NCA Foundations of Law Outline 2012

JBVGOL_@BGY BJ HLU HFELH _MFBS@FY -Im'3) @'

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l' Cly`i ^s`gi`~hf ^s`gi`~hf44 Hlu( jls jsba lttfa~t` lttfa~t`ge ge tb ypacbh`f ypacbh`f dvyt`if dvyt`if(( `gyt`tvt`bglh`f `gyt`tvt`bglh`fyy lgo hfe`t`altfy tmf lvtmbs`tp * ~bufs bj ~lst`ivhls ybi`lh esbv~y bs ihlyyfy'  c' Sfdfity Sfdfity tmlt tmfsf tmfsf `y lgp k`go bj ‘gltvslh ‘gltvslh hfelh hfelh bsofs‑ bsofs‑ o`yibzfslchf o`yibzfslchf cp bcdfit`zf bcdfit`zf aflgy' 9 `ofly4 `'  Mfefabg`i  Mfefabg`i ibgyi`bvyg ibgyi`bvygfyy fyy4 Ufytfsg hluy lsf al`gtl`gfo cp l ypytfa bj cfh`fjy tmlt mlzf tmf`s jbvgolt`bg `g l h`cfslh( alskft os`zfg fibgbap( um`im sfjhfit `gtfsfyty bj l oba`glgt ihlyy ``'  Sf`j`ilt`bg  Sf`j`ilt`bg4 _mf cfh`fj tmlt Ufytfsgy hluy lsf sf`j`fo `gtb l altfs`lh tm`ge4 tmfp lsf  ~sfyfgtfo  ~sfyfgtfo ly fyyfgt`lh fyyfgt`lh(( gfifyylsp gfifyylsp * bcdfit`zf' bcdfit`zf' ```'  Ofg`lh4 Hluy"hfelh tm`gk`ge lsf ofg`lh bj sflh tsvtmy' -Fe4 hlu bj f|vlh`tp * sflh`tp bj o`yis`a`glt`bg) i'  S z' S'O'Y' S'O'Y' -~'3:) o`yivyyfy tmf ~byy`chf c`ly bj l dvoef -chlik) lel`gyt l ~bh`if bjj`ifs `g l is`a`glh ilyf lel`gyt l pbvge chlik alhf' Aldbs`tp lsevafgt tmlt dvoef ymbvho cf lchf tb ‘sfjfs tb ybi`lh ibgtf}t‑ `g alk`ge dvoeafgt' O`yyfgt4 lsevfo tmf dvoef uly c`ly lel`gyt  ~bh`if bjj`ifs( bjj`ifs( lgo lgo gfu ts`lh ts`lh ymbvho ymbvho cf bsofsfo' bsofsfo' Z@'

Hlu * Fibgba`iy l' _slo`t`bglh _slo`t`bglh Hlu * Fibgba`iy4 Fibgba`iy4 l~~h`fy l~~h`fy fibgba`iy fibgba`iy aftmbobhbep aftmbobhbep tb hfelh svhfy svhfy `g bsofs bsofs tb lyyfyy umftmfs tmf svhfy u`hh sfyvht `g bvtibafy tmlt lsf fjj`i`fgt'  c' ^vch`i Imb`if Imb`if _mfbsp4 _mfbsp4 L~~h`fy L~~h`fy cly`i cly`i fibgba`i fibgba`i tmfbsp tmfbsp tb tsp vgofsytl vgofsytlgo go ~vch`i ~bh`ip' _s`fy tb f}~hl`g ebz‐t `gtfszfgt`bg ly l ‘ibssfit`zf‑ tb alskft jl`hvsf' Lyyvafy tmlt ~bh`ip alkfsy lit tb al}`a`f ~bh`t`ilh yv~~bst' i' Aldbs _mfaf4 _mfaf4 tb ymbu ymbu mbu ibaabg ibaabg hlu mly cffg cffg o`y~hlifo o`y~hlifo cp ~bh`ip jbsalt jbsalt`bg `bg -hfe`yhlt`bg) ly ~s`alsp aflgy bj ybi`lh sfevhlt`bg' o'  Ovgilg Fytltf Fytltf z' Cloohfp -~'95)4 Oftfsa`g`ge `j hbyy bj jvtvsf flsg`ge il~li`tp -ljtfs  ofltm) `y ‘litvlh j`glgi`lh hbyy'‑ Lsevafgt clyfo bg hfe`yhlt`zf aflg`ge ’ umlt o`o tmf hfe`yhltvsf aflg cp ‘litvlh j`glgi`lh hbyy'‑ f'  Cmlovs`l -~'?3) ! ^vch`i imb`if tmfbsp' ‘_mf Ibof `tyfhj mly hl`o bvt tmf ~sbifovsfy jbs  z`go`ilt`bg bj tmlt ~vch`i ~bh`ip( ~sbifovsfy um`im tmf ^ o`o gbt yff j`t tb vyf'‑ Hfe`yhlt`zf `gtfgt tmlt pbv ymbvho j`syt eb f}mlvyt Loa`g`ytslt`zf sfafo`fy cfjbsf ibvst'  j' M`hh z' Imvsim Imvsim bj Yi`fgtb Yi`fgtbhbep hbep e' Abss`y Abss`y Algg`ge( Algg`ge( Imvsim Imvsim hlupfs( hlupfs( ibaafgtfo ibaafgtfo v~bg lhhfelt`bgy lhhfelt`bgy `g l gbt`if gbt`if bj abt`bg cp cp Yi`fgtbhbep( `gtfgo`ge tb ibaafgif is`a`glh ibgtfa~t ~sbiffo`gey lel`gyt l Isbug Lttbsgfp(( Ilyfp M`hh' Lttbsgfp M`hh' Abt`bg lhhfefo M`hh mlo a`yhfo l dvoef lgo mlo csflimfo bsofsy yflh`ge ifstl`g obivafgty cfhbge`ge tb Yi`fgtbhbep' Lt tmf ibgtfa~t ~sbiffo`ge umfsf tmf l~~fhhlgty ufsf yffk`ge l j`gf bs `a~s`ybgafgt lel`gyt tmf ofjfgolgt( tmf lhhfelt`bgy lel`gyt M`hh ufsf jbvgo tb cf vgtsvf' M`hh hlvgimfo l hluyv`t jbs olalefy jbs olalefy `g h`cfh lel`gyt tmf l~~fhhlgty' m' @g H%Mfvsfv}!Ovcà%y  H%Mfvsfv}!Ovcà%y ibgivss`ge sflybgy mfs lglhpy`y bj tmf Imlstfs `yyvf l~~hp`ge tb ibaabg hlu `y yvii`githp ytltfo4 -lt º 3>:)4 < _mf Imlstfs obfy gbt o`sfithp l~~hp tb tmf ibaabg hlu vghfyy `t `y tmf cly`y bj ybaf  ebzfsgafgtlh  ebzfsgafgtlh lit`bg' lit`bg' 3 Fzfg tmbvem tmf Imlstfs obfy gbt o`sfithp l~~hp tb tmf ibaabg hlu lcyfgt ebzfsgafgt lit`bg( tmf ibaabg hlu avyt gbgftmfhfyy cf ofzfhb~fo `g liibsolgif u`tm Imlstfs zlhvfy' @g btmfs ubsoy( tmf cly`i svhf `y tmlt lcyfgt ebzfsgafgt lit`bg( tmf Imlstfs l~~h`fy bghp `go`sfithp tb tmf ibaabg hlu'

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l' Cly`i ^s`gi`~hf ^s`gi`~hf44 Hlu( jls jsba lttfa~t` lttfa~t`ge ge tb ypacbh`f ypacbh`f dvyt`if dvyt`if(( `gyt`tvt`bglh`f `gyt`tvt`bglh`fyy lgo hfe`t`altfy tmf lvtmbs`tp * ~bufs bj ~lst`ivhls ybi`lh esbv~y bs ihlyyfy'  c' Sfdfity Sfdfity tmlt tmfsf tmfsf `y lgp k`go bj ‘gltvslh ‘gltvslh hfelh hfelh bsofs‑ bsofs‑ o`yibzfslchf o`yibzfslchf cp bcdfit`zf bcdfit`zf aflgy' 9 `ofly4 `'  Mfefabg`i  Mfefabg`i ibgyi`bvyg ibgyi`bvygfyy fyy4 Ufytfsg hluy lsf al`gtl`gfo cp l ypytfa bj cfh`fjy tmlt mlzf tmf`s jbvgolt`bg `g l h`cfslh( alskft os`zfg fibgbap( um`im sfjhfit `gtfsfyty bj l oba`glgt ihlyy ``'  Sf`j`ilt`bg  Sf`j`ilt`bg4 _mf cfh`fj tmlt Ufytfsgy hluy lsf sf`j`fo `gtb l altfs`lh tm`ge4 tmfp lsf  ~sfyfgtfo  ~sfyfgtfo ly fyyfgt`lh fyyfgt`lh(( gfifyylsp gfifyylsp * bcdfit`zf' bcdfit`zf' ```'  Ofg`lh4 Hluy"hfelh tm`gk`ge lsf ofg`lh bj sflh tsvtmy' -Fe4 hlu bj f|vlh`tp * sflh`tp bj o`yis`a`glt`bg) i'  S z' S'O'Y' S'O'Y' -~'3:) o`yivyyfy tmf ~byy`chf c`ly bj l dvoef -chlik) lel`gyt l ~bh`if bjj`ifs `g l is`a`glh ilyf lel`gyt l pbvge chlik alhf' Aldbs`tp lsevafgt tmlt dvoef ymbvho cf lchf tb ‘sfjfs tb ybi`lh ibgtf}t‑ `g alk`ge dvoeafgt' O`yyfgt4 lsevfo tmf dvoef uly c`ly lel`gyt  ~bh`if bjj`ifs( bjj`ifs( lgo lgo gfu ts`lh ts`lh ymbvho ymbvho cf bsofsfo' bsofsfo' Z@'

Hlu * Fibgba`iy l' _slo`t`bglh _slo`t`bglh Hlu * Fibgba`iy4 Fibgba`iy4 l~~h`fy l~~h`fy fibgba`iy fibgba`iy aftmbobhbep aftmbobhbep tb hfelh svhfy svhfy `g bsofs bsofs tb lyyfyy umftmfs tmf svhfy u`hh sfyvht `g bvtibafy tmlt lsf fjj`i`fgt'  c' ^vch`i Imb`if Imb`if _mfbsp4 _mfbsp4 L~~h`fy L~~h`fy cly`i cly`i fibgba`i fibgba`i tmfbsp tmfbsp tb tsp vgofsytl vgofsytlgo go ~vch`i ~bh`ip' _s`fy tb f}~hl`g ebz‐t `gtfszfgt`bg ly l ‘ibssfit`zf‑ tb alskft jl`hvsf' Lyyvafy tmlt ~bh`ip alkfsy lit tb al}`a`f ~bh`t`ilh yv~~bst' i' Aldbs _mfaf4 _mfaf4 tb ymbu ymbu mbu ibaabg ibaabg hlu mly cffg cffg o`y~hlifo o`y~hlifo cp ~bh`ip jbsalt jbsalt`bg `bg -hfe`yhlt`bg) ly ~s`alsp aflgy bj ybi`lh sfevhlt`bg' o'  Ovgilg Fytltf Fytltf z' Cloohfp -~'95)4 Oftfsa`g`ge `j hbyy bj jvtvsf flsg`ge il~li`tp -ljtfs  ofltm) `y ‘litvlh j`glgi`lh hbyy'‑ Lsevafgt clyfo bg hfe`yhlt`zf aflg`ge ’ umlt o`o tmf hfe`yhltvsf aflg cp ‘litvlh j`glgi`lh hbyy'‑ f'  Cmlovs`l -~'?3) ! ^vch`i imb`if tmfbsp' ‘_mf Ibof `tyfhj mly hl`o bvt tmf ~sbifovsfy jbs  z`go`ilt`bg bj tmlt ~vch`i ~bh`ip( ~sbifovsfy um`im tmf ^ o`o gbt yff j`t tb vyf'‑ Hfe`yhlt`zf `gtfgt tmlt pbv ymbvho j`syt eb f}mlvyt Loa`g`ytslt`zf sfafo`fy cfjbsf ibvst'  j' M`hh z' Imvsim Imvsim bj Yi`fgtb Yi`fgtbhbep hbep e' Abss`y Abss`y Algg`ge( Algg`ge( Imvsim Imvsim hlupfs( hlupfs( ibaafgtfo ibaafgtfo v~bg lhhfelt`bgy lhhfelt`bgy `g l gbt`if gbt`if bj abt`bg cp cp Yi`fgtbhbep( `gtfgo`ge tb ibaafgif is`a`glh ibgtfa~t ~sbiffo`gey lel`gyt l Isbug Lttbsgfp(( Ilyfp M`hh' Lttbsgfp M`hh' Abt`bg lhhfefo M`hh mlo a`yhfo l dvoef lgo mlo csflimfo bsofsy yflh`ge ifstl`g obivafgty cfhbge`ge tb Yi`fgtbhbep' Lt tmf ibgtfa~t ~sbiffo`ge umfsf tmf l~~fhhlgty ufsf yffk`ge l j`gf bs `a~s`ybgafgt lel`gyt tmf ofjfgolgt( tmf lhhfelt`bgy lel`gyt M`hh ufsf jbvgo tb cf vgtsvf' M`hh hlvgimfo l hluyv`t jbs olalefy jbs olalefy `g h`cfh lel`gyt tmf l~~fhhlgty' m' @g H%Mfvsfv}!Ovcà%y  H%Mfvsfv}!Ovcà%y ibgivss`ge sflybgy mfs lglhpy`y bj tmf Imlstfs `yyvf l~~hp`ge tb ibaabg hlu `y yvii`githp ytltfo4 -lt º 3>:)4 < _mf Imlstfs obfy gbt o`sfithp l~~hp tb tmf ibaabg hlu vghfyy `t `y tmf cly`y bj ybaf  ebzfsgafgtlh  ebzfsgafgtlh lit`bg' lit`bg' 3 Fzfg tmbvem tmf Imlstfs obfy gbt o`sfithp l~~hp tb tmf ibaabg hlu lcyfgt ebzfsgafgt lit`bg( tmf ibaabg hlu avyt gbgftmfhfyy cf ofzfhb~fo `g liibsolgif u`tm Imlstfs zlhvfy' @g btmfs ubsoy( tmf cly`i svhf `y tmlt lcyfgt ebzfsgafgt lit`bg( tmf Imlstfs l~~h`fy bghp `go`sfithp tb tmf ibaabg hlu'

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Lcbs` Lcbs`e` e`glh glhy‐ y‐ ivh ivhtvs tvslh lh(( ~bh`t ~bh`t`i `ilh lh(( fibgb fibgba` a`ii lgo lgo hfelh hfelh ypyt ypytfa fay" y"s` s`emt emtyy gbt gbt ~sbt ~sbtfit fitfo fo ljt ljtfs  fs  ibhbg`lt`bg' Cvt `g <0=3( u`tm tmf ~lts`lt`bg bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg( lcbs`e`glh s`emty ufsf ibgyt`tvt`bglhhp fgtsfgimfo `g y 96 bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit( <0=3' l'  A`timfhh z Ilglo yfit`bg ) Ilglol l lgo Ofhelavvku z CI  `gtfs~sftfo y 96 -yff `g Lcbs`e`glh yfit`bg)

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Ilgl Ilglol ol‐y ‐y Iba Ibaab abg g Hlu Hlu * I`z I`z`h `h Hlu Hlu _sl _slo` o`tt`bgy `bgy l' Cs`t`ym ibgif~ty bj  ‘sfif~t`bg‑ oftfsa`gfo mbu Ilglol‐y ibaabg hlu lgo ytltvtbsp hlu uly sfif`zfo' Fgeh`ym hlu `g Ilglol of~fgofgt bg umftmfs bs gbt ibhbgp uly ‘ibg|vfsfo‑ bs ‘yftthfo'‑ `' Ibg|vfsfo4 Ibg|vfsfo4 ^sf!f}`yt`ge ^sf!f}`yt`ge hluy hluy bj `go`efgbvy ybzfsf`eg ybzfsf`eg sfal`gfo sfal`gfo `g jbsif( jbsif( yvcdfit yvcdfit tb abo`j`ilt`bg"sf~hlifafgt cp Isbug"^lsh`lafgt umfsf gfifyylsp tb b~fsltf ebz‐t' ``' Yftthfo4 Yftthfo4 Ybaf jbsa jbsa bj hlu hlu uly sf|v`sfo sf|v`sfo tb ebzfsg ebzfsg gfu ibhbg`fy' ibhbg`fy' A`} A`} bj ibaabg ibaabg hlu * ytltvtbsp hlu jsba Fgehlgo'

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Gltv Gltvsf sf bj Iba baab abg g Hlu Hlu * I`z`h `z`h Hlu l' Ibaabg Ibaabg Hlu4 Fgeh`ym Fgeh`ym `gzfgt`b `gzfgt`bg g' @t `y dvoef!alof dvoef!alof hlu( ofzfhb~fo ofzfhb~fo tmsbvem tmsbvem tmf ibaabg ibaabg hlu ibvsty -ly b~~byfo tb tmf Ibvst bj Imlgifsp)' `' _ub jvgolafgtl jvgolafgtlhh tmfbs`fy4 tmfbs`fy4 -<) Dvoefy Dvoefy ob gbt gbt alkf tmf tmf hlu cvt cvt afsfhp afsfhp ofihlsf ofihlsf `t; -3) lhh tmf sfhfzlgt ~lyt ofi`y`bgy lsf ibgy`ofsfo ly fz`ofgif bj tmf hlu( lgo dvoefy `gjfs jsba tmfyf ~sfifofgty umlt `y tmf tsvf hlu `g l e`zfg `gytlgif' ``' Ibaabg hlu aftmbobhbep( fzfg umfsf ytltvtbsp ybvsify bj hlu lsf ~sfyfgt( fa~hbpy lglhbe`ilh sflybg`ge jsba ytltvtbsp ~sbz`y`bgy tb j`hh `g el~y'

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Kfp litbsy `g ~lsh`lafgt l' ^bh`t`ilh ~lst`fy `' Ofi`y`bg alk`ge `g ^lsh`lafgt of~fgoy bg yulp`ge l aldbs`tp bj zbtfy `g flim imlacfs' ``' Yviifyy bj l abt`bg oftfsa`gfo cp umftmfs `t lttslity l aldbs`tp bj zbtfy' ```' _mfyf svhfy fgibvslef ~lsh`lafgtls`lgy tb bselg`f `gtb ~lst`fy * zbtf fg chbi'  c' _mf Y~flkfs -y' ?? bj Ibgyt' Lit <=:5) `' A^ fhfitfo tb tmf ~by`t`bg' Lyyvafy tmf m`emfyt lvtmbs`tp `g tmf Mbvyf' ``' Lity ly l y~bkfy~fsybg bj tmf Mbvyf( ~sfy`ofy bzfs y`tt`gey bj tmf Mbvyf( * f}tfgy`zf sfy~bgy`c`h`t`fy sfhlt`ge tb loa`g`ytslt`bg bj tmf Mbvyf' i' ^lsh`lafgtlsp ibaa`ttffy `' Ibaa`ttffy bj tmf Umbhf -Mbvyf) ! Alof v~ bj tmf fgt`sf Mbvyf' ``' Ytlgo`ge ibaa`ttffy ! <= ivssfgthp( tb f}la`gf `yyvfy bj ibgt`gv`ge `a~bstlgif' Fytlch`ymfo jbs tmf h`jf bj ^lsh`lafgt( tmfp ~lslhhfh tmf ebzfsgafgt of~lstafgty umbyf ~bh`ip ofzfhb~afgt tmfp f}la`gf' <<

```' Hfe`yhlt`zf ibaa`ttffy ! Isfltfo bg lg lo mbi cly`y tb f}la`gf y~fi`j`i c`hhy' `z' Y~fi`lh ibaa`ttffy ! ‘_lyk jbsify‑ l~~b`gtfo bg lg lo mbi cly`y tb ytvop y~fi`j`i alttfsy' Fytlch`ymfo cp l abt`bg y~fi`jp`ge `ty ~vs~byf lgo ~bufsy' z' Db`gt ibaa`ttffy ! Iba~byfo bj afacfsy bj cbtm Mbvyf lgo Yfgltf( l~~b`gtfo vgofs Ytlgo`ge Bsofsy bj flim Mbvyf -Ytlgo`ge Db`gt) bs cp y~fi`lh sfybhvt`bgy bj  tmf tub Mbvyfy -Y~fi`lh Db`gt)' z`' Yvcibaa`ttffy ! Ytlgo`ge ibaa`ttffy lsf jsff tb ofhfeltf ybaf ~lst bj tmf`s  algoltf tb l yalhhfs esbv~( l yvcibaa`ttff' Z@@@'

^lsh`lafgtlsp ~sbifovsf"hlu alk`ge l' Ybvsif bj ~lsh`lafgtlsp hlu `' ^lsh`lafgtlsp hlu( `'f' tmf svhfy oftfsa`g`ge ~lsh`lafgtlsp ~sbifovsf( jhbuy jsba lg lsslp bj ybvsify `gihvo`ge ytltvtf( Ibgyt`tvt`bg( fti  c' Ibgyt`tvt`bg lgo ytltvtf 4 `' _mf ytlst`ge ~b`gt tb vgofsytlgo`ge ~lsh`lafgtlsp hlu `y tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg' _mf Ilglo`lg Ibgyt`tvt`bg `gibs~bsltfy Cs`t`ym ~lsh`lafgtlsp tslo`t`bgy z`l tmf  ~sflachf tb tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit( <=:5' _mlt Lit y~flky bj ^lsh`lafgt ~byyfyy`ge  ~lsh`lafgtlsp ‘~s`z`hfefy‑( lgo yb obfy tmf ^lsh`lafgt bj Ilglol Lit ``' _mf `a~bstlgt ~lst `g tm`y yfit`bg `y ~lsh`lafgtlsp ~s`z`hfef' ```' ^lsh`lafgtlsp ~s`z`hfefy lsf tmbyf s`emty gfifyylsp tb fgyvsf tmlt hfe`yhltvsfy ilg  ~fsjbsa tmf`s jvgit`bgy( jsff jsba `gtfsjfsfgif cp tmf Isbug lgo tmf ibvsty' `z' ‘^s`z`hfef‑ `g tm`y ibgtf}t vyvlhhp aflgy hfelh f}fa~t`bg jsba ybaf ovtp( cvsofg fti tb um`im btmfsy lsf yvcdfit' Yff Ilglol z Zl`o ' z' [GB_F4 _mf `ofl bj ~s`z`hfef sfjhfity lgo fgjbsify tmf yf~lslt`bg bj ~bufsy( y~fi`j`ilhhp tmf yf~lslt`bg cftuffg ^lsh`lafgt"hfe`yhltvsfy lgo ibvstyQ z`' Ilglol -Mbvyf bj Ibaabgy) z' Zl`o4 @y ~s`z`hfef l ybvsif bj `aavg`tp bj   ~lsh`lafgtls`lgy jsba mvalg s`emty hlu2 Imlvjjfvs o`ya`yyfo `g z`bhlt`bg bj  Ilglo`lg Mvalg S`emty Lit ' MFHO ! ^s`z`hfef lttlimfy tb tmf Mbvyf‐y sfhlt`bgy u`tm ybaf bj `ty fa~hbpffy( cvt gbt LHH fa~hbpffy' Gbt lhh sfhlt`bgy u`tm fa~hbpffy u`tm`g jfofslh hfe`yhlt`zf dvs`yo`it`bg alp cf `aavg`fo jsba mvalg s`emty imlhhfgefy' i' Ytlgo`ge bsofsy4 `' Ilglol‐y hfe`yhltvsfy ilg loa`g`ytfs tmlt ~lst bj l ytltvtf sfhlt`ge tb `ty `gtfsglh  ~sbifovsf( ly ufhh ly tb oftfsa`gf tmf ibgtfgty bj yvim tm`gey ly Ytlgo`ge Bsofsy bg ^sbifovsf( u`tmbvt ibvst `gtfszfgt`bg' ``' Ytlgo`ge bsofsy lsf svhfy bj ~sbifovsf lob~tfo cp lt hflyt l y`a~hf aldbs`tp zbtf bj  tmf afacfsy bj tmf Ibaabgy' Ytlgo`ge bsofsy ibgyt`tvtf l jl`shp iba~sfmfgy`zf ibof bj Ibaabgy b~fslt`bgy( `gihvo`ge `g sfhlt`bg tb Ibaabgy hlu alk`ge o'

^lsh`lafgtlsp hlu alk`ge ! Yib~f bj hlu alk`ge dvs`yo`it`bg -yvcytlgt`zf hlu jbivy) `' ^lsh`lafgtlsp yv~sfalip aflgy tmlt ^lsh`lafgt `y tmf ybvsif bj lhh ~bufs lgo ^lsh`lafgt mly tmf dvs`yo`it`bg tb alkf bs vgalkf lgp hlu umltfzfs' Bghp ibgytsl`gty lsf jbvgo `g tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg' <3

``' ^lsh`lafgt `y( tmfsfjbsf( fzfg jsff tb ~lyy ilsfhfyy bs clo hluy( yb hbge ly `t yt`iky u`tm`g `ty Ibgyt`tvt`bglh algoltf' <'  Clibg z' Ylykltimfulg Isb~ @gyvslgif Ibs~ -~'<09) ’ Svhf bj hlu ~s`gi`~hf tb imlhhfgef lhhfefohp clo hlu' _mf sbhf bj ^lsh`lafgt `y yv~sfaf umfg lit`ge u`tm`g `ty ibgyt`tvt`bglh h`a`ty( tmvy gb gffo tb ofi`of umftmfs ~lyylef uly lg lsc`tslsp vyf bj ~bufs' _mf ~vch`i‐y ~sbtfit`bg jsba tmf lsc`tslsp vyf bj ~bufs   cp tmf fhfitfo hfe`yhltbsy `y tmf clhhbt cb}'

```'

Jvstmfs( fzfg `j ^lsh`lafgt `y ts`ikfo `gtb ~lyy`ge l hlu cp tmf f}fivt`zf( tmlt lhbgf `y `gyvjj`i`fgt jbs l ibvst tb yts`kf `t obug; yvim lg `yyvf `y gbt dvyt`i`lchf <' _vsgfs z' Ilglol -~' <0:) Lg lit`bg lel`gyt tmf \vffg clyfo bg lhhfelt`bgy tmlt ^lsh`lafgt mly cffg `govifo tb fglit hfe`yhlt`bg cp tmf tbst`bvy lity lgo ba`yy`bgy bj A`g`ytfsy bj tmf Isbug `y gbt dvyt`i`lchf' 3' Fzfg `j ^lsh`lafgt `y iba~ftfgt tb ~lyy clo -cvt yt`hh ibgyt`tvt`bglhhp zlh`o) hluy( `t `y gbt ~sfyvafo tmlt `t aflgy tb ob yb' ^lsh`lafgt alp yts`~ lulp ibgtslitvlh s`emty( cvt tb ob yb `t avyt cf fa~mlt`i'

`z' Jvstmfs( Ilglo`lgy lsfg‐t fgt`thfo tb ovf ~sbifyy bs ~sbifovslh jl`sgfyy `g tmf hlu! alk`ge ~sbifyy -yb hbge ly tmf ~sbifovsfy `g tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg mlzf cffg aft)' Ibvsty ylp tmlt tm`y ly~fit bj hlu alk`ge ymbvho cf hbbkfo ljtfs cp ^lsh`lafgt"hfe`yhltvsfy tmfayfhzfy' _b ob yb ubvho tsfgim ~lsh`lafgtlsp ~s`z`hfef' _m`y aflgy tmlt ^lsh`lafgt ubvho cf jsff tb lit vgjl`shp( yvim ly cp ~lyy`ge l hlu u`tmbvt lgp gbt`if tb tmbyf `a~h`iltfo `g `t' <' Ufhhy z' Gfujbvgohlgo  -~' <0=)! Lsf bjj`ifmbhofsy -yfg`bs i`z`h yfszlgty umb mbho tfgvsfo ~by`t`bgy) bufo iba~fgylt`bg `j tmf`s ~by`t`bgy lsf fh`a`gltfo cp hfe`yhlt`bg2 3' MFHO ! Pfy' _mf Isbug mly l ibgtslitvlh bch`elt`bg tb sfy~bgofgty um`im `t csflimfy cp fh`a`glt`ge tmf`s ~by`t`bgy' Ly hbge ly ^‐y s`emt tb yffk olalefy jbs tmlt csflim `y gbt fh`a`gltfo cp hfe`yhlt`bg( mf alp yffk  iba~fgylt`bg' z'  Lvtmbsybg z' Ilglol -~' 3>3) ’ Ebz‐t f}~sb~s`lt`bg bj ~sb~fstp u`tmbvt iba~fgylt`bg `y o`yibvslefo cp bvs ibaabg hlu tslo`t`bg( cvt `t `y lhhbufo umfg ^lsh`lafgt vyfy ihfls * vglac`evbvy hlgevlef tb ob yb' _mfsf `y gb ovf ~sbifyy s`emt lel`gyt ovhp fglitfo hfe`yhlt`bg vglac`evbvyhp f}~sb~s`lt`ge ~sb~fstp `gtfsfyty' f'  Ftm`iy `g hlu alk`ge -jbivy`ge bg ibgjh`ity bj `gtfsfyt) `' ^lsh`lafgt alp cf ybzfsf`eg( cvt `go`z`ovlh ~lsh`lafgtls`lgy lsf gbt ``' ^lsh`lafgtls`lg `govifo cp tmf ~sby~fit bj j`glgi`lh el`g tb zbtf `g bgf ulp bs  lgbtmfs `g ~fsjbsa`ge m`y hlu alk`ge jvgit`bgy `y yvcdfit tb ylgit`bg `g l gvacfs  bj ulpy ```' Ftm`iy svhfy f}`yt cbtm `g ytltvtbsp hlu lgo `g tmf `gtfsglh ~sbifovslh svhfy ebzfsg`ge flim mbyf bj ^lsh`lafgt  j'

^lsh`lafgt‐y hlu!alk`ge ~sbifovsf -c`hh tb hlu) `' Ebzfsgfo cp svhfy bj ~sbifovsf bj flim imlacfs bj ^lsh`lafgt( f'e' Ytlgo`ge Bsofsy bj tmf Mbvyf bj Ibaabgy

<9

``' _mfsf lsf 3 tp~fy bj c`hhy4 ~vch`i -ifgtfsfo bg ~vch`i ~bh`ip) lgo ~s`zltf -sfhltfy tb alttfsy bj l ~lst`ivhls `gtfsfyt"cfgfj`t tb l ~fsybg"~fsybgy)' _mf hfe`yhlt`zf ~sbifyy jbs flim `y l c`t o`jjfsfgt ```' ^vch`i c`hhy4 <' Ebfy tmsbvem 0 ytlefy( tmf yfibgo sflo`ge cf`ge tmf abyt `a~bstlgt ytlef -`t `y tmfg tmlt tmf ~s`gi`~hf lgo bcdfit bj tmf c`hh lsf ofcltfo"liif~tfo"sfdfitfo; tmsff tp~fy bj lafgoafgty alp cf ~sb~byfo lt tm`y ytlef) l' Bgif tmf l~~sb~s`ltf gbt`if mly cffg e`zfg( l Afacfs `y e`zfg hflzf bj tmf Mbvyf tb `gtsbovif tmf c`hh'  c' _mf c`hh `y sflo l j`syt t`af lgo ~s`gtfo' i' _mf c`hh `y sflo l yfibgo t`af' o' _mf c`hh `y sfjfssfo tb ibaa`ttff' f' _mf c`hh `y ibgy`ofsfo `g ibaa`ttff lgo sf~bstfo clik tmf Mbvyf' j' _mf Mbvyf ibgivsy `g tmf c`hh lt tmf sf~bst ytlef' e' _mf c`hh `y sflo l tm`so t`af lgo ~lyyfo cp tmf Mbvyf' m' _mf c`hh ebfy tmsbvem ytlefy `g tmf Yfgltf l~~sb}`altfhp tmf ylaf ly tmbyf `g tmf Mbvyf' `' _mf c`hh sfif`zfy Sbplh Lyyfgt' 3' L c`hh cfibafy hlu umfg `t sfif`zfy Sbplh Lyyfgt' Jbs Sbplh Lyyfgt tb cf e`zfg( tmf c`hh mly tb cf ~lyyfo `g tmf ylaf jbsa cp cbtm Mbvyfy -`'f' tmf Yfgltf lgo Mbvyf bj Ibaabgy)' `z' ^s`zltf c`hhy4 <' L c`hh ofy`egfo tb f}fa~t lg `go`z`ovlh bs esbv~ bj `go`z`ovlhy jsba tmf l~~h`ilt`bg bj tmf hlu `y l ~s`zltf c`hh' ^s`zltf c`hhy lsf yvcdfit tb y~fi`lh svhfy `g cbtm Mbvyfy bj ^lsh`lafgt( mbufzfs( abyt ~s`zltf c`hhy bs`e`gltf `g tmf Yfgltf umfsf tmf jffy lgo imlsefy `a~byfo bg tmf ~sbabtfs lsf hfyy 3' _mfp lsf `gtsbovifo cp aflgy bj l ~ft`t`bg y`egfo cp tmf `gtfsfytfo ~lst`fy lgo ~sfyfgtfo `g tmf Mbvyf cp l Afacfs umb mly lesffo tb y~bgybs `t'

_MF F]FSI@YF BJ F]FIV_@ZF LV_MBS@_P -Im'6) @'

_mf F}fivt`zf Cslgim l' _mf f}fivt`zf cslgim sfjfsy tb `gyt`tvt`bgy `g ebzfsgafgt tmlt lsf sfy~bgy`chf jbs  `a~hfafgt`ge lgo fgjbsi`ge hluy'
 c' Lt tmf mflst bj loa`g`ytslt`zf hlu `y l sf|v`sfafgt tmlt ebzfsgafgt bjj`i`lhy f}fsi`yf tmf`s   ~bufsy `g jvstmfslgif bj ~vch`i `gtfsfyty' `' L y`a`hls f}~fitlt`bg vgofsh`fy tmf f}fsi`yf bj hfe`yhlt`zf ~bufsy( cvt `g tmf ilyf bj hfe`yhltbsy( ~vch`i ~sfjfsfgify lsf alof kgbu( lgo tmf isflt`bg bj ~vch`i ~bh`ip `y hfe`t`a`fo tmsbvem ofabislt`i ~sbifyyfy' ``' Loa`g`ytslt`zf litbsy( mbufzfs( lsf efgfslhhp gbt fhfitfo i' @g ilyfy umfsf loa`g`ytslt`zf bjj`i`lhy f}fsi`yf glssbu ~bufsy tmlt lsf ilsfjvhhp ofj`gfo tmsbvem hfe`yhlt`bg( tmf ofabislt`i hfe`t`alip bj loa`g`ytslt`zf ofi`y`bgy `y ofs`zfo jsba tmf ihbyf sfhlt`bgym`~ cftuffg loa`g bjj`i`lhy lgo tmf hfe`yhltvsf' @@'

_mf f}fivt`zf cslgim ofj`gfo l' _mf Isbug4 `' _mf fgt`sf lvtmbs`tp bj tmf f}fivt`zf cslgim `y zfytfo `g tmf abglsimp' Isbug `y tmf jbsalh hfelh fgt`tp bj tmf ebzfsgafgt( lgo `y cflsfs bj cbtm hfelh s`emty lgo bch`elt`bgy ’ Jbvgo `g y 0 bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit <=:5 ``' Ebzfsgbs Efgfslh `y tb f}fsi`yf lhh ~bufsy lgo lvtmbs`t`fy hlujvhhp cfhbge`ge tb tmf abglsim `g sfy~fit bj Ilglol c' _mf ^s`af A`g`ytfs lgo tmf Ilc`gft  `' A`g`ytfsy lgo tmf ~s`af a`g`ytfs tbeftmfs iba~s`yf tmf a`g`ytsp -um`im `y vyfo `gtfsimlgeflchp u`tm tmf ubso ilc`gft)' _mf ^A ~sfy`ofy bzfs Ilc`gft' ``' _mf Ilc`gft `y `g abyt alttfsy tmf yv~sfaf f}fivt`zf lvtmbs`tp4 <' Ilc`gft oftfsa`gfy tmf hfe`yhlt`zf lefgol bj tmf ebz‐t `g ^lsh`lafgt * Ilc`gft * a`g`ytfsy sfy~bgy`chf jbs tmf loa`g`ytslt`bg bj tmf `go`z`ovlh of~lstafgty bj tmf ebz‐t'

```' _mf yf~lslt`bg bj tmf f}fivt`zf cslgim jsba tmf hfe`yhlt`zf cslgim `y gbt lcybhvtf' _mf a`g`ytsp `y liibvgtlchf tb tmf hfe`yhlt`zf cslgim cbtm ibhhfit`zfhp lgo `go`z`ovlhhp' <' Ibhhfit`zf sfy~bgy`c`h`tp sf|v`sfy tmlt tmf a`g`ytsp al`gtl`g tmf ibgj`ofgif bj tmf ^lsh`lafgt' 3' @go`z`ovlh a`g`ytfs`lh sfy~bgy`c`h`tp sf|v`sfy tmlt flim a`g`ytfs cf lgyufslchf `g ^lsh`lafgt jbs tmf lit`z`t`fy bj m`y bs mfs of~lstafgt `z' @g loo`t`bg tb Ilc`gft sfy~bgy`c`h`t`fy( Ilc`gft a`g`ytfsy mlzf loa`g`ytslt`zf sfy~bgy`c`h`tp jbs of~lstafgty vgofs tmf`s imlsef( um`im `gihvof y~fi`j`i ~bufsy tb alkf ofi`y`bgy ljjfit`ge tmf s`emty bj `go`z`ovlhy' i' _mf ^vch`i Yfsz`if `' _mf fa~hbpffy bj a`g`yts`fy bj tmf ebzfsgafgt ! i`z`h yfszlgty( lhyb ~lst bj  f}fivt`zf ``' _mfp lsf o`yt`git jsba a`g`ytfsy( mbufzfs( `g tmlt tmfp lsf ~bh`t`ilhhp gfvtslh ```' I`z`h yfszlgty avyt cf hbplh tb tmf ebzfsgafgt tmfp sf~sfyfgt - Jslyfs z Ilglol) o' @gof~fgofgt Loa`g`ytslt`zf Lefgi`fy `' Ly l alttfs bj f}~sfyy ibgyt`tvt`bglh sfibeg`t`bg( tmf jbsalh f}fivt`zf cbo`fy lsf h`a`tfo tb tmf ebzfsgbs efgfslh lgo h`fvtfglgt ebzfsgbsy( tmf jfofslh lgo ~sbz`gi`lh Ilc`gfty( lgo tmf ypytfa bj ebzfsgafgtlh of~lstafgty lgo a`g`yts`fy tmlt lsf bzfsyffg cp `go`z`ovlh a`g`ytfsy

<6

``' Mbufzfs( f}fivt`zf jvgit`bgy lsf lhyb ilss`fo bvt cp l zls`ftp bj cbo`fy tmlt mlzf l aflyvsf bj `gof~fgofgif jsba tmf ebzfsgafgt( jbs l gvacfs bj sflybgy -f'e' tmf hfe`yhltvsf alp oftfsa`gf tmlt ifstl`g ofi`y`bgy lsf cfyt alof bg l ~s`gi`~hfo cly`y lgo tmfsfjbsf ymbvho cf `gyvhltfo jsba ibgy`ofslt`bgy bj ~bh`t`ilh f}~fo`fgip; lhyb(  ~lst`ivhls k`go bj f}~fst`yf a`emt cf gffofo) ```' @gof~fgofgt loa`g cbo`fy l~~fls `g l csblo slgef bj jbsay of~fgo`ge bg tmf`s  jvgit`bg `z' Lg loa`g`ytslt`zf cbop `y tmf ~sbovit bj tmf hfe`yhlt`zf `gytsvafgt tmlt isfltfy `t z' Ly l ibgyt`tvt`bglh alttfs( lodvo`ilt`zf loa`g cbo`fy ob gbt mlzf tb cf `gof~fgofgt( lhtmbvem tmfsf alp cf i`sivaytlgify um`im sf|v`sf tmf`s  `gof~fgofgif' z`' Biflg ^bst Mbtfh z' C'I' -~' 3?3) ! Lsevfo tmlt tmf H`|vbs Ibgtsbh Cblso -loa`g lefgip) hlikfo yvjj`i`fgt `gof~fgofgif tb svhf lgo `a~byf tmf ~fglhtp tmlt `t o`o( lgo tmfsfjbsf tmf ofi`y`bg avyt cf yft ly`of' <' MFHO ! Gb ibgyt`tvt`bglh evlslgtff bj dvo`i`lh `gof~fgofgif tmlt alof  ^sbz`gi`lh Ibvst Dvoefy Sfjfsfgif l~~h`ilchf tb tmf H`|vbs L~~flh Cblso' Cblso `y gbt l ibvst( gbs obfy `t l~~sblim tmf ibgyt`tvt`bglh sbhf bj tmf ibvsty' @t `y j`syt lgo jbsfabyt l h`ifgy`ge cbop( lgo tmf yvy~fgy`bg uly lg `gi`ofgt bj tmf Cblso‐y h`ifgy`ge jvgit`bg' _mf f}fsi`yf bj ~bufs mfsf jlhhy y|vlsfhp u`tm`g tmf f}fivt`zf ~bufs bj tmf ~sbz`gi`lh ebzfsgafgt' f' Isbug ibs~bslt`bgy `' Loa`g cbop tmlt mly l hfelh ~fsybglh`tp yf~lsltf jsba tmf ebzfsgafgt' ``' _mf ~vs~byf bj isflt`ge Isbug ibs~bslt`bgy `y tmlt tmfp alp cf vyfjvh umfsf tmfsf `y l ytsbge ibaafsi`lh ly~fit tb tmf ebzfsgafgtlh yfsz`if( um`im alp sf|v`sf ofi`y`bgy tb cf alof jsff jsba ~bh`t`ilh `gjhvfgify tmlt alp vgovhp `gtfsjfsf u`tm tmf ibaafsi`lh bcdfit`zfy' ```' _mf vyf bj Isbug Ibs~y `y l o`yt`git jbsa bj sfevhlt`bg tmlt ls`yfy jsba o`sfit bugfsym`~' `z' FE4 Clgk bj Ilglol( Ilglol ^byt( Z@L Sl`h 

j'  Avg`i`~lh`t`fy `' Avg`i`~lh`t`fy( um`im lsf isfltfo vgofs ~sbz`gi`lh hfe`yhlt`bg( ofh`zfs l u`of slgef bj ~vch`i yfsz`ify( yvim ly sblo( yfufs * ultfs yfsz`ify ``' Y`eg`j`ilgt ~bh`ip!alk`ge jvgit`bgy `g alttfsy tmlt ljjfit hbilh sfy`ofgty( efgfslhhp f}fsi`yfo tmsbvem tmf fglitafgt bj avg`i`~lh cp!hluy ```' B~fsltf `gof~fgofgthp jsba tmf ~sbz`gi`lh ebzfsgafgty tmlt isfltfo tmfa( cvt lsf gbt l o`yt`git hfzfh bj ebzfsgafgt `g tmlt hbilh ebz‐t `y l ibgyt`tvt`bglhhp sfibeg`fo hfzfh bj ebzfsgafgt u`tm`g Ilglol'

`z' Vht`altfhp( avg`i`~lh ~bufsy lsf yvcdfit tb sfevhltbsp |vlh`j`ilt`bgy `a~byfo cp yv~fs`bs hfzfhy bj ebzfsgafgt( `gihvo`ge tmf slo`ilh sfytsvitvs`ge bs fh`a`glt`bg bj  avg`i`~lh`t`fy' z' Ymfhh z' Ilglol4 Aldbs`tp B~`g`bg4 Zlgibvzfs avg`i`~lh`tp ibvho GB_ sfjvyf tb ob cvy`gfyy u`tm Ymfhh c"i bj l~lstmf`o' Avg`i`~lh lvtmbs`tp ilg bghp cf f}fsi`yfo `g sfhlt`bg tb lit`z`t`fy jlhh`ge u`tm`g avg`i`~lh ~vs~byfy( lgo tmf f}tsl!tfss`tbs`lh  ~vs~byf bj tmf sfybhvt`bg uly `a~sb~fs' <:

 e' Fgjbsifafgt cbo`fy4 ^bh`if lgo ^sbyfivtbsy `' _mf f}fivt`zf cslgim bj ebzfsgafgt( `g loo`t`bg tb cf`ge sfy~bgy`chf jbs tmf `a~hfafgtlt`bg bj ebzfsgafgt ~bh`ip( `y sf|v`sfo tb fgjbsif tmbyf ~bh`i`fy tmlt mlzf tmf jbsif bj hlu' _mf fgjbsifafgt ovt`fy jlhh ~s`als`hp bg tmf ~bh`if lgo tb  ~sbyfivtbsy ``' _mfsf `y l tfgy`bg c"u liibvgtlc`h`tp lgo `gof~fgofgif `g tmf ibgtf}t bj  fgjbsifafgt -`'f' jsff jsba ~bh`t`ilh bzfsy`emt( pft tmfp mlzf tb cf mfho liibvgtlchf)

```'  S z' Ila~cfhh -~'363)4 Umftmfs l ~bh`if bjj`ifs `gzfyt`elt`ge l is`af `y lit`ge ly l ebzfsgafgt jvgit`bglsp bs lg lefgt2 Mfho4 _mf ^B `y `gof~fgofgt bj tmf ibgtsbh bj  tmf f}fivt`zf ebz‐t' _mf ^B `y gbt f}fsi`y`ge l ofhfeltfo lvtmbs`tp( cvt lg bs`e`glh lvtmbs`tp' @@@'

Ybvsify bj f}fivt`zf ~bufs 1 Lhh f}fivt`zf ~bufs jhbuy jsba tmf sbplh ~sfsbelt`zf * ytltvtbsp ofhfelt`bg4 l'  ^sfsbelt`zf ~bufsy4 `' ^sfsbelt`zf ~bufsy lsf tmbyf f}fsi`ylchf cp tmf Isbug tmlt ob gbt ls`yf jsba l ytltvtbsp eslgt bj ~bufs tb tmf Isbug ``' _mfyf ~bufsy ilg cf bzfss`oofg cp ytltvtf ```'  Chlik z' Imsft`fg -~' 36=) ! ^A sfibaafgofo lel`gyt tmf ibgjfsslh bj l jbsf`eg mbgbs bg l Ilglo`lg i`t`fg' MFHO ! Bgif ^A‐y f}fsi`yf bj tmf ‘mbgbvsy ~sfsbelt`zf‑ `y jbvgo tb cf cfpbgo sfz`fu bj tmf ibvsty ( mbu tmf ^A f}fsi`yfy tmf ~sfsbelt`zf `y lhyb cfpbgo sfz`fu' Fzfg `j tmf loz`if uly usbge bs ilsfhfyy bs  gfeh`efgt( bs m`y abt`zfy ufsf |vfyt`bglchf( tmfp ilggbt cf imlhhfgefo cp  dvo`i`lh sfz`fu'  c'  Ytltvtbsp ~bufsy * Ofhfelt`bg 4 `' _mf aldbs`tp bj f}fivt`zf ~bufsy bs`e`gltf jsba l ofhfelt`bg bj lvtmbs`tp cp tmf hfe`yhltvsf cp ytltvtf' _mf ubso ‘ofhfeltf‑ aflgy h`tthf absf tmlg lefgt' ``' _mf hfe`yhltvsf sftl`gy `ty ~bufsy `gtlit( lgo ilg( umfgfzfs `t ~hflyfy( ofytsbp tmf lefgip `t mly isfltfo' ```' Ofhfelt`bg ~bufs bj Hfe`yhltvsfy `y u`of -~lsh`lafgtlsp ybzfsf`egtp)( cvt tmf  ~bufsy ofhfeltfo avyt ibgjbsa tb tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg( lgo lgbtmfs svhf um`im ylpy tmlt gb ofhfeltf ilg cf lvtmbs`fo tb f}fsi`yf lcybhvtf o`yisft`bg  -Sbgifslhh` z  Ov~hfy`y ) `z'  Sf Eslp -~' 3:6) Hfe`yhltvsfy ilg ofhfeltf ~bufs tb f}fivt`zf( cvt ilggbt lco`iltf tmf`s ~bufs' Alp l ofhfelt`bg bj ~bufs cp ^lsh`lafgt tb tmf Ebzfsgbs Efgfslh labvgt tb l iba~hftf lco`ilt`bg bj hfe`yhlt`zf lvtmbs`tp2 <' MFHO!Gb' ^lsh`lafgt ilggbt lco`iltf `ty jvgit`bgy( cvt u`tm`g sflybglchf h`a`ty lt lgp sltf `t ilg ofhfeltf `ty ~bufsy tb tmf F}fivt`zf ebz‐t' Ymbst bj  l iba~hftf lco`ilt`bg( lgp h`a`tfo ofhfelt`bg `y u`tm`g tmf lac`t bj l hfe`yhlt`zf dvs`yo`it`bg' z' ^lsh`lafgt ilggbt ofhfeltf tb ~sbz`gi`lh hfe`yhltvsfy( lgo z`if zfsyl -`'f' `gtfs  ofhfelt`bg) -tmf cly`y bj tm`y ~s`gi`~hf `y tmlt lg `gtfs!ofhfelt`bg ubvho v~yft tmf ibgyt`tvt`bglh o`z`y`bg bj ~bufsy ibgtl`gfo `g yy 0< lgo 03 bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit( <5

<=:5)( lhtmbvem tmfsf ilg cf `go`sfit `gtfs!ofhfelt`bg -glafhp umfsf tmf `gtfs! ofhfelt`bg uly tb lg loa`g`ytslt`zf cbop) - ^F@ ^btltb Alskft`ge Cblso z U`hh`y)' z`'  Gbzl Yibt`l @gtfs!ofhfelt`bg -~' 3:5)4 Gf`tmfs tmf jfofslh ^lsh`lafgt gbs tmf ~sbz`gi`lh Hfe`yhltvsfy alp ofhfeltf hfe`yhlt`zf ~bufsy tb tmf btmfs ' Lg `gtfs! ofhfelt`bg ubvho v~yft tmf ibgyt`tvt`bglh o`z`y`bg bj ~bufsy `g yy'0<*03 bj tmf <=:5 Lit' <' @gtfs!ofhfelt`bg tb lg loa`g`ytslt`zf cbop `y bk' _mf ~bh`ip cfm`go tmf o`yt`git`bg cftuffg `gzlh`o hfe`yhlt`zf `gtfs!ofhfelt`bg lgo zlh`o loa`g`ytslt`zf `gtfs!ofhfelt`bg sfhltfy tb tmf ofabislt`i f}~fitlt`bgy bj tmf hfe`yhltvsf( um`im avyt cf yffg tb cf lit`ge jsff bj lhhfe`lgify tb btmfs   cbo`fy'

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Gltvsf lgo jvgit`bg bj ofhfeltfo ~bufsy l'  Svhf alk`ge -`'f' ofhfeltfo hfe`yhlt`bg) ~'359 `' Abyt ~fszly`zf jbsa bj loa`g svhf alk`ge `y tmf sfevhlt`bg alk`ge ~bufs tmlt `y ofhfeltfo tb tmf Ilc`gft tmsbvem tmf ebzfsgbs `g ibvgi`h; cvt loa`g svhf alk`ge `yg‐t sfyts`itfo tb tm`y jbsa ``' _mf hfelh fjjfit bj ofhfeltfo hfe`yhlt`bg `y oftfsa`gfo cp tmf ~lsfgt hfe`yhlt`bg ```' Sfevhlt`bgy lsf gbt alof cp ^lsh`lafgt' _mfp lsf alof cp ~fsybgy"cbo`fy tb umba ^lsh`lafgt mly ofhfeltfo tmf lvtmbs`tp tb alkf tmfa( yvim ly Ebzfsgbs `g Ibvgi`h( A`g`ytfs( bs loa`g lefgip' Lity tmlt lvtmbs`f tmf alk`ge bj sfevhlt`bgy lsf ilhhfo fglch`ge lity' `z'

Cfgfj`ty bj ofhfeltfo jbsay bj hfe`yhlt`bg sfhltf al`ghp tb tmf sfhlt`zf jhf}`c`h`tp bj  sfevhlt`bgy' _mf ytltvtbsp ~sbifyy `y avim absf ivacfsybaf lgo t`af ibgyva`ge tmlg tmf ~sbifyy jbs fglit`ge sfevhlt`bgy; LGO sfevhlt`bgy lsf yv`tfo umfsf svhfy sf|v`sf sflodvytafgt -`a~byy`chf jbs hfe`yhltbsy tb kgbu `g lozlgif tmf slgef bj  i`sivaytlgify tmlt u`hh sf|v`sf y~fi`lh`fo svhfy); LGO f}~fst`yf LGO `t `y `a~byy`chf jbs hfe`yhltbsy tb kgbu `g lozlgif tmf slgef bj i`sivaytlgify tmlt u`hh sf|v`sf y~fi`lh`fo svhfy

c' O`y~vtf sfybhvt`bg `' @t `y ibaabg jbs loa`g`ytslt`zf lefgi`fy tb cf isfltfo `g bsofs tb mfls lgo ofi`of y~fi`j`i k`goy bj o`y~vtfy ``' _mfsf lsf ybaf lozlgtlefy -~vch`i ~lst`i`~lt`bg; t`af"f}~fgyf; obg‐t mlzf tb jbhhbu s`e`o hluy lhh tmf t`af lgo ilg sfhp mflz`hp bg ~bh`ip fti) i' Cfgfj`t bs bch`elt`bg oftfsa`glt`bg `' _mf abyt ~sfzlhfgt esbv~ bj loa`g`ytslt`zf ofi`y`bg alkfsy lsf tmbyf fa~bufsfo tb oftfsa`gf umftmfs l ~fsybg u`hh cf eslgtfo l ~lst`ivhls ~vch`i cfgfj`t -f''e l ufhjlsf fgt`thfafgt) ``' Lhyb( bch`elt`bg oftfsa`glt`bgy alp sl`yf o`jjfsfgt `yyvfy; tmfyf ofi`y`bgy vyvlhhp `g`t`ltfo cp tmf `a~by`ge lefgip( hflz`ge lg ljjfitfo ~fsybg tb tlkf ljj`salt`zf ytf~y tb ~sbtfit `gtfsfyt ```' _mf ofy`sf jbs jl`sgfyy `y bjtfg `g ibgjh`it u`tm tmf gffo jbs loa`g`ytslt`zf fjj`i`fgip `g tmfyf y`tvlt`bgy o' Fgjbsifafgt ofi`y`bgy `' F'e' cp ~bh`if"~sbyfivtbsy lgo ybaf loa`g`ytslt`zf bjj`i`lhy umbyf fglch`ge ytltvtfy ibgjfsy `gzfyt`eltbsp ~bufsy

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H`a`ty bg tmf f}fsi`yf bj ofhfeltfo lvtmbs`tp l' Um`hf tmf ibgytsl`gty bg tmf lc`h`tp bj tmf hfe`yhlt`zf cslgim tb ofhfeltf lvtmbs`tp lsf a`g`alh( bgif lvtmbs`tp `y ofhfeltfo( tmf hlu `a~byfy l s`ebsbvy yft bj h`a`tlt`bgy bg tmf f}fsi`yf bj ~bufs cp tmf sfi`~`fgt bj tmf ofhfeltfo lvtmbs`tp'  c' _mf bzfslsim`ge ~s`gi`~hf `y tmlt ofhfeltfo lvtmbs`tp avyt cf f}fsi`yfo u`tm`g tmf  cbvgols`fy bj tmf ytltvtbsp eslgt bj ~bufs' i' _mf oftfsa`glt`bg bj tmf hfelh`tp bj tmf f}fsi`yf bj loa`g`ytslt`zf lvtmbs`tp `y tmf jvgit`bg bj tmf ibvsty' _mf yv~fsz`ybsp sbhf bj tmf ibvsty sl`yfy iba~hf} `yyvfy ibgifsg`ge tmf ibgo`t`bgy vgofs um`im tmf dvo`i`lh cslgim ymbvho `gtfsjfsf u`tm ofi`y`bgy tlkfg cp tmf f}fivt`zf cslgim -yff iml~tfs =)

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Ibvst Alst`lh L~~flh Ibvst

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^sbz`gi`lh Yv~fs`bs Ibvsty

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Jfofslh Ibvst

^sbz`gi`lh Ibvsty -O`yts`it Ibvst)

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Y_L_V_BSP @G_FS^SF_L_@BG -Im' 5) @'

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35

 c' Yff Evfs`g z S( jbs f}la~hf( um`im fytlch`ymfo tmlt4 ! tmf j`ovi`lsp sfhlt`bgym`~ `y sbbtfo `g tmf ibgif~t bj Lcbs`e`glh t`thf( ibv~hfo u`tm tmf sf|v`sfafgt( bvth`gfo lcbzf( tmlt tmf Lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyt `g hlgo alp cf lh`fgltfo bghp z`l yvssfgofs tb tmf Isbug; i' _m`y sf|v`sfafgt( um`im ~hlify tmf Isbug cftuffg tmf Lcbs`e`glh esbv~ lgo 9so ~lst`fy tb  ~sfzfgt f}~hb`tlt`bg( e`zfy tmf Isbug o`yisft`bg tb ofi`of tmf Lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyt( lgo tslgyjbsay `ty bch`elt`bg `gtb l j`ovi`lsp bgf yb ly tb sfevhltf Isbug ibgovit umfg oflh`ge u`tm tmf hlgo jbs tmf Lcbs`e`glh esbv~; o' _mf j`ovi`lsp bch`elt`bg bufo cp tmf Isbug `y yv` efgfs`y( bs bgf bj l k`go f' _mf yib~f bj tmf sfhlt`bgym`~ uly f}tfgofo `g S z Y~lssbu( um`im uly tmf Ibvst‐y j`syt y 96 ofi`y`bg4 `' _mf ‘efgfslh ev`o`ge ~s`gi`~hf‑ jbs yfit`bg 96 `y tmlt ‘tmf Ebzfsgafgt mly tmf sfy~bgy`c`h`tp tb lit `g l j`ovi`lsp il~li`tp u`tm sfy~fit tb lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy' ``' #_mf mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug `y lt ytlkf `g oflh`gey u`tm lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy'-5) _mf y~fi`lh tsvyt sfhlt`bgym`~ lgo tmf sfy~bgy`c`h`tp bj tmf ebzfsgafgt z`y!î!z`y lcbs`e`glhy avyt cf tmf j`syt ibgy`ofslt`bg `g oftfsa`g`ge umftmfs tmf [`gjs`ge`geQ hfe`yhlt`bg bs lit`bg `g |vfyt`bg ilg cf dvyt`j`fo‑; ```' ‘[tQmf dvyt`j`iltbsp ytlgolso tb cf aft alp ~hlif l mflzp cvsofg bg tmf Isbug(‑ um`hf `g|v`s`fy yvim ly umftmfs tmf `gjs`gefafgt mly cffg a`g`alh( umftmfs jl`s  iba~fgylt`bg mly cffg lzl`hlchf( lgo umftmfs tmf ljjfitfo Lcbs`e`glh esbv~ mly  cffg ibgyvhtfo alp lhyb cf `gihvofo `g tmf dvyt`j`ilt`bg tfyt'-=) j' Yff lhyb S z Lolay( Ofhelavvku z CI fti um`im f}~lgofo bg tmf ovtp' Cvt tmfg yff Ufulpkva @go`lg Clgo z Ilglol um`im yft bvt ybaf h`a`tlt`bgy bj tmf j`ovi`lsp ovtp -f'e' tmlt tmf j`ovi`lsp ovtp ‘obfy gbt f}`yt lt hlsef)  @@@'

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30

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 S z' Zlg ofs ^fft - yfhh`ge j`ym vgofs @go`lg h`ifgyf ) ! O ibgz`itfo bj yfhh`ge ylhabg ilvemt vgofs lg @go`lg j`ym`ge h`ifgyf' l' @YYVF ! Umftmfs y' 35-6) bj tmf CI J`ym`ge Sfevhlt`bgy uly `gzlh`o cp sflybg bj tmf lcbs`e`glh s`emty u`tm`g tmf aflg`ge bj y' 96 bj tmf <0=3 Lit'  c' MFHO ! @go`lg jl`hfo tb ymbu tmlt tmf f}imlgef bj j`ym jbs abgfp uly lg `gtfeslh ~lst bj  tmf o`yt`git`zf Ytb‐hb ivhtvsf um`im f}`ytfo ~s`bs tb ibgtlit lgo uly tmfsfjbsf ~sbtfitfo cp y' 96-<) bj tmf <0=3 Lit' i' LGLHPY@Y4 `' _b cf lg lcbs`e`glh s`emt( lg lit`z`tp avyt cf lg fhfafgt bj l ~slit`if( ivytba bs  tslo`t`bglh `gtfeslh tb tmf o`yt`git`zf ivhtvsf bj tmf lcbs`e`glh esbv~ ihl`a`ge tmf s`emt' _mfsf alp cf lg f}fsi`yf `g abofsg jbsa bj l ~sf!ibgtlit ~slit`if' ``' _b cf `gtfeslh ( tmf ~slit`if avyt cf bj ‘ifgtslh y`eg`j`ilgif tb tmf lcbs`e`glh ybi`ftp `g |vfyt`bg ! bgf bj tmf tm`gey um`im alof tmf ivhtvsf bj tmf ybi`ftp o`yt`git`zf'‑ ```' _mf ~slit`ify um`im ibgyt`tvtf lcbs`e`glh s`emty lsf tmbyf um`im mlzf ibgt`gv`tp u`tm tmf ~slit`ify tmlt f}`ytfo ~s`bs tb ibgtlit u`tm Fvsb~flg ybi`ftp ' Mbufzfs( ibgihvy`zf fz`ofgif jsba ~sf!ibgtlit t`afy gffo gbt cf ~sbovifo( lgo `t obfy gbt sf|v`sf lg vgcsbkfg iml`g cftuffg ivssfgt ~slit`ify lgo tmbyf f}`yt`ge  ~s`bs tb ibgtlit' L ~slit`if f}`yt`ge ~s`bs tb ibgtlit ilg cf sfyvafo ljtfs lg `gtfssv~t`bg'

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 S z' Yl~~`fs Eslp -Fzfg tmbvem l ~slit`if alp mlzf cffg vgofstlkfg jbs yvsz`zlh   ~vs~byfy( `t ilg yt`hh cf ibgy`ofsfo `gtfeslh tb lg Lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp‐y o`yt`git`zf ivhtvsf) l' JLI_Y4 Imlsefo u" vghlujvh ~byyfyy`bg bs ivtt`ge bj Isbug t`acfs' @g ofjfgif( tmfp ylp tmfp ~byyfyy lg lcbs`e`glh lgo tsfltp s`emt tb mlszfyt t`acfs jbs ~fsybglh vyf'  c' @YYVF4 Umftmfs l s`emt tb mlszfyt t`acfs f}`ytfo ~sf!ibgtlit jbs tmf sfhfzlgt lcbs`e`glh  ~fb~hfy

93

i' SFLYBG@GE4 _mf Lcbs`e`glh s`emt ihl`a `' @g bsofs tb cf lg lcbs`e`glh s`emt( lg lit`z`tp avyt cf lg fhfafgt bj l ~slit`if( ivytba bs tslo`t`bg `gtfeslh tb tmf o`yt`git`zf ivhtvsf bj tmf lcbs`e`glh esbv~ ihl`a`ge tmf s`emt4 S' z' Zlg ofs ^fft ' ``' Sfy~bgofgty sfhp bg tmf ~sf!ibgtlit ~slit`if bj mlszfyt`ge t`acfs `g bsofs tb fytlch`ym tmf`s lcbs`e`glh s`emt' ```' _mf eblh jbs ibvsty `y( tmfsfjbsf( tb oftfsa`gf mbu tmf ihl`afo s`emt sfhltfy tb tmf  ~sf!ibgtlit ivhtvsf bs ulp bj h`jf bj lg lcbs`e`glh ybi`ftp' Yfibgo( `t `y lhyb gfifyylsp tb `ofgt`jp tmf ~sf!ibgtlit ~slit`if v~bg um`im tmf ihl`a `y jbvgofo `g bsofs tb ibgy`ofs mbu `t a`emt mlzf fzbhzfo tb `ty ~sfyfgt!olp jbsa `z' Y_F^ < -IMLSLI_FS@TL_@BG)4 @g tmf ~sfyfgt ilyfy( tmf sfhfzlgt ~slit`if jbs tmf ~vs~byfy bj tmf Zlg ofs ^fft tfyt `y mlszfyt`ge ubbo' _mf sfibso ymbuy tmlt ubbo uly vyfo tb jvhj`h tmf ibaavg`t`fy‐ obafyt`i gffoy jbs yvim tm`gey ly ymfhtfs( tslgy~bstlt`bg( tbbhy lgo jvfh' @ ubvho tmfsfjbsf imlslitfs`f tmf sfy~bgofgty‐ ihl`a ly l s`emt tb mlszfyt ubbo jbs obafyt`i vyfy ly l afacfs bj tmf lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp' z' Y_F^ 3 -_mf @G_FESLH tb l O@Y_@GI_@ZF IVH_VSF _FY_) 4 Fz`ofgif fytlch`ymfo tmlt tmf ubbo uly is`t`ilhhp `a~bstlgt tb tmf Alh`yfft lgo A`‐Kal|  ~fb~hf ~sf!ibgtlit' Jvstmfs( fzfg tmbvem tmf ~slit`if alp mlzf cffg vgofstlkfg jbs yvsz`zlh ~vs~byfy( `t ilg yt`hh cf ibgy`ofsfo `gtfeslh tb lg Lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp‐y o`yt`git`zf ivhtvsf -_M@Y @Y _MF ^S@GI@^LH @YYVF BG _M@Y L^^FLH)' z`' Ibgt`gv`tp4 tmf gltvsf bj tmf s`emt avyt cf oftfsa`gfo `g h`emt bj ~sfyfgt!olp i`sivaytlgify; ‘hbe`ilh fzbhvt`bg aflgy tmf ylaf ybst bj lit`z`tp( ilss`fo bg `g tmf abofsg fibgbap cp abofsg aflgy '‑ Yb( tmf s`emt tb mlszfyt ubbo jbs tmf ibgytsvit`bg bj tfa~bslsp ymfhtfsy avyt cf lhhbufo tb fzbhzf `gtb l s`emt tb mlszfyt ubbo cp abofsg aflgy tb cf vyfo `g tmf ibgytsvit`bg bj l abofsg oufhh`ge' Lgp btmfs ibgihvy`bg ubvho jsfff tmf s`emt `g `ty ~sf!ibgtlit jbsa'

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 S z' ^buhfp -Bk tb mvgt abbyf u"b h`ifgyf' Hfe`hylt`bg `gzlh`o' Gfu ‘~sf!ibgtlit tfyt oflh`ge u`tm ~byt!ibgtlit * ~sf!ibgtsbh) l' JLI_Y4 ^ imlsefo u`tm vghlujvhhp mvgt`ge abbyf; ^ lsevfy tmlt( ly Aft`y( tmfp mlzf lg lcbs`e`glh s`emt tb mvgt jbs jbbo `g tmf Ylvht Ytf Als`f lsfl  c' @YYVF4 Umftmfs afacfsy bj tmf Aàt`y ibaavg`tp fgdbp l ibgyt`tvt`bglhhp ~sbtfitfo s`emt tb mvgt jbs jbbo vgofs y' 96 i' SFLYBG@GE4 `' V~mfho tmf Zlg ofs ^fft tfyt( cvt abo`jp ifstl`g fhfafgty bj tmf ~sf!ibgtlit tfyt tb sfjhfit tmf o`yt`git`zf m`ytbsp bj Aàt`y( lgo tmf sfyvht`ge o`jjfsfgify cftuffg @go`lg ihl`ay lgo Aàt`y ihl`ay' ``' _mf ~sf!ibgtlit tfyt `y `glof|vltf tb il~tvsf tmf slgef bj Aft`y ivytbay( y`gif Aft`y ivhtvsfy cp ofj`g`t`bg ~byt!oltf Fvsb~flg ibgtlit ```' J`syt( tmf ibvst yft bvt tmf `go`i`l tb oftfsa`gf umftmfs l ihl`algt affty tmf ofj`g`t`bg bj Aft`y ~fb~hf4 <' Yfhj!`ofgt`j`ilt`bg 3' Lgifytslh ibggfit`bg 9' Ibaavg`tp liif~tlgif

99

`z' _mf sfhfzlgt t`af jslaf2 _mf tfyt jbs Aàt`y ~slit`ify ymbvho jbivy bg `ofgt`jp`ge tmbyf ~slit`ify( ivytbay lgo tslo`t`bgy tmlt lsf `gtfeslh tb tmf Aàt`y ibaavg`tp‐y o`yt`git`zf f}`ytfgif' _m`y vg`|vf m`ytbsp ilg abyt l~~sb~s`ltfhp cf liibaaboltfo cp l ~byt!ibgtlit cvt ~sf!ibgtsbh tfyt tmlt `ofgt`j`fy tmf t`af umfg Fvsb~flgy fjjfit`zfhp fytlch`ymfo ~bh`t`ilh lgo hfelh ibgtsbh `g l ~lst`ivhls lsfl' -_MF ^SF!IBG_SBH _FY_) z' _mf Zlg ofs ^fft tfyt4 z`' Y_F^ < -Imlslitfs`lt`bg bj tmf s`emt)4 _mf s`emt tb mvgt jbs jbbo `g lsfl' z``' Y_F^ 3 -@gtfeslh tfyt)4 _mf ~slit`if bj mvgt`ge lgo j`ym`ge uly l ibgytlgt `g tmf Aàt`y ibaavg`tp'_mf fz`ofgif `go`iltfy tmlt yvcy`ytfgif mvgt`ge uly lg `a~bstlgt ly~fit bj Aàt`y h`jf ovs`ge sfhfzlgt t`af jslaf bj <=6>' z```' Ibgt`gv`tp4 Mvgt`ge jbs jbbo uly lg `a~bstlgt jfltvsf bj tmf Aàt`y ibaavg`tp( lgo tmf ~slit`if mly cffg ibgt`gvbvy tb tmf ~sfyfgt' `}' @gjs`gefafgt bj s`emt  }' Bgtls`b ivssfgthp obfy gbt sfibeg`f lgp Aàt`y s`emt tb mvgt jbs jbbo' _m`y hlik bj  sfibeg`t`bg `gjs`gef tmf`s lcbs`e`glh s`emt tb mvgt jbs jbbo ly l ibgt`gvlt`bg bj tmf  ~sbtfitfo m`ytbs`ilh ~slit`ify bj tmf Aàt`y ibaavg`tp'  }`' @y tmf `gjs`gefafgt dvyt`j`fo2 }``' _mf al`g dvyt`j`ilt`bg lozlgifo cp tmf l~~fhhlgt `y tmlt bj ibgyfszlt`bg' Mfsf obfy gbt yv~~bst tm`y dvyt`j`ilt`bg' Z'

Ml`ol Glt`bg z' CI-A`g`ytfs bj Jsfyty) l' _m`y ilyf oflhy u`tm tmf y`tvlt`bg umfsf lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyty lsf `g tmf ~sbifyy bj  cf`ge ~sbzfo4 -<) _mf ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf `y sbbtfo `g tmf mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug; -3)_mf ovtp ls`yfy umfg tmf Isbug mly kgbuhfoef( sflh bs ibgytsvit`zf( bj tmf  ~btfgt`lh f}`ytfgif bj tmf Lcbs`e`glh s`emt bs t`thf lgo ibgtfa~hltfy ibgovit tmlt  a`emt lozfsyfhp ljjfit `t; tmlt `y( kgbuhfoef bj l isfo`chf( cvt vg~sbzfg ihl`a( ts`eefsy tmf ovtp; -9) _mf yib~f bj tmf ovtp `y ~sb~bst`bgltf tb l ~sfh`a`glsp lyyfyyafgt bj tmf ytsfgetm bj tmf ilyf yv~~bst`ge tmf f}`ytfgif bj tmf s`emt bs t`thf( lgo tb tmf yfs`bvygfyy bj tmf ~btfgt`lhhp lozfsyf fjjfit v~bg tmf s`emt bs t`thf ihl`afo; -?) Umfg tmf ibgyvhtlt`bg ~sbifyy yveefyty lafgoafgt bj Isbug ~bh`ip( uf lss`zf lt tmf ytlef bj liibaabolt`bg; -6) _m`so ~lst`fy ob gbt buf yvim l ovtp; -:) _mf ~sbz`gi`lh lgo   jfofslh ebzfsgafgt lsf yvcdfit tb tmf ovtp; -:) _mfsf `y gb ovtp jbs tmf ebzfsgafgty tb lesff)

 c' JLI_Y4 Ebz‐t mbhoy hfelh t`thf tb tmf hlgo' F}fsi`y`ge tmlt hfelh t`thf( `t mly eslgtfo Ufpfsmlfvyfs tmf s`emt tb mlszfyt tmf jbsfyty `g Chbik : bj tmf hlgo -um`im `y yvcdfit tb l hlgo t`thf ihl`a cp tmf Ml`ol ~fb~hf)' i' @YYVF4 @y tmf ebzfsgafgt sf|v`sfo tb ibgyvht u`tm Ml`ol ~fb~hf lcbvt ofi`y`bgy tb mlszfyt tmf jbsfyty lgo tb liibaaboltf tmf`s ibgifsgy lcbvt umlt `j lgp jbsfyt `g Chbik : ymbvho cf mlszfytfo cfjbsf tmfp mlzf ~sbzfg tmf`s t`thf tb hlgo2 o' SFLYBG@GE4 f' Ybvsif bj ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf j' Ovtp esbvgofo `g mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug 4 `g lhh `ty oflh`gey u`tm Lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy( Isbug avyt lit mbgbvslchp e' Umfsf tsflt`fy sfal`g tb cf ibgihvofo( tmf mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug sf|v`sfy gfebt`lt`bgy hflo`ge tb l dvyt yftthfafgt bj Lcbs`e`glh ihl`ay' Vgofshp`ge tm`y ovtp `y y 96 bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg( um`im `a~h`fy l ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo( `j l~~sb~s`ltf( liibaaboltf 9?

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Umfg tmf ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf ls`yfy _mf Isbug( lit`ge mbgbvslchp( ilggbt ilzlh`fshp svg sbvemymbo bzfs Lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyty umfsf ihl`ay ljjfit`ge tmfyf `gtfsfyty lsf cf`ge yfs`bvyhp ~vsyvfo `g tmf ~sbifyy bj tsfltp gfebt`lt`bg lgo ~sbbj  k' _mf Isbug `yg‐t sfgofsfo `a~btfgt ’ `t alp ibgt`gvf tb alglef tmf sfybvsif `g |vfyt`bg  ~fgo`ge ihl`ay sfybhvt`bg; cvt of~fgo`ge bg tmf i`sivaytlgify( tmf mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug alp sf|v`sf `t tb ibgyvht lgo sflybglchp liibaaboltf Lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyty h' Cvt( umfg ~sfi`yfhp obfy l ovtp tb ibgyvht ls`yf2 _mf jbvgolt`bg bj tmf ovtp `g tmf Isbug‐y mbgbvs lgo tmf eblh bj sfibgi`h`lt`bg yveefyt tmlt tmf ovtp ls`yfy umfg tmf Isbug mly kgbuhfoef( sflh bs ibgytsvit`zf( bj tmf ~btfgt`lh f}`ytfgif bj tmf Lcbs`e`glh s`emt bs t`thf lgo ibgtfa~hltfy ibgovit tmlt a`emt lozfsyfhp ljjfit `t a' Kgbuhfoef bj l isfo`chf cvt vg~sbzfg ihl`a yvjj`ify tb ts`eefs l ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf'

g' _mf yib~f lgo ibgtfgt bj tmf ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf b' @g efgfslh tfsay( `t alp cf lyyfstfo tmlt tmf yib~f bj tmf ovtp `y ~sb~bst`bgltf tb l ~sfh`a`glsp lyyfyyafgt bj tmf ytsfgetm bj tmf ilyf yv~~bst`ge tmf f}`ytfgif bj tmf s`emt bs t`thf( lgo tb tmf yfs`bvygfyy bj tmf ~btfgt`lhhp lozfsyf fjjfit v~bg tmf s`emt bs t`thf ihl`afo  ~' _mfsf `y gb ovtp tb lesff ; sltmfs( tmf ibaa`tafgt `y tb l aflg`gejvh ~sbifyy bj  ibgyvhtlt`bg |' Umfg tmf ibgyvhtlt`bg ~sbifyy yveefyty lafgoafgt bj Isbug ~bh`ip( uf lss`zf lt tmf ytlef bj liibaabolt`bg -`'f' tm`y alp sf|v`sf tlk`ge ytf~y tb lzb`o `ssf~lslchf mlsa bs tb a`g`a`f tmf fjjfity bj `gjs`gefafgt( ~fgo`ge j`glh sfybhvt`bg bj tmf vgofshp`ge ihl`a) s' Ob tm`so ~lst`fy buf l ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf2 y' Gb' _mf Isbug lhbgf sfal`gy hfelhhp sfy~bgy`chf jbs tmf ibgyf|vfgify bj `ty lit`bgy lgo `gtfslit`bgy u`tm tm`so ~lst`fy( tmlt ljjfit Lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyty' ^sbz`gify lgo jfofslh ebzfsgafgt lsf yvcdfit tb tm`y ovtp

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_lkv S`zfs z' CI -F}la~hf bj mbu tmf ovtp tb ibgyvht `y jvhj`hhfo( lgo sf`gjbsify tmf  ~s`gi`~hf yft bvt `g Ml`ol tmlt aflg`gejvh ibgyvhtlt`bg obfyg‐t sf|v`sf lesffafgt) l' JLI_Y4 L a`g`ge iba~lgp l~~h`fo tb tmf CI ebzfsgafgt jbs ~fsa`yy`bg tb sfb~fg lg bho a`gf `g lg lsfl tmlt uly yvcdfit bj lg vgsfybhzfo hlgo ihl`a cp tmf _S_JG ~fb~hf' _m`y l~~h`ilt`bg ts`eefsfo l ytltvtbsp fgz`sbgafgtlh lyyfyyafgt ~sbifyy( um`im fgofo u`tm tmf l~~sbzlh bj tmf l~~h`ilt`bg tb sfb~fg tmf a`gf' _msbvem tmf fgz`sbgafgtlh lyyfyyafgt  ~sbifyy( tmf _S_JG‐y ibgifsgy u`tm tmf sblo ~sb~bylh cfilaf l~~lsfgt' @ty ibgifsgy ispytlhh`fo lsbvgo tmf ~btfgt`lh fjjfit bg u`hoh`jf lgo tslo`t`bglh hlgo vyf( ly ufhh ly tmf hlik bj lof|vltf clyfh`gf `gjbsalt`bg cp um`im tb aflyvsf yvcyf|vfgt fjjfity  c' @YYVF4 Ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo bj liibaabolt`bg i' SFLYBG@GE4 o' @g Ml`ol Glt`bg z' Cs`t`ym Ibhvac`l -A`g`ytfs bj Jbsfyty)( tm`y Ibvst mly ibgj`safo tmf f}`ytfgif bj tmf Isbug‐y ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo( umfsf `go`iltfo( tb liibaaboltf Lcbs`e`glh  ~fb~hfy ~s`bs tb ~sbbj bj s`emty bs t`thf ihl`ay'

96

f' _mf ~s`gi`~hf bj tmf mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug esbvgoy tmf Isbug‐y ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo( `j  `go`iltfo( liibaaboltf Lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy( fzfg ~s`bs tb ~sbbj bj lyyfstfo Lcbs`e`glh s`emty lgo t`thf' j' _mf ovtp tb ibgyvht ls`yfy umfg l Isbug litbs mly kgbuhfoef( sflh bs ibgytsvit`zf( bj tmf  ~btfgt`lh f}`ytfgif bj Lcbs`e`glh s`emty bs t`thf lgo ibgtfa~hltfy ibgovit tmlt a`emt lozfsyfhp ljjfit tmfa `' Umfg Sfojfsg l~~h`fo jbs ~sbdfit l~~sbzlh( `g `ty fjjbsty tb sfb~fg tmf _vhyf|vlm Im`fj A`gf( `t uly l~~lsfgt tmlt tmf ofi`y`bg ibvho lozfsyfhp ljjfit tmf _S_JG‐y lyyfstfo s`emty lgo t`thf' _mf ibgtfa~hltfo ofi`y`bg tmvy mlo tmf ~btfgt`lh tb `a~lit lozfsyfhp tmf s`emty lgo t`thf lyyfstfo cp tmf _S_JG' ``' Mbgbvs bj tmf Isbug sf|v`sfo `t tb ibgyvht lgo `j `go`iltfo liibaaboltf tmf _S_JG `g alk`ge tmf ofi`y`bg umftmfs tb eslgt ~sbdfit l~~sbzlh tb Sfojfsg( lgo bg umlt tfsay ```' _mf yib~f bj tmf ovtp tb ibgyvht `y ‘~sb~bst`bgltf tb l ~sfh`a`glsp lyyfyyafgt bj  tmf ytsfgetm bj tmf ilyf yv~~bst`ge tmf f}`ytfgif bj tmf s`emt bs t`thf( lgo tb tmf yfs`bvygfyy bj tmf ~btfgt`lhhp lozfsyf fjjfit v~bg tmf s`emt bs t`thf ihl`afo‑ e' _mf Isbug jvhj`hhfo `ty ovtp tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf ' _mf ~sbifyy bj eslgt`ge  ~sbdfit l~~sbzlh tb Sfojfsg tbbk tmsff lgo l mlhj pflsy( lgo uly ibgovitfo hlsefhp vgofs  tmf Fgz`sbgafgtlh Lyyfyyafgt Lit' Afacfsy bj tmf _S_JG ufsf `gz`tfo tb ~lst`i`~ltf `g tmf ^sbdfit Ibaa`ttff tb ibbso`gltf sfz`fu' MFHO4 Isbu jvhj`hhfo ovtp

LCBS@E@GLH _@_HF ’ ILYFY @'  Ofhelavvku z' CI  l' _mf ~lst`fy mlzf l o`ylesffafgt bzfs tmf ibgtfgt bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `tyfhj( lgo `ty sfif~t`bg `gtb tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg cp y' 96-<)' c' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y l s`emt `g hlgo lgo( ly yvim( `y absf tmlg tmf s`emt tb fgelef `g y~fi`j`i lit`z`t`fy um`im alp cf tmfayfhzfy lcbs`e`glh s`emty i' Vg`|vf o`afgy`bgy bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf4 Lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y l yv` efgfs`y `gtfsfyt `g hlgo' Bgf o`afgy`bg `y @GLH@LGLC@H@_P -hlgoy ilg‐t cf tslgyjfssfo ybho bs yvssfgofsfo tb lgpbgf btmfs tmlg tmf Isbug)' Lgbtmfs o`afgy`bg bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y `ty YBVSIF -`t‐y ybvsif( lhtmbvem tmbvemt tb cf `g tmf Sbplh ^sbihlalt`bg( <5:9( ls`yfy jsba tmf ~s`bs biiv~lt`bg bj Ilglol cp lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy; umlt alkfy lcbs`e`glh t`thf yv`  efgfs`y `y tmlt `t ls`yfy jsba ~byyfyy`bg cfjbsf tmf lyyfst`bg bj Cs`t`ym ybzfsf`egtp)' L jvstmfs o`afgy`bg bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y tmf jlit tmlt `t `y mfho IBAAVGLHHP -lcbs`e`glh t`thf ilggbt cf mfho cp `go`z`ovlh lcbs`e`glh ~fsybgy) o' Ibgtfgt  f' _mf ibgtfgt bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf ilg cf yvaals`fo cp tub ~sb~by`t`bgy 4 j`syt( tmlt lcbs`e`glh t`thf fgiba~lyyfy tmf s`emt tb f}ihvy`zf vyf lgo biiv~lt`bg bj tmf hlgo mfho  ~vsyvlgt tb tmlt t`thf jbs l zls`ftp bj ~vs~byfy( um`im gffo gbt cf ly~fity bj tmbyf lcbs`e`glh ~slit`ify( ivytbay lgo tslo`t`bgy um`im lsf `gtfeslh tb o`yt`git`zf lcbs`e`glh ivhtvsfy; lgo yfibgo( tmlt tmbyf ~sbtfitfo vyfy avyt gbt cf `ssfibgi`hlchf u`tm tmf gltvsf bj tmf esbv~‐y lttlimafgt tb tmlt hlgo

j' Ly l sfyvht( vyfy bj tmf hlgoy tmlt ubvho tmsfltfg tmlt jvtvsf sfhlt`bgym`~ lsf( cp tmf`s zfsp gltvsf( f}ihvofo jsba tmf ibgtfgt bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf' Jbs f}la~hf( `j biiv~lt`bg `y fytlch`ymfo u`tm sfjfsfgif tb tmf vyf bj tmf hlgo ly l mvgt`ge esbvgo( tmfg tmf esbv~ tmlt 9:

yviifyyjvhhp ihl`ay lcbs`e`glh t`thf tb tmlt hlgo alp gbt vyf `t `g yvim l jlym`bg ly tb ofytsbp `ty zlhvf jbs yvim l vyf -f'e'( cp yts`~ a`g`ge `t)'  e' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf vgofs y 96-<) `' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf lt ibaabg hlu `y ~sbtfitfo `g `ty jvhh jbsa cp y' 96-<)' m' ^sbbj bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y o`jjfsfgt tmlg lcbs`e`glh s`emty -um`im lsf ofj`gfo `g tfsay bj lit`z`t`fy)' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y l s`emt tb tmf hlgo `tyfhj '  d' @g bsofs tb alkf bvt l ihl`a jbs lcbs`e`glh t`thf( tmf lcbs`e`glh esbv~ lyyfst`ge t`thf avyt ylt`yjp tmf jbhhbu`ge is`tfs`l4 `' _mf hlgo avyt mlzf cffg biiv~`fo ~s`bs tb ybzfsf`egtp' ^sbbj bj biiv~lgip avyt cf fytlch`ymfo cp cbtm ibaabg hlu -`'f' ~mpy`ilh biiv~lt`bg"~byyfyy`bg) lgo lcbs`e`glh ~fsy~fit`zf bg hlgo'

``' @j ~sfyfgt biiv~lt`bg `y sfh`fo bg ly ~sbbj bj biiv~lt`bg ~sf!ybzfsf`egtp( tmfsf avyt cf l ibgt`gv`tp cftuffg ~sfyfgt lgo ~sf!ybzfsf`egtp biiv~lt`bg4 Lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp alp ~sbz`of fz`ofgif bj ~sfyfgt biiv~lt`bg ly ~sbbj bj   ~sf!ybzfsf`egtp biiv~lt`bg `g yv~~bst bj l ihl`a tb lcbs`e`glh t`thf' Umlt `y sf|v`sfo( `g loo`t`bg( `y l ibgt`gv`tp cftuffg ~sfyfgt lgo ~sf!ybzfsf`egtp biiv~lt`bg( cfilvyf tmf sfhfzlgt t`af jbs tmf oftfsa`glt`bg bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y lt tmf t`af cfjbsf ybzfsf`egtp' Gffohfyy tb ylp( tmfsf `y gb gffo tb fytlch`ym ‘lg vgcsbkfg iml`g bj ibgt`gv`tp ```' Lt ybzfsf`egtp( tmlt biiv~lt`bg avyt mlzf cffg f}ihvy`zf4 F}ihvy`z`tp( ly lg ly~fit bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf( zfyty `g tmf lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp um`im mbhoy tmf lc`h`tp tb f}ihvof btmfsy jsba tmf hlgoy mfho ~vsyvlgt tb tmlt t`thf' Ly u`tm tmf ~sbbj bj  biiv~lt`bg( ~sbbj bj f}ihvy`z`tp avyt sfhp bg cbtm tmf ~fsy~fit`zf bj tmf ibaabg hlu lgo tmf lcbs`e`glh ~fsy~fit`zf( ~hli`ge f|vlh uf`emt bg flim k' @gjs`gefafgt bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf4 tmf tfyt bj dvyt`j`ilt`bg h' _mf efgfslh ~s`gi`~hfy ebzfsg`ge dvyt`j`ilt`bg hl`o obug `g  Y~lssbu b~fsltf u`tm sfy~fit tb `gjs`gefafgty bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf -@'f' Lyk( j`syt( umftmfs tmf `gjs`gefafgt `y `g jvstmfslgif bj l hfe`yhlt`zf bcdfit`zf tmlt `y iba~fhh`ge lgo yvcytlgt`lh; lgo( yfibgo( lg lyyfyyafgt avyt cf alof bj umftmfs tmf `gjs`gefafgt `y ibgy`ytfgt u`tm tmf y~fi`lh j`ovi`lsp sfhlt`bgym`~ cftuffg tmf Isbug lgo lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy'

a' @g tm`y ibgtf}t( u`tm sfelso tb tmf yfibgo ytlef( ly~fity bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf yveefyt tmlt tmf j`ovi`lsp ovtp alp cf lst`ivhltfo `g l alggfs o`jjfsfgt tmlg tmf `ofl bj ~s`bs`tp' _m`y  ~b`gt cfibafy ihfls jsba l iba~ls`ybg cftuffg lcbs`e`glh t`thf lgo tmf lcbs`e`glh s`emt tb j`ym jbs jbbo `g Y~lssbu' _mf lcbs`e`glh s`emt tb j`ym jbs jbbo( cp ibgtslyt( obfy gbt ibgtl`g u`tm`g `t tmf ylaf o`yisft`bglsp iba~bgfgt' _m`y ly~fit bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf yveefyty tmlt tmf j`ovi`lsp sfhlt`bgym`~ cftuffg tmf Isbug lgo lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy alp cf ylt`yj`fo cp tmf `gzbhzfafgt bj lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy `g ofi`y`bgy tlkfg u`tm sfy~fit tb tmf`s  hlgoy' Lhyb( tmf fibgba`i ly~fit bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf yveefyty tmlt iba~fgylt`bg `y sfhfzlgt tb tmf |vfyt`bg bj dvyt`j`ilt`bg ly ufhh

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_y`hm|bt‐`g Glt`bg z' CI  l' Vyvjsvit ! L hfelh s`emt tb vyf( cfgfj`t jsba lgo ofs`zf ~sbj`t jsba ~sb~fstp cfhbge`ge tb lgbtmfs ~fsybg( ~sbz`ofo tmf ~sb~fstp `y gbt olalefo bs lhtfsfo `g lgp lulp'

95

 c' Liibso`ge tb tm`y ibgif~t( Lcbs`e`glhy mlzf tmf s`emt tb h`zf bg tmf hlgoy cvt lsf ~sfzfgtfo jsba ob`ge lgptm`ge tmlt ubvho ljjfit tmf vgofshp`ge t`thf mfho cp tmf Isbug' `' Mbufzfs( e`zfg tmf gltvsf bj Lcbs`e`glh t`thf gbu ofj`gfo cp dvs`y~svofgif( t`thf ilg gb hbgefs cf imlslitfs`fo ly l vyvjsvitvlsp s`emt ' i'  Clkfs Hlkf _fyt bj _`thf ! Lcbs`e`glh ihl`algty avyt ~sbzf4 `' _mlt tmfp lgo tmf`s lgifytbsy ufsf afacfsy bj lg bselg`fo ybi`ftp ``' _mlt tmf bselg`fo ybi`ftp biiv~`fo tmf y~fi`j`i tfss`tbsp bzfs um`im tmfp lyyfst tmf lcbs`e`glh t`thf' ```' _mlt tmf biiv~lt`bg uly tb tmf f}ihvy`bg bj btmfs bselg`fo ybi`ft`fy' _m`y `gihvofy cp ~s`zltf hlgombhofsy bs tslo`ge ~byty -`'f'( Mvoybg‐y Clp Iba~lgp)' `z' _mlt tmf biiv~lt`bg uly lg fytlch`ymfo jlit lt tmf t`af ybzfsf`egtp uly lyyfstfo cp Fgehlgo' o' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf obfy gbt yvcy`yt fzfspumfsf tmlt Lcbs`e`glh s`emty lsf ilss`fo bvt( gbs  obfy t`thf f}`yt fzfspumfsf `g l esbv~‐y f}ihvy`zf tslo`t`bglh tfss`tbsp' f' Lcbs`e`glhy alp ymbu tmlt lg lit`z`tp bg l y~fi`j`i tslit bj hlgo e`zfy s`yf tb lg Lcbs`e`glh s`emt( cvt tm`y u`hh gbt cf yvjj`i`fgt tb ylt`yjp tmf jvstmfs mvsohf tb fytlch`ym Lcbs`e`glh t`thf' j' _bolp( uf gb hbgefs y~flk bj lg bzfslsim`ge Lcbs`e`glh t`thf' @t `y absf liivsltf tb y~flk  bj l Zls`ftp bj Lcbs`e`glh s`emty( bgf bj um`im `y t`thf tb hlgo ' @t `y ~byy`chf jbs lg Lcbs`e`glh esbv~ tb ymbu tmlt l ~lst`ivhls ~slit`if tlk`ge ~hlif bg ~lst`ivhls hlgoy uly `gtfeslh tb tmf`s o`yt`git`zf ivhtvsf yb ly tb fytlch`ym y`tf y~fi`j`i Lcbs`e`glh s`emty( cvt gbt fytlch`ym Lcbs`e`glh t`thf bg tmbyf ylaf hlgoy e'  Ofhelavvku `y l y`eg`j`ilgt ilyf `g sfhlt`bg tb lcbs`e`glh t`thf m' _b yvaals`f ( lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y l Y^FI@FY bj lcbs`e`glh s`emt um`im o`jjfsy jsba lcbs`e`glh s`emty tb fgelef `g ~lst`ivhls lit`z`t`fy' @t ibgjfsy l yv` efgfs`y `gtfsfyt `g hlgo( tmlt `y( l s`emt tb tmf hlgo `tyfhj' @t ibgjfsy l s`emt tb f}ihvy`zf vyf( biiv~lt`bg lgo  ~byyfyy`bg tb vyf tmf hlgo jbs tmf efgfslh ufhjlsf lgo ~sfyfgt olp gffoy bj tmf Lcbs`e`glh ibaavg`tp' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf lhyb `gihvofy l ~sb~s`ftlsp tp~f s`emt tb imbbyf umlt vyfy lcbs`e`glh t`thf mbhofsy ilg alkf bj tmf`s hlgoy( um`im `y yvcdfit tb lg `gmfsfgt h`a`t um`im `y ofj`gfo cp tmf gltvsf bj tmf lttlimafgt tb tmf hlgo' Yvim `gmfsfgt h`a`ty ~sbm`c`t vyfy tmlt ubvho ofytsbp tmf lc`h`tp bj tmf hlgo tb yvytl`g jvtvsf efgfslt`bgy bj Lcbs`e`glh  ~fb~hfy' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf lhyb mly lg fibgba`i iba~bgfgt( um`im u`hh bso`gls`hp e`zf s`yf tb jl`s iba~fgylt`bg umfg Lcbs`e`glh t`thf mly cffg `gjs`gefo' Lcbs`e`glh t`thf `y mfho ibaavglhhp' @t `y `glh`lchf tb tm`so ~lst`fy( cvt ilg cf yvssfgofsfo tb tmf Isbug'

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 CI _sfltp Ibaa`yy`bg( ‘Ump tsflt`fy `g tmf abofsg lef‑  l' Sbplh ^sbihlalt`bg bj <5:9 ofihlsfo tmlt bghp tmf Cs`t`ym Isbug ibvho li|v`sf hlgoy jsba J`syt Glt`bgy( lgo bghp cp tsfltp  c' @g abyt bj tmf tsflt`fy( lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hf elzf v~ tmf`s t`thf `g f}imlgef jbs hlgo sfyfszfy lgo jbs tmf s`emt tb mvgt lgo j`ym bg tmf hlgo tmfp‐o e`zfg v~ i' @g CI( lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy y`egfo tsflt`fy( cvt tmfp ufsf hltfs bg f}t`gev`ymfo cp tmf Oba`g`bg bj Ilglol o' Vgofs y 96 bj tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit <0=3( lcbs`e`glh s`emty lgo tsfltp s`emty lsf sfibeg`fo lgo ljj`safo

f' _mf Fzbhvt`bg bj Lcbs`e`glh _`thf

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j' Ilhofs ofi`y`bg sfibeg`fy lcbs`e`glh t`thf -<059)' _mf ofi`y`bg uly l hfelh tvsg`ge ~b`gt' _mf sfibeg`t`bg bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `g Ilhofs ly l hfelh s`emt uly yvjj`i`fgt tb ilvyf tmf jfofslh ebzfsgafgt tb fytlch`ym l hlgo ihl`ay ~sbifyy; cvt CI sfjvyfo tb ~lst`i`~ltf' e' Yt`hh( tmf |vfyt`bg sfal`gfo4 mlo lcbs`e`glh t`thf cffg f}t`gev`ymfo cfjbsf CI db`gfo Ibgjfofslt`bg bs gbt2 @g Y~lssbu( tmf Ibvst tbbk tmf ylaf l~~sblim ly `g Ilhofs( umb yl`o tmlt vghfyy hfe`yhlt`bg mlo fz`gifo l ‘ihfls lgo ~hl`g `gtfgt`bg‑ tb f}t`gev`ym lcbs`e`glh s`emty( `t o`o gbt mlzf tmlt fjjfit' _m`y ilyf oflht u`tm ~lst`ivhls lcbs`e`glh s`emty( gbt s`emty `g hlgo' m' Cvt `g Ofhelavvku( tmf YII ibgj`safo tmlt lcbs`e`glh t`thf f}`yty `g CI `' Absfzfs( tmf Alsymlhh lgo Cfsglso ofi`y`bg yfty h`a`ty bg lcbs`e`glh t`thf' @g tmf ilyf( tmf Ibvst vglg`abvyhp o`ya`yyfo tmf ihl`a tb cbtm tsfltp lgo lcbs`e`glh s`emty' @t jbvgo tmlt lhtmbvem tmf tsfltp ~sbtfitfo tmf A`‐kal| s`emty tb yfhh ifstl`g ~sbovity( tm`y s`emt o`o gbt f}tfgo tb ibaafsi`lh hbee`ge' _mf Ibvst yl`o tmlt um`hf s`emty lsf gbt jsbfg `g t`af( tmf ~sbtfitfo s`emt avyt cf l hbe`ilh fzbhvt`bg bj tmf lit`z`tp ilss`fo bg lt tmf t`af bj  tsfltp!alk`ge' _sflt`fy ~sbtfit tslo`t`bglh lit`z`t`fy f}~sfyyfo `g l abofsg ulp lgo `g l abofsg ibgtf}t; gfu lgo o`jjfsfgt lit`z`t`fy lsf gbt ~sbtfitfo' _mf Ibvst lob~tfo yts`it ~sbbj bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf ' @t ytltfo tmlt lgp ihl`a tb lcbs`e`glh t`thf ubvho of~fgo bg tmf y~fi`j`i jlity sfhlt`ge tb tmf lcbs`e`glh esbv~ lgo `ty m`ytbs`ilh sfhlt`bgym`~ tb tmf hlgo `g |vfyt`bg' _slo`t`bglh ~slit`ify avyt tslgyhltf `gtb l abofsg hfelh s`emt( lgo `t `y tmf tlyk  bj tmf ibvst tb ibgy`ofs lgp ~sb~fs h`a`tlt`bgy bg tmf abofsg f}fsi`yf bj tmbyf s`emty' _mf Ibvst jvstmfs ytltfo tmlt lcbs`e`glh t`thf ubvho sf|v`sf fz`ofgif bj f}ihvy`zf lgo sfevhls vyf bj hlgo jbs mvgt`ge( j`ym`ge bs sfybvsif f}~hb`tlt`bg' Yflybglh mvgt`ge lgo j`ym`ge `g l ~lst`ivhls lsfl labvgtfo tb mvgt`ge bs j`ym`ge s`emty bghp( gbt lcbs`e`glh t`thf'  d' Umlt ob tmfyf hfelh ofi`y`bgy aflg2 k' _mf ibvsty mlzf ibgj`safo tmlt lcbs`e`glh t`thf yt`hh f}`yty `g CI( cvt tmfp mlzf gbt `go`iltfo umfsf `t f}`yty' _b sfybhzf tm`y y`tvlt`bg( tmf ebzfsgafgty lgo J`syt Glt`bgy mlzf tub b~t`bgy4 f`tmfs gfebt`ltf hlgo( sfybvsif( ebzfsglgif lgo dvs`yo`it`bg `yyvfy tmsbvem l tsfltp ~sbifyy bs eb tb ibvst lgo mlzf lcbs`e`glh s`emty"t`thf ofi`ofo bg l ilyf tb ilyf cly`y h' _mf Ml`ol Glt`bg lgo _h`ge`t J`syt Glt`bg ilyfy ~sbz`of ev`ofh`gfy jbs tmf gfebt`lt`bg lgo ofj`g`t`bg bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf `g CI' a' @g A`k`yfu( tmf YII f}tfgofo tmf Isbug‐y bch`elt`bg tb ibgyvht lgo liibaaboltf lcbs`e`glh `gtfsfyt -fytlch`ymfo `g Ml`ol lgo _lkv) tb `gihvof f}`yt`ge tsfltp s`emty' g' Lhh bj tmfyf hlgoalsk dvoeafgty tbeftmfs ibgj`sa tmlt4 `' Lcbs`e`glh s`emty f}`yt `g hlu ``' Lcbs`e`glh s`emty lsf o`yt`git jsba tmf s`emty bj btmfs Ilglo`lgy ```' _ mfp `gihvof lcbs`e`glh t`thf( um`im `y l vg`|vf ibaavglhhp mfho ~sb~fstp s`emt `z' Lcbs`e`glh s`emty tlkf ~s`bs`tp bzfs tmf s`emty bj btmfsy( yvcdfit bghp tb tmf gffoy bj  ibgyfszlt`bg z' _mf yib~f bj lcbs`e`glh t`thf lgo s`emty of~fgo bg y~fi`j`i jlity sfhlt`ge tb tmf lcbs`e`glh esbv~ lgo `ty m`ytbs`ilh sfhlt`bgym`~ u`tm tmf hlgo z`' _mf hfelh lgo ibgyt`tvt`bglh ytltvtf bj lcbs`e`glh ~fb~hfy ofs`zfy gbt jsba tmf`s  slif cvt jsba tmf jlit tmlt tmfp lsf ofyifgolgty bj tmf ~fb~hfy lgo ebzfsg`ge ybi`ft`fy tmlt ufsf sfy`ofgt `g Gbstm Lafs`il hbge cfjbsf yftthfsy lss`zfo z``' Lcbs`e`glh s`emty lgo t`thf ilggbt cf f}t`gev`ymfo cp y`a~hf hfe`yhlt`bg cfilvyf tmfp lsf ~sbtfitfo cp tmf Ibgyt`tvt`bg Lit( <0=3

90