-air.c

sei'ix'ntii'i-.

silicak'!. K,t;>'ptian laiena-.

'",

i.-iilnui>.

iIh-ii'

canu'liai;.

uihl

n

•

bask'

381.

Ij).

ihe eniTidnr

in

l)ecoi-ali\e techiiic|ues ran.eedi h'oni tor

ihreadiii.tr

chasing.

ni'

^yraiiulalit

111

heads

and

exU'iisixe use of inlays.

!o the usi' of I'eiiousse.

linlin.ijfonhe.tjiild.and llie

This

laller

k'chnicjue

is

,ij

conmioiily lenned 'elDisoniie work'. des])ite ;7(/i,'>- III:,.

llie lael

.I'lhl.

that die inlays

dueed

seem noniialh' M lia\e been inU'oami ikH fuseti within llie cell,

in a solid loi'in

.\s Carter ivniarked. the

jewels

is

design

remarkably \abrant and

pieces showint;

much

The

would seem to more elalioi'ate

ot"

kin.ij's

prepared soleK" ot'

tor lunerar\' use,

wear noted on some pieces

indicate

mumnu). (p.

'ikiicate that other jjieces ol jewellerx' in lile.

main

had been Howe\er, e\adence

conjunction widi the box dockets

worn

th.at

jewk'ls

isucli as the pectoral

no. L'.Mippp, reco\ered li'oni the

iieen

nian\- of the

subtlety in their comj^isnion.

icoiioj,Taph\"

the

ol"

hvsli, iiidn idual

taken

U>(t|.

in

would

had actualh"

Four gold and goldmounted jewettery elements from the Annexe: a heart (Left)

amulet amulet

(no. 620:67):

a

Jcurllin; .AmuUts

and Hecuba

'tooth'

and two amukts (nos.

(no. 620:68);

papyrus-sceptre

620:72 620:73). The crook and flail 269h and 269e),

(Right) (nos.

concrete expressions of the

The

divine kingship.

butt-cap

of the crook is chased with the king's two cartouches, the

nomen form

in its later,

-amun

Regalia The most awe-inspiring of the jewels buried with Tutankhamun were the several and varied symbols

(Below) The flexible gold corslet,

much of which was 54 in

recovered from box no.

Antechamber, as first reconstructed by Carter and Mace. the

of his mortal kingship.

Of

these, the

are the Osirian crook (heqa) and

most familiar {nekliakha).

flail

Three examples of the crook were recovered - (nos. 44u (33.5cm (IS^in) long), from the Antechamber, and 269d (43cm (16Jin) long), and 269h (43.5cm (17iin) long) from the Treasury.

Two flails, nos. 269e

pieces having evidently been carried off at the time

As now

(43.5cm (17iin) long) and 269f (33.5cm (13^in) long),

of the robberies.

both came from the Treasury. They are the only

slightly

from the arrangement

Carter,

Mace and Lucas, having

kingly examples of such regalia to have

come down two smaller

The odd crook is uninscribed, the and larger sets of regalia from the Treasiuy inscribed upon their butt-caps for Tutankhaten and to us.

Tutankhamun each

respectively.

is similar:

The

reconstructed, first

it

differs

suggested by

its slide

fasteners

positioned on either side of the body (rather than

down

the centre),

and on each shoulder.

construction of

cylindrical sections of dark blue

and gold mounted upon a copper-

glass, obsidian

alloy rod; the long,

pendant beads of the

flail

are of

gilded wood.

Another sceptre

(no. 577),

was found

perhaps an aba (54cm

Annexe. Fashioned from wood and overlaid with sheet gold, one face of

(22iin) long)

this

object

in the

decorated in repousse with

is

five

registers of offerings; the opposite side carries a vertical inscription in blue faience and gold: 'The good god, the beloved, one glittering of face like the Aten when he shines, son of Amun, Nebkheprure, living forever' - which, as Carter notes, 'is of interest,

as

it

suggests a compromise between the Aten and

Amen creeds'. An object which royal regalia

is

should also be classed with the

the king's elaborate

greater part of which in the

the

Antechamber, with other fragments scattered

among

the corridor

chamber

floor,

the boxes 101 high:

'corslet',

was recovered from box no. 54

85cm

collar with

fill

the

little

and

115.

(nos. 12a, 12c), the Ante-

golden shrine

(no. 108)

The costume (40cm

wide overall) consists of a broad pendant pectoral ornament (showing before

Amon-Re, Atum and

his

consort lusaas behind) and counterpoise-clasp, and the corslet proper with

its

ns/iZ-omamentation and

shoulder suspension straps. Fashioned from gold

and richly

inlaid

with coloured glass and semi-

precious stones, the corslet

is

f^v.,'

(15fin)

(33iin)

Tutankhamun

M.M:A

and

incomplete, several

',-

'•'

'i

>

')

KK'y

:

.'

J

A

'.X

y',^'~)''

Tile kiii.uV imiiiini\. i-i;i!irlh-~lir(!

ir.iiiuluiL; llir nlii;!l

.mil urac:. (irriira!ioii>

tiiMUL'i;.

]\r^;:]]:i,

tiwiiirn; f\

clc,!;;!!!'

it>

:K-r;

h,';i:

pcndaii;

rilj!}iii>

ul a \\\>r laniiliav Iiliu 'Aail

i-

\\]'.]c\i

:uu\ ihr

l:iil.

woiix. wiiti

;iiul rl(ii-.iiniit'

i;i.l(!

p,;iuir:!il\

will; >c\fr.-il l:iinili;ir ili-in~ ni

and M-ulpluir.

l-l\i-n

iiiii|-r

i\iiiir;,L;.

IH'iiiaio. \\a^ (A idiiicc nf a clci-a\i'd licaddri'— ranilii'lcdiki-

liiir

ni wiiich. --adK,

liiit'ii",

llian ;lu' piulail i-mild ]>v rfOi\crrd. In Cailii'> llii-

was

a tiniiiuf

widi

w-i.i;-cii\-er.

hidW" had hiTii

example

il^

,l;i)1<1

(if

die Uiiil nv

tiiiiple

sewn ihr

band

'a

'jI

rm nmrc u-w

\

>hapc
\y,fj.

iLTilipi.

Tn

il-

llcxihlr iiracii>-stipei;; ni

inlaid .uold. widi. lo die back, a di-licalrl)- I'luiM-d shrt't ili'icii ,.ii till

mall

I'litl

[I ,£,'/(/>>

IS

h,<,k.

ii'ilil.

mill

Si

Till

ils

iiuispi-cad

\vin,i,'s

olUiiiiL;

part nl "die <

)r

iTuwn

had die

Id die ni\al head.

cardiK-

abxix'e

llie

u-wt'ls

priniMiiai

ruli' r)crhai)s

iiiliix: I

k-ani,

regalia. |)arliculai'l\ hi-ad.urar.

been

ol

lakcTi

fniblnns

(if

nvm>

lui-d;cr

wa^ krrnK by

i-

Irll.ilad;

tl;e

nibbfi>

ruiankhaiiuiir:

hii:'

pi-(ilffli(iii

mill

nil I'll

\uluire,

Ki'l'l

rxauadn.i;

Aldmu.i;)!

lulls

(\iiki'd

of

s\inb(iis

liicsf

I'harannii'

pnwt-r

a (.'(insidcrabli' sense nf awt- aindiii'

die

in i>lablish du-

Ixcause

ol

;;(/i-baskeI

wtis not unoiiiimoii.

for the

EKVPtiaiis to

new and obscure

f(ir

ritual

assij^ii to

and other

re;is(ins,

particular hieroglyphs

The practice is ]iarticularl\tomb of Tutankhamuii on the

\alues.

well illustrated in the

rrlained

b\- lii>

-uix'oso

ixtiuiivd in rM-rciM'

hi:

>wa\:'

Ifgure of the ibis-headed

Crypto(fraphy It

Wvn

li%'ilinia(.-\-

god Thoth

jx^rhaps

the basic similaril> in shaix' between the

and the god's lunar crescent; the

supporting tigures on the Tutankhamun pectoral a lalcondieaded deity and a standing ligure of the king are evidentl.\' to be construed as cryptographic

writings of

n and klupru

res(X'Cti\el\'.

second shrine and on the kiuK's jewels where \arious obscure or elalaoraled writings, esix'cialK' of the kins's prenoinen,

Nebkheprure

('Lordly-

nianifestation-of-Re'), are in e\ idence. Substitutions

include the festival sign hcb for

iich. lord',

and the

lunar disc and crescent for the solar disc bet'tle-si^n

re: while tin klwpcr plus three plural strokes (khcpni.

'nianifeslation') is

on occasion

rejilaced b\' a

sf|uattinK figure or 'manifestation' of the king. (See

also p. 158.)

On tomb

the tojjmost element of one jX'Ctoral from of

numlx-'r

thi'

Tutankhamuii (no. 2(i7tl) (Ixdow), and on of sealings of AmeiKjphis 111 from Tomb

and elsewhere, the nch hieroglyph

a ,'i.~i

is rej^laced b\- a

Colour (.'olour

was always used with

care

in

I\gyptian

and it is generally signilicanl. Our understanding of ancient us;ige. however, is C(im|ilicated b\ the fad that the Egyptians apix-ar not to have classilied colours in the same way as we comijosition.

(1(1

today.

Light blue, for example, .seems to have Ixx'n associated with given or white rather than seen as a

shade of dark blue, which the lCg\ptians evidenth' related to black. This difference in ix'rceplion nia\' exiilain the use of light blue for the ilesh of the

normally green-skinned g(Kl Pttih in this ixvtoral (alxive) from the Treasury (no. 2li7q) and

ornament

similarly the use of black for Ijoth the blue the king ;ind the gcxi's clost'littiiig cap.

laie of the king, sir the doubk'-c;irtouclie Ix.x, p.

l;"xS.

crown

l'"(>r

of

the black

unguent

IMtffftffHfllflltflttf

and

Clothing

Textiles

m^mimfinwmmmiimwmimmm)im}^miwm^mm We have some

fearful problems at the tomb. Just now contains garments and covered with beadwork. The cloth is so rotten you can hardly touch it, and the beads drop off the shoes i

we are working on a box which shoes

if

all

you look

at

them

of marquetryveneered sandals (no. 397). (Left) Pair

The upper surface of each sole IS decorated with

bound captives and an Asiatic

y

Arthur Mace to his wife Winifred

two a Nubian

and nine

bows, symbolizing the traditional enemies of the

Egyptian

state.

They would

be crushed underfoot with

every step

Tutankhamun

took.

Whether the

image of a dapper Tutankhamun conjured up by Harry Burton had any basis in fact is now difficult to assess. Clearly, much Tmen

was

in

delightful

evidence in the tomb, despite the depreda-

tions of robbers collection

<

The most

novel, perhaps,

among all

was a wooden dummy upon which it Tutankhamen tried his tunics and other

seen to-day believed

the antiquities

vestments, after the fashion of a

is

modem dressmaker.

New York Metropolitan an enthusiastic member of Mr.

Mr. Henry Burton, of the

Museum

of Art,

who

is

advanced the opinion that Tutankhamen was a man of fashion, scrupulously exact in the fit and hang of his garments. >

Carter's staff,

.

.

(p.

seem now

95);

to

but

full

have gone

details of the

for good. Unlike

most classes of the tomb's funerary equipment, the textiles were but poorly documented at the time of the clearance; many bundles Carter and his team seem never to have unwrapped at all, either because of their unpromising appearance or their poor state of preservation due to humidity and mould. While 'Cloth in some cases is so strong that it might have come fresh from the loom, ... in others it has been reduced by

damp almost

to the consistency of soot.'

.

And Manchester Guardian

the inexorable process of deterioration has

continued.

(Below left and right) The gessoed and painted wooden 'mannequin' (no. 116), a portrait figure in Carter's

opinion 'probably used either for the king 's jewellery or robes'.

(.aniu'iils I

:i\

I'lH'

and

iiliiiit;

\\a~

<1^

liiirii

(|ualu\.

kil!>.

ii'iaiiuulai'

l|).

17)711

hi^ wanlr^

I

hv

nuni'.

luiiic^.

'I

sc\rial

i-

ilcar,

'it

Ix-cii

woni

in du-

I'V.

1

li^

'i'.i-

liraii-

wlmii

ni I

I

lux nn.

ll.L'L'J.

>.,,,-,

llllllllllll

i>

die lonii

tl>

li'diii

and

\ai"irl\ nl iis di'n iralinn. riii> ran.ucd

Miiiplr Irin.uinK In dif

.Hdld span.ulfs

uduT

ik'nis

and

iif

clddiin.t;

and

a brilliaiu conirasl

(il

yclldw. wiiui', and blafk pai"t

darkened

had

,t;aniienls I'dlled

U])

atlendon tidied

a

storage.

detail

oihiurs

inaKniliccnd}-

didUKli

hkif.

imw

III

kit.

I

-omr docketed

III

hnx

preciseh as the ori.umal buiaal

a

number

nf irarnients nf a

(no. ,7S7al

irliat

Oiiii r iksrribcd

sHitfi biiiid/if;i. biiiidiii;i<

and

III'

thr mini f stall

sliiiii'ii

sizes,

dm.

Inn

T'.tijl

l{ach

nl

nmsi these

r.'.acie

>ir.ai;,i;c tiiid aiiiini.L' ll'.e

.'I

c7nh.

:•'

ci;il(r< ,c'lu\i'

iH''.iin,c'ir.,i,'

three nr Inur \ear- nld.

the

.\nl;ur

only the most superfi-

uhiche\er box came to ha.ve dire

thedishe\elled

.'<

and

prie-; i'Ut:!t>

(*;

a leathei- cuirass

niijo

kin.c'^

il

chrd

nui^l

I

ha\e

a

l'«i:iy

^l;(lu!
six

iieei; uiie

to

hand

Tiiis

conseciuences when,

came

to

Ma.v

tn la- witr \Vn.i:7v(i

unpack them. linens in

time of their disco\"er\\

the

.\t

aroused an enormous amount of interest

anioii.t;

,ulo\"eunakers

they

are

said

exhibit

to

the tomb:

found

in

which

1,'!

'2'.)

tiitbrniikn

irniii

shiri's

and and

a

siiiiih III

d

tuiiu

Irii.ntli

.
tiiii.

silviduis.

III'

a nncr innttnnl

<

inbi llislud with wnviii

I

inbrniikri

bands. III till'

Till

,i/

III

work.

mrativi

is

d

i

much

if

dirididly drawtiii;

apl>lkd.

till

I'k

iinpirssiiiii

ankh

I'piiuiii; .u'tiis nil

III

till

ijuality

ni

When worn,

pirhiips lath a till

di

the ik tiuh

ItaihitI shiipid

III)

d

liiaiuiii r

diinralmn

.Syr/j/;;;

.K'uriiwiit

u-iiist

would

sash,

hiifi

rrarludtoiiist bilow tlw

iKiiihIl Til,

t\"pe

of

stitch

from the .Antechamber

'diiliuatir' dill. .'Ih7ii:

Ilk

a

were rei'overed h'om

iLitl riu nil brut, d siipi rbly

lor .u'ood reason, since

imt

the

into

ei.ijhteenth

bulk of the material appears to ha\e been stored

and

modern industry until the century. In all. some L'7 .i,do\es were

introduced

\ar\inK C|uantilies throuKliout the tomb, thoutjh the in

Tuttinkhamun's

.ulo\'es

down

kin.it's

iindirwiai: a tnani^iilar

Hi

>peci,ali/ed n.aliire.

,m

In a

ini.a.uiiie

1

sitpphincntid with tiipinn.u

\mttttt /7-'7M,-.i.

them.

emit allied:

li)

of the

n/liihii/nldid

^5

]«i>i;i.,r,.

>anie

Hindi

V

m

>till

(jloves

a

srirnil nthi r

viinnus

the

17l)l.

ij).

the Aiilciiiiiiiihcr. iiidiidcd «..'

mure

Idff, ctc.i

Ici.

1

liv iiii

i)arl\' liad left

ir.cludin.u M'\eral lenijard--kii; linclu(iin,u' iio^.

frmii 'lie

nth.er ,L;ainienl>.

.\> Well a> e\er\"day cloihins.;. the ton

7i>

nil.

textiles

'l:e

1\

k

i

VM

Nil. eIllpk.\i-(: In wrapll'.e \ari.iU>

1]).

'ruliinkhtiiiuiH's iirst tiiuHil

1

vhawls' and

"t

dniiie li.miro. These Were found

1

lur ihc

Carter's notes record the pi'esence ot

mil

rea>ur\ and .Xnnexe. Man;.

rrea>ur\ con~i>te
l.'i.

p.

frnm the

Ibii, .and

(p.

.uri'rii, rrci.

rntortnnaleK".

three millennia later. Carter

lAbiiii

1

'~. L'i.

were recovered

lra,i;iiieni>

wra])pin.y^ uf the niumni_\

had not been K'ven b\ those who

thefts: interested in achievint,'

was

her sera ])s and

iin

box docKct-.

tlie

been lolded with care and

cial order, theollit-ialssiniph" stuffed

slo\enliiiess

M-ealsn

;v. 101):

.71.

bcadwurk:

up the tomb following the chaotic period

textiles into

)l

iwiXo

.Xlitech.ainber. with, in ei.uhi .711.

jjaiU'ls. nritiinall\" pi't-si'iu-

blaekd)i'(i\\'n.

orit^inalK'

lor

t
to

displa\i'd

sliirls

carpt'dii.L; nt

M'(|inns nr r\(iuisiU'

ciiihivjidcrrd bnnk't's in.i;

linm

plain

bdasUiiK a \iTUal)lc

10 o\"ti-,i;"aniicnls 'r:it,uikhini!iiirsdiivv,,l :iv,h,_

kin^V

(

a> a

kiii.i;

>niall fill 1(1. Tlu'nii>sl sinkiii.u fcalun-i'l d!i'Cii>;iinir ,.]'',:; iC.'i.i nil

Iti.

-ri;

-a-lir-.

i-ap>.

itt-in^

rcai\iTcd In mi die Tamil n

had licarh-

I'l

il

>l!ir!-,

M-ai'M-.

loitu'ldih^.

,i;ln\fs,

li>i)friall\- ihiiX' I'l

lia'vc 'wri; i-.in in:

lliniu.t;lioul,

l|||l^i^tl^.l;

and

!i-

Tiilankliaimiii'~ iiM;ln-. liM\\f\

ilic I'aii^f ol

!iiir>l

(IroM-s.

ajipcar

liiifi;

r(il]l)fi>.

riiiiamt'ci, I'll

:Li-

;- ;;ti(i ijrci

>i:i

loinrloth ino. I'uib) .Anil ihninbir.

from

liiu

thi

n

boxi'Sl:

and

{ti\

a turtiier

two pairs from separate boxes in the Annexe. One of

Sandals

the finest pairs, 38.4cm (just over 15in) long, reco-

CJjithtif;

vered 'neatly folded' from box no. 367 in the Annexe,

"When

tapestry-woven on both sides with a rishi-pattem,

among

is

and has tap*

modem

in

for securing at the wrists; entirely

design,

like

those found, Carter

all

believed that the gloves 'were ix)ssibly intended to

go with' the 'dalmatic robe'

and Trxtiks

these sandals have been restored, they will be the most wonderful articles in all the mass of

extraordinary works of

few years' time

we

art,

and

I

fully expect that in a

shall see our smartest ladies

wearing

footgear more or less resembling and absolutely inspired by these wonderful things.'

no. 367j.

The Times (Below left) Ay shows off Us red gloves, a gift from the

f]-

king

Carter recorded 93 items or fragments of footwear:

and a mark of honour: a

scene from Ay's

tomb (No.

Amama

25).

17 from the Antechamber, of which 10 were found scattered between boxes 21

and

gold sandals on the mummy

itself (no.

(1 l^in)

54;

a pair of sheet-

256 11), 29.5cm

long; a pair of 'sandal-like' slippers of leather

from a box

in the

Treasury

28cm

(no. 270),

(llin)

and a range of sandals (including 32 pairs, 'of basketwork' - nos. 620:119 - 21.5-31cm (c. 9-12in) long;

long) scattered throughout the debris of the Aimexe.

The types

varied from undecorated specimens of

(no.

sandals of leather (on one occasion

the

calf-skin),

from the tomb, were sumptuously patterned with bead-work or partially melted, like all the leather

gold

(in particular, no. 85a,

20.5cm

large papyrus sandal from the

(c.

Sin) long).

Annexe

620:119) Carter describes as having

'a

One

An elaborate sandal

(Above)

rush and papyrus to elaborate examples of wood with marquetry veneer (no. 397). Several elegant

85) of multi
Antechamber.

One of the tapestrywoven gloves from box no. (Left)

367.

floor (group

design in linen

and needle- work upon the sole representing African and Asiatic prisoners above the tie of Upper and Lower Egypt*. Each time the king took a step, he crushed them underfoot.

Contents of the Painted as found

Box

(no.

21)

a-b

rush and papyrus sandals

aa

collar of shirt

c

gilt

headrest

bb

pieces of similar garment

d

ceremonial robe

cc

tapestry-woven garment

e

cloth

dd

necklace of resin beads

f-g

decorated sandals

ee

pieces of

h-i

leather sandals

ff

j

beadwork sandal

gg

tapestry-woven belt or scarf

k-1

decorated shoes

hh

several small bundles of cloth

m

remains of tapestry woven garment

ii

large linen tassel

n o

ij

gold sequins

collar

kk

belt(?)

wooden label band from

shirt

f)-r

garments decorated with gold and faience

s

sequins cap or bag of beadwork

t

leopard-skin cloak

u

collar of faience

V

parts of garment of tapestry -woven cloth

w

cap or bag of beadwork pieces of tapestry-woven garment

X

beads and pendants

y

two-string collar

z

child's glove of fine linen

two or more tasselled two ends of tasselled belt

II

tasselled belt of plain cloth

mm

shawiP)

nn oo-pp

rolls of fine linen

qq rr-uu

w

belts

loin-cloth

10 rolls of bandage of pads of linen

fine linen

gauntlet

wrw-xx boards of wood covered with gesso and painted blue

yy

gold pendant

The unpacking of box no. 21. The sandals in the first shot were in perfect condition: the beaded robe next to them, visible in

both photographs,

crumbled at a touch.

157

and containers

I?()\es, .spoon.s \ -Hi;

l\ni-\

ill

-ulj~tanee

and

hi i\

li

hollowed out

diiek.

Cosmetic Objects

j>nie',

I'l

fitted

with a

wa> lound m .\nteehamher if the mh. The

part

the

ot

he i\

bit"dV

were

identii'al l)oxes

linieot his death.

(

neck and

are >tained

le,i;s

m

fil

n,,.

liead.

ti

i

-mnlar

:i

>\\ i\el lid. 8..'iem if. .!:ini

overall.

loiii;

a ;rils>ed

;l;r -li;i])e ot

ii;

eoiiiam >al\e or

to

i\\

er

Two

lilaek.

CarterV po->c»ion

in

tlie

k

the

at

objcei- lornierh in

)thei' eo>nii-tic

the Carter eolleelion inehided a iiiaKnilieent .uras-

ho])per box of sttiined i\ory,

ointment >poon

lid

it.-~

m

the torin of a

and a delieateh- carNi-d stained i\or\-. with swutTlidded

pair of ino\'able

win,L;>,

ot

bowk

ponie,i,Tan,ate

was usualU'

.\neienl K.u'yptian knld. or eye -ptiiiit.

eoinposed of either mtikiehite (hydrtited copper earbonatel or

powder and it

(lead sulphidel. Kroniid

,t;alen;i

torm

apjilied in the

with water

or. perhtijis.

into

ot a jiaste b\- mixin.i;

Tutankhamun

with Kum.

been buried with se\cral lumps of both mater-

htid

the ,i
itils (e.ii.

originally tied

use

this

in

might

'.,1

up

mind,

presumabh- with slabs' troni hix no.

four 'paint

'ilie

htive

In mi the .Annexe,

l.')lib.

i.

in a linen ba.tj).

intended

l)een

tor

the

.i,Tindin,u

mineral. nilh

.1;; n-iiyy in.
Like

sini-il lid liihiiK hi'll. (iirni! Ill

iiiiiii .//'«

till

III.:.:,

Inifsi

aiula

hi.

iliiik

il

diiiihh

•ilas.-i

mid

iviirx in,,.

^docI

l-:,i;.\plians,

till'

was

i-ari'ful

him the impkiiu'iils and

Kemarkttbly lew

and

till

/.'n///

eontamers were reeo\ered.

of these from the .Anteehamtx'r: ,

pR'pai'atioiis nea'ssar\- for

ance. While someot'thcse life,

Iliijl.

|'iilankhanuin

.m'avf with

kohl

iah
lull,

all

to lakf to

maintaining his appcai-

had evidently been used

olhefs were elearly jm-pared

hereal'ter in

mind.

solel\-

in

with the

serpentine. '5.2cm '.',2.

container which held

;i

;i

cosmetic \-essels tind reklted objects: (l.licm

(Uin)

and

lon.t;)

;i

double

ivory. 12cm(lYintlon,i,'.

no.

Ki.

hiertilic .\

Two

gold

docket of hix no.

though of

mentioned

oimment

Kicm

conttiiner.

the stircophti.gus. there

is

.Akhentiten to the

b\-

doubt thtU

little

been discox'ered within

outermost shrine;

its

with

t.akes the

high-plumed

I

nil,, i'dii

lllllllll III inlllilllli

.i;lii.-
mid

brown

are inkiid with

ti

h'jirh Ian'

sliiiirii.

ihrnriilid mill a

jiiiiy

nl

roiiliiiiiiii!;

/»( ,

irhiis

Inmlnl

I:iiii;'s

,,l

III,

lli,

rill.!;

slii.i;,s iii

bkick-oninge

litis

different stages or tion

ti

double the to a

of the Ixix

writing of 'I'mtinkh-

klhpru

ele-

Ixt'tle kin

per

ilie

sctirtil')

h'om

in

m

two

been interpreted klupni

roytil child,

varititions.

the face inkiys

in

;is

The

ortmge-redrellecting the

the king's tr;insform.-i-

through

to tidult king, de.ad

king tmd ullimtite rebirth.

Irmisliirniiiliiiii

In, III invul

nhirlli.

dull

a squtitting tigure of the king

colour pro.gression

.Vi bldiiliriii;

iiiihiiiilii

flii;lilly III!

II

111,111,11.

mil

prob.ahly

three plurtil strokes, has here been replaced with

!.•<

nlipiisidniiliiiiiihs

h;id

deconiposed

still

|-!oth ftices

ment, noniKiUy written with the

.iiwitiiid

jiri'imux

colour.

cr\'pto,gr:ii)hic

ithin

it

held

amun's prenomen. Nebkheprure.

I

iiiliiid

Ill .i;iild.

I'l,--'!

mill oilimn d

'bad smelling'

was

form of

lui.

renitiins of its origiiitil un.giienl.

w

tkKirs of the

tin-

ongintil nuinlx'r

which

220. This box.

was

high, of a type

(r. (>|iri)

being offered

fre
ih'mllll

in the

ritualistic rather llitm everyd;i\- use.

solar disc. .Although Cttrter places this object

cartouche

.gkiss

timoiiggrouii

.'iT.'i.

inn^orttint

the gold box no. 240 bis.

origintilK'

mkiid

.t;ilded ;tnd

was lound

knlil sticks ,are

particularly

to,t;ether

\uhv of woikI.

knli!

and

tube

tin\-

:i

bound

knlil sticks

with strips of cloth cttme from the ctisket no. 11; ;ind

pot of dark

:i

was found in box no, number of smtill stone

l|inlhi,i;!i.

(r.

!'"or I

lull!

Ill

nlliiiiali

the series of stone vessels conttiining the

king's oils tind unguents, see

p. U'S.

Mirrors and mirror-cases

(Uft) The lid of the second mirror case (no. 271c-d). The

Although clearance of the Treasury produced two elaborate mirror-cases of gilded wood (nos. 269b and 271c-d, each

27cm

interior o/tlie case is

hollowed out to receive the

(lOJin) high), the mirrors them-

mirror today represented by the handle no. 54ddd (3)

selves were not present; the inscribed ivory handle

from that of no. 271c-d was found in box no. 54 in the Antechamber, its mirror disc wrenched off by the

(below), incised in black with

Tutankhamun 's Horus name. The mirror disc, perhaps of gold or silver, had been

robbers for the sake of its metal - probably silver or gold.

carried off by robbers in

The mirror-cases were each made in two halves. The first of the cases (no. 269b) takes the form of the

antiquity.

an appropriate funerary play on the Egyptian word for mirror which was hieroglyph for also ankh.

'life'

(ankh),

The central part of its lid is decorated with

prenomen picked out in coloured glass and semi-precious stones, while bands of hieroglyphs in raised relief on the gilded surface of the case the king's

The interior of the The second mirror-case is fashioned after the god Heh, who is shown kneeling, reproduce the standard

case

titulary.

lined with silver.

is

a cartouche before and behind his head, with palm

branches held in either hand surmounting frog- and s/!€w-hieroglyphs.

head

The exaggerated

decorated

is

gilded

in

disc

relief,

upon

his

again with

The entire compobe understood as conveying the simple

versions of the king's prenomen. sition

may

wish that Tutankhamun's years of renewed might be without number. This case is lined with

life foil

of brilliant beaten gold.

Shaving equipment Egypt were employed not only to shave body also, including the head. A hieratic docket scribbled in ink on the white-painted box no. 68 from Tutankhamun's tomb records that it had originally contained 'The equipment of His Majesty life! prosperity! health! when he Razors

in

the face but other parts of the

was a

child. Contents:

and ewers;

razors, tackle.

copper handled-razors, knife- i.e. the royal shaving

linen.'

When found, the box contained nothing more

than two cloth 'pads', a bundle of cloth and a clay sealing;

who

it

had evidently been emptied by

thieves,

(Bebw) The first mirror case (no. 269b) as found in the cartouche-shaped box no. in the Treasury.

No

found of the mirror

269

was had

trace it

once contained.

all but one which Carter recovered from the Annexe floor (no. 620:53, 18cm (c. 7in) long). A further group of razors (no. 12g), which may or may not be associated with the equipment of this particular box,

carried off for their metal content

knife-razor

was found

in the

fill

of the tomb's entrance corridor.

'ar left) Hieratic docket

the lid of a whitened

,-r^i-^

.^

on

box (no.

68), containing the king's

shaving equipment.

159

i«M«itf«««ftti«i«tt
riir ar.cHii;

m-i>

.yank- aiT

l:!ii->(iu;irc

Games and Game-Boxes

Tuiankliainup.V

\Mili ]>ii'liuiw

atk'itiiii:,

mihh'

(;arn'n>'i

oi'

iin;

-

fiSd.

n

aiu;

Inuiici aninii.L;

:;;i,",.

am; pfrh.ap> two

pHrt.'>

c:

i
i>i )/i

imir inniplfU-

oiniaiiu-d

MK!

jjlayiii.u

Titi

fxrct-dir.uly

ihr iin-Mjuaiv

iiiiri-(|Ut_-iul\'

-

.'llfi

uiir

III

<>{

luiiii)

.i;anu--bnar(l> {]V'>.

7)\'>:\\.

:\i-.:n\

Tix-

ii;l:fi>.

(I'allni

ur

i'lHiu.

[jawn' and 'rriT lunii~ wi-rr lnunc:

iduil).

:iu-

urn-

l-!,Lrvi)!i:ii>

:)m;iI('; ,i;;;iiie>. ar.ti

unl:

i(i,u'f!l:f!'

'.uu

"i

~i-;>

ir.

inui"

ras;iii,i;-slirks. (

)t"

and

ihf K^nif

bi ianl>.

iVagnit-nl

a

iiHn\ ti'fd iVdin

bnards canu-

lliu

Anteehanil)ei\

in

aiiiiin's

tn

iud,t;e

other

iin

item of fiineniry

iqiiipment.

imluded

tomb

amusement

lis 111!

the dead, to

idle^ory of

llie

Ill tlie firiiiie

iiolili'iiiiiii

a

in the

mud jiidi^ment.

jiliiyed l>Y tile (ri<,dill.

the iidversory ««.< Fate, till

for

eiinoiis

Ameiimosi

stake imiiiortalitw

and

Inn.

i

m

lh\

Uiii

>.

>\m\-

.\nr.i-\i-.

sewn

i

il

m

uti-e Iniind

ihe

the kmieklebi mes:

I

if

'I'h.e

the in.umal >

etiuipiiieiil. h'nin

disi^hiced

(and

Anr.exe. In iiiie

whieh

partialK'

>

>\

it

in slmri.

Tutaiikli-

had

the liniiieless drawer at the time nl

)iii

l)eeii

plundered,

I

i

me

the mbberies.

ptitliwtiy of

30 steps,

shtiixti like

wound

;i

backwtird

S,

their w;iy single tile

"l-yTabel-Seega". phived almost universtillv in the hi the 30-s(|uare

gtime of

.sy);(7,

each player had

Near Kast.

tin

,' .

.

equal nunilxT of phniiiK pieces, distinguished fmiii

was Movement

those of the opjjosilion by the form, which generally 'pawn'-like or 'reei'-shaped.

of

up along the two longer edges of the board, was dictated by the throw of the knucklebones or of the casting-sticks (the 'score' of the latter deix'iident upon the fall of the black and the pieces, lined

white surfaces). Movement has been characteri/.txl

;is

i

wvxv

i

toward the five final square?; of the board, which were usually marked in some wa\-.' The tiim was to remo\-e all of one's pieces from the board Ix'fore those of the opposing !)l;i\'er. The marked squares were clearly advantageous to the player (those marked with the hierogKph infer), or haziirdous (such as those marked with the water hierogl\-ph). According to Carter, 'The contest was obvioush- an early form of, and allied to, the mcxlern game called

Tin senet bnard developed

yrarf friim

al least

along which the pieces

of Senet

Didiiiiiry

easlin.t,' >Iiek.-

li:i\'e Ijeeii

.i^aiiiin.t;

ptimtilK'

liver the

(ii'awci'

Annexe. Tlk-

the Anteclitimber.

tippears to

"a

>(k'.

i

x'l-ntri"

(and pertiaps thivel niher knueklebimes were

luimd

The Game

inc

the enlranee pa»a,i;ewa\ ami

ii!

The

Annexe, a> were I\v(i

'

the laruer nuiiitx-rni pla\in,t: pu-io:

immd

^U'a\^- wtTi.'

inl\-

.Xnlfi'hanilx'i"; all the I'nniplrU-

In mi llu-

laii\'. pi"iidinv(l

i

u'ury

(il

111

1

11

tn i

>v

The ebony game-box and stand (no. 345 + 383 + 580) The ebony game-box

(44.4cin (174in) long), found

component parts (board, drawer and stand) at the south end of the Annexe, is one of the most elegant objects from the tomb. Now somewhat warped, so that the bolted drawer will not fit the box, which now no longer sits squarely on the partially gilded and ivory-clawed feline legs of its sledge, its fine appearance belies its actual construction. The surface is merely a veneer, applied to a core of poor quality wood, and though conventionally identified as 'ebony' may well be some other wood to which a dark stain has been applied. Both the upper dismantled into

its

three

and lower surfaces of the box Jire veneered with ivory, to which raised strips have been glued to divide each surface for either the 30-square {senet) or

20-square

games

symbols.

The

and three more hieroglyphic

(see opposite), with five

of the squares incised with one or

bones and set of ivory and ebony casting-sticks, formed part of the set as buried.

sides of the box, as well as the ends,

are inscribed with large, yellow-filled hieroglyphs

which expound the royal titulary and leave no doubt as to the game's ownership. When found, the drawer was empty. Carter in view that the original playing-pieces "were probably of gold and silver and consequently stolen in ancient times'. This is arguable. Eight print taking the

faience playing pieces of a suitable size for this game

were recovered from elsewhere

in the

tomb, and

it

is

possible that they, together with a pair of knuckle-

The two

ivory boxes (nos. 393, 585r)

Although one of the ivory game-boxes was found broken on the floor of the Annexe, close to the doorway. Carter believed that it had originally been stored with its 'pair" in the box 585. Eioth gameboxes, each some 13.5cm (5iin) in length and extensively inscribed with extracts from the royal protocol inlaid with blue pigment, are carved from a

and the upper and

(Top) The elegant ebony game-box and stand (no. 345 + 383 + 580). The top and bottom surfaces of the board itself (seen on the opposite page in position in the Annexe) were each bud out for one of the principal

games

(left).

(Above) The two pairs of ivory and ebony casting-sticks associated with the ebony

single block of ivory, with the squares for the 20-

game-box

30-square games cut directly into

345 + 383 + 580.

no.

161

^^^^ iAh.,r,ilr..nr,ii,,n,iv„li„

liiwcr

'<.fXlih:.',!i::i in.iii

s(|uaivs.

AiiiKX,. inlii 'n

r siiiii'ii

I

III,

Its piinii'-

ll hli/riiii;

jiu

r,,l-himili,l iii'i-r mill

kiiiirkLhuius. 'i',i,i;iii. III

.

Til,

ihi.

Iiir.

\jili iliiiiiih, r.

liiiri

.
I,

,1

f ni

I

sin.u'le

The

nun

mu

purl

iiiul

hmkni mill

ni!

Ill, .

,1/

/Ins, nil.


.','.>:;.

Iniiii

ti,

with

tiiiiii.isii

III

III,

mnii

m

\siiiti,- ,;i/>tii;

C,ii1,rinsli,,lli,

V

ilrmnr

lined a one end oieaeh box. I

llu-

boxes

die lhie\es'

Tutankhaimin.

wiiieh lia\e

(his

l

he

|

)ren(

mien are inscribed ab( I

i\-e

carlouches.

Carler associaled nine i\or\- ]da\in.i;-pieces and a sin.ude

knucklebone wilh ihe

of

ivory pla\ in.y-pieces and Iwo knucklebones

1(1

widl the second.

now warped and do

lirsl

box. and ihe

full sel

si

box.

tme of

mie dislance awa\

lii.

die i^ix lia> die soulli-

„

iii'iiiu riiir i/iiiililr.

two

ils

ijolied

Wiieereci Willi ca,r\ed

.

iii.e;

loins

and

poj)])y mollis

w

a decora; ive border.

nil

Theeffecl iscloselv .-imilar loihal of d;elarL;e.ivor\

veneered caskel no. olo

•

b.'d

described on

p.

liL'.

lirsl

l)ox

described,

is o|

surface

is

duided

inio

s(|uaivs. willi die lower surface similarh

,'!0

dnided lasl

jioor quail!)

local wooii. 'Idle

iiieans

b\-

iii)])ei-

gilded 'slucco' ribs

o|'

lor ihe L'li-S(|uare ,L;aine. |-"i\e S(iuares of lliis

surface

ups;

!lle\

Willi

uold

slill

reiain iraces oi hiero,L;i\-i)hic

would

ori,eiiiall\

mark-

lia\e been lii.uhlr>;h!ed

foil.

Carler assoiaaied

2(i

black-

and red-iianded

box, as well as a

i\-or\

pla\in,u'-pieces willi

lliis

wory knucklebone^,

lie al.so j)ro])osed :liat llie

pairs of i\or\- i-as!in,e-slicks lakin.y .\sia!ic

and Nubian caplues

belon,^ 10 111

a

as die

])ile

and black- and red-slained (or lieal-n-ealedl i\-or\. die decoralioii on each side consists of li\e ak.erna;-

1,1

,111,1

no!

ll

widl

len.u'd'.

ir.

ib.epari "]

of die (ira\vei>

was found m Annexe, in die same

reassein'Dled.

sled-moiinied

drawers

iisa..L;e oi:

ib.e exeei)ii..n

d'he core of the .uanie box. as widl die

h,K\ ,11-1

wid;

;ui!,

wesl I'orner of die

names

i\()r\ tfaiiK'-box (no. o9.'])

iiad sulTeivd mikii irom rou^i^h

oS.")!'!

(no.

and clutching the //c/iz-sceiilre. receiving a lollis Irom {^ueeii .\nkhesenanuin. who stands before him:

,iss,„-i,iti

i;mii, til,

i\(ii-y. is

now been

Iiii

Aiiii.x,

Ill,

piece of

ojiposile end of one of

wood and

lln^'

'('his elianiiiiisj; ,uanii--hu\, L'7."h-iii (1U;1!i|

sealed on a block ihroiie, wearin.t; die blue crown

in

'h"ir. takiii!;

niarkeii

ir,iiy

III

<;i.
Xiihitiii

si)eiiall\

small boiled di-awer, alsn i-arved Irmii a

earries an incised reijreseiilalion of tin

iheir illili'ici Tivii l>iiii:<

A

tiviii

irnry

limy nt

mill

mill

n

There are nu

surlaa's.

Idle

form of

(no. (iL'Od lUl pr
one of ihe box's drawers.

odd drawer

liiamber of die loinb

box similar

of

iwn

.yame', allhou.u'h !he\ are loo lar.ev lo

iliis

iiilo eillier

llie

jiair

(no,

liiiM

e\ ideiilK

found

in

llie

came from

.\ii!e-

a .uanie-

in si/e lo lliis i\oi-y \eiieered six'cimeii, ils jiair. One of ihe !wo sels of which Carler a,^soclaled wilh llie

and conceixably l)la> in.Lj-pieces

g I

wood and

bo.ard

ini,t;h!

mleiided for ihis niissin,u

obuM,

i\or\-

well

ha\e been

The

'musical instruments' recovered by Carter from

the

tomb are few

type: a pair of

pair of sistra. Eighteenth-dynasty

more to offer than to their ritual

and

this,

the presence in the

it

accompaniment

next

far

that

objects

owes more

any

desire that

function than to

in the

Egypt had

may be suspected

tomb of these

Tutankhamun should have

The

tfttffHWffHftffWlfHfflfffflfffffffffl'

number and conservative in ivory clappers; two trumpets: and a in

pleasurable musical

life.

Musical Instruments mmmmmmwmmmm^mnmmm)}wm}fn^viwmmm

ivory clappers (no. 620:13)

Found on

the floor of the Annexe, these arm-shaped

clappers measure

some 15.7cm

(G^in)

in

length.

Holes at the proximal end of each clapper were intended for the insertion of a cord linking the two

manner of castanets - though, as tomb scenes apparently show, the noise would have been produced by shaking rather than by controlled percussion. Each arm is rather crudely incised on its together in the

polished outer surface with an elongated cartouche associating

Queen Tiye with her granddaughter.

Meritaten: 'The great royal wife Tiye.

may

she

live:

daughter Meritaten'. Precisely why granddaughter and grandmother should have been the

king's

linked

in

this

way

is

presence in the tomb of

uncertain. The Tutankhamun is

clappers' similarly

obscure.

(Right) Pair of ivory dappers

inscribed for Tiye

and

Meritaten, pierced at one

end and with hands carved at the other.

(Below) Simitar clappers in use: a scene from the

12th-dynasty tomb of Inyotefiqer

at Thebes

(No. 60).

163

riic liimii)e'ts (nos.

17.))

.i()j4jj;,

:;!>

;;:rn >]i\ir. 'k:.

wri;

'irii

'liv M'.lur liin,

wri'r

1(:

ii'iil;

r(\-i

! liiniu-r. \\|-a;)|ir(i iillir,-;>l

ihc

runu-r

Ml'

ii\ci-l,-ii(:

wilh a

11,1,

,l;v>-o,h1

inlrn.dfi:

llir '.l:in

di-innion wiu-n

Tlu' ball and lube ui

la>hionfd

in

':::]'

m

'jir

li'

»,i-

u:

ilic

l-,im

liirni^had

\\a-

\\M.id,-n (iirc. jHTliaj)incla.l

iHil

ilic

sihcr

s(]uara lajo.

liilik-d

ilk-

•

warr

iixcrand Mined;

kmi>lic(l(liaiiicuToldhr bell i!>aild>a iiuTa

(iralh.

Tl:''

ilidsul iipnii
III,

hilln!

r Iniiiiiiil iii:r

lllhiit till

h,ll,,:'!lu

!hi

!','.,

r,././i,

The

\rVh-.'\

i'l:

lim-

i-Hil-inri

lUrl'.r-

I'lll-j

lc;i\r-- ^uiti ".ir.iiii:^

])riiia;i-

i"'

mI"

>''ip;x-|-

im-lal

ilk i\\

ivr:ai:,uular iranu-

a

.]"\wy

'i-.r

my

Tui;;r:kl>

wa^

-UjH-i'ini-

aMmainir- a

-ivin'

Ix-lnrr I'lah

Ra-1 Inrakk.:;,

i\-;)-

ihr rn:n-f l-ku\;):ian parahcMn, allux

!runipr1

o.L'aniiii

lO.L'

\\a>

la-lai iiird

ihiakl.

will:

a

liniii

:)i-a/i-d.

inraiuk'i' imnl runnin.a llu- wlinia lanM;!: nf :hr 'i'"!

ball

''i

imir

imn ijclwccn luba

i-ivt-l

ainicaalad

lllaan^

i)\

nn ludiiHrac aiin>]-N bi'azrd nn a

"1

s,,ii,

'I'll,

o

i-a-cnaain

liaunpal iHilniv ni;liH

W

'irhpu-iT

liir iiu

;;r.(;

ii

ii:.

:hr l(i:u- (kx^raiiMr,

ka and

Aiiinr,

-l:"''

li-unipc;

lll'.i'

Mi;i-c(iiinrl\.

,i:uii:'^

aaaKim'al

Inniii

in UM-.

Mil llir \k\\ 1~ ii;;!-r(l,

!)"-<(: iiixiii '

pn-iiK

iii'-i

n; 'lie m-jkiJ.-

luii).

liu- liii'iT

m

ill

niMu;l: 'A [hr 'n

iK-nUii

'Mtnir.in.L; :l:c kir.,u"~ ]irri;Miiir!i nr.i: iiMinrii al:(Ti:;r,

:;.,i;

il

>il\-arHil(lri-lii,t;]\"aanii\ri-all laiiKlli"! .'if^.-iiiiia.

j!.'linl:

'

-l;r

:l;r

;i'

iiiTi,

:,i

iwiipiacfs Iniin haniiniTad.-hai-: iiiaiak

llu-adKi> au! i)\

vi-.

lriini])ai

and paniird

pinU'c;

111

iiania.t;"f iir

in-

ihr i-(.nirni-

l-;aali

'a:;!,

;);m"

•!,

.;i'i

;i:.-i

':i\-r,/,

'V

•

Clinmuii":

ilk- Hiiniil

all.

n,

:;',

;,'

Irniii ;l;r Ai;:ici:;:i:,:H

ii-rii-, 1\

AiiiiThanilHT will;

wiKiiki! liM\

rM|j|xT

Ml'

A rn(;

ir.

r-ilni

;;i.ii

^)(l^,l;l

(rlci-.iiini?!

.l(:-;iilii\

run

I'lriiund

than

r-aai-l

lubaand

ilk'

hci\Vf\tT,

aOt'iii

i

if

a

a

'A

'mn;. pa~-ad

~Kx'\r,

'IT.a

(•k-i':ninid-'i

iir.n

.^ulri

~ini]jk-

xwr

'.lir

rr.d nf -k.r

bi'a/i-d l^l'alpll^lIMn. Willi a ((,

L'liiin,

silvai' six-aiiiu-n:

\W

irunipa!

iha dianialai-

i> >li,ahll\- lai'.mT. al

uiha

rk-airunii'i

aniii

abmil 9ani

i> nl'

ki;,L;":l'.

>liMr'fi-

dk- ball.

id-ir.i.

Tlk-

;

!(i

ihai nil

-Ik- >il\"rr

inmipr;, wiaiii >lki\\> dir blua-

iilhy Iniiiilht ih

ai'dwnad

'rinankhaaiuin.

ik.a

i;od

I'lah

Ix-hin.d,

receiving the

ankh

('life')

from Amon-Re, behind

whom

stands the falcon-headed Re-Horakhty. The physical differences between the trumpets

indicate that, though pair.

two

in

number, they are not a

the two occasions they times - the silver trumpet

As became apparent on

were played

in

modem

BBC broadcast of 1939 (by Bandsman Tappem, with a modem mouthpiece inserted), when

during the

it

shattered; the copper (or bronze) trampet in 1939

and 1941 (on the last occasion without a modem mouthpiece) - both instmments are tuned differently.

The noise they produced was characterized by Hans Hickman as 'raucous and

the musicologist

powerful', recalling 'rather the timbre of a medieval

trombone or primitive hom than that of a trumpet or comet'. In the case of both trumpets, the higher

range was achieved with such difficulty that it is unlikely ever to have been used, while the lower range

is

decidedly poor both in quality and strength.

One may

conclude, with the musicologist Jeremy Montagu, that the middle range achieved during the experiments was that for which the trumpets had and from this that 'the Egyptian been designed military trumf)et signal code was a rhythmic one on

a single

pitch'.

The

sistra (nos. 75-6)

(Above)

though differing slightly in size (51.5 and 52cm (20^ and 20iin) high), clearly represent a pair. Each has a wooden grip of facetted section, surmounted by a

The two arched

sistra, or ritualistic rattles,

which

slots the shaker-loop

three serpentine rods

and three sets of three

cube-like 'capital' into

with

its

square jangles. The heaviness of this unique design is relieved, though only marginally, by the gold leaf applied to the gessoed

wooden

grip.

nantly a female instmment, with the burial of a king. sistra

It is

little

moments

relevance to

possible, therefore, that the

from the tomb of Tutankhamun were not

part

of the funeral equipment proper, but instmments

employed during the burial ritual and abandoned on the Hathor couch at the time the tomb was closed.

.-f^lR^^i-

before

during the

it

shattered

BBC broadcast of

1939. (Left)

The gilded sistra of

wood and copper alloy (nos. 75 6). These had perhaps been used in the ritual associated with the closing of the

That the two sistra were functional instruments and not merely funerary models is indicated by wear on the inside of the arch. The sistrum is predomi-

Bandsman Tappem

playing the silver trumpet

tomb

(Below)

in

1323 hc.

A scene from

the

small gilded shrine (no. 108),

showing Ankhesenamun presenting her husband with a broad collar, to accompaniment of a

shaking sistrum.

the

Writing Materials and

Equipment Arrnrdiiiu biTaiiic

ihc I'vi-aniK! Tcxi-.

i.i

sri-ilx' In

ihc

a! leas! in pai'l. \\ii\Ix-fii l)iirii'(l

wfi-fiKiU-d

liiic pi-ii

oS7.

111.-

ill I

I

(iin, j'Tlcllll,

\m Mr

liac;

\\'lii!(.-.

8:1.8,7

paint .-labs

made Irnm

a

(11(1.

red.

liiDi.

p.

87).

:!2m.

;i>

wi'il

\-i-llii\\.


])(ilslii.T(.i (11(1.

tin- lUirial

,'!ii71

r..

a

!\\(i \\"ritin,i,f l:^lll^ (ii(i>.

a inii-nishci- (nn. 271k).

(nil-. ()1?():82

bciKilcd. irom I

1,

in shell.< Iniib. (i2(i:7;i

linicsliiiu'

ciiniaincr

L'?!!). L'7ic(2i,

L'lij!,

(yndl

9:;,

])iKnu'nt> (black.

andt-akcs alfd

Cant-rdio^.

1)>

and

nmtaint'd

(ir:;:!;

iii

Willi ruianklianiur.. l-'mirU'fi': palciir^

case

:!9S).

ilir kn;,<;

Tlii> lirlj)> In r\])la!i\

.-unuui; wialiii.yi'quipiiiti',;

r)S:)bl). (y():,Si-)

lll'r.

\"ari(

>vin-,t;u(l.

(II-

a.-

blik'l.

lump-

in

and Inur indur.\ii

(/^//ziK'painl

17,7(1)

may

Chamlxi"; wiiik'iKi.

1

alsd

17e. a

Paletlcs and jiaints Tiir palriu-- wti-c nrjii' Kii,t;"!ll nl' iii

w

ui k:

seclinn. wiih a sloi

rusli

and

ix-ii~

iiia'aTial. i\-r:ar.milar

sui-iace liiix-ccu ftlii-

hi'ushi-> waib. tb.cir ~haipl\

l\nnTar\

iiiijdfi>,

mu-

ivc iwri-d

llit-

iniiucini.t;-

dirr,

dia;

]x'li(.-\i_-d

inipk'iiu'ms

acuialh-

iillu-i-

ilic 'aip

in ^ia^.- (nn.

])riid.iK\-d

LarUT

ii:

Inini

(llfriii)l

,i;T
caiiicr.

-.aleii.

bearin.i;"

llit-

cxaiii;)!!/

wi-inn.t;

ui'

'\'\\:;\>ux\

\\a>

nf ihu kini;'.

Tin-

\Vx-

ijrualu prii]XT:\

]);ik-Ht.'

an

I7'.k-ni (lii;iiii Icni;-!.

fnnii bn.x im. 7'71. incluck-d

.t;T(iiip.

nv

rii:

end-. Alilmuuli M-wral -H :lir])alri!fs

,i;vnd\- liu-wtt! \\ci\' siilid

:ra(ii;i'ii;ai IvuA'iv.iai; t\-])c: a

nr xnik-

small

a.

kiii.y'-

n'lii.^kni

m

naim-

n-

tonii.and aiKidin-df ickiiiu'al k'li.mh

111

! I

small

pit.'a'()(

t'i"ib;il

'cDist'i

slDijifd siindsldiic, ]X'iii;ipssi.Twd

a>a

bi.-ariii,y"

i\"i)i-\-

du-

naiik-

(.'(ikiui's. I'cd )iii(l bl;i(,'k.

(if

lia\-iii,u

Ixvn

in

u>ed7

bndi Tin.-

sIkav i-xadfix-f

i.':iscs

wrilin.u

a>S(.'mbla,i;f

and

iiiLiudes a six-ciacular rush aistMil'.yilck-d

wood.

,'!(icni

((.

liu

111

Tlx-

Tiit;inkli,amuii

Ifii.uih.

a

inlaid

iollipnixsliaix-d

'lxap\a'usburnislii-i-7 l(i..7aii ((>^in) long, ot i\(ir\,i4"old,

and wiial Carter

i\"or\-

(diameter KklVni

same

outlit.

reet;iii,i,'ul;ir

top and

ot"

((>iinll.

|-!elon.t;iii,i;

to this

and h'om the same chest. w;is a box ol' i);ip\rus decorated both on its

h-oiital panel.-

|)reseiice

and

ideinilled as a water-dish of

.\mon-Re

.:^'^:^

with scenes

ol"

the

kiii.t,'

;ind Re-I lortikhty.

)iiid

in

the

I'tali

with the unwrapping of the royal

mummy,

an example of the "Book of the Dead" discovered'.

The

will

closest that the excavators

were traces on the fragmentary 'ritual

mummy .

.

.

least

"at

came

and

of a small

be

ver>'

written in white linear

hieroglyphs' (perhaps no. 256ii). Although this

was

(L\/'t)

Hniihily painted scene

of Tiiliinklumiuii before Hall, the

fidiliL'SS

Sakhmet

Ik'hmd: detail fnim a simple

papyrus box dm. 271a) as.'idcuiled leritiiifi

lath the king's

equipment.

decayed and disintegrated to allow of practical here and there names of gods, such as Osiris and Isis, were with difficulty decipherable.' t(X)

conservation,

It

and Sakhmet. The box carries an impression of sealone hoped, upon opening it, to find type N (p. 94); '.

.

.

writing, perhaps a specimen of the boy's

some

calligraphy: but

it

was void ...

of

any form of

proved the

.

.

.

final

disappointment: Tutankhamun's

papyri were written off as a dream, and Egyptologists abandoned the chase. Had no papyri been buried with the king?

Or had Carter and

simply misdirected their search (see

his

team

p. 129)?

Despite the disappointing lack of papyri, a great

document'.

number tomb -

Inscriptions

of inscriptions

were recovered from the

indeed, most of those objects offering a

in fact, was void of any significant document written on papyrus. In the early days of the discovery, hopes had been high that "among the documents which are expected to be found in Tutankhamen's tomb will be some that will afford an explanation of his reconversion to Amen wor-

sufficiently large surface carry a text of

ship, determine the length of his reign at Thebes, and reveal the real reason for the inveterate hatred

vessels.

The tomb,

some

sort.

These range from extracts from the funerary books, notably on the shrines (p. 1(X)), to longer or shorter versions of the titulary (p. 24) and more spontaneous texts scribbled in hieratic on the young king's boxes, box-labels, wine jars, boxed provisions and storage But about Tutankhamun himself, they

us disappointingly

little.

.

.

.

.'

Great excitement was caused by the

sighting, in the

Antechamber, of a 'box of papyri',

in

which the fevered imaginations of the Egyptologists at once saw significant historical documents and

unknown literary works; the excitement turned to dismay when the box was opened, and it was discovered that the 'papyri' were nothing more than 'discoloured rolls of linen', described

by the Daily

Mail (with some relish) as 'simply folded table napkins'. But hope continued to be expressed that.

'^.4h

^i^

left)

labels (nos.

Two wooden 620:96.

620:109). with hieratic inscriptions recording the

contents of the boxes to which they were once attached: 'gold rings'

which his successor, Horemheb, displayed towards

him

tell

(Below

and

'clothes'.

(Bottom left) The 'papyri' of box no. 43, which, on unpacking, turned out to be notliing

more

titan tightly

folded items of royal underhnen.

(Below right) The no.

54 ddd. with

lid

of box

black ink

docket mentioning the gold rings

it

once held.

-—

-^

J 167

i«t«ff«iMftfMfifititii«t«t«mt

A

uiiiii)ci-

Ml

ii^iiiic-

iaiiiil\,

'Heirlooms

ma,\

IP.

Ixms

rdnlaim-d. willi

.

'•<:!, ./ /frr,-,;, ;;

i-ojiii

i

n}n.

Anini;;;

'"

,','

'

'",;~'!''i

ijali-tu-s

MenlaUii, nl

,,•

:\:!ii,n_

llitrd.

,1

turn, luhi u

niinniinn r<,nin

Immliil

hiindi,

m

ii-und inn. rrjubl

tiuiilk icnip/iui

inu.::2iiri.

limn

icrnii-ci

hi

df

clf-ci'iljfd. llir iiiii>l

(^ucni li.uuru

'i\

Tiv-cV

hair

a ^(iiiallin.ij

dl"

hi- lialf->i>Ui>.

iJuTol.

al lca>l

a>

Mclu-laMi ami

Must

hi/Hiiiiini>.

Ml far a> the inscrilx-d niau-rial

is

would be Ix-tu-i" rharacu-rizi-d a- (jdd> and ends drawn Iii,i;vlhc]- a> i-t'(|uin-d h-imi \-aniius riiiu'iTiu-d,

o,l,i,d U'nn,Ill!
Till,, in

1)c

lo(•|^

]xiulaiil

nia\" alsu Ix- n-Karcit-d

^

mnu:

ihc llii-

^

^

the

:hr nival

':^VKl^'^^n^^"!t^"'.^:t^^^ i\iir\

pinvh riuiaJK \mn:\\ auslnii! nwv i\]-A~

',//.;i '/«;;;,/ /..
'/;i/";r'

i<\

prii'Dablclha; rciali\cl_\- few oiju'cis

is

Ii

ihu -irii'lol scum-

apijan-m

inMffnnTTffrr»»!rrrfifrmmi7nm»mmyy'""nTn»frfrr»nr!fifinMiin

ur nniii:)rr>

kin,t^>

uhk'fis which Laru-r i-alhcr 1
ik'ii-ln(ini>'.

'

iit)H-c;> Ironi nil' tniii!) iji-u"

1)1

t-arliti"

llnwani laricr

ri

mid

i\"al >li irt-s

iIk lu.yh. if

m

i,

a di-lilx-rau-

sif;

mi;

i

if

l

lit-

material might be detected. The almost total absence names (Nefertiti and Kiya - if the latter was indeed the mother of Tutankhamun) is of certain

especially striking.

Many

of these 'surplus' funerary objects

more, one suspects, than can

now be

far

recognized -

had originally been prepared for the burials of Amenophis IV-Akhenaten (at Thebes) and of Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten. The majority of these pieces were fully reinscribed for their new owner, though in a few cases the original name can still

be discerned beneath the palimpsest. Contrary from the tomb

to popular belief, there is nothing

inscribed

with

the

nomen

of

Ankhkheprure

Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru.

o

(Left)

When unwrapped,

linen bundle (no. 320c)

found to contain (above) a solid gold image of a squatting king with bead collar

and

tasseled

suspension cord.

the

was

'Heirlooms'

and Chariot Equipment

Chariots

mill Ivuvpi

lr,li-(i(liK't'<:

\mmmmmm}}\mwmmmmmmmm\yvmmw\mm

\

1\

\

I

11

1

h

^('

1)1^11

III

li

wn

hi

n/llu ivit'ii

111!

d

iiddi

ill

ssn

mill

iiild lik rrnii

illass.

i-i'iiliiiii.---

II

vc,

iitlu

/(;///

iidmil

a

vn-hd>iisl;i

ri

hiis

uf

iiriii

11.1.

riiyiil

llii

pn

nib

1

bm di m

1

I

the

111'

'rmaiikli-

\-i'liick->

iiul aiiiillu'i"

U)

(liiii

littiiiKS

1

I

1

were

from

llif

lngi^'llu-r willi

in llit \ alk'\-

III

\iiU(-li

tli(

and and are

rt-lifis

(if

and

a

I'ra.u-

the KiiiRS

in inkhaiiiun yielded

ml lakh iimlsdf uni)ai"alleled lu

iihi

liei ui\

sawai through to enable

a

iiarniw- eiirridin- into the

iiiiiiiiii.

I'.iiyjdimi liiiii'iut.

Till

ill

t

\'(-T\"

nipli-U'

uii(_(_

Ihehuiiil

nd

t

i\

wall

n

l

lur

fiaiiid

at

the

mibiraiid twiialiiiiKthe 1

nil

had had

its

axle

fiirmiiinitiiisi

rniiciii'iihly

/

I

w

n nil /)(

llifi

lid

iiehtu

Tin llhdalliuil

Wfdiai-i

nipklL

i\ e

uf ranuliiiii mid

rishi inlay f

rnlniind

m

ti

11

bank'.

III'

ihi't'DiTfSiiiiiidfiice

III

(-

liflcl

(l\na>ty,

(II-

liu\ul\

hi

iiuKWwhm

nliir dioim!iiiii of

tw

III

m

)ti

l^lli

lit

wild

lllc kill!,',

iiK his bnw". Cliariiils

^il

III

mil

ind

1

u

(-(lIIiil

niLiil

liiiinat (Ilu. 122).

iii-st it.s

t^II\

ml)

1

w

II

ii(_

^\

1

iiK

iliiK llif III

I

nl

t

111 I

I

ml)

11

111

lit

dipl

I

mm

(1

w

I

II

\iiiiii t

1

111

ti

Ilu' tl

iiiuiii

IhtiiiUhn fuUinftlu hulk

iijpt

I

iiRnli

h \Mi

ilu-

lliniii^U-liiiui ill

1111(1

II

iiiiuii,,

]

ll\k>

iI'a-

ch.-iriiii

111

mil

I

Kill

i)\

ihc

III

it

tn Ix' brnuKlil

akmt; the

tomb, and each had been

as '

'riitmiklimiiiiii liiii.

i'lliiiii

'.<

122)

hruail. l)-.id ividily Iraii'id Ilu

rih

hai-l:.

irnnil ivitli

and

iir.
ivas

filmi.

iii

and list

'>'/«/(

.diiiivs.

at

iipcii

m

hi lit

Itatlur. tn.^itlur

tlabiiraUly cnnstriichd

ivliuls

livltli

niaih fur

ranliidi tyirs)

,!,'irat li,i;litii(ss

nnnlinal sarrinn

ui

sin

mill

/

n.ntli.

down into its eoiiiponeiit pans fur eompaelwhen stored. Thrown ab( ml when the tomb was nibbed, ;md niu.tiliK' handled when the burial was broken ness

confused and j^reearidus heaps into which these pans had been tlimwn were a nii;littidied up, the

inare to untan.tjle. ti\"e

work.

bled

I'or

Ikil.

after

much

delicate preser\"a-

li\e of ihe six charints could

display

reconstructed

it

in

was

the

Caini

be reassem-

Museum. When

possible to see liow" markedly

they differ in points ofdetttilaccordin.si; to the roles for

which

The

first

with a

Ix'iit

the\"

\":irious

had apparenth" been intended.

of the chariots (no, 122)

wood body.

l.dL'm (oil

is

constructed

liini

wide

tiiid

11m (It't ,'i^in) deep, partialh" tilled with a thin wooden sheet. The frame is stren.uihened at the h-ont with an additional top-rail, the space Ixlween it and the b()d\- decorated in openwork with a siiiii-tiiny (union of the two lands) SN'mbol llanked b\- capti\es. d.

The main

body are

outer and inner surfaces of the

gessoed and overlaid with gold which

is

further

embellished with bands of brightly coloured glass

and stone

inlay.

The

and outer panels with a winged solar

central inner

are decorated in raised relief

first.

Here again, the entire surface

is

covered with

gold and highlighted with coloured inlays. running-spiral

The

decoration of the outer body

is

by a

vertical panel decorated with plant

motifs, at the top of

which

is

a 'heraldic' panel

nomen

containing the cartouched prenomen and

Behdet),

which hovers above the king's prenomen, nomen and the name of Ankhesenamun. On the lower part of these 'heraldic' panels, two rekhy thirds

by his Horus name in a serekh. The entire inner surface of the chariot body

(representing the people of Egypt) adore a djed-piWar

central

in

a sma-tawy motif.

An inlaid wedjat-eye roundel is

covered with

relief decoration, consisting of

a

sma-tawy emblem and bound captives, dominated at either edge by a standing royal sphinx. These, the two finest vehicles recovered from the tomb, Carter identified as the king's

Arthur Mace and

II.

tomb of

stabilizing the

surface of the second 'state chariot' body (no. 120).

of

the king flanked on either side

is

left)

laboratory in the Setlios

interrupted

falcon (identified in the inscriptions as Horus-of-

(the Osiris Tutankhamun) flanked by ankh-signs, while, below, foreign captives are shown entangled

(Above

Alfred Lucas outside the

(Above) Gilded Besmask uilh richly inlaid headdress: from the rear siding-frame of the

second

cliariot (no. 120).

'state chariots',

present on either side of the outer body.

The axle, 2.3m (7ft 6iin) long, the greater portion which was still attached to the body when found, was decorated with inlaid gold bands; the wheels, removed from the axle when the chariot was placed

(Left)

in the

tomb, are of the

variety, like all the

later,

Bound Nubian and

Asiatic captives modelled in

of

relief on the gilded interior

the

second

of

'state chariot' (no.

120). (Below) Detail of the

composite, six-spoked

relief.

Tutankhamun specimens. The

pole of the first chariot, heat-bent from a singk

length of straight-grained

wood and embellished

with gold, attaches to the main body

beneath the rear floor bar,

is

in

a socket

held in position b\

lashing around the frontal floor bar, and

is

further

supported by two strengthening rods connecting to the top

rail. It

artificially

connects with the two-horse yoke, of

bent hardwood overlaid with gold and

with calcite terminals, at

pegged and lashed

The 120),

its distal

end, where

it

was

into position.

basic construction of the second chariot (no.

2.89m

(9ft 5^in) overall, is

similar to that of the

i'J^-^'tg^SSamimmltimSiJtmlii^mf^

171

nrniiMntrUd

iRiiiiili Til, Inlllill

iiihh
ImirUud "/'(

;;

inn. Hi!

,-ili,l-l,,t

Illi

I.

and limn with

I'lhid

hKiiliiii;

siiiiiin miiiii

and ccrenKinial

chariot (no. 121 till'

and

cnilx'llislu-d

hi.uhly l)aradt'

use.

found

1,

f(|ually la\asli ihird

willi ils ])ok' still atltichfd in

the Antccliamlx'r. perhaps

soiitlietisl i-orntT ol

falls into

Thf

iur

inlfixk'd

priniariK'

the sanu' cali'^orw though the ftiicslralcd

sidf ptuifls of this vehicle, which were e\identl\ leather, hti\e hti\"e

now

deca\-ed.

The original

effect

ot

would

and second thou,L;liaspreser\-ed the appearance is one

been

chtiriots

siniihir to that of the lii>t

of dra,y"on-ll\' li.uhtness no! dissimilar to that of the iIh Iniv

ivddl Oirld'^ sh

(iiid cniiiiihiils

hndv rannii.i; .
rhiinats

"'"'"

""

I

(III

hallur

till

iif llu

Irli

ii/tli

and

(n,is. :;:rd. :::;::i

fourth I'hariol (no. Kil

Tile

llnlini-)

nnimilii

III

die

man nd diinii" rliiirano

at'

.\iiiiiialiiiis III

Cniii I's

III

nn.i.

I'll,

,;,nil,l,.x,-aiislnirli,ai,a.-^i,rli

'"'"''' i.ili-,aia i,,r III,

'«'«""/""/e'/W»; ami dinwidl la sjilill liar, and nalin

am llu iliiiui, max

lainaniik a.vl,

.

fxlindyifnl h,

,i,

t'^''

I

strui'ted.

re.Lfarded Ijy Carter

laiiih ,a

III,

'"

,as

liuntin.L; \-ehicles.

\\asesseiui:ill\" undecor.aled thou.uh

pa„,.]s

\^.Mh^.,

of the r.ather

i,,

bodv

the

Tile

in tliectise

sixth chariot, here.

coloured and decorated'.

aiiv

Related equipment With both

.!i;roups

nititeruil,

wood were ,\niliciall\'

of chariots

TwelNC

one

present bent

iiilo

an

was

\"oke

('ound

.a

mass

by which the

of

saddles of gilded

p.air

to

in\ cried

each ch.anot,

I'-shape,

these

saddles were surinouiited by a re(Tshti|)ed knob

saddle was lashed

to the

ol

\oke

lower end of eacli terminal of yoke saddle was inleiided lo .accommodtite llie h.arness straps. The leather of ihe htirness had

proi)er, .A hole in the

the

e\-erywhere dectiyed

liliiiker> ;nid

(iios,

iu>t o\-er

spiked

^j^

loil

ajipluiut's

wimit had

b.

l.lL'a

(fii.'^ini

.also

Ten \iiecls wooden rods,

bosses.

c, d, eti'l

L'fll lon.i;,

if.

disi'iis

liridle

Ih2,

witli

.a

central, co])per-

fonned ])an of the

chtsriot

^

'^'^'^

'

O-j.^^

i

^^^

'.-';

'

.C

(due

lo

the

beNond saKa.ue

iiiterniiltent

into a

;

lil.ack,

humidity) .udutinous

•'"'.,..-1 ,;^;

lirsl

The ordinal

sides.

more ehiborale

aci'ordin.e; toC.arter, hi,t;hly

I'alcite

sc\"er:il

rowels'

with remains of

presence of simihir side ptinelsw-tisn,, led

rehited

thcuoid

.'-k!L')

.

iia.-iiiHntan-flmnutudud

of i)arts mtikiii.t; up Tut.ankliamun'> and sixth (no, :!:i,'!)chaiaols w.as found .,. '-«'sur>-. Onlv no. .>,!., has been recoiiMoth were li.uht in conslruclioii and a.Lfam

taii.ule

hflh (no,

as

^

exercisin.n- purposes'.

hunt in,u or

man'." of

lint

once decorated the bridlery were reco\i-red. a> well

\-ehiele with,

'of ,,,

prolxiljK- for

I'li'-'^'i''.^-

an iindecorated

wooden Ures characterized 1)\ Ctirter more oiteii ,,. li.uiiter construction

hard-\vearin,!4

as a curricle,

I,

mas>,

V

^^.

(Above)

A

wooden

blinkers (no. 122i>

pair of gilded

tdth glass inlaid wedjat-eyes.

from

the bridle

of the first

'state chariot' (no. 122).

(Left)

Tutankhamun

in his chariot:

a

at hunt

detail

of the

king's ostrich-feather fan (no.

242). The charioteer stood on

a

leather thonged floor

covered uith a rug of animal an skin or tufted linen elastic footing

more

made even

effident by

a flexible

and by

yoke-pole

the

placement of the axle at the

harness, originally attached to the reins to distract a

formed part of group no. 333 from the Treasuiy

quarrelsome male team. Four objects identified by

inscribed for 'The king's son, the troop

the excavators as fly-whisks (nos. 148a-c, 168),

Tuthmosis,

0.35~<».43m (1ft IJin-lft 4|in) long, inally

that

hung from

no

bits

the horses' sides.

were foimd;

It

perhaps

may

orig-

be noted

their metal content

had

evidently proved too great a temptation to the

tomb's ancient plunderers.

Three whip-stocks (nos. 50ss, 122u, 135cc) were found among the chariot debris in the Antechamber. The first of these, 0.503m (1ft 7fin) long, of ivory

mounted with gold, electrum and

silver, is inscribed

prince

is

who

repeats

uncertain; he

life'.

The

rear of the body. .

It is

commander,

identity of this

may perhaps

as easily be a

son of Tuthmosis IV and younger brother of III as the elder brother of Akhenaten. A fragmentary whip-stock said to come from the tomb, of painted ivory, takes the form of a galloping horse (not numbered in Carter's sequence). One fragment of linen housing or trapper was

(Below

left)

Carter's

reconstruction drawing showing the arrangement of the yoke and yoke saddles.

Amenophis further,

recovered (group no. 332/333), parallel

its

only possible royal

being a fragmentary example recovered by

with the titulary of the king, 'who appears upon his

Carter from the

team of horses as when Re ascends ..." A fourth whip-stock, 0.51m (1ft 8Jin) long of wood, gessoed and gilded, with a bronze tip and marbled glass knob.

46526).

A

tomb

of

Tuthmosis IV (Cairo

CG

crescent-shaped piece of coarse, folded

(Bottom

left)

rowels' (nos.

A pair of 'check 152a

b) from

The lower on shots resting upon the

the Antechamber.

specimen in situ

may be

that seen

seat of one of the folding stools (no. 83).

(Below right)

A fanciful

reconstruction drawing by

linen (group no. 333) has been identified as part of a

Carter showing the harness

neck strap.

of one of the chariot-horses.

i««t(««ini«MHt«tti«t<«i««iitiif«t(ttMifll)«t«lfttft)f««ittf)if«t««f(tf)«««tffl«fimttft«IM
Weaponry mmvmimvmmmmm^mmmmwmvmvm^mmv Tiiiankliaiiuiii

was

sui'

a k-allui" ciiii-ass

ai'iiuiiii'

and

\\]\h

iiu'ludin^y

a

,i;"ii(id

daKK<'i"s.

ijuncci hnih wi;li

i-anyi-

of

>v.iirds,

The niainnly

liHind.

InniTai') in

Fn.in

Aiihauiinlky:

(iia,L;in

ol

,11

durin.i;'

ni'dclcn-

slackis

wcajiurs

arrii\\>.

nii'nw-

no l)auk--axc>- wcrt-

dicsr

and. Id jud.uc

a iiunibn' ina\- well liaxa-

III,

iiciiir-

ii.ylii

(il'[rii>i\c

bnw^.

slui
ii:,h.ii-i

and

].)it'Ct's

wt-n-

ikip,-

li'nni ihfirsniaill >izt',

Ijei'ii

used

1)\-

ihi-

kuvj:

his lilfUiiU'.

•^gi.

till

Miliiiil.unl' iiikI lips,

mid

tirnduhonjhk dmnvlul r,,)iil
hnirs

liiiis.

JSiill.

'bbf kn^yt-s! ymiii])

Archery equipment

which was

iil

wcapunrx

/'

I

lie

hdws and llu'v

(k'Si,L;ii

arrow

(if

aiTiiws uxciU'ti supri'nir iiiUTcsl. In

arc nol unlike the oiawnuiinal

bnw and

nuKlt'rn. nnii-s. Ihii \hv\ dis|.)la\ a reniarkabli-

iiiKi-nuity and thuruUK'bnfss m amstructKnr II was lliat they had bcin jjlact'd in die tmnb wnli Tuumklianien tn assist Ins ancitut .\kiicsty in amiliatin^t; any cnnnifs wild na,i;lu atli_in|)l In rrlard las pniyriss

apijarcnt

frum this wiirkl

Clearancf

bit-

il

cniraiicc

o mridli n"

brdiizf aiTiiwhfad lyTdii]) no.

brokfii

b\"

ilif

chamber, which bows. 2

b sell

with

lealhei'l

Burial

to dii' next,'

i

roblxi's h"om itsell

(.|ui\"ers

and

1

12

Chamber were

Tutankhamim

Object

5

Boivs

inscribed

ihi-aiX'hiTy tanl
;)i"(

ihc idiiib.

idiiia'd

lj!ii),

arrows

oiid in

a siiyuic

ol

those

tin-

.\nu'-

produced lb coiiijxisue bows, (both ol linen, one reinforced

arrow> or arrowheads, a further in self

arrows, while the TreasuiA Ihiily 'l'ihi:i'(il'h

is

loiind scallcrnd thnuiydinul

IS/i.

wooden bow case

hi the

bows and

L'd

\aelded an elaborate tiio. .'lilbi

l.,!.'!!!!

ir.

,~)f;

i

at least

one

bow of this type was among tribute sent

by the Mitannian king Tushratta Amenophis III.

The longest of the 14 ordinary or tomb (one of which had been

the

to the court of

'self left

bows from unfinished)

exceeded the length of the English long-bow - 1.9m (over

6ft).

The

long.

The

material of these

scientifically

shortest

measured 0.67m

(2ft 2tJin)

bows has never been

examined.

Of the arrows from the tomb, all but 21 (which were constructed entirely of wood) had reed shafts (where examined, Phragtnites communis, van

isia-

made fletched (feathered) and with wooden nocks. The tips are of various specialized shapes, made from wood, ivory, bone, bronze, stone or glass. The wood employed in the construction of the cus),

arrows, which vary in length between 0.145 and

0.95m (5f and

37tin),

has not been analyzed.

Slings, throwsticks, and leather, with marquetr>', bark, faience and gold-leaf decoration, containing three composite bows. The Annexe, where so much of the king's weaponry had been stored, produced a white-painted bow box (no. 370), 1.67m (5ft 5Jin) long, 16 composite bows and fragmentary bowstrings, a self bow, 295 arrows and 4 bracers(?) to protect the inner arm from the released bowstring. Seven of the composite bows from the Annexe had been stored in the bow box, together with some 254 arrows, and it is likely that long, covered with linen

the rest of the archery material

chamber had shared the same

found

in

boomerangs and

clubs

Among the miscellaneous weapons of sport and combat found by Carter in a large wooden box (no. 585) in the Annexe were two fragmentary slings of finely plaited linen-cord, each fitted with a pouch for the missile (a rounded pebble, several examples of which were recovered from the floor debris) and a loop at one end for attachment to the little finger. The type is one which has continued in use down to the present century - one correspondent was to draw Carter's attention to the similarity

between the

Two clubs and a boomerang from the large white bow box (no. 370). (Above)

(Below)

One of the two

wooden 'snake batons' (nos. 620:11-12) found on the Annexe floor. A fowling scene (bottom), from the Theban tomb ofNebamun (No. 146), shows a similar weapon.

this

origin.

The powerful 'composite' or 'compound' bow - a laminated weapon consisting of a wooden core backed and/or faced with sinew or horn and wrapped in bark - was, like the chariot and the khepesh-sword, an Asiatic import of the Second Intermediate Period and in frequent use during the

New Kingdom.

Before Carter's discovery of the

tomb, only 10 weapons of this type were known.

Tutankhamun's impressive collection of at least 29, and perhaps 32, composite bows is thus the largest extant. The king's bows range in length from a childsized 0.34 to 1.4m (1ft Ifin to 4ft 7in), and showconsiderable variation in their individual structure.

examination

Scientific

employed

to

manna ash

(F.

shown

has

be ash (Fraxinus

sp.), in

the

omus); the bark, although

been positively

identified,

may

wood

one instance, it

has not

be birch or cherry.

Like other composite bows, the

Tutankhamun

specimens are elaborately decorated and frequently inscribed. The best of them is the gold-sheathed and gold-granulated 'Bow of Honour' (no. 48h) - des-

cribed by Carter as a 'work of almost inconceivable

which was found with a number of other staves laid on the bed no. 47 in the Antechamber. In the inscriptions of this bow, the name has been rather clumsily altered from 'Ankhfineness',

bows and

kheprure'.

As

the

Amama

correspondence reveals.

175

;!!>"

-..

ihc

Ill

'UllLjic- Ml" M:i!;:',a_

Arii.n'iKi; 'i.L;ir:rr.

ani^K'd

mil.

li

;l;r !)

;ir;('

n[ iiinriMir lr-~ l,'Hila>;ic li>riii

and

line la^lii'

,'17ll.

(Iflin^

!l.|u]-

r\ii;iliMii

111

iiin>.

iiL'(i:l

v\M. id naiipt-d

w

)f ilk-

liilal..'l

and

'rhc\-

a

linol lunclli

and

Ahnni

11, r,,

,1,1

da

'h

and Irmn

\W

(lrhi"i> nii

wrll kiKiwii fnnii

hnw

III

iiial

Tulaiiklianiun's

sprfinicn

i

>!

\\,

iiiMTihi'd lor 'TIr'

wt-re fimnd with ol

ih'cjili I'litiiiilduiiiiiin II

lii'ii: ,1

I'l


y, iihiiiiii!.

up,nn'nrk<',,i,hln,i:ihl,i

die pri lirrlik'S

hanlwoiid

III"

painlrd

in

il

\\

mi

li iii

wrrr

biHiiiifraii,L;>

,\'\

.

,u"<

t-iv lar

,,\

nn

ire

wi

.".li?

VI],,

1

liic nl

(

a

i>

ild-i'appcd al

.Xiincxr

wilh

]),,\. ^v.,,,

(i7!l i:i

^imd yod. lord uf

llii'

cnNt'i-fd

i

nmi rnd

mh-

ilic

lliHir.

liL'ii:

'rwo In1

7il

'riifniainriu

rkmanlikr

>n"ii)> ol

\

ilic

I'lali, sniiili ,a

al!aii>,

hirch :)ark m"

pol\iiironu-. l.cn.ylhs waricd

oxcriik'nilKh;

(H ilnlnia lliaiV'ir.kallui-

,i

ihc rliainin-i" llnnr.

liAslin.i; si'cncs.

Lands. .Xrhkhcpruri', bcluvfd

>,.,-.

i.

Irum imxi-

wairiiio. (yO:d):u\iisiiiiilari'\anii)lcsiii()>. Aiiii.x,

:)'-\

.\iinr\i'>i)fiiiiHii>. llnaurcalcrniiinijcrliad

included iwii'snakt'-hainns'liins,

l\'|i(.'

i-rni

iiii

ijinHviilr-

ihdu.uii iiiluT> wci'r rrCH\-frrd (iii7.

:ia-' i'.

Wnl; -i;,and ,L;iidr(;

in a :>ii\

ijccn llirown iniiia lanur \\liiu--])ainlfd .'1701.

)

-'u-i'.

lllr ,\ll!ll•\^

H'l.

1

.;

,':i

'inii'lr

im

1

-

.

.Xiincxc

ri-ni\ii"i.-d Innii llu(

(

im

Ai-rc rni

,m-SM'((i

'hc^r

i|'

all

i,\

Idund

laiciin-.

ill;

.Xiiu-iiianiluT,

ilic

ir.

iyn:l

li.

lu.i ~])c(iiiuii>

n|'

wm idi

am: alllnim

11(1. (lIlV,

'.'•,

r'

priiiiai)!'.

^'lIlltllunll)^l>:

l^Pdll]!

'1

m

.

i.a'

iii

iiuih ;>;«- la'

iil

:a^lan^k

irmri

iiii-ii

Iriuii 'lie hiiiili lln>. :l()7,

r\ani;ilf~

iii'idcl

:'

i'

1

w

!:' ii:

rnipln\-c(i lur I'nw imi;: ihr

\\;i~ ])riin:inl\

Ac'u.'il

d

inii'i;;i.L;

rcUirriHiilc

\\ ;ir

111

iVoiii 7'h..7 to

too\-cr:iriinl. wfiKlits Ironionidij^iiiio-

to;>i(izi.

'I'lir

,';70i

which

Uinii.-hcd

llir

bulk

also contained a

nuniber of pniiiiiixe hardwood

i\]H'

were

ov

riirxcd

>onic 7n-8,7i-ni ^^x\\) c,,w\\-(.\

>anic box (no.

of the kin.uV bo\\>. l)oonH'raii,t;>
oddl>

t'liili>.

111

andi

-trai,L;l',t

i-iid.m-1-like.

7,:;'ini lon.L;. >onir;iiiii> witli a

(L'7:

hiiTli hark. Dtlui" tiuii- of similar

LancrV .i^roirp iio. d(i7. ai.-o weapons were found:

loun.d anioiiLr

in ;h,e .Xniicxe. hi total. l.!^Ul^.

one

was

(no. ;;7ii1p

er.,ura\ed w

a standiii.u' bull.

itli

Twii decorated woockit maces

(no>. IMS.

L'o.'ll.

and .i^-ilded. had been piai-ed between the oulerino>t and >econd slirnio in the i'lurial Chamber. Th.e\ measure ShS and SlV'm i.'!!': and .Ljessoed

'.,,,

*.

lone rcspecti\el\

.'!l';inl

Armour The only Item of inn- body armour reco\eri'd lioiii tomb was a clo>e-!illin,u leather cuira>>. lound m

ihe

a crunipled-up -tate

described

the form of a

Irom

.

.

,

-hields, of

hei.Ltht

between

more

delicale

tlu'

ISiSbi,

S:i.,7

.71 (p.

and

t\pes.

Isiii.u

oi

Iiiiih.l;.

in

l,7:',i.

of

SlK'ni

„\

tile (7.1!;

.tiilded

beiii.t; 'of

of

:lie>e

larger

m

addition.

lran,i;in.i; in

and 7.7in) lliou.L;h openwork, were

ceremonial ]nirpo>e' ceremonial

-liields

as a sphinx iramiilm.L,' his enemies (no.

human form

/,//( /ii

.-//-sword (no. (L'^imi

is

ihick

seated upon his throne Inos.

or in

71cm

.\nnexe. h

scales

to;i linen basis, or

which four

The doi.uns

represcnl the

ol

.\nnexe pro(iuced.

le.uarded by Carter as onl\.

7iS7 in the

bodice without >lee\es.' Seical-o the

l>ox iio

Clearance of ei,L;ht

box

worked on

tinted leather

corslet

m

Carier as 'made up

1)\

smitiiiK

ti

lion

:!.7(i.

:!7;ial.

with a curved

The lour -mailer (about hmhland more functional shields honi :',7!tb).

31 .9cm (12iin) long,

was found

'tucked

.

.

.

obliquely'

under one of the narrow, chased sheet 'girdles' that surrounded the waist, 'the haft to the right of the abdomen, the point of the sheath over the upper part of the left thigh'. The dagger sheath is of sheet gold, its outer surface delicately inlaid with a rishi pattern

and

fitted

with a fennec- or desert-fox-head chape,

the inner surface decorated in repousse with an

energetic chase-scene

and

incised with the king's

name: 'The good god, lord of valour, Nebkheprure'. With its hardened gold blade, the ricasso elegantly chased with a palmette design, its elaborate grip richly granulated and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, the

weapon

is

a masterpiece of the

jeweller's art.

The second dagger (no. 256k) 34.2cm is

even more

to the

ratta

startling,

(IS^in) long

bearing a close resemblance

weapons sent by the Mitannian king TushAmenophis III. Buried in the mummy

to

wrappings along the right

thigh, this

dagger too was

contained in a sheet-gold scabbard, decorated on outer surface with a chased

rishi pattern

its

and again

terminating in the head of a fennec, the back with a vertical palmette design contained within a rope

Unlike that

border.

uninscribed.

of

the

first

dagger,

it

is

The weapon proper is fitted with a grip

closely similar to that of the first dagger, except that is fitted with a pommel of sparkling rock crystal. But only when the dagger was drawn from the it

the

Annexe

(nos. 488a, 492, 545, 566) are of solid

sheath

was

its

true significance appreciated: 'the

construction, covered with either antelope or chee-

astonishing and unique feature of this beautiful

tah skin. Each of them

weapon

is

decorated with a central

is

that the blade is of iron,

still

bright

and

panel of gilded gesso containing the prenomen and

resembling steel!' This metal, of Hittite origin and of

nomen

the greatest rarity and value,

of the king.

was destined to change

the world.

Swords and daggers Two characteristic New-Kingdom a type of Asiatic

The

first

origin,

kliepesh-svfords,

were found

of these (no. 582a)

made

in the

Annexe.

of bronze

and

measuring some 59.7cm (23iin) in length, was with a mass of sticks and staves in the southwest comer of the room.

It is

a heavy-backed, full-sized weapon,

handle and the grip inlaid with panels of ebony or

be 'more blow, loped.'

its

fitted for

it

to

a "crushing" than for a "cutting"

convex edge being only

The second

left)

A second

showing

the king as

a sphinx

trampling his enemies.

its

curious, sickle-shaped blade cast as one with the

some other, dark-stained wood. Carter believed

(Above

ceremonial shield (no. 379a), again of gilded openwork,

partially deve-

kliepesh (no. 620:52), recovered

(Above) The two bronze khepesh-swords from the Annexe, that on tlie left (no. 582a) a full-sized weapon, that on the right (no. 620:52) evidently prepared for Tutankhamun as a child.

from the debris on the Annexe floor, was in contrast a very much smaller weapwn, 40.6cm (16in) overall, again cast in one piece from bronze and with darkwood grips but lighter in weight and with a finely

edged cutting blade. As Carter suggests, it was probably made for Tutankhamun as a child. Two small (8.5 and 9cm (3^ and 3iin) long) gold amulets of kliepesh form were also found in the

Annexe floor (nos. 620:60-61). weapons buried with Tutankhamun were the two daggers found wrapped in with the royal mummy (p. 1 77). The first of these (no. 256dd),

debris of the

The

finest

Two daggers from the royal mummy, with blades of gold (no.

256dd) and iron

(no.

256k): after watercolours by

Winifred

M. Brunton.

177

Sticks,

and Fans

Staves

Sticks and slaves Tlu-

luiniliiT

III

lar\

('xani])k'S.

Chamber and thai 'The

slirk>

snnu-

'ruianklianiup.

Iniiii

llie

Annexe

k'd L'arler In S])ec'uk!te

ynun^'ruLankli. Amen nuisi waki^iii^"

wei'e

The

ihe

fnriiis

showed

will;

Ira.ijiiuiv

diu AiikHiianilxT. the lUirial

Man\"

h(i\\"e\"er.

and

cmiiijleU'

amaleui- eoHeelnr of iif

buried

slax'es

luitl

l.'io

slieks

lia\'e l")een

and

riluak

olearl\-

an

sla\-es'.

nlhers.

of use.

si,L;ns

t\'i)es:

'Inn.sj;

sla\'e>

with knobbed

and

Inrked tops and lerrulecl ends, crooked slicks, and cur\'e(l slicks lor killin,u

mounted with sold and ;i

Willi

II

m

liiiai;,

kllia nil Sinhh

One

I'

sluii.

.»

,0 "

II IS III

llh>ii;Jil In liiir,

hallirni

I'nI-lllllllinll.

llll

whhe

wood

left

A

,

J^'

iiuki

liSUem

(

111. II

iliiiii-ii

iKi'^hn

III

Irniii

iisi

:

l-lalitiiin slirks

till

tniiih ni

Ajiiniiiinsi l\n. I'.ilatriifha

kin.t;'

and mie L'n,""ia

1)1.

and

Imi.t;.

i^lain

but the

('.

i:

siafls. I

mie nf

lilirricin e:ii,i;"ie>

siiek sinnd nul L'L'fi.

ISklieni

A\'e wniidered win- such, an nrdinar\-

reed should

le.ijend

haw

been so richh niounled.

upon which Ills

written

solution: ".\ i^eed

own

ISa

i.-.

nf sih'er

One

irn'iii

inside die

extiuisile minialiire

1)\"

Inns.

iwn

1

panned, in

liii

uji

h"iim ihe rest b\' its stark simi.)lieily (no,

(71tin)>

it

,L;a\-e

the tnucliin.t;

Maiest\- cut with, his

hand".'

l>i till! iiniii

tiiiiih jiiiiiiliiii;

Imldiiiii

a stick

II

kiiiii

Ilk,

tlu

^nld

miirijiutry-iinlhlhslitd

nil,

t,,

riMlit iiln.

til,

111,1.

'I'll,

22yii

*

Til, hull

nf ii

iiiid

n,,l iiifli iiltid niiiiiiiiilly ivilli

(31tinll

surniounled

of ihe youn,u

iFiir ni;litl ihnltnlll In In/K llns. ."iS^f

eai)ii\e>

jii'iijiped

.i;i"'ii-i]i

(kiwi'Mifihe niilennnsi shrine wei'e

lliihnvl I'li^hlum sticks

^anld iiiniiiitidhdllinrkiiiifkh-

Ahaean and A>KHii-

widi amnher

llhlmi-i

diild-

tli,

iiiiili'liiiiii silvi

beaulilulK"

,UToup Inini the .Xntechtiniber included

skill l,nrj:i:>,L

II

Some

others decorated with

marquelr\' of btirks. or with the polished

plain'.

iMi.iirl

snakes.

silver,

represeiil

Ii"iini5i.").r> '.n

earwd and

Ijiinl wuli i'riHik>

in

(.'")liin)l.

kind's slicks and sla\es were of sev'eral

different

luui'siK-cinicnsraiiM'ii'.Kir. kiiud; (.'lii;

227, il

'^,ild-iii,,iiiit,d

,

f^

i

%

The enemies of Pharaoh: bound Asiatic and (Left)

Nubian

captives decorating

end of one of Tutankhamun 's more

the curved

elaborate sticks (no. 50uu).

(Right)

Head of a gold-foU

covered fan (no. 596a). inscribed with the cartouches

ofAkhenaten and the later name-form of the A ten.

"Such charming relics seem to elude time;

many

(Right)

have risen and died away since that fan in this treasury. Such a rare, but in many object provides a link between us and that tremendous past. It helps us to visualize that the young king must have been very like ourselves.'

Tutankhamun

civilizations

returns from the chase in

was deposited ways familiar,

triumph: the

tlie

reverse side of

Golden Fan

and (far

right)

(no. 242):

an ebony-

stocked fan (no. 245),

its

gold-foU covered 'palm inlaid '

Howard

Carter

Fans In a land as hot

and frequently

was a necessary

fan

airless as

Egypt the

piece of equipment, intended to

provide shade as well as a cooling breeze. Tutankh-

amun had been

buried with eight - a single hand-

held example and seven fans mounted on longer or

by a

shorter stocks for operation

courtier. All are of

the half-round, multi-feathered variety, distributed between the Burial

and

245), the

Treasury

and were

Chamber (nos. 242 and the Annexe

(no. 272a),

599 and 600). The most remarkable of Tutankhamun's fans

(nos. 389, 415, 596a,

was a small (18cm

(c.

7in)

long) but exquisite

rotating hand-fan of ivory found in a white-painted

wooden box

(no. 272) in the

Treasury.

Its feathers,

predominantly white with a shorter row of brown at the base, were preserved intact.

The first of the long fans was no. 242 (the 'Golden Fan'), deposited in the

space between the third and

fourth shrines, on the western side. Just over a metre in length (1 .015m

(c.

both the handle and the which the feathers were

3ft 4in)),

semi-circular 'palm' into

originally inserted are covered with thick gold

foil.

Both sides of the palm are embossed and chased, the one with a scene of Tutankhamun hunting, the other with his triumphant return.

down

chased the

feathers

The

vertical inscription

the length of the handle records that of

the

fan

(42

in

all,

before

the

of insects, alternating white and brown) were obtained by the king 'while out hunting

depredations

in the desert east of Heliopolis".

The second stocked fan, no. 245 (the 'Ebony Fan'), was lying on the south side of the innermost shrine. palm

Its

is

similarly covered with thick gold sheet,

decorated in inlay work of coloured glass and calcite

with the king's twin cartouches, while the ebony stock

is

The

decorated at intervals with inlaid bands.

from the Annexe varied in length between 60.96 and 121.9cm (24 and 48in) and their five fans

with the prenomen and nomen of Tutankhamun.

materials from stained and gilded ivory, to

wood

(Below

with ornamented bark covering, and gold

Each

rotating hand-fan as found in

had been

fitted

preserved,

it

foil.

with 48 feathers. Where traces were

could be seen that the feathering had

left)

The king's

small,

bottom of box no. 272, feathers preserved intact. the

its

been stripped from the quills for part of the lower length, presenting a

spoked

effect. All

except no.

596a, which carries the later form of the Aten

nomen of AkhenTutankhamun himself.

cartouches and the prenomen and aten,

were inscribed

for

(Below right)

from 600).

had

Two of the fans

Annexe (nos. 415, The latter, when found,

the

the quills of its ostrich

feathers

still

in place.

iiMMt(
I

>:nuiri;

Beds and Headrests

^Miiic

l.;S:,ni

iiiaxmuini

ii'auirr I'r.liki' llu- lar.m', i-r.iiali>lk' I'Durlit'^

wall iihlk- luiiibV AiiU'i-lianihriij). l)c(is

and

liianihci"

I'li-licr

i)t'd> wa-i't-

rcniaindt-r >li,'ipr

uiJi

ilu-

iwn

All iXllH

tn/il

hui,lr,:
.
of Ilu

Hint

(iiiidity

l>iin

iniuliliiiii

'iiidf iin nil

n

u pn

it ii.<

thoiioli

t.iiiili.

til,

Ill,

iiii'ii III Ciiii'i'j

rh iiiiy uli iiti/y fioiii

dark

.,i

Inlhw'.

,di^iii!i to Ih,

It

ntmii in Cnrtir's

iiiniitnrx.

iRioht)

i^odllisihinhd

Till

hy tico niinluinl lions: a ptiiul I

mm

hiolhonnl

III,

,hoii\--b,dliio. niiiir, >

nil luiinti

liiLtlilioldid

mill

iii

III,

I7).''rii,

d

hliii

,i;old

anil

hiu:

th,

in,-i>, il liiii-o,Jyj-ilis.

iiiri'i'lioriilin;d

aiiil iioiiiin oi •illiil

lOpt'osit,. till

III, till

/'iinonun hill,:;,

I,

It

iihor,

kino's hiilstnos.

I'.iyi

an

icilliy,llolc pif;ni,nt.

Tivo oi

I

Iliii.

in position in tin

Ann,xi.

1 1.,

It

hihii-l Til,

o.,ldr,,i-,r,,lio,,th,ardo,h,,l no.

liiii,

ivitli Its

inatlnss. th,

ih'iolit)

stnni: niisli

A

di tail oi

to,dhoai,l's initial pan,

d,roiatid siii.i

Two

lau\

III

nlirl latli a

I'l'iiiilino III

ijinds'i inotiK

III!

I.

m

.\nnr\i-.

,-1

lirsl

i)f

llir .\11

Air.c-

ilu-

lui"

ural

um-

(\a'ryda\- bed six

all.

.\nleclianibrr

lakr

till-

dippin.u in

>anir

ilir

I'liinid .--ikii

and

I

Ik-

.ticncral

niiddk-

and

111"

tlii-si-

lion

(nil.

17)

Cai-U-r

L-iaii-li [nil. :k~)|

inin

111

;lii.-

ihm-

i-ct'oi-ds

and

a>

pi'iibabh"

i)r(i i^

i)all^•l^.

ilu'liomraml

iTuwr..

liar.kt.-d

])i-iilik'i

b\-

l)iri-i),L;1\pli

ihr

a

nn

.\

It-^s

lr.i,',uf(;

riilu-r

ranipan;

Inn.k'iu-

in>n'ipliiin>. incisrd

I'nund

1)\

:;r(; ;i;ir'::,il;.

i-lalim-aU'.

ar.

i:_'i:

>K;r

liun

iiii

c.w nin!

']ki'wnrk

^

i\'>lin,!4

i\iii'\.

upnr.

nyurr:-

ilk-

Mi-

a

li;!>

lik-i-iii;ly;iliii-

lilk-d willi \rlki\v

uf

K-ll

a

\\a>

niuli;

'I'lir

l.i!ii>

and

riLih:

liiiH-. l-iarl: n! ilu>'{

rmri),

(l\\arI-L;.iC. pair.ii;

iirnU-L-liDii';

and

akIi a

llrini,

-hnv.i- wt-arn'ua

i-lal)iii-au-d \-t-r>iiin

mi du-

L!i:

I

curaaii;!!;,!;

llii-lu-anl'.. i~

>i,i;inlyin,L;-

jji-nlruciin.t;

'i"ii;.

lMii;l)iiar(i, \\!-aili i>

each

])aniciilarl\' Miliifi'abK-

a

7l'

(,-.

1

a; :lir I'i'H rr.i; "i M.7(i;ii

i;^. Thi> bar:(l\

li.u'uiT m|"

m|

ii.iini

l)\

I:
rnnlain an

I'crlaiiKular fnothuard.

'Ri'Slin,!;- niKiji llhi-J

(0/l/),,.vi7,

till- 1\

1)1'

:illr(l iiiu-

llir -iiiallti-

liil.

l\t;\plian In lu^thllld^. In

iiiund. ill

III

li-liiU'-foiiU'd.

liiu-d willi

The

1

Iruiii

and AiiiifXf wiTr inu-ndrd

K'a>l nil Klrlk'd ni lln'

rcruw-iTd

!)f(l-])aris

wlikii

\\'»'(: n(;ri;ii;A'(; ::>

.ii

piunirnl.

rn>al iirnan-nk

lmit--\\-aslu-d Ix-d Iikl Sdl \\;i>

I'l-ntral

i'iuk-Ii.

'nlninu-ly

iini

in

r,>

original position',

pierced scribed.

its

painted, linen-weave mattress

by the cow-goddess's horns. It was uninBed no. 377, from the Annexe, had been

similarly roughly treated, being found 'on

its

side

upon a heap of divers objects [at the] S. end of [the] chamber'. Its ebony frame is gessoed and covered with gold

leaf,

the inner surface of the footboard

decorated with figures of the hippopotamus-headed

Thoeris and of Bes and

and

lotus motifs.

outer face vnth papyrus

its

The most

notable feature of this

roughly constructed piece, which Carter believed to

be 'for sepulchral purpose', of

its

is

the elaborate stringing

mattress.

Two beds were recovered from the heap of debris end of the Annexe. The first of these and the most spectacular of Tutankhamun's beds (no. 466) had its carved ebony frame at the north at the

same time

entirely

covered

shorter, at

1.75m

in

thick

(5ft 8Jin),

gold

foil.

Somewhat

than the king's ebony

bedstead, scratches on the gold suggested to Carter that this piece of furniture

had seen use and was not

primarily a funerary piece.

The footboard

is

again

181

(_

II


v.\

di\i(k'(l into lliive borderrtl panels,

])ai)yrusiiunii)saiid i)lant can-yin.i; a

from

this

modest

siiiU'tdicy niolif.

lai-.t;e

heap

desi.iiiis.

(no.

4;)7)

was

a

letinin.i; a.tjainst

The south end inlticl. full-sized

tiiul

leii,t,'lh IS

The

of

inwtirds

for

feline

when

0..'!llni

le,

1)\-

tit

I

Mtideofa

lyt,'>pt.

l(Hin)

(."ift

two points by Laek

the provision of

t\"pe,

ft

1.79m

resulltinl

the bed 1

in .antK|uil\-

and

tr,a\elliii.t,'be(l(no.."iSt))

h-om aneient

me.asurin.t;

eompeiisated

mere

more

of the .\nne\e yiekled the only

interrupted

liin,t;ed-ioints.

,a.t;ain

deal

than \hv oiIht beds from similai' in lorni.

uf no.

Iii7.

lunib. bin

ilu'

its

was

it

entire siirlaee (inehidin.u

mattress)

strm.i;

is .ufiieralK-

fi»)lbi)aiTi is ijaneiled, like ihal

and, like bed no. 80.

painted oxer

wo\en

The

in

white,

ori.t;inall\-

it-

eloseh'

presiimabK-

limewash.

the north wall.

exampleofa

toh:i\'esiir\i\c(l

wood

seemid bed

'I'lie

,t,Teat

of sim|)k' woocU'oiistnietion, with itspkiin,

panelled footboard broken aw;i\t'ound

decorau-d wiih

iIhtimHimI panel

o\-er,'ill.

hetivy,

of If

lii,i;li

elosed this

its

eopper

ri.i;idity

lur extra

whieh are hin.ned is

li.ulit

to

le,t;s,

fold

uj) in Z-foi-m, .\t

bed

sits

is

,a

rather lower

Headrests CloseK asso^'iated with the tiiid

beds was

ti

ritiitil

padded with linen, pro\ided l-a,L;ht were Ifnind in x.irious

The

liitiraeleristk-

New-

wtiisled lorin, protlueed in ISi'in

or sole.

7iii) in

were reeorded, the gilded

woihI.

eouehes

l-l(i)

Ip.

series of hetidrests whieh. suittibly

supjiorl

diirin.t; sleej).

jiarls ol the

two or

tomb.

headrest

Kin,i;doiii

is ol

threi' ptirts, .and

height. Si\ extimplesof this t\pe lirst

otherwise

(no. ^lel, ol

without

i;ess(H'd tind

(ki'ortition

or

was recovered from

inscription,

Box

Painted

Chamber

positioned

blocking;

two

front

in

elaborate

the

of the

Burial

lii'(is

atui Headrests

similarly decorated head-

were found in the Annexe, in box nos. 547 and three had perhaps been intended for the ritual couches (p. 146). A rather better example (no. 101 o), of hard reddish-brown wood which Carter rests

548.

The

was found

tentatively identified as cedar,

in

a black-

and-white box with vaulted

lid on top of the hippopotamus couch in the Antechamber. Bluepainted figures of Bes decorate either side of the base, with a column of text, again in blue, on the front and back containing the prenomen and nomen of Tutankhamun.

The

majority of the tomb's headrests, like the

beds themselves, came from the Annexe. The 'excavation' of a delightful 'table-shaped cabinet"

found lying on top of the jumble in the middle of the chamber produced four headrests -

Headrests inscribed with the

names of Tutankhamun, from Annese box no. 403. (Top) Headrest of turquoisebhie glass (no. 403a), of traditional, single-pillared

form. (Centre) The folding headrest of tinted ivory (no. 403d), with beaded 'cushion

',

Bes masks and duck-headed (Bottom) The ivory Shu

legs.

headrest (no. 403c). with

curved pillow and base decorated with the lions of the eastern and western horizons.

(no. 403)

though Carter was of the opinion that 'These were put there after the robbery and have, no doubt,

nothing to do

vyith the

four headrests

is

turquoise-blue glass,

from the

damp

itself.' The quality of all The first (no. 403a), made of now somewhat discoloured

box

superb.

of the tomb,

is

of the usual waisted

form, fashioned in two halves and joined at the

column with a square wooden dowel. by a narrow strip of gold foil, evidently attached to a central wooden 'washer', chased with alternating ankh ('life') and was ('dominion') hieroglyphs. Both sides of the column carry a centre of the

The

join is covered

one incorporating the prenomen, the other the nomen. One comer of the base shows evidence of an ancient mend. vertical inscription,

The second headrest (no. 403b) from this box is of deep blue faience, made in two pieces joined at the middle, the joint concealed with a delicately inlaid gold band. Both front and rear facets of the column carry an elaborate cartouche in turquoise-blue glaze, one side containing the prenomen, 'Nebkheprure', the other the

nomen, 'Tutankhamun, ruler-of-Upper-

Egj-ptian-Heliopolis'.

The two remaining headrests from

this

box

(nos.

403c and 403d). both of ivory, are each unique design. In the central

first,

column

is

which

carved

is

made

in the

air-god. Shu, supporting the

the headrest

base

is

(

= the

in

two

in

pieces, the

form of the kneeling

curved top surface of

heavens) on his shoulders; the

decorated with the two couchant lions of the

eastern and western horizons, carved in the round to

The back

either side.

column of

of the pillar carries a vertical

incised hieroglyphs (with blue-black

fill)

containing the king's prenomen. No. 403d takes the

form of a miniature folding 'rest'

stool,

with a flexible

of threaded ivory beads, variously stained, like

the headrest

itself, in red,

green and black. The outer

surfaces of the pillow terminals are carved with Bes

masks, while the gold-hinged, duck-headed legs (one of which

is

Tutankhamun's prenomen) by horizontal, yellow-stained ivory feet.

incised with

are steadied

183

--

Chairs

and Thrones

1\

.\!,-r

11>

'il

!•'(

n

I.

111:1.

w

rin"iuu-l\

:hi;c;i:1i

:ii:<'!i.

Ar.lniKiiiiixi-.

llii~

w

r; !]);)((:

I'l:

;;

Iri'.L!'!',

.'i

nu'".

':l'.ri

1

liii

C,\\ fur.

;)l;u"k

il

<

r-i:Ki:

l;i])]).';)Miaiiu:-

:l!c

\Y\<:

ii:

lu-j:, i- in

i

rcalii)' ar. rlalwiraU'ilaniuii.-ui-Mi'w.i, ,(:M\,-ii:iu! will;

-licrl

,u(il(l

ami >\\wx irJau:

IjloiJtii'i aii(i

'[)>

:iiil\

hack

,L;ni,>

In

fiiniinik-d

prnimdi-

apntniijau-

die

in

die chair lake

iwo

•.hroiie.

nil

ni a '.xpc wl'.kii

Uii-muirc

I^ija ])liar!

U
ilu'iiu-

lu'ad>

whirl;

\vn\

n| V])\x-r

and Lnwcr

imnicii nf ;hc knpe in

llic

-aleii liirni. l-'nur

nmre

l\i;\ p:.

il> earlier,

uraei decnrale 'he hat'k ^l die

eidier mcIc

'The locus (ildhis chair

die ceiilral slik\

nl'

die slnpin.i; hack, wadi

is

C|iieen aiminlin.t;-

her

which

is

open

here referred in

I'erlain delailsnii his panel

was

firsl

wnrn

nu'iits Inriii

made

hnshand

.couii.l;"

wilhiii a lloral ])a\'iluin

In die

in

ils

il>

d

inlaid scene (in die relaxed .\niarna sulci

m

ai'.:i

nf wiiiyvd iiran adtinird

llic li'nii

wilh ihc diiuhk' crnwii wiiuii ijrtsfiii

ir,

'*)iiuaii,L;

'.I'.r

Imn!. Thi' nik'iiwork >idc-i)ancls

dii-

h-iiiii

mi'

kniv.r.r

a

lltTf dk'\- a
dcsi.yii.

arc

(s;j/(/-/(//r\i,

Ix'H-m.nin.u-

iV-x-

lurn;

Tl'.i- araiiia,!

Irainnxnl

,i;"nllt'~

i)\'

cMiui-i'r

ar.

i

!lii'Iiinir)i'()l)lxT~lrri)rr^fi:Iin.L;

T\sn Lands'

(if llir

l^

:)ici:i! nl cnli

u~iial

M-nii-;)i"rrinii~ -air.a^,

Mia.mnally liiikrd

V,t;>,

III"

and

lainu'c

i':la>>.

a^c

;)\

((hillri:

will', llic

llie

Willi ])ertunie

ra\>

die

nl

.Xteii.

laler iiaiiie Inini.

haxelieen allered since

il

iimsl nnliceahl.c the head-nrna-

h\ die rn\"al cnujilc which in iheir linal

dirnu.uh lhidile-,m\an.m'a\"s nf die disc. Tlie

I'liI

queen's

wI.l;-

size. lea\

in.u"

ajipears alsn In lia\e l)een reducetl die pleated rihlinns of the

m

han.uint;

lillel

unallached. 'riierepnus>e inscri])tinns tn thelell and of

ri.ulil

cnui)le refi'r In iheiii with the -anuin

tile

fnrnis of their

names; these names Inn a] ipear

In ha\-e

iieen altered. 'I'lu'se alteratiniis are jierhaps to

relurhishmeiil

conslrued as

])art

H)iiipleledl In

which the chair had

hefnre

Iwn

it

nf a

was intrnduced

hieratic nntatinns

into

nii

he

Uilly

heeii subjected

tile Iniiili.

the retir

(nnt

and

ri.uhl

in

le.i;

which

perhaps

relaie.

The

dirniie's fnnlrest

(tin. IKl). (i:;.ricni (L'diiil Inn.i,',

had been placed sidewa\s upnii the inlaid l)nar(l seat. Cnnslructed nf heavy wood. tind

.uilded

slniiel?).

nf diree 'all

inlaid

chetjuei-,t;essne(l,

with blue faience and yellnw

the tnp surface carries a desi.t^n cnnsistm.u;

Nubians and three

fnrei.i;ii

.\siatics, the chieftains of

lands |wlin| are under his |the

kin,i,''s|

feel'. .\ii

uninsi'nbed

.\ntechtimber.

is

idiair

iti

dm.

:'if»l,

ti.ijain

from the

similar desi.un In the Cinlden

(Far

left)

The Golden Throne

91) after consen-atinn by Lucas and Mace: the positions of the missing sma(no.

tawy grilles

may

tk'neath the seat

he clearly seen.

The Golden Throne 91) as found beneath the (no. 137) in the Antechamber. The hack of the throne had been hound (l^ft) (no.

Ammut couch

in antu/uity icith

a length of

black linen.

(Below

left)

Chair no. 87,

finely carved

its

wooden surface

picked out to dazzling effect with gold foil.

The gold-

covered sma-tawy

grilles

beneath the seat were

wrenched away and carried off in antiquity by

tomh-robbers.

(Below right) Detail of a rushwork hassock (no. 354) from

Throne.

Made from

African ebony with ivory inlay,

had been prepared for Tutankhamun as a child, to judge from its small size (0.71m (2ft 4in) high). The mortise and tenon joints with which the chair was assembled are secured with bronze pins capped in gold. Unlike the flat seat of the more elaborate throne, that of the its

side panels overlaid with gold leaf,

child's chair is

stretchers are

it

made with a double curve, while more

simplified.

the

One of the most elegant of the chairs buried with Tutankhamun was again found in the Antechamber (no. 87,

0.96m

footrest, no. 88,

(3ft IJin) high,

0.51m

with

its

(2ft 84in) long).

associated

The

piece

is

constructed from an unidentified fine-grained wood,

with tenon and mortise joints strengthened by gold-

capped copper-alloy rivets. The deep-red colour of the base material is emphasized by a contrasting gold-foil overlay on the winged sun-disc, the wooden

the

Annexe, lined with linen

and

elaborately decorated

with the figure of a

bound

captive in coloured beadwork.

1,1

I

riohll Til,

^.\h,.n


l-ichsiaMhairUi-u,,, :i.,li.

imin

<(iliL
'

lhif\Ts)

animal

ii

they wi-rr

(Ix-liii'i-

iijxiiwdrk

k'ss. Tlif Sfal

I'uiA'fd,

mi,

'

>';;/r/-/(/;('\' 111'

i,-;ii'ric(!

ihf chair

II

ll

II i

is a,t,'ain cliiublf,

i

1

I

1

t

^

II

lu u

I i

I

I i

ui

I

it iiK-tli

I)

11,1111, ,,i

lAhiiri

.

111,

ii,p

i")alin

ribs,

an

(/;//,7/-si,un

the hu'riiKl>'pli

nss,ii'i,it, ,1

til,

wliilc iht' liack carrit-s

an nix-nwnrk

ri-p-

lite.

kiiffliiiH

inscription, cut in

iif

and

In coti\'c>' llic lio]X' of lon.i;

The main

In

upnn

a complex mlt-raclinn

gold

liir

symbols intended prosperous

nvcr imearni,

reliet'.

wlilt

ini

I

i

I

ut

It

in

I

di^t

will ii

1

h

i

\t

lit

p

kit

1

in

i

ic

i

I

it

uil

t

utlt^

ii

it

t

ii

1

^ lit

it

it i

ti

It

I

\t ii

I

~

i

i

\

t

t

ii

il

I

It

tl

I

n

I

ii

ii

i |

I

t

lit

it

tin

i

wli

i

ui

I

u

i

l

t

ul uit t

1

i

I

i

lli I

i

ii

u

I

imt_ i-

i

tK

l

i

ii

^u

\l

lit-

^

ii

i

in in

k^

~t

ll

id wii

^])it

lit

\

1

U

(

^1

1

I

ul

\1

nil" ij;

miilits Ix'lwiTn ihf

ri'sentalion of llfh.Ki)d (ift'ltTiiin. t,Taspinj,miitiiif(l

'Tiil,iiikh,iniiiiT i,irui.< ni' Hi,

siii-i,i,;

llu'

1

II

1

uisnilHii intli hull,

I'likiiiklml,

kuiii's

and

l)ack-l)r;ici'i>.

niu.

Aiiikx,: a

!lh

^t

I

I

1

I

i

itti

l.

//;,/.-;(. I,_rtl Siii,ill,h.,iiv

,-li,nr (II,

i.

,;.'';.

iiiiul,

Tiiliiiikliiiiiiiiii ill,

I, ,11'.

,,iilr,

,-liiiii- II,,.

:i'.i.

I

us

comprises the names and

lur

(no.

(SL'l

iliough

with

\erlical;iiKldi;i,t;on;il brticiii.ys

n^linCliair

III,.

h,i,'k

sli,,ts

Hi,

.s7,'i

III'

7r/; itiiiilf

mi, I

fiiiiH

.an

.•irran.u'emen!

between the

le.us.

of

The

m|)itii

t

tl

t

|

1

lit

1

i^

itiu

till

\

i

niiti

It

ii

t

i

witl l

tl

t

iti.^ii.

.Xssot'ialed with this tlinme j.iiece

fooiresi

(no.

simikirly \eiieered

and

was

(l.,"iS7m

;l78l.

inlaid.

ti

(lit Its

simple,

tliree-

lltini

lon_i;.

top surlat'e

is

,'

eboiu'

hniiiil mill ptipynis sirip

mill mill

in a

state of \arlual collapse, a second i-hair of similar desi.^'ii

b-ti\td it^ ul

Carter also recoxered from ihe .Aiitechtimber.

,,i

n;iiii L'lirh,

iiiif,i,l,lisli,,l ll,,t,S.

lIi,l,HV.

of the kin.u. here as

rulankh.amun'.

rliilil.

II

Sl:,t,ii

titles

ii,'iil ii

iiiiiU'riiil:

by Ciirur.

framework

{'Ml .'lYinlhi.uh. ,1

papxrus.

employed

was

while to

of this chair,

which stood l.dlm

held to.uelher merely by strips of

sheets

form the

of

papxrus

h;id

lieeii

into two.

alterntuin.y;

Nine state.

setit tiiid btick.

-Tl

m
dixideti

e.acli

bhick and

liows'. or

si.acked liori/ontall\- with

Asitilit-

trtitlitioiia.l

bound

c;ii)ti\-es

eiiemit> of

tile

the

Mun pHtm

What may be a seventh chair (no. 33), albeit a very -mail one. low-backed and a mere 0.242m

comes from the Antechamber:

!t,'h,

it

(c.

9iin)

was found

jalanced on top of the carrying chest no. 32 beneath

The excavation

the first of the ritual couches.

records describe

it,

(Right) The reconstructed framework of the king's collapsible wooden canopy (no. 123). The original base was not found.

rather doubtfully, as a 'wooden

stand' with 'slots cut out at each side, at top of back

and

front of seat', perhaps 'for side bars'.

information

we have

(which

indicate that the object

very

is

little)

The

might

was a low feeding chair used

by Tutankhamun as an

infant.

In addition to the footrests associated

with the

and thrones enumerated above, eight further examples had been buried with Tutankhamun, both decorated (no. 30) and plain (nos. 67, 92, 414, 442b, 442e, 592, 613). Of those from the Annexe, Carter comments, 'Their dimensions seem appropriate only for a child'. With these footrests may be grouped a chairs

series of hassocks (nos. 34, 354, 361, 431b), evidenth

'intended for the royal knee', 'of rush-work, lined

and covered with elaborate polychronuDimensions for only two of these art recorded: nos. 34 and 354, with diameters of 26 and 29cm (lOJ and ll^in). In all, 12 stools, of six distinct types, were found (nos. 66, 78, 81, 83^, 139^10, 142b + 149, 412, 467, 51 1 595). The first, represented by nos. 66, 81 and 84, ranging in height from 0.305 to 0.38m (c. 12 to 15in), with

linen,

beadwork

'

,

is

of simple, straight-legged form with double-

curved seat and vertical and diagonal bracings; the second,

somewhat

similar, but with

animal legs and

sma-taury grilles (nos. 78 and 467, at 0.345

and 0.45m

(1ft 5Jin)

(1ft

high respectively): the

If in) third,

with 'turned' legs and horizontal stretchers (no.

142b +149, 0.415m

the fourth, of

(1ft 4iin) high):

folding type (nos. 83, 139-40), again under half a

metre (c. 19iin) in height; and the

one example was recorded

fifth,

of which only

(no. 412), of tripod form,

0.29m (9Jin) high, with animal legs and semi-circular seat. The type of no. 595, constructed from papyrus and palm-stalks and very badly preserved, is not clear.

Object no. 511, from the Annexe - rectangular in form, with bronze staples, a goose-feather

filled

cushion and leather carrying straps - Carter identistool'. This stool, 0.342m (1ft and 0.205m (8in) high, was constructed from inferior wood improved by gilding and blue

fied

as a 'travelling

l^in) long,

faience inlays: three of

its

four sides are decorated

with a sma-taivy motif flanked by two bound captives on either side.

The

associated with the collapsible

stool

123, 'carried in the king's train

and

set

up

the sun'.

at a

The

were found

appears to be

wooden canopy,

moment's notice

no.

wherever he went, to shield him from

framework end of the Antechamber

principal sections of this

at the south

with other elements recovered from the Annexe. Several parts of the canopy were missing, including the base. Its fabric covering, together with fittings,

had perhaps been carried

its

metal

off by the robbers.

I

t«(IM«ltf«(«t*ll«tftllllltlt««MtllMlllfffll«tff«tllMI«lttt««ttMMt«««)«*l«tf««fftftffM«llt«tttf

miiirniiiLri:

Boxes and Chests

rr.li"aik-i- (ii,':}n>, ^cfiii

T'lbhiT-

III

can'v

il'ickr;- (p. illUil

l!Nii.

a> Well

>ifiuki"

and

iiiu*.

nl

u«'\:

iiu>l>

iii.t;'

afi,

in:;,

I

nian\" nf •A"iio(k'ii

\'cr-scls.

iv

:nr.kai>.

-l-.rir

an-

mi'

riaiii

ar.d alila

''.

Xui. iScr aaaicj

;;,SiS

wi'k.

>ki;)ir..i;.

bnxi-s arraaniiufk,i-->lia;)c(k

Nfiitri'ttk bari'i-l a(iri>!i"Uiliiir., i> ~iiiii-

inu-rnal ilu'

'nnxo

AkiU'iaals

jjamU'd wiiod

iif lis

(c.,i;,

Ui

il

ar.a

nn.

.'ilai

s]X'Cikic

(|uainy

\"ar_\-.

die

ii"R'gukirly

fnund

ciin!aini_'i-dj(ix nu. Ill

lincndmed inkTinr.

( )ii

m

m'

ihc iht-

Ni-lkiw-

llaand.

bnx

no. L'71a, wid;

dit- wiinli.-.

linwcxur. cwv.

c:\

(.

lite liasii' I'linsiriielinn

api)earecl tn be

see

iii)ii'i';s

irnni

mack'.

wilh du' must attraclix

we

i:a\a' ,L;rca:

an- knted wilh

rfi'ii\"t_'

dif i)ai)>Tus-])itli I'linslnK'Uiin

jiiintin.i;

aiii

r.n.

(r.,u.

kd>. 'Hu- iiiUTi(ii> ui a

dixasiiins. a^

in

bad

]:<.

:i\

:<• lar.u'i-

\\i:l:

ijrrduniiiiau-.

k(l>. l-'uui"

Anlechanibfr

the

n;

nnii-

btvamifiilh" kinished cak'ilc casket nn. In

lis

•!:.

arrnn'ai:^ ,,

l";;U'(;

aax'iilar in >kuii)i\ Sc\a-ral buxi'S -i-aiin(kiry

>,

AIim:

\-f->rl>,

i>nirtia~

n' ai

ti)nii>

iir llal

h;,\-r 'dut. ciiipli

hat! cMt-i-iiu-i;

:lu.\-

ii;iis.

k'.i;>

K'cclaii.uaiku"

.uabk'd

li

i;ai"r\

i

ilu-ir

a,> -l!\-tT

Ill^|^I drill. ale.

liii;a;iiiaal

!i

dl:

i-

nf the huxt's. the (|ualil> nf

Iiida\' nia\' Ix'

])i»ir. thmi.Ltii

due

at lea,-! in

pan to shnnka,L,'e. The maiiii"it\" nl 'rinankhaniun's bnxes ha,d been closed by means dI cord wrapped annind the knobs

•

'

r

i'

i

on the movable

was then

lid

and end,

Some

attached.

to

which a

seal (p. 93)

containers,

like

no.

with gilded-copper side staples; such boxes 'were evidently intended to be used for travelling purposes, strapped either on the back of a beast of burden, or over the shoulders of a

12n

+ 79 + 574, were

fitted

Copper hinges occur, for example on box no. 267 and on the 'toy chest' no. 585, both of which are fitted with an automatic catch: 'the fastening of the knob upon the lid is so notched on the inside that slave*.

when

the

locked the

lid

closed and the knob turned, it the box'. In Carter's opinion, 'This

was

lid to

(Opposite, above) Bowfronted travelling box (no. 12n + 79 + 574). perhaps in earlier days intended as

container for papyrus

a

rotts.

(Opposite, below kft) Cakite

box (no. 40) of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun. with

(Above) The portabU

i,«.3.

incised, colour-filled

(no.

and obsidian fastening knobs. When

Antechamber beneath

decoration

32)

in position in the

the

lioness couch (no. 35).

found, the box contained a

mass of decayed hair and two hair balls wrapped in Hnen remains of the royal marriage contract?

(Left) This type

of large,

portable chest (no. 32), loith retractable handles, is well-

known from tomb scenes Old Kingdom. Tutankhamun's, however, is tlie only example

inning back to the

(Opposite, below right) Small

panelled box (no. 56) on legs, with 'ebony' and ivory veneer

and ivory fastening The six

known

to

have survived.

knobs.

interior is divided into

compartments, and fitted

with a secondary hinged Hd.

(Left)

The 'Painted Box' (no.

21), decorated over its entire

outer surface with highly detailed scenes executed in

tempera on a gesso base. The scene on the box side depicts

Tutankhamun

in battle

against the Syrians: visible

on the

lid

tliat

shows the

king hunting in the desert.

189

lAhn,',

,

Til,

I

mill

:'h'.l.

!l,l

ulhnx

I'nfjjxfhs

III,

cuniruaiii-i' ...

llu^

u/

.\s

mil

.s/),//;//,!,'

I

I'lh

with ulher liassts (ifubjifl

r Eiiyl^iiiii ll,lh,p,,lis:

names

the

iiLihll Til,

>li,!pi tl h,ix 1)1,1.

ol

nunilx'i-

had

pic(-fs

r-,,'-

during pn-\aijus

,-url,,iii-li,

i'lUn Iniiii

rei.tjiis.

tVuiii ilu-

been

(ii-iKinall\"

Willi bn.x Ik.

i',,iiliiiii ji It;

ilihli il i)iiri;ir

ii.

whuii carrifs

.\khenalen. .Nefernefruaten and Merilhad been no alteinpl t(i alter the eai'lieinames, though on box 2n t 79 -,17 the earn mehes (if

lii>

1

nxcr

wiili

MfnlaUT

fdiison. Tlif inlaK: wkuCvv.

f'iund in

tht- .\mi-iiiani:)fr(.'i

Thi' two I'tunted

no.

was nm

Yki .if

a -mail iinx

tomb

the

are

from the .\nteehtimiier

L'l

and

.\kh(.T,a;Uii

..f

reenxei-ed.

Imm

boxes

liiiest

ISox

rra>c(i

Ihl^k-arnit; lIuMiaiiiiMif

Ni-ftTiicfrurf, die :if;h dau.uhlfr

Neferlin; the box itself

Ix-i-n

l;ac:

of rii;ai;kl;amiii; aiu:

-.lidx.'

tile

ides-

I,,

;/( »;>• ,ii

rv,

III

riiyiil n'iidliii. liiii

iimib. a

pivijarrtl

alen. there

1

Tr, usury, inuilil

III,

.\f ffi-miruaUii aiui

>'f

ar.d wriik-n

/,-/;«> ii,,„i,ii:

III,

'TiilinikhtDiuiH. nil,

iM>,,r,

ihr raiiicsi auidiiialu' lasUiiin.t;

is

knoun'.

hilhi-nii

hniiv, 111(1 liiitid irurv

iiiul

III,

u

nis,

The Box Doc Tlie

kh

I I

H

1

\\Tltt(

such after

Objei.

1

I

numlH

I

1

1

^

i

insl

iti(

Ik

u

ilUh'ivl li,:\liillii,K.->llili) 11,1)11 III,

mill

\,

I,

III,

111,

:\)iliiii,i))ih, ). nihil, iiiDiii

ino;

.

,1)1,1 iDiiii^i

mill

,hiii;lil, )

Til,

h,,x ils,li

,,i.\l;li,)i,il,)i.

inis

II, ,1

1

1

k

1

III

f

I

I, '1111,1.

lor

12n-7 •

.i74

milk

Plie IJutkln /-oljjeets of the km.u Nel)khei)rui-e life!

prosixTity! health!

whieh

lx'l()n,t,'ed

to tlie

I'uneral

C.kIs

I'K'l

Ip,

l.'iD)

Contents:

!!o(i

Contents: 17 blue faienee

iiiiii.-ni

ewers

The ^luipnient

of His Majesty

l)rosperity! health'

a

and cedar cypress wihkI Contents: kerehiels and shin of b\ssus

4ft4

The

'

life!

when he was

eliikl.

Contents: eopper handled razors, knife-razors

and ewers:

for inakin.t;

up

.'U (/(//feloinelotlis

Cold jewellerydd

for the luneral

made

[onyinallvl for the Ix-d-ehamlxT of

Nehklieprure

Cold

fa

/i

vase and

lx-lon,i;ed to

.

e(iuii)inent of His

.

(df)

Contents:

.l!)-l

Tlie i-c|uipineni of health!

vase which

of the Ix'd eliamlxT

let

/-basket,

when he was

1

(/(

1

Pharaoh

/)-jar

i/i

for

for applyin,u |l)lack|

of Rold. 2

broken

/ii

life'

a child.

.1,11111

ish land) .^7w/ifc

when he was

tcklihi.
waten?"!, ii(>ii.<( t

the Uineral

The paraphernalia

into

lluffyi:")

.

Majesty

Contents: frankincensi- [and]

tljiiy len.k'ths,

.eold

toil

pnisixTitx' health!

linen

Contents: 17

(madel of

sli,ii(vl'li.< \.-:liiihlis]

:>88

9)

Ciold seal rin^s lx'lon,ein.t; to the funeral

);,<»

life!

pnis]XTitv'

a child. Cold: h y.n

I'or

I

can-yin,i;

pure water!?), 2

slickst^-'l

,ijrasshop|XTs eye-ivum. vases [and] a taskel of

copix'r-bits(')

.'i

by Breasted as 'the work of a master artist of compared with whom the greatest artists among the Greeks and of the Italian Renaissance and of the Louis XIV period are mere hacks'), and the ivory veneered box no. 540 + 551 from the Annexe. Breasted's rapturous comment on the Painted Box

cribed all

time,

was characteristic of all who saw it. It

is,

indeed, one

of the finest examples of miniature painting to have

survived from ancient Egypt, considered by Carter to be 'one of the greatest artistic treasures' found.

With

its

vaulted

lid

in position,

it

stands some

44.5cm (17iin) high; its length is 61cm (24in), its width 43cm (IGJin). The tempera decoration covers each side (the king in battle against the Syrians, and against the Nubians), both ends (opposed images of the king as sphinx), and the lid (the king hunting

(Above) The royal (no. 585).

'toy chest'

of solid

when found contained a mix of objects: jewellery, a gameboard, a pair of slings, and construction, which

the king's fire-making equipment.

(Above left) The interior of box no. 585, showing the complicated arrangement of partitions and box-shaped drawers with sliding

lids.

(Above) Scene of box-making

from

the

tomb of Rekhmire

(No. 100) at Thebes.

(Uft) Hieratic docket from the white-painted

wooden box

(no. Ik) found in pieces at the

tomb entrance.

Many of Tutankhamun 's boxes were carefully veneered, using a variety of different

woods or ivory. The decoration of the box shown here (no. 268), with its elaborate herringbone

marquetry, had involved the gluing and attachment

of more than 45.000 individual pieces.

191

u\ iiin.

Ill, Willi ricli

Um

iiihiy

mill kiii'hs nf

ij,,h

I'liK III!

siili

I'lii

.

collie of whicli

111

III

II

till

km

III' till

liiifi

I

oni wiiiiii

III

li

)ft

,

ti

mill

hrld wlini

Il

iH'tii

lodk

lilt-

tnnib

Macrand Lucas

was

lii-sl

llin

il

,')

Id

and

I'oiiics. iki. .1.11.

lIu'

slinri-lcMXed

ai'fcoiislnick'd

bn\

iVdiii a

rcddish-bn)\\n wood, overlaid with slabs of

i\(>r\' sili'iil irisli

II

If)?).

Had

Il

a raii.yc ol rhiklrcii':

eniply.

huliliiiii iiiilrliiil Imliii

hniiirlii s

(]).

rile slopin.L;- lul iH).

ilirnnitiihnlli iipposiil iiiiimi s

slill

iilUniiiliiiii

niilnilhi hiixi.

till

il

nil

.<

till

mil! iimiii

iiniiii II

kiim:

liiiiis).

iin.tjiiially in coiiiaiii

I

tpcned

iliiiiinti li ifilli j'l'i

iin

caiA'ed in low

and

ix lie!'

delicaleh" slaini'd.

I'nr

lurlher embellished w th inlays of

faieiiei'.

k'I^i^s.

I'askel

llie li"(inl pani-l

of ihe

delii'ale

i

ealcile, eboiiN" ,and i\(iry.

box we see

On

'ihe kiii.u sealed upnii a eushidiied ehair

(decoraled with t;'arlands), shooling wild-fowl and lisli

with

bow and arrow', while beside him sc|iiats The sides and back panels ol" ihe box are

ihe ciueeii.

decoraled wilh sc.amperin.t; animals cah'es, Ix'in.u;

and ibexes

winch,

in

some

bulls,

liul.

asCarler noU's. ihe

liiin

y hi

III!

Iiiiiib iiiiifl

^nhl.

ii: ii

I

iipi iiirnii- liil liiii. L'li/'il. ii'iiiiil III till

iilisMiiif; III

\iiiii

.

hnx

XI

:

till

liiis l>rnhiihly

iiiiiiiy

till

l>iii'i

'li'iisi '

rnnii

il ni'i

hy

tliii

ri s

mii

s

in

iiiiliiliiily.

iFiii- iii:lill r.iix lln.

:,I7

slminiiii

III.,,

iiiiislii'iiiiiii fliiil'i il

till

lull I'ii'f

iittiin: III iiiiiiisii III III lib

AhvilnS

II

Ill-Ill

ill-illHli liltll

'nil III!

In

II

mil

nn^iiiiilly

finlilmiil

il III I.

wfaW>-'Wt^w'

^Tjr-wuMt»»iu

and

'chief Hlor\' of ihis

iRnjlitl All iiidiiiitinii iiilimv iiiitili iiili,

bulk

inslances, are

allai'ked b\' a lion, a cheelah. a leoi)ard.

hounds',

iiiin

is

upon ihe

ihe i\'ory panel

lid.

'carNcd

in

III,

low

relief liki' a (Iri'ek com'. Here,

ilower-bedecked

esenaniun

who

below ihe

c
leans forward a boy

mandrake

aiiparek

and

fruits.

ihis caskel loo. ihou.irh ori.uinallx"

we

see ihe slender .\nkh-

]3reseniin.u boii(|uels of llowers |o her

husband, colleclin.tr

i)a\ ilion.

wiihin a

sli.uhllx

.triii

upon

his slalf:

are shown, kneelmt;.

Like ihe I'ainled llox.

found emi)ly,

ha\e been emiiloyttl

will perhajjs

|o conlain wearin.i;

Boxes and Chests

i«««t?«ft«f
and Lamps

Tools

mmwmm^m}mmmmmm}mm}mmm)mmmm -*'

Tools Miul iinpliMiicnts cnii^i^lrd

'riil;miNli;iiiuii'.'.~ iMdl-kil

\

I

\i

pi','ir!u';il

r,rni>

iiiaHci-

,'iiul

Willi ihc

kiino:

iiu>rl>;

and

linear

lii^l

,t;Miii|)

ini])l('inciil-:

>

a.ui'U'ulmral

pr

he rla»c(i tour

nia\

inalK'H"l.iiri,L;iiiall\- t'livi'red Willi .unkll'-'). Iriiiii li)

ihc Anli'iiiaiiilh-r. a

111

handle

eiip])er

iir

blades

of

had been

are assi leialed

lashiiuied imi

hux

1)\" Si

irniii

(im.

ihe usual

iron. .Ml bill line

wall

the innuih' eereniiiiiN' depleted

The

ii'i 111,

III

nil

iheiii

III

tile 'iipeiiin.u

the nnrth

which

III

I

III

\\;ill nl

than

nil ire

was eiuplnxed fur all hi blade>. i> prnliably nl' when Inund. the metal wa> 'enaled

l.y-

"^'•'^^^^^•^^•imm^^^t^m^mt^^mt^^^^^ aniii) ul

ilu-

men;-.

ti"(ini

ihe .\nnexe

The

and lILVni

kiines lnn>.

and

(il'():(iL'

and

liini Iniiy.

were

rei'nx'ered h-niii the debris nf the .\iinexe llnnr.

while

bnx

nn.

:';l

.~i

1

I

j ln(>t;iii):

I

wn nindel

euttiii,uhiii\-es'

panned wnnd. axe-shaped, were Inund in bnx nn. 111 ihe same eh.amher. and nil the. \nne\e llnni- Inn.

Tn jud.ue h"nm

liL'llt.'i^l.

//,,

liniestniie, raii.uiii.u in leii.iilh h-niii

>^\

10.9 in Ui.iSeml

nf

l^.

ihe .Xnleehamber eniiiained se\en

ill

iiindel kni\"e-

(

'//

11,.,.,/,;,. ;);,.,/, //;.!,

'J ill! ir.Jlll th,

hC'i.''

'•iiiiliiii:: llii

hhi.l,

hull, II.

mill '^nld

!'n'ii:,

l>i;n"ii> iiu Uil

nirn.d

in,s,rul,iill\

.-•'
iw,.

.\ll!,rluilllh,i\

ik'lU'lli h'i!ii„l,i,l:, i/i.K

ixpreseiitaliniis in tlie|)ri\ate

Inn,

,,i

III,

III,

Us.

il',irivStitiC,i-,iii,,iii,il
,ii.,..,iin
1

III i;,>hl

liiiiii ,111,1 nihil, I icilli

d,i>s,ni,l.;i!,il,.

(iL'ii:.")

tn

these nia\

luundatinn

be iinled

(ie>

wnud

1.

an ad/e handle

by the rubbers,

lar,L;er

in

seeond adze

and. a

liiL'i.

preiinnien l.unlil?!

tnille

size

lS.,"")eiii

in

and

hiiiil

.ijiild

Inii.^.

and

Inn,

brnnze

ils

line ntual

immtii and

it.-

unld

bindin.t;: i:>

irniii

ihe .\nnexe

-lill

ivlaiiiir.,u

rilualistie' siekles Inns,

ilh yiiKI

,L;itiss. is

ealmn

it'

blade wa- misMn.y. .Mmi

twn

iinmeii

i

wa.s iniind in the

willi the kin,u:'s

and

insenbed with

and the lA

.ijTindin.u

eleelruili tnil

inndi.

I'liilhel .\

tmd

."ilil

hnth nf wnnd. The iimre elabnrate ated w

ul

blade e\ideiitl\

Imiei, i;>

and still retainiii,^ Miekeled blade. The bmiize handle nl" a h'lial,

will:

addipmi

wnudeti nindel hue

a

inu.

hi

I'liM.

i]).

de])iisit' tyi)e(nii. iMlii.

wh.ile-paiiited eai'ried oil

1

welliiiuipped

wel-e

iiKidel a.^Tieulpiral iin])leiiieni>

.\nnexe, inlaid

ll„""i

tln.ir ino.

,

tidze Inn.

liiiely ])nli>lied tlini

iiii])lr-

iimn/e.

erihed by Carler a> a >l)auila. \\a> al-n reenxered

with nxide',

Twn

Tlirlx>.

liidi a;

i.\n,

k-alhcr-WMrkciV

a

iiiniair

ruiind-i-iided kiiile'il -hee;

.\

iiielenrie nriijin:

d2ll:ii,''il,

Rrklmiirr

izicr

\

wrll

nia\'

llif\

ehisel-like

im. !!U) in die Treasurx: llie\

line sclii liars

ihe lUirial I'hanilier.

llir

Uinhel-

lli

bronze but Inmi

liiund wilhin

Inmi

nr >iinilar ini|)leiiuiil

liiisel

The

iinplenieiil-

Were

a

Iroiii

()L'n:,l(;i.

and ihe

(;2ll:27l.

lairiuc nimlfl

Annexe llnoi" eleelriini-l)ound wnoden

[iiiundi-rd-'l, S..'Inn l.'lrin) lout;.

debris (nn.

h:'ii::,:")i,

'

•-

an

t'l)iiii>-

11(1.

'

>m:<.\\

irniii ilir iliitir m|"

ihc Aiiiu-xr niu.

-

'

''

iiit\a>iii'i->.

huiu-v

hnx

'

'•

:ir,il

i"i:ii,'il

lour bi.iaii i'alr,t;Mnr~:

iii'.n

I;i1Iii!,l;

iil'hiilli

and

iim.

."iiil

deenr

inla\ s ni ealeile

thekiii,L;'>])renniiien

belnxed nf Hu'

nmdel

(i20:lill, I.

'thrustin.u'

enrn. nf saudstniie

and wnnd

and

Ipersniiili-

hand

mill Inr

emislruetinii.

lotus chalice flanked

The

by elaborately

fretted 'handles'.

decoration of each handle contains a combi-

nation of symbols - the god

Heh grasping a notched palm rib and ankk sign, the prenomen or nomen above - intended to convey the gift to Tutankhamun of millions of years. Both cup and handles are cemented onto a heavy, strutted pedestal carved from a single block of calcite. When employed as a lamp, the cup was part-filled with oil - perhaps sesame oil - traces of which still remained, and

(Left)

Model

mill (no.

'thrusting'

hand

279a) for nhndmn

com. with nniUer and soddleftone of yellow quartzite. The saddle-stone is set into a gessoed wooden 'seat' fitted with a trough to catch the meal.

provided with a floating wick. When lit from within a scene becomes visible, painted upon the outer surface of a thin calcite liner cemented inside the cup.

One

amun

side displays a scene of

Queen Ankhesen-

presenting the seated king with the symbols

of hundreds of thousands of years; the other side

prenomen and nomen between bands of petal ornament. The second lamp is of triple form, 27cm (lOgin) high, again of calcite though this time worked from a

carries the king's

was found

in the

Treasury. For the see

wooden box' no. 279 in the wooden model granary (no. 277),

'rough

p. 145.

Six cubit measuring rods "dark red wood',

(1

cubit

come from box

= 51cm),

no.

50

in

of the

Antechamber; but whether Carter was correct in believing the tall, shrine-shaped box no. 487 found in the Annexe to have 'once held a heavy metal standard cubit-measure' stolen by the robbers

is

debatable.

horizontal

single block of stone. Like the

floating-wick variety,

its

three

first,

oil

it

is

of the

reservoirs fash-

ioned in the form of a large blue lotus flower flanked

on either side by a white lotus, with a circular base from which the three stem. Each cup preserved traces of the original oil. The sepals of each cup are delicately incised, but there is no painted ornamentation like that of the larger lamp.

Lamps and

torches

A

smoke-blackened pottery dish (no. 86) some 19.3cm (7fin) in diameter was found beneath the

"It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber, and who repel that one who would repel him with the desert- flame. 1 have set aflame the desert{?). I have caused the path to be mistaken. I am for the

protection of the Osiris [the deceased]"

Spell

Clearance of the Burial calcite

high,

from the torch no. 263

Chamber produced two

lamps(nos. 173, 174). The first, 51.4cm (20iin)

is

really

an elaborate stone vase, made

in

more

than one piece and taking the form of a thin-walled

A lamp of a rather more practical had perhaps been employed by the tomb robbers or by one or other restoration party.

ritual sort,

cow -couch.

it

(Below

left)

calcite

lamp

from

Bowl of the first (no. 1 73),

lit

the inside to shoie the

scene (otherwise invisible)

painted within the thickness

of the translucent

walls.

(Below) The second calcite

lamp (no. 1 74). of triple-lotus form, carved from a single block of stone. When found, the three reservoirs

still

retained traces of the origiiuil

oil.

reed torch (no.

tliird

.\

8.:icin

j'b.'J),

CSjin) Iouk,

impre.unaled with pine resin and decorated with a ,i;old-|oil band, was found ;it the entrance to the

Treasure

it

had

ori.[,'inally Ix'cn

slotted into a

mud-

brick base, incised with a spell for the protection of the dead kin«- (see quotation p. U),!). -AinoiiK the tools recovered from the

elaborate llanii'

tomb was an

which would ha\c ])rovided the torches and lamps of this sort. It was

lire-drill

l(j li.<;hi

discovered

in

the kin.u's 'toy ch.est' (no.

the

.IK")) in

.\nne.\e. Carter'> description of its eini)lo\inent

is

lollowx: -The rotation

was

bow

forward>and backwards,

alteniatel>- thrust

which

thon.ir ol

stock of the oi-der to

by means

effected

as

of a the

wound round the was fixed, hi upper end was held in a

ha\in,<; Ix'en first

which the

drill in

steady the

socket (drill-head).

drill

the

lire-^tick

The round holes in which the lire-stick was rottiled were made near the ed^es of the tire-stock, so that a vertical sfjt was created .

.

.

which allowed the spark created to the tinder'.

The drill

to ha\-e free access

stock measured

1

9.7cm (7f in)

in len,L;th. It

nlualislir pioi'cs found on ihe lion-couch in AntcclianilxT were, as Carter observed, 'absolu-

l-"iHir

llic tel\-

lM>n,;.

1(1/ 1111,1 llilhll Oil,'

J'llir nliiiil liiirli

siiMmrhdin.

Jnriii iif liiiiidhd ..(/ iiilii

hdsis

niniislicd slifticii

liiini.

III'

laiiiil.

Inn

uml

ID

is ,,t

laiii/i

tnkiiiu tin

new

m

type',

and takes the

l-lacli

lorin of

one

is

about

an diikh

2:;cni (9in) tall

of bronze fitted

si.iiii

withentoldin.narins. set into a black-varnished base. of the bases are fitted with tubular torch-

Two

aiikh-.s/i,'//,-.'

hliiii;-

Tlii' t,nrli

linsldl

ol

may

raw

he noted that the tomb also yielded a i-an,sie includin.L,' a small piece of lead, tin

materials,

oxide, chtilk, galena and malachite (see p. 158). red and yellow ochre, orpiment (arsenic irisulphide) and N'arious other pi,i,mienls (p.

Resin

l(i(i).

lumps,

(in

and rods) and artilicially shaped pieces of Irankinceiise were also found. 'tears'

holders of,sjilded bronze, one of which still retains its twisted linen torch. The reniainin,u two bases api)ear to ha\-e

ihouyh

been intended

lor

use with a

lloalin.t;

wick,

bowls were now .none I'robabK- these were of ^old and were stolen by the tomb-thieves'. their

Carter

l)elie\-ed that,

sticks'

had

bei'ii

not only are they of

but -their

before the thefts, these -candle-

stored in bo.\ no.

wooden

,11 (i

in the Treasur\':

an appropriate size

for this box.

pedestals, coated with black resin,

coincide with blotches of similar black material found on the bottom of lln' intei-ior of the bo.x'.

(H,'l,iii: Iril liiiyliliiiii.i

die III,

iliiil

thud

and mjhl) The

km

IV iiiillii/iii llii

dh,r

nn

rriiitiiii;

hti^iiliuiiii

,

.

III

iiil>li,v,

I'miii

niinii.< III 'III

III,

siiDii

h,'ir-drill.

llii

till- 1111,11

lath resin

til, I,,

iiw hv

ftiid; ivurkiiii;

/iriiinpli

lis tin

Tiitiiiddiiiiiiiiti

.iS.'uiii) I

tliiiii III,, St.

-

tin

II

,iiilv

liiisi' III'

till

I'liiminiiir niduiidiiii.

Iiiii.

III'

sinhr. and lli,-y

'.<

icis rrldiiitly

a

iiiniiit .
mil

ilcsioiiiil

and

drill h.ilfs liiiid icilli

jmniint,

i'riiti,in.

.'';/// -..Yo

///.-//,/ >y''-'-',^ //.-/•

^^

'^t-jtf

wwm»wf»HHwwwHmwwwtmwwtwwwwwmwftfwwwwtwtwfmn tt w ttfw

Metal and

S Q

Stone Vessels iWTnmTyTmyyryfwryyrTywfrrrTTmfmfiwwiMtinmffnnfnmmTttiwm A pair of miniature vessels (nos. 394, (Left above)

620:37), one of gold, the

other of silver, perhaps part

of the original contents of box no. 575 from the Annexe.

and below) The finest of Tutankhamun 's metal

(Left

vessels: a pomegranateshaped vase (no. 469), 13.4cm (5 fir in) tall, with serrated rim and bands of delicately chased floral

decoration (as

shown

in

Carter's sketches below).

According to Carter, the metal contains a considerable proportion of gold 'and might be considered as either silver

or electrum

'.

It

had originally

been fitted with a rush-work stopper, which

was found

inside together with the

broken section of the rim; the

remains of the 'dark brown material' the vessel contained

could not be identified. The novelty value of the pomegranate, which was brought back to Egypt from

Asia following the campaigns of Tuthmosis III perhaps explains its popularity as a vessel form during the later years of the 18th dynasty.

Metal vessels Only three metal vessels were found in the tomb, and all in the Annexe: no. 469, a silver pomegranate vase, beneath the oval basket no. 452; and nos. 394 and 620:37, a pair of small bag-shaped vessels, 3cm (Uin) or so in height, one of gold and one of silver, both rather battered. Carter believed that the latter

were 'Possibly

They

for writing or painting purposes'.

are perhaps

the docket to

The

box

two of the vessels mentioned no.

575

in

(p. 190).

three vessels recovered

by Carter

clearly

represent only a few of those originally buried with the king,

upon.

if

The

the

box dockets

(p.

190) are to be relied

fate of the 'missing' pieces is fairly clear:

they had been carried off for scrap at the time of the thefts.

197

SKMlc

X,.,-..]^

\i!,ri -:.'

\\\..:..

:-

i':.<,

li

lnHi

I I

Ir,

,|iraa

a

.

r.:il 'lin- i!Ki!iit"ir, liaa.

niadir

;nri,i!i>, iniliri"

r 'iiTri

lai-

I'l

a

rM\al r.;mk>. L::v:rr

i':iiii('ir.,u

m1' ;l;r i"i.iii!!Miu-i' 'v

lie-

rxaiiiplr^

wrrc

la-'

iiiaiudiiai; (iuaiiiu

<-.;ni;)irifn:'.

A

'iir (ildrr

Ill

');i.i-.

'I:,-

riiKin;

I

lakiT In .r

luiuTal

die

di--iila\

a >iMrc

iiii

i

ild

ar.ii

drrak- and anauiv.

_ .

^''*

\rral ...|j

wi(\naN

^^' ij).

(iMHiN-

dJ I

-—

'>*^" H •'•^

l.'iSi,

Ni

\a-^i'l~ uiTi' n'pii'Mi'U'd n: thr a mi'). m1

dillrirn; I

-mii-~.

u|)-. r-iniiilc

i-an,i;in,u

hay

~hai)c(:

ironi

a

h'iii

])":

larr-, !ii,u>. diiiuiili'

and

\aM-~, am: a >::ula ai laryc nn!-. ani])lini-ar.

"

i-M'L'P r.iv

\V

)\rr

I'ladoralf \c~m'I^ n| lrr;uiir!x anal

_

''*

t-"^"'-'

;

])lii~

iraU'

\

animal doi.mi

a -pi ink lint; nldwiwl-, lid-. -aip]Hi"-. si i.urd

ncnlinii'lri'-

a

i

ahi

iflrr.

111

lici,i;h!

Till'

and- and

Iidiii a

niaiMnn,

lew

wiTr

;ind

iwn

and

L'lni nicrt'

LM

1.

nl,^l(ll

,

n nni

dccn iini)ln\aHl

and

]u\>. li-oiii

1^, aa.

7i:

an

7lV-ni (d7;in) ni

lliai".

:iii.Sciii

hci,L;l!l I

(

ln-iii)l

Irnin ihc |-iiinal i.

diilh,

carh

l.'!:!l

in

was ])ia-doiiiinpamlcd and sonie-

t-niploNcd Kil'li't-

with ankuiia'd

-a inc-. Scrpi'inint'

umib

ihr

Aniil)i> >linnf (p.

llic

Thr same

ralailc. liiaiuiaidN

liinc- inlaid

and

iw.i aalriu- tK-akcr^ (ni

lall i:';inli

I'unhiT

wi'.li

liliM. i

lani|)^llnr whiiii si-c p, Hid

dir Trca>ur\

anah

ii;

frazil Hi; l^

\-a~i'-,

a^- iim.

ChamlxT: and h,,^in

.\iiiu-\c

l!ir

ri^rw liiTc

and: llic aiirruiur nai>.

[he -aairwa,\ i-laii-

-r.r.il

hiik';

h(i,L;hl. r. i>nit'!k' laniiii.

laii(

iii'.-i !i

L;lass

and Sfnii-pivrnuis had als

induiraU'd linu'slonc

inr a >inall

nninbrv

o| xa-sscls.

1

j

j

|

Inscribed Stone Vessels

'With rare exception', the closed stone vessels had

had

their stoppers

and

lids

removed and been

ransacked by the tomb robbers. From the size and number of the vessels, the capacity of which ranged

from 2.75 to 14 litres. Carter was able to estimate that 'at least 350 litres of oils, fats, and other unctuous materials' had originally been stored in the Annexe.

A number of these jars still contained the remains of their original, fatty contents. Carter noting that the

two 'craters' nos. 420 and 435, 25.8 and 47.6cm (10^ and 18Jin) high respectively, still showed 'Finger marks of thieves on [the] interior walls'. When the tomb was later tidied up, the empty vessels had been employed as containers for the smaller objects which had been scattered around by the robbers.

'**^

~ '

'^^wtt^^^^^^l^lBIP

(all calcite)

WM»«in»i»»t!«fM»Mttt(tittiiM)Mi»ninn»iMiiiinti>tmtt»iMt»»»tn»»t»tnt>n»ftttm«»»M

111

Fdicju'c (iiui (jh/ss

1

I

1

I

II

I

1

ll

^

\l

I

"^1

^

I

l'

-

1

I

I

II

I

111 \

1

1

1]

11k

I

)

im'

I

I

lull

.

ii

it

11

u

I

I

'111

t

I

111

II

111

1

\\l

I

liiu t

1

\ii (I

11

I

-

It II

n

wnt-

Mil

i_

I

hliit

mi'ii

I

in inl I

ihihiu

\iv-i K(i

>li)])i)i;-i>

l\

ini'ii

ll

nil

11

1~

1-

1\

K

iiik'wiIiii \

iiiit^i

I

1

111

\iiiu \t iwiil

111

111

K

111

ll

--1

I

IIH

--(

1

M

llit

1

I

II11

h

I]

]

^(

)I (

Im H-

111

I

il

I

wImlIi

t

\\ii

u

\I1

11

Ilk

\i in \i

.ind i7

1ii,l;1ii

-

1

1

1,1

hi\il)ti_iiL

I

tin')( lit

II

\(

Kind

I

1

1

II

I

.1

)i

Km

1

ll

in

iwii-

)i

I

((

-pti

u u'

ll

1

1~ ill

I

11

U^i ~

\

1

1

1

(\

11

ll

iipi ll

11

I

lit

ll

K

Hill 11

Ihl

(

1

I

^

-(

1

-

t

1-11

I

1)1

1

i-ii

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1

Pi

I

|)i

Ui

1

I

(

1

111

-•

\iiii

I

I

1

I

1

I

I

"(

I

I

I

I

1

-

)*

'

1

I

I

1

111

I

I

II

1

I

I

II

I

I

iliiK

11

I

I I

III

1

Uliu~

n •

(

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11

Mil

1

III

I

,

1

1

1

1

II

III -

I

1

1

i

Ik lilt liliiii

pu-M-m.

>,ill

(ilass ThfR.

,

Ifaiiin.u

had

no

i> ab^iu.ilfl\-

ij.

uibi ilin; ilir niml) \\;i> ruhiK-ii

think, -iran.ufly cnuu.uli. that hkis-

I

,

Ix-i'aiisi'

...

I

liid

nut

di'wn \vr iniind

I't'i'tainh

iir I'liniin.i;

was

Ix'fii tlu-rr

.

and

18tli dyii;ist\-

Khissproductiiin. iilher

i.hi.

.

.

\\a.- i-illitT

binkiii miinu in

mit.'

1.1

Since the

takt-n

any ylass. am; m thr |)assa,L;i' iwn l)ns prnNiii.t: thai .ulas-

si-f

iibjecls

dI'

it

was

ird Carnar\-(iii

a peniul nt

hirt,'e-si'
isniniiustliai sn few \-essclsaiid

this

nititenal

slimild

have been

reemtTed

h-iini

exiT,

ihene had urigintilly been niniv: unlike

lliat

the lomb.

taienee. ^Lass at this i)enod altert-oninioditx-: 111"

the glass

llial

il

omkl

litid

it

seems prnbable. huw-

was

a custly ;uid

sou.u;lil-

;ilsiil.)ei-ee\iied.;ind

niueh

been huned with the km.t; no

diHibl disapix^arecl al the time his

tomb wasmblxxi.

a view that Carter,

It is

who had a great interest in

ancient glass, seems to have shared: 'A plain wooden box of oblong shape, which stood on the north side of the Canopic canopy, had its contents completely cleared by the tomb-plunderers.

shaped

lid

Its

had been replaced the wrong way

only the packing material in

its

gable-

on,

and

eight rectangular

compartments was left. This material comprised pieces of papyrus reeds, shredded papyrus-pith and, at the bottom of each division, a small bundle of linen matting of long pile. There was not a trace of evidence as to what the original contents were, save that the careful arrangement of the packing suggested that the objects were of fragile nature - possibly glass.'

As Carter remarks on the object card for this box (no. 315): 'DAMN!!!'

The only glass vessels found in the tomb of Tutankhamun were three small specimens, one a small cup of translucent white (5.2cm (2in) high), the other two - a second cup and a small flask, each (li^in) high

- of an indigo-blue

colour.

5cm They came

from the portable chest (no. 32) in the Antechamber. It is perhaps only by chance that these and a handful of other accessible glass objects

headrests

Amama

(p.

king

182),

(no. 54ff,

5.8cm

(2i-in) tall,

(Far right) The tantalizing

of box no. 315, with carefully padded ~ but empty - compartments. interior its

(Right)

Found base

in the

portable chest (no. 32):

Tutankhamun 's

three

remaining glass

vessels: 321,

32k, 32].

(Below

left)

large

the pair to

and a model scribe's 166) - should have survived at all.

no. 54ee, of calcite), (p.

- including

a blue amulet of a squatting

Two globular

faience jars (nos. 31, 31a) in position in the Antechamber.

(Below right) Drop-shaped jars (nos. 54w, 54ccc) of bluegreen and yellow faierwe.

palette

Willi

Jars

(I

ml

>

Other I'ullny

.\i;i,rxr, N^ lilT',

!in

fl

c

It

^1

(

i|

:;i

f^

1:

I'll

I?

If

V

in I

MM

in

•

1

I

1

<

i\

iTci'

Tutankhamun 's Wine Object

List

l)(/sL\ Is

mw M tttmwwimwwwwtwwwi MMM ttt Mm iitttM>f>w ww titwm

mwi»*»w*t» M W»

»

Foodstuffs

m)iimmmimmmmmmmm}mmmfiww}mm Tutankhamun's

funerary provisions scattered throughout the tomb. Other foodstuffs had been

recovered from Pit 54

(p.

Bulbs of garlic (no. 32x) recovered from the (Left)

king's portable chest (no. 32).

39) in 1907.

A basic staple of the Egyptian diet was and still is bread, eaten alone or with onions (or garlic, of which

box no. 32 yielded a small bunch - Allium sativum), and beer. It is not surprising, therefore, that the king should have been provided with a range of different types of bread and quantities of raw grain contained in

baskets (for example, nos. 401, 439, 473, 531), a

model grinder (no. 279a) (p. 195) and a model granary (no. 277) (p. 145). The baskets and granary

among

included

their contents barley

(Hordeum

and emmer v/heat (Triticum dicoccum), with some, presumably accidental, admixture of leguminous and other plant seed. Actual examples of bread or cakes were recovered from the Antechamber (no. vulgare)

\

and Annexe (nos. 620:112, 620:117) floors, where they had been thrown by the tomb robbers. Those from the Annexe were the best preserved: Carter describes them as semi-circular in shape, varying in size from 9.5 to 13cm (3f to SJ^in) in length, and enclosed 'in a mesh of rush-work'; a dozen or more were found. The bread's original taste can only

99, 119e?) (

The

finding of canned beef 3,350 years old in

Tutankhamen's tomb

is

admitted by cold storage

experts to be a record. Mr.

Raymond, hon. secretary of

the British Cold Storage Association, says the record, so far at

as cold storage

is

concerned in this country, stands

eighteen years. > Daily Mail

be guessed

at:

according to Lucas,

and has the appearance of Although there was, of course, no 'canned' beef buried in the tomb, Tutankhamun had been sent to the grave accompanied by a range of foods in order that his ka might not go hungry in the next world. Most of this sustenance had originally been stored in separate baskets (p. 204) and pottery vessels (p. 202) in the Annexe; but, thanks to the activities of the tomb robbers, Carter and his team found remains of

it 'is

very cellular

petrified sponge'.

The

composition of one trefoil-shaped loaf or cake (no. 620:117) is described as 'a mixture of meal and fruits'.

from

Other specimens of bread were recovered one of the Annexe baskets (p. 204);

at least

Carter believed that they were intended for beermaking,

and

it

has been further suggested that the two strainers from the Treasury (no.

wood and copper

274) were perhaps associated with this process.

Three small loaves of bread (group no. 620:1 12). the specimen on the right encased in

a rush-work mesh.

205

iri-,

.'

'i

-

III

i.n'ri: Ml. •

I

:~

'hr

raici,--.

a-ia- ina.iali

wnllrll

Ilr

Ininhcl"

ilt'M-l-i|)ll(iIl.

liiincc!

iri,L;iiiall\'

iii

llic

Ilir;i

(If Ml

Ihi- liulk

pinlrir,

and

win.i;> .\ii(/.<

,/

'

'

'

'

(

^

I

I

,

Ill .\\

''

"

liadl

and

ti

l\\i)

//,

duck^

iiiadlc (

Imir

b/scr

j>(

nis: wilh

bi't-nl

(///)//;'(';/.<;

iiji

m

[

ih'd liai;

Aai(

'I

die

.-'iiliriiiin

unidciili-

h( nihitr.

iwii large

a

nii..'l()7l,

ni

la

also a

iai"~

m

w llumniauicd ii, :ia>kf;^ were ainiiiri" hen irr-i/,yy/;/)( /7r,<

hmnd,

;v/).

as

cn'lamK

nii>idtiUilifd.

hiine\ .\

Inns, (d

li

kl wiikii

iiond selei'tidii of

sinned dates

in a lar.yc pnllerx"

{I

•''''

cic.l

die

die

in

.\nnexe.

(/'i;;/-palni fiaiil

iiix ddclxii-

well

as

fmiii

a

lar.ue

J-Aainples nf die

were reoi\-ered frmn

larwr .\nnexe baskets

lie CI irridin"

111

'km

waTe

fnm> was

dish Inu. lallfrnni

dins.

.'!

basket

Ki,

bnx

iin.

debris Inn. IIT)

and

in

ll^rl.

and

the reed

''.d.'!,

lim.

.\ntechaiiiber: nther, stra\- exaiiliiies t

hux

Iniin il!t'i)o;u'i-\ 'ar

'riilankhainun had laken will;

includin.i;-

cnniained

.\1-m

//(/.a//;; v;i.

i.\'/.:,'i

Tiivmlii'ii spic:ilii (Irmii

I'lipiiyihiiii -|i.?

if

\i"j-iiii;ilr,:iin

.\nlechaniber and six small nuind l.)askel< Inns.

•'1^'.

iif

i

ill',

"c-aiiif i.N.a/

Icnu.urt'i-k.

i)iaak auiiiin

die .\nnexe.

ubK|uitnus

\^'

and

i>alm(isl

iwn

slnred

a

Aia'.rxr, Lai'.d-

ir".

Da-kcl-i. aMnar.drr

~.\\eeleran.<,',

ir

wliilc

r;iii:i:

ilic

ilicni a.^ani

l)a^k(a^l.

Tht-C '/'/(/(

la

(il

i.

llie

'itJf^Ji

lluiii-

am:

iiiKii-

'A

arm

hn/Ji

la iiia-rn

ii.-

nuli'd \\a~ a draiuii ol

lain

widi an incideiilal scallenn.y of

nl

llwii

'z;/^/// //a//i7//);i

bean

Umih nu'luded

i<

ihf .\nni-.\c.

in

:^H

a.uan: iVuiii

ll:i--i)iai'>aiu: ;la\ ih11-1!:,u- liiirini

iii,<^

111

nnc

)nf(l

iniMiirf

;i

i/ii liii

TiiHii,

il:f IjuTk

:
-lured

li'al.

TnL',

iiim,

'ai"

'•xyci ilnisi

u'.ir.

riir;::iiiir(l

'ix

:l;c

It /err iiiii lliiiiiin. lent lis (/a lis iidiiuiris

sciilriilfi)

wiiir

(

a atiw

Aii.<( r idhdlis).

I

:ii i;!'!

1

ni

--niall

iwu

lii'diita

and

le.mmies and jnilses Irnni die

chick-peas l.iiis

.

1-

>1io\c1Ici-s. Sjuiluhi rlypi

limi" .s^t-fsc la

wliilf liMnlcd

llie

f\ tT.

l)rra>!> nf niiu'

iTiin/:

.i;fe.
J

al.

I'll

.uadwall, Chiiiihliisiiiiis slr(

I

''

lV(ini

ii

i)ru\ i>iui>

I

ininb were n-c ii\i'i"f(i liuia

'Will

II, 'I.

i-i?)

were

]'2

d(i(i. etc.i,

in

the

fniind in

in the .\ntech.ainber tni\- iin.

llti.

Boxes of Prepared Food

Dried

grapes

were found

{Vitis vinifera)

in the

Annexe

Lucas notes the remains of small spiders and

their

baskets 471 and 518b, as well as in the 'bottle-shaped

webs, while 'various wooden

baskets' nos. 364

sticks found within the first shrine, 'contain holes

christi)

manifestly

and 451. Jujubes (Zzyphiis spina were particularly well represented in the tomb, mostly in the Annexe where 36 medium-sized baskets were filled with them. Seeds of safflower (Carthamus tindorius), often used as a red or yellow dye, were also found, here perhaps for making oil. The range of basket-stored commodities included persea fruit (Mimusops laurifolia, formerly schimperi) (three baskets), grewia fruit (Grewia

made by

further information

is

objects', including the

insects ... in the tomb'.

No

available; for spiders, at least,

(Above

left)

amphora the

Small pottery

(no. 6l4j) found in

Annexe. The hieratic on the side of the

inscription

vessel reads: 'Honey

of good

quality'.

this is regrettable, since they are otherwise peculiarly

absent from the Egyptian record.

(Above right) Oval basket

(no.

97) filled with fruits of the dom-palm.

M

tenax) (four baskets), cocculus fruit (Cocculus

sycamore

figs (Ficus sycomorus).

seeds (CitruUus lanatus)

(1 1

sp.),

and watermelon

baskets) for planting or

chewing. Other 'nibbles' included almonds (Prunus dulcis = P.

amygdalus).

Although Tutankhamun was supplied with the raw materials for its manufacture in the afterlife, no actual beer seems to have been buried with him. The boy may well have preferred fruit juice, perhaps grape, the sugary remnants of which Lucas identione of the tomb's calcite jars. For Tutankhamun's wines, see pp. 202-03.

fied in

Insect life It

is

hardly surprising that the quantity of food and

young king should have attracted a range of insect life. Several calcite jars (nos. 16, 58. 60, 61) and the painted wooden box no. 111-1-115 contained the remains of several small, edible matter buried with the

farinaceous

beetles:

the

so-called

cigarette

or

tobacco beetle (iMsioderma serricome). the bread beetle

(Stegohium paniceum, formerly Sitodrepa

and Gihbium psylloides of the Spider Beetle group. Such domestic pests are commonly found in stored fcxxJ, and have been known to feed off stored

paiiicea).

animal matter

perfume

jars.

hence their presence

in the king's

Tutankhamun 's companions in death:

Lasioderma

serricome,

tlie

so-called

cigarette or tobacco beetle:

and

the bread

and spider

beetles Stegobiuni

and Gibbium

paniceum

psylloides.

207

A-

i\ri-'K:i-Ar. ISiiiial L'hani:x-r.

Epilogue: Tittankhamitn Life,

rari-.ri;

Death mid Rebirth

aiTn->:

and

Mill ia>iii.

a„-

ilu-

wiTc

jiiMiu;.

iliii'L!

>i|"

;t;r

lici

a,t,'air.

aci/t-i;

-t-;

"f

i-(i\rnii,i;

c

miiut

llic

>iiniiiiaia'i\

iiiui-ajrd IjfiH-alli a

ini--ni;;;i'

'.l-.c

iiiir.

«,;.

l.

i.:':.

~ijla-i;c(!

in ;)iarc.

iS iirrak

pla^'rr.

;ii;u-(i

'riicli'iiu;jli>'iiiii->(iun,i; kin^u hac; hi-rr. laid liii-i>i. in:

In- burial prt-paraliun^ i-(inunufd luv suM-ral

;a;.>,

TIr' la-k of

i])fraliiin :ii:(i

cw-

\\\\

Ix'licldin.i; k-linf>. ?

ln-cn|)nnn

ihc

nii

lap'

\\"i>liin,L;

['ir.

iji,

p

1

;lit-

iliialK

n)U,t;lil\'

pusiiion, a

in

hflWLrn the

Tuiankhainun nmk

M,t;\'plians nf wcallli.

all

I.iki-

,ura\-c

tlu'

personal iJivlert-nce

dicialt-cl

ruual nr

ihal

I'xcrythin.u'

he would rnciuirn

happ\- and i-(inUiUfd i-xiskiicc

in

next

llii'

loi"

a

and,

life:

b\ a niirack-. niosl of the objecls buried in ihe lonib

March da\s

(i\cr ihiise

L'arnaikon and years

,'>,()()()

I

Mecause of ease:

it

l.'U,'!

Ik remained lor

i.ci-d

more ihan

lo disinter

excites

tomb

relalixcly intact stale, the

its

of

sjians ihe millennia with ijeculiar all

way

of the senses in a

in

which no

before or since has done.

;irch;ieolo.t;ical Ifnd

\\'i-seetht-kin,L,f's\-outhful ima,t,'estanflin.t;l)eloreiis

which once .guarded the l-Surial Chamber entrance: we know the raucous blast of his trumpets, which ha\'e sounded a.uain on more than one occasion: the pri\ile,ued few- aretible to,irr:is]) the in

the portrait

same

fi.Ljures

Tutankhamun cut with his own hand while walking one day down b\- the ri\er: reed slick which

the resins

and

un,t;uents la\ished

detith continue, e\-en

and

llif

nu-nl

wurknien and

now,

which the as

the_\-

upon the

kin.t; in

to .tjive off their he;i\-\-,

was fond

bo\-

;is

slip, to re\-eal
ourselves:

other, jjticked off to the next

cletin

:i

boy

w-orld as

like if

to

school, accompanii-d b\- timpli- supijlies of

linen,

hampers of his fa\-ourile foods, his and a lock of his beloxcd

ijossessions.

I^rized

grandmother's tation,

hair, ^"et in this, his linal manifes-

Tutankhamun was no

longer the mtillettble

he had .grown into a wilful adolescent, his

child:

lather's son, ea.ger to assert

probtibly

The within

murdered

for

hastil\-

himself .\nd he was

:idapted

was

and

fast

private

cor])se e(|iiippe(l with a rag-btig

I'areless,

sepuk-hre,

around the shrines.

till-

The

ritutil

ilk-

ilu- linal

ihestieks.

found seallered

and

in

was

this wall

shackle

way with more

iht-

wound

its

of

in a

roxal

the

its

The

iheotlicials ]jresent.

b\-

.\nnexe and .\ntechamber were stocked

ram-

funerar\-

equipment, and their doorwiiys closed: the entrance

was filled with tlie t-mbtilmin.u; refuse and more lood i3ro\-isions, the outer corridor-blockm.u erected, and the tomb entrance buried from si,t;ln. Tutankhamun had ,L;one but he was not \et coiridor

torKolten. Within a short time of the burial, perhaps

uncertain

the

durin.t;

recorded \e;irs of .\yV

by robbers.

I'lie

perhaps drawn it.

period rei.ttii.

robbers, familiar

four

the

tollowin.tj

the

tomb was entered with the tomb and

I'rom amon.i; the \er\-

men who had

rtinsacked the burial tor mettils. linen,

;ind precious oils

anythin.i,'

was

throu,i,'h

inconspicuous or

detected by the iiecro-

polls .t^iards betore the intruders

break

had

Iseen tible to

and the

into the Burial Chtiniber,

was

entrance corridor

lilled

rubble

with

as

a

deterrent to t\irther ihetT But robbers returned a short time later, burrowin.t; ihrou.gh the coiridor this time penetrating

tis

far as the

outermost

till,

.u'ilded

shrine sutTounding the stircopiiagus.

'I'hex- weiv and this time ctiught. 'ilie .gruesome fate that awaited them ensured thttt the tomb would not be robbed .-igain. Within a matter of xears, it h;id

ti.gam delected,

mix

land and

way

u])

I'ollin .'-I.iJOO

b\-

the

'lAitankhtimun

the

funerar\- corte,ge, followed b\-

highest ollicials of

ululating w-omen.

m

in ai-raiiKin.Lr

due course,

In

outer surface and sealed

of whale\-er

new, old tind adapttible funertiry ec|uipment was readily to hand.

ivclansiilar

aiXTss to

been completeh- forgollen.

it.

burial of Phartioh a

and

oilier objecls

recNclable. 'i'he robbery

begins to

human

h-ail ;ind

are as lamiliar

e\er were.

l'li;iraoh's,t;od-likem;isk

bo;ir(lin,t;

A

in ihnst- ijricsis iiu'iikt-d

bows, oars and

civck-d

liurial Chanilx-r.

paink-d Uj compk--

tin- latu-r

stiickini,Mifthe'l'reasur\"

.tjlass

tin\-

wall nf

and ihf

(ioiirwa\- watliin this paililion alkiwi'd

and

creature as

wiili

\)\-m\-

was

wall

parlilidii

Anlci-lianilx-r

xmlh

first filled

juices of

uriciUaU'd and

\\i-iin.i;l\

banijwl inin

ihf w-alls alivatly dcfnraU'd.

aromatic scent: while the taste of the foods, wines in lytjypt tod;i\-

an and

closed with a dr\-slone bliK-kiilK, pliistered on

later.

Tutankhamun other

in

Inward Carter

a liasU"

in

nialk-I>. (iania,i;in,i,' llic cltvoralt-d surlaccs. Willi ilu-

^lirim--

wiih luin lo

pani-l>

hc.Ljan,

>hi-ini.'>

ll;i"iiii,L;h

ari-ic-- niaiiiK'i". u>fli.>>.

ilu-

ei-i-i-lir.,u

carrit-d

a.k'mn

crowds

\'alle\-.

'opening of the mouth' wtis ix-rformed

l)\-

of

The .\\-.

Tutankhamuii's lu-irand successor, and thecollined

and

in

the

\ears tall

K'entiissance

many

within

his

outermost

h:is o<.-cupied for

more than

lies

which has seen the rise Rome, the birth and the coming of Islam, the

a s])an of time

of

crucifixion

still

tomb he .\lhens

of Chrisl.

and

and the Industrial

centuries.

I'litirtioh's

\-ades the sepulcliie fasi-intilion of this

i\e\-olution. .\l"ter so

sad presence

and the objects Irom

presence,

tis

much

still

it:

per-

and the

as the lure of

draw

him and his treasures These visitors, by speaking Tutankhamun's name, cause him to live, gold, continues to

to

Tutankhamun was

a king unwanted by his by his successors and forgotten for

millions of visitors every year.

subjects, ignored

as he so fervently wished, every minute of every day,

more than 30 centuries; thanks to the discovery of his tomb by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter, he has been reborn as Eg>'pt's most famous son, to

around the vastness of a never have imagined.

modem

world he could

achieve true immortality at

last.

Tutankhamun emerging from the shadows: detail of a gilded wooden shabu, figure (no. 330e)from the Treasury.

209

TJu ()!

.V'

The

The Discoverv

liurial

lih 1

1922

;{23 BC

Jiiiiiiaiy

Manii

/ \uii iiil't Mart of season / X'ln mix I'

Tiilankhamuii dies l-jiiply ])n\atf si-pukinf cnlarui'd and adapted llir kin.u's use

and wcsl walls

\(iilh, east

ul'

l)i>C(i\(T> of first ^te])

ihc liurial Clianiht

.">

Sarcophagus

.\nn mix r

Outer

dccorali'd

blockin.t; i'e\ealed

inlnidui-<-d

and other items

Cani)i)ic cqnii)nu'nl

installed in

Corridor

Treasury

rexealed

till

\iivi luhi y

lH'i

and royal nuiinniy in>lalled in sareoi)ha; Shrines erected around sarcoi)ha>,'us Antechamber lUirial Chaiiilx'r jjartition wall

Access to .Antechamber and \iew of .\nne\e as \nniithir

Collins

Access to liurial Chamlx-r and Treasnry Sail »ihi r Oliicial openin.t; of Antechamlx-r and .\nneNe :in Xnii i)ih( )

erected

'J!i

SoLith wall

ot"

liurial

ChainlxT decorated

'lYeasury and liurial

l-'mal stoe-kiiiK of

Chamber

Burial Ch.aiiiber bl(Kked off

hirst pi"ess reports

Annexe and Antechamber stocked with

jT

I'unerar

tjoods

I)( rciiilit

l-'irsl

Annexe blocked

off

Final sUK'kinK of

object

li(..\no.

r

removed Irom Anlechamlx'r: Painted

L'l

Antechamber

Atitechamber d(K)rway blocked off lintrance coiridor stocked with burial K<«>ds Corridor blocked off

1923 ii

JdiUKiiy

Carnarvon si,t(ns contract with the I h F( bnidiy

luit ranee stairwa\' buiaed

Openin.t; of liurial

I'liinf

Chamber

Al>ni Death of Lord Carnar\iiii (buried 2S April)

:,

c.

1319 HC Antechamber and

First robbery, with access to

May

/ /

Annexe

h'irst

Burial put back

in

order by necropolis officials

Closure of robbers' breach

in

objects lea\e for Cairo Mnseiini (arrive

22 Nkiy)

Antechamber

bkx'kinjj

Material stored I'it

iti

corridor

remo\ed

tor reburial in

1924 !i' l-'cbruary

54

Coiridor

lilled

with rubble

Closure of roblx-rs' brivach

of sarc()])ha,trus lid

l.iftiiiK

in

Fcbnuiiy

/.;

outer d<)orwa\

Strike

Burial of entrance

Second robber\', ix'rhaps over access to all chambers

Robbers a]3preliended Burial put back in order

with

lubi'iKin-

I'l

Lock -out 12 April Carter leaves lui.uland for

necropolis oiiicials

1)\

Closure of robbers' breach

si'veral days,

in liurial

Chamber

I'.S.

lecture tour (until

July)

blcK'kinK

Closure of roblxTs' breach

in

AiitechamlxT 1

bl(X'kin,ij

KefilliiiK of roblxMs' tunnel ihrou.t;!) corridor

Closure of roblxMs' bri'ach

in
923

I.'!

till

Jdiitdiry

New concession

d(K)nvay

to continui' wcirk

i:!(),i,>b(r

liurial of entranct'

Lid of outer

cofliii

removed

2:i()(bil>,r

Lid of second coliin removed c. 1

Huts

131-4:? I?t for workmen

Kaniesses to

\'I

i'S Oiliihcr en,i;a,i,'ed

on

(|uarryin.t;

tomb

ol

eretted iinmediateh o\er entrance

'rutankhamnn's tomb

Lid of inner coliin renioxcd ,ind ro\al re\-ealed

// Xorniibir Slart of autoiisy

c.

1000 HC

192fi

'roinh of 'I'litankhamun missi'd

on

disnianlliiif,' i"o\'al

on imimm\

when work

necro]x>lis

lx-,i;an

i'l

Orh-hr

Start of

work

in

Treasurv

mummv

'.

1932

1927 30 October Start of work

Sprittg in

Annexe (completed 15 December)

Final objects conserved for shipment to Cairo

1930

1939

10 November

2 March

Final objects

Death of Howard Carter

removed from tomb: shrine elements

Object class

Tin hlxJiibilioin

K\'li/hil/()/is

1

!)(;,")-

19(5(5

Japan

(//id I

Slates

nitt'd

)rr,'i, r I'.Hi:,

I

l',';':7.v/

Disph/ys

\iiUTiia

ol

'

'(

;•'!',

.\nr, mil,

r

I-

lur,.',

l-ukiioka

\ur,n:n,r ll,,ni::,i

I

•'.>,,!

lhr(

AiiuMica

nitecl Stall's of

III'',

r

I'.Hi.,

Jiiniiiiiy I'.Hili

1967 I'raiice

I'hiladrlphi;!

hiimiirx

/'(

Nrw

llavrii

/•'(

I'r.'iiirv

l'an>

nil).'.'

I'liiiii'x

hi hriiiny

Mtiirh

.\f>nl

I

lIliUSlol! .l/)r;/

l-liiffland I.oiidoi;

.Miiv jiiiii July !!)hL'

lh.r,iiih,r l'.)72

.\!,nrii

I'hu-a.uo Ai/.l:ii.
uh',:;

St-anle

1973-1974 Sijilciiilur ()rtuh(}-

.\iifiii.
San

I!>ii7

1972 May HUH'

Omaha

July

.\i<.t;ii
'.Hi:!

l::

LSSK

l-'ranciscd

Ufluhc)- Snriiiihti-

l>ii-(

iiihir Ull)2

Mos.o\v

Dircwbcr U)?:; May IUTI

Clfxelaiul

Ihrcnihcr HHiJ! Jmiiitn-v

I'.Hhl

Leningrad July .Xiiii'iiihcr

l'.)7

1963-1964 I

nited States of

America

1975

ISSK

l)iisl()n

l-'chnidiy April

1\1C\

I'.Hi:',

Saini l.ouis

Jiiiiiiiiry

May

April

Marih

i;>7.1

/.'v;.V

lialtiiiKii'r

Jinir July

197(i-1977 I'.Mir,

L nited States of

Dayliiii irniii

W'ashin.uion

Jiih nxi.'l

Dciriiit

irnin S('p/riiih( r

Scptniibrr

Aii,<,'iist

1977-1978 19li'!

United States of America

Riclmiond lhi-(inbrr !!Hi:i piiiKaiy !i)hl

Svw York friiiii

ChicaK" tujiily

1977

Ni'w Orleans

JdiUKiry IIHil

Scptcwhcr 1977

1964-1965 Canada Toronlo

I97S

Los Angeles

Xiirciuhcr l)irriiihcr HXS

February .May 197S

Winnipeg'

Seaitle

Dcniiihcr I'Xil Jaiiiiury \ aiicoiiNcr

I'.Hk)

July .Xiiiriiihrr

I97S

New ^o^k l-'(briiiir\- I !»!.'>

(^lelxr .Miiirii

Jiiuitiity

1S)78-1979 United States of America

Moniri'al

Jiiiiiiiirv

h)7h

Hh;.'!

Toledo

Scptcmbrr Orlnhrr

America

in.

Drrniihrr 197S April 1979 S;in l'"ranciscii

April nu;.,

.May (ktohr 1979

1979-1980 Canada

while one of the foetuses

Toronto

Luxor

Anatomy

November 1979~January 1980

The

is in

the Department of

of the University of Cairo.

gilded

cow head from

the tomb,

two pairs of

sandals, 63 gilded bronze pall-rosettes, six arrows

and two boat models are on display in the Luxor

1980-1981

Museum

of Ancient Eg>'ptian Art. Other objects from Tutankhamun's tomb, includ-

West Germany

many

of

black-varnished

the

shrines and Theban west

West Berlin February-May 1980

ing

Cologne

bank. These pieces are not accessible to the general

baskets,

tomb on

the

public.

June-October 1980

The tomb of Tutankhamun is No. 62 in the Valley The remains of the young king lie in a

Munich November 1980-February 1981 Hanover February-April 1981

of the Kings.

box within the outermost gilded coffin, which still sits within the quartzite sarcophagus in the painted Burial Chamber. The lid of the sarcophagus has

Hamburg

been replaced with a panel of plate glass, so that the coffin within can be seen by the tomb's many

May-July 1981

Note: dates given in some cases include storage, travelling

and mounting

storage in a

lie in

visitors.

The

times.

for

plaster from the tomb's sealed

many

original storeroom; to the

tomb

of

it

has now been transferred back itself. Other, minor

Tutankhamun

objects from Carter's clearance of the

entrance corridor are light

doorways lay

years in the tomb of Ramesses XI, Carter's

among

Tutankhamun

materials brought to

between 1977 and 1979 by John Romer during Ramesses XI tomb, where they

his clearance of the

Museums and

are

Collections

now

stored.

Outside Egypt Those unable

Egypt The

to

visit

Egypt need not despair.

Objects dating from the period in which Tutankha-

great travelling exhibitions of

funerary treasures have

now

Tutankhamuns

ceased because of

concerns for the welfare of the objects, which, inevitably, were beginning to suffer from constant packing, travelling, unpacking and handling. Fortunately, visiting

Egypt

cheaper; and there

is

itself

much

has never been easier or to

and reigned may be seen in any of the European and American museums, including the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, and the collections of Brussels, Munich, West Berlin, Leiden, Turin, Chicago and Philadelphia (cf. pp.

mun

lived

larger

26-9.).

The

be said for seeing the

best objects discovered

by Theodore Davis

Tutankhamun-

54 in the Valley of the Kings are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; other

related material in Egyptian collections: for the

pieces from the Pit 54 assemblage were de-access-

young king following

larger

is

in the context of his native land.

a brief check-list of

The

in

Pit

ioned in the 1950s, and are

monuments, see pp. 26-9.

Museum Cairo The greater part of the king's funerary equipment on display on the upper

Museum.

some

Cairo,

of

it

floor of the

as

first set

elsewhere. is

Egyptian

out by Carter

himself; a few of the Cairo pieces are in storage.

The

second and third (innermost) coffins and the gold

mask

are

shown with

the jewellery in

room

4;

the

A

the Victoria and Albert Museum. The magnificent collection of Egyptian art assembled by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter is now

memorabilia from the

45, at the

end of which Tutankhamun's two

guardian figures stand sentinel.

Much of the botanical material recovered from the is now in the Agricultural Museum. Dokki:

tomb

York, and

is in

displayed in the run of galleries

and

the American

New

specimens from the tomb of Tutankhamun was presented in 1933 to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on long-term loan. A group of textile fragments

one of the treasures of

15. 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,

in

representative selection of botanical

assemblage and animal couches in galleries 8, 9 and 10. The remainder of the material is shrines, canopic

now

of Natural History in

Museum

New

York's Metropolitan

and personal pre-Tutankhamun

of Art; further antiquities fifth Earl's

days are on display at Highclere Castle in Hampshire, the Carnarvon family home. Other Carterrelated objects are to be found in Brooklyn, Detroit, St Louis, Kansas Citv and elsewhere.

FiirtJii

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pp ..r

(IS

III:

a

wnli .\klH'iiaUii'

Ull

NctV'Uni:"' .l.O; Ais il;(77i.

Ray, J.D. 'The parentage of Tutankhamun', Antiquity 49/113 (March, 1975), pp. 45-7 Review-article, D.B. Redford, Akhenaten,

'The date of the "Restoration" stela of (1973), pp. 9-11

Tutankhamun',

CMS

'A fine piece of Egyptian faience',

the Heretic King,

Burlington Magazine 119/890 (May, 1977),

Redford, D.B. Akhenaten, the Heretic King

340-43

pp.

'Kiya',

CdE 49

25-30

(1974), pp.

CM

pp. 11-21

W.

Kemp,

B.J.,

'Kije',

AcOr 35

and el-,

and G.T. Martin Excavations

the Royal Necropolis at

El'Amama

'New

'3t;

light

CM 30 (1978), pp. 61-9

on Kiya from texts

in the

British Museum',/£4 74 (1988), pp. 91-101 'The tomb of Tuthmosis IV: two 44 (1981), pp. questionable attributions', 49-55 Tutankhamun Pocket Guide (Reading/

(Cairo,

1987)

CM

Amama', //K 20 (1983), pp. 119-32 Das Ende der Amamazeit (Hildesheim,

London, 1987) 'Tuthmosis IV as "great-grandfather" of Tut'ankhamun', 56 (1982), pp. 65-9

1978)

- ursprungliche Besitzerin der KV 55', MDAIK 42 (1986), pp.

CM

Kanopen aus

Roeder, G. Amama-Reliefs aus Hermopolis

67-80 Krauss,

hmt nsw

in

Krauss, R. 'Der Bildhauer Thutmose in

'Kija

1979), pp.

Reeves, C.N. 'A further occurrence of Nefertiti as

R.,

and D.

Ullrich 'Ein

glasemer

(Hildesheim, 1969) Sa'ad, R. 'Fragments d'un

Doppelring aus Altagypten'.yPA: 19 (1982), pp. 199^ 212

RdT 29 (1907),

'Notes d'inspection, XXVII. Le protocole de Toutankhamon', >1SA6;6 (1905), p. 192 'Notes d'inspection, LII. Un duplicate de la grande stele de Toutankamanou a Kamak', ASAE 8 (1907), pp. 256-8

Miaofilms, 1978) 'The granite colossi of at

No/retete in

Die Totenfigur der Nofretete',

Amama?

MDAIK 42

GM 18 (1975),

affair',

/AffCS 15

(1978),

'The Berlin "Truauerrelief

and some

Tombs of Memphis (London and New York, 1990) The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut'ankhamun, I-

y/l/?C£4

(London, 1990-)

The Royal Tomb at El-'Amama,

I-II

(London, 1974-89)

Tut'ankhamun

(1978), pp.

134-5

Morkot, R. 'Nakhtmin, the supposed viceroy of

Wepwawet 1 (1985), p. 4 Mumane, W.J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies Ay',

'Tutankhamun on the Eighth Pylon at Kamak', VA 1 (1985), pp. 59-68 Peet, T.E., L. Woolley, and others The Gty of

officials of

(1965), pp.

'

(no.

12411)

41 (1955), pp. 112-14

1935) ( = l.I.) The Secret of the Gold (Moscow, 1978) Perepelkin, I.I. Keie i Semnekh-ke-re (Moscow,

(n.p., n.d.)

'A tomb prepared for Queen Hatshepsuit and other recent discoveries at Thebes', /£4

4 (1917), pp. 107-18 'A tomb prepared for Queen Hatshepsuit discovered by the Earl of (Camarvon (October, 1916)', ASAE 16 (1916), pp. 175-^2

I-Il

(Moscow,

l%7-84) problemes souleves par

persecution de Toutankhamon',

(Montpellier, 1986), pp.

a

Egyptian Government (London, 1924)

TuLankhAmen, Cxjne, P. (ed.)

Mace) The

I-III

Tomb

of

(London, 1923-33)

The Discovery of Tutankhamun's

Tomb (New

York, 1976)

The Secrets of Tutankhamen (London and New York, 1978) Davis, T.M., and others The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatdnkhamanou (London, 1912)

The Tomb of HdtshopsitH (London, 1906) The Tomb oflouiya and Touiyou (London, 1907)

The Tomb of Queen T^' (London, 1910) The Tomb of Thoutmosis /F (London, 1904)

Drower, Margaret S. Flinders Petrie. Archaeology (London, 1985) Gardiner, Sir Alan H.

My

My Early

Working Years

A

Years

Life in

(n.p., n.d.)

(n.p., n.d.)

Hoving, T. Tutankhamun: the Untold Story

A W 32/6 (Nov.-

Mace, A.C. 'Work at the tomb of Tutenkhamon', Dec. 1923, Part II (Egyptian Expedition 1922-23), pp. 5-11

Project, I-

J.

Toutankhamon dans

Weigall, A,E.P.B. The Life

les

archives

Tut'ankhamun

in the

Rijksmuseum of

Antiquities at Leiden', yfi/1 22 (1936), pp. 1-2

J.

'The

last survivor',

Dec., 1981), pp. 10-21

BMMA

Naville, E.,

and others The Temple ofDeir el

Bahari, I-VI (London, 1895-1908)

Newberry,

P.E.,

and others Beni Hasan, I-IV

(London, 1893-1900)

ElBersheh, I II (London, 1893-4) York, Metropolitan Museum of Art Wonderful Things: the Discovery of

New and Times of

Akhnaton, Pharaoh of Egypt (London, 1922) Wijngaarden, W.D. van 'Objects of

la

Hommages

of Tut.ankh.amen: statement

(New York and Harmondsworth, 1978)

httHtes (Istanbul, 1961)

Perevorot Amen-khotpa IV,

Tomb

The

with documents, as to the events which

occurred in Egypt in the winter of 1923-24, leading to the ultimate break with the

Philadelphia, 1963)

Vergote,

1979)

II

in 1914', /£4 3 (1916), pp. 147-54 Sir Portraits of the Thothmes Family

Camarvon

Lavrton,

(Warminster/Toronto, 1976-) Tawfik, S.'Aton studies, 3. Back again to Nefer-nefm-Aton', MDAIK 31 (1975), pp. 159-68

Coffin

and H. Carter Five

'

Heka-Nefer and the Dynastic Material from Toshka and Arminna (New Haven/

Akhenaten Temple

Perepelkin, G.

of,

Years Explorations at Thebes, a record of

work done, 1907-1911 (Oxford, 1912) Carter, H. 'Report on the tomb of Zeser-ka-ra Amenhetep L discovered by the Earl of

Tut'ankhamun and Ay',

Smith, R.W., D.B. Redford, and others The

Akhenaten, I- (London, 1923-) Pendlebury, J.D.S. TeU elAmama (London,

Franqois Daumas,

1923)

55-68

'Excursus on the "military officer" Nakhtmin',/4/?C£3 (1964), pp. 124-6 'Some observations on the military background of the Amama period', /j4i?C£ 3 (1964), pp. 51-69 Seele, K.C. 'King Ay and the Close of the Amama Age',/AES, 14 (1955) pp. 168-80 Simpson, W.K. 'The head of a statuette of Tut'ankhamun in the Metropolitan Museimi',

JEA

(Chicago, 1977)

545-8

Amka

of

Cxjttrell, L.

1983)

pp. 43-8

Martin, G.T. The Hidden

and Smenkhkare',/£4 64

Amun and Amonet

Tomb

Experiences in the

Camarvon, The Earl

Carter, H. (and A.C.

Schulman, A.R. "Ankhesenamun, Nofretity, and the

Meltzer, E.S. 'The parentage of

IXe pylone

GM 38 (1980), pp. 69-73 Echnaton-Tutanchamun Fakten

und Texte (Wiesbaden,

99-107

Manniche, L. 'The wife of Bata', pp. 33-5

Ratie, S. 'Quelques

Kamak',

Schlogl, H.A.

lx)eben, C. 'Eine Bestattung der grossen

(1986), pp.

le

Kamak V 1970-72 (Cairo, 1975), pp. 93-109 Samson, J. Amama, City of Akhenaten: Nefertiti as Pharaoh (London, 1978) Schaden, O.J. The God's Father Ay (University

pp. 162-73

Some

Tutenkhamon (Chicago, 1923) (^part, J. The Tomb of Tutankhamen (London,

de Kamak',

Toutankhamanou a Kamak',

GemahHn

monument de

Toutankhamon retrouves dans

Legrain, G. 'La grand stele de

koniglichen

Tutankhamen (New York, 1976) fames H. Breasted (London, 1948) 'Over the threshold of Tut-ankh-Amen's Breasted, J.H.

filiation of

Tutankhamun', /SS£4 9/3 June, 111-15

MDAIK 40 (1984), pp. 159-67 others Amama Reports, I-

of

Tutenkhamon', C//20 (1924), pp. 363 73 Brackman, A.C. The Search for the Gold of

tomb', Asia 23 (1923), pp. 437-41, 465, 468

'Once again the

(1973), pp.

(London, 1984-)

Khouly, A.

and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies (Toronto, History

1967)

'Nefertiti rediviva',

5-13

tomb

Allen, T.G. 'Discoveries at the

Breasted, C. Pioneer to the Past. The Story of

(Princeton, 1984)

4 (1973), pp. 15-17 'Nefemefruaten', 'Nefemefniaten regnans', AcOr 36 (1974),

Heick,

GM 86 (1985), pp. 81-93

Search and discovery

Tutankhamun 's Tomb (New York, 1976) tomb of

Peck, W.H. 'The discoverer of the

Tutankhamun and

the Detroit Institute of

the Arts',ySS£4 11 (1981), pp. 65-7 Petrie,

W.M.F. TeU el Amama (London, 1894)

215

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ii

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kiliii ,,1v,m-.

from the tomb of Tutankhamun', AcOr 43 (1982), pp.

S

represented on the sarcophagus of

Tutankhamun and

12

Musical Instruments from the

Tomb

statues found in

of

Tut'ankhamfm (Oxford, 1976) Montagu, J. 'One of Tufankhamun's trumpets',

/£4

and M.

H.,

Nuttall

A

(Cairo, 1951-2)

Congress of

Egyptologists, Abstracts of Papers (Cairo,

AJA 82

(1978), pp.

273-83

Reeves, C.N. "On the miniature

mask from

Tut'ankhamiin embalming cache', (1983), pp. 81-3

the

BSEG 8

'Tut'ankham(3n and his papyri', (1985). pp.

—

GM8S

39-45

of the Kings. The Decline of a Royal Necropolis (London, 1990) Valley

Riesterer, P.

623-7

Das Agyptische Museum Kairo,

Grabschatz des Tut-ench-Amun

(3.

11.

Auflage,

Bern/Cairo, 1972) Ritner, R.K. 'Unrecognized decorated linch pins

from the tombs of Tutankhamon and Amenhotep 11', 94 (1986), pp. 53-6 Robins, G. 'Isis, Nephthys, Selket and Neith

GM

(Louvain, 1982),

(London, 1971) 'Evidence for Osirian rituals

Cairo (Mainz, 1987)

in the

tomb

of Tutankhamun', in Pharaonic Egypt: the

Seton-Williams, M.V. Tutanchamun: der

and

Pharao. das Grab, der Goldschatz (Frankfurt

Bible

am

Jerusalem, 1985), pp. 328^10 'Jewellery for a procession in the bed-

Main, 1980)

Settgast,

J.,

and others Tutanchamun

(Berlin

exhibition catalogue, Mainz, 1980; similar

chamber

catalogues were prepared for the

BIFAO

of Tutankhamun',

Fifty

Christianity (ed. S.

in the

tomb

of

I.

Groll,

Tufankhamun',

84 (19*1), pp. 335-45 Wood, R.W. 'The purple gold of Tufankhamun', /£4 20 (1934), pp. 62-5 Zabkar, L.V. 'Correlation of the transformation

SAK 8 (1980), pp.

spells of the

Book

of the

Dead and the

amulets of Tutankhamun's mummy', in

Wonders of Tutankhamun (New

York, 1978) Masterpieces of Tutankhamun (New York, 1978)

W. 'Zu dem Grabfunde des Tutenchamun', OLZ 28 (1925), cols. 140-44 'Zu den Jagdbildem des Tutenchamun', OLZ 38 (1938), cols. 569-71

Spiegelberg,

220

Reed, C.A., and D.J. Osbom 'Taxonomic transgressions in Tutankhamun's treasures',

tombe de

pp.

233-6

feathered corselet against iconographic

II

la

and H. Sourouzian The Egyptian

Museum

tomb

Tutankhamona (exhibition Moscow, 1973-4)

la

Studio Paulo Master

Wilkinson, A. Ancient Egyptian jewellery

coffin

Silverman, D.P. 'Cryptographic writing in the

Podgorski, T. "The position of Tutankhamun's

in

Quaegebeur),

ASAE 40 (1940-41), pp.

of

Tutanchamun exhibitions in Cologne, Hamburg, Hanover and Munich)

N.

Piotrovsky, B.B., and others Sokrovishcha

J.

containing the lock of hair of Queen Tyi', Saleh, M.,

and identifications of the alabaster ibexes in Tutankhamun's treasures', /£4 73 (1987), pp. 243-4 Pfister, R. 'Les textiles du tombeau de Toutankhamon', RAA 11 (1937), pp. 207-18 Piankoff, A. Les chapeUes de Tout-Ankh-Amon

1988), p.

tomb

Ages (London, 1931) Rowe, A. 'Inscriptions on the model

D.J. 'Corrections

sources', Cairo, 5th International

Oblata (ed.

'Quelques enigmes eclaircies, a propos de tombe de Toutankhamon', BSEG 8 (1983), 97-9 Vilimkova, M. 'Pectoralien in Form von Tutanchamuns ersten Namen Nb-hprtv-R' und ihre Varienten', ^A'M9 (1980), pp. 163-9

statues from the

GM

1978)

catalogue,

Toutankhamon?', pp. 263-7

'Two

Treasures of Tutankhamun at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York,

(ed.

'Pour qui a ete creusee

in the

Tutankhamun

GM 72 (1984), pp.

23)',

Tutankhamun', 71 (1984), pp. 47-50 Ross, E. Denison The Art of Egypt through the

Musgrove, P. 'Prehistoric aeronautics', Hemisphere 19/9 (September, 1975), pp. 10-14 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Shrines of TutAnkh-Amcm Rambova, New York, 1955)

and Ay (KV

62)

Vandersleyen, C. 'L'iconographie de Toutankhamon et les effigies provenant de sa tombe', BSEG 9-10 (1984-5), pp. 309-21

27-32

Catalogue of Objects in Tufankhamun's Tomb (Oxford, 1963)

grobnitsy

GM 72 (1984), pp.

'The proportions of figures

(KV

Handlist to

Howard Carter's

Osbom,

62',

decoration of the tombs of

64(1978). pp. 133-4

Murray,

in four free-standing

KV

21-5

Grabkammer des Tutanchamun', ASAE 38 (1938), pp. 641-67 Game-boxes and Accessories from the Tomb of Tut'ankhamiin (Oxford, 1982) Tawfik, S. 'Tutanchamuns Grab; Provisorium Oder kunstvolles Novum?', in Studien zu Sprache und Religion Agyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf II (Gottingen, 1984), pp. 1131-9 Teeter, E. 'Enameling in Ancient Egypt?', AJA 85 (1981), p. 319 Thibault, J. 'La masque d'or de Toutankhamon radiographie', PCR (May, 1968), pp. 216-17 Thomas, J. Les boomerangs d'un Pharaon (n.p.,

Melanges

offerts

1985), pp.

375-88

a Jean Vgrcowrter (Paris,

n

Archival and miscellaneous sources The bulk

of

Howard

Carter's papers relating to

the discovery and clearance of the

tomb are

in

the Griffith Institute, Oxford, together with a

Harry Burton's photographic negatives; a

Steindorff, G. 'Die

set of

Tait, W.J.

Museum

further set of negatives

of Art in

New

is in

the Metropolitan

York.

The voice of Carter himself may be heard on BBC double LP BBC 1922-1972. Fifty Years of the BBC, issued in 1972, together with a brief snatch of the Tutankhamim trumpets broadcast. The original recordings may be the

BBC Sound Archives in London. Contemporary newsreel footage of the clearance is held by the National Film Institute in London, and by Visnews, London. The film footage taken by Harry Burton is in the Mefropolitan Museimi of Art, New York. consulted in the

217

Sources

(ij

QiioUilious

p.

/,. \:

IS .

..

,

:

,;,.. r-

;

11 ^

i

1

160

pathway some way' T. Kendall, and R.E. Freed. Egypt's

Leopold-Amherst, Capart. Gardiner and B. van de

620:119. p.

Walle.y£4 22

in E. Brovarski. S. K. Doll

(1936). p. 171; Before us,

.

the

.

.

TutankhAmen II, pp. 82-83. youthful many years' Carter.

unguents' Carter.

116

'The

.

.

p.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Human

Remains, p. 18-22 years' R.G. Harrison and A.B. 7; 'within the Abdalla, Antiquity 46/181 (March 1972), p. 11. p. 1 18 Herodotus. The Histories, is put as much

revealed' Carter, quoted in Leek. .

.

.

.'

'.

.

.

.

translated

.

.

.

.

by A. de Selincourt (Harmondsworth.

19 'One

Mace

.

1972),

.

TutjinkhAmen

.

162

p.

165

La trompette dans

or comet' H. Hickmann.

'actually the

.

.

no.

.

167

.

.

single

.

166

.

been used'

.

one hoped.

'. .

.

document'

... of

TutjinkhAmen III, p. 81; 'among the towards him The Times, 2 Jan. 1923; 'box .

.'

of

.

difficulty decipherable' Carter,

1

thing ... out dazed'

archive,

17 Feb. 1923; 'a monument not easily forgotten' TutjinkhAmen III. p. 46. p. 121 'There was was left' Carter, Tut.ankhAmen III, p. 50. p. 123 had one ... a Rameses' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III. other objects Carter p. 28. p. 1 28 'Strange and and Mace. Tut.ankhAmen p. 112. p. 130 'We will ... the room Carter, TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 51. p. letter.

.

'.

.

.

.

.'

.

.

.

.

.

I.

.'

.

.

132 'The

statuettes

TutjinkhAmen comparatively

111,

.

.

.

Carter archive,

Tutankfiamun, notes on figures; 'while fastened

.

.

Tut.ankhAmen III. p. 41; 'seem to TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 42. p.

the neck' Carter.

.

.

.

168 "Among

TutjinkhAmen

.

human remembrance' Carter, TutjinkhAmen 111. p. vii. p. 1 70 'On that his love' Lichtheim. Literature II p. 49. p. 172 'of 119. p.

more

.

.

.

purely

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

TutjinkhAmen

exercising purposes' Carter.

.

.

175

Telegraph, 17 Jan. 1923. p.

'work of almost

inconceivable fineness' Carter and .Mace.

134

176 'made up without sleeves' Carter, TutankhAmen III. p. 143; 'of ceremonial purpose' Carter, TutankhAmen III, p. 142. partially developed' Carter, p. 177 'more fitted TutjinkhAmen

TutjinkhAmen

111,

p. 42.

135

p.

'.

.

a system

.

.

.

human imaginations' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 36. 136 shabti shall say' R.O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egytpian Book of the Dead (London, 1985). p. 36. p. 137 'In the of death' Carter. TutjinkhAmen consider modem' 111. p. 83. p. 140 'These are Carter. TutjinkhAmen 11. p. 15. p. 142 'Among these p.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

... to traverse' Carter.

45

1

'showing a

.

TutjinkhAmen .

.

p.

.

.

.

TutjinkhAmen

pp. 63-64. p.

'.

.

.

after three ...

a

'The immense 25 January 1923. and Mace,

TutjinkhAmen I, pp. 131-32: 'acclamations and clicks' Mace archive, letter from .Mace to

.

camera

wife Winifred.

Feb. 1923. p.

1

symbolical device' Carter.

'hanging on p. 76.

.

153

p.

.

.

150

'.

.

.

in

many

of

.

.

.

most

... his

garments

'We have

.' .

.

... at

creeds' Carter,

Manchester Guardian, 27 them' .Mace archive,

Jan. 1923; 'Cloth in ... of soot' Carter

and

letter,

6

.Mace,

.

.'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

p. 137; 'tucked

II,

.

.

.

.

Mace

.

.

.

p.

.

obliquely'

TutankhAmen

resembling

p. 135.

steel!'

178 The

archive,

and

II.

p.

cloth

.

.

and

staves' Carter.

.

.

.

.

180

TutjinkhAmen

Resting upon

.

.

.

III,

.

fan

p. 69, re:

original position'

Carter archive. Tutankhamun, card no. 47;

'obviously not

.

.

.

no. 80. p.

181

'on its

.

.

.

p. 120.

1.

.

.

.

Post,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

TutankhAmen

in Carter.

III,

195 'rough TutankhAmen III.

.

.

.

.

.

nos. 50dd-ff; 'once held

TutankhAmen 111. p. 127; TutankhAmen III, pp.

[the deceasedj Carter.

.

196 'absolutely new in type' Carter and TutankhAmen p. 113; 'Probably these TutankhAmen p. 'their wooden ... the box' Carter. TutankhAmen

40-^1. p.

Mace,

1,

219;

'The rotation

p. 93;

I,

... the tinder' GI, Carter

Tutankhamun, notes on

'Possibly for

.

.

.

Tutankfiamun, card no. 620:37; 'and might

.

.

.

.

\,

p. 118.

p.

186

.

.

.

funeral equipment' GI. Carter archive, objects, p.

exception' Gl, Carter archive, objects; 'at least

TutankhAmen

.

.

.

quoted plain

.

200

in the .

'With rare

marks interior Tutankhamun, notes on coming out' Carnarvon,

lU. p. 145; 'Finger

'There

is

.

.

no. 315. p.

DaUy Telegraph,

204

'They [the

TutjinkhAmen

'thrown topsy-

205

1

Dec. 1923. p. 201 'A TutankhAmen III, p.

Tutankhamun, card baskets] and pliable'

111.

.

.

.

pp. 149^ 50; 'On certain

.

.

side bars' GI, Carter archive,

Tutankhamun, card

no. 33; 'Their

dimensions

...

a

'The finding

.

.

.

\\l,

.

.

p. 150.

eighteen years' Daily Mail, 20

mesh of msh-work' GI, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, notes on objects; 'is very petrified .

sponge' Lucas,

ASAE 45 (1947),

.

.

mixture

p. 134; 'a

and fmits' Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card 620:117. p.

II,

.

.

.

.

Jan. 1923; in a

•wooden stand

.

.

.

.

possibly glass' Carter,

.

199

Tutankhamun, notes on

unctuous materials' Carter,

walls' Gl, Charter archive, objects, p.

archive,

.

.

or

and 'dark brown material' Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 469. p. 198 'His omate ... to wonderland' Carter in E. Denison Ross, The Art of Egypt through the Ages (bmdon, 1931), p. 45; 'the

... the [Annexe^ and 'tied up the throne' and 'the blotchy Nubian goat' Gl. Carter archive. Tutankhamun, card no. 351; 'an important ... the reign' C^er, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 113. p. 187 .

...

electram'

Carter,

[the]

Tutankhamun, card no. 377. p. 183 'These were box itself Gl, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 403. p. 184 'one of been discovered' The Times, 6 Feb. 1923; 'dulled by exquisite bloom' Carter and

TutankhAmen

197

objects, p.

painting purposes' Gl. Carter archive,

p.

Mace, turvy

.

.

tomb-thieves' Carter and Mace,

377; 'for sepulchral purpose' Gl. Carter archive,

.

no.

dark red wood' GI. Carter

p. 62;

cubit-measure' Carter. is

'It

'foundation

wo
Tutankhamun, card

archive,

p. 90;

Tutankhamun, card

deposit' GI, Carter archive,

deceased relatives' Carter. TutjinkhAmen

.

.

.

chamber' GI, Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no.

.

p.

86; 'Damn!!!' GI. Carter archive,

original position' GI. Carter archive,

Tutankhamun, card

work

Tutankhamun, notes on

.

.

31 Jan. 1924; 'The

letter,

.

majority

Carter,

TutankhAmen III, p. 135; 'long staves ... left plain' Carter, TutankhAmen III, p. 135; 'We wondered own hand'" (barter. TutjinkhAmen II, p. 36. p. 179 'Such charming .

.

TutjinkhAmen I. p. 159; 'probably used ... or robes' Carter, TutjinkhAmen I, pi. XX V. p. 1 56 'I made his own Mace archive, letter, 21 Jan. 1923. p. 157 'neatly folded' and 'were possibly ... go with' Carter, TutjinkhAmen III, p. 126. When these wonderful things' The Times, 1 Feb. 1923; 'a design Lower Egypt' GI. Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. .

left

TutjinkhAmen

GL

TutjinkhAmen III, p. 134. p. 154 a fine cambric-like linen' (barter. TutjinkhAmen U. p. 112. p. 155 'The Jan. 1923;

.

no. 272a. p.

.

TutjinkhAmen 111, p. 71; Tut-ankhAmen HI,

Amen

thigh' Carter.

.

like ourselves' Carter.

.

his .

the stones' Carter,

'is

III,

.

.

.

TutjinkhAmen

131; 'the astonishing

young

lever' Carter

.

.

'the haft

exquisite work'

p.

146

centuries' sleep'" Yorkshire Post,

149

p. 57.

III.

centuries ago' Carter.

.

III.

.

.

'the

archive,

p. 113. p.

I.

Carter

no. 511; 'carried in ... the

TutankhAmen

mere hack.s' Breasted, quoted in 22 Dec. 1922; 'one of artistic and Mace, TutankhAmen I, p. 110. and arrow' and 'scampering p. 192 'the king animals and hounds' and "chief glory' and 'carved in Greek coin' Gl. Carter archive, Tutankhamun, card no. 540 -h 551. p. 194 'coated with oxide' Lucas,

III,

of mummification' Carter.

possibly comprise ... the tomb' Carter,

191

94b. p.

p.

II.

il, p. 60; 'highly coloured and decorated' M.A. Littauer and Jil. Crouwel. Chariots and Related Equipment from the Tomb of Tut'ankhamun (Oxford, 1985), pp. 56, 74. p. 174 'The bows ... the next' Daily

one another' Carter. 133 'These

p. 54. p.

... to us' Gl,

of linen' Gardiner,

.

Carter,

.

The Morning

.

papyri' Capart, Tutankhamen, p. 39; 'discoloured rolls

Carter.

p.

.

p.

.

The Times, 14 Feb. 1923; 'at least ... be discovered' Gardiner, The Times, 14 Feb. 1923; linear hieroglyphs' and 'too decayed 'ritual

p. 160.

.' .

.

p. 220. 'travelling sttxil' GI.

III,

treasures' Carter

.

.

1

polychrome beadwork

.

189 'were evidently ... a slave' Carter, TutankhAmen \\\, p. 119; 'toy-chest' Carter. TutankhAmen III, p. 122; 'the fastening ... the box' Carter. TutankhAmen III. p. 121; 'This contrivance hitherto known' Carter. TutankhAmen III. p. 121. .

TutjinkhAmen III. p. Carter. TutjinkhAmen

Carter,

.

.

the king' Carter.

.

80; 'The colours, lU, p. 80. p.

.

(1978), p. 134. p.

.

sun' Carter and Mace,

I'Egypte

Egyptian

p. 33; 'the

Montagu,y£4 64

J.

.

Tutankhamun, card

archive,

.

'raucous and powerful' and 'rather the

aruienne ((^iro. 1946), pitch'

.

Tutankhamun, card

the thieves' Gl, (barter archive, 593. p.

'had suffered

the royal knee' Carter.

TutankhAmen

.

p. 132.

III,

TutankhAmen III. p. 115; 'intended fr)r TutankhAmen III, p. 1,5; 'of

child' Carter.

msh-work

.

.'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

TutjinkhAmen 11. p. xxiii; 'some kind ... a part' New TutjinkhAmen II. p. 186; 'the mode Empire' Carter, quoted in F.F. Leek, The Human Remains from the Tomb of TuVankhamun (Oxford, above it' D.E. Derry 1972), p. 6. p. 1 17 'parallel to and Saleh Bey Hamdi, quoted in Leek, Human free it' and 'Eventually Remains, p. 12; 'so firmly with success' and 'beautiful and finally we .

.

.

.

Carter,

'a

Golden Age (Boston. 1982). p. 261; 'The contest Near East Carter. Tut.ankhAmen 111. p. 131. p. 161 "were probably ancient times' Carter.

206

Tutankhamun, card no. 519; out of J. Cemy. Hieratic Inscriptions from '.

.

.

other joints'

Tomb of Tufankhamun "various

wooden

p. 166.

Carter

p.

.

.

no.

'Dried lens in interior" Gl, Carter

... the

208

tomb' Carter.

'Live thy

.

.

.

beholding

and Mace, TutjinkhAmen

1,

.

.

the

207 TutankhAmen

(Oxford. 1965), p.

18.

p.

felicity'

p. 190.

219

AckiioivlcdL^niciils

Cre (ills

Illust I'd lion

/,'....

W

\l,^

• .

;;,,!

;,

,

\k;-,,'

i,

,

\1 .-,,,. l;.-,

,

,v,

,

W, |i|

\l

M I'-

I

,:!]

\-'

;„:

\|...;,

..:v

\i

.M M..,, ,/,..,.

i.

,>.

W

,

il.

.I.:-,:,,

I'r.k.

,

i

/'(

A'Al;,

\

W

\i^

7, -.11.

w,.

Illi.-.li;ili..iitrcclils

,

....

.I,:l

Ill

:(.,,!>

U.

77!'.,

ril)Mr:,l,',; 1, ,:„;,,. \,

ln,Kui,//.W-'-:;/,,;,7-. A7',;/,

.

I

>

:i;i,.

>v\. Kl-.;;,-.

\h>,i;-

Ml.-, 17,,:

i;:i

r,

|,iil,h-;utl

l.;i7T,,k-,.,)

I.;h-.,i;,

!;.l.kin;,:i, /;,/

l.x

K,,<::,ii~li,i

-/,,',-,/«

l.cvk, //;»/;,;(,'

A',

V,.;,;/7»;/i;/, »„;;(,-

r:ir,:i.kiuiw:,i.

M,„,.

pr.«;u,r,: ;n Miiiakii

il,li,,l,ii:n,].:i-,iii«i:,.iil,,

,|1'

/.;.

/,-»,',,.,

/;,,,«*;,. Iw,),.

I

2;l>i ,C.,ir,

,.iii:l:.

I'.

C(

;

,:

;

,,... •

llVr

!..!in,Ti ;.:Ki i..i;ii;i.«k:;;

::^

;!;,t..;^ hi'.

vcm^

\:,

,

..-

K,,

Index Page numbers

in italics refer to illustrations

baskets 204, 204. 206, 207; shabti 77 basketwork sandals 157 beaded cushion 183. net 192. robe 157 beads 48, 110,114,141, 150.152 beadwork 155, 157, 187; cap 113 bed, Osiris 88

Callender, A.R. 72, 54, 55. 56. 57.

bedsteads 89, 90, 91. ISaffi; folding travelling 182,

cap,

Besl71. 780,181,183

16

Akhenaten (Amenophis IV)

17. 18,

18-19. 20-21, 22.

24, 25, 26, 40. 75, 93, 131-2, 151, 169, 190,

193. 199

Kemel Fahmy Bey 63 almonds 207 Amanislo 29 Amama. el- 17. 18, 20, 23^, 23. All

grid 74 .'Vmama period 18-23 Amduat (Book of What

40

63

bier 106

mummy

binding,

1

is in

the Underworld) 74, 104

see

Amenophis

III

25. 30. 32, 32. 93.

144

777. 178.

model

62

10, 72, 36, 43, 44,

86, 88, 88.

U2-A. 142, 144; 142, 144, 144

works

40. 61. 68;

for

Egyptian Antiquities Service

40-42; and Carnarvon 45-56, 62. 64; buying antiquities 47. 47; in Valley of the

opens

60, 61, 201;

Ts

tomb

Kings 48-56.

65, 66; lectures on finds

66; receives honorary

(36,

10, 12;

66ff;

death

publications

10, will 67, 67;

quoted 54, 76, 78, 82, 86, 89, 92, 100, 105, 111, 116, 132-3, 149, 179, 201, 204 et passim

Book of Gates 130 Book of the Dead 101. 104, 114, 136 Book of the Divine Cow 101 boomerang 175, 176. 176

40 67

Carter, S. 40, Carter, V. 44.

cartouche-plaques, faience

48

caskets: calcite 188; jewel 86, 87. 97, 150;

casting sticks 160, 161,

IV see Akhenaten amethyst 152

bow box 95, 175 bow case 174-5, 1 74

'Castle Carter',

cat

Amherst, William, 1st Baron 40, 40 .\mherst. Papyrus 98 .\mmut 146. 148 AmonRe 16. 29. 47. 164, 165, 166

Bow

cat coffin 44,

48, 48;

U

16. 17, 41;

lU

17,

16.17. 19. 24,

amphorae

198. 202. 202,

25,

26-7,27

.\munet 27

Ankhesenamun

(wife of T) 33. 124, 140, 141, 141.

162, 165. liA. 184. 192, 195, 195.

Ankhesenpaaten 24 Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten

199

22. 75, 114, 122, 151,

169. 190. 193

Ankhkheprure Smenkhkare-djeserkhepru Annexe see Tutankhamun, tomb of

23. 33.

169

armlets 151

139^0; shrine-shaped wooden 29, 75

86, 88, 195;

travelling 189, 189,

children's clothing 192 chisels 194,

bracelet plaques; canielian 47, 48, 48; faience 48

cigarette beetle 207,

bracelets 46. 107, 110, 150,

152

clothing 155-7, 756, 767; children's 192

92

95, 101, 105, 106,

clubs 7 75, 176 cobra, divine (Wadjit) 106, 107, 110, 111

191

Museum

coffinettes,

47

bronze 152; adze-handle 194; arrowheads 77, 95, 174; knives 194; marguerites 84. 101; pins 185; razors 77.

swords

177. 1 77;

burnisher 166

Atum 120, 131, 134 Ay 18, 19. 28, 29, 30,

Burton, Henry (Harry) 10, 36, 37, 56, 57, 57, 63, 67. 72.

Chamber

see

falcon 107, 150; floral 38, 39, 112, 152; 1 14;

Tutankhamun, tomb

of

(Kamak)

cakes 205 calcite:

on

Ts mask

Nekhbet 152,skebyu 17

Memnon' 17 colossus (Kamak) 79 colours, significance of 154

Sir TVrthur

63

cornflowers 106, 107. 131. 133

cabinets 183. 188 cachette

106-10,

'Colossi of

Conan Doyle, Corelli, M. 62

91, 116, 155

baboon-deities 74. 74

T

29

collars: of beads, leaves, berries, etc 108; faience 752;

157

Aa-bird 114

miniature 86, 168, 768, 169, 769; of collar terminal, faience 29,

29 head of see cow, Hathor

Burial

canopic 121-2, 727, 169

coffins 43, 123, 124. 168; cat 44, 44; gold 707, 108-10;

706-70

trumpet 164

W. 177 "Buccaneers' 52

Aten, the 18, 18. 22. 23

144

207

clappers, ivory 163, 763, 169

bull-burial

barge. funerar>'

194

Box, Painted 21, 79, 81, 81, 157, 183, 189. 190-91

bull,

797, 196

'toy'

children, burials of 123-4

arrows 85, 174, 175. 180 Ashmunein, el- 23. 24, 26 astronomical instnmient 28

bangles, faience 151, 169

hunting 172, 7 73 check rowels 172, 773 chests 88, 188, 193; canopic 20, 120-22. 120,122, portable 789;

box interior 191 box knobs 29, 75 box-lid, gold 192

95;

bandages 156

785-6

chariots 38, 38, 41, 41, 78, 79, 86, 170-73, 1 70-73,

Brunton,

Ayrton, E.R. 20. 21, 37, 37. 38

206

187

206; oviform 78, 206, 206; papyrus 166-7, 167. 188; razor 159; reed and papyrus 83; with ritual figures

armour, leather scale 156, 174, 176, 1 76 arrowhead, bronze 77, 95, 174

30. 31, 33, 33, 38, 38. 71, 72, 94,

79, 89,

chairs 78, 89, 90, 184, 185-6,

British

29 archery equipment 174-5

census 792 chair, feeding 187,

Breasted, J.H. 56, 57, 57, 79, 92,

bull burial

44

ivory veneered 189. 191, 191. 192; for meat 206,

Antechamber see Tutankhamun, tomb of

Apis

67

40

Cemy, Jaroslav

124; cosmetic 158, 158; ivory 158, 158;

bread 204. 204. 205. 205

133. 150

54,

catch, automatic 189-90

159, 190; compartmented 200; containing foetus

anointing liquid, resinous 108-9, 116. 121 .Anubis 73, 87. 88, 105, 133; fetish 83, 135, 135; shrine

Elwat el-Dibun

mummies

130; for shabtis

animals, decoration with 192

wooden 43

767-2

cedarwood 101

174 77, 89, 169, 193; calcite 189; cartouche-shaped

boxes

207

Honour 175

85, 169, 174, 180; composite 174, 1 74, 175; self

174,

amulets 48, 105, 113. 114, 140. 141. 150, 153. 201; djed 105; khepesh \TI; tyet-VmA 101-105

.\munl8,

of

bows

58.

52-3; and Egyptian

tomb

doctorate 66; archive

LA. 56

10,

authorities 64-6; excavates

bouquets, funerary 78, 79, 83

I

29, 43. 47, 48, 49. 75, 150. 169, 172. 198, 198. 199;

7S5,

82. 83. 98. 200; in

bosses, bridle 172

.Amenophis

7 79,

59, 64, 83, 100, 201; character 56, 64; abilities 40,

16

bones, animal 75 Boodle.

762

Luxor 44, 46, 47; and Carter 45-56, 64; collection of Egyptian art 47, 47; death 62-3, 62-3; and The Times 64, 65; loss of claim to finds 66; crest 52 camelian 47, 48, 48. 110, 111, 141, 750, 152, 7 70 Carter, H. 10, 18, 34, 36, 37, 40^3, 40, 42-3. 45. 57.

rivergoing 142-3, 144; sailing

40

26,

Ameiineau, E. 29 111

Beni Hasan 40,

7 7,?

47

44. 46. 48, 50, 53. 54, 55.

Benedite, Georges 63

boats, funerary

Amama

Amenhotep^Huy

19

18. 19,

Belzoni, G. 146

Abbad 29 Blanchard 47 blinkers, horse 173, 173 blocking, door 53. 54. 70. 75. 82, 83. 90, 92

alabaster cup 78; jars 76; vases 78; vessels 89

.^men.hetep

Bek

J.

Carnarvon, Almina. Lady 49. 63, 64 Carnarvon, George Herbert, 5th Earl

Bir

20

18,

207

Bethell, R.

Ahmose-Nofretiri 48

beadwork

186. 187

beermaking 204, 205 beetles 207,

722

20

captives 38. 94. 97, 139, 755,

Ahmose

Akhetaten

727, 169, jars 21, 29, 32, 120-21; lids 120, 121. shrine 86, 119-20, 77S

Capart,

'beef,

149

canopy, collapsible 187, 187

canned' 205

Abusir 28 Abydos 29 Acworth. J.J. 43 Adamson, R. 57 adzes 194, 194 agricultural implements 137; model 136, 139, 139, 194. 194

59. 61. 84.

canopic chest 10. 20. 120. 720. 722: coffinettes 121-2,

182

Abemayor, E.A. 43

57

'candle-sticks' 196

27; (Luxor)

corridor see

28

Tutankhamim. tomb 753

of

corslet 95, 140. 141, 153-4,

beaker 198; blocks 105; box iSS; canopic chest 10, 120; canopic stopper 33; casket 188; cosmetic vessel 97; dish 134; heads 49. 122. inlay 133, 179, 192, 194; jar lid 21; jar stands 198; in jewellery 152;

cosmetics 96, 97. 158 couch,

Ammut 746

couches, ritual 78, 79. 146-8, 746-8; reconstructions of 749; removal of 149,

84, 207; relief 18, saddle

752 cow couch supports

138; vessels 77, 169, 198-9;

cow. Hathor

lamps

83, 195, 195;

barley 205

lamp-liner, painted 195, 195;

barley-grains, sprouting 131

barques; lunar 142, 142. solar 74, 142, 142. 148

perfume jar and stand knobs 172; shabtis 48,

Barsanti, A. 20

'Wishing Cup' 12, 208; yoke terminals 171

149

counterpoise

87

148.

148

88, 700, 134, 734, 147

craters 198

221

1

I

1.

I

1

t.

«

1

1

111

1

I

I

1

1

(

I

[ I

HI ,1

1

/

~1

1S(

IS

\

\

N

/

1

1

»

I

k

1

k

1

1

1

^1

k

1

S 111

1

1].I^

/

L,

1

1

1

ll

K

1

1

1

1

1

I

1

.i;.

171.

1

It

I

k

1

I

Us I-

1

k

1

I

1

k

Mm

ii«

k I

k

I'-

1

I

I

1

I

li,i;iil,

han.lN

riil.mkii.umm'- // i;"Ul

;;/,

II

1

k

111

I

I

t

I

1

|_)i I

I,

kl -

II

VI

1

«

11

1

1

s

1

til-

k

1

s

1 V

1

Irti.

M.«k

Merenptah 36.

Kheperiu 131. lai khepesh-sviords 177.

177

Khons 26 129

kilts 128.

kiosks',

wooden

\3S,

102

24. 169

wood 194

knucklebones 160. 161. 162. 162 equipment 158; tube 158

kulil 111. 158:

el-Fakhry 28

Ghurab 29

wooden

labels,

77.

167

Lacau. P. iW.65.66. ;/6 lamiK. calcite 83. 195. 195. 198 1

.Jinsing.

A. 44

ii-ather 156. 172.

194

iL-atherworker

perfiune jar and stand, calcite 84. 207

Pernu

T standing upon

Per-wer 140

Montagu, J. 165 Morcos Bey Hanna 65 mummies 21; of Tiye 21; of T 82, 111, 112-13, 11213, lU. 115.1 16-18; of Ts children 88, 123-5, 121 4 mummification process 116, 117, lia 124 mummification ritual objects 133-4

Petrie, W..M. Flinders

mummiform

pottery 38. 39. 83. 89. 202-3. 202. blue painted 202.

figures 134

mummies

123,

124: pall 84, 101: quivers 174; scarf 96. 97, 133;

sealing bands 123, 124; shawls 128, 130. 130. 131. 133. 156. 169; shirt 133, 134:

shrouds 106, 107, 108,

120, 123-4; sling-cords 175; torch 196:

lion lion

wrappings

;S5

wooden 70

limestone 28;

on bed footboard

183

lotus-shaped cup 12.

lamps 195 57. 60-Sl. 116, 116, 128,

208: lotus-shaped

limar barques 142,

1 71,

Ptah-Seker-Osiris

and captives) 20, 53,

84, 94, 97,

207

142

LuxorJft 28, 29, 44.44 Lrthgoe, A.M. 43, 56

Nefemefhiaten see Ankhkheprure Nefemefruaten Nefemefrure 190. 190 Nefertiti 18. 18, 19, 22-3, 22-3, 24, 190

Qebhsenuef

Neith 105, 119, 120, i20

quartzite 28, 105, 138,

nekhakha (flail) 106, 107. Nekhbet (divine vulture)

110. 114. 153.

195

153

106. 107. 110, 111, 113, 140,

152 129 200

radiographic examination of

mask

114: of

mummies

117-18, 7iS, 124, i24

Harnesses

128,

III

28;

IV

46, 98;

VI 55: IX 21;

X

36;

razors 77, 95, 159; Lord (Carnarvon's

62

reed arrow shafts 175

120, 122, 131, 134

reed stick 178

Netjerankh 131, 131. 134

Newberry. P.E. 33. 40, 56, 57, 63, 101; and Mrs Nubia 29, 32 numbering system for finds 61 Nut 10. 72, 104, 105

57,

101

reeds85, 164,

78

2

regalia, royal

153-4

Re-Horakhty

18, 102, 134, 164, 165,

reis (overseer) shabtis

166

138

resin 102, 134, 152; fragments 75, 77, 196; varnish 128,

obsidian 107, 110, 111, 114, 153, 189, inlay 128. 129,

ochre 196

resins,

officials, state

embalming

117, 118

wooden 83 Resthouse of Tutankhamun' 28-9

30-32

res symbols,

Ogden,J.R.56 oils 89, 90

bricks' 21. 70, 71. 85, 135

129, 130, 133 resin-based libations 108-109, 116, 121

133

Mace. W. &4. 65. 153. 178 maces 176 magical objects 135

ring bezels 23, 28,

33

ointment container 158, 158

rings: faience 26, 29, 77, 150: gold 29, 96, 97,

mallets 194

olive leaves 83, 106, 107, 131

risiti

.Malqata 17, 28

•Opening of the .Mouth' ceremony 72, 194, 208

.Mamu

:X).

32

; 7ft 177

Opet festival 28 ornaments of mummy 112-13

ritual figures 130-33, 134; object

orpiment 196

robbers' holes 54, 76, 93,

marguerites, bronze 84. 101

ostraca 33, 49, 75

131. 134

Osiris 73, 101, 102,

Oxford, Ashmolean

Mariette. A. 29

marquetry, bark 155. 157, 174. 175, 178 masks: gilded 38, 123, 123: plaster 24: of

ni.iu.ui.iu.m mattresses 180, 180. 181, 182 31. 71. 97. 137, 139 (?)

shrine for 135

rushes 75

12

rushwork stopper 197

T

106-107.

paddles, magical see oars

195

saddles,

yoke 172

painting, miniature 191

safflower 207

paintings, wall 10, 16, 40, 72-A, 72-4, 130. 144. 144,

paint palettes 166; slabs 158, 166

Sakha 46 Sakhmet 19. 131. 134. 167. 767 Saleh Bey Hamdi. Dr 56. 116, 776

paints 166

sandals 755, 157, 757

lie. 178,

191-2

Saqqara: Horemheb's tomb 31; Serapeum 29, 42

Pairy28

sarcophagi 20, 31

Palestine 29 palettes: ivory 134, 168, 169; scribal 32, pall, linen 57, 84,

.Meketaten 168

Panakht 30. 32

Memphis

papyri 167

25. 28 9. 30 Menkeret 131-2. 134

97

96 tunnels 76

rush-bound jar-handles 202 rush case 166

painted calcite lamp liner 195,

mason's marks 70 Maspero, G. 40, 42, 45

measuring rods 29, 195; meat 206. 206 .Medinet liabu 28 Mehetweret 147. 147

Museum

83

robbers 95-7, 95- 7, 208; punishment of

102

113

(feathered) decoration 106, 107, 121, 153, 157,

mandragora fruit, glass 169 mannequin, wooden 155. 155

Maticlwster Guardian 155

May 28, 32 Maya 30. 31,

XI 36,

65,66

105, 106, 106, 110, 119, 120,

oars, magical 83, 84. 135

156. i 77

magic

105, 121, 121. 131, 134

quartz 110, 111, 114, 152

rei^Ay/birds 171

Mace, A.C. 56, 57. 63, 64, 65, 66, 100, 119, 128. 155,

Mahu

120

putt-hole' 70, 71

Pyramid Texts 104

nemset vessels 76, 77, Nephthys 102, 102, 104,

couch

supporters 147; granite 29. 29: on headrest 183. lotus: flowers 133; petals 107;

Lucas, A. 56,

necropolis seal Gackal

141, 141, 186; collar

180. 180: calcite 84;

Ptahhotep. precepts of 45

necklacesllO. 114, 151

nemes headdress 47,

goddess 126 heads 184

lions:

Ptah 131. 133. 134. 154. 164. 166. 167

120, 123, 130, 139

154: inscribed 38. 39. 39. loincloth 156. 156: in

Psalms 19

31, 31, 33, 139

Ptahemhat-Ty 30. 32

Nebkheprure. House of 28

bags 38. 39. 39. box-lining 188; bundle 169; clothing 156; gloves 157-8; headdress

pounder, faience 194

prices for antiquities 47

limestone; inlay 128; model vessels 48: shabti 138 linen 75. 155. 167. 186;

202

77; storage jars

107

natron 38, 39, 134

lintel,

202. inscribed 48; model vessels 48: painted 76; red

(?)

leopard-skin 156

neckstrap 173; packing 201; pads

17.18. 29, 40, 40 photography 59 pigments 167. 196 Pit 54. 36. 38-9. 38-9. 123 plaster, gypsimi 70. 90 Plenderleith. H.J. 56 pomegranate: leaves 131; vase 197. 197

poultry 206

Nakhtmin (or Minnakht) 30, names of Tutankhamun 25

131

('Palace of the North') 105

persea fruit 83, 207

mirror handle 159

nails, silver

Leek, F.F. 117

151. 154. 169

Pentu3a31-2

campaigns 24 hand 194-5. 195 Minnakht see Nakhtmin mirror-cases 159, 159 mill,

157

172. 176. 176: sandals 155, 157,

11.3. 134. 150. 151.

166

1(56.

pendants 150. 151; glass 29

56

.Mut 26, 26, 27

lead 196

184,

47.

bands 112, 114, 169 musical instruments 163-5

207

ornaments

pen-case

Museum. New York

46

22

pectoral

mummy

apislazulillO. Ill, 114. 750.152 Ijisioderma serricome

leopard,

193 Merymery 30. 32

Pase

military 21. 21. 22. 23. 24.

knives: bronze 194: flint 194: model

.Medinet

186: packing 201; sandals 157

papyrus, funerary

Metropolitan

Kiya (?Tadukhepa) (?mother of T)

Kom Kom

49

metalwork fragments 77

138

Kipling. R. 44 kites, divine

49.

Meritaten 18. 23. 24. 75. 134. 163. 163. 168, 169, 190.

papyrus

166

100, 101. 101

39. 129. 129: boat 142,

sarcophagus of

T 65, 66, 84, 85,

707, 105, 705, 106

scarabs 48, 75, 75, 111, 114, 750, 151, 169 sceptre,

papyrus 134

sceptres 153

box 166-7. 167: chair

Scott A. 56, 61

223

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IViv. •::

The King 'The Tomb The Royal Treasure The fullest account ever published of the world's greatest

archaeological discovery

Contents include: • Tutankhatnun and his time: Akhenaten, Nefertiti

and the background to the boy-king's reign

• The story of Carter and Carnarvon's long quest for the tomb in the Valley

of the Kings • Double-page features on each stage of the discovery, each chamber of the tomb,

and all the main treasures • Extracts from Carter's notes and diaries, and first-time publication

of many of his drawings

and reconstructions • Specially commissioned cutaway diagrams, based

on Carter's plans and measurements

• Tables recording emythingfrom the ornaments

on the royal mummy to Tutankhamun's wine • Fresh evidence fror

'

scholarly monograph,

on

the shrines, chariots

and otherfinds • Full reference section