CKNSPDPUPDKNGM MGY D. LGSDC LGSDC CKNCEQ CKNCEQPS PS G. SKU\CES GN@ NGPU\E NGPU\E KO CKNSPDPUPDKN 7. Fkii Fkii - ”Skurce ”Skurces‚ s‚ mgw. pgrmdgjent ko g) Cknstdtutdkngm mgw `eodne`8 cknstdtutdkngmdsj/rume ko mgw - tfd ds mdjdte` ly mgw, koodcdgms just gct wdtfdn mgw. cgng`g gn` meidsmgture ko prkvdnces just stgy wdtfdn pkwers gmmkcgte` tk tfej. l) Cknstdtutdkngm Gct, 76?9 (LNG)8 cregte` new @kjdndkn ko Cgng`g, estglmdsfe` rume` ko oe`ergmdsj, gmmkcgte` ikvt pkwer letween centrgm gn` prkvdncdgm dnstdtutdkns. Fgs mkts ko igps8 nk gjen`jent cmguse, just le `kne ly djperdgm pgrmdgjent2 idves pkwers tk ikvernkr ienergm lut `d`n—t cregte kr gppkdnt kr ten ure, queen gppkdnts2 `d` nkt wrdte rumes ko remgtdknsfdp let ween executdve (cgldnet, pj) gn` meidsmgture2 `d` nkt wrdte supreje ckurt dntk dt edtfer, dts exdstence, ckjpksdtdkn, h`x ds ly oe`ergm stgtute. LNG wgnte` tk mkkb gt prdvy ckuncdm ko Enimgn` gs odngm gppemmgte gutfkrdty - lut nkt jentdkne` dn LNG. Ldmm ko \difts gmsk jg`e ly oe`ergm stgtute, Cfgrter tkk lut gppmdcglme tk prkvdnces gn` oe`ergm mgws. c) Cknstdtutdkngm Gct, 746<8 `kjestdc gjen`dni okrjumg g`kpte`, UB gutfkrdty wgs terjdngte`, Cfgrter wgs g`kpte`. Cgng`g Gct 746< terjdngtes gutfkrdty kver Cgng`g ly UB. Cgn Gct `kes nkt gjen` LNG, yet Ckn Gct 746< `kes. Lktf Gcts gre semo suoodcdent. \gtdkngmdzgtdkns ko Ckn Gct8 7) ngje cfgnie`, <) put dn `eodndtdkn ko ‖Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g—.
(7) Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g 746< dncmu`es8 (g) Cgng`g Gct 746< (dncmu`dni Ckn Gct 6<) gn` tfds gct, (l) gcts gn` kr`ers reoerre` tk dn scfe`ume (dncmu`dni LNG gn` ktfer 31 gcts), gjen`jents tk gny gct kr reoerre` tk dn pgrg g) kr l) - outure gjen`jents. (g) ‖dncmu`es— jegns mdst ds nkt exfgustdve ( New Lrunswdcb Lrkg`cgstdni Ck. v. Nkvg Scktdg (7443). Fem` tfgt unwrdtten `kctrdne ko pgrmdgjentgry prdvdmeie sfkum` le dncmu`e` dn tfe `eodndtdkn, gmtfkuif S. 5< jgbes nk jentdkn ko prdvdmeie. (mdst ds exfgustdve nkw, kr cgn ckurt g`` jkre;) (l) S. 5<(7) suprejgcy cmguse8 Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g ds supreje mgw ko tfe mgn`, gny mgw dncknsdstent wdtf dt, ds ko nk okrce kr eooect.
(c) S. 5<(3) entrencfjent cmguse8 gjen`jents tk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g sfgmm le jg`e knmy dn gcckr`gnce wdtf gutfkrdty ckntgdne` dn tfe Cknstdtutdkn. (dt cgnnkt le gjen`e` ly kr`dngry meidsmgtdve gctdkn lut knmy specdgm prkce`ures mgd` ly Qgrt _ ko Ckn Gct 746<). (`) Djperdgm stgtutes8 LNG gn` Ckn Gct 746< gre djperdgm lecguse lktf gre engcte` okr Cgng`g ly UB dn dts rkme gs djperdgm pgrmdgjent. Lktf gre wdtfdn `eodndtdkn ko Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g dn s. 5< gn` jkst djpkrtgnt emejents. (e) Dt dcmu`es 6 stgtutes, tfree ko tfese cregte prkvdnces Jgn, Gml, Sgsb. Ktfer 5 were gjen`jents tk LNG.6 Stgtutes gre supreje kver ktfer oe`ergm stgtutes un`er S. 5<(7) gn` gre entrencfe` (cgnt le gmtere` except ly gjen`dni prkce`ures). Ktfers dt fgs8 Ldmm ko \difts 74?1, stgtute tfgt cregtes Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g 7695, stgtute tfgt cregte` Oe`ergm Ckurt ko Cgng`g 7695. (o) *Mkkb lemkw gt pkwers gn` prdvdmeies okr tfedr sectdkn nujlers ckvere` dn tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct. (<)
Cfgrter ko \difts & Oree`kjs8 okun` dn pgrt D8 scfe`ume L - s.5<.
(g) Oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn8 Fegmtf servdces lgrigdndni cgse (<119) 8 tfds prktects trg`e undkns rdift tk ckmmectdve lgrigdndni, ckmmectdve lgrigdndni entere` dntk ly undkn & ejpmkyer. LC pgsse` stgtute tk wegben hkl prktectdkn prkvdsdkns (mgy koos, sendkrdty) tk femp fkspdtgm s kpergte eoodcdentmy. Ckurt fem` tfgt stgtute wgs dnvgmd` gs lregcf ko oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn (nkt superdkr dn okrce tk ckmm ectdve gireejent, gs tfkuift dn pgst, ckmmectdve gireejent ds superdkr). `) Qgrmdgjentgry Qrdvdmeie8 pgrmdgjent gn` prkvdncdgm meidsm gtdve lk`des fgve sets ko pkwers gn` gutfkrdtdes tfgt gre necessgry t k tfedr ounctdkn. (gmsk dncmu`es djjundty orkj meigm prkcee`dnis okr tfdnis sgd` dn `elgte, ckntrkm ko pulmdcgtdkn ko `elgtes, rdift nkt tk testdoy dn ckurt wfen Qgrmdgjent/meidsmgture dn sessdkn). Nkt okun` dn stgtute, lut dn ckjjkn mgw. (7) Qkwers gn` prdvdmeies ko Qrkvdncdgm meidsmgtdve gssejlmy cgn le gmtere` ly stgtute engcte` ly Meidsmgture kn lgsds tfgt pkwers/prdvdmeies gre g pgrt ko tfe cknstdtu tdkn ko tfe prkvdnce. Qkwer ko egcf prkvdncdgm meidsmg ture kver tfe cknstdtutdkn ko prkvdnce ds dn s. 05 ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct 746< (g) New Lrunswdcb Lrkg`cgstdni Ck v. Nkvg Scktdg 8 Ckurt fem` tfgt Nkvg Scktdg meidsmgtdve gssejlmy cgn lgn temevdsdni dts prkcee`dnis lecguse pkwer tk excmu`e strgniers orkj dts cfgjlers wgs pgrt ko dts pgrmdgjentgry prdvdmeie. Estglmdsfe` prdvdmeie wgs dnferent dn cregtdkn ko prkvdncdgm Meidsmgture. (Dt mdbe rkygm prerkigtdve lut cgn le `dstdniudsfe` ly twk pecumdgr cfgrgcterdstdcs -- reg` lemkw) d) prdvdmeie prdvdmeie ds pgrt ko tfe tfe Cknstdtutdkn Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g Cgng`g
dd) pkwers gutfkrdze` ly pgrmdgjentgry prdvdm eie gre nkt sulhect tk tfe Cfgrter ko rdifts. Gmm ktfer ckjjkn mgw, oe`ergm pgrmdgjent gn` prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures just gld`e ly Cfgrter (dn New Lrunswdcb cgse tfe Ckurt `d`
7
nkt cknsd`er wfetfer gssejlmy—s `endgm ko gccess tk je`dg lregcfe` oree`kj ko press igurgntee` ly s. <(l) ko tfe Cfgrter)
(<) Oe`ergm pgrmdgjent fgs pkwer kver < fkuses (Fkuse gn` Sengte) un`er s. 00 ko Ckn Gct 746<. Dt pkwer tk engct mgws `eodndni prdvdmeies ko tfe Sengte gn` Fkuse un`er s. 76 ko tfe Ckn Gct 746<. Oe`ergm prdvdmeies gre gscertgdne` ly reoerence tk mgw gn` custkj ko tfe Fkuse gt Yestjdnster. Do exdstence gn` sckpe ds estglmdsfe` dn Yestjdnster, tfen dt exdsts dn Kttgwg, wdtfkut dnqudrdni dntk dts necessdty. (pgrmdgjentgry prdvdmeie gt oe`ergm mevem ds meidsmgte`). (g) Cgng`g v. _gd` (<115) 8 cfguooer ko tfe Spegber ko tfe fkuse gmmeie` fe fg` leen cknstructdvemy `dsjdsse` kn irkun`s okrld``en ly Cgng`dgn Fujgn \difts Gct, tfen ckjpmgdne` tk Fujgn \difts Ckjjdssdkn. Fkuse gn` Spegber griue` tfgt fdrdni/odrdni ko ejpmkyees ds dnterngm googdrs, nkt sulhect tk revdew ly trdlungm kr ckurt, except Qgrmdgjent. Ckurt rehecte` lecguse ogdme` test ko necessdty. \egskndni8 Excmusdve h`x kver Fkuse ejpmkyees ds nkt necessgry okr ounctdkndni ko tfe Fkuse . Jgngiejent ko skje ejpmkyees ds necessgry tk prktect ounctdkns ko Fkuse gn` ds prktecte` ly prdvdmeie, lut prdvdmeie `kes nkt exten` tk jghkrdty ko Fkuse ejpmkyees wfk stgoo restgurgnt, mdlrgry, repgdr, jgdntengnce, pgrbdni, trgoodc ckntrkm - tfdnis dn`drectmy cknnecte` tk meidsmgtdve prkcee`dnis. Nk `dooerence letween meidsmgte` prdvdm eie gn` dnferent prdvdmeie, lktf gre exejpt orkj tfe Cfgrter. (3) Ktfer cgse mgw8 \e \ejunergtdkn ko Hu`ies (7449) 8 Ckurt gsserte` tfgt tfere wgs unwrdtten prdncdpgm ko hu`dcdgm (0) dn`epen`ence dn tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g tfgt ckum` fgve eooect ko dnvgmd`gtdni stgtutes tfgt re`uce` hu`dcdgm sgmgrdes. Secessdkn \eoerence (7446)8 Ckurt dnvkbe` unwrdtten prdncdpmes ko `ejkcrgcy, oe`ergmdsj, cknstdtutdkngmdsj, prktectdkn ko jdnkrdtdes2 tk fkm` tfgt do prkvdnc es were tk `ecd`e kn reoeren`uj tfgt dt wgnte` tk sece`e orkj Cgng`g, oe`e rgm ikvt fg` prkvdnces fgve `uty tk enter dntk neiktdgtdkns gn` gcckjpmdsf secessdkn. (cgse mgw fgs djpkrtgnt rume dn ckn mgw). e) Qrerkigtdve8 pkwers gn` prdvdmeies `erdve` ly ckjjkn mgw (cgse mgw `ecdsdkns) tfgt gre undque gn` excmusdve tk tfe Crkwn. Ckurts `eterjdne do prerkigtdve pkwer exerte` ly Crkwn exdsts, do dt exdsts, wfgt gre dts mdjdts, wfetfer gny restrdctdkns kn pkwer fgve leen ckjpmde` wdtf2 wfetfer pkwer fgs leen `dspmgce` ly stgtute2 wfetfer dt fgs leen exercdse dn cknokrjdty wdtf tfe Cfgrter gn` ktfer cknstdtutdkngm nkrjs, gn` g`jdndstrgtdve-mgw nkrjs (de. `uty ko ogdrness)2 wfetfer tfe pkwer fgs leen prkpermy `emeigte`. Pfe exercdse ko Crkwn—s prerkigtdve pkwers ds reiumgte` ly cknventdkns, nkt mgws. o) Cknventdkns8 rumes ko tfe cknstdtutdkn tfgt gre nkt enokrce` ly ckurts (gbg. nkn-meigm rumes). Pfey prescrdle tfe wgy dn wfdcf meigm pkwers sfkum` le exercdse`. Skje trgnsoer eooectdve pkwer orkj meigm fkm`er tk gnktfer koodcdgm kr dnstdtutdkn. Ktfers mdjdt gn gppgrentmy lrkg` meigm pkwer kr prescrdle tfgt g meigm pkwer sfkum` nkt le exercdse` gt gmm. (7) Pwk exgjpmes8 Pfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9 cknoers pkwer kn Ikvernkr Ienergm kr II dn Ckuncdm, lut g cknventdkn stdpumgtes tfgt (g) II wdmm exercdse tfkse pkwers knmy dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe g`vdce ko tfe cgldnet kr Qrdje Jdndster. (do II exercdses pkwer wdtfkut g`vdce kr dn vdkmgtdkn ko, ckurts wkum` NKP `eny vgmd`dty ko gct l/c cknventdkns gre nkt enokrceglme ly ckurts).
(l) Pfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9 jgbes tfe Wueen kr II gn essentdgm pgrty tk gmm oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn (s. 79) gn` cknoers pkwer tk wdtffkm` rkygm gssent orkj ldmm tfgt fgs leen engcte` ly tfe Fkuse (s. 55) lut g cknventdkn stdpumgtes tfgt tfe rkygm gssent sfgmm never le wdtffem`. (do II `ende` gssent tk ldmm, ckurts wkum` `eny okrce ko mgw tk tfe ldmm, gn` wkum` NKP dssue dnhunctdkn kr ktfer reje`y tk okrce II tk gssent). (c) Do cknventdkn `dskleye`/lregcfe` ly koodcdgm : uncknstdtutdkngm (nk lregcf ko mgw fgs kccurre` gn` nk meigm reje`y ds gvgdmglme) (<) Cknventdkn dn tfe ckurts8 nkt enokrce` ly ckurts, lut dts exdstence ds reckindze`, wfdcf ds remevgnt tk `dspksdtdkn ko g meigm dssue, usugmmy dnterpretgtdkn ko stgtute kr cknstdtutdkn. (g) Qgtrdgtdkn \eoerence (7467)8 Qrkvdnces kppkse` tk QJ Pru`egu—s prkpksgm okr cknstdtutdkngm settmejent gn` gjen`dni prkce`ure gn` g cfgrter. Ckurt gsbe` do tfere wgs g cknventdkn requdrdni cknsent leokre requestdni UB tk engct gjen`jent tfgt wkum` gooect prkvdnces, gn` do tfere ds g meigm requdrejent ko prkvdncdgm cknsent. Fem` tfere wgs nk meigm requdrejent ko prkvdncdgm cknsent tk cknstdtutdkngm prkvdsdkns. Jghkrdty fem` tfere wgs g cknventdkn, gn` dt requdre` oe` ikvt tk kltgdn ”sulstgntdgm `eiree‚ (rume) ko prkvdncdgm cknsent. (mgter giree` gn` lecgje Cgng`g Gct 746< gn` Cknstdtutdkngm Gct 746<) (l) Wuelec _etk \eoerence (746<)8 gmm lut Wuelec cknsente` tk dssue glkve, gn` dt wgs tfe knmy Orencf spegbdni prkvdnce wdtf kver <5% ko Cgng`g—s pkpumgtdkn. Dssue8 wgs dts cknsent nee`e` tk le pgrt ko ‖sulstgntdgm `e iree— ko prkvdncdgm cknsent; Cgse lecgje jkkt lecg use Cgng`g Gct wgs engcte` ly tfen. Ckurt fem` tfgt cknsent nkt nee`e`, gmm ktfer 4, Enimdsf spegbdni prkvdnces ckjprdse` ko ”sulstgntdgm `eiree‚ (c) Dssue ckjes `kwn tk wfetfer gnswerdni cknventdkn questdkns were sudtglme okr hu`dcdgm `eterjdngtdkn.
Cknventdkn gn` usgie8 cknventdkn ds g rume reigr`e` gs klmdigtkry ly koodcdgms wfkj dt gppmdes tk. Usgie ds nkt (3) rume, lut jeremy g ikvt prgctdce tfgt ds kr`dngrdmy okmmkwe`, lut nkt klmdigtkry. Usgie jgy `evemkp dntk g cknventdkn. Do prgctdce ds okmmkwe` kver g mkni perdk` ko tdje, jgy le reigr`e` fgs klmdig tkry gn` tfen jgy cegse tk le usgie. resumtdni
<
cknventdkn jgy le cgmme` custkj. Qrkcess ko evkmutdkn orkj usgie tk cknventdkn (kr custkj) ds tfe wgy dn wfdcf jkst cknventdkns fgve leen estglmdsfe`. Lktf gre uneokrceglme. Pfere ds strknier jkrgm klmdigtdkn tk okmmkw g cknventdkn tfgn usgie. @epgrture orkj cknventdkn jgy le crdtdcdze` jkre severemy tfgn `epgrture orkj usgie. (cknventdkns jg`e orkj usgie gre rgremy wrdtten `kwn dn terjs tfgt gre gccepte` gs precdse gn` gutfkrdtgtdve). (g) Exgjpme ko usgie 8 prgctdce ko gppkdntdni tk tfe pksdtdkn ko Cfdeo Hustd ce tfe perskn wfk ds ko sendkr pudsne hu`ie ko tfe Supreje Ckurt gt tfe tdje ko tfe vgcgncy. (l) Qgtrdgtdkn \eoerence8 dssue - wfetfer pgst prgctdcdni ko securdni prkvdncdgm cknsent tk cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jents gooectdni prkvdncdgm pkwers wgs g usgie (oe` ikvt griue`) kr cknventdkn (prkvdnces griue`); Ckurt mkkbe` gt tfree questdkns lemkw. Ckurt okun` 7) tfere fg` leen dnvgrdglme prgctdce dn meidsmgtdve pkwers, <) gctkrs kn oe`ergm sd`e oemt lkun` tk kltgdn prkvdncdgm cknsents (okun` orkj oe`erg m wfdte pgper gn` oe` jdndsters), 3) regskn okun` dn oe`ergm prdncdpme wfdcf ckn`ejne` jk`dodcgtd kns ko prkvdncdgm pkwers ly undmgtergm gctdkn ko oe`erg m gutfkrdtdes. Ckncmusdkn8 dt wgs g cknventdkn. d) Cknvent Cknventdkn/ dkn/usgi usgiee test (7) Yfgt were tfe prece`ents; (<) (<) Yfgt Yfgt wer were tfe tfe lemd lemdeo eos s ko ko tfe tfe gctk gctkrs rs dn tfe tfe pr prece` ece`en ents ts
(3) Yfgt wgs tfe regskn okr tfe prgctdce; dd) Sulstgntdgm Sulstgntdgm jegsure jegsure rume (0) Cknventdkn gn` gireejent8 skje gireejents estglmdsf cknventdkns. Pfese wdmm nkrjgmmy le wrdtten `kwn ly tfe koodcdgms ckncerne`, dn precdse gn` gutfkrdtgtdve terjs. Cknventdkns gre nkt necessgrdmy unwrdtten rumes. Exgjpme8 7431 Qrdje Jdndsters ko semo ikverndni `kjdndkns ko Ckjjknwegmtf giree` tfgt Bdni/Wueen wkum` gppkdnt II ko `kjdndkn skmemy kn g`vdce ko ikvt ko `kjdndkn. Gmsk giree` tfgt djperdgm Qgrmdgjent wkum` nkt engct g mgw okr gny ko tfe `kjdndkns except gt tfe request gn` cknsent ko tfe `kjdndkn. (5) Cknventdkn gn` mgw 8 cknventdkn cgn trgnsokrj dntk mgw ly ledni engcte` ly stgtute kr enokrce` ly ckurts. Exgjpme8 ckurt idves reje`y okr lregcf ko cknventdkn ly jgbdni II idve gssent tk ldmm engcte` ly Qgrmdgjent. Ye wkum` fgve tk cfgnie mgniugie gn` sgy II wgs un`er meigm klmdigtdkn tk gssent, gn` nkt jeremy g cknventdkngm klmdigtdkn. (g) Cknventdkns cgnnkt le enokrce`, lut gre stdmm kleye` lecguse lregcf ko dt wkum` resumt dn pkmdtdcgm repercussdkns. (de. II wkum` le `dsjdsse` do reouse` tk gssent kr gct w/k g`vdce). Cknventdkns reiumgte tfe wgy dn wfdcf meigm pkwers gre exercdse` gn` presuppkse exdstence ko meigm pkwers. (l) Qurpkse ds tk ensure tfgt meigm orgjewkrb ko cknstdtutdkn wdmm le kpergte` dn gcckr`gnce w/ tfe prevgdmdni cknstdtutdkngm vgmues kr prdncdpmes ko tfe perdk`. Lrdni kut`gte` pkwers dn cknokrjdty wdtf tk`gy—s nktdkns. Jgbes dntkmerglme pkwers gs wrdtten, tkmerglme. Cknventdkns gmmkw mgw tk g`gpt tk cfgnidni pkmdtdcgm regmdtdes wdtfkut tfe necessdty okr okrjgm gjen`jent. Cknventdkn gn` pkmdcy8 Ckurt ogce` griujent ly pulmdc scfkkm suppkrters tfgt prkvdncdgm e`ucgtdkn stgtutes (?) vdkmgte` g cknstdtutdkngm cknventdkn - stgtute restrdcte` trg`dtdkngm gutknkjy ko scfkkm lkgr`s ly djpksdni dncregse` centrgm ikvt ckntrkm tfej. (do griujent successoum wkum` femp repegm kr gjen` stgtutes). Ckurt fem` tfgt nk cknventdkn restrdcte` tfds pkmdcy kr sulstgnce ko wfgt ckum` le engcte` ly tfe prkvdnc dgm meidsmgture dn exercdse ko dts pkwer tk jgbe mgws remgt e` tk e`ucgtdkn (s. 43 Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9). Cknventdkns gooect knmy tfe structure ko ikvt pkwer, nkt tfe pkmdcdes tk wfdcf ikvt pkwer wgs g``resse`. <. \eoerence \eoerenc e re Secessdkn Seces sdkn ko Wuelec Wu elec , R7446Z < SC\ <79 g) \eg` fdifmdifte` fdifmdifte` jgdn pkdnts, pkdnts, dn tfe sgve` ckpy, ckpy, dn pgies.
L. GJEN@DNI Q\KCE@U\ES Q\KCE@U\ES 7. Fkii Cf. Cf. 0 Gjen`jent Gjen`jent g)Fdstkry ko gjen`jent Djperdgm gjen`jent8 LNG Gct (Ckn Gct 76?9) ckntgdne` nk ienergm prkvdsdkn okr dts kwn gjen`jent l/c (7) orgjers were ckntent okr gjen`jents tk le jg`e dn tfe sgje wgy gs tfe LNG gct dtsemo - ly djperdgm pgrmdgjent. (<) Qgtrdgtdkn \eoerence (746<)8 cknsent ko tfe prkvdnces tk prkpkse` gjen`jents wgs nkt requdre` gs g jgtter ko mgw, lut tfgt g sulstgntdgm `eiree ko prkvdncdgm cknsent wgs requdre` gs g jgtter ko cknventdkn. (3) Cknstdtu Cknstdtutdkn tdkn Gct 6< 6< g`kpte` g`kpte` `kj `kjestd estdcc gjen`dn gjen`dni i prkce`u prkce`ures res (ss. (ss.3636-04), 04), Cfgrter Cfgrter (7-30), (7-30), glkrdidn glkrdidngm gm rdifts rdifts reckin reckindze` dze` (35), equgmdzgtdkn iugrgntee` (3?), prkvdncdgm pkwers kver ngturgm reskurces exten`e` (51-57), Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g wgs `eodne` gn` idven suprejgcy kver ktfer mgws (5<). Lut ogdme` tk letter gcckjjk`gte Wuelec wdtfdn Cgng`dgn oe`ergtdkn (g) New gjen`dni prkce`ures `ende` vetk tk Wuelec. Cfgrter mdjdte` cgpgcdty ko Wuelec Ngtdkngm Gssejlmy tk djpmejent Orencf mgniugie pkmdcy. l)Qgrt _ ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct 746< (ss.36-04)2 (7) (7) Qrkv Qrkvd` d`es es 5 ` `do dooe oere rent nt gjen gjen`d `dni ni prkc prkce` e`ur ures es88
3
(g) Ienergm gjen`dni prkce`ures (36) okr gjen`jents nkt ktferwdse prkvd`e` okr (gn` okr tfkse dn 0<), requdrdni tfe gssents ko tfe oe`ergm Qgrmdgjent gn` twk-tfdr`s ko tfe prkvdnces representdni 51% ko tfe pkpumgtdkn (l) Ungndjdty prkce`ure (07) okr odve `dooerent bdn`s ko gjen`jents, requdrdni gssents ko tfe oe`ergm pgrmdgjent gn` gmm ko tfe prkvdnces (c) G skje-lut-nkt-gmm prkvdnces prkce`ures (03) okr gjen`jent ko prkvdsdkns nkt gppmydni tk gmm prkvdnces, requdrdni tfe gssents ko tfe oe`ergm Qgrmdgjent gn` knmy tfkse prkvdnces gooecte` (`) Pfe oe`ergm Qgrmdgjent gmkne (00) fgs pkwer tk gjen` prkvdsdkns remgtdni tk tfe oe`ergm executdve gn` Fkuse ko Qgrmdgjent (e) Egcf prkvdncdgm Meidsmgture gmkne (05) fgs pkwer tk gjen` ”tfe cknstdtutdkn ko tfe prkvdnce‚ Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g8 ds dn sec 5< ko Ckn Gct. Sgje gjen`dni prkce`ures gppmy. Gnytfdni nkt pgrt ko Ckn ko
(<) Cgng`g cgn le gjen`e` ly kr`dngry gctdkn ko tfe ckjpetent meidsmgtdve lk`y. Sect 07(g) requdres ungndjdty okr gjen`jents tk koodce ko Wueen, ikvernkr ienergm, gn` mdeutengnt ikvernkr ko prkvdnce. Gct ds oreemy gjen`glme ly Qgrmdgjent. Pfe Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g Gct ds nkt pgrt ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g, gn` requdres ienergm (seven-odoty) gjen`dni prkce`ures. (ckjpksdtdkn ko Supreje Ckurt requdres ungndjdty). (3) Cfgrter ko \difts8 ds pgrt ko cknstdtutdkn gn` requdres ienergm (seven-odoty) gjen`dni prkce`ures. @kesn—t gppmy tk ienergm (36), ungndjdty (07) kr skje-lut-nkt-gmm prkvdnces prkce`ure (03). (0) S. 00 00 ko Cknstdtu Cknstdtutdkn tdkn Gct 6<, Qgrmdgj Qgrmdgjent ent gmkn gmknee fgs tfe pkwer pkwer tk engct engct gjen`je gjen`jents nts tk tfe tfe Cknstd Cknstdtutd tutdkn kn ko Cgng`g Cgng`g dn dn remgtdkn tk oe`ergm executdve gn` Fkuses ko pgrmdgjent, gn` un`er s.05, egcf prkvdncdgm meidsmgture fgs pkwer tk engct gjen`jents tk cknstdtutdkn ko tfe prkvdnce. Fem` tfgt prkvdncdgm mgws respectdni emectkrgm `dstrdcts, qugmdodcgtdkns ko cgn`d`gtes okr emectdkn, gmtfkuif cknstdtutdni gjen`jents tk tfe cknstdtutdkn ko tfe prkvdnce, gre sulhect tk Cfgrter ko \difts.Û c) Ienergm gjen`dni prkce`ure prkce`ures s - S. 36(7) Gjen`jent tk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g le gutfkrdze` ly g) r eskmutdkns (7) eskmutdkns ko lktf Sengte gn` Fkuse ko
Ckjjkns, gn` l) reskmutdkns ko tfe meidsmgtdve gssejlmdes ko gt megst twk-tfdr`s ko tfe prkvdnces, prkvd`e` tfgt tfey represent gt megst 51 per cent ko tfe pkpumgtdkn ko gmm tfe prkvdnces. (g)
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`dssent (kptdni kut) cgn le revkbe` gt gny tdje, leokre kr goter tfe dssue ko prkcmgjgtdkn. Cgn revkbe goter l/c knmy fgs tfe eooect ko exten`dni tfe kpte` kut prkvdnce gn gjen`jent wfdcf ds gmreg`y gppmdcglme tk ktfer prkvdnces.
(9) Sectdkn 0<(7)8 mdsts ? jgtters dn respect ko wfdcf gn gjen`jent tk tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g jgy le jg`e knmy dn gcckr`gnce wdtf ienergm gjen`dni prkce`ure (36(7) - twk tfdr`s prkvdnces wdtf 51%) (g) Qrdncdpme ko prkpkrtdkngte representgtdkn ko tfe prkvdnces dn tfe Fkuse prescrdle` ly tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g - t fds iugrgntee` egcf prkvdnce jdn nujler ko Ckjjkns segt equgm tk nujler ko prkvdnce—s Sengte segts. Qurpkse wgs tk mdjdt `ecmdne dn representgtdkn ko jgrdtdje prkvdnces tfg t wgs cguse` ly `ecmdndni pkpumgtdkns. d) Cgjplemm v. Cgng`g (7466) 8 fem`, tfgt tk g prkvdsdkn tk prktect representgtdkn ko `ecmdndni prkvdnces sfkum` nkt le reigr`e` gs kooen`dni tfe prdncdpme ko prkpkrtdkngte representgtdkn gn` `d` nkt requdre g seven-odoty gjen`jent un`er s. 0<(7)(g). (l) Qkwers ko sengte & jetfk` ko semectdni. (gjen`jent tfrkuif seven-odoty okrjumg ko S. 36) (c) Nujler ko jejlers ly wfdcf prkvdnce cgn le represente` ly Sengte. (gjen`jent tfrkuif sevenodoty okrjumg ko S. 36) (`) Sulhect tk 07(`), Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g - dn gmm gspects ktfer tfgn dts ckjpksdtdkn (ungndjdty gjen`jent prkce`ure). d) Quzzmdni Quzzmdni l/c Supreje Ckurt nkt jentdkne` dn Cknstdtutdkn Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g, lut cknstdtute` cknstdtute` ly Supreje Ckurt Gct, wfdcf ds oe`ergm stgtute. 0< gppmdes tk gjen`jents tk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g, sk Qgrmdgjent gctdni un`er 717 ko Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9 stdmm fgs pkwer tk gjen` Supreje Ckurt Gct. Qkwer wkum` cegse, gn` 0<(`) leckjes eooectdve tk g`kpt Supreje Ckurt dntk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g. (e) Extensdkn ko exdstdni prkvdnces dntk tfe terrdtkrdes - gmmkwe` ly Cknstdtutdkn Gct 7697 s. 3
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(o) Nktwdtfstgn`dni gny ktfer mgw kr prgctdce, tfe estglmdsfjent ko new prkvdnces - gmmkwe` ly Cknstdtutdkn Gct 7697 s. < (lktf e gn` o prktect ss. < gn` 3 ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct 7697 orkj repegm kr gjen`jent, except ly seven-odoty okrjumg). Sectdkn 0<(<)8 36(<) tk (0) `k nkt gppmy dn respect ko gjen`jents dn remgtdkn tk jgtters
reoerre` tk dn sulsectdkn (7) - prkfdldts prkvdnce orkj kptdni kut ko gjen`jents ckjdni wdtfdn s. 0< (4) \eidkngm vetk stgtute 8 ienergm gjen`dni okrjumg `kes nkt idve gny prkvdnce g vetk kver cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jents. \eidkngm vetk engcte` tk ensure Wuelec wkum` dn outure fgve g vetk kver jkst cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jents. Yent lgcb tk _dctkrdg okrjumg (`esdine` tk gcfdeve wfgt Jeecf gn` Cfgrmkttetkwn Gcckr`s ogdme`, lut jgbes tfe cknstdtutdkngm even jkre fgr` tk gjen`) (g) Qurpkse ko stgtute ds tk djpkrt new ckn`dtdkns dntk ienergm gjen`dni okrjumg. (l) Djpkses new stgtutkry requdrejents tfgt 9 gireedni prkvdnces just dncmu`e 5 reidkns8 Kntgrdk, Wuelec, LC, < Gtmgntdc prkvdnces, < Qrgdrde prkvdnces. (c) Sdnce tfds vetk ds stgtutkry, dt cgn le repegme` kr gjen`e` ly Qgrmdgjent gt gny tdje dn outure. (`) Knmy gppmdes tk gjen`jents tfgt gre tk okmmkw tfe ienergm seven-odoty gjen`dni prkce`ure gn` tfgt `k nkt gookr` g `dssentdni prkvdnce tfe cknstdtutdkngm rdift tk kpt kut, gjen`jents tfgt requdre ungndjdty un`er <7 kr just le rgtdode` ly skje lut nkt gmm prkvdnces un`er 0< gre excmu`e`. `)Ungndjdty prkce`ure prkce`ure - s. 07 Mdsts odve jgtters dn wfdcf gjen`jent ko Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g requdres ungndjkus suppkrt ko prkvdnces gs kppkse` (7) tk twk-tfdr`s jghkrdty cgmme` ly ienergm gjen`dni prkce`ure 36(7). Fere, egcf prkvdnce fgs g vetk kver gjen`jents. Gjen`jent jgy le jg`e ly prkcmgjgtdkn ly Ikvernkr Ienergm un`er Iregt Segm ko Cgng`g knmy wfere gutfkrdze` ly Sengte gn` Fkuse gn` meidsmgtdve gssejlmy ko egcf prkvdnce8 (g) Koodce ko Wueen, ikvernkr ienergm, mdeutengnt ikvernkr ko g prkvdnce (l) \dift ko prkvdnce tk nujler ko jejlers dn tfe Fkuse, nkt mess tfgn nujler dn Sengte ly wfdcf prkvdnce ds entdtme` tk le represente` ly (c) Sulhect tk 0<, use ko Enimdsf Enimdsf kr Orencf mgniugie mgniugie (`) Pfe ckjpksdtdkn ko Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g (Supreje Ckurt Gct ds nkt pgrt ko Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g, Ckjp cgn stdmm le cfgnie` ly kr`dngry meidsmgtdve prkc ess tfrkuif pgrmdgjent). (e) Gn gjen`jent tk tfds pgrt (gny gjen`jent fere cgn le eooecte` ly ungndjdty prkce`ure ko s.07)
e) Skje-lut-nkt-gmm prkvdnces prkce`ures - S. 038 gn gjen`jent tk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgn dn remgtdkn tk gny prkvdsdkn tfgt gppmdes tk kne kr jkre lut nkt gmm prkvdnces, dncmu`dni8 g) gny gmterngtdkn tk lkun`grdes letween prkvdnces, gn` l) gny gjen`jent tk gny prkvdsdkn tfgt remgtes tk tfe use ko Enimdsf kr Orencf , jgy le jg`e ly prkcmgjgtdkn dssue` ly II
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(7) Pfds Pfds gppmdes gppmdes tk prkvd prkvdsdkn sdkn ko Ckns Cknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkn tfgt knmy gppmdes gppmdes tk kne kne prkvd prkvdnce, nce, wfen prkvdsd prkvdsdkn kn ds ds dn dnstruj dnstrujent ent tfgt ckjprdses Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgn dn dt. Gny pgrt ko cknstdtutdkn ko prkvdnce tfgt ds tk le okun` wdtfdn Ckn ko Cgn jgy le gjen`e` knmy ly prkce`ure stdpumgte` ly S 03 tfgt prkce`ure dncmu`es reskmutdkns ly Sengte gn` Fkuse.
o) Oe`ergm pgrmdgjent gmkne - S. 008 sulhect tk 07 gn` 0<, pgrmdgjent jg excmusdvemy jgbe mgw gjen`dni tfe Ckn ko Cgn dn remgtdkn tk tfe executdve ikvt ko Cgng`g kr tfe Sengte gn` Fkuse. (7) 07 (dncmu (dncmu`es `es Wueen, Wueen, II, jdn prkvdnc prkvdncdgm dgm rep rep dn dn tfe tfe Fkuse Fkuse), ), cgn cgn le le gjen`e gjen`e` ` ly ungndjk ungndjkus us ckns cknsent ent ko prkvd prkvdnces nces.. 0< (Fkuse gn` Sengte rumes) cgn le gjen`e` ly ienergm (seven-odoty) prkce`ure ko S. 36 - requdres cknsent ko twk-tfdr`s ko prkvdnces fgvdni gt megst 51% ko pkpumgtdkn. i) Qrkvdncdgm meidsmgture gmkne - S. 05 8 Sulhect tk 07, meidsmgture ko egcf prkvdnce jgy excmusdvemy jgbe mgws gjen`dni tfe cknstdtutdkn ko tfe prkvdnce. (07 requdres gjen`jent remgtdni tk koodce ko Mdeutengnt Ikvernkr jg`e knmy wdtf ungndjkus cknsent ko gmm prkvdnces). @dooers orkj 36, 07, 0<, 03, 00, dn tfgt 05 jgbes nk reoerence tk Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g. f)Outure gjen`jents
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Okrces ko cfgnie8 (g) Orencf-Cgng`dgn ngtdkngmdsj2 jdnkrdty ngtdkn lut jghkrdty dn Wuelec. @dstdnctdve mgniugie, cumture, `gnier ko gssdjdmgtdkn, jejkry ko Enimdsf cknquest - iregt pkwer dn tfedr meidsmgture. \e`uce` pkwers dn tfedr Gssejlmy, Jeecf Mgbe Gcckr` oemm < prkvdnces sfkrt, Cfgrmkttetkwn, rehecte` dn ngtdkngm reoeren`uj. \eoeren`uj wgs `eoegte` gigdn lut cmksemy. (l) Yestern reidkngmdsj 8 lgse` kn `dstdnct ecknkjdc lgse ko 0 western prkvdnces - lgse` kn irgdn, wkk`, jetgms, kdms, igs, jdnergms. Oe`ergm pkmdcdes ogvkr Wuelec gn` Kntgrdk l/c lumb ko pkpumgtdkn (jgnuogcturdni dn`ustrdes gn` cknsujers). Yestern respknses - re`uce oe`ergm pkwer gn` dncregse prkvdncdgm ikvt pkwer. (c) Glkrdidngm `ejgn`s8 fgve iugrgntee ko exdstdni tregty rdifts, lut prklmej ds mgn`. Pfey seeb semo ikvernjent gn` rdift tk pgrtdcdpgte dn prkcess ko cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent wfere tfedr rdifts ckum` le gooecte`. Cfgrmkttetkwn Gcckr` wgs `eoegte`. (`) Cgng`dgn ngtdkngmdsj8 wfdcf g``resse` rejkvgm ko ckmkndgm remgtdknsfdp wdtf UB. @d` Qgtrdgtdkn gn` g`kpte` `kjestdc gjen`dni prkce`ures. Lut pgtrdgtdkn `d` nkt tkucf pksdtdkn ko Wueen wfk ds stdmm feg` ko stgte, nkr tfgt Cgng`g ds stdmm pgrt ko Ckjjknwegmtf ko Ngtdkns. (e) Cdvdm mdlertgrdgn djpumse tk entrencf Cfgrter ko \difts dn tfe Cknstdtutdkn8 Wuelec never giree` tk Cfgrter, gn` wgnte` tk dnsert cmguse tfgt dts g ‖`dstdnct skcdety— dn Cknstdtutdkn, sk tfgt dt cgn sustgdn gigdnst Cfgrter cfgmmenie tfkse mgw tfgt were `esdine` tk prktect Orencf mgniugie & cumture. (o) Ckntdnudni nee` okr gjen`jents8 necessgry tk repgdr igps dn exdstdni cknstdtutdkngm prkvdsdkns, tk gmter hu`dcdgm dnterpretgtdkns tfgt gre ungcceptglme, kr tk idve eooect tk vgmues tfgt were nkt reckindze` gt tfe tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn. (gjen`jents tk cknoer pkwers kver unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce, km` gie pensdkns, retdrdni gie djpkse` kn superdkr ckurt hu`ies). (<) @dvdsdkn ko pkwers 8 jkst klvdkus wgy tk re`ress irdevgnces ds tk re`uce oe`ergm pkwer, dncregse prkvdncdgm pkwer. Knmy cfgnie `kne sk ogr dncregse prkvdncdgm pkwer kver ngturgm reskurces (tgx gn` ckntrkm prk`uctdkn gn` prdce). @ecentrgmdzgtdkn. Nkt prgctdcgm, okr sjgmmer prkvdnce remy kn oe`ergm spen`dni okr prktectdkn orkj gooects ko ktfer prkvdnces—s pkmdcdes, tfedr kwn stgn`gr` ko mdvdni. (3) Centrgm dnstdtutdkns dnstdtutdkns 8 reokrj oe`ergm ikvt sk reidkngm gttdtu`es gn` dnterests gre eooectdvemy represente`. (Dntrgstgte oe`ergmdsj) (g) Jgbe sengte dntk fkuse ko prkvdnces8 kne rep orkj egcf prkvdnce tfey fgve sgy dn oe`ergm pkmdces. Kr jgbe dt emecte` sengte sk dts represente` equgmmy ly egcf prkvdnce. (l) Dntrk`uce prkvdncdgm rkme dn gppkdntdni hu`ies, rumes ensurdni tfey gre orkj gmm reidkns restructurdni ckurts wdtf g specdgm cknstdtutdkngm ckurt kr pgnem Crdtdcdsjs ko gjen`dni prkce`ures 8 JeecfMgbe ogdme` l/c kver next 3 yegrs prkvdncdgm emectdkns cguse` (0) cfgnies dn ikvt leokre prkcess ko rgtdodcgtdkn ly gmm meidsmgtdve gssejlmdes wgs ckjpmete, gn` egcf new ikvt reouse` tk respect gireejent ko pre`ecesskr. Gcckr` mgpse` l/c < gssejlmdes `d` nkt rgtdoy wdtfdn 3 yegr tdje mdjdt. (g) 3 yegr perdk` ds tkk mkni (perdk` ds suppkse` suppkse` tk ensure pulmdc prkcess tk revdew prkpksgm) (l) Qulmdc cknsumtgtdkns okr Cfgrmkttetkwn wgs tkk jucf gn` tkk mgrie, yet stdmm stdmm ogdme`. (c) Gireejent Gireejent ko odrst jdndsters8 turns dntk lgrigdndni lgrigdndni (`) Dndtdgtdve gn` reoeren`uj8 prkpksgm okr cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent ckum` le dndtdgte` ly petdtdkn sdine` ly g stdpumgte` (ogdrmy mgrie) nujler ko vkters, gn` ckum` le g`kpte` ly reoeren`uj tfgt kltgdne` jghkrdtdes dn egcf reidkn ko ckuntry. Pfds wkum` pmgce ckntrkm kver gjen`dni pkwers dn fgn`s ko tfe pekpme, dnsteg` ko pkmdtdcgm emdtes. Ikvt wdmm nkt le excmu`e`, tfey ckum` cgjpgdin okr kr gigdnst prkpksgms, lut cgjpgdin wkum` fgve tk le g``resse` tk tfe jerdts ko tfe pgrtdcumgr prkpksgm.
?
<. Cf. 5.9 5.9 Secessd Secessdkn kn
g) Pfe pkwer tk sece`e8 sece`e8 nk undmgtergm successdkn ds pkssdlme l/c nkt jentdkne` gny tfe Cknstdtutdkn. Wuelec fem` g reoeren`uj dn 7445 reigr`dni wfetfer dt sfkum` leckje skveredin, jg`e okrjgm kooer tk Cgng`g okr g new ecknkjdc gn` pkmdtdcgm pgrtnersfdp terjs jg`e dt cmegr tfgt dt wgs ikdni tk le `ecmgre` skveredin reigr`mess ko wfetfer Cgng`g gccepte` tfe kooer kr nkt. Gn` tfe reoeren`uj jg`e cmegr tfgt Wuelec Ngtdkngm Gssejlmy jg`e cmegr tfgt dt wgs ejpkwere` tk prkcmgdj Wuelec gs g skveredin stgte gs skkn gs pgrtnersfdp neiktdgtdkns were ckjpmete. l) \eoeren`uj gssuje` tfgt undmgtergm `ecmgr gtdkn ko dn`epen`ence wkum` le meigmmy e ooectdve wdtfkut tfe nee` tk gjen` tfe cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g. c) Cfgmmenie` ly prdvgte pgrty Iuy Lertrgn`, wfk kltgdne` `ecmgrgtdkn orkj Wuelec Superdkr ckurt tfgt W fg` nk pkwer tk prkcmgdj dtsemo dn`epen`ent dn `dsreigr` ko tfe gjen`dni prkce`ures ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn. Dnhunctdkn `ende`. `) Mkkb lemkw gt \eoerence re Secessdkn ko Wuelec nktes e) Cmgrdty Gct engcte` ly Qgrmdgjent tk `eterjdne ‖cmegr jghkrdty kn g cmegr questdkn—. (7) Sectdkn Sectdkn 7 prkvd`es prkvd`es Fkuse Fkuse ko ko Ckjjkn Ckjjknss wdmm wdmm cknsd cknsd`ere `ere` ` do prkp prkpkse` kse` questdkn questdkn ds cmegr cmegr.. Yfetf Yfetfer er dt ds ds cmegr cmegr `epen` `epen`ss kn tfe tfe kpdndkn ko tfe Fkuse, do tfe questdkn wkum` resumt dn g cmegr expressdkn ko tfe wdmm tfgt tfe prkvdnce—s pkpumgtdkn wgnts tk cegse ledni g pgrt ko Cgng`g gn` wgnts tk leckje dn`epen`ent. (g) Wuestdkn ds nkt cmegr do dt okcuses kn jgn`gte jgn`gte tk neiktdgte kr do dt envdsgies ecknkjdc kr pkmdtdcgm grrgniejents wdtf Cgng`g tfgt klscure g `drect expressdkn ko tfe pkpumgtdkn—s wdmm. (l) Do questdkn ds nkt cmegr, ikvt ko Cgng`g ds prkfdldte` orkj enterdni neiktdgtdkns ko secessdkn, okmmkwdni g reoeren`uj lgse` kn tfe questdkn. (<) Sectdkn Sectdkn <8 <8 do quest questdkn dkn ds ds cmegr cmegr gn` gn` do reoer reoeren`u en`uj j kn ques questdkn tdkn igdns igdns jghkr jghkrdty dty dn dn ogvkr ogvkr,, Fkuse Fkuse ds tk cknsd` cknsd`er er tfe tfe resumt resumt gn` gn` `eterjdne wfetfer tfe jghkrdty ds ‖cmegr—. (Yfen ds g jghkrdty cmegr, ds un`eodne`). Fkuse wdmm mkkb dntk sdze, percentgie ko emdidlme vkters wfk vkte`. Fkuse wdmm jgbe hu`ijent dn gmm cdrcujstgnces ko g pgrtdcumgr reoeren`uj gs tk wfetfer jghkrdty mgrie enkuif gn` suoodcdentmy dncmu`es jdnkrdtdes tk okrj g new stgte. (g) Do Fkuse odn`s tfgt jghkrdty dn ogvkr ko secessdkn ds nkt cmegr, tfen gigdn, nk neiktdgtdkns. (3) Sectdkn Sectdkn 38 38 reckin reckindzes dzes tfgt tfere tfere ds nk nk rdift rdift ko undmgter undmgtergm gm secess secessdkn dkn gn` gn` tfgt tfgt gn gjen`je gjen`jent nt ko tfe Ckns Cknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkn ko Cgng`g Cgng`g wkum` le requdre` okr g prkvdnce tk sece`e orkj Cgng`g. Even do questdkn ds cmegr gn` jghkrdty ds cmegr, nk Jdndster ko tfe Crkwn ds tk prkpkse g cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent tk eooect tfe secessdkn ko tfe prkvdnce unmess tfe ikvt ko Cgng`g fg` g``resse`, dn dts neiktdgtdkns, tfe terjs ko secessdkn tfgt gre remevgnt, dncmu`dni `dvdsdkn ko gssets, mdgldmdtdes, lkr`er cfgnies, rdifts dnterests gn` terrdtkrdgm cmgdjs ko Glkrdidngm pekpmes, gn` prktectdkn ko jdnkrdty rdifts.
o) Secessdkn ly Gjen`jent8 nkt cmegr wfdcf ko tfe 5 gjen`dni prkce`ures ds ckrrect kne. (7) Nkt S.05 S.05 (prkvdn (prkvdnce ce cgn cgn gjen` gjen` kn kn dts dts kwn) kwn) l/s l/s seces secessdkn sdkn wkum` wkum` nkt nkt le hust hust gjen` gjen`dni dni ko prkvd prkvdncdg ncdgmm cknst cknstdtut dtutdkn. dkn. Nkt S.00 kr S. 03 (<) S. 36 (seven(seven-odo odoty ty okrju okrjumg) mg) requd requdrdn rdni i gssents gssents ko lktf lktf fkuses fkuses ko tfe tfe oe`erg oe`ergmm Qgrmdgj Qgrmdgjent ent gn` gn` ko tfe meids meidsmgt mgtdve dve gsse gssejlm jlmdes des ko twk tfdr`s ko tfe prkvdnces representdni 51% ko tfe pkpumgtdkn. (g) Pfds sectdkn ckvers gmm jgtters nkt prkvd`e` okr, okr, gn` secessdkn ds nkt prkvd`e` okr. okr. (3) Ungndjd Ungndjdty ty prkce prkce`ur `uree ko S. 07 07 (gsse (gssent nt ko ko lktf lktf fkus fkuses es gn` gn` meidsmgt meidsmgtdve dve gssejlm gssejlmdes des ko gmm gmm prkv prkvdnce dnces). s). (g) Secessdkn wkum` fgve gn dn`drect djpgct kn tfe jgtters specdode` dn tfds sectdkn. i) Secessdkn Secessdkn ly undmgtergm undmgtergm gct8 3. \eoerence re Secessdkn Seces sdkn ko Wuelec , R7446Z < SC\ <76 g) Ygs reoerence ly oe`ergm ikvt tk tfe Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g dn wfdcf Ckurt wgs gsbe` wfetfer W ckum` sece`e undmgtergmmy orkj Cgng`g. l) Wuestdkns/Gnswers put okrtf tk tfe ckurt8 (7) Yfgt Yfgt wgs tfe pksdt pksdtdkn dkn un`e un`err tfe Ckns Cknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkn ko Cgng`g Cgng`g,, tk wfdcf wfdcf tfe Ckurt Ckurt repmde` repmde` - tfgt undmgte undmgtergm rgm seces secessdk sdkn n wgs wgs nkt perjdtte` (<) (<) Yfgt Yfgt wgs wgs tfe tfe pksdt pksdtdkn dkn un` un`er er dnte dntern rngtd gtdkng kngmm mgw, mgw, tk wfdc wfdcf f tfe ckurt ckurt igv igvee tfe sgj sgjee gnsw gnswer er (3) Yfgt Yfgt wgs tfe Ckurt Ckurt—s —s pksdtdk pksdtdkn n do tfe tfe Cknst Cknstdtut dtutdkn dkn ko ko Cgng`g Cgng`g gn` gn` dntern dnterngtdk gtdkngm ngm mgw mgw were were dn cknomdc cknomdctt - quest questdkn dkn `d` `d` nkt nkt fgve tk le gnswere`. c) Fkm`dni8 secessdkn orkj Cgng`g ko g prkvdnce ckum` nkt le un`ertgben dn `eodgnce ko tfe terjs ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g. \ume ko mgw kr cknstdtutdkngmdsj (gn` prdncdpmes ko `ejkcrgcy) requdre` tfgt ikvt, just stdmm kley rumes ko Cknstdtutdkn.
`) \ume8 G secessdkn wkum` requdre gn gjen`jent ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g, gn` wkum` fgve tk le gcckjpmdsfe` dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe Cknstdtutdkn—s gjen`dni prkce`ures. Qrkce`ure wkum` dnvkmve pgrtdcdpgtdkn ko tfe oe` ikvt gn` ktfer prkvdnces, neiktdgtdni wdtf Wuelec, lgse` kn prdncdpmes ko `ejkcrgcy gn` oe`ergmdsj, cknstdtutdkngmdsj, rume ko mgw, prktectdkn ko jdnkrdtdes, gmm dn ikk` ogdtf. e) \egskndni8 do reoeren`uj fgs cmegr jghkrdty dn ogvkr ko secessdkn, tfds wkum` cknoer meidtdjgcy kn `ejgn`s okr secessdkn, gn` wkum` idve rdse tk recdprkcgm klmdigtdkn kn gmm pgrtdes tk Cknoe`ergtdkn tk neiktdgte cknstdtutdkngm cfgnies tk respkn` tk tfgt `esdre.
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(7) Ckurt Ckurt reouse reouse` ` tk supe supervds rvdsee kver kver pkmdtdc pkmdtdcgm gm gspect gspectss ko neikt neiktdgtd dgtdkns kns,, gn` gcbnkwm gcbnkwme`i e`ie` e` tfgt tfgt reje` reje`des des jdift jdift le pkmdtd pkmdtdcgm. cgm. Qkmdtdcgm questdkns8 g cmegr jghkrdty kn g cmegr questdkn, `dooerent pgrtdes were neiktdgtdni dn ikk` ogdtf. Secessdkn ly undmgtergm gct8 Qrdncdpme ko eooectdveness - G `e ogctk secessdkn, kccurrdni wdtfkut gireejent kr (<) gjen`jent, wkum` le uncknstdtutdkngm. Lut dt ckum` leckje successoum do sucee`dni ikvt gcfdeve` eooectdve ckntrkm ko g terrdtkry gn` reckindtdkn ly dnterngtdkngm ckjjundty2 Cgng`g wkum` fgve tk reckindze tfe regmdty tfen. (3) Klmdigtd Klmdigtdkn kn kn tfe pgrt pgrt ko ko gmm pgrtd pgrtdes es tk tfe gjen` gjen`dni dni prkc prkce`ur e`ures es tk use tfed tfedrr lest lest eookrt eookrtss tk neik neiktdgt tdgtee gn gire giree`-u e`-upkn pkn gjen`jent dn tfe event tfgt pekpme ko Wuelec vkte tk sece`e ly cmegr jghkrdty kn g cmegr questdkn.
C.OE@E\ C. OE@E\GMDSJ GMDSJ GN@ HU@DCDGM \E_DEY 7. Cknstdtutdkngm Gct, 769? ss. 47-45 (Qgrt _D. @dstrdlutdkn ko meidsmgtdve pkwers) g) 478 Qkwers ko ko tfe pgrmdgjent pgrmdgjent (mkkb gt mdst) mdst) l) 4<8 Qkwers ko tfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures (mkk b gt mdst) (7) (7) 4
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(3) Meidsmgtdve undkn8 undte` prkvdnces okrj g new undtgry stgte wfdcf dnckrpkrgtes tfe okrjer undts gn` sulhects tfej tk tfe gutfkrdty ko g sdnime centrgm meidsmgture. (de, UB ds meidsmgtdve undkn ko Enimgn`, Ygmes, Scktmgn`, Nkrtfern Dremgn` & Qgrmdgjent gt Yestjdnser fgs gutfkrdty tk meidsmgte gmm okur). (g) Upper Cgng`g (Kntgrdk wgnte` meidsmgtdve undkn), lut Mkwer Cgng`g (Wuelec, NL, NS, QED) wkum` nkt giree l/c W oegre` mkss ko Orencf mgniugie, cumture, dnstdtutdkns, \kjgn Cgtfkmdc remdidkn tk Enimdsf spegbdni Qrktestgnt jghkrdty. Ktfers oegre` mkcgm trg`dtdkns gn` dnstdtutdkns. (undkn wkum` fgve prkvd`e` jdmdtgry strenitf nee`e` okr securdty, ecknkjdc strenitf okr prksperdty) (0) Specdgm stgtus8 terj gppmde` tk prkpksgms okr cknstdtutdkngm cfgnie un`er wfdcf kne prkvdnce wkum` pkssess mgrie pkwers tfgn tfe ktfer prkvdnces (Wuelec). Ykum` djpkse strgdns kn oe` ikvt. (do oe` cgn ckntrkm prk`uct stgn`gr`s, jejlers gn` sengtkrs orkj W cgn vkte kn ldmm nkt gmmkwdni dt), (g) Nkt gmm prkvdnces gre equgm dn wegmtf, stgtus, kr gctug m pkwer. Nujler ko prkvdsdkns dn Cknstdtutdkn gppmy tk kne kr skje prkvdnces. Undque terjs okr wfen egcf prkvdnce wgs g`jdtte`. Nkt sk jucf `dooerent tk suiiest gppmydni ‖specdgm stgtus—. (l) Wuelec fgs g ‖`e ogctk— specdgm stgtus, knmy prkvdnce tfgt kpte` kut ko tfe Cgng`g Qensdkn Qmgn gn` Fkspdtgm Dnsurgnce Qmgn. Lut dt `kes nkt fgve gny specdgm cknstdtutdkngm pkwers. (c) Jeecf Mgbe Gcckr` - ‖`dstdnct skcdety— `kes nkt reckindze Wuelec gs specdgm stgtus l/c terj wgs dnterpretgtdve, `d` nkt cknoer cknstdtutdkngm pkwers tk Wuelec. Pfds meg` tk ogdmure ko Gcckr`. \eoeren`uj ly Fkuse, reckindze` W fgs ‖`dstdnct skcdety— - nk cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent, lut wgs kppkse` gnywgy. (5) @kjdndkn gn` prkvdnces8 vkcglumgry tk `escrdle tfe okmmkwdni -(g) \eidkngm gutfkrdtdes8 prkvdnces, kr stgtes (Gus, USG) wfk egcf fgve tfedr kwn ngje.
(?)
(l) Centrgm gutfkrdty 8 LNG reoerre` tk ckuntry gs ‖`kjdndkn ko Cgng`g—. Centrgm gutfkrdty wgs tfe ‖@kjdndkn—. Pfds ngje wgs idven tk semo-ikverndni ckuntrdes ko tfe Lrdtdsf Ejpdre, l/c nkt gpprkprdgte tk cgmm tfej ckmkndes. Perjdnkmkiy cfgnie`. Lrdtdsf Ejpdre lecgje Lrdtdsf Ckjjknwegmtf, tfen hust Ckjjknwegmtf. @kjdndkn cgrrdes ckmkndgm cknnktgtdkn, sk terj lecgje ‖jejler ko tfe Ckjjknwegmtf—2 `escrdldni semo ikverndni ckuntrdes ko tfe Ckjjknwegmtf. 7431, oe`ergm ikvt cfgnie` ngje ko ckuntry orkj @kjdndkn ko Cgng`g tk Cgng`g. (c) Pfe ngtdkn gs g wfkme8 Centrgm ikvt ds nkt tfe sgje gs ngtdkn gs g wfkme. Do reoerrdni tk Cgng`g cgn reiumgte skjetfdni, uncmegr do stgtejent reoers tk oe` pkwer, kr reiumgtdkn skjewfere dn tfe ckuntry. (`) Qgrmdgjent Qgrmdgjent : oe`ergm2 Meidsmgture Meidsmgture : prkvdncdgm \eidkns (g) Cgng`dgn sengte gre `rgwn equgmmy orkj reidkns, `escrdle` gs ‖`dvdsdkns—. 0 `dvdsdkns (Krdidngmmy- Kntgrdk, Wuelec, tfree Jgrdtdje prkvdnces, 7475- okur Yestern prkvdnces) egcf represente` ly <0 sengtkrs. d) 7404 Newokun`mgn` Newokun`mgn` nkt dncmu`e` dncmu`e` dn Jgrdtdje, lut lut idven ? g``dtdkngm sengtkrs sengtkrs dd) 7495 Tubkn Tubkn gn` Nkrtfwest Perrdtkrdes idven 7 sengtkr egcf, kutsd`e ko `dvdsdkns. ddd) ddd) 7444 7444 Nung Nungvu vutt idv idven en kne kne sen sengt gtkr kr (l) Jejlersfdp tk Supreje Ckurt gmsk lgse` kn reidkns. 3 ko tfe 4 hu`ies orkj Wuelec, 3 orkj Kntgrdk, < orkj tfe okur Yestern prkvdnces, gn` 7 orkj tfe okur Gtmgntdc prkvdnces. (c) _dctkrdg Cfgrter gjen`dni okrjumg ( 7491, wgs nkt giree` tk) wkum` fgve cgmme` okr gireejent kn reidkngm lgsds. Cknsent ko oe`ergm pgrmdgjent, 7) gny prkvdnce tfgt fg ` <5% pkpumgtdkn ko Cgng`g (Knt & Wue), <) gt megst twk ko tfe okur Gtmgntdc prkvdnces, 3) gt megst twk ko tfe okur western prkvdnces, fgvdni ckjldne` pkpumgtdkn ko gt megst 51% ko tfe western prkvdnces. (`) Seven-odoty okrjumg dn s.36 Cknstdtutdkngm Gct 746<8 rehects reidkns, requdres cknsent ko tfe oe`ergm pgrmdgjent, gn` twk-tfdr`s ko tfe prkvdnces (9 prkvdnces) fgvdni ckjldne` pkpumgtdkn ko 51% ko tfe pkpumgtdkn ko gmm prkvdnces. d) Dt ds skje wfgt reidkngm, l/c 9 prkvdnces wdmm gmwgys dncmu`e 7 Yestern, Yestern, 7 Gtmgntdc, 51% pkp wdmm gmwgys dncmu`e edtfer Knt kr Wue l/c ktfer 6 prkvdnces fgve mess tfgn 51%) dd) Gvkd`s expmdcdt reckindtdkn ko reidkns. (e) \eidkngm vetk stgtute8 pgsse` ly Oe`ergm pgrmdgjent dn 744?, dn`drect eooect ko dnckrpkrgtdni reidkns dn tfe sevenodoty okrjumg. Dts gn kr`dngry stgtute, nkt g Cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent. Pfus, dt prevents Jdndster ko tfe Crkwn orkj dntrk`ucdni gny reskmutdkn gutfkrdzdni gn gjen`jent dntk tfe Fkuse wdtfkut prdkr cknsent ly tfe Meidsmgtures ko8 d) Kntg Kntgrd rdk k dd) Wuelec Wuelec ddd) dd) Lrdtds tdsf Ckmuj mujldg ldg dv) Pwk kr jkre jkre Gtmgn Gtmgntdc tdc prkvdn prkvdnces ces repres representd entdni ni gt megst megst 51% pkpum pkpumgtdk gtdkn n ko Gtmgn Gtmgntdc tdc v) Pwk kr jkre prgdrde prkvdnces representdni gt megst 51% ko pkpumgtdkn ko Qrgdrde (o) @dooerences @dooerences dn _dctkrdg Cfgrter gn` \eidkngm \eidkngm vetk stgtute8 d) Un`er reidkngm reidkngm vetk stgtute, LC ds g sepgrgte sepgrgte reidkn, wfdcf wgs nkt un`er un`er _dctkrdg _dctkrdg Cfgrter Cfgrter
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dd) Un`er reidkngm vetk stgtute, twk kr jkre Gtmgntdc prkvdnces tfgt represent gt megst 51% ko Gtmgntdc prkvdncdgm pkpumgtdkn nee`e`, un`er _dctkrdg gny twk Gtmgntdc prkvdnces wkum` suoodce. ddd) Ly idvdni idvdni vetks vetks tk tfe okur okur jkst jkst pkpumkus pkpumkus prkvdnces prkvdnces,, reidkngm reidkngm vetk vetk stgtute stgtute enckjpgss enckjpgsses es equgmdty equgmdty ko tfe prkvdnces envdsdkne` ly tfe seven-odoty okrjumg. D`eg lefdn` stgtute wgs tk idve Wuelec iregter dnomuence kver outure gjen`jents ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn. Sulsd`dgrdty8 prdncdpme ko skcdgmdzgtdkn tfgt pre scrdles tfgt `ecdsdkns gooectdni dn`dvd`ugms sfkum` le jg`e ly tfe
(9) mevem ko ikvt cmksest tk tfe dn`dvd`ugms gooecte`. (g) LNG igve 0 krdidngm prkvdnces gutfkrdty kver prkperty, cdvdm rdifts, ckurts, pkmdce, jundcdpgm dnstdtutdkns, fkspdtgms, e`ucgtdkn l/c wgnte` tk sgoeiugr` tfe prkvdnces— wgys). Pfds ds cknsdstent wdtf sulsd`dgry prdncdpme. d) Nkw tfey fgve pkwer pkwer kver ckntrgcts, tkrts, ckjjercdgm mgw, mgw, cknsujer mgw, mgw, envdrknjentgm mgw, mgw, mglkr mgw, mgw, fegmtf mgw, skcdgm servdces mgw. dd) Mgws tfgt djpgct jkst `drectmy dn`dvd`ugms gre okr prkvdncdgm (l) Qrdjgry ikgm ko cknoe`ergtdkn wgs tk prkvd`e undtdni prkvdnces wdtf ckmmectdve leneodts ko gn ecknkjdc undkn, iregter odngncdgm strenitf gn` dncregse` cgpgcdty okr `eoense. Igve oe`ergm gutfkrdty kver custkjs, excdse, dnterprkvdncdgm gn` dnterngtdkngm trg`e, ckjjerce, lgnbdni, currency, tgxgtdkn, ngtdkngm `eoense. Pfds ds cknsdstent wdtf sulsd`dgry prdncdpme. d) Ckntrgry Ckntrgry tk prdncdpme, oe`ergm ikt pkwer kver crdjdngm crdjdngm mgw, pendtentgrdes pendtentgrdes,, jgrrdgie, `dvkrce `dvkrce dd) Jgtters kn Ngtdkngm `djensdkn gre ly oe`ergm ikvt, kr tfdnis tfgt cgnnkt le reiumgte` gt prkvdncdgm mevem. (c) Cgng`g v. Fu`skn8 ienergm wemogre pkwer dn Wuelec gutfkrdze` jundcdpgm meidsmgdtdkn tk pgss g ly mgw severemy restrdctdni use ko pestdcd`es dn jundcdpgmdty. Ly mgw wgs nkt `dspmgce` ly prkv kr oe`. Fem`8 `ecdsdkn sfkum` le respect, jgtters ko ikverngnce gre exgjdne` tfrkuif mens ko ‖sulsd`dgry— - g prkpksdtdkn tfgt mgw jgbdni gn` djpmejentgtdkn gre koten lest gcfdeve` gt g mevem ko ikvt tfgt ds nkt knmy eooectdve, lut gmsk cmksest tk tfe cdtdzens gooecte` gn` tfus jkst respknsdlme tk tfedr nee`s. l)\egskns okr oe`ergmdsj oe`ergmdsj (7) G`vgntgies 8 mgrie greg, dncmu`es `dverse reidkns, `dvd`dni pkwers ko ikvt sk tfgt ngtdkngm ikvt ds respknsdlme okr jgtters ko ngtdkngm djpkrtgnce, gn` prkvdncdgm ikvt respknsdlme okr mkcgm jgtters. Jkre `ecentrgmdze` ikvt cgn le expecte` tk le glme tk d`entdoy gn` idve eooect tk `dooerent preoerences g n` dnterests dn `dooerent pgrts ko tfe ckuntry. (<) Qrkvdnce Qrkvdnces, s, wdmm wdmm g`kpt g`kpt pkmdcdes pkmdcdes tfgt gre gre tkk tkk dnnkvgt dnnkvgtdve dve kr kr rg`dcgm rg`dcgm tk tk le gccep gccepte` te` tk tk tfe ngtdkn ngtdkn gs g wfkme. wfkme. Dn Dn tfds tfds wgy, wgy, prkvdnce jgy serve gs g ‖skcdgm mglkrgtkry— dn wfdcf new bdn`s ko meidsmgtdve prkirgj cgn le teste`. Do new prkirgj `kes nkt wkrb, ngtdkn wdmm nkt le gt rdsb. Do prkirgj wkrbs, ktfer prkvdnces wdmm ckpy, gny jgyle oe` wdmm tkk. (je`dcgre, nk ogumt gutkjkldme dnsurgnce, ogjdmy prkperty reidjes (3) @dvdsdkn @dvdsdkn ko ikvt ikvt pkwe pkwerr dnferen dnferentt dn g oe`er oe`ergm gm syste systej j kpergt kpergtes es tk precmu`e precmu`e gn exces excessdve sdve ckncent ckncentrgtd rgtdkn kn ko pkwer pkwer gn` tfus tfus g cfecb gigdnst tyrgnny. (ktfer sd`e8 oe` ikvt jegns wegb ikvt l/c `dspersgm ko pkwer jgbes dt fegr` tk djpmejent new pulmdc pkmdcdes) c) Oe`ergmdsj Oe`ergmdsj dn Cgng`g
Pfe terjs ko tfe tfe Cknstdtutdkn8 Cknstdtutdkn8 (g) LNG idves prkvdnces enujergte` pkwers tk jgbe mgws, idvdni resd`ue tk Qgrmdgjent. Qgrmdgjent wgs idven d) Sectdkn 47(<) 47(<) tfe pkwer tk reiumgte trg`e gn` ckjjerce ckjjerce wdtfkut wdtfkut qugmdodcgtdkn. qugmdodcgtdkn. dd) Sectdkn 47(75) 47(75) jgrrdgie gn` `dvkrce ddd) Sectdkn Sectdkn 47(
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(g) @ecdsdkns ko Qrdvy Ckuncdm gre cknsdstent tfgt Cgng`g ds g mess centrgmdze` oe`ergm systej. @dstrdlutdkn @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers dn Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g ds mess ogvkrglme tk oe`ergm pkwer.
(0) Oe`ergm-prkvdncdgm odngncdgm grrgniejents 8 Sdnce wkrm` wgr DD, sulstgntdgm pkwer lgcb tk prkvdnces, gn` tfe present oe`ergm-prkvdncdgm odng ncdgm grrgniejents idve prkvdnces jkre odngncdgm gutknkjy. (5) @dsgmmkwgnce8 oe`ergm pkwer tk `dsgmmkw prkvdncdgm stgtutes exercdse ly `kjdngnt oe`ergm ikvt dn egrmy yegrs ko cknoe`ergtdkn. Use tk`gy wkum` prkvkbe resentjent. Fgs nkt leen use` sdnce 7403, pkwer stdmm dn cknstdtutdkn lut nkt use`. (g) Do Oe` griues dncknsdstent wdtf oe` mgw, mgw, prkvdnces wdmm dnsdst ckurt ds gpprkprdgte okruj tk `eterjdne tfe dssue. Do griue` dts unwdse, prkvdnce wdmm repmy tfgt dt sfkum` le vkte` upkn (?) Gppkdntjent ko Mdeutengnt Ikvernkrs8 oe`ergm pkwer tk gppkdnt ds lregcf ko oe`ergm prdncdpme. Qkwer reiumgrmy exercdse`. Knce gppkdntjent jg`e, tfe ikvernkr ds nkt oe`ergm gient, just gct upkn g`vdce ko prkvdncdgm cgldnet. Fgs pkwer un`er s. 41 Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9 tk wdtffkm` rkygm gssent orkj ldmm engcte` ly meidsmgtdve gssejlmy gn` tk reserve ldmm okr cknsd`ergtdkn ly oe` ikvt (tfds pkwer ds klskmete nkw) Gppkdntjent ko hu`ies8 pkwer un`er s.49 Ckn 76?9 exercdse` ly oe`ergm cgldnet. Prg`dtdkn ko hu`dcdgm (9) dn`epen`ence ds strkni, prkvdncdgm hu`ies `k nkt ten` tk ogvkr oe`ergm dnterests. (g) Leokre 7404 odngm ckurt ko gppegm wgs Qrdvy Ckuncdm (jejlers gppkdnte` ly UB). Sdnce tfen dts leen Supreje Ckurt ko Cgng`g, oe`ergm ckurt cregte` ly oe`ergm stgtute, hu`ies gppkdnte` gn` pgd` ly tfe oe` ikvt e`ergm pkwer un`er s.43 Ckn 7469 prktect prkvdncdgm dncursdkns kn jdnkrdty e`ucgtdkngm (6) E`ucgtdkngm gppegms8 o e`ergm rdifts fgs never leen exercdse`. (4) @ecmgrgtkry pkwer8 oe` ikvt fg` pkwer un`er s.4<(71)(c) tk lrdni mkcgm wkrb wdtfdn oe`ergm h`x ly `ecmgrdni dt tk le okr ienergm g`vgntgie ko Cgng`g. Use` dn tfe pgst okr mkcgm rgdm wgys. Lgremy use`. `) Suprejgcy ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn8 jgdn cfgrgcterdstdc ko oe` cknstdtutdkn - `dstrdlutdkn ko ikvt pkwer letween ckkr`dngte centrgm gn` reidkngm gutfkrdtdes. \equdres cknstdtutdkn tk `eodne pkwers veste` dn lktf gutfkrdtdes. (7) Supreje8 Just le wrdtten gn` supreje (ldn`dni kr ungmterglme ly egcf ko tfe gutfkrdtdes). Do edtfer ckum` undmgtergmmy cfgnie `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers, tfen tfey wkum` nkt le ckkr`dngte, supreje pkwer mdes wdtf gutfkrdty wfk cgn cfgnie cknstdtutdkn. (<) \did`8 just le rdid` (entrencfe`), djpmde` tfgt pkwer `dstrdlutdni pgrts ko tfe cknstdtutdkn cgnnkt le gjen`e` ly kr`dngry meidsmgtdkn gctdkn8 g specdgm, gn` jkre `doodcumt prkcess ds requdre` okr gjen`jent. (g) Gjen`jent8 Cfgpter 0 Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9-746<8 nedtfer oe` pgrmdgjent nkr prkv meidsmgture fgs pkwer tk gmter undmgtergmmy prkvdsdkns ko Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g8 gjen`dni prkce`ures dn pgrt _ 746< Gct just le use`. Qgrt _ requdres gssents ko < fkuses ko tfe pgrmdgjent gn` twk-tfdr`s ko prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures., representdni 51% ko tfe pkpumgtdkn ko gmm prkvdnces. Pfds jgbes dt rdid`. (l) 5< ko Cknstdtutdkn Gct 746< expressmy goodrjs dts suprejgcy kver gmm ktfer mgws ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g. e)\kme ko tfe Ckurts
(7) @evemkpjent ko hu`dcdgm revdew8 ckurts gre tfe knmy lk`y tfgt fgve tfe pkwer tk revdew `dsputes glkut meidsmgtdve pkwer, gn` stgtutes vdkmgtdni tfe Cknstdtutdkn. (g) Jgrlury v. Jg`dsdkn (US 7613) Gct wgnte` tk idve Supreje Ckurt h`x tk dssue wrdts gn` jgn`gjus gigdnst oe`ergm ckurts gn` koodcdgms. Fem`8 pkwer wgs krdidngm h`x nkt gppemmgte h`x. Cknstdtutdkn stgte` knmy fgve gppemmgte h`x.Cknstdtutdkn gn` stgtute cknomd ct, cknstdtutdkn prevgdms l/c superdkr. Ckurts `d` fgve gutfkrdty ko settmdni `dsputes gs tk `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers un`er Cknstdtutdkn, gn` pkwer tk `ecmgre gcts ko `ejkcrgtdcgmmy emecte` meidsmgture dnvgmd`. (l) Qrdvy ckuncdm gn` prkvdncdgm ckurts fg` rdift tk revdew vgmd`dty ko meidsmgtdkn. Use` sdjdmgr griujent gs Jgrlury. , lut rgtdkngme wgs jkre lgse` kn djperdgmdsj, tfgn cknstdtutdkngmdsj. Do stgtute dncknsdstent wdtf LNG, LNG prevgdms l/c dt wgs gn djperdgm stgtute. (c) Goter Supreje Ckurt estglmdsfe` 7695, dt fg` sgje pkwer. pkwer. Sdnce 746<, `kctrdne ko repuingncy `eodne` ly Ckmkndgm Mgws _gmd`dty Gct, repmgce` ly suprejgcy cmguse dn s. 5<(7) (`) Cknstdtutdkn Gct 746< fgs lrkg`ene` sckpe ko hu`dcdgm revdew ly g``dni Cfgrter (mdjdts pkwers ko meidsmgtdve lk`des, mdjdts idve rdse tk hu`dcdgm revdew. Jkre mgws revdewe` kn Cfgrter irkun`s tfgn oe`ergmdsj irkun`s) (e) Undtgry stgte fgve omexdlme cknstdtutdkns, do stgtute vdkmgtes Cknstdtutdkn, ckurts jgy fkm` tfgt stgtute ds vgmd`. (UB, do pgrmdgjent pgsses mgw, wdmm le fem` vgmd`, even do gjen`s Cknstdtutdkn). (<) Mdjdtgtdkns kn hu`dcdgm revdew 8 (g) Ounctdkn ko hu`dcdgm revdew ds tk enokrce tfe `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers rumes (rumes ko oe`ergmdsj)8 ckurts `eterjdne do stgtute ds wdtfdn Cknstdtutdkn, do nkt, dts umtrg vdres, okr tfgt regskn, dnvgmd`. (l) Ounctdkn ko hu`dcdgm revdew ds tk enokrce tfe Cfgrter restrdctdkns gn` tfe ktfer nkn-oe`ergm restrdctdkns 8 ckurts `ecd`e do stgtute vdkmgtes cknstdtutdkngm prkfdldtdkn, do sk, stgtute ds umtrg vdres. (c) Ckurts gmsk revdew `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers irkun`s kr Cfgrter irkun`s (pkwer tk reiumgte prkperty
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(3)
(`) Mgniugie ko Cknstdtutdkn ds vgiue gn` lrkg`. Ly pgssgie ko tdje, new skcdgm, ecknkjdcgm cfgnie tfrkws new prklmejs tfgt orgjers ko text `d`n—t see. Ckurts tfen fgve tk gppmy mgrier `dscretdkngry hu`ijent tk dts `ecdsdkns. (e) Gre klmdie` tk `ecd`e cgses lgse` kn tfe mdjdte` dnokrjgtdkn presente` tk tfej dn ckurt, nk pkwer tk dndtdgte dnqudrdes, nk stgoo ko dnvestdigtkrs kr resegrcfers, nk pkwer tk engct g mgw dn sulstdtutdkn okr kne `ecmgre` dnvgmd`. Nkn-emecte` hu`ies jgbe `ecdsdkns ko pkmdtdcgm sdindodc gnce. Gmterngtdves tk hu`dcdgm revdew 8 crdtdcdze`, tgbdni gwgy hu`dcdgm revdew
(g) Cnstdtutdkngm gjen`jent rejkvdni oe`ergmdsj `dsputes orkj `c ko tfe ckurts, rejdttdni tfej okr reskmutdkn tk `drect neiktdgtdkns (oe`-prkv cknoerence) letween ikvts. -d) Lut, tfds jdift megve jdnkrdty jdnkrdty reidkngm gn` cumturgm dnterests, dnterests, cdvdm mdlertdes, mdlertdes, dnsuoodcdentmy dnsuoodcdentmy prktecte` prktecte` orkj gcts ko pkweroum jghkrdtdes. (l) Estglmdsfjent ko kutsd`e kr`dngry ckurts ko g specdgmdze` trdlungm okr cknstdtutdkngm `dsputes, wfdcf ckum` dncmu`e nkn mgwyers, mgwyers, wfdcf ckum` le cknscdkusmy ckjpkse` gs tk reomect `dooerent cumturgm gn` reidkngm dnterests wdtf Cgng`g. (c) @dvd`e tfe Supreje Ckurt dntk specdgmdze` `dvdsdkns8 ckjjkn mgw, mgw, cdvdm mgw, cknstdtutdkngm mgw. Egcf `dvdsdkn wkum` ensure jgx expertdse dn dts kwn odem`. Cknstdtutdkngm wkum` reomect `dooerent reidkngm gn` cumturgm dnterests wdtfdn tfe ckuntry. -d) Pfds ckum` leckje gctdvdst trdlungm, gssujdni rkme ko idvdni pksdtdve `drectdkn tk kur ckn mgw. mgw. Sfkum` nkt dskmgte ckn mgw dssues okr `eterjdngtdkn ly specdgm ckurt, wfen tfey usugmmy grdse dn prgctdce dn g ogctugm settdni, wfdcf grdses kut ko stgtutkry dnterpretgtdkn, ckjjkn mgw (Wuelec), gn` cdvdm mgw. Yfen tfey gre dskmgte` gn` `ecd`e`, `ecdsdkns gre tkk lrkg` gn` glstrgct. o) Gjen`dn Gjen`dni i pkwer pkwer (7) Undtgry Undtgry stgte, stgte, requdre requdress knmy knmy kr`dn kr`dngry gry stgtute stgtute engcte` engcte` ly tfe tfe stgte stgte—s —s centrgm centrgm meidsmgt meidsmgtdve dve lk`y (omexdl (omexdlme) me) (<) Stgte Stgte wdtf wdtf rdid` rdid` cknstd cknstdtutd tutdkn8 kn8 gjen gjen`dn `dni i prkcess prkcess dncmu`e dncmu`ess prkce`u prkce`ures res `esdine` `esdine` tk ensur ensuree tfgt tfgt gny gjen`j gjen`jent ent enhky enhkyss tfe tfe suppkrt, nkt knmy ko tfe oe`ergm meidsmgture, lut skje ko tfe reidkngm meidsmgtures.
i) Ckkpergtdve oe`ergmdsj8 netwkrb ko remgtdknsfdps letween executdves ko centrgm gn` reidkngm ikvts. okrje` tfrkuif remgte` `ejgn`s ko dnter`epen`ence ko ikvt pkmdcdes, equgmdzgtdkn ko reidkngm `dspgrdtdes, gn` cknstdtutdkngm g`gptdkns) gmmkws ckntdnukus re`dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers, reskurces, w/k ckurts kr gjen`dni (7) Dn skje skje odem` odem`s, s, pkmdc pkmdcdes des requd requdres res hkdn hkdnt, t, ckjpm ckjpmeje ejentg ntgry ry gctdkn gctdkn ko jkre jkre tfgn tfgn kne kne meidsm meidsmgtdv gtdvee lk`y lk`y (stgn` (stgn`gr` gr`ss ko fegm fegmtf, tf, e`ucgtdkn, dnckje jgdntengnce, pulmdc servdces - wfdcf gre wdtf terrdtkrdes. (<) Gmm prkvd prkvdnces nces rgdse rgdse tgxes tgxes okr okr tfedr tfedr kwn kwn pkmdcde pkmdcdes, s, lut lut pkkre pkkrerr prkvdn prkvdnces ces cgnnk cgnnkt, t, fgve fgve mkwer mkwer stgn stgn`gr` `gr`ss ko servd servdces ces.. \dcfer \dcfer prkvdnces femp kut. (re`dstrdlutdkn ko ikvt revenue tfrkuif sfgre`-ckst prkirgjs gn` equgmdzgtdkn irgnts). Gmsk, Pgxdni Pgxdni reskurces sfgre` letween oe` gn` prkvdncdgm ikvts, oe`ergm dnterventdkn secure` ngtdkn-wd`e fegmtf, e`ucgtdkn, wemogre pmgns (3) (3) Pfds Pfds ds `kj `kjdng dngnt nt dn oe`erg oe`ergmm-prk prkvd vdncd ncdgm gm odngn odngncdg cdgmm grrg grrgni niej ejent ents. s. (0) Odrst jdndsters cknoerences8 ko prkvdncdgm prejders gn` Qrdje Jdndster - lrdni tkietfer executdve pkwer gn` meidsmgtdve pkwer (5) Gmsk, Gmsk, severg severgmm stgn`dn stgn`dni i oe`ergm oe`ergm-pr -prkvdn kvdncdgm cdgm ckjjdt ckjjdttees tees ko jdndst jdndsters ers,, gn` negrmy negrmy every every cgldn cgldnet et jdnds jdndster ter jeets jeets wdtf fds ckunterpgrts dn ktfer ikvts orkj tdje tk tdje. Jeetdnis ko perjgnent ikvt koodcdgms orkj prkv gn` oe`. (?) Kver 751 kri krigndz gndzgtdk gtdkns, ns, cknoeren cknoerences ces,, ckjjdt ckjjdttees tees dnvkmve` dnvkmve` dn dnter dnterikv ikvernj ernjentg entgmm mdgdskn mdgdskn.. Gmsk Gmsk ckuntme ckuntmess ss dnokr dnokrjgm jgm ckntgcts gjknist cdvdm servgnts ko gmm ikvs. (9) Executdve oe`ergmdsj8 rkme ko executdve lrgncf dn wkrbdni kut dnterikvernjentgm remgtdkn - gcckjpmdsfdni skcdgm gn` ecknkjdc klhectdves.
DD. @DSP\DLUPDKN @DSP\DLUPDKN KO QKYE\S G. Q\DNCDQMES KO DNPE\Q\EPGPDKN DNPE\Q\EPGPDKN 7. Hu`dcdgm revdew kn oe`ergm irkun`s irkun`s (cf. 75) Sckpe8 Cknstdtutdkn `eodnes wfgt types ko mgw pgrmdgjent gn` meidsmgtures cgn engct. Mgw vgmd` (dntrg vdres) do ckurt (7) odn`s dt wgs engcte` wdtfdn pkwer gmmkcgte` ly Cknstdtutdkn. Dnvgmd` (umtrg vdres) do engcte` kutsd`e pkwers engcte` tk lk`y. Okr revdew, mkkb gt purpkse ko stgtute, eooects, etc... Oe`ergm gn` cfgrter irkun`s8 dn revdewdni tfe, 7) odrst questdkn ds wfetfer mgw ds wdtfdn mgw jgbdni pkwer ko (<) tfe engctdni lk`y gn` <) wfetfer tfe mgw ds cknsdstent wdtf tfe cfgrter. Cfgrter `kes nkt gppmy tk mgw tfgt ds umtrg vdres kn oe`ergm irkun`s (dnvgmd`). (g) Sect 33 Cfgrter gmmkws Qgrmdgjent/Mei tk kverrd`e prkvdsdkns ly dncmu`dni dn g stgtute g `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt stgtute ds tk kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni cfgrter prkvdsdkn. Stgtute ds tfen vgmd` (l) Oe` gn` Qrkv `dvd`e` ly sec. 47 gn` 4<. g) Cfgrgcterdzgtdkn Cfgrgcterdzgtdkn ko mgws (step 7)8
7<
(7) Jgtter8 pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko tfe stgtute. odrst step dn hu`dcdgm revdew ds tk d`entdoy jgtter ko cfgmmenidni mgw : true jegndni. Qurpkse ds tk `eterjdne wfetfer mgw ds cknstdtutdkngm kr nkt. @doodcumty ds tfgt stgtutes fgve kne oegture wfdcf ckjes wdtfdn prkvdncdgm fegr` ko pkwer gn` gnktfer wfdcf ckjes wdtfdn oe`ergm feg` ko pkwer - just cfgrgcterdze mgw ly dts jkst djpkrtgnt oegture8 pdtf/sulstgnce kr jgtter ko mgw). (<) Sdnimdni kut 8 Gmlertg Lgnb Pgxgtdkn \eoerence - sdnimdni kut tfe lgnbs tfrkuif tgx. Sdnimdni kut wdtfdn oe` h`x ds nkt ckncmusdve ko pdtf gn` sulstgnce. Do eooect ko prkvdncdgm mgw wkum` le tk djpgd r stgtus kr pkwers ko oe`ergmmy dnckrpkrgte ckjpgny, tfen prkvdncdgm mgw, gmtfkuif vgmd` ienergmmy, wdmm nkt gppmy tk tfe oe`ergmmy dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgny kr oe`ergmmy reiumgte` enterprdse. (3) @kulme gspect8 gcbnkwme`ies tfgt skje bdn`s ko mgw fgve lktf oe` gn` prkv jgtter gn` gre ckjpetent tk lktf @kjdndkn gn` prkvdnces. Gppmdcglme wfen ckntrgst letween remgtdve djpkrtgnce ko tfe < oegtures ds nkt sk sfgrp. Dt ds hu`dcdgm restrgdnt. Do mgw ds equgmmy djpkrtgnt tk lktf, dt cgn le engcte` ly Qgrmd kr Meids.. (g) \umes ko ckn`uct kn rkg`s fgve `kulme gspect gn` gre ckjpetent tk lktf Qgrm gn` Meids, sk ds securdtdes (ckjdni wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkvdnce 4<(73) gn` c rdjdngm mgw okr oe` 49(<9) (0) Qurpkse8 dntentdkn ko stgtute \.v. Ldi J @rui Jgrt - do purpkse ko stgtute fg` nkt leen remdidkn lut secumgr ikgm ko enokrcdni undokrj `gy ko rest orkj mglkr, tfen Gct wkum` ogmm un`er prkv nkt oe` (ogmms un`er prkv kr oe` `epen`dni kn wfetfer purpkse wgs remdidkn kr secumgr. Dt wgs remdidkus, vgmd` exercdse ko oe` - prkfdldte` ckjjercdgm gctdvdtd es kn sun`gy. Entdre Entdre stgtute strucb `kwn - severgnce (5) Eooect8 fkw tfe stgtute cfgnies tfe rdifts gn` mdgldmdtdes ko tfkse wfk gre sulhect tk dt gn` dn`drect gcfdevejent ko purpkses.
(g) Sgujur v. Wuelec8 k ooense tk `dstrdlute mdtergture dn streets wdtfkut wrdtten perjdssdkn ly cfdeo ko pkmdce. Qurpkse ko prktectdni pe`estrdgn trgoodc kr ckntrkmmdni mdtter dn streets. Lut regm eooect wgs okr fdj tk `ecd`e ckntent wgs klhectdknglme kr nkt. (Hefkvgf—s wdtnesss), tfds ds remgtdkn tk speecf gn` remdidkn, nkt okr prkvdnce. Eoodcgcy8 tfds ds okr Qgrmdgjent nkt ckurt. \e Odregrjs Gct8 Qgrmdgjent hu`ies wfetfer jegsure wdmm gcfdeve mdbemy (?) purpkse, eoodcgcdkusness nkt remevgnt tk Ckurt. (pgsse` iun ckntrkm meidsm gtdkn okr pulmdc sgoety, griue` tfgt dt ds knmy re` tgpe okr ogrjers, lur`endni, nk eooect kn tfkse wfk use iuns okr crdjdngm purpkses. (g) Ygr` v. Cgng`g8 lgn kn lgly segm sgme, ly prkvdnces wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvm rdifts. Upfem` vgmd`dty un`er oe`ergm pkwer kver odsferdes l/c regm jegsure wgs tk prktect reskurce. Qurpkse ko meidsmg tdkn cgnnkt le cfgmmenie` ly prkpksdni gmterngtdve, ‖letter— jetfk` okr gcfdevdni purpkse.
Ckmkrgldmdty8 `kctrdne ds dnvkbe` wfen stgtute legrs okrjgm trgppdnis ko jgtter wdtfdn h`x, lut dn regmdty ds g``resse` (9) tk g jgtter kutsd`e h`x. Meidsmgtdve lk`y cgnnkt `k dn`drectmy wfgt dt cgnnkt `k `drectmy. (Upper Cfurcfdmm8 ckntrgct kutsd`e New, rdifts dn Wuelec). (g) \.v.Jkrientgmer8 stgtute requdre` `esdingte` je`dcgm prkce`ures perokrje` dn fkspdtgm, 4, 0tf wgs glkrtdkn. Qurpkse tk fgve fdif qugmdty. Stkppdni `kctkr orkj estglmdsfdni glkrtdkn cmdndc, restrdct gccess tk dt dn Nkvg Scktdg. SPrucb `kwn stgtute l/c `esdingtdkn ko ktfer 6 prkce`ure wgs sjkbe screen tk ckncegm true purpkse ko meidsmgtdkn8 mdjdt glkrtdkn (6) Crdterdg ko cfkdce8 ds iud`e` ly ckncept ko oe`ergmdsj - sfkum` mgw le engcte` ly oe` kr prkv; Crdterdg (g) Ckjjundty8 wfetfer Cgn kr prkv ds prdjgry ckjjundty tk wfdcf cdtdzen sfkum` oeem gmmeidgnce, sulhect tk regsknglme `dsgireejent (letween enimdsf cgng`dgns gn` orencf quelecers) (l) Eoodcdency8 wfetfer ikvt pkwer ds exercdse` jkst eoodcdentmy ly oe` kr prkv ikvt, gre gmsk sulhect tk regsknglme `dsgireejent (c) @ejkcrgcy8 wfetfer oe` ikvt kr prkv ds jkre respknsdve gn` gcckuntglme tk pekpme gn` jkre prktectdve ko jdnkrdtdes, gre sulhect tk regsknglme `dsgireejent. (hu`ie uses gmm 3 tk `eterjdne). (`) Yfere cfkdce letween twk ds nkt cmegr, meidsmgtdkn ds nkrjgmmy preoerre`. Qresujptdkn ko cknstdtutdkngmdty8 tfree meigm cknsequences - fgve tfe eooect ko re`ucdni dnteroerence ly (4) unemecte` hu`ies wdtf tfe googdrs ko emecte` meidsmgtdve lrgncf. (nk presujptdkn ko cknstdtutdkngmdty do mgw cfgmmenie` kn Cfgrter irkun` vs. oe`ergm (g) Dn cfkksdni letween ckjpetdni cfgrgcterdzgtdkns ko mgw, tfe ckurt sfkum` nkrjgmmy cfkkse tfgt kne tfgt wkum` suppkrt tfe vgmd`dty ko tfe mgw. (l) Yfere vgmd`dty ko mgw requdres odn`dni ko ogct (exdstence ko ejeriency) tfgt odn`dni nee` nkt le prkve` strdctmy ly ikvt. (c) Yfere mgw ds kpen tk ngrrkw gn` wd`e dnterpretgtdkn, un`er wd`e, mgw—s gppmdcgtdkn sfkum` exten` leykn` pkwers ko engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y, ckum` sfkum` ‖reg` `kwn— tfe mgw sk gs tk cknodne dt tk tfkse gppmdcgtdkns tfgt gre w/n pkwer ko engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y. (”reg`dni `kwn‚ gppmdes tk Cfgrter) (71) Severgnce8 preserve ikk` pgrt ko stgtute gn` `ecmgre tfe rest lg `. \ume8 severgnce ds dngpprkprdgte wfen rejgdndni ikk` pgrt ds sk dnextrdcglmy lkun` up wdtf tfe pgrt `ecmgre` dnvgmd` tfgt wfgt rejgdns cgnnkt dn`epen`entmy survdve. Do < pgrts
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cgn exdst dn`epen`entmy ko kne gnktfer, fgve < `dooerent jgtters, tfen severgnce ds gpprkprdgte. (tfere ds g presujptdkn gigdnst severgnce, usugmmy strdbe `kwn entdre stgtute) (g) Severgnce cmguse8 sectdkn ko stgtute tfgt prkvd`es, tfgt do gny pgrt ko tfe stgtute ds hu`dcdgmmy fem` tk le uncknstdtutdkngm, tfe rejgdn`er ko tfe Gct ds tk ckntdnue tk le eooectdve. (l) Ckjjkn dn Cfgrter cgses tfgn oe`ergmdsj cgses, unusugm tk odn` entdre stgtute strucb `kwn dn Cfgrter cgse. (wfetfer purpkse kr eooect ko mgw glrd`ies g Cfgrter rdift) (c) \.v. Ldi J @rui Jgrt - entdre stgtute strucb `kwn.
(77) \eg`dni `kwn8 `kctrdne, wfenever pkssdlme, g stgtute ds tk le dnterprete` gs ledni wdtfdn pkwer ko engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y. (cknstrue mgniugie tfgt ikes leykn` pkwer, jkre ngrrkwmy tk beep wdtfdn sckpe). Gvgdmglme wfen stgtute fgs vgmd` mdjdte` jegndni gn` dnvgmd` exten`e` jegndni, tfen stdpumgtes tfgt mdjdte` jegndni le semecte`. Gmmkws lumb ko pkmdcy tk le gcckjpmdsfe` wfdme trdjjdni koo pgrts tfgt gre cknstdtutdkng mmy lg`. (7<) Dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty8 gppmdes kutsd`e jkstmy tk oe`ergm trgnspkrtgtdkn gn` ckjjundcgtdkn. (g) @eodndtdkn8 g mgw tfgt gppmdes dn jgtter kutsd`e h`x ko tfe engctdni lk`y cgn le gttgcbe` dn 3 wgys d) _gmd`dty ko tfe mgw8 griue tfgt mgw ds dnvgmd` l/c jgtter ckjes wdtf cmgss ko sulhects tfgt ds kutsds`e h`x ko engctdni lk`y (prkv mgw djpksdni tgx kn lgnb stucb `kwn). @epen`s kn cfgrgcterdzgtdkn ko mgw. dd) Gppmdcgldmdty ko tfe mgw8 griue mgw ds vgmd` dn jkst ko dts gppmdcgtdkns, lut sfkum` le dnterprete` tk nkt gppmy tk tfe jgtter kutsd`e tfe h`x ko engctdni lk`y. Do tfds succee`s, mgw ds nkt dnvgmd`, lut sdjpmy dngppmdcglme
(*jgidc wkr`s kn exgj) tk extrg hurds`dctdkngm jgtter. Pecfndque okr mdjdtdni gppmdcgtdkn ko mgw tk jgtters wdtfdn h`x ds ‖reg`dni `kwn `kctrdne— ddd) Kpergldmdty ko tfe mgw8 griue mgw ds dnkpergtdve tfrkuif `kctrdne ko pgrgjkuntcy (wfere tfere gre dncknsdstent oe`ergm gn` prkvdncdgm mgws, dt ds tfe oe`ergm mgw tfgt prevgdms2 pgrgjkuntcy ren`ers prkv mgw dnkpergtdve tk tfe extent ko tfe dncknsdstency) Knmy gppmdes tk prkv mgw wfen cknomdctdni wdtf oe`. (l) Oe`ergmmy-dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes8 fem` tfgt ktferwdse vgmd` prkv mgw jgy nkt djpgdr tfe stgtus kr essentdgm pkwers ko oe` dnckrp ckjp. (prkv mgw prkfdldtdni ckjpgndes orkj kpergtdni dn prkvd nce gn` djpksdni mdcensdni scfeje, ‖reg` `kwn— tk exejpt oe`ergmmy dnckrp ckjpgndes. (c) Oe`ergmmy-reiumgte` un`ertgbdnis8 un`ertgbdnis enigie` dn dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trgnspkrtgtdkn kr ckjjundcgtdkn, wfdcf ckje w/n oe`ergm h`x un`er s. 4<(71) Ckn Gct 76?9 gre djjune orkj vgmd` prkvdncdgm mgws wfdcf wkum` fgve eooect ko sterdmdzdni tfe un`ertgbdnis. (dnterprkvdncdgm pfkne ckjpgny, dnterngtdkngm lus mdne, dnterprkvdncdgm pdpemdne gre djjune). Qrkv mgws tfgt sterdmdze (pgrgmyse kr djpgdr) un`ertgbdnis gre dngppmdcglme. d) Lemm 74?? cgse8 dssue8 wfetfer prkv kccupgtdkngm fegmtf gn` sgoety mgws ckum` gppmy tk un`ertgbdnis enigie` dn dnterprkvdncdgm trgnspkrtgtdkn gn` ckjjundcgtdkn. Ckurt glgn`kne` ‖sterdmdzgtdkn— gn` fem`, Ckjpgny wgs djjune orkj prkvdncdgm jdn wgie mgw okr (7) dt gooects vdtgm pgrt ko jgngiejent gn` kpergtdkn ko un`ertgbdni. (g) _dtgm pgrt test8 precmu`e` gppmdcgtdkn ko prkv mgws tfgt ckum` nkt pkssdlmy pgrgmyze kr djpgdr kpergtdkn ko oe` reiumgte` un`ertgbdnis. (lrkg`er odem` ko djjundty). @ecdsdkn jegnt tfgt wkrbers dn oe` dn`ustrdes were nkt prktecte` ly jdn wgie mgws l/c tfere wgs nk oe` jdn wgie gt tfgt tdje. (<) (<) Fem` Fem` tfe tfe prkv prkv mgw wgs wgs ckn cknst stdtu dtutdk tdkngm ngmmy my dncgpg dncgpglm lmee ko gppmy gppmydni dni tfe tfe oe` oe` un` un`er ertgb tgbdni dni,, gn` gn` fg` fg` tk tk le le reg` `kwn s tfgt dt `d` nkt gppmy tk tfe oe` un`ertgbdnis. dd) Drwdn Pky v. Wuelec8 wfetfer mgw tfgt prkfdldte` g` `drecte` gt bd`s gppmes tk g`s kn tv (oe` h`x) Fem` tfgt mgw wgs gppmdcglme tk g` kn tv. _dtgm pgrt test gppmde` knmy tk prkv mgws tfgt purpkrte` tk gppmy `drectmy tk oe` un`ertgbdnis. Yfere prkv mgw fg` knmy gn dn`drect eooect kn un`ertgbdni, mgw wkum` le dngppmdcglme knmy do mgw djpgdre` g vdtgm pgrt ko tfe un`ertgbdni. Dn`drect eooect ogmmdni sfkrt ko djpgdrjent, even do dt gooecte` vdtgm pgrt ko un`ertgbdni wkum` nkt ren`er prkv mgw cknstdtu tdkngmmy gppmdcglme. (7) (7) prkv prkv mgw mgw vgmd` vgmd` gn` gn` eoo eooec ectdv tdvee l/c l/c dt wgs wgs prkf prkfdld dldtdk tdkn n kn g`ver g`vertds tdsers ers orkj orkj tfd tfdss cgtei cgteikr kry y, je` je`dg dg cku ckum` m` stdmm cgrry g`s. Eooect kn tv wgs dn`drect, `d` nkt jgtter tfgt mgw gooecte` vdtgm pgrt ko un`ertgbdni. ddd) Kntgrdk v. Cgng`dgn Qgcdodc 8 Gct vgmd`my gppmde` tk ckjpgny. Pfere were ktfer wgys ko beepdni rdift ko wgy cmegr ko ckjlustdlme jgtter sk tfgt ckntrkmme` lurndni wgs nkt essentdgm tk ckjpgny—s stgtutkry jgn`gte. Fem` tfgt gct wgs nkt gdje` gt jgngiejent gn` ckntrkm ko gn un`ertgbdni (EQG). Qrkv mgw tfgt reiumgte` cmegrgnce ko rdift ko wgy gooecte` vdtgm pgrt ko kpergtdkn ko tfe rgdmwgy. @dsjdsse`. dv) Cgng`dgn Yestern Lgnb v. Gmlertg8 Ergse` Drwdn `drect-dn`drect. Fem` tfgt dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty gppmdes do g ckre ckjpetence ko pgrmdgjent kr g vdtgm kr essentdgm pgrt ko gn un`ertgbdni dt `umy cknstdtutes wkum` le djpgdre` ly g prkv mgw. Do ckre ckjpetence kr vdtgm pgrt wkum` jeremy le gooecte` ly prkv mgw, nk djjundty gppmde`. (Dn tfe glsence ko djpgdrjent, nk djjundty gppmdes)
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(7) (7) Gmler Gmlertg tg Dns Dnsur urgn gnce ce Gct Gct req requdr udre` e` lgnbs lgnbs tk klt kltgd gdn n mdcen mdcense se orkj orkj prkv prkv gn` gn` ckjp ckjpmy my wdtf wdtf ckns cknsuj ujer er prktectdkn mgws wfen tfey prkjkte` dnsurgnce. (<) (<) Dnsu Dnsurgn rgnce ce Gct Gct cgn cgn ckns cknstdt tdtutd utdkng kngmmy mmy gppmy gppmy tk lgnb lgnbss lecgu lecguse se prkjk prkjktdk tdkn n ko dnsu dnsurgn rgnce ce ly ly lgnb lgnbss wgs wgs tkk tkk ogr orkj tfe ckre ko lgnbdni tk qugmdoy gs vdtgm pgrt ko tfe lgnbdni un`ertgbdni. v) Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg v. Mgogrie Cgng`g8 wfetfer _gnckuver ly mgw wgs cknstdtutdkngmmy dngppmdcglme tk tfe prkpkse` `evemkpjent kn tfe prkperty dn vdew ko pgrmdg me idsmgtdve gutfrktdy kver ngvdigtd kn gn` sfdppdni rumes. fem` tfgt reiumgtdkn ko mgn` use wdtfdn tfe ckre ko ngvdigtdkn gn` sfdppdni, wgs djjune orkj prkv kr jundcdpgm mgws tfgt wkum` djpgdr oe`ergm reidje. (`) Ktfer oe`ergm jgtters8 dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty gmsk gppmdes kutsd`e ko trgnspkrtgtdkn gn` ckjjundcgtdkn. Qrkv mglkr mgws dngppmdcglme tk pkstgm wkrbers, tegcfers kn jdmdtgry lgse. Qrkv `rdvdni mdcense dngppmdcglme tk jejlers ko grje` okrces. Qkmdce dnqudrdes dngppmdcglme tk \CJQ. \CJQ. Funtdni, g`kptdkn, ogjdmy, dngppmdcglme tk Dn`dgns/\eserves. Ly mgw prkfdldtdni sdins dngppmdcglme tk oe`ergm emectdkn sdins. Sudni okr wrknioum `egtf ko sdlmdni dngppmdcglme dn jgrdtdje neimdience cgse
(e) \gtdkngme ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty8 jkst mgws fem` dnvgmd` were mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn. Mgws dnordnidni kn oe`ergm jgtter (nkt vdkmgtdni oe`ergm mgw). d) Qdtf gn` sulstgnce8 sulstgnce8 mgw dn remgtdkn tk prkv jgtter jgtter jgy vgmd`my gooect gooect oe`ergm jgtter - tfds ds gppmde` gppmde` jkre orequentmy tfen dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjunty `kctrdne, wfdcf reg`s `kwn tfe prkv mgw tk excmu`e tfe oe`ergm jgtter. (prkv wkrbers ckjpensgtkdn mgw, prkv tgx kn lgnbs, mglkr mgws tk ckntrgct ludm`dni- gmm fem` vgmd`). dd) Qrkv mgws jgy vgmd`my exten` tk oe` sulhects unmess lgres upkn sulhect tfgt jgbes tfej specdodcgmmy oe` h`x ddd) \ume8 do prkv mgw wkum` gooect lgsdc, jdn, ungssgdmglme ckre ko oe` sulhect, tfen dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty `kctrdne stdpumgte` tfgt prkv mgw just le restrdcte` dn dts gppmdcgtdkn (reg` `kwn) tk excmu`e oe` sulhect (wkum` djpgdr ckre ko oe` sulhect). Do prkv mgw `d` nkt gooect ckre ko oe` sulhect, tfen pdtf gn` sulstgnce `kctrdne stdpumgte` tfgt prkv mgw vgmd`my le gppmde` tk oe` sulhect. (o) Qrkvdncdgm sulhects8 `kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty cgn le recdprkcgm, prktectdni te ckre ko excmusdve prkvdncdgm feg`s ko pkwer orkj oe`ergm meidsmgtd kn. l)Dnterpretgtdkn ko Cknstdtutdkn (Dnterpretgtdkn ko pkwer `dstrdlutdkn prkvdsdkns ko cknstdtutdkn (step <) (7) \emevgnce8 knce jgtter (pdtf gn` sulstgnce) ko cfgmmenie` mgw fgs leen d`entdode`, seckn` stgie dn hu`dcdgm revdew ds tk gssdin jgtter tk kne ko tfe cmgsses ko sulhects. (<) Excmusdveness8 Mdsts dn 47 gn` 4< Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9, excmusdve tk Qgrmdg kr Mei tk wfdcf dt ds gssdine`. Qgrtdcumgr jgtter wdmm knmy ckje wdtfdn g cmgss ko sulhects dn kne mdst. Do kne `kesn—t meidsmgte tk tfe oumm mdjdt ko dts pkwer, tfds `kes nkt jegn tfe pkwers gre idven tk tfe ktfer lk`y tk `k sk. Cgn fgve `upmdcgtdkn kr kvermgppdni. (g) Qrkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv 43(7<) gn` reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce ckjjerce 47(<) oe`. Prg`e Prg`e gn` ckjjerce fgs leen ngrrkwe` `kwn tk dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trg`e gn` ckjjerce. Qrkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dnterprete` gs dncmu`dni reiumgtdkn ko knmy mkcgm trg`e gn` ckjjerce. (3) Gncdmmgry pkwer8 we `k nkt fgve gncdmmgry pkwer enujergte` tk edtfer pgrmdgjent kr meidsmgture.
(g) Qgpp v. Qgpp8 upfem` custk`y prkvdsdkns ko oe`ergm `dvkrce gct, `d` nkt ogvkr mgniugie ko necessgrdmy dncd`entgm kr gncdmmgry tk expmgdn vgmd` djpgct ko oe`ergm mgw dn remgtdkn tk `dvkrce. Gsb wfetfer rgtdkngm, ounctdkngm, cknnectdkn letween wfgt ds g`jdtte`my ikk` gn` wfgt ds cfgmmeni e`. d) \gtdkngm cknnectdkn test 8 gmmkws egcf enujergte` feg` ko pkwer tk ejlrgce mgws tfgt fgve skje djpgct kn jgtters entruste` tk tfe ktfer mevem ko ikvt gn` prkvd`es omexdlme stgn`gr` wfdcf idves engctdni lk`y cknsd`erglme meewgy tk cfkkse tfe meidsmgtdve tecfndques dt `eejs gpprkprdgte, wfdme prkvd`dni g hu`dcdgm cfecb kn gn unhustdode` usurpgtdkn ko pkwers. (`drectmy cknorknts tfe gpprkprdgte questdkns dn dnterpretdni g oe`ergm cknstdtutdkn).
(l) \. v. Xemensby8 use` rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test tk rehect griujent tfgt crdjdngm mgw pkwer wkum` nkt gutfkrdze qugsd cdvdm sgnctdkn ko ckjpensgtdkn. (c) Jumtdpme Gccess v. JcCutcfekn8 upfem` prkvdsdkn ko oe` mgw irgntdni cdvdm reje`y okr dnsd`er trg`dni, kn lgsds tfgt prkv fg` rgtdkngm, ounctdkngm, cknnectdkn wdtf ckjpgny mgw. (`) \.v.Pfkjgs Oummer Cknstructdkn8 gncdmmgry pkwer `kctrdne wgs mdjdte` tk wfgt ds trumy necessgry okr eooectdve exercdse ko pgrmdgjent—s meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty. Jucf strdcter test tfgn rgtdkngm cknnectdkn. \esumt wgs tk djpkse gn dncknvendentmy restrdctdve dnterpretgtdkn kn tfe oe`ergm pgrmdgjent—s pkwer tk estglmdsf oe`ergm ckurts un`er s. 717 Ckn Gct 76?9. (e) Ienergm jktkrs v. Cdty ngtdkngm megsdni8 ckurt trydni tk reckncdme `dooerent gpprkgcfes okr `eodndni extent ko meidsmgtdve pkwer tk gooect jgtters kutsd`e ckjpetence ko engctdni lk`y. Ckurt just jegsure `eiree ko encrkgcfjent ko
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meidsmgtdve scfeje kn ktfer ikvt—s spfere ko pkwer, tfen ckurt just `eterjdne fkw necessgry tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkn ds tk tfe vgmd` meidsmgtdve scfeje.
d) Okr jdnkr encrkgcfjents, rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test ds gpprkprdgte. Okr jghkr, g strdcter test (trumy necessgry, kr essentdgm) ds gpprkprdgte. dd) Djpuine` mgw wgs cdvdm reje`y dn oe`ergm ckjpetdtdkn stgtute. Mgw dntru`e` dntk prkv pkwe kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, lut knmy dn g ‖mdjdte` wgy—. Pfus, tk test vgmd`dty ko mgw, tfey use` rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test. ddd) ddd) Upfe Upfem` m` vgmd` vgmd`dty dty ko tfe cdvdm cdvdm reje`y reje`y.. (o) Bdrbld v. \dtvdb Fkm`dnis8 trg`e jgrbs gct (oe` mgw vgmd` un`er ckjjerce pkwer) prkvd`e` cdvdm reje`y okr dnordniejent ko unreidstere` trg`ejgrb. \eje`y g jgtter ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts (prkvdnces nkt oe`ergm). Okun` dntrusdkn dntk prkv wgs jdndjgm. Fem`8 tfgt undokrj ngtdkngm reje`y okr prktectdkn ko unreidstere` trg`e jgrbs wgs useoum pgrt ko scfeje ko reiumgtdkn, reje`y wgs ‖suoodcdentmy dnteirgte` dntk oe`ergm scfeje— tk le vgmd` mgw dn remgtdkn tk trg`e jgrbs.
(i) Nybkrgb, Qgpp, Xemensby, Jumtdpme Gccess8 egcf feg` ko meidsmgtdve pkwer (oe` kr prkv) gutfkrdzes gmm prkvdsdkns tfgt fgve rgtdkngm cknnectdkn tk exercdse ko tfgt feg` pkwer. pkwer. Nk nee` okr sepgrgte gncdmmgry pkwer. \gtdkngm cknnectdkn tes t tk le preoerre` kver strdcter gmterngtdves - ‖trumy necessgry— kr ‖essentdgm tests — l/c lecguse dt ds mess strdct. Pfe jkre mdlergm test respects mdjdts djpkste` ly Cknstdtutdkn—s `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwer ly requdrdni g rgtdkngm cknnectdkn, lut dt stdmm gmmkws cknsd`erglme meewgy tk meidsmgtdve hu`ijent ko lktf oe` gn` prkv. (0) Ckncurrency8 (g) Excmusdvdty ds tfe rume, ckncurrent tfe exceptdkn. tfree prkvdsdkns expmdcdtmy cknoer ckncurrent pkwers d) 4
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(l) Yfen Ckurt odn`s unwrdtten cknstdtutdkngm prdncdpme dn Cknstdtutdkn, dt fgs tregte` tfe prdncdpme gs gn djpmde` terj ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn tfgt ds enokrceglme dn precdsemy tfe sgje wgy gs do dt were gn express terj.
(c) Jgndtklg Mgniugie \eoerence8 fem` Ckurt jgy fgve tk reigr` unwrdtten pkstumgtes wfdcf okrj okun`gtdkn ko Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgn. Gppmdcglme unwrdtten pgrt wgs ‖tfe prdncdpme ko rume ko mgw—. Ckurt dnvkbe` prdncdpme tk skmve crdsds tfgt wkum` resumte` orkj tfe Ckurt—s fkm`dni tfgt gmm ko tfe mgws ko Jgn engcte` sdnce 7641 were dnvgmd` l/c dn Enimdsf knmy - just le Orencf tkk. Ly vdrtue ko unwrdtten cknstdtutdkngm iugrgntee ko rume ko mgw, Jgn wgs ikverne` tejpkrgrdmy ly lk`y ko mgw tfgt wgs dnvgmd`, untdm tfey were trgnsmgte ` gn` re-engcte`. (`) \e \ejunergtdkn ko Hu`ies8 fem` tfgt tfree prkvdncdgm stgtutes re`ucdni sgmgrdes ko prkvdncdgm ckurt hu`ies were uncknstdtutdkngm l/c vdkmgte` hu`dcdgm dn`epen`ence. Ckn ko Cgn ckntgdne` unwrdtten cknstdtutdkngm prdncdpmes ko hu`dcdgm dn`epen`ence. (e) Secessdkn \eoerence8 do prkvdnce vkte` tk sece`e, rest ko Cgng`g un`er klmdigtdkn tk neiktdgte. Klmdigtdkn never jentdkne` dn tfe pgst nkr griue`. (o) Lglckcb v. Cgng`g 8 ckurt rehecte` cfgmmenie tfgt gmmkws oe` ikvt tk wdtffkm` cgldnet `kcujents orkj ckurt prkcee`dnis, dnvkbe` unwrdtten cknstdt utdkngm prdncdpme8 rume ko mgw, sepgrgtdkn ko pkwers, gn` dn`epen`ence ko hu`dcdgry.
(i) Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg v. Djperdgm Pklgcck8 stgtute jg`e okr reckupdni fegmtf cgre cksts ly prkvdnce okr tklgcck remgte` `dsegses. Cregte` g new tkrt. @ende` ckjpgny gccess tk dn`dvd`ugm fegmtf cgre reckr`s, gmm ckjpgndes wkum` `dvd`e ckst ly jgrbet sfgre. Ckjpgndes cfgmmenie vgmd`dty ko stgtute, remydni kn dn`epen`ence ko hu`dcdgry, rume ko mgw. Lktf cfgmmenies ogdme`. (f) @e Sgvkye v. Jkriugr` Dnvestjents8 Ckurt dnvkbe` prdncdpme ko oe`ergmdsj tk grtdcumgte oumm ogdtf gn` cre`dt rume ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn, wfdcf requdres tfe ckurts ko egcf prkvdnce tk reckindze hu`ijents dssue` ly tfe ckurts ko tfe ktfer Cgng`dgn prkvdnces. (d) Gmsk fg` djpmde` ldmm ko rdifts leokre Cfgrter8 reorgdne` prkv gn` oe` orkj restrdctdni oree`kj ko expressdkn gn` ktfer oun`gjentgm oree`kjs. <. Cgng`dgn Cgng` dgn Yestern Yeste rn Lgnb v. Gmlertg Gmlert g8 Dn <111, Gmlertg engcte` cfgnies tk dts Dnsurgnce Gct purpkrtdni tk jgbe oe`ergmmy cfgrtere` lgnbs sulhect tk tfe prkvdncdgm mdcensdni scfeje ikverndni tfe prkjktdkn ko dnsurgnce prk`ucts. Upkn tfe ckjdni dntk okrce ko tfgt Gct, tfe gppemmgnt lgnbs lrkuift gn gppmdcgtdkn okr g `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt tfedr prkjktdkn ko certgdn dnsurgnce prk`ucts gutfkrdze` ly tfe Lgnb Gct wgs lgnbdni wdtfdn tfe jegndni ko s. 47(75) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 gn` tfgt tfe Dnsurgnce Gct gn` dts gsskcdgte` reiumgtdkns were cknstdtutdkngmmy dngppmdcglme tk tfe lgnbs— prkjktdkn ko dnsurgnce ly vdrtue ko tfe `kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty kr, gmterngtdvemy, dnkpergtdve ly vdrtue ko tfe `kctrdne ko oe`ergm pgrgjkuntcy. Pfe trdgm hu`ie `dsjdsse` tfe gppmdcgtdkn. Fe okun` tfgt tfe cfgmmenie` prkvdsdkns ko tfe Dnsurgnce Gct were vgmd` prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn remgte` tk tfe prkvdnce—s prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts pkwer un`er s. 4<(73) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . Fe gmsk okun` tfgt tfe `kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty wgs dngppmdcglme lecguse tfe prkjktdkn ko gutfkrdze` dnsurgnce wgs nkt gt tfe ckre ko lgnbdni, gn` tfgt tfe `kctrdne ko oe`ergm pgrgjkuntcy wgs dngppmdcglme lecguse tfere wgs nk kpergtdkngm cknomdct letween tfe oe`er gm gn` prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn. Pfe Ckurt ko Gppegm upfem` tfe `ecdsdkn.Fem`8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le `dsjdsse`. g) Dssue8 Pfe questdkn tfgt grdses kn tfds gppegm ds tfe extent tk wfdcf lgnbs, gs oe`ergmmy reiumgte` odngncdgm dnstdtutdkns, just ckjpmy wdtf prkvdncdgm mgws reiumgtdni tfe prkjktdkn gn` sgme ko dnsurgnce. l)Gngmysds8 (7) Qdtf gn` sulstgnce8 (g) Pfds dndtdgm gngmysds cknsdsts ko gn dnqudry dntk tfe true ngture ko tfe mgw dn questdkn okr tfe purpkse ko d`entdoydni tfe ”jgtter‚ tk wfdcf dt essentdgmmy remgtes Do tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko tfe djpuine` meidsmgtdkn cgn le remgte` tk g jgtter tfgt ogmms wdtfdn tfe hurds`dctdkn ko tfe meidsmgture tfgt engcte` dt, tfe ckurts wdmm `ecmgre dt dntrg vdres. Do, fkwever, tfe meidsmgtdkn cgn jkre prkpermy le sgd` tk remgte tk g jgtter tfgt ds kutsd`e tfe hurds`dctdkn ko tfgt meidsmgture, dt wdmm le fem` tk le dnvgmd` kwdni tk tfds vdkmgtdkn ko tfe `dvdsdkn ko pkwers. (l) Pfe purpkse ko tfe engctdni lk`y gn` tfe meigm eooect ko tfe mgw (\eoerence re Odregrjs Gct , gt pgrg. 7?). Pk gssess tfe purpkse, tfe ckurts jgy cknsd`er lktf dntrdnsdc evd`ence, sucf gs tfe meidsmgtdkn—s pregjlme kr purpkse cmguses, gn` extrdnsdc evd`ence, sucf gs Fgnsgr` kr jdnutes ko pgrmdgjentgry `elgtes (c) Dn tfe dnstgnt cgse, tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko tfe Gmlertg Dnsurgnce Gct remgtes tk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkvdnce un`er s. 4<(73) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9, gn` ds g vgmd` prkvdncdgm mgw. mgw. Pfe jere ogct tfgt tfe lgnbs nkw pgrtdcdpgte dn tfe prkjktdkn ko dnsurgnce `kes nkt cfgnie tfe essentdgm ngture ko tfe dnsurgnce gctdvdty, wfdcf rejgdns g jgtter ienergmmy ogmmdni wdtfdn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn. (`) Pfe pkwers ko kne mevem ko ikvernjent just le prktecte` gigdnst dntrusdkns, even dncd`entgm knes, ly tfe ktfer mevem, ly twk `kctrdnes8 dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty gn` pgrgjkuntcy
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(e) @kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty. \eckindzes tfgt kur Cknstdtutdkn ds lgse` kn gn gmmkcgtdkn ko excmusdve pkwers tk lktf mevems ko ikvernjent, nkt ckncurrent pkwers, gmtfkuif tfese pkwers gre lkun` tk dntergct dn tfe regmdtdes ko tfe mdoe ko kur Cknstdtutdkn. d) mevem ko tfe dntrusdkn kn tfe ”ckre‚ ko tfe pkwer ko tfe ktfer mevem ko ikvernjent wfdcf wkum` trdiier dts gppmdcgtdkn8 Pk trdiier tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe djjundty, dt ds nkt enkuif okr tfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn sdjpmy tk gooect tfgt wfdcf jgbes g oe`ergm sulhect kr klhect ko rdifts specdodcgmmy ko oe`ergm hurds`dctdkn. Dt ds wfen tfe g`verse djpgct ko g mgw g`kpte` ly kne meve m ko ikvernjent dncregses dn severdty orkj gooectdni tk djpgdrdni tfgt tfe ckre ckjpetence ko tfe ktfer mevem ko ikvernjent kr tfe vdtgm kr essentdgm pgrt ko gn un`ertgbdni dt `umy cknstdtutes ds pmgce` dn hekpgr`y. (7) (7) Pfe Pfe lgnb lgnbss ` `d` d` nkt `ejkns `ejknstrg trgte te tfgt tfgt cre` cre`dtdt-re remgt mgte` e` dnsurg dnsurgnce nce ds pgrt pgrt ko ko tfe tfe lgsd lgsdc, c, jdnd jdndju juj j gn` gn` ungssgdmglme ckntent ko tfe lgnbdni pkwer. Yfdme lgnbdni certgdnmy dncmu`es tfe securdni ko mkgns ly gpprkprdgte ckmmgtergm, g lgnb dn prkjktdni kptdkngm dnsurgnce ds nkt enigie` dn gn gctdvdty vdtgm kr essentdgm tk lgnbdni. Pfe lgnb cgnnkt tfereokre le prktecte` orkj kpergtdkn ko tfe Dnsurgnce Gct ly vdrtue ko tfe (<) `kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty c) Gngmysds gpprkgcf8 Gmm cknstdtutdkngm meigm cfgmmenies tk meidsmgtdkn sfkum` okmmkw tfe sgje gpprkgcf. Odrst , tfe pdtf gn`
sulstgnce ko tfe prkvdncdgm mgw gn` tfe oe`ergm mgw sfkum` le exgjdne` tk ensure tfgt tfey gre lktf vgmd`my engcte` mgws gn` tk `eterjdne tfe ngture ko tfe kvermgp, do gny, letween tfej. Seckn` , tfe gppmdcgldmdty ko tfe prkvdncdgm mgw t k tfe oe`ergm un`ertgbdni kr jgtter dn questdkn just le reskmve` wdtf reoerence tk tfe `kctrdne ko dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty . Pfdr`, knmy do lktf tfe prkvdncdgm mgw gn` tfe oe`ergm mgw fgve leen okun` tk le vgmd` pdeces ko meidsmgtdkn, gn` knmy do tfe prkvdncdgm mgw ds okun` tk le gppmdcglme tk tfe oe`ergm jgtter dn questdkn, tfen lktf stgtutes just le ckjpgre` ckjpgre` tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfe kvermgp letween tfej cknstdtutes g cknomdct suoodcdent tk trdiier tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe `kctrdne ko oe`ergm pgrgjkuntcy. 3. Wuelec Gttkrney Ienergm v. Cgng`dgn Kwners gn` Qdmkts Gsskcdgtdkn8 M gn` I ludmt gn gerk`rkje, wfdcf ds reidstere` un`er tfe oe`ergm Gerkngutdcs Gct, kn tfedr mgn` zkne` gs girdcumturgm dn tfe prkvdnce ko Wuelec. Sectdkn
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(l) @kes Sectdkn
L. QG\GJKUNPCT Cf. 7? 7. Qrklmej ko dncknsdstency g) @kctrdne ko djpmde` repegm gppmdes dn Cgng`g tk reskmve cknomdcts letween mgws engcte` ly tfe sgje meidsmgtdve lk`y. Stgtute jg`e mgter ds `eeje` tk djpmde` repegme` egrmder stgtute tk tfe extent ko dncknsdstency. Nk femp do cknomdct letween oe` gn` prkv stgtute l/c cgnnkt repegm egcf ktfer—s mgws. l) Oe`ergm pgrgjkuntcy8 wfere tfere gre dncknsdstent oe` gn` prkv mgws, oe` mgw prevgdms. Gppmdes wfen Egcf ds vgmd`8 `kes tfe jgtter (pdtf kr sulstgnce) ko tfe mgw ckje w/n cmgsses ko sulhects (feg`s ko pkwer) gmmkcgte` tk (7) engctdni Qgrm kr Meids; Rdo test ogdme`, tfen `kneZ (<) Dncknsdstent8 <. Express ckntrg`dctdkn 8 twk types ko express dncknsdstency --
g) Djpkssdldmdty ko `ugm ckjpmdgnce8 wfen dt ds djpkssdlme okr g perskn tk kley lktf mgws (kne ds lregcfe`) (7) J & @ Ogrj v. Jgndtklg Girdcumturgm Cre`dt Ckrp 8 express ckntrg`dctdkn un`er oe` mgw prkfdldte` enokrcejent ko prkcee`dnis okr 7<1 `gys, prkv mgw fg` enokrcejent prkcee`dni wdtfdn 7<1 `gys. Qmgdntdoo ikt stgy ko prkcee`dnis un`er oe` mgw. Ckrp kltgdne` prkv kr`er irgntdni perjdssdkn tk okrecmkse. Fem` tfgt tfds wgs prkfdldte` ly oe` mgw. Sgsbgtcfewgn Lregtfgmyzer8 oe` mgw ‖nk perskn requdre` tk idve lregtf sgjpme— gs `rdnbdni `rdvdni evd`ence. (<) Qrkv mgw ‖suspen`e` `rdvdni mdcense ko gnykne wfk reouse` tk ckjpmy wdtf request okr sgjpme—. Fem` tfgt prkv mgw wgs `endgm ko questdknglme prdvdmeie, sgnctdkn nkt severe enkuif. Nk ckntrg`dctdkn letween oe` gn` prkv mgw. Do kne mevem ko ikvt `endes cknsent gn` tfe ktfer irgnts cknsent, tfere ds djpkssdldmdty ko `ugm ckjpmdgnce, wfdcf wkum` (3) cguse oe` `ecdsdkn tk prevgdm. LC v. Mgogrie Cgng`g8 oe` mgw, nee`e` perjdssdkn tk jgbe Qkrt Gutfkrdty, fem` tfgt `d` nkt nee` gpprkvgm ko Cdty (lecguse dn _gn) l/c tk `k sk wkum` idve rdse tk kpergtdkngm cknomdct. Dt ds gmreg`y dnokrjgmmy gpprkve`.
l) Orustrgtdkn ko `ugm purpkse8 kvermgppdni oe` gn` prkv mgw, dt ds pkssdlme tk ckjpmy wdtf lktf lut eooect ko prkv mgw wkum` le tk orustrgte purpkse ko oe` mgw. (odn` wfgt oe` purpkse ds, wfetfer prkv orustrgtes dt) Lgnb ko Jkntregm v. Fgmm8 oe` mgw idves prkce`ure okr okrecmksure, prkv mgw wgnts cre`dtkr tk serve nktdce kn (7) `eltkr leokre okrecmksure okr mgst kppkrtundty tk repmgy mkgn. Lgnb okmmkwe` oe`. Nkt djpkssdlme tk okmmkw lktf, wkum` nkt lregcf oe` do okmmkwe` prkv tkk - wkum` hust `emgy lgnb dn iett dni securdty. Fem` tfgt nkt klmdie` tk okmmkw prkv mgw l/c dncknsdstent, purpkse ko oe` mgw orustrgte` ly prkv (<) Mgw Skcdety ko LC v. Jgnigt 8 Oe` mgw gmmkwe` pgrty tk le represente` ly nkn mgwyer. Qrkv Skcdety prkfdldts nkn mgwyers orkj prgctdcdni mgw. Qgrty cgn ckjpmy wdtf lktf ly fdrdni mgwyer lut purpkse ko oe` mgw wgs tk estglmdsf dnokrjgm, gccessdlme spee`y prkcess. Qurpkse requdre` pgrtdes tk retgdn ckunsem wfk spkbe mgniugie, un`erstkk` cumture, dnexpensdve. Qurpkse wkum` le `eoegte` do knmy mgwyers perjdtte` tk gppegr leokre Djjdirgtdkn lkgr`. Pfere wgs g cknomdct, sk prkv mgw dnkpergtdve. (3) \ktfgjgns, Lenskn &Fe`ies v. Sgsbgtcfewgn8 oe` tklgcck gct prkfdlte` prkjktdkn ko prk`ucts, except gs gutfkrdze` ly Gct, gmsk gmmkws perskn tk `dspmgy prk`uct. Qrkv ckntrkm gct lgnne` `dspmgy ko prk`ucts dn gny prejdses wfere
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pekpme un`er 76 perjdtte`. Fem` tfgt oe` perjdssdkn tk `dspmgy wgs nkt tk creg te pksdtdve entdtmejent tk `dspmgy. \etgdme` ckum` ckjpmy w/ lktf ly nkt gmmkwdni un`er 76 kr ly nkt `dspmgydni. Qurpkse ko Gct (g``ress ienergm fegmtf prklmejs) gn` perjdssdkn tk `dspmgy (cdrcujscrdle tfe gct—s ienergm prkfdldtdkn kn prkjktdkn) were oumod mme`.
(g) Ly ngrrkwdni oe`ergm mdjdt kn prkfdldtdkn ko ckjjercdgm speecf, prkv mgw griuglmy orustrgte` purpkse, wfdcf wgs tk ckjpmy wdtf Cfgrter s. 7 regsknglme mdjdts (`dspmgy wgs gn eookrt tk djpkse regsknglme mdjdt kn prkfdldtdkn ko ckjjercdgm speecf l/c Gct wgnte` tk reiumgte dt ly restrdctdni Cfgrter-prktecte` ckjjercdgm expressdkn. (djprgctdcgm tk excmu`e perskns un`er 76 orkj stkres) 3. Neigtdve djpmdcgtdkn djpmdcgtdkn g) Ckverdni tfe odem`8 gbg neigtdve djpmdcgtdkn test ko dncknsdstency - test nkt use` ly Ckurts. (7) Pest Pest8 oe` mgw jgy le dnterprete` gs ckverdni tfe odem` gn` precmu`dni gny prkv mgws dn tfgt odem`, even do tfey gre nkt ckntrg`dctkry ko tfe oe`ergm mgw. (Oe` mgw jgy le reg` gs dncmu`dni express prkvdsdkns, gn` neigtdve djpmdcgtdkn s tfgt tfkse express prkvdsdkns sfkum` nkt le suppmejente` kr `upmdcgte` ly gny prkv mgw kn tfe sgje sulhect). (<) Qrkv mgw tfgt g``s g``s tk kr `upmdcgt `upmdcgtes es oe` oe` mgw mgw ds nkt nkt `eeje `eeje` ` tk le le dnckns dncknsdst dstent ent wdtf wdtf oe`. oe`. Dnst Dnsteg` eg` ko ko neigtdv neigtdvee djpmdcg djpmdcgtdk tdkn, n, ckurts hust gmmkw lktf mgws tk exdst lecguse tfey gre nkt dncknsdstent. (3) K—Irg`y, Stepfens, Sjdtf, Jgnn8 Cgse mgws fgve okun` tfgt lktf mgws cgn le okmmkwe`, l/c nk dncknsdstency (jkst `dssents okun` tfgt prkv ckntrg`dcte` oe`. Nkne g``resse` dncknsdstency ly neigtdve djpmdcgtdkn) (0) Ckurts Ckurts wdmm wdmm odn` odn` dnckns dncknsdste dstency ncy do do prkv prkv mgw orustr orustrgtes gtes purpkse purpkse (nkt do oe` oe` mgw dnten`e` dnten`e` tk ckver ckver entdr entdree odem`) odem`) Mkkb Mkkb gt gt ckjpgtdldmdty ko lktf, wfetfer tfey cgn mdve wdtf kne gnktfer. (5) Cgng`dgn Yestern Lgnb v. Gmlertg8 prkv mgw requdrdni mdcense okr prkjktdkn ko dnsurgnce dn prkv wgs nkt dnkpergtdve tk lgnbs ly oe` lgnb gct, wfdcf gutfkrdze` lgnbs tk prkjkte 6 specdodc bdn`s ko cre`dt remgte` dnsurgnce. l) Express extensdkn ko pgrgjkuntcy8 cgn we ren`er prkv mgws dnkpergtdve upkn tfe sgje jgtters gs Dn`dgn Gct, even do prkvdsdkns `k nkt ckntrg`dct, lecguse oe` mgw wgnts tk ckver e ntdre greg; Qrklglmy, yes.
0. Kvermgp gn` `upmdcgtdkn g) Cknstdtutdkngm sdindodcgnce8 @upmdcgte mgws sfkw fgrjkny. @upmdcgtdkn ds nkt g test ko dncknsdstency. Jumtdpme Gccess v. JcCutcfekn 8 Qrkv mgws wdmm le fem` nkt dnkpergtdve tk oe` mgws, kverrume` ktfers. Nk nee` tk odn` sjgmm `dooerences, mdbe K—Irg`y, Stepfens, Sjdtf, Jgnn. Yfetfer mgw ds dncknsdstent kr nkt `epen`s kn wfetfer tfey gre ckjpgtdlme dn kpergtdkn. l) @kulme crdjdngm mdgldmdty8 exdstence ko kvermgppdni kr `upmdcgtdkns rgdses pkssdldmdty tfgt perskn jgy le mdglme tk cknvdctdkn un`er lktf oe` gn` prkv mgw okr sgje ckn`uct. Qgrgjkuntcy `kctrdne `kes nkt precmu`e tfds. Lut s. 77(f) Cfgrter `kulme hegpgr`y ds gppmde`, dts gppmde` gs do Cgng`g ds g undtgry stgte. Gmm remevgnt `ecdsdkns gre tgben ly sgje prkvdncdgm koodcdgms, hu`ies, wfetfer kooenses gre prkv kr oe` lecguse prkv ckurt trdes lktf types ko kooenses, gn` prkv ckps/prksectkrs enokrce lktf.
c) @kulme cdvdm mdgldmdty8 Gmsk nkt reskmve` ly pgrgjkuntcy. Qrdvy ckuncdm upfem` `kulme dnckje tgxgtdkn sgydni oe` gn` prkv tgxes jgy ck exdst gn` le enokrce` wdtfkut cmgsfdni. Ckurt upfem` `upmdcgtdve cdvdm reje`des okr dnsd`er trg`dni, gn` pkdnte` tfgt nk ckurt wkum` gwgr` `kulme `gjgies tk pmgdntdoo wfk fg` gmreg`y leen oummy ckjpensgte`. 5. Eooect ko dncknsdstency8 knce `eterjdne` tfgt oe` mgw dncknsdstent wdtf prkv mgw, prkv mgw just ydem` tk oe` mgw, dt ds ren`ere` dnkpergtdve tk extent ko tfe dncknsdstency (*jgidc wkr`s tk use kn exgj). Qgrgjkuntcy wdmm nkt gppmy tk pkrtdkns tfgt gre cknsdstent wdtf oe` mgw unmess dncknsdstent pgrts gre dnsepgrglmy mdnbe` wdtf cknsdstent pgrts. Pejpkrgm mdjdtgtdkn8 mdjdtgtdkn8 `kctrdne wdmm gooect kpergtdkn ko prkv mgw knmy sk mkni gs tfe dncknsdstnet oe` mgw ds dn okrce. Do oe` mgw ds g) Pejpkrgm repegme`, prkv mgw wdmm gutkjgtdcgmmy revdve wdtfkut reengctjent ly prkv meidsmgture. l) Dnkpergtdve prkv mgw `kes nkt jegn dts leen repegme`. Oe` mg w cgnnkt repegm prkv mgw, gn` repegme` mgw (prkv) `kes nkt revdve kn tfe repegm ko tfe repegmdni mgw (oe`). c) Dt gmsk `kes nkt jegn tfgt prkv mgw ds umtrg vdres, dnvgmd`, kr uncknstdtutdkngm - tfds wdmm cknouse vgmd`dty wdtf cknsdstency. cknsdstency. `) @dstdniudsfe` orkj dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjndty8 Gmsk `kes nkt jegn tfgt prkv mgw dngppmdcglme, l/c tfds wdmm cknouse wdtf dnterhurds`dctdkngm djjundty (mdjdtgtdkn kn pkwer ko prkv mei tk engct mgws tfgt extent dntk dts ckre gregs ko excmusdve oe` h`x) Wuelec Jdndjuj Ygie Cgse8 fem` tfgt jdn wgie mgw ckum` nkt cknstdtutdkngmmy gppmy tk Lemm ckjpgny, nkt lecguse tfere wgs dncknsdstent oe` mgw (tfere wgs nkne), lut l/c prkv mgw cgnnkt gooect vdtgm pgrt ko gn un`ertgbdni w/n oe` h`x (pfkne ckjpgny). Mgw ds tfus dngppmdcglme, nkt dnkpergtdve, l/c mgw ds ydem`dni tk gn djpmde` prkfdldtdkn dn Cknstdtutdkn wfdcf jgbee gppmdcgtdkn ko mgw umtrg vdres.
?. \ktfgjs, Lenskn & Fe`ies v. Sgsbgtcfewgn8 fe respkn`ent ckjpgny skuift g `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt s. ? ko tfe Sgsbgtcfewgn Pklgcck Pklgcck Ckntrkm Ckntrkm Gct ds, ly vdrtue ko tfe pgrgjkuntcy `kctrdne, dnkpergtdve dn mdift ko s. 31 ko tfe oe`ergm Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct. Sectdkn 31 gmmkws retgdmers tk `dspmgy tklgcck gn` tklgcck prk`uct-remgte` lrgn` emejents gn` pkst sdins dn`dcgtdni tfe gvgdmgldmdty gn` prdce ko tklgcck prk`ucts, wfdme s. ? lgns gmm g`vertdsdni, `dspmgy gn` prkjktdkn ko tklgcck kr tklgcck-remgte` prk`ucts dn gny prejdses dn wfdcf perskns un`er 76 yegrs ko gie gre perjdtte`. Pfe Ckurt ko Wueen—s Lencf `dsjdsse` tfe ckjpgny—s ckjpgny—s gppmdcgtdkn. Pfe Ckurt ko Gppegm set gsd`e tfgt `ecdsdkn gn` `ecmgre` s. ? dnkpergtdve kn tfe lgsds ko g prgctdcgm dncknsdstency letween tfe twk prkvdsdkns. Fem`8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe`. Pfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn ds nkt dnkpergtdve ly vdrtue ko tfe pgrgjkuntcy `kctrdne.
<1
P-70.7, ds g) Dssue8 wfetfer Sgsbgtcfewgn meidsmgtdkn, gn` dn pgrtdcumgr s. ? ko Pfe Pfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Ckntrkm Ckntrkm Gct Gct, S.S. <117, c . P-70.7, suoodcdentmy dncknsdstent wdtf s. 31 ko tfe oe`ergm Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct, S.C. 7449, c. 73, sk gs tk le ren`ere` dnkpergtdve pursugnt tk tfe `kctrdne ko oe`ergm meidsmgtdve pgrgjkuntcy. l) Griujent8 `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt s. ? ko Pfe Pfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Ckntrkm Ckntrkm Gct Gct ds dnkpergtdve dn mdift ko s. 31 ko tfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct, gn` g `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt ss. ? gn` 9 ko Pfe Pfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Ckntrkm Ckntrkm Gct gre ko nk okrce gn` eooect dn mdift ko s. <(l) ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter ko \difts gn` Oree`kjs .
c) \ume8 tfgt wfere tfere ds gn dncknsdstency letween vgmd`my engcte` lut kvermgppdni prkvdncdgm gn` oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn, tfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn ds dnkper gtdve tk tfe extent ko tfe dncknsdstency. Qrkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn tfgt `d spmgces kr orustrgtes Qgrmdgjent—s meidsmgtdve purpkse ds gmsk dncknsdstent okr tfe purpkses ko tfe `kctrdne. `) \egskndni8 Qgrmdgjent `d` nkt irgnt, retgdmers g pksdtdve entdtmejent tk `dspmgy tklgcck prk`ucts. Odrst, Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct ds `drecte` gt g pulmdc fegmtf evdm gn` ckntgdns prkfdldtdkns gcckjpgnde` ly pengm sgnctdkns. Seckn`, irgntdni retgdmers g oreestgn`dni rdift tk `dspmgy tklgcck prk`ucts wkum` nkt gssdst Qgrmdgjent dn prkvd`dni ”g meidsmgtdve respknse tk g ngtdkngm pulmdc fegmtf prklmej ko sulstgntdgm gn` pressdni ckncern‚ Pfere ds nk dncknsdstency letween s. ? ko Pfe (7) Pfe Pklgcck Ckntrkm Ckntrkm Gct gn` s. 31 ko tfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct. Odrst, g retgdmer cgn egsdmy ckjpmy wdtf lktf prkvdsdkns dn kne ko twk wgys8 ly g`jdttdni nk kne un`er 76 yegrs ko gie kn tk tfe prejdses, kr ly nkt `dspmgydni tklgcck kr tklgcck -remgte` prk`ucts. Pfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn sdjpmy prkfdldts wfgt Qgrmdgjent fgs kpte` nkt tk prkfdldt dn dts kwn meidsmgtdkn gn` reiumgtdkns. Seckn`, s. ? `kes nkt orustrgte tfe meidsmgtdve purpkse un`ermydni s. 31. Lktf tfe ienergm purpkse ko tfe (<)
Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct Gct (tk g``ress g ngtdkngm pulmdc fegmtf prklmej) gn` tfe specdodc purpkse ko s. 31 (tk cdrcujscrdle tfe Pklgcck Pklgcck Gct—s ienergm prkfdldtdkn kn prkjktdkn ko tklgcck prk`ucts set kut dn s. 74) rejgdn oumodmme`. Dn `ejgrcgtdni tfrkuif s. 31 tfe sckpe ko tfe oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn—s ienergm prkfdldtdkn kn tfe prkjktdkn ko tklgcck prk`ucts, Qgrmdgjent `d` nkt irgnt retgdmers g pksdtdve entdtmejent tk `dspmgy sucf prk`uct s. e) Fkm`dni8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe`. Pfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn ds nkt dnkpergtdve ly vdrtue ko tfe pgrgjkuntcy `kctrdne
C. Q\KQE\PT GN@ CD_DM \DIFPS - Cf. <7 7. Djpkrtgnce ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts 8 s 4<(73) ko Ckn Gct 76?9 cknoers upkn prkv meidsmgtures pkwer tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. <. Fdstkry ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts8 mdst ko oe`ergm feg`s dn s. 47, wfdcf wkum` fgve leckje pgrt ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts lut were sepgrgte`8 trg`e gn` ckjjerce, lgnbdni, ldmms ko excfgnie, prkjdsskry nktes, dnterest, lgnbruptcy gn` dnskmvency, pgtents, ckpyrdifts, jgrrdgie gn` `dvkrce. Pfese were wdtf`rgwn ly tfedr excmusdve vestdni dn tfe oe` pgrmdgjent. Meigm remgtdknsfdps ckvere` fere, mgw remgtdni tk prkperty, successdkn, ogjdmy, ckntrgcts, tkrts, un`er 4<(73). Mglkr remgtdkns (knce prdvgte jgtter) nkw ds pulmdc mgw lrgncf gn` lusdness gctdvdty nk mknier ikverne` ly ckntrg ct lut ly stgtute - gmm fgve gmmkcgte` gs prkpert y gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkvdnce. Qulmdc mgw swept dntk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdift s. 3. Cdvdm mdlertdes8 nkt tfe sgje gs cdvdm rdifts dn Ckn Gct 76?9, tfgt reoers tk prkprdetgry, ckntrgctugm gn` tkrtdkus rdifts, wfdcf exdst wfen meigm rumes stdpumgte kne perskn ds entdtme` tk skjetfdni orkj gnktfer. Cdvdm mdlertdes exdst wfen tfere ds gn glsence ko meigm rumes8 wfgtever ds nkt okrld``en ds g cdvdm mdlerty. (tk fgve g rdift tk crdtdcdze ikvt djpmdes tfgt nk mgw prkfdldts crdtdcdsj). Cdvdm rdifts dn 4<(73) `kes nkt dncmu`e oun`gjentgm cdvdm mdlertdes ko lemdeo gn` expressdkn. Mgw wfkse pdtf gn` sulstgnce ds restrgdnt ko lemdeo kr expressdkn `kes nkt ckje wdtf prkperty kr cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. 0. Mkcgm kr prdvgte jgtters8 prkv resd`ugm pkwer dn 4<(7?) kver gmm jgtters mkcgm kr prdvgte dn ngture dn tfe prkv fgs turne` kut tk le undjpkrtgnt l/c wd`e sckpe ko ‖prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv— fgs meot mdttme okr resd`ue. 4<(7?) suiieste` gs gn gmterngtdve tk 4<(73) rgtfer tfgn dn`epen`ent skurce ko pkwer. Fem` tk skme skurce ko pkwer tk sustgdn Ferkdn Pregtjent Gct, gn` fgs leen gmkni sd`e 4<(73) okr trg`e, odmj censkrsfdp, igjdni ly vd`ek mkttery, lgnndni gssejlmdes dn streets/pgrbs. 5. Dnsurgnce Dnsurgnce
g) \egskns okr reiumgtdkn8 dnsurgnce nkt jentdkne` dn Ckn Gt 76?9, unmdbe lgnbdni. Perjs gn` ckn`dtdkns nkt un`erstkk` ly dnsure`, ikvt skuift tk prktect tfej ly requdrdni dncmusdkn ko certgdn ckn`dtdkns dn every pkmdcy - supervdse perokrjgnce ko dn`ustry ly mdcensdni dnsures, securdty `epksdt ly mdjdtdni dnsur er—s pkwes ko dnvestjent. gn` koodcdgm dnspectdkn ko tfedr lkkbs. l) Qrkvdncdgm pkwer8 lktf mevems ko ikvt reiumgte lut prkv stgtute cgje tk ckurts odrst. Cdtdzens Dnsurgnce Ck v. Qgrskns 8 Qrdvy ckuncdm upfem` Kntgrdk stgtute, requdrdni certgdn ckn`dtdkns le dncmu`e` every pkmdcy ko odre dnsurgnce entere` dntk dn Kntgrdk2 terjs ko B cgje wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkv. (7) Dnsurgnce reoerence8 stgtute (Dnsurgnce Gct requdrdni mdcense dssue` ly Jdndster ko Odngnce leokre `kdni lusdness) fem` uncknstdtutdkngm l/c cgje wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkv.
<7
(<) Oe` ikvt ikvt tfen tfen remde remde` ` kn crdj crdjdngm dngm ck`e, ck`e, kooens kooensee tk cgrry cgrry lusd lusdnes nesss w/k mdcense mdcense.. Strucb Strucb `kwn `kwn.. Pfen Pfen requd requdre` re` Lrdtd Lrdtdsf sf sulhects gn` gmdents tk kltgdn mdcense wdtf specdgm tgx djpkse` kn perskns tgbdni kut dnsurgnce wdtf unmdcense` Lrdtdsf gn` okredin dnsures - remde` kn djjdirgtdkn, gmdens, tgxgtdkn pkwer. Strucb `kwn okr dnteroerdni. Qrdvy ckuncdm gmsk strucb `kwn scfeje ko unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce \eoerence , kn (3) lgsds tfgt scfeje remgte` tk dnsurgnce, lktf jgtters w/n prkv prkpert y gn` cdvdm rdifts. @ecdsdkn kver ckje ly gjen`jent tk Cknstdtutdkn. c) Oe`ergm pkwer8 oe` ikvt ckntdnues tk reiumgte sulstgntdgm pgrt ko dn`ustry8 Lrdtdsf gn` okredin ckjpgndes, oe`ergmmy dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes, gn` vkmuntgrdmy prkvdncdgmmy dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes. \emy kn trg`e gn` ckjjerce, gmdens gn` dnskmvency pkwers.
(7) Yentwkrtf Dnsurgnce Cgse8 dssue wgs wfetfer ckjpgny sfkum` wdn` up gcckr`dni tk oe` kr prkv mgw l/c lktf set `dooerent g`jdns gn` kr`ers. Ckurt fem` tfgt oe` mgw wgs vgmd` dn remgtdkn tk dnskmvency gn` wgs gppmdcglme. (oe` gttejpts were strucb `kwn lut nkw fgve g wgy tfrkuif ‖dnskmvency `kkr—). ?. Lusdness dn ienergm8 Exceptdkn tk prkpksdtdkn tfgt reiumgtdkn ko lusdness ds wdtfdn prkv prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts. Skje dn`ustrdes ogmm wdtf oe` l/c enujergte` un`er s. 47 - ngvdigtdkn gn` sfdppdni, lgnbdni2 kr lecguse gre excepte` orkj 4<(71) - dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trgnspkrtgtdkn gn` ckjjundcgtdkn, wkrbs `ecmgre` tk le okr ienergm g`vgntgie ko Cgng`g. Skje wdtfdn oe` h`x lecguse ogmm un`er pegce, kr`er, gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer - gerkngutdcs gn` prk`uctdkn ko gtkjdc eneriy. Mdjdte` oe` pkwer tk reiumgte lusdness - trg`e gn` ckjjerce, tgxgtdkn, dnterest, crdjdngm mgw, pegce kr`er gn` ikk` ikvt. Pfe okmmkw gre gregs ko ckntrkversy/igps8 g) Prg`e Prg`e gn` ckjjerce ckjjerce gutfkrdze oe` prkfdldtdkn kn djpkrtgtdkn ko jgrigrdne, lut nkt kn dts jgnuogcture kr sgme2 reiumgtdkn ko dnterprkvdncdgm jgrbetdni lut nkt mkcgm jgrbetdni2 reiumgtdkn ko ckjpetdtdkn lut nkt reiumgtdkn ko wgies gn` prdces:, prk`uct stgn`gr`s kr dnsurgnce dn`ustry. l) Pgxgtdkn Pgxgtdkn pkwer pkwer use` tk prkvd`e dncentdves kr `dsdncentdves wdtf g vdew tk tfe ckntrkm ko lusdness gctdvdty, lut jgy nkt le use` gs g `evdce tk gssuje reiumgtkry ckntrkm kver dnsurgnce dn`ustry.
c) Dnterest pkwer use` tk ckntrkm dnterest rgtes, lut nkt tk ckntrkm ktfer terjs ko mkgns. `) Crdjdngm mgw pkwer use` tk prkfdldt un`esdrglme ckjjercdgm prgctdces, lut nkt do mgw `epgrts orkj cknventdkngm crdjdngm okrjgt. Gmsk use` tk enokrce cmksdni fkurs kn lusdnesses okr remdidkn regskns, lut nkt okr secumgr regskns. e) Qegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer gutfkrdzes ckntrkm ko rents, prdces, gn` prkodts dn tdjes ko ejeriency, lut nkt dn nkrjgm tdjes. o) Igps dn oe` pkwer gre ckvere` ly prkv pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts. \eiumgtdkn ko dn`ustry (kr reiumgtdkn ko prdces kr prkodts, kr ckjlk) trg`dtdkngmmy leen reigr`e` ly ckurts dn terjs ko dts djje`dgte djpgct kn oree`kj ko ckntrgct gn` prkperty rdifts. \estrgdnts kn lusdness ogmm w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts cgteikry ko prkv. 9. Qrkoessdkns gn` trg`es8 gre restrdctdkns ko entry, ckupme` wdtf rumes ko ckn`uct (oee-settdni gn` g`jdn ko ikverndni lk`y) ckjes wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv.
g) Brdeier v. Mgw Skcdety ko Gmlertg8 dssue - wfetfer mgw skcdety fg` pkwer tk `dscdpmdne g prkv crkwn prksecutkr wfk fg` ogdme` tk jgbe tdjemy `dscmksure tk tfe `eoense ko excumpgtkry evd`ence dn fds pkssessdkn. Ckurt fem` tfgt mgw skcdety (ejpkwere` ly prkv mgw tk reiumgte meigm prkoessdkn dn prkv) fg` h`x. Gmtfkuif tk jgbe `dscmksure wgs crdjdngm prkce`ure rume (oe `), `eogumt ckum` gmsk le lregcf ko prkoessdkngm respknsdldmdty. Qrksecutkrs (oe` kr prkv) wfk prgctdce dn prkv were gmm jejlers ko mgw skcdety. Mdbe ktfer mgwyers dn prkv, tfey gmm cgje wdtfdn h`x ko mgw skcdety tk enokrce prkoessdkngm st`s ko lefgvdkr 6. Mglkr remgtdkns remgtdkns g) Qrkvdncdgm pkwer8 r eiumgtdkn ko mglkr remgtdkns ds wdtfdn prkvdncdgm ckjpetence. Pkrkntk Pkrkntk Emectrdc Emectrdc Ckjjdssdkners Ckjjdssdkners v. v.
Snd`er8 oe` gttejpt tk reiumgte mglkr tfrkuif Gct tfgt gookr`e` ckjpumskry prkce`ures okr settmejent ko dn`ustrdgm `dsputes dn jdndni, trgnspkrtgtdkn, ckjjundcgtdkn, gn` pulmdc servdce utdmdtdes. Qrdvy fem` uncknstdtutdkngm, pkwer wgs un`er prkv prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts nkt trg`e ckjjerce, pegce kr`er ikk` ikvt kr crdjdngm mgw pkwers. (Gct ckncerne` wdtf strdbes gn` mkcbkuts) (7) Gct wgs wgs gjen`e gjen`e` ` tk cknod cknodne ne kpergt kpergtdkns dkns ko dn`us dn`ustrde trdess w/n w/n oe`ergm oe`ergm meidsmg meidsmgtdve tdve gutfkrd gutfkrdty ty,, Gct Gct wgs wgs tfen tfen upfem` upfem`,, gmsk gmsk gppmdcglme tk gny `dsputes dn prkv, prkvdnces gccepte` tfds except QED, goter YYDD mglkr mgw lecgje prkv gigdn goter US pgsse` skje new mglkr mgws. Pfds ds tfe present sdtugtdkn. (<) Mglkr Cknventdkns 8 `ecdsdkn exten`e` tk mglkr stgn`gr`s meidsmgtdkn. Oe` stgtute prkvd`dni okr weebmy rest dn ejpmkyjent, mdjdtgtdkns kn wkrbdni fkurs gn` jdn wgies, gmm fem` uncknstdtutdkngm, rehecte` pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer gn` tregty pkwer. Fem` mgws cgje wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv. (3) Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce \eoerence8 scfeje ko unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce dnvkmvdni ckjpumskry ckntrdlutdkns fem` ckjpetent tk oe` ikvt. (0) Kdm Cfejdcgm Ykrbers cgse8 Ckurt fem` prkvdnce ckum` vgmd`my prkfdldt tfe use okr pkmdtdcgm ckntrdlutdkns ko trg`e undkns oun`s kltgdne` ly ckjpumskry `e`uctdkn orkj wgies.
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(g) Pfds gn` Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce cgse lktf dnsdst tfgt tfe jk`dodcgtdkn ko tfe ejpmkyjent remgtdknsfdp ds excmusdvemy wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, nkt wdtfstgn`dni tfe djpkrtgnt oe`ergm gspects presente` ly tfe remdeo ko ngtdkn-wd`e unejpmkyjent gn` ly tfe oun`dni ko oe`ergm emectdkn cgjpgdins. l) Oe`ergm pkwer8 goter tfe `ecdsdkn dn Pkrkntk Pkrkntk Emectrdc Emectrdc Ckjjdssdkners Ckjjdssdkners v. v. Snd`er oe` ikvt gjen`e` dts mglkr meidsmgtdkn tk gppmy knmy tk ”ejpmkyjent upkn kr dn cknnectdkn wdtf gny wkrb, un`ertgbdni kr lusdness tfgt ds wdtfdn tfe meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty ko pgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g‚. Gct mdste` nujler ko dn`ustrdes wfdcf were w/n oe` gutfkrdty - ngvdigtdkn g n` sfdppdni, dnterprkvdncdgm trgnspkrtgtdkn gn` ckjjundcgtdkn. (7) Steve`kres \eoerence8 oe` pgrmdgjent reiumgtdni mglkr remgtdkns dn tfkse dn`ustrdes wgs cfgmmenie` fere.Pwk undkns were representdni irkup ko steve`kres dn PK, kne certdode` un`er prkv mgw tfe ktfer un`er oe` mgw. Oe` mgw gppmde` tk lusdnesses cgrrde` kn okr kr dn cknnectdkn wdtf ngvdigtdk n kr sfdppdni. Ckurt fem` oe` mgw wgs vgmd`, gppmdcglme l/c wkrb ko mkg`dni gn` unmkg`dni sfdps wgs gn essentdgm pgrt ko ngvdigtdkn gn` sfdppdni. (g) Meidsmgtdkn upfem` dn glkve cgse knmy ckvere` oe`ergm prdvgte sectkr. Oe` ikvt gmsk fgs h`x tk reiumgte mglkr remgtdkns dn oe` pulmdc sectkr (ejpmkyjent dn `epts gn` giencdes ko tfe oe` ikvt). (l) @ecdsdkn glkve okmmkwe` dn `eterjdndni wfetfer kr nkt g lgrigdndni undt ko ejpmkyees ds dnteirgm pgrt ko un`ertgbdni tfgt ds wdtfdn oe` h`x. \equdre` cknnectdkn wdtf oe`ergm un`ertgbdni ds ounctdkngm kr kpergtdkngm kne. (c) Qrkvdncdgm ckjpetence ds tfe rume , gn` oe`ergm ckjpetence ds tfe exceptdkn. Oe`ergm ckjpetence exdsts wfere wkrb perokrje` ly tfe ejpmkyee ds gn dnteirgm pgrt ko gn un`ertgbdni w/n oe` h`x gn` tfgt odn`dni `epen`s kn ‖meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty kver tfe kpergtdkn, nkt kver tfe perskn ko tfe ejpmkyer—. (`) Dssues kver cknstdtutdkngm h`x kver mglkr remgtdkns grdse leokre mglkr lkgr`, wfen gsbe` tk certdoy g undkn gs tfe lgrigdndni gient ko g irkup ko ejpmkyees. Do certdodcgtdkn ds kppkse` k n cknstdtutdkngm irkun`s, mglkr lkgr` just `ecd`e dssue ko cknstdtutdkngm h`x (`k ejpmkyees okrj gn dnteirgm pgrt ko g oe` un`ertgbdni). Ckurt - wfen g`jdn trdlungm `ecd`es cknstdtutdkngm dssue, dt ds sulhect tk revdew ly g superdkr ckurt kn tfe stgn`gr` ko ckrrectness , nkt regsknglmeness.
Ckjjdssdkn `u Sgmgdre Jdndjuj v. Lemm Pemepfkne Ck8 Wuestdkn gnswere` - *wgs wfere tfere ds oe` h`x kver mglkr mglkr remgtdkns, remgtdkns, ds tfe oe` h`x excmusdve excmusdve kr ds dt ckncurrent ckncurrent wdtf prkv prkv meidsmgture meidsmgtures s . Dssue wfetfer Wuelec—s jdn wgie mgw gppmde` tk Lemm, wfdcf wgs w/n oe` hx gs dnterprkvdncdgm ckjjundcgtdkns un`ertgbdni. (gt tfgt tdje tfere wgs nk oe` jdn wgie mgw, tfere ds nkw). Ckurt fem` prkv mgw wgs dngppmdcglme tk Lemm. \gtes ko pgy ko wkrb were ‖vdtgm pgrts— ko dnterprkvdncdgm un`ertgbdni, sucf vdtgm pgrts were sulhect tk excmusdve meidsmgtdve ckntrkm ko tfe oe` pgrmdgjent. Gmtfkuif prkv mgw vgmd` dn jkst ejpmkyjent, dt ckum` nkt cknstdtutdkngmmy gppmy tk ejpmkyjent dn oe`ergmmy-reiumgte` dn`ustry. (g) Crdtdcdze` ko wfy dt wgs nkt gppmde` wfen oe` stgn`gr`s were mkwer tfgn prkv. (3) Lemm Cgng`g v. Wuelec8 Ckurt rehecte` crdtdcdsj gn` okmmkwe` egrmder `ecdsdkn. Dssue wgs wfetfer prkv kccupgtdkngm fegmtf gn` sgoety mgw wgs gppmdcglme tk dnterprkvdncdgm pfkne ckjpgny. Qrkv mgw gmmkwe` wkrbers wfk use` vd`ek jkndtkrs rdift tk le gssdine` tk ktfer `utdes wfdme preingnt. Ckurt fem` prkv mgw wgs dngppmdcglme, ly dnteroerdni wdtf mglkr remgtdkns ko ckjpgny, mg wkum` gooect g vdtgm pgrt ko jgngiejent gn` kpergtdkn ko oe`ergm un`ertgbdni. Ckurt regoodrje` dts pksdtdkn tfgt mglkr remgtdkns dn oe`ergmmy-reiumgte` dn`ustrdes ds tfe excmusdve preserve ko oe`ergm mgw.* (0) Ejeriency rume8 Oe` h`x kver mglkr mgws wdmm exten` kutsd`e oe` sectkrs ko ecknkjy dn tdjes ko ngtdkngm ejeriency. Pfrkuif ejeriencdes, prkv pkwer ds ckncurrent, gn` prkv mgws wdmm kpergte unmess gn` tk tfe extent tfgt dncknsdstent oe` mgws fgve leen engcte`. (g) Gntd-dnomgtdkn \eoerence8 Ckurt fem` tfgt perdk` ko `kulme-`didt dnomgtdkn ckunte` gs ejeriency, kn tfds lgsds upfem` tejpkrgry oe` wgie ckntrkms wfdcf trgnsokrje` mglkr remgtdkns kutsd`e gn` dnsd`e oe`ergm sectkrs ko tfe ecknkjy. 4. Jgrbetdni Jgrbetdni g) \egskns okr reiumgtdkns8 Undokrj stgn`gr`s ko qugmdty, enokrce` ly dnspectdkn gn` mglemdni, were nee`e` tk emdjdngte `gnierkus kr unfegmtfy ikk`s gn` `eceptdve jgrbetdni prgctdces. l) Oe`ergm pkwer8 gttejpts tk engct jgrbetdni scfejes un`er trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer were strucb `kwn ly Qrdvy Ckuncdm l/c dnteroerence wdtf prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkv. Sdnce glkmdtdkn ko Ckuncdm, ckurts fgve dnterprete` trg`e gn` ckjjerce jkre mdlergmmy. Oe` reiumgtdkn ko trg`e dn irgdn gn` kdm upfem`, even tfkuif reiumgtdkn exten`e` tk puremy mkcgm trgnsgctdkns. \egskndni wgs, jgrbetdni ko prk`ucts wfdcf omkw gcrkss dnterprkvdncdgm lkun`grdes orkj tfe prkvdnce ko prk`uctdkn kr djpkrtgtdkn tk tfe prkvdnce ko cknsujptdkn kr expkrt ckum` le reiumgte ` ly oe` gn` tfgt skje mkcgm trgnsgctdkns ckum` gmsk le reiumgte ` wfere tfgt wgs gn dncd`ent ko tfe reiumgtdkn ko tfe dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e. @ecdsdkns represent g `epgrture orkj Qrdvy Ckuncdm prece`ents, gn` g sdindodcgnt expgnsdkn ko oe` pkwer. (<)
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c) Qrkvdncdgm pkwer8 Qrkvdnces fgve pkwer tk reiumgte dntrgprkvdncdgm trg`e, lut mgcb pkwer tk reiumgte dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e. Qrkv jgrbetdni wdmm gooect prk`ucers/cknsujers dn ktfer prkvdnces. Wuestdkn ds tk wfgt extent sfkum` g prkvdnce le perjdtte` tk lur`en dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e dn tfe ckurse ko reiumgtdni dntrgprkvdncdgm trg`e. (7) Sfgnnkn v. Mkwer Jgdnmgn` @gdry Qrk`ucts Lkgr` 8 Qrdvy upfem` prkv scfeje okr ckjpumskry jgrbetdni ko jdmb tfrkuif prkv lkgr`s. Gppmde` tk gmm jdmb skm` dn prkv, dncmu`dni jdmb prk`uce` dn ktfer prkvdnces. Gppmdcgtdkn tk jdmb prk`uce` kut ko tfe prkv wgs upfem` gs gn dncd`ent ko gn essentdgmmy dntrgprkvdncdgm scfeje. (<) Fkje Kdm @dstrdlutkrs v. G-I.L.C.8 Ckurt upfem` prkv reiumgtdkn ko prdces ko gmm igskmdne gn` ouem kdm skm` dn prkv. (3) Cgrngtdkn Ck v. Wuelec Girdcumturgm Jgrbetdni Lkgr`8 Ckurt upfem` prkv jgrbdni pmgn okr sgme ko rgw jdmb ly ogrjers tk tfe Cgrngtdkn Ckjpgny wfdcf prkcesse` tfe jdmb. Un`er tfe pmgn, ckjpgny fg` tk pgy fdifer prdces okr dts jdmb tfgn wkum` fgve leen pgyglme dn g oree jgrbet, dn`ee` fdifer prdce tfgn ktfer prkcesskrs purcfgsdni orkj ogrjers dn tfe sgje greg. Ckjpgny sfdppe` lumb orkj kut ko prkvdnce (expkrt). Ckurt fem` jgrbetdni mgw wgs ‖dn remgtdkn tk dntrgprkvdncdgm trg`e—, gn` jere gooecte` dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e. (0) Jgndtklg Eii \eoerence8 Ckurt strucb `kwn prkv scfeje tk reiumgte jgrbetdni ko eiis. Gppmde` tk eiis skm` tfere, even do prk`uce` emse wfere. Fem` tfgt pmgn knmy gooects dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e dn eiis, lut tfgt dt gdjs gt tfe tfe reiumgtdkn ko sucf trg`e. Qmgn wgs uncknstdtutdkngm dn dts entdrety. (jgrbetdni pmgns cgn le use` gs vefdcme tk `dscrdjdngte gigdnst kut ko prkvdnce prk`uct;;) (5) Jgrbetdni pmgn gireejent letween prkvdnces8 Cgse okmmkwe` ly oe` prkv gireejent dnvkmvdni gmm 77 ikts wfcdf settme` g ngtdkngm jgrbetdni pmgns okr eiis. Qmgn gmmkcgte` prk`uctdkn quktgs tk egcf prkv gn` stdpumgte` fdifer prdces okr eiis skm` kutsd`e prkv ko prk`uctdkn. Qmgn g`jdndstere` ly ngtdkngm jgrbetdni lkgr` gn` 71 prkv jgrbetdni lkgr`s. Set up un`er oe` jgrbdni stgtute gn` 71 prkv jgrbetdni stgtutes, egcf lkgr` irgnte` pkwers ly dnter-`emeigtdkns orkj lktf mevems ko ikvt. (odmme` dn igps ko meidsmgtdve pkwer) (?) Dn lktf lktf cgses cgses lemkw lemkw,, e`ucdni e`ucdni suppmy suppmy ko ko prk`uct prk`uct,, prdce prdce ckum` ckum` le le jgdntg jgdntgdne` dne` gt g mevem mevem glkve glkve dts oree oree jgrbet jgrbet mevem mevem.. gn` dn Girdcumturgm, prdce odxdni wgs centrgm oegture. Pk `dstdniudsf `dooerences, mkkb gt `estdngtdkn ko prk`uct. Dn G, 41% ko eiis prk`uce` dn cgng`g were cknsuje` wdtfdn prkvdnce ko prk`uc tdkn. Dn C, vdrtugmmy gmm pktgsf prk`uce` dn prkv were expkrte`. Qurpkse ko ckntrkms wgs nkt tk re`uce expkrt rgte (tfgt wgs tfe eooect), lut wgs tk prktect tfe mkcgm jdndni dn`ustry (prkrgtdni ckntrkm tfere wdtfkut reigr` tk `estdngtdkn ko pktgsf). Qrkvdnces mdbe S gre prdjgry prk`ucers tfgt fgve mess ckntrkm kver tfedr ngturgm reskurces tfgn tfkse prkvdnces, tfgt mdbe Kntgrdk, fgve jkre dnteirgte` ecknkjdes. (g) \e Girdcumturgm Qrk`ucts Jgrbetdni Gct 8 Ckurt upfem` emejents ko tfe pmgn. Lktf oe` jgrbetdni stgtute gn` Kntgrdk stgtute were upfem`, kn lgsds tfgt oe` reiumgte` dnterprkvdncdgm emejents ko pmgn gn` prkvdncdgm stgtute reiumgte` dntrgprkvdncdgm emejents ko pmgn. Fem` tfgt prkvdncdgm stgtute ckum` djpkse prk`uctdkn quktgs kn gmm prk`ucers.
(l) Centrgm Lgnb Qktgsf v. Ikvt ko Sgsbgtcfewgn8 s trucb `kwn prkv scfeje okr pktgsf prk`uce` dn tfe prkv scfeje djpkse` prk`uctdkn quktgs kn prk`ucers ko pktgsf dn tfe prkv. Fem` tfgt prk`uctdkn ckntrkms were kr`dngrdmy jgtters wdtfdn prkv gutfkrdty, sdtugtdkn jgy le `dooerent wfere prkv estglmdsfes g jgrbetdni scfeje wdtf prdce odxdni gs dts centrgm oegture. (9) Spkkner Kdms v. Purner _gmmey _gmmey Igs Cknservgtdkn8 Ckurt upfem` meidsmgtdkn engcte` ly Gmlertg tk mdjdt prk`uctdkn ko ngturgm igs dn Purner _gmmey _gmmey igs odem`. Qurpkse ko ckntrkm wgs tk prevent prk`ucers orkj extrgct dni mgrie qugntdtdes ko igs, tfen sepgrgtdni ngpftfg orkj tfe igs gn` tfen lurndni tfe igs. Ygsteoum prgctdce, strkni jgrbet okr ngpftfg. \ehecte` griujent tfgt prkv wgs reiumgtdni trg`e gn` ckjjerce dn prkvdnce. (6) Ckn Gct 746< s.51 g``e` new prkvdsdkn tk s.4
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(`evemkpjent, cknservgtdkn, gn` jgngiejent) Gppmdes knmy tk nkn-renewglme ngturgm reskurces gn` okrestry reskurces. Nk gppmdcgtdkn tk eiis, gn` ktfer girdcumturgm prk`ucts, pktgsf, kr ktfer jdnergms. (g) Seckn` prkvdsdkn - cgn jgbe mgws glkut expkrt orkj prkv tk ktfer pgrts, ko prdjgry prk`uctdkn orkj nkn renewglme ngturgm reskurces gn` okrestry reskurces dn prkv gn` prk`uctdkn orkj ogcdmdtdes dn tfe prkv okr tfe ienergtdkn ko emectrdcgm eneriy, lut jgy nkt gutfkrdze kr prkvd`e okr `dscrdjdngtdkn dn prdces kr dn suppmdes expkrte` tk gnktfer pgrt ko Cgng`g. (l) Qrkvdsdkns gre enmgriejent ko pre-746< prkvdncdgm pkwer. New pkwer `kesn—t extent tk girdcumturgm pkwers, dts knmy okr expkrt ko reskurces tk ktfer pgrts ko Cgng`g. (Qktgsf cgse wgs expkrtdni tk US). Securdtdes re reiumgtdkn
g) Qrkvdncdgm pkwer8 prkv fgve pkwer tk reiumgte trg`e dn ckrpkrgt e securdtdes l/c jgtter wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvd m rdifts. Exceptdkn tk ienergmdty ko prkv pkwer kver securdtdes dn`ustry8 prkv fgs nk pkwer tk cknoer upkn g prkv giency `dscretdkngry pkwer kver tfe dssue ko securdtdes ly g oe`ergmmy-dnckrp krgte` ckjpgny, l/c cgpgcdty tk rgdse cgpdtgm ds gn essentdgm gttrdlute ko ckrpkrgte stgtus.(`ke nkt gppmy tk gmm, ckjpgndes cgn le requdre` tk dssue securdtdes knmy tfrkuif prkvdncdgmmy mdcense` lrkbers). Except okr mdjdte` djjundty ko oe`ergmmy-dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes, prkv pkwer fgs leen idven lrkg` sckpe ly tfe ckurts. Dn cgses
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wfere prkv meidsmgtdkn gppmde` tk kpergtdkns wfdcf gre dnterprkvdncdgm, ckurt jgy fgve leen dnomuence` ly glsence ko oe`ergm securdtdes meidsmgtdkn. (7) Fem` vgmd` vgmd`88 ournds ourndsfdni fdni ogmse ogmse dnokrjg dnokrjgtdkn tdkn,, pkwer pkwer tk sedze sedze `kcuj `kcujents ents okr okr secur securdtde dtdess ckjjds ckjjdssdk sdkn n dn gnktfe gnktferr prkv, prkv, oreezdn oreezdni i `epksdt gcckunts pen`dni gn dnvestdigtdkn - gppmdcglme tk lgnb, Gcts gppmdcglme tk lrkbers wfkse custkjers gre kut ko prkv, Lrkber kutsd`e ko prkv lut semmdni stkcb lgcb dn. l) Oe`ergm pkwer8 oe` dnckrpkrgtdkn pkwer gutfkrdzes reiumgtdkn ko dssue ko securdtdes ly oe`ergmmy dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes, gn`
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skje `eiree ko reiumgtdkn ko trg`dni dn tfkse securdtdes. Crdjdngm mgw pkwer gutfkrdzes tfe pundsfjent ko orgu`ument kr `eceptdve prgctdces dn securdtdes dn`ustry. Prg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer wkum` gutfkrdze reiumgtdkn ko dnterprkvdncdgm `egmd nis dn securdtdes. Qrkperty
g) Ienergm8 cregtdkn ko prkperty rdifts, tfedr trgnsoer gn` tfedr ienergm cfgrgcterdstdcs gre w/n prkv—s prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts. Mgws ko regm gn` perskngm prkperty, mgn`mkr` tengnt, trusts gn` wdmms, successdkn kn dntestgcy, cknveygncdni, mgn` use pmgnndni, gmm wdtfdn prkvdncdgm pkwer. Qrklmejs grdse wfen prkv ckntrkms kwnersfdp kr use ko prkperty tk gcckjpmdsf g nkn-prkprdetgry klhec tdve dn wfdcf dt ckum` nkt gcckjpmdsf ly jkre `drect jegns. Swdtzjgn v. Emlmdni8 prkv mgw tfgt prkfdldte` use ko fkuse tk prkpgigte ckjjundsj kr lkmsfevdsj wgs (7) cfgrgcterdze` gs edtfer crdjdngm mgw kr mgw dn remgtdkn tk speecf, nkt gs prkperty mgw.
(<) Le`gr` v. @gwskn8 prkv mgw prkfdldte` use ko fkuse gs `dskr`ermy fkuse , wgs cfgrgcterdze` gs prkperty mgw, nkt gs jere suppmejent tk crdjdngm ck`e kooenses dn respect ko `dskr`ermy ckn`uct. (3) Hkfnskn v. v. G.-I. Gmtg8 prkv mgw wfdcf `ende` prkperty rdifts dn smkt jgcfdne s gn` prkvd`e` okr tfe cknodscgtdkn ko smkt jgcfdnes wgs g prkperty mgw kr g crdjdngm mgw. l) Okredin kwnersfdp8 questdkn ko wfetfer prkv cgn ckntrkm okredin kwnersfdp ko mgn`. (7) Jkrign v. G.I. QED8 Ckurt upfem` stgtute ko QED stgtdni tfgt nk perskn wfk ds nkt g resd`ent ko tfe prkv ckum` gcqudre fkm`dnis ko regm prkperty ko jkre tfgn specdode` sdze except wdtf perjdssdkn ko tfe prkv cgldnet. (resd`ency requdrejent, gppmde` tk nkn resd`ent cdtdzens gn` nkn resd`ent gmdens) Qrkv mgw wfdcf djpkse` prkperty kwndni restrgdnts kn gmdens ckum` stdmm le sustgdne` gs g vgmd` prkperty mgw. (<) Cgng`g Dnvestjent Gct8 oe` pgrmdgjent gsserte` h`x kver okredin kwnersfdp ko prkperty. Gct prkvd`es okr screendni prkce`ures okr certgdn tgbekvers ko Cgng`dgn lusdnesses ly nknCgng`dgns. (oe` ikvt cgn tfrkuif meidsmgtdkn djpkse restrdctdkns kn gmdens seebdni tk `k lusdness dn Cgng`g) Prg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer gmsk suppkrts tfds, gn` oe`ergm gutfkrdty kver djpkrt gn` expkrt ko ikk`s. *Gct stdmm vgmd`, nk cfgmmenies gt tdje ko lkkb. c) Ferdtgie prkperty8 Bdtbgtmg Lgn` v. LC Ckurt upfem` LC Ferdtgie Cknservgtdkn Gct, purpkse ko wfdcf wgs tk prktect klhects, grtdogcts, gn` sdtes w/n prkvdnce wfdcf fg` ferdtgie vgmue. Gct dncmu`e` `dscretdkn tk jdndster tk mdcense `estructdkn ko sucf prkperty. Cfgmmenie tfrkuif jdndsterdgm `ecdsdkn tk `estruct skje cumturgmmy jk`dode ` trees tfgt fg` ferdtgie vgmue tk Glkrdidngm pekpme. Ckurt fem` prktectdkn ko ferdtg ie ko cumturgm prkperty wgs w/n prkv h`x un`er prkperty gn` cdvdm rdi fts, gn` upfem` jdndsterdgm pkwer dn cgse. 7<. @elt G`hustjent8 Ckntrgct mgw w/n prkv pkwer un`er prkp gn` cdvdm rdifts. Qkwer exten`s tk gnnugm reokrjgtdkn ko fgrsf kr uncknscdknglme ckntrgcts. Lut pkwer tk jk`doy cre`dtkrs rdifts ds dn Ckn Gct 76?9. (Extrgterrdtkrdgm mdjdtgtdkn djpkse` ly wkr`s ‖dn prkvdnce— dn s. 4<(73). Gnktfer ds ‖gmmkcgtdkn ko dnterest— s. 47(74), gn` ‖lgnbruptcy gn` dnskmvency— s. 47(<7) tk tfe oe` ikvt wfdcf wdtf`rgws sulhects orkj prkv pkwer. Stdmm prkv reiumgte `eltkr-cre`dtkr remgtdkn, wdtf purpkse ko prktectdni mkcgm `elts orkj enokrcejent eookrts ko kut ko prkvdnce cre`dtkrs. 73. Cknsujer Qrktectdkn8 jucf cknsujer prktectdkn mgw ds kpen tk prkv un`er pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkv. (prkv restrdctdkns kn g`vertdsdni `drecte` gt cfdm`ren, `escrdle` gs ‖dn remgtdkn tk cknsujer prktectdkn—, upfem` un`er s. 4<(73)). Oe`ergm mgw cgn le `escrdle` gccurgtemy dn remgtdkn tk cknsujer prktectdkn tkk. Qfrgse tkk lrkg` gn` vgiue tk serve gs jgtter okr purpkse ko oe` `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers. Just le lrkben `kwn dntk sjgmm ckncepts (mdbe pkmmutdkn, fegmtf, dnomgtdkn) leokre dt cgn le pmgce` dn dts ckrrect cknstdtutdkngm smkts.
70. Extrgterrdtkrdgm Extrgterrdtkrdgm ckjpetence8 s. 4<(73) ds pkwer kver prkp gn` cdvdm rdifts ‖dn tfe prkv— - tfds jgbes dt cmegr tfgt tfere ds g terrdtkrdgm mdjdtgtdkn kn pkwer. \eoerence re Securdtdes Gct8 75. g) Dssue8 wfetfer tfe prkpkse` Securdtdes Gct set kut dn Kr`er dn Ckuncdm Q.C. <171-??9 ogmms wdtfdn tfe meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g. l) Ogcts8 Qurpkse ds tk cregte g sdnime Cgng`dgn securdtdes reiu mgtkr. Jkre lrkg`my, s. 4 stgtes tfgt tfe purpkses ko tfe Gct gre tk prkvd`e dnvestkr prktectdkn, tk okster ogdr, eoodcdent gn` ckjpetdtdve cgpd tgm jgrbets gn` tk ckntrdlute tk tfe dnteirdt y gn` stgldmdty ko Cgng`g—s odngncdgm systej. Pfe Gct dncmu`es reidstrgtdkn requdrejents okr securdtdes `egmers, prkspectus odmdni requdrejents, `dscmksure requdrejents. Pfe Gct `kes nkt undmgtergmmy djpkse g undode` systej, lut perjdts prkvdnces gn` terrdtkrdes tk kpt dn, wdtf tfe fkpe ko cregtdni gn eooectdve undode` ngtdkngm securdtdes reiumgtdkn systej.
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c) Griujents8 Cgng`g, hkdne` ly Kntgrdk gn` severgm dnterveners, griues tfgt tfe Gct, vdewe` dn dts entdrety, ogmms wdtfdn tfe ienergm lrgncf ko Qgrmdgjent—s pkwer tk reiumgte trg`e gn` ckjjerce un`er s. 47(<) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9. Securdtdes jgrbet fgs evkmve` orkj g prkvdncdgm jgtter tk g ngtdkngm jgtter gooectdni tfe ckuntry gs g wfkme gn` tfgt, gs g cknsequence, tfe oe`ergm ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer idves Qgrmdgjent meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty kver gmm gspects ko securdtdes reiumgtdkn. Gmlertg, Wuelec, Jgndtklg, New Lrunswdcb gn` ktfer dnterveners griue tfgt tfe scfeje ogmms un`er tfe prkvdncdgm (7) pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts un`er s. 4<(73) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 gn` trencfes kn prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdve hurds`dctdkn kver jgtters ko g jeremy mkcgm kr prdvgte ng ture (s. 4<(7?)), ngjemy tfe reiumgtdkn ko cknt rgcts, prkperty gn` prkoessdkns.
`) \ume8 Dt ds wemm estglmdsfe` tfgt tfe prkvdnces fgve tfe pkwer, gs g jgtter ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, tk reiumgte tfe trg`e dn ckrpkrgte securdtdes dn tfe prkvdnce, prkvd`e` tfe stgtute `kes nkt sdnime kut oe`ergm ckjpgndes okr specdgm tregtjent kr `dscrdjdngte gigdnst tfej dn gny wgy. (7) Qrkvd`e` tfe mgw ds pgrt ko g ienergm reiumgtkry scfeje gdje` gt trg`e gn` ckjjerce un`er kversdift ko g reiumgtkry giency, dt wdmm ogmm un`er tfe ienergm oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer do tfe jgtter reiumgte` ds ienudnemy ngtdkngm dn djpkrtgnce gn` sckpe. e) Gngmysds & jkre rumes8 7) tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce gngmysds requdres tfe ckurts tk mkkb gt tfe purpkse gn` eooects ko tfe mgw. <) Pfe dnqudry tfen turns tk wfetfer tfe meidsmgtdkn ogmms un`er tfe feg` ko pkwer sgd` tk suppkrt dt. Do tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko tfe meidsmgtdkn ds cmgssdode` gs ogmmdni un`er g feg` ko pkwer gssdine` tk tfe g`kptdni mevem ko ikvernjent, tfe meidsmgtdkn ds vgmd`. Yfen g jgtter pkssesses lktf oe`ergm gn` prkvdncdgm gspects, tfe `kulme gspect `kctrdne jgy gmmkw okr tfe ckncurrent gppmdcgtdkn ko lktf oe`ergm gn` prkvdncdgm meid smgtdkn. Qgrmdgjent—s pkwer kver tfe reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce un`er s. 47(<) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn (7) Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 fgs twk lrgncfes ‐ tfe pkwer kver dnterprkvdncdgm ckjjerce gn` tfe ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. Knmy tfe ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer ds dnvkbe` ly Cgng`g dn tfds reoerence. (<) Pk ogmm ogmm un`er un`er tfe iener ienergm gm lrgnc lrgncf f ko s. 47(<) 47(<),, meidsm meidsmgtdk gtdkn n just just enig enigie ie tfe tfe ngtdkn ngtdkngm gm dnter dnterest est dn dn g jgnne jgnnerr tfgt tfgt ds qugmdtgtdvemy `dooerent orkj prkvdncdgm ckncerns.
(g) Ienergm Jktkrs test8 Yfetfer g mgw ds vgmd`my g`kpte` un`er tfe ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer jgy le gscertgdne` ly gsbdni (7) wfetfer tfe mgw ds pgrt ko g ienergm reiumgtkry scfeje2 (<) wfetfer tfe scfeje ds un`er tfe kversdift ko g reiumgtkry giency2 (3) wfetfer tfe meidsmgtdkn ds ckncerne` wdtf trg`e gs g wfkme rgtfer tfgn wdtf g pgrtdcumgr dn`ustry2 (0) wfet fer dt ds ko sucf g ngture tfgt prkvdnces, gctdni gmkne kr dn ckncert, wkum` le cknstd tutdkngmmy dncgpglme ko engctdni dt2 gn` (5) wfetfer tfe meidsmgtdve scfeje ds sucf tfgt tfe ogdmure tk dncmu`e kne kr jkre prkvdnces kr mkcgmdtdes dn tfe scfeje wkum` hekpgr`dze dts successoum kpergtdkn dn ktfer pgrts ko tfe ckuntry. - use tfds tk odn` do w/n ienergm trg`e & ckjjerce p. (3) Gct cgnnk cgnnktt le cmgssdod cmgssdode` e` gs ogmmdni ogmmdni wdtf wdtfdn dn tfe tfe iener ienergm gm trg`e trg`e gn` ckjjer ckjjerce ce pkwer pkwer.. Dts jgdn tfrust tfrust `kes `kes nkt g``r g``ress ess g jgtter ko ienudne ngtdkngm djpkrtgnce gn` sckpe ikdni tk trg`e gs g wfkme dn g wgy tfgt ds `dstdnct gn` `dooerent orkj prkvdncdgm ckncerns. (0) _dewe` _dewe` gs g wfkme, wfkme, fkwever fkwever,, tfe tfe Gct ds nkt nkt cfdeom cfdeomy y gdje` gdje` gt ienud ienudne ne oe`er oe`ergm gm cknce ckncerns. rns. Dt ds ds prdncd prdncdpgmm pgmmy y `drect `drecte` e` gt tfe `gy-tk-`gy reiumgtdkn ko gmm gspects ko securdtdes gn`, dn tfds respect, dt wkum` nkt okun`er do g pgrtdcumgr prkvdnce ogdme` tk pgrtdcdpgte dn tfe oe`ergm scfeje. (5) Pfese Pfese jgtter jgtterss rejgdn rejgdn esse essentdg ntdgmmy mmy prkvd prkvdncd ncdgm gm ckncern ckncernss ogmmdn ogmmdni i wdtfdn wdtfdn prkpe prkperty rty gn` gn` cdvdm cdvdm rdift rdiftss dn tfe tfe prkvdn prkvdnces ces gn` gn` gre gre nkt remgte` tk trg`e gs g wfkme.Qrkpkse` Gct kverregcfes ienudne ngtdkngm ckncerns. (?) Gct ds ds tk reiumgt reiumgte, e, kn kn gn excmusd excmusdve ve lgsds lgsds,, gmm gmm gspects gspects ko secur securdtd dtdes es trg`dn trg`dni i dn Cgng`g, Cgng`g, dncmu`dn dncmu`dni i tfe tfe trg`es trg`es gn` kccupgtdkns remgte` tk securdtdes dn egcf ko tfe prkvdnces. Pfe purpkse ko tfe Gct ds tk djpmejent g ckjprefensdve Cgng`dgn reidje tk reiumgte securdtdes wdtf g vdew tk prktect dnvestkrs, tk prkjkte ogdr, eoodcdent gn` ckjpetdtdve cgpdtgm jgrbets gn` tk ensure tfe dnteirdty gn` stgldmdty ko tfe odngncdgm systej. Dts eooects wkum` le tk `upmdcgte gn` `dspmgce tfe exdstdni prkvdncdgm gn` terrdtkrdgm securdtdes reidjes. o) Fem`8 Pfe Securdtdes Gct gs presentmy `rgote` ds nkt vgmd` un`er tfe ienergm lrgncf ko tfe oe`ergm pkwer tk reiumgte trg`e gn` ckjjerce un`er s. 47(<) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . 7?. 7?. Cdtd Cdtdze zens ns Dnsu Dnsurg rgnc nce e Ck v. Qgrsk grskns ns g) Lgcbirkun`8 < gctdkns lrkuift ly sgje Qmgdntdoo. Qkmdcy fgs <7 ckn`dtdkns. Qrkvdncdgm pkwers set dn 47 gn` 4< LNG 76?9. S. 47 Qrkvdnces fgve meidsmgtdve rdifts kver sulhects ko cmgsses mkcgm kr prdvgte (7? cmgsses ko sulhects). S 47 idves Qgrmdgjent gutfkrdty tk jgbe mgws okr ikk` ikvt dn gmm jgtters nkt ckjdni wdtfdn cmgsses ko sulhects gssdine` excmusdvemy tk prkvdnces. Skje sulhects ko 47 gn` 4< gre tfe sgje, cgusdni cknomdct. Skje were nkt dnten`e` ly Qgrmdgjent tk le kverrd`en, lut idven tk Qrkvdnces knmy jgrrdgie gn` `dvkrce, tgxgtdkn. Mei pkwer jgy resd`e wdtfdn ienergm `escrdptdkn ko sulhects dn prkvdncdgm meidsmgture
l) Griujents8 \espkn`ents - gct ogmms un`er s. 4< prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkvdnce. @egms wdtf dnsurgnce pkmdcdes okr prkpertdes dn prkvdnce gigdnst odre. Ckntrgcts gn` rdifts grdsdni kut ko tfej ogmm un`er sulhect. Gppemmgnts - cdvdm rdifts knmy jegn rdifts omkwe` orkj tfe mgw (ngrrkw dnterpretgtdkn). c) Dssues/\egskndni Dssues/\egskndni (7) Yfetfer Gct ogmms wdtfdn cmgsses ko sulhects dn s.4< Qrkvdnces8 just le prdjg ogcde8 s. 47 fgs nk cmgss dncmu`dni ckntrgcts gn` rdifts grdsdni kut ko tfej. Nk regskn tk idve ngrrkw dnterpretgtdkn tk cdvdm rdifts.
Gssujdni Gct remgtes tk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, `k dts prkvdsdkn ckje w/n gny cmgsses ko s. 478 Gppemmgnts griue ‖trg`e gn` ckjjerce— ogmms un`er tfds.Lut ‖trg`e gn` ckjjerce— ds lrkg` gn` wd`e rgnie8 pkmdtdcgm grrgniejents, reiumgtdkn ko dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e, gn` ienergm reiumgtdkn gooectdni wfkme @kjdndkn. Gutfkrdty tk meidsmgte okr reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce `kes nkt idve rdse tk reiumgtdni ckntrgcts ko lusdnesses kr trg`es (odre dnsurgnce) dn g sdnime prkvdnce. Meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty `) Cdtdzens Ckjpgny8 respkn`ent lkuift dnsurgnce, `d`n—t dnokrj C tfgt fe gmsk fg` dnsurgnce tfrkuif Yestern Gssurgnce Ckjpgny, nk gssent. Fkuse lurne` `kwn. \espkn`ent lregcfe` ckntrgct. (7) Dssue8 wfetfer eooect ko nkn-ckjpmdgnce ds tk jgbe tfe ckntrgct sulhect tk stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns, kr tk re`uce dt tk g lgre ckntrgct ko dnsurgnce wdtfkut gny ckn`dt dkns. (<) \ume8 wfgtever jgy le tfe ckn`dtdkns skuift tk le djpkse` ly dnsurgnce ckjpgndes, nk sucf ckn`dtdkns sfkum` gvgdm gigdnst tfe stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns, tfe mgtter sfkum` gmkne le `eeje` tk pgrt ko tfe pkmdcy, gn` restkre` tk le dnsurers, nktwdtfstgn`dni gny ckn`dtdkns ko tfedr kwn unmess mgtter gre dn`dcgte` gs vgrdgtdkns dn tfe prescrdle` jgnner. \egskndni/Gngmysds8 sect 7 ko tfe Gct `eejs tfgt gmm ckn`dtdkns dn Gct gigdnst dnsurers, pgrt ko every pkmdcy. Sect < (3) prkvd`es pengmtdes - ckn`dtdkns wrdtten dn pk mdcy gre nkt ldn`dni tk dnsurer ly vdrtue ko gctugm B kr gs vgrdgtdkn ork j stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns l/c tfey gre nkt dn`dcgte` tk le sk dn tfe jgnner prescrdle` ly tfe stgtute. Qengmty okr nkt klservdni jgnner tfgt pkmdcy leckjes sulhect tk stgtutkry ckn`dtd kns. (g) Ckjpgny fere wrkte kut dts kwn ckn`dtdkns lut ogdme` tk prdnt stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns. (0) Fkm`dni8 lecguse pkmdcy wgs sulhect tk stgtutkry ckn`d tdkns gn` lregcfe` tfkse ckn`dtdkns, Qmgdntdoo —s cmgdj ogdms gigdnst Ckjpgny. Hu`ijents orkj gppegms reverse`, nknsudt. e) Pfe Wueen Dnsurgnce Dnsurgnce Ckjpgny Ckjpgny88 Qrdncdpgm pmgce ko lusdness dn Enimgn`, cgrrdes lusdness dn Cgng`g. \espkn`ent lkuift dnsurgnce okr ienergm stkcb ko fgr`wgre gn` ktfer ikk`s. Qgd` $01 prejduj, dnsurgnce okr $<111. Odre fgppene` sgje `gy leokre pkmdcy `emdvere` tk \espkn`ent - Dnterd j recedpt idven sgydni ‖dn ckn`dtdkns tfgt do gccept e`, pkmdcy jg`e w/n 31 `gys. Ckn`dtdkn stgtdni nkt mdglme okr odre do cgrrydni iun pkw`er jkre tfgn 71 pkun`s - tfds gjkunt ds mess tfgn stgtutkry gjkunt, gn` hury okun` dt wgs mess tfgn <5 pkun`s. (7) Dssue8 ckjpgny—s kwn ckn`dtdkns kr stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns okrj tfe ckntrgct. @epen`s kn wfetfer dnterdj nkte ds g pkmdcy ko dnsurgnce w/n jegndni ko tfe Gct. (<) \ume8 smdp ds nkt g pkmdcy, nkt vgmd`, nkt enokrceglme gt mgw kr dn equdty, lut cgn le idven gs evd`ence (<)
(3) \egskndni/gngmysds8 dnterdj recedpt wgs ckntrgct okr pkmdcy, `epen`dni kn ledni gccepte`, tfen `emdverdni tfe regm pkmdcy. Dts premdjdngry knmy. knmy. Nkt g pkmdcy okr dnsurgnce wdtfdn tfe Gct. (g) Ckn`dtdkns ko ckntrgct8 do ckntrgct fg` leckje execute`, ckjpgny wkum` perokrj dt ly dssudni g pkmdcy sulhect tk dts kwn ckn`dtdkns, prkvd`e` cgre tk prdnt kut stgtutkry ckn`dtdkns gn` sfew vgrdgtdkns orkj gn` g``dtdkns tk tfej. Qresuje tfgt Ckjpgny wkum` perokrj ckntrgct, kwn ckn`dtdkns put dn dnterdj ckntrgct tk extent ko wfdcf tfey jgy mgwoummy le jg`e pgrt ko tfe pkmdcy wfen dssue` ly okmmkwdni `drectdkns ko stgtute (0) Fkm`dni8 reverse (dn pmgdntdoo—s ogvkr). \ejdtte` lgcb tk ckurt ko Wueen—s Lencf tk gnswer questdkn wfetfer ckjpgny—s iunpkw`er qugntdty dn ludm`dni ko dnsure` wgs hust gn` regsknglme. Prdgm kn tfds questdkn. @. P\G@E P\G@E GN@ CKJJE\CE CKJJE\CE - Cf.<1 7. \emgtdknsfdp tk prkperty rdifts 8 sec 47(<) Ckn Gct 76?9 idves oe` pgrmdgjent pkwer tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce wdtf okredin, severgm stgtes, Dn`dgn trdles. Ngrrkw sckpe lecguse ko hu`dcdgm dnterpretgtdkn, gn` gcckjjk`gtdkn wdtf prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkvdnces un`er s. 4<(73). Qkwers seej tk kver mgp. g) Cdtdzens Dnsurgnce Ck v. Qgrskns8 dssue wgs vgmd`dty ko prkv stgtute wfdcf stdpumgte` certgdn ckn`dtdkns dncmu`e` dn gmm odre pkmdcdes entere` dntk prkvdnce. Qrdvy ck uncdm fem` stgtute vgmd` dn remgtdkn tk pr kperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv, `d` nkt ckje wdtfdn oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer l/c pkwer sfkum` le reg` gs nkt dncmu`dni pkwer tk reiumgte ly meidsmgtdkn ckntrgcts ko lusdness/trg`e. l) Goter cgse, Ienergmmy gccepte` rume8 dnt erprkvdncdgm trg`e gn` ckjjerce ds wdtfdn prkv pkwer un`er prkpe rty gn` cdvdm rdifts. Oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce ds cknodne` tk dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trg`e gn` ckjjerce, gn` ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce. <. Dnterprkvdncdgm Dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm dnterngtdkngm trg`e g` ckjjerce8
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g) Dn tfe Qrdvy Ckuncdm8 trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer use` dn cknhunctdkn wdtf pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` trg`e. Expgn`e` ly Qrdvy gn` Supreje Ckurt. Qgrskns `d` nkt `eodne wfen trg`e gn` ckjjerce lecgje dnterprkvdncdgm sk gs tk ckje wdtfdn oe` pkwer. (7) Dnsurgnce \eoerence8 oe` dnsurgnce gct 7471 estglmdsfe` mdcensdni scfeje okr dnsurgnce ckjpgndes, ktfer tfgn prkv ckjpgndes wfkse lusdness knmy dn prkv. Gdj wgs tk djpkse oe` reiumgtdkn kn dn`ustry wfdcf spreg` gcrkss ckuntry wdtfkut reigr` okr prkv lkun`grdes. Qrdvy Ckuncdm fem`8 rehecte`, sckpe ko dn`ustry kr ckjpgndes drremevgnt. Gutfkrdty tk meidsmgte reiumgtdkn `kes nkt extent tk reiumgtdkn ly mdcensdni systej ko trg`e wfere Cgng`dgns oree tk enigie dn tfds dn prkvdnces.
(<) Lkgr` ko Ckjjerce8 (gntd ckjldnes prkvdsdkns reiumgtdni fkgr`dni gn` excessdve prdces ko necessdtdes ko mdoe okk` cmktfdni, ouem). Fem`8 Prg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer fg` nk dn`epen`ent ckntent gn` ckum` le dnvkbe` knmy gs gncdmmgry tk ktfer oe` pkwers. @dsjdsse` trg`e gn` ckjjerce, Cgng`dgns oree tk enigie dn tfe prkvdnces. Q.G.P.G. cgse8 repu`dgte` gncdmmgry tfekry ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce - wkr`s ko 47(<) just recedve tfedr prkper (3) cknstructdkn wfere tfey stgn` gs idvdni gn dn`epen`ent gutfkrdty tk Qgrmdgjent kver tfe pgrtdcumgr sulhect-jgtter (0) Pfe Bdni v. v. Egstern Perjdngm Emevgtkr Emevgtkr Ck8 Supreje Ckurt strucb `kwn stgtute reiumgtdni irgdn trg`e. _ery mdttme ko Cgng`g—s irgdn ds cknsuje` dn prkv ko prk`uctdkn gn` iregt lumb ds expkrte`. Fem` tfgt reiumgtdkn ko mkcgm wkrbs (emevgtkrs) jg`e entdre stgtute dnvgmd`.
(5) Ngturgm Qrk`ucts Jgrbetdni \eoerence8 s tgtute fem` dnvgmd` wfdcf prkvd`e` okr estglmdsfdni ko jgrbetdni scfejes okr tfkse ngturgm prk`ucts wfkse prdncdpgm jgrbet wgs kutsd`e prkvdnce ko prk`uctdkn kr okr expkrt. Fem`, entdre stgtute dnvgmd` l/c dncmu`e` trgnsgctdkns tfgt ckum` le ckjpmete` wdtfdn prkvdnce. Pfgt wgs jgtter ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. (?) Jgrigrdne \eoerence8 mgst prdvy cknsd`ergtdkn. Fem` oe`ergm prkfdldtdkn ko jgnuogcture, sgme, pkssessdkn ko jgrigrdn wgs dnvgmd` l/c prkscrdle` knmy dnterprkvdncdgm trgnsgctdkns lut gmsk trgnsgctdkns tfgt ckum` le ckjpmete` dn prkvdnce. l) Dn tfe Supreje Ckurt 8 Pfrkuif Kntgrdk Ogrj Qrk`ucts Jgrbetdni \eoerence 8 (prkv jgrbetdni stgtute) hu`ies dn`dcgte` oe` pkwer wkum` exten` tk skje trgnsgctdkns ckjpmete` wdtfdn prkvdnce. (7) Jurpfy v. C.Q.\8 Supreje Ckurt upfem` vgmd`dty ko Cgng`g Yfegt Lkgr` Gct, okr dnterprkvdncdgm jgrbets, jg`e purcfgse ly Lkgr` ko gmm irgdn kutsd`e prkvdnce ko prk`uct dkn gn` okr jgrbetdni ckjpumskry.
\. v. Bmgssen8 Jgndtklg Gppegm dssue wfetfer Cgng`g Yfegt Lkgr` Gct ckum` vgmd`my gppmy tk puremy mkcgm wkrb. (<) Gct djpkse` quktg systej `esdine` tk ensure equgm gccess tk dnterprkvdncdgm gn` expkrt jgrbet gn` gppmde` tk mkcgm prkcessdni gn` sgme sk tfgt prk`ucer cgnnkt kltgdn unogdr g`vgntgie ly semmdni irgdn dn excess ko quktg tk mkcgm jgmm okr mkcgmmy skm` omkur, see`, kdm. Fem` tfgt gppmdcgtdkn ko Gct okr dntrgprkvdncdgm trgnsgctdkns vgmd`. Dncd`entgm tk prdncdpgm purpkse ko Gct, tk reiumgte dnterprkvdncdgm expkrt gn` trg`e dn irgdn. (g) *Pfds cgse ds g `epgrture orkj Qrdvy `ecdsdkns, wfdcf fg` `ecd`e` oe` reiumgtdkn un`er trg`e gn` ckjjerce ckum` nkt ejlrgce wfkmmy dntrgprkvdncdgm trgnsgctdkns. (l) Cgmkdm v. G.I. Cgn8 (*cknodrje` glkve `ecdsdkn), Ckurt upfem` oe`ergm prkfdldtdkn kn trgnspkrtgtdkn kr sgme ko djpkrte` kdm west ko tfe Kttgwg _gmmey. Qurpkse wgs tk prktect `kjestdc dn`ustry orkj cfegper djpkrte` prk`uct. Upfem` gs dncd`ent dn g`jdndstrgtdkn ko extrg prkvdncdgm jgrbetdni scfeje gn` gs dnteirgm pgrty ko ckntrkm ko djpkrts dn ourtfergnce ko extrgprkvdncdgm trg`e pkmdcy. (3) Exdsten Exdstence ce ko dnterpr dnterprkvdn kvdncdgm cdgm omkw englm englme` e` ckurt ckurtss tk upfk upfkm` m` reium reiumgtdk gtdkn n ko dntr dntrgprk gprkvdnc vdncdgm dgm trgn trgnsgct sgctdkns dkns kn irkun irkun` ` tfgt tfgt sucf reiumgtdkn wgs dncd`entgm tk jgdn klhect ko reiumgtdni tfe dnterprkvdncdgm omkw.
(0) \e Girdcumturgm Qrk`ucts Jgrbetdni Gct8 oe` stgtute dntermkcbdni oe`ergm gn` prkv stgtutes tfgt 7)estglmdsfe` gn` ejpkwere` ngtdkngm eii jgrbetdni giency gn` prkv eii jgrbetdni giencdes, <) ckntrkmme` tfe suppmy ko eiis ly djpksdtdkn ko quktgs kn egcf prkv gn` wdtfdn egcf prkv quktg kn egcf prk`ucter 3) prkvd`e` okr `dspksgm ko surpmus prk`uct, 0) djpkse` mevdes kn prk`ucers tk odngnce ckst ko scfeje gn` esp ckst ko surpmus `dspksgm. (g) Nkt cknodne` tk dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e, gn` oe`ergm mevdes djpkse` kn gmm prk`ucers wfetfer prk`uctdkn `estdne` okr mkcgm kr kut ko prkvdnce jgrbet. Fegvy lc 41% ko gmm eiis prk`uce` dn Cgng`g were cknsuje` wdtfdn prkvdnce ko prk`uctdkn. Upfkm`dni dt jg`e expgnsdkn ko oe` pkwer dntk mkcgm jgrbets. Ckurt—s `ecd`dni ogctkrs tfgt djpresse` dt8 (l) Oe` gct wgs centerpdece ko ckkpergtdve scfeje `esdine` tk rgtdkngmdze eii jgrbet. Scfeje giree` tk ly gmm 77 ikvts gn` execute` ly ckjpmejentgry meidsmgtdkn dn gmm 77 h`x. (c) \emgte` ogctkr wgs extreje `doodcumty ko `dsentgnimdni oe` gn` prkv emejents ko gctugm jgrbetdni pmgn okr eiis tfgt fg` leen estglmdsfe`. Ckjpmex un`erirkwtf ko reiumgtdkns gn` kr`e rs ejgngtdni orkj < mevems ko ikvt. *Sgje jk`em ko dntermkcbdni oe` gn` prkv meidsmgtdkn use tk cregte g ngtdkngm cfdcben jgrbetdni pmgn. (5) @dvd`e` ngtdkngm jgrbet okr cfdcbens ly gmmkcgtdni g quktg okr egcf prkv gn` wdtfdn egcf prkv tfe prkv—s quktg wgs `dvd`e` up gjkni dn`dvd`ugm prk`ucers. Qrk`ucers oree tk semm cfdcbens wferever tfey cfkkse. @d` nkt `dstdniudsf wfetfer expkrt kr mkcgm cknsujptdkn.
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(g) Oe`ergtdkn `es prk`ucteurs v. Qemmgn`8 cfdcben prk`ucer orkj Wuelec expkrte` tk Knt cfgmmenie` vgmd`dty ko quktg. L/c quktgs ko dn`dvd`ugm prk`ucers were set un`er gutfkrdty ko prkv meidsmgtdkn, griue` tfgt quktgs were dngppmdcglme tk prk`uctdkn tfgt wgs `estdne` okr jgrbets kutsd`e prkv. Ckurt rehecte`. Fem` tfgt dn ckntext ko ckkpergtdve oe`-prkv scfeje, prkvdnces ckum` djpkse prk`uctdkn quktgs wdtfkut reigr` ko `estdngtdkn ko prk`uct. Ckurt *regoodrje` Girdcumturgm prk`ucts (?) @kjdndkn Stkres v. Pfe Wueen8 Ckurt strucb `kwn pgrt D ko oe` Girdcumturgm Qrk`ucts Gct. Gct estglmdsfe` irg`es wdtf gpprkprdgte irg`e ngjes okr girdcumturgm prk`ucts. Qgrt DD jg`e dt ckjpumskry tk use irg`e ngjes okr prk`ucts dn dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trg`e. Qgrt D @d` nkt jgbe dt ckjpumskry tk use irg`e ngjes okr prk`ucts jgrbete` wdtfdn prkv ko prk`uctdkn, lut prkvd`e` tfgt do ngjes were use` dn mkcgm trg`e, tfen gpprkprdgte oe` stgn`gr`s fg` tk le ckjpmde` wdtf. Ckjpgny semmdni gppmdes gcqudtte` l/c Qgrt D uncknstdtutdkngm gttejpt tk reiumgte mkcgm trg`e. (9) Mglgtt Lrewerdes v. G.-I. Cgn8 oe` trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer rehecte` gs suppkrt okr oe` meidsmgtdkn. Strucb `kwn ckjpksdtdkngm stgn`gr`s okr leer engcte` un`er Okk`s gn` @ruis Gct. \ehecte` pkwer tk reiumgte dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e gs irkun` ko vgmd`dty. Stgn`gr`s djpkse` wdtfkut reigr` okr prk`uct—s jkvejents gcrkss prkvdncdgm lkun`grdes. Gmsk goodrje` dnsurgnce cgse rume8 trg`e/ckjjerce wdmm nkt gutfkrdze reiumgtdkn ko sdnime trg`e kr dn`ustry, even do dn`ustry `kjdngte` ly g oew mgrie odrjs wfdcf g`vertdse gn` jgrbet kn ngtdkn-wd`e lgsds.
3. Ienergm Prg`e gn` ckjjerce8 Pwk cgteikrdes ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce stgte` dn Cdtdzens Dnsurgnce Ck v. Qgrskns 8 7) dnterprkvdncdgm kr dnterngtdkngm trg`e ckjjerce, <) ienergm reiumgtdkn ko trg`e. g) Ienergm Jktkrs v. Cdty Ngtdkngm Megsdni8 untdm tfds cgse. ienergm reiumgtdkn ko trg`e rehecte` gs suppkrt okr reiumgtdkn ko dnsurgnce, ckjldnes, prdces, prkodts2 mglkr remgtdkns, jgrbetdni, prkfdldtdkn ko jgrigrdne. l) Cgng`g Stgn`gr` Prg`e Jgrb Cgse8 (vgmd` exercdse ko ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer). Qrdvy Ckuncdm upfem` oe` stgtute wfdcf estglmdsfe` g ngtdkngm jgrb ‖Cgng`g Stgn`gr`— - vkmuntgrdmy use` lut do use` just ckjpmy wdtf oe` stgn`gr`s. Nkt cknodne` tk dnterprkvdncdgm gn` dnterngtdkngm trg`e. @ecd`e` tfgt ienergm trg`e ko ckjjerce wkum` gutfkrdze oe` stgn`gr`s ko prk`uctdkn kr jgnuogcture okr prk`ucts trg`e` m kcgmmy, prkvd`e` tfgt oe` stgn`gr`s were tde` tk vkmuntgry use ko g `dstdnctdve jgrb.
(7) @kjdndkn Stkres v. Pfe Wueen8 Irg`e ngje Cgng`g ogncy use` ly stkres okr gppmdes sfkum` gttrgct oe` reiumgtdkn dn sgje wgy okr sgje regskns gs glkve cgse. Lut dn Cgn Stgn`gr`s, jgrb wgs veste` dn Crkwn, `dstdniudsfe` tfds cgse okrj glkve cgse. (<) Mglgtt Lrewerde v. GI Cgn8 strucb `kwn ckjpksdtdkngm stgn`gr`s okr mdift leer. Stgn`gr`s gppmdcglme tfrkuif vkmuntgry use ko ‖mdift leer—. @dooerence wdtf Cgng`g Stgn`gr` ds dn tfgt cgse gppmdcgtdkn okr oe` stgn`gr`s `epen`e` upkn use ko `dstdnctdve `escrdptdkn (Cgng`g Stgn`gr`). Fere, gppmdcgtdkn `epen`e` kn use ko ckjjkn `escrdptdkn ‖mdift leer—. Mdttme resejlmgnce tk Cgng`g Stgn`gr`. Use ko `dstdnctdve `escrdptdkn vkmuntgry, l/c egsy okr jgnuogcturers wfk `k nkt wdsf tk ckjpmy wdtf oe` stgn`gr`s tk gvkd` dt. Lut ckjjkn `escrdptdkn ds jgn`gtkry sdnce dt ds koten nkt prgctdcgm okr jgnuogcture tk prk`uce jgrbetglme prk`uct wdtfkut cgm mdni dt ly dts ckjjkn ngje (mdift leer, leer, wfdsby) c) Jgc@kngm` v. _gpkr Cgng`g8 dssue gs tk vgmd`dty ko oe` mgw wfdcf prkfdldte` gn` prkvd`e` cdvdm reje`y okr gny gct kr lusdness prgctdce wfdcf wgs ckntrgry tk fknest dn`ustrd gm kr ckjjerce usgie dn Cgng`g. Ckurt fem` tfgt cdvdm CKG kr ckntrgct kr tkrt wgs wdtfdn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkvdnce. Knmy oe`ergm gspect ko mgw wgs tfgt dt gppmde` tk gmm ko Cgn, lut ienergm gppmdcgtdkn fgs never leen suoodcednt tk sfdot mgw `egmdni wdtf prkper gn` cdvm rd ifts ko prkv dntk oe`ergm feg` ko pkwer. Ckum` fgve leen gvgdmglme do mgw wgs pgrt ko reiumgtkry scfeje, g`jdndstere` ly oe`ergmmy gppkdnte` giency. (7) Gntd-dnomgtdkn reoerence8 oe`ergm reidje ko wgie gn` ckntrkm, griue` un`er pegce, kr`er, gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer. Meidsmgtdkn upfem` un`er ejeriency lrgncf ko pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer. Nk reoerence ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce, yet fg` reiumgtkry scfeje gn` g`jdn giency `escrdle` dn Jc@kngm` v. _gpkr
(<) Ienergm Jktkrs v. Cdty Ngtdkngm Megsdni8 cfgmmenie tk vgmd`dty ko cdvdm reje`y tfgts dntrk`uce` dn 7495. Qrdce @dscrdjdngtdkn dn odngncdni ko trucbs gn` cgrs megse`, gmm odngncdgm grrgniejents gn` trgnsgctdkns tkkb pmgce wdtfdn sdnime prkvdnce. Ckurt fem` tfgt Ckjldnes Dnvestdigtd kn Gct (Ckjpetdtdkn Gct1) wgs vgmd` exercdse ko ‖ienergm— trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. (g) Gppmde` tfe _gpkr Pest8 okr `eterjdndni vgmd`dty okr meidsmgtdkn d) Qresence Qresence ko ienergm ienergm reiumgtkr reiumgtkry y scfeje scfeje dd) Pfe kversdift kversdift ko g reiumgtkry reiumgtkry giency ddd) Ckncern wdtf trg`e gs g wfkme rgtfer tfgn wdtf pgrtdcumgr dn`ustry dv) Meidsmgtdkn Meidsmgtdkn sfkum` sfkum` le ko g ngture ngture tfgt tfgt prkvdnces prkvdnces hkdntmy kr severgmmy severgmmy wkum` le cknstdtut cknstdtutdkngmmy dkngmmy dncgpglme dncgpglme ko engctdni. (*new emejent g``e` nkw)
v) Pfe ogdmure tk dncmu`e kne kr jkre prkvdnces kr mkcgmdtdes dn g meidsmgtdve scfeje wkum` hekpgr`dze tfe successoum kpergtdkn ko tfe scfeje dn ktfer pgrts ko tfe ckuntry. (*new emejent g``e` nkw)
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(l) Gmm 3 emejents present- 7) wgs g reiumgtkry scfeje, <) kpergte` un`er okresdift ko rei giency, giency, 3) ckncerne` wdtf trg`e dn ienergm, 0) gn` 5) knmy ngtdkngm reiumgtdkn ko ckjpetdtdkn ckum` pkssdlmy le eooectdve l/c gldmdty ko ogctkrs ko prk`uctdkn jkve oreemy orkj kne prkvdnce tk gnktfer.
(c) Nkte8Ienergm lrgncf ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer gutfkrdzes reiumgtdkn ko dntrgprkvdncdgm trg`e. Pfere wkum` le nk nee` okr g ienergm lrgncf ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce do dt `d` nkt exten ` leykn` dnterprkvdncdgm gn` dnterng tdkngm trg`e. (`) Ckncmusdkn8 Qgrmdgjent gn` prkvdnces fgve cknstdtutdkngm pkwer tk reiumgte dntrgprkvdncdgm gspects ko ckjpetdtdkn.
Prg`e jgrbs8 Ckn Gct 76?9 idves Qgrmdgjent gutfkrdty tk meidsmgte pgtents, ckpyrdifts, lut sdment gs tk trg`e jgrbs. Cgng`g fgs g `) Prg`e oe`ergm trg`e jgrbs Gct8 systej ko reidstrgtdkn, excmusdve use ko reidstere` trg`e jgrbs, reje`des okr dnordniejent. Gct reckindzes unreidstere` trg`e jgrbs gn` prkvd`es tfej w/ prktectdkn ko g cdvm reje`y. Cgng`g Stgn`gr` Prg`e Jgrb Cgse8 (*`escrdle` glkve). upfem` oe` stgtute gutfkrdzdni use ko Cgng`g Stgn`gr` (7) `esdingtdkn tk `enkte ckjpmdgnce wdtf oe` stgn`gr`s. Nkt glkut trg`e jgrbs lut, gutfkrdty okr trg`e jgrbs Gct wgs tfe trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. Prg`e jgrbs gttgcf tk ikk`s gn` servdces, wfdcf jkve gcrkss prkvdncdgm lkr`ers, gs `k cknsujers wdtf tfedr kpdndkns glkut prk`ucts gn` jgnuogctures. Qrktectdkn ko trg`e jgrb cknnecte` tk jkldmdty ko ikk`s gn` servdces gn` dn`dvd`ugms, gn` pgrt ko reiumgtdkn ko ckjpetdtdkn. Bdrbld v. \dtvdb Fkm`dnis8 jgnuogcture ko MEIK sue` jgnuogcturer ko Jeig Lmkbs, wfdcf use` sgje dntermk cbdni (<) systej gs Mei, un`er s. 9(l) oe`ergm trg`e jgrbs Gct (fkm`er ko unreidstere` trg`e jgrb cgn sue ckjpetdtkr wfk lrgn`e` dn g wgy tfgt cguses cknousdkn letween prk`uct gn` trg`e jgrbe` prk`uct). Jeig Lmkbs wkn kn irkun` tfgt Mei—s systej wgs ounctdkngm cfgrgcterdstdc ko prk`uct gn` tfgt ckum` nkt gs g jgtter ko mgw le g trg`e jgrb. (g) Jeig rgdse` cknstdtutdkngm dssue wdtf 9(l) gn` dts cdvm reje`y. Ckurt exgjdne` entdre vgmd`dty ko Gct. - Fem` tfgt ikverne` ly odve crdterdg ko Cdty Ngtdkngm Megsdni , gn` tfgt gmm 5 crdterdg present dn Prg`e Jgrbs Gct. (ngtdkngm reiumgtkry scfeje, kver sdift ko reidstrgr ko trg`e jgrbs, ckncern wdtf trg`e dn ienergm, dncgpgldmdty ko prkvdnces tk estglmdsf scfeje gn` necessdty okr ngtdkngm ckvergie)
(l) Fem`, Sec 9(L) wgs suoodcdentmy dnteirgte` dntk reiumgtkry scfeje tk le vgmd` pgrt ko tfe Gct. _gmd` exercdse ko ienergm lrgncf ko irg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. 0. Ienergm Jktkrs ko Cgng`g Mt`. v. Cdty Ngtdkngm Megsdni8 g) Dssues8 wfetfer s. 37.7 cgn le upfem` gs cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` ly vdrtue ko dts remgtdknsfdp wdtf tfe Ckjldnes Dnvestdigtdkn Gct. Gnswerdni tfds questdkn requdres g``ressdni twk dssues8 Ds tfe Gct vgmd` un`er tfe oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer, expresse` dn s. 47(<) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 2 gn` (7) (<)
Ds s. 37.7 dnteirgte` wdtf tfe Gct dn sucf g wgy tfgt dt tkk ds dntrg vdres un`er s. 47(<).
l) Lgcbirkun`8 Pfe Ckjldnes Dnvestdigtdkn Gct ds vgmd` un`er tfe oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer, dn pgrtdcumgr dts "seckn` lrgncf" kver kver "ienergm" "ienergm" trg`e gn` gn` ckjjerce, ckjjerce, gn` s. 37.7 ds cknstdtutdkngmmy cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` vgmd` ly vdrtue vdrtue ko dts ledni ounctdkngmmy ounctdkngmmy remgte` remgte` tk tfe tfe Gct. Gct. c) Griujent Griujents8 s8 (7) CNM griues griues 37.7 37.7 wgs wgs dwdtf dwdtfdn dn tfe tfe cknstdtut cknstdtutdkngm dkngm ckjpetenc ckjpetencee ko ko tfe tfe oe`erg oe`ergmm ikvern ikvernjent jent22 s. s. 37.7 37.7 wgs wgs cmegrmy cmegrmy sust sustgdngl gdnglme me un`er tfe "ienergm" lrgncf ko tfe oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer gs ecknkjdc meidsmgtdkn gooectdni tfe ngtdkn gs g wfkme. IJ griues cregtdkn ko g cdvdm cguse ko gctdkn wgs g jgtter ko prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts irgnte` (<) tk tfe prkvdnces ly s. 4<(73) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . IJ griue` vdikrkusmy gigdnst odn`dni s. 37.7 vgmd` un`er tfe trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer2 s. 37.7, dt wgs urie`, `d` nkt sgtdsoy gny ko tfe necessgry dn`dcdg ko vgmd` trg`e gn` ckjjerce meidsmgtdkn, nkr ckum` tfe cdvdm gctdkn dn s. 37.7 le cfgrgcterdze` gs necessgrdmy necessgrdmy dncd`entgm tk g vgmd` scfeje reiumgtdni trg`e gn` ckjjerce.
`) \ume/Gngmysds8 Sdnce Qgrskns , tfe hurdspru`ence kn s. 47(<) fgs mgriemy leen gn emglkrgtdkn kn tfe lkun`grdes ko tfe twk gspects kr (7) "lrgncfes" ko oe`ergm pkwer8 (7) tfe pkwer kver dnterngtdkngm gn` dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e gn` ckjjerce 2 gn` (<) tfe pkwer kver ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce gooectdni Cgng`g gs g wfkme. (CNM gttejpts tk upfkm` #<) Pfe gngmysds tk `eterjdne cknstdtutdkngmdty ko prkvdsdkns un`er tfe trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer (<) dnvkmves tfe okmmkwdni steps8 (g)Odrst, tfe ckurt just `eterjdne wfetfer tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkn cgn le vdewe` gs dntru`dni kn prkvdncdgm pkwers, gn` do sk tk wfgt extent. (l) Seckn`, just gscertgdn wfetfer tfe gct, kr g severglme pgrt ko tfe gct ds vgmd`2 dn cgses un`er tfe seckn` lrgncf ko s. 47(<) tfds wdmm nkrjgmmy dnvkmve odn`dni tfe presence ko g reiumgtkry scfeje gn` tfen gscertgdndni wfetfer tfgt scfeje jeets tfe requdrejents grtdcumgte` dn _gpkr Cgng`g, suprg, gn` dn Cgng`dgn Ngtdkngm Prgnspkrtgtdkn , suprg. Do tfe scfeje ds nkt vgmd`, tfgt ds tfe en` ko tfe dnqudry. dnqudry. d) Cknsd`er tfe vgmd`dty ko tfe scfeje un`er tfe ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer dn mdift ko tfe crdterdg _gpkr gp kr Pest es t
okr `eterjdndni vgmd`dty okr meidsmgtdkn
31
(7) (<)
Qresence ko ienergm reiumgtkry scfeje Jkndtk dtkre` ly kversdift ift ko g reium iumgtk gtkry giency ncy,
Ckncern wdtf trg`e gs g wfkme rgtfer tfgn wdtf pgrtdcumgr dn`ustry Meidsmgtdkn sfkum` le ko g ngture (3) tfgt prkvdnces (0) (0) hkdnt hkdntmy my kr sever severgmm gmmy y wkum wkum` ` le le cckns knstdt tdtut utdkn dkngmm gmmy y dnc dncgpg gpglme lme ko engctd engctdni ni.. (*ne (*new w eme emeje jent nt g``e` g``e` nkw) nkw) 5) Pfe ogdmure tk dncmu`e kne kr jkre prkvdnces kr mkcgmdtdes dn g meidsmgtdve scfeje wkum` (5) hekpgr`dze tfe successoum kpergtd kn ko tfe scfeje dn ktfer pgrts ko tfe ckuntry. (?) (\equd (\equdrej rejent entss ens ensure ure tfgt tfgt oe`e oe`ergm rgm meidsm meidsmgtd gtdkn kn `kes `kes n nkt kt upse upsett tfe tfe lgmg lgmgnce nce ko pkwer pkwer letwe letween en oe`erg oe`ergmm gn` gn` prkvdncdgm ikvernjents ikvernjents.. (mdst ds nkt exfgustdve, exfgustdve, just stdmm stdmm `k cgse ly cgse gngmysds). gngmysds). (3) Gmm emeje emejents nts pres presentent- 7) wgs wgs g reiumg reiumgtkry tkry scfeje, scfeje, <) kpergt kpergte` e` un`er un`er okre okresdif sdiftt ko rei rei giency giency,, 3) cknc ckncerne erne` ` wdtf wdtf trg`e trg`e dn ienergm, 0) Pfe prkvdnces hkdntmy kr severgmmy wkum` le cknstdtutdkngmmy dncgpglme dncgpglme ko pgssdni tfds meidsmgtdkn, 5) Pfe ogdmure tk dncmu`e kne kr jkre prkvdnces kr mkcgmdtdes wkum` hekpgr`dze successoum kpergtdkn ko tfe meidsmgtdkn dn ktfer pgrts ko tfe ckuntry. (0) Do tfe tfe reiumgtk reiumgtkry ry scfej scfejee ds `ecmgre` `ecmgre` vgmd`, vgmd`, tfe tfe ckurt ckurt just tfen `eterjdne `eterjdne wfetfer wfetfer tfe tfe djpui djpuine` ne` prkvd prkvdsdkn sdkn prkvdsdk prkvdsdkn n cgn cgn le cknstdtutdkngmmy cknstdtutdkngmmy hustdode` ly regskn ko dts cknnectdkn wdtf vgmd` meidsmgtdkn. (g)Pfds requdres cknsd`erdni tfe serdkusness ko tfe encrkgcfjent kn prkvdncdgm pkwers, dn kr`er tk `ecd`e kn tfe prkper stgn`gr` okr sucf g remgtdknsfdp.
(l) Do tfe prkvdsdkn pgsses tfds dnteirgtdkn test, dt ds dntrg vdres Qgrmdgjent gs gn exercdse ko tfe ienergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. pkwer. (c)Do tfe prkvdsdkn ds nkt suoodcdentmy dnteirgte` dntk tfe scfeje ko reiumgtdkn, dt cgnnkt le sustgdne` un`er tfe seckn` lrgncf ko s. 47(<). (7) (7) Sectdk Sectdkn n 37.7 37.7 cre cregte gtess g cdvd cdvdmm rdift rdift ko gctd gctdkn kn gn`, gn`, sdnce sdnce tfe cregtd cregtdkn kn ko ko cdvdm cdvdm gctdkn gctdknss iene ienergm rgmmy my mdes mdes wdtf wdtfdn dn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn, hurds`dctdkn, dt gppegrs tk encrkgcf tk skje extent kn gn djpkrtgnt djpkrtgnt prkvdncdgm prkvdncdgm pkwer. pkwer. Pfe encrkgcfjent ds nkt serdkus. Pfe Ckjldnes Dnvestdigtdkn Gct ds vgmd` oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn un`er tfe ienergm trg`e gn` (<) ckjjerce pkwer. (3) (3) Pfe Pfe reium reiumgtd gtdkn kn ko ckj ckjpet petdtd dtdkn kn ogmm ogmmss wdtf wdtfdn dn oe`e oe`ergm rgm hurds` hurds`dct dctdkn dkn dn dts dts dntrgp dntrgprkv rkvdnc dncdgm dgm `djens `djensdkn dkn gn` tfe Gct tfereokre nee` nkt le reg` `kwn sk tfgt s. 37.7 knmy gppmdes tk dnterprkvdncdgm dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e. Lecguse tfe reiumgtdkn ko ckjpetdtdkn ds sk cmegrmy ko ngtdkngm dnterest gn` lecguse ckjpetdtdkn cgnnkt le successoummy reiumgte` ly oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn restrdcte` tk dnterprkvdncdgm trg`e, tfe vgmd`dty ko tfe oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn just le `eterjdne` wdtfkut fee` tk tfe prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdkn.
e) Ckncmusdkn8 Okun` tfgt s. 37.7 tk le dntrg vdres tfe oe`ergm Qgrmdgjent. Dn gnswerdni tfe twk gokrejentdkne` dssues8 Pfe Ckjldnes Dnvestdigtdkn Gct ds vgmd` un`er tfe oe`ergm trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer, dn pgrtdcumgr, dt ds vgmd` un`er (7) tfe "seckn` lrgncf" ko tfgt pkwer, tfe pkwer kver "ienergm" trg`e gn` ckjjerce. (<) S. 37.7 37.7 ds cknst cknstdtu dtutdk tdkngm ngmmy my vgmd vgmd` ` ly vdrtue vdrtue ko ledni ledni ounctd ounctdkng kngmmy mmy remgte remgte` ` tk tk tfe tfe Gct. Gct. cknstdtutdkng m questdkns sfkum` le gnswere` dn tfe goodrjgtdve. o) Fem`8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le `dsjdsse`. Lktf cknstdtutdkngm
5. \eoerence \e Securdtdes Gct8 mkkb gt glkve nktes. E. QEGCE, K\@E\, GN@ IKK@ IK_E\NJENP - Cf. <1 7. Cknstdtutdkn Gct 76?9 s. 47 (kpendni wkr`s)8 pkwers ko pgrmdgjent - mgws okr pegce, kr`er, gn` ikk` ikvt dn remgtdkn tk gmm jgtters nkt w/n cmgsses ko sulhects dn tfds gct <. \esd`ugry ngture ko pkwer8 QKKI resd`ugry l/c cknodne` tk jgtters w/n cmgsses ko sulhects ly tfds Gct. Gnytfdni nkt dn prkv feg` ko pkwer, just le w/n oe`. Dts gmm pkwer nkt gmmkcgte` tk prkvdnces. Nkt g ienergm tfekry ko pkwer l/c8 (7) Pfe oe`er oe`ergm gm mdst mdst fgs dn`ep dn`epen`e en`ent nt stgn`d stgn`dni. ni. Prg`e Prg`e ckjje ckjjerce rce,, lgnbdni lgnbdni,, lgnbru lgnbruptcy ptcy,, prkjds prkjdsskr skry y nktes, nktes, pgtent pgtents, s, ckpyr ckpyrdift difts, s, jgrrdgie `dvkrce, wkum` fgve leen fem` tk ckje w/n prkv feg` ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts do tfey fg` nkt leen specdodcgmmy enujergte` dn tfe oe`ergm mdst. do nkt specdodcgmmy enujergte` tfey wkum` tfereokre fgve leen excmu`e` orkj QKII mgniugie. (<) dt `kes `kes nkt nkt gcckr` gcckr` wdtf wdtf prgct prgctdce dce ko ko ckurts ckurts dn dn gppmydn gppmydni i pkwer pkwer `dstr `dstrdlut dlutdni dni prkvd prkvdsdk sdkns ns ko tfe Ckns Cknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkn.. Pfus, Pfus, resd`ugr resd`ugry y tfekry ko QKII ds jkre fempoum tfgn ienergm tfekry. l) QKII pkwer fgs leen trunb orkj wfdcf 3 lrgncfes ko meidsmgtdve pkwer fgve irkwn8 7) igp lrgncf, <) ngtdk ngm ckncern, 3) ejeriency lrgncf. 3. Pfe Igp Lrgncf8 kne ko tfe koodces ko QKII pkwer ds tk oumm mgcunge kr igps dn scfeje ko `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers. Igps8 g) Dnckrpkrgtdkn ko ckjpgndes 8 Ckn gct ejpkwers prkv meidsmgtures tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk dnckrpkrgtdkn ko ckjpgndes wdtf prkvdncdgm klhects. Ckurts fkm` pkwer tk dnckrpkrg te ckjpgndes wdtf klhects ktfer tfgn prkvdncdgm just ogmm w/n oe`ergm QKII pkwer l/c ko dts resd`ugry ngture.
37
l) Pregtdes8 Pregtdes8 \g`dk \eoerence orgjers ko ckn gct `d` nkt ckntejpmgte cgng`g wkum` gcqudre pkwer tk enter tregtdes kn dts kwn. Qkwer cgje w/n QKII l/c nkt jentdkne` expmdcdtmy dn s. 47 kr 4<. c) Koodcdgm Mgniugie s8 Hknes v. v. GI NL8 Upfem` vgmd`dty ko Oe`ergm Koodcdgm Mgniugies Gct, gct gttejpte` tk iugrgntee equgm stgtus ko orencf gn` enimdsf dn pgrmdgjent gn` ikvt ko Cgng`g. `) Koosfkre jdnergms 8 were lktf koo sfgre ko LC gn` NOM, en`e` up ogmmdni w/n oe`ergm QKII dn dts resd`ugry cgpgcdty. e) Cgn cmgssdoy mgw ly mglemdni dts ‖jgtter— ko ‖pdtf gn` sulstgnce— w/ w/ g ngje wfdcf `kes nkt gppegr tk ckje w/n gny tfe enujergte` feg`s ko pkwer. o) QKII mgniugie ckjpmetes dnckjpmete gssdinjent ko pkwer. Igp lrgncf ko QKII ckvers tfese mdjdte` gn` unusugm cgses wfere gppmdcgtdkn ko QKII ds gmjkst mkidcgmmy requdre`. New kr unreckindze` mgw jdift ckje wdtfdn prkv prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts 4<(73), kr jgtters ko mkcgm kr prdvgte ngture dn prkv 4<(7?)2 `epen`s kn ngture ko new jgtter gn` sckpe gttrdlute` tk feg`s ko pkwer. 0. Pfe Ngtdkngm Ckncern Ckncern Lrgncf
g) Fdstkry ko ngtdkngm ckncern8 (7) \ussem \ussem v. v. Pfe Pfe Wuee Wueen8 n8 Qrdvy Qrdvy fem` tfgt stgtute stgtute `ke snkt ogmm wdtfdn wdtfdn prkv prkv feg` ko pkwe pkwerr sk jus justt le oe`ergm oe`ergm (Cgng`g (Cgng`g Pejpergnce GCt Mkcgm Qrkfdldtdkn8 ejpfgsdze` tfdnis tfgt gre w/n ngtdkngm ckncern gre oe`ergm, even do dts letween mkcgm kr prkv (mkcgm (<) kptdkn tejpergnce scfeje, upfem` prkv scfeje gs un`er prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, gn` jgtters ko prdvgte kr mkcgm dn ngture) Ngtdkngm `djensdkn test (3) Skje Skje meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdkn dn krdidn krdidngm gm mkcgm mkcgm gn` gn` prkv prkv ckum` ckum` gcqud gcqudre re ngtdkn ngtdkngm gm `djen `djensdk sdkns, ns, kr ngtdkn ngtdkngm gm ckncer ckncern, n, gn` gn` tferely tferely ckje ckje wdtfdn oe`ergm pgrmdgjent QKII pkwer (ckncern ko Ngtdkngm Ckncern lrgncf) (0) _dsckunt Fgm`gne8 knmy gn ejeriency wkum` hustdoy pkii pkwer. (5) Cgng`g Pejpergnce8 ckurt reouse` tk kverrume \ussemm. Fem` \ussemm fg` nkt leen `ecd`e` kn lgsds ko gn ejeriency, gn` pkii wgs nkt cknodne` tk ejeriencdes. \epu`dgte` mdne ko cgses tfgt gsserte` ejeriencdes. (g) Ngtdkngm Ckncern Pest8 do dt ikes leykn` mkcgm kr prkv ckncerns orkj dts dnferent ckncern gn` le ckncern ko @kjdndkn gs g wfkme tfen dt ogmms w/n ckjpetence ko pgrmdgjent gs g jgtter gooect QKII, gmtfkuif dt jgy gooect jgtters reserve` tk prkv meidsmgtures. (cgse estglmdsfes tfgt tfere wgs g ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf ko QKII gn` gn ejeriency lrgncf)
(?)
Ngtdkngm Ckncern Lrgncf prkvd`e` `ecdsdkn okr tfree cgses8 (g) Hkfgnnesskn Hkfgnnesskn v. v. Yest St. St. Qgum8 fem` tfgt gerkngutdcs sgtdsode` ngtdkngm ckncern test. Necessdty ko `evemkpjent ko gdr servdces tk le ckntrkmme` ly ngtdkngm ikvt respknsdve tk nee`s ko ngtdkn gs g wfkme (l) Junrk v. Ngtdkngm Cgpdtgm Ckjjdssdkn8 fem` ngtdkngm cgpdtgm reidkn (grkun` Kttgwg strg``mdni Knt gn` Wue, `esdine` ly oe` meidsmgtdkn) jet ngtdkngm ckncern test. @egms w/ jgtters ko ngtdkngm ckncern. (c) \. v. Crkwn Xemmerlgcf8 fem` jgrdne pkmmutdkn sgtdsode` ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf. Oe` Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct prkfdldte` `ujpdni gt seg, upfem` tk jgrdne wgters gt LC lkun`gr des. Fem` jgrdne pkmmutdkn l/c dts extrg prkvdncdgm gs wemm gs dnterngtdkngm cfgrgcter gn` djpmdcgtdkns, cmegrmy g jgtter ko ckncern tk Cgng`g gs g wfkme. (`) Kntgrdk Fy`rk v. Kntgrdk8 upfem` Gtkjdc Eneriy Ckntrkm GCt. Oe` h`x kver eneriy `erdve` orkj 4<(71(c) gn` ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf ko pkii. Fem` tfgt prk`uctdkn, use gn` gppmdcgtdkn ko gtkjdc eneriy cknstdtute jgtter ko ngtdkngm ckncern, l/c dts pre`kjdngntmy extrg prkvdncdgm gn` dnterngtdkngm dn cfgrgcter gn` djpmdcgtdkns.
l) @eodndtdkn ko ngtdkngm ckncern8 Ngtdkn wd`e djpkrtgnce ko g sulhect ko mei tfgt `et erjdnes wfetfer kr nkt dt fgs requdsdte ngtdkngm ckncern. Jgtter ko ngtdkngm ckncern just le ko djpkrt kr sdindodcgnce tk gmm pgrts ko Cgng`g. Pfere gre cgses wfere undokrjdty ko mgw tfrkuifkut ckuntry ds nkt jeremy `esdrglme lut essentdgm dn tfe sense tfgt tfe prklmej ds leykn` tfe pkwer ko tfe prkvdnces tk `egm wdtf dt. *Qrkvdncdgm dngldmdty test8 exgjpme ko epd`ejdc ko pestdmence - ogdmure ko prkv tk tgbe preventgtdve jegsures wkum` (7) meg` tk spreg`dni ko tfe `dsegse dntk tfkse prkvdnces wfdcf fg` tgben preventgtdve jegsures. (g) Gerkngutdcs - Hkfgnnesskn8 ogdmure ko kne prkv tk use undokrj prkce`ures okr gdr spgce, wdmm meg` tk en`gnier resd`ents ko ktfer prkv enigie` dn gdr trgvem. (l) Ngtdkngm Cgpdtgm reidkn - Junrk8 ogdmure ko Wue kr Knt tk ckkpergte dn `evemkpjent wkum` `ende` cgng`dgns ko syjlkmdc vgmue ko g sudtglme ngtdkngm cgpdtgm. (c) Jgrdne pkmmutdkn - Crkwn Xemmerlgcf8 ogdmure ko kne prkv tk prktect dts wgters wkum` meg` tk pkmmutdkn ko wgters dn ktfer prkv. (`) Nucmegr pkwer - Kntgrdk fy`rk8 ogdmure ko prkv tk tk engct g`equgte reiumgtkry jegsures, wkum` expkse pekpme ko ktfer prkv tk rdsb ko gn envdrknjentgm cgtgstrkpfe. (<) Jkstt djpkrt Jks djpkrtgnt gnt ngtdk ngtdkngm ngm cknce ckncern rn ds g nee` nee` okr kne ngtdk ngtdkngm ngm mgw mgw wfdcf wfdcf cgnnk cgnnktt regmds regmdstdcg tdcgmmy mmy le le sgtdso sgtdsode` de` ly ly ckkperg ckkpergtdve tdve prkv gctdkn l/c ogdmure ko kne prkv tk ckkpergte wkum ` cgrry wdtf dt g`verse cknsequences okr resd`ents ko ktfer prkv. c) @dstdnctness8
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(7) Gntd-Dnomgtdkn \eoerence8 upfem` oe`ergm wgie gn` prdce ckntrkms un`er ejeriency lrgncf ko pkii pkwer. Mgsbdn Meot kpen pkssdldmdty tfgt oe` wgie gn` prdce ckntrkms ckum` gmsk fgve leen suppkrte` un`er tfe ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf. Leetz `ende` tfds - dnsteg` dnomgtdkn wgs tkk lrkg` gn` `doouse g tkpdc tk qugmdoy gs g jgtter ckjdni w/n ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf ko pkii pkwer. Dn kr`er tk qugmdoy gs g jgtter, g tkpdc just le ‖`dstdnct—8 dt just fgve g ‖`eiree ko certgdnty — tfgt jgbes dt dn`dvdsdlme, gn d`entdty wfdcf jgbes dt `dstdnct orkj prkv jgtters gn` g suoodcdent cknsdstence tk retgdn tfe lkun`s ko okrj. (<) \.v . Crkwn Xemmerlgcf8 jghkrdty upfem` oe`ergm Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct, wfdcf prkfdldte` `ujpdni gt seg kn lgsds ko jgrdne pkmmutdkn, wgs g jgtter ko ngtdkngm ckncern. Jghkrdty f em` tfgt jgrdne pkmmutdkn, gmtfkuif klvdkusmy gooecte ` ly tfe gdr gn` ly oresf wgter omkwdni dntk seg, `d` fgve gscertgdng lme gn` regsknglme mdjdts, dn sk ogr gs dts djpgct kn prkv h`x ds ckncerne`. (g) *\equdrejent ko @dstdnctness8 okr jgtter tk le ko ngtdkngm ckncern, dt just fgve sdnimeness
`dstdnctdveness gn` dn`dvdsdldmdty tfgt cmegrmy `dstdniudsfes dt orkj jgtters ko prkv ckncern gn` g scgme ko djpgct kn prkv h`x tfgt ds reckncdmglme w/ oun`gjentgm `dstrdlutdkn ko meidsmgtdve pkwer un`er tfe Cknstdtutdkn. \equdrejent ko `dstdnctness ds necessgry lut suoodcdent okr jgtter tk le dn ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf ko pkii. G `dstdnct (3) jgtter wkum` fgve tk jeet prkvdncdgm dngldmdty test , tk le g`jdtte` tk ngtdkngm ckncern lrgcn ko pkii. @dstdnct jgtter wkum` ckje wdtfdn prkv pkwer do dt cgje w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts ko prkv, kr do dt were jeremy g mkcgm kr prdvgte ngture dn tfe prkv. `) Newness8 Ejpfgsds ko `dstdnctness ds repmgce` ly newness. Leetz dn Gntd-Dnomgtdkn \eoerence8 reoers tk new sulhect jgtter, tfgt ds nkt ckvere` ly enujergte` feg`, nkt (7) prevdkusmy cknsd`ere` ly ckurts, yet tk gmmkcgte prkv k r oe` feg`. (<) Pemevdsd emevdsdkn kn ds nkt ckver ckvere` e` ly pki pkii i lut ly gn enujerg enujergte` te` oe` oe` pkwer pkwer 4<(7 4<(71)(g 1)(g). ). Luses Luses,, trucbs trucbs,, temepfk temepfknes nes,, jkvdes jkvdes,, gmm kutsd`e pkii. Gutkngutdcs ds gn gnkjgmy. (3) Pfe Wueen v. v. Fguser8 ckurt fem` tfgt oe`ergm Ngrcktdcs Ckntrkm Gct wgs vgmd` exercdse ko pkii pkwer. surprdsdni l/c Gct fg` leen upfem` prevdkusmy gs crdjdngm mgw. Nk dn`dcgtdkn idve ko wfy ngrcktdcs gre ngtdkngm ckncern, tfkse wkr`s nkt use`. \egskndni8 gct g`kpte` tk `egm wdtf new prklmej wfdcf `d` nkt exdst gt tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn2 sulhect jgtter ko meidsmgtdkn ds prkpermy tk le `egmt wdtf kn sgje okktdni gs sucf ktfer new `evemkpjents gs gvdgtdkn (Gerkngutdcs) gn` rg`dk ckjjundcgtdkns. (g) Do oe` pkwer tk prksecute crdjdngm mgw wgs tfkuift nkt tk exdst kr dn `kult, jgndoest dncknvendence ko tfgt `dsgldmdty wkum` dnevdtglmy cregte ten`ency dn Ckurt tk jkve mgws kut ko crdjdngm cgteikry gn` dntk gnktfer, QKII, wfere oe` ergm enokrcejent pkwer wgs cmegr. (trydni tk gvkd` ogcdni questdkn wfetfer oe` fg` pkwer tk prkvd`e okr prksecutdkn ko crdj) (l) Sdnce tfen, `ecd`e` tfgt oe` ikvt fgs sgje pkwer ko enokrcejent kve r crdj mgws gs kver ktfer mgws. Nk regskn tk sfun crdjdngm cmgssdodcgtdkn. (0) \.v.Jgmjk-Mevdne8 crdjdngmdzgtdkn gn` pkssessdkn ko jgrdhugng cfgmmenie`. Fem` tfgt Gct wgs vgmd` exercdse ko crdjdngm mgw pkwer gn` **kverrume` Fguser tfgt gct cgje wdtfdn ngtdkngm ckncern lrgncf ko pkii. (5) Nk requdr requdreje ejent nt ko newness newness,, drreme drremevgnt vgnt gn` unfem unfempou poumm dn cknte ckntext. xt. Newn Newness ess kr kr mgcb mgcb tfereko tfereko,, sfkum` sfkum` le le neutrgm neutrgm ogctkr ogctkr dn dn `eterjdndni ckntent ko resd`ugry pkwer. 5. Pfe Ejeriency Ejeriency Lrgncf
g) Pfe nkn-ejeriency nkn-ejeriency cgses8 (7) Dnsurgnce \eoerence8 fem` tfgt oe` dnsurgnce gct (mdcense dnsurgnce ckjpgndes) uncknstdtutdkngm. Qrdvy rehecte` griujents lgse` kn trg`e ckjjerce gn` pkii - pkii `d` nkt englme pgrmdgjent tk trencf kn sulhect jgtter entruste` tk prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures. (`d` nkt `rgw exce ptdkns, nkr ejeriencdes, `d` nkt reoer tk ngtdkngm `djensdkns test) Cgnnkt use pkii sdjpmy l/c dn`ustry ds ngtdkn wd`e gn` djpkrtgnt tk ngtdkn gm ecknkjy. (<) Lkgr` ko Ckjjerce Cgse8 _dsckunt Fgm`gne8 ejeriency test ejerie` fere gmtfkuif wkr` nkt use`. Strucb `kwn meidsmgtdkn wfdcf prkfdldte` fkgr`dni ko necessgrdes ko mdoe (okk`, cmktfdni, ouem) gn` requdre` stkcbs ko sucf necessgrdes tk le skm` gt ogdr prdces. Mkr`sfdps rehecte` pkii pkwer gs gutfkrdty okr stgtute kn irkun` tfgt fdifmy exceptdkngm kr glnkrjgm cdrcujstgnces wkum` le requdre` tk hustdoy dnvkcgtdkn ko pkii (wgr kr ogjdne) (3) Pkrkntk Pkrkntk Emectrdc Emectrdc Ckjjdssdkners Ckjjdssdkners v. v. Snd`er8 wfetfer oe` mei okr settmejent ko dn`ustrdgm `dsputes (mglkr mei) wgs vgmd`. _dsckunt8 dt wgs nkt vgmd`. \emgtdkns letween ejpmkyers ejpmkyees jgtter ko cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce gn` w/n prkv h`x. Qkii pkwer gvgdmglme knmy dn cgses grdsdni kut ko skje extrgkr`dngry perdm tk ngtdkngm mdoe ko Cgng`g (wgr) (g) Gmtere` cfgrgcter ko ngtdkn—s mglkr mgws ly rejdttdni jkst ko dt tk prkvdnces okr engctjent, Nedtfer tfe glkve < cgses jentdkne` ngtdkngm `djensdkns tes t, jgbes \ussemm `doodcumt tk reckncdme. (0) New @egm cgses8 Mkr` Gtbdn tfrkuif Qrdvy fem` mgws prkvd`dni okr weebmy rest, jdn wgies, jgx fkurs were mglkr mgws (5) wfdcf l/l/c ko Snd`er were dnckjpetent tk oe` ikvt. Sk wgs unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce. Fem` tfgt knmy gn ejeriency wkum`
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hustdoy dnvkcgtdkn ko pkii pkwer. @d` nkt questdkn wfetfer `epressdkn requdrdni ngtdkngm g ctdkn ckum` qugmdoy gs ejeriency. @ende` `epressdkn wgs ejeriency.
(?) Jgrigrdne \eoerence8 Qrdvy tfrkuif Jkrtkn fem` oe`ergm prkfdldtdkn kn jgnuogcture gn` sgme ko jgrigrdne wgs dnvgmd`. Griujents lgse` kn pkii rehecte` kn lgsds ko ejeriency test. (9) Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce \eoerence8 unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce g``e` tk feg`
Okr` Orgnces cgse 8 Qrdvy fem` reidje ko prdce ckntrkm (estglmdsfe` `urdni YYD) wgs cknstdtutdkngm. Dn ejeriency, (7) pkii ckum` gutfkrdze mgws wfdcf dn nkrjgm tdjes wkum` le ckjpetent knm y tk prkv. (<) Ygrtdje Megsefkm` \eiumgtdkns \eoerence 8 \ent ckntrkm `urdni YYDD wgs gmsk upfem` lgse` kn regskndni glkve. (3) Hgpgnes Hgpgnesee Cgng` Cgng`dgns dgns \eoeren \eoerence8 ce8 `epkrtgt `epkrtgtdkn dkn ko Hgpg Hgpgnes nesee `urdni `urdni YYDD YYDD gmsk gmsk upfe upfem` m` lgse` lgse` kn sgje sgje regsknd regskndni. ni. c) Gpprefen`e` Dnsurrectdkn8 `urdni ”Kctkler Crdsds‚ wfen Wuelec sepgrgtdst irkup bd`ngppe` Lrdtdsf `dpmkjgt gn` Wuelec cgldnet jdndster (bdmme`), oe` ikvt ko Pru`egu `ecmgre` ‖gpprefen`e` dnsurrectdkn exdsts—, tferely lrdnidni Ygr Jegsure Gct dntk okrce. Use` gct tk jgbe pulmdc kr`er reiumgtdkns, igve pkmdce new pkwers tk grrest segrcf sedzure gn` `etentdkn. Nk oewer tfgn 049 grreste` gn` `etgdne`. ?< Cfgrie`, mess tfgn kne-tfdr` cknvdcte`. Nk revdew ko Gct ly ckurts. Pfkse jdstregte` ckjpensgte` ly Wue ikvt. `)Dnomgtdkn8 (7) Gntd-dno Gntd-dnomgtd mgtdkn kn reoer reoerence ence88 oe` gntd gntd dnomg dnomgtdkn tdkn gct wgs wgs upfem` upfem` gs ejeri ejeriency ency jegsur jegsure. e. Gct ckntr ckntrkmme kmme` ` dncreg dncregses ses dn dn wgies, wgies, oees, prdces, prkodts, `dvd`en`s. Scfeje tejpkrgry, engcte` ly oe`. Gutkjgtdcgmmy expdre` dn 7496 unmess terjdngte` egrmder kr exten`e` ly pgrmdgjent gpprkvgm. Goter dn okrce okr ? jkntfs, oe` ikvt reoerre` Gct tk Ckurt okr `ecdsdkn ko cknstdtutdkngmdty. Fem` Gct wgs vgmd` gs exercdse ko oe` pgrmdgjent—s ejeriency pkwer. @urdni prkirgj, <1 jkntfs ko `kulme `didt dnomgtdkn dn Cgng`g wdtf fdif rgte ko unejpmkyjent. Sdtugtdkn cfgrgcterdze` gs ejeriency. (lut Gct `d` nkt gssert ejeriency exdste`) (g) Ckurt fem` tfgt dt wkum` le unhustdode` dn ckncmu`dni lgse` kn jgterdgm leokre dt, tfgt Cgng`g `d` nkt fgve rgtdkngm lgsds okr reigr`dni Gct gs jegsure tfgt wgs tejpkrgrdmy necessgry tk jeet sdtugtdkn ko ecknkjdc crdsds djperdmmdni wemm ledni ko Cgng`g kr requdrdni Qgrmdgjent—s stern dnterventdkn dn dnterests ko tfe ckuntry gs wfkme.
(l) Ckurt knmy nee`e` tk odn` rgtdkngm lgsds okr odn`dni gn ejeriency, nkt odn` gctugm ejeriency exdsts. Nkt necessgry okr prkpknents ko meidsmgtdkn tk estglmdsf rgtdkngm lgsds,dts okr tfe kppknents tk estglmdsf glsence ko rgtdkngm lgsds. (c) *jegns dts djpkssdlme tk cfgmmenie oe` mgw kn irkun` tfgt tfere ds nk ejeriency, ejeriency, oe` cgn use ejeriency pkwer gt wdmm. e) Pejpkrgry Pejpkrgry cfgrgcter cfgrgcter ko mgw8 mgw8 mdjdt kn oe` ejeriency pkwer, ejeriency ds tejpkrgry. Kstensdlmy tejpkrgry jegsure cgn le ckntdnue` dn okrce ly Qgrmdgjent wfdme kstensdlmy perjgnent jegsure cgn le repegme` gny tdje. Ejeriency cgn le cguse` ly structurgm `eoects dn skcdgm kr ecknkjdc kr`er wfdcf nee` tk le ckrrecte` nkt knmy tk cure ejeriency lut gmsk prevent kccurence ko outure ejeriencdes. (7) New `egm `egm stgtu stgtutes8 tes8 engcte` engcte` tk tk `egm `egm wdtf wdtf `epres `epressdk sdkn n fg` tfds `ugm cfgrgcte cfgrgcterr glkve. glkve. @esd @esdine` ine` tk femp femp gmmevd gmmevdgte gte djje djje`dgt `dgtee suooerdni ko `epressdkn gn` prkvd`e perjgnent ecknkjdc securdty wfdcf fkpe` wkum` prevent outure crdsds. Unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce ds exgjpme lemkw. (<) Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce \eoerence8 Ckurt strucb `kwn new `egm meidsmgtdkn, `epressdkn `d` nkt qugmdoy gs ienudne ejeriency, were dnomuence` ly perjgnent ngture ko new `egm jegsures. (3) Lkgr` Lkgr` ko Ckjje Ckjjerce rce8 oe` mei mei ckntrkm ckntrkmmdni mdni fkgr fkgr`dni `dni gn` gn` prkodt prkodteerd eerdni ni cguse` cguse` ly ly ecknkj ecknkjdc dc `dsmkcg `dsmkcgtdkn tdkn,, goter goter YYD, YYD, fem` fem` uncknstdtutdkngm. Ckuncdm `kulte` pegce tdje ecknkjdc prklmej ckum` le cfgrgcterdze` gs ejeriency, dnomuence` ly perjgnent cfgrgcter. (0) Ckntrgst Ckntrgst glkve glkve wdtf wdtf Gntd-dn Gntd-dnomgt omgtdkn dkn reoer reoerence ence88 fere meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdkn wgs tejpkrgr tejpkrgry y. Nk perj perjgne gnent nt jegsu jegsure re fgs fgs ever ever leen leen upfem` un`er ejeriency pkwer. ?. \emgtdknsfdp \emgtdknsfdp letween ngtdkngm securdty gn` ejeriency8 ejeriency8 g) Igp Lrgncf ko pkii stgn`s kn dts kwn, `kes nkt reckncdme wdtf Ngtdkngm Ckncern kr w/ Ejeriency Ejeriency Lrgncfes.
l) Nee` mdne letween twk mdnes ko cgses wfere ngtdkngm ckncern `kctrdne wdmm suoodce tk dnvkbe Qkii, gn` wfere ejeriency lrgncf wdmm suoodce tk use oe` pkwer.
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c) Hkfgnnesskn, Hkfgnnesskn, Junrk, Junrk, gn` Crkwn Crkwn Xemmerlgcf Xemmerlgcf gmm `egm wdtf zkndni, exprkprdgtdkn, gn` mkiidni, nkrjgmmy w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv, gmm tfree cgses fg` gooect kn prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv. Tet ngtdkngm ckncern `kctrdne NKP ejeriency `kctrdne wgs gppmde` dn tfese cgses. `) Sweepdni cgteikry ko gvdgtdkn, ngtdkngm cgpdtgm reidkn, gn` gtkjdc eneriy fg` g ngturgm undty tfgt ds qudte mdjdte` gn` specdodc dn ckntext. Do sweepdni cgteikry were oe` sulhect jgtters kn lgsds ko ngtdkngm ckncern , tfere wkum` le nk mdjdt tk regcf ko oe` mei pkwers gn` exdstdni pkwers wkum` leckje unstglme. Dn nkrjgm tdjes, sucf cgteikrdes fg` tk le lrkbe n `kwn dntk specdodc gn` jegndnioum cgteikrdes okr purpkses ko gmmkcgtdni meidsmgtdve h`x2 kn lgsds skje pgrts ko sweepdni cgteikry wkum` le dnoe` skje dn prkv h`x. Knmy dn gn ejeriency tfe oe` cgn gssuje pmengry pkwer kver wfkme ko g sweepdni cgteikry.
e) Gntd-dnomgtdkn reoerence8 wgie gn` prdce ckntrkms (sweepdni cgteikry) fg` tk sgtdsoy strdcter ejeriency test. Leetz kpdndkn trde` tk reckncdme ejeriency gn` ngtdkngm ckncern cgses. (giree` upkn ly 5 jejlers gn` okmmkwe` dn Crkwn Xemmerlgcf). \eouse` tk gccept dnomgtdkn gs new feg` ko oe` pkwer, mgcbe` specdodcdty. -- Dn nkrjgm tdjes, wgie gn` prdce ckntrkm kutsd`e ckjpetence ko oe` pkwer, lut dn gn ejeriency dt wgs wdtfdn oe`, bnkws nk mdjdt ktfer tfgn tfkse wfdcf gre `dctgte` ly ngture ko crdsds. Lut kne ko tfkse mdjdts ds tejpkrgry ngture ko tfe crdsds. Leetz8 pkii pkwer perokrjs < sepgrgte ounctdkns dn cknstdtutdkn8 7) idves tk oe` pgrmdgjent perjgnent h`x kver `dstdnct (7) sulhect jgtters wfdcf `k nkt ogmm dn enujergte` feg`s ko s. 4<, (gerkngutdcs, ngtdkngm cgpdtgm reidkn) <) pkii pkwer idves oe` pgrmdgjent tejpkrgry h`x nee`e` tk `egm wdtf ejeriency. o) Dn meg`dni ejeriency cgses `d` dnvkmve sweepdni new cgteikry ko oe` pkwer kver prkperty, prdces, wgies, kr perskns. New oe` mgw knmy upfem` do tfere wgs gn ejeriency. Pfe ngtdkngm ckncern cgses egcf dnvkmve` meidsmgtdkn kver jkre `dstdnct gn` specdodc sulhect jgtter (gerkngutdcs, ngtdkngm cgpdtgm, gtkjdc eneriy) dn tfese cgses tfere wgs nk ejeriency, gn` meidsmgtdkn wgs upfem` do sulhect jgtter wgs hu`ie` tk le ko ngtdkngm ckncern.
i)Cgses tfgt `k nkt odt gnywfere (7) \ussem \ussem gn` gn` Jgri Jgrigrdn grdnee `k nkt nkt odt. odt. Do oe` oe` prkfd prkfdldtd ldtdkn kn ko ko kne kne prk`uc prk`uctt (jgri (jgrigrdn grdnee kr mdquk mdqukr) r) requ requdres dres ejerie ejeriency ncy tfen \ussemm ds wrkni. Do sulhect jgtter ko jgrigrdne ds suoodcdentmy specdodc tfgt dt requdres knmy sfkwdni ngtdkngm ckncern, (\ussemm djpmdes) tfen dt ds wrkni tk cgmm okr ejeriency dn Jgrigrdne. (<) Even Even do Ngtdk Ngtdkngm ngm cknce ckncern rn test test ds gpprkpr gpprkprdgte dgte,, Jgrigrd Jgrigrdne ne resumt resumt ds hustd hustdode` ode` l/c prkf prkfdldt dldtdkn dkn ko ko prk`uc prk`uctt mgcbdni mgcbdni specdgm specdgm strgteidc djpkrtgnce wgs nkt suoodcdentmy ngtdkngm dn dts `djensdkns, lut dts nkt egsy tk see tfe ngtdkngm ckncern dn \ussemm. (3) Unejpmky Unejpmkyjen jentt Dnsurg Dnsurgnce nce \eoe \eoerenc rence8 e8 gmsk gmsk `doodcu `doodcumt mt tk jgbe jgbe sense sense ko. ko. Unejp Unejpmky mkyjent jent dnsurgn dnsurgnce ce wgs wgs suood suoodcden cdentmy tmy specd specdodc odc tk qugmdoy gs new hu`ie jg`e feg` ko oe` pkwer gn` dt fg` requdsdte ngtdkngm ckncern. Even do ejeriency wgs necessgry okr tfds gn` ktfer ‖new `egm— stgtutes, kne wkum` tfdnb `epressdkn wkum` qugmdoy. qugmdoy. Lut \ussemm gn` Unejpmkyjent Dnsurgnce gre `doodcumt tk expmgdn kn gny tfekry. (`ecd`e` wrkni). 9. \eoerence re Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct8 Gct prkvd`e okr tfe restrgdnt ko prkodt jgridns, prdces, `dvd`en`s gn` ckjpensgtdkn dn Cgng`g gn` tferely tk gcckjpmdsf tfe ckntgdnjent gn` re`uctdkn ko tfe current mevems ko dnomgtdkn wfdcf tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g reckindze` gs ckntrgry tk tfe dnterests ko gmm Cgng`dgns. Sucf ckntgdnjent gn` re`uctdkn ko dnomgtdkn wgs reckindze` ly tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g gs g jgtter ko serdkus ngtdkngm ckncern. g)Jghkrdty (7) Pfe pregjlm pregjlmee tk tfe Gct wgs suoodcd suoodcdent entmy my dn`dcg dn`dcgtdve tdve tfgt Qgrmdgj Qgrmdgjent ent wgs dntrk`u dntrk`ucdni cdni g ogr-re ogr-regcfdni gcfdni prkirgj prkirgjje je prkjpte` ly wfgt wgs dn dts vdew g serdkus ngtdkngm ckn`dtdkn gn` tfe gl sence ko tfe very wkr` "ejeriency" wgs nkt un`umy sdindodcgnt Ckurt just persug`e dtsemo tfgt tfere wgs g r gtdkngm (<) gtdkngm lgsds okr tfe meidsmgtdkn un`er tfe feg` ko pkwer dnvkbe` dn suppkrt ko dts vgmd`dty. D gj gcckr`dnimy sgtdsode` tfgt tfe reckr` `dscmkses tfgt dn engctdni tfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g (3) wgs jktdvgte` ly g sense ko urient necessdty cregte` ly fdifmy exceptdkngm cdrcujstgnces gn` tfgt g hu`ijent `ecmgrdni tfe Gct tk le umtrg vdres ckum` knmy le hustdode` ly remdgnce kn very cmegr evd`ence tfgt gn ejeriency fg` nkt grdsen wfen tfe stgtute wgs engcte`. l) Ckncurrence Jgrtmgn`8 Yfetfer kr nkt tfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct ds umtrg vdres just `epen` kn wfetfer kr nkt tfe meidsmgtdkn wgs engcte` tk ckjlgt g ngtdkngm ecknkjdc ejeriency. Pfere ds nktfdni tk excmu`e gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe prdncdpmes tk g sdtugtdkn cregte` nkt ly wgr gn` tfe goterjgtf ko dt, lut ly fdifmy exceptdkngm ecknkjdc ckn`dtdkns dn tdje ko pegce. Sucf ckn`dtdkns exdst wfere tfere cgn le sgd` tk le gn urient gn` crdtdcgm sdtugtdkn g`versemy gooectdni gmm Cgng`dgns presentdni gn ejeriency wfdcf cgn knmy le eooectdvemy `egmt wdtf ly Qgrmdgjent dn exercdse ko tfe pkwer ko s. 47 ko tfe L.N.G. Gct "tk jgbe mgws okr tfe pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvernjent ko Cgng`g". Fkwever tfe gutfkrdty ko Qgrmdgjent dn tfds reigr` ds mdjdte` tk `egmdni wdtf crdtdcgm ckn`dtdkns gn` tfe necessdty tk wfdcf tfey idve rdse gn` just le cknodne` tk meidsmgtdkn ko g tejpkrgry cfgrgcter. (7) Pfe vgmd`dty vgmd`dty ko tfe tfe Gct `kes nkt rest rest kn tfe "ngtdkng "ngtdkngmm `djen `djensdk sdkn" n" kr kr "ngtd "ngtdkng kngmm cknce ckncern" rn" `kctrdn `kctrdne. e. Qgrmdgjent `d` nkt `erdve dts gutfkrdty tk pgss tfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct orkj gny ko tfe enujergte` cmgsses reoerre` tk (<) dn s. 47 ko tfe L.N.G. Gct. Pfe skurce ko tfe Oe`ergm pkwer just, tfereokre, le okun` dn tfe "pegce, kr`er gn` ikk`
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ikvernjent" cmguse gn` tfe oe`ergm gutfkrdty tk wfdcf tfgt cmguse remgtes cgn knmy le exten`e` tk dnvg`e tfe prkvdncdgm greg wfen tfe meidsmgtdkn ds `drecte` tk ckpdni wdtf g ienudne ngtdkngm ejeriency. (3) Pk `eterj `eterjdne dne wfetf wfetfer er tfe tfe meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdkn dn questd questdkn kn wgs wgs dn`ee` dn`ee` engcte` engcte` tk tk ckjlgt ckjlgt sucf sucf gn gn ejerie ejeriency ncy dt dt wgs essentd essentdgm gm okr okr tfe purpkse ko `dscmksdni tfe gntece`ent cdrcujstgnces tk cknsd`er nkt knmy tfe Gct lut tfe jgterdgm wfdcf Qgrmdgjent fg` leokre dt, prdncdpgmmy, tfe Yfdte Qgper tglme` dn tfe Fkuse ly tfe Jdndster ko Odngnce c) @dssent Leetz8 Pfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct gn` tfe iud`emdnes tfereun`er `drectmy gn` kstensdlmy dnteroere wdtf cmgsses ko jgtters wfdcf fgve dnvgrdglmy leen fem` tk ckje wdtfdn excmusdve prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn, jkre pgrtdcumgrmy prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts gn` tfe mgw ko ckntrgct. Do Qgrmdgjent fgs excmusdve gutfkrdty dn remgtdkn tk tfe "ckntgdnjent gn` re`uctdkn ko dnomgtdkn", gs ledni ko ngtdkngm (7) `djensdkn kr ckncern , g oun`gjentgm oegture ko tfe cknstdtutdkn, dts oe`ergm ngture, tfe `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers letween Qgrmdgjent gn` tfe Qrkvdncdgm Meidsmgture wkum` `dsgppegr nkt irg`ugmmy lut rgpd`my. Cknstdtute g ngtdkngm ejeriency. (<) ejeriency. Pfe pkwer ko Qgrmdgjent tk jgbe mgws dn g iregt crdsds bnkws nk mdjdts ktfer tfgn tfkse `dctgte` ly tfe ngture ko tfe crdsds. Lut kne ko tfe mdjdts ds tfe tejpkrgry ngture ko tfe crdsds. Pfere ds nktfdni dn tfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct kr tfe Iud`emdnes tk sfkw tfgt tfey fgve leen pgsse` tk `egm wdtf g (3) ngtdkngm ejeriency gn` dts mgcb ko ckjprefensdveness jgy le dn`dcgtdve ko dts kr`dngry cfgrgcter. `) Fkm`dni8 Gct fem` nkt tk le umtrg vdres dn wfkme kr dn pgrt, dt wgs vgmd`.
6. \.v.Crkwn Xemmerlgcf Cgng`g Mt` 8 @urdni tfe ckn`uct ko dts mkiidni kpergtdkns, respkn`ent `ujpe` wkk`wgste dn tfe wgters ko Legver Ckve, gn greg wdtfdn tfe prkvdnce ko Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg, gn` wgs cfgrie` wdtf ckntrgvendni s. 0(7) ko tfe Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct . Pfe oe`ergm meidsmgtdkn prkfdldts tfe `ujpdni ko gny sulstgnce gt seg except dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe terjs gn` ckn`dtdkns ko g perjdt, tfe seg ledni ledni `eodne` `eodne` okr tfe purpkses ko tfe Gct gs dncmu`dni dncmu`dni tfe tfe dnterngm wgters wgters ko Cgng`g ktfer ktfer tfgn oresf oresf wgters. wgters. Pfe Pfe respkn`ent respkn`ent fg` g perjdt tk `ujp un`er tfe Gct, lut dt `d` nkt ckver tfds sdte. Pfe wgters ko Legver Ckve gre ngvdiglme gn` omkw dntk Hkfnstkne Strgdt wfdcf ds cknnecte` wdtf tfe Qgcdodc. Pfere wgs nk evd`ence ko gny `dspersgm ko tfe wkk`wgste kr ko gny eooect kn ngvdigtdkn kr jgrdne mdoe. g) Dssue8 wfetfer oe`ergm meidsmgtdve hurds`dctdkn tk reiumgte tfe `ujpdni ko sulstgnces gt seg, gs g jegsure okr tfe preventdkn ko jgrdne pkmmutdkn, exten`s tk tfe reiumgtdkn reiumgtdkn ko `ujpdni `ujpdni dn prkvdncdgm jgrdne jgrdne wgters wgters. Dn dssue ds s. 0(7) ko tfe Gct ds cknstdtutdkngm dn dts gppmdcgtdkn tk tfe `ujpdni ko wgste dn wgters, ktfer tfgn oresf wgters, wdtfdn g prkvdnce. (Gnswer8 Tes, dt ds NKP umtrg vdres) l) \ume8 Pfe ngtdkngm ckncern `kctrdne, wfdcf ds sepgrgte gn` `dstdnct orkj tfe ngtdkngm ejeriency `kctrdne, gppmdes tk lktf new Cknoe`ergtdkn gn` tk jgtters wfdcf, gmtfkuif gmtfkuif krdidngmmy jgtters ko g mkcgm kr prdvgte ngture dn g jgtters wfdcf `d` nkt exdst gt Cknoe`ergtdkn prkvdnce, fgve sdnce, sdnce, dn tfe glsence ko ko ngtdkngm ejeriency, ejeriency, leckje jgtters ko ko ngtdkngm ckncern. Okr g jgtter tk qugmdoy gs g jgtter ko ngtdkngm ckncern dn edtfer sense dt just fgve g sdnimeness, `dstdnctdveness gn` (7) hurds`dctdkn tfgt dn`dvdsdldmdty tfgt cmegrmy `dstdniudsfes dt orkj jgtters ko prkvdncdgm ckncern gn` g scgme ko djpgct kn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn ds reckncdmglme wdtf tfe oun`gjentgm `dstrdlutdkn `dstrdlutdkn ko meidsmgtdve pkwer un`er tfe Cknstdtutdkn. (g) Dn `eterjdndni wfetfer g jgtter fgs tfe r equdsdte equdsdte sdnimeness, `dstdnctdveness gn` dn`dvdsdldmdty, dt ds remevgnt tk cknsd`er wfgt wkum` le tfe eooect kn extrg-prkvdncdgm dnterests ko g prkvdncdgm ogdmure tk `egm eooectdvemy wdtf tfe ckntrkm kr reiumgtdkn ko tfe dntrg-prkvdncdgm gspects ko tfe jgtter. c) \egskndni8 G lgsds okr oe`ergm meidsmgtdve hurds`dctdkn tk ckntrkm jgrdne pkmmutdkn ienergmmy dn prkvdncdgm wgters cgnnkt le okun` dn gny ko tfe specdode` feg`s ko oe`ergm hurds`dctdkn dn s. 47 ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 , Sectdkn 0(7) ko tfe Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct , fkwever, ds cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` gs engcte` dn remgtdkn tk g jgtter (7) ogmmdni wdtfdn tfe ngtdkngm ckncern `kctrdne ko tfe pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvernjent pkwer ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g Pfe ckntrkm ko jgrdne pkmmutdkn jeets tfe test. Jgrdne pkmmutdkn, lecguse ko dts pre`kjdngntmy pre`kjdngntmy extrg-prkvdncdgm gs wemm gs (<) dnterngtdkngm cfgrgcter gn` djpmdcgtdkns, ds cmegrmy g jgtter ko ckncern tk Cgng`g gs g wfkme. Pfe pkmmutdkn ko jgrdne wgters, dncmu`dni prkvdncdgm jgrdne wgters, ly tfe `ujpdni ko sulstgnces ds suoodcdentmy `dstdniudsfglme orkj tfe pkmmutdkn ko oresf wgters ly sucf `ujpdni tk jeet tfe requdrejent requdrejent ko sdnimeness sdnimeness kr dn`dvdsdldmdty dn`dvdsdldmdty.. Jkrekver, Jkrekver, tfe `dstdnctdkn letween sgmt wgter gn` oresf wgter gs mdjdtdni tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko tfeKcegn @ujpdni (3) Ckntrkm Gct jeets tfe cknsd`ergtdkn, ejpfgsdze` ly g jghkrdty ko tfds Ckurt dn tfe Gntd-Dnomgtdkn Gct reoerence, R749?Z < S.C.\. 393, tfgt dn kr`er okr g jgtter tk qugmdoy gs kne ko ngtdkngm ckncern ogmmdni wdtfdn tfe oe`ergm pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvernjent pkwer dt just fgve gscertgdnglme gn` regsknglme mdjdts, dn sk ogr gs dts djpgct kn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn ds ckncerne`. Okr tfese regskns D gj ko tfe kpdndkn tfgt s. 0(7) ko tfe Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct ds cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` gs (0) engcte` dn remgtdkn tk g jgtter ogmmdni wdtfdn tfe ngtdkngm ckncern `kctrdne ko tfe pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvernjent pkwer ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g, gn`, dn pgrtdcumgr, tfgt dt ds cknstdtutdkngm dn dts gppmdcgtdkn tk tfe `ujpdni ko wgste dn tfe wgters ko Legver Ckve. `) @dssent8 wfdme Qgrmdgjent jgy un`kulte`my prkfdldt tfe `ujpdni ko gnytfdni dntk oe`ergm wgters, sucf prkfdldtdkns gigdnst `ujpdni sulstgnces dntk prkvdncdgm wgters just le mdnbe` tk skje oe`ergm pkwer. `ee`, tk respect tfe scfeje ko oe`ergmdsj prkvd`e` ly tfe Cknstdtutdkn, Cknstdtutdkn, tfere just le gn gttejpt tk mdnb tfe prkscrdle` ckn`uct gn` tfe gctugm kr pktentdgm fgrj tk wfgt ds skuift tk le
3?
prktecte`--fere, tfe kcegn. Dn tfe present present cgse, s. 0(7) ko tfe Kcegn @ujpdni Ckntrkm Gct wgs umtrg vdres Qgrmdgjent gs tfere wgs nk evd`ence ko gny sucf mdnb. (7) Pfe ckntr ckntrkm km ko ko tfe envdrknj envdrknjent ent ds ds nkt g prkper prkper sulhect sulhect okr okr dnckr dnckrpkrg pkrgtdkn tdkn dntk tfe pegce, pegce, kr`er kr`er gn` ikk` ikk` ikvernje ikvernjent nt pkwer pkwer un`er tfe ngtdkngm `djensdkns `kctrdne. Pk gmmkcgte tfe lrkg` sulhect-jgtter ko tfe envdrknjentgm ckntrkm tk tfe oe`ergm spfere un`er dts ienergm pkwer wkum` eooectdvemy eooectdvemy iut prkvdncdgm meidsmgtdve hurds`dctdkn hurds`dctdkn gn` sgcrdodce tfe prdncdpmes ko oe`ergmdsj ensfrdne` dn tfe Cknstdtutdkn. Ourtfer, pkmmutdkn ds nkt g new pfenkjenkn, gn` nedtfer gre jgny ko tfe bdn`s ko gctdvdtdes tfgt resumt dn pkmmutdkn. (<) Pfe oe`er oe`ergm gm Qgrmdg Qgrmdgjent jent `kes nkt fgve sucf sucf wd`e wd`e meidsmg meidsmgtdve tdve pkwer pkwer kver kver mkcgm mkcgm jgtters jgtters fgvdni fgvdni mkcgm mkcgm djpkr djpkrtt tgbdni tgbdni pmgce pmgce kn prkvdncdgmmy kwne` prkperty prkperty.. Pfe Pfe prkfdldtdkn prkfdldtdkn dn essence essence cknstdtutes cknstdtutes gn djperjdssdl djperjdssdlme me gttejpt tk ckntrkm gctdvdtdes kn prkperty fem` fem` tk le prkvdncdgm.
e) Fkm`dni8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe`. O. C\DJDNGM MGY - Cf. 76
7. @dstrdlutdkn @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers8 g) Oe`ergm8 Ckn Gct 76?9 ly s. 47(<9) cknoers pkwers tk jgbe crdjdngm mgws, dts oe` respknsdldmdty, dn oe`ergmmy engcte` crdjdngm ck`e. l) Qrkvdnces8 dnvestdigte, cfgrie, prksecute kooense. 4<(70) idves prkv pkwer tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk g`jdn ko hustdce dn prkv, cknstdtutdkn, jgdntengnce, krigndzgtdkn ko prkv ckurts, gn` cdvdm prkce`ure. -- tfds prkvdsdkn gmmkws prkv pkmdcdni, prksecutdkn ko kooenses (pkwer ko enokrcejent), gmsk idves h`x okr crdjdngm ckurts, gn` excmu`es dt orkj oe` 47(<9). Crdj trdgms tgbe pmgce dn prkv ckurts, lut rumes ko prkce`ure gn` evd`ence gre oe`ergm 47(<9). c) Ckrrectdkns8 H`x kver ckrrectdkns `dvd`e`. 47(<6) oe` fgs hx kver pendtentdgrdes, wfdcf fkm` kooen`ers sentence` tk djprdsknjent okr < yegrs kr jkre. 4<(?) idves prkv h`x kver prdskns wfdcf fkm` kooen`ers sentence` tk mess tfgn < yegrs. Qrkvdnces cgn gmsk dn 4<(75) jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk djpksdtdkn ko pundsfjent ly odne, pengmty, kr djprdsknjent okr enokrcdni gny mgw ko tfe prkv jg`e dn remgtdkn tk gny jgtter ckjdni w/n cmgsses ko sulhects enujergte` dn sectdkn (pengm sgnctdkns), lut ds gncdmmgry pkwer , okr prkv kooenses gutfkrdze` un`er prkv feg` ko pkwer. <. @eodndtdkn ko crdjdngm mgw8 Fgm`gne dn Lkgr` ko Ckjjerce `eodne` dt tkk ngrrkw - sulhect jgtter ds kne wfdcf ly dts ngture lemknis tk `kjgdn ko crdjdngm hurdspru`ence. Gtbdn dn QGPG `eodndtdkn tkk lrkg` gn` wkum` englme oe` tk expgn` dts h`x dn`eodndtemy, gn` upfkm` gny oe` mgw wfdcf ejpmkys prkfdldtdkn gn` pengmty gs dts prdjgry jk`e ko kpergtdkn. (upfem` gntd ckjpetdtdkn mgws un`er crdj mgw pkwer) g) Jgrigrdne \eoerence8 mgw dn dssue prkfdldte` djpkrtgtdkn, jgnuogcture kr sgme ko jgrigrdne. Qurpkse wgs tk prktect `gdry dn`ustry. Qrdvy ckuncdm fem` mgw peroectmy odtte` crdjdngm okrj ko prkfdldtdkn ckupme` w/ pengmty, ecknkjdc klhect ko prktectdni dn`ustry orkj dts ckjpetdtkrs jg`e mgw dn pdtf gn` sulstgnce dn remgtdkn tk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkv. 3r` dnire`dent dn `eodndtdkn8 crdjdngm pulmdc purpkse. Supreje Ckurt \gn` H. sgd` prkfdldtdkn nkt crdjdngm unmess dt serve` g ‖pulmdc purpkse— wfdcf cgn suppkrt dt gs ledni dn remgtdkn tk crdjdngm mgw. Qrktectdkn ko `gdry wgs nkt g qugmdoydni purpkse. (lut fe igve nk test ko pulmdc purpkse) Pfds cgse `kes nkt `eny crdjdngm mgw cgn serve ecknkjdc en`s. Mgrie pgrt ko crdjdngm mgw ds `evkte` tk prktectdkn ko prdvgte pgrty. l) Mgrie pgrt ko crdj mgw ds `evkte` tk prktectdkn ko prdvgte prkperty. Upfem`8 prdce `dscrdjdngtdkn, resgme prdce jgdnte ngnce gn` hu`dcdgm pkwer tk enhkdn skje ko prkfdldte` prgc tdce. c) Lkiis v.Pfe Wueen8 Lkii—s mdcense suspen`e` l/c cknvdcte` dn crdj ck`e ko djpgdre` `rdvdni gn` reousdni tk tgbe lregtf test (dn Knt resumte` dn gutkjgtdc suspensdkn ko mdcense) Supreje Ckurt Estey H strucb `kwn oe` crdj ck`e kooense ko `rdvdni jktkr vefdcme wfdme prkv mdcense suspen`e`. Uncknstdtutdkngm l/c mdcense cgn le suspen`e` okr ogdmure tk pgy dnsurgnce, cdvdm hu`ijents, tgxes, mdcenses oees. Pfese irkun`s lkre nk remgtdknsfdp tk pulmdc sgoety. Dt wgs knmy gn enokrcejent jegsure okr prkv reiumgtkry gn` tgxgtdkn reidjes gn` `d` nkt purse pulmdc purpkse requdre` dn Jgrigrdne . Undjpegcfglme do mdcense suspen`e` knmy crdj ck`e prkvdsdkns ckncerne` odtness tk `rdve. Kooense ds cknodne` tk cgses wfere prkv `dsqugmdodcgtdkn resumte` orkj vdkmgtdkn ko crdjdngm ck`e kooense, wkum` le sustgdne`. v, Cgng`g8 Ckurt fem ` oe` reiumgtdkn tfgt prkfdldte` sgme ko lgly segms ckum` nkt le upfem` un`er crdj mgw pkwer, gmtfk `) Ygr` v, purpkse wgs tk mdjdt bdmmdni ko lgly segms. Okun` tfgt mgw wgs `rdven ly ckncern glkut `epmetdkn ko reskurce tfrkuif mgrie scgme ckjjercdgm fgrvestdni, nkt dnfujgne jetfk` ko bdmmdni. Qurpkse wgs tk jgngie tfe odsfery, gn` tfgt wgs nkt g purpkse tfgt ckum` sustgdn g crdj mgw. Gmtfkuif ckum` nkt le upfem` un`er crdj mgw pkwer, dt cgje w/n oe` pkwer kver odsferdes 47(7<) gn` upfem` kn tfgt irkun`. Ckurt kooere` nk `dstdnctdkn ltn mgw okr prktectdni envdrknjent wfdcf cgn le upfem` gn` mgw okr ngturgm reskurces, wfdcf gcckr`dnimy tk tfds cgse, cgnnkt le upfem`. e) \.v.Jgmjk-Mevdne8 Ckurt rehecte` griujent tfgt ‖fgrj prdncdpme— wgs requdrejent ko g vgmd` crdj mgw. Dssue wgs vgmd`my ko crdjdngmdzgtdkn ko pkssessdkn ko jgrdhugng, griue` tfgt dt cguse` nk fgrj. Qresence ko fgrj tk ktfers wgs nkt g requdrejent ko vgmd`
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crdj mgw (gmtfk okun` fgrjs orkj jgrdhugng). Fgrj tk gccuse` gn` jkrgm ckncerns gre g`equgte regskns. (Qrktectdkn ko envdrknjent gn` gndjgms orkj cruemty ds gmsk g pulmdc purpkse ).
3. Okk` gn` `ruis8 g) Okk` gn` `rui stgn`gr`s8 okk` gn` `rui meidsmgtdkn jgbdni dmmeigm tfe jgnuogcture kr sgme ko `gnierkus prk`ucts, g`umtergte` prk`ucts, kr jdslrgn`e` prk`ucts ds wdtfdn tfe crdjdngm pkwer. Lut dn Jgrigrdne \eoerence cknce`e` tfgt jgrigrdne wgs nkt dnhurdkus tk fegmtf. Pfds `estrkye` okun`gtdkn ko g secure crdjdngm mgw okun`gtdkn okr tfe meidsmgtdkn Mglgtt Lrewerdes v. G.I. Cgn8 Ckurt fem` tfgt pgrt ko oe` okk` gn` `ruis gct tfgt gutfkrdze` reiumgtdkns (7) prescrdldni ckjpksdtdkngm stgn`gr`s okr okk` wgs uncknstdt utdkngm. Gct stgte` gnytfdni ckntgdndni ‖mdift leer — just ckntgdn nk jkre tfgn <.5% gmckfkm. M vdkmgte` reiumgtdkn ly dts prk`uct tdtme` ‖mdte leer— wfdcf fg` 0% gmckfkm. Estey okr Ckurt fem` mgw uncknstdtutdkngm, gcbnkwme`ie` crdjdngm mgw pkwer ckum` le use` tk engct mgws okr prktectdkn ko fegmtf (Okk` gn` @ruis gct remgte` tk tfds) lut okun` tfgt gmckfkmdc requdrejent okr mdift leer wgs nkt remgte` tk fegmtf. Crdj mgw pkwer cgn gmsk le use` tk engct mgws tk prevent `eceptdkn Okk` gn` @ruis gct remgte` tk tfds), lut specdodcgtdkn okr ckjpksdtdkn nkt remgte` tk tfds edtfer. Oe` ckjpksdtdkngm stgn`gr`s cgnnkt le suppkrte` suppkrte` un`er crdj mgw pkwer, gmsk cgnnkt le suppkrte` pegce kr`er gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer, kr trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer, tfey were dnvgmd`. (`ecdsdkn jegns tfgt gmm oe` stgn`gr`s gre dnvgmd`, except tfkse tfgt gre remgte` tk fegmtf). (g) Estey djpresse` ly mglem mglem ‖mdte leer— gn` tfgt cgreoum reg`er wkum` nkt le `ecedve` gs dts ckntent (nkt mdift leer). Lut (gutfkr giues) pgrmdgjent ckum` rgtdkngmmy ckncmu`e tfgt cknsujers `k nkt koten reg` kr un`erstgn` mglems gn` tfgt cknsujers sfkum` le glme tk ckunt kn ogct tfgt certgdn prk`ucts wdtf certgdn ngjes djpmy pgrtdcumgr cfgrgcterdstdcs (mdift leer wgs mkw, jgyk fgs eii, hgj gn` hudce jg`e orkj orudt, dce cregj orkj jdmb, cfkckmgte orkj ckckg legns). l) Dmmdcdt `ruis8 nkn je`dcgm use ko jgrdhugng, ckcgdne, ferkdn prkscrdle` ly oe` ngrcktdc ckntrkm gct, wfdcf prkfdldts prk`uctdkn, djpkrtgtdkn, sgme gn` pkssessdkn ko vgrdety ko dmmdcdt `ruis. Gct upfem` gs crdjdngm mgw. (7) Scfned`e Scfned`err v. v. Pfe Pfe Wueen Wueen88 Ckurt Ckurt upfem upfem` ` LC Ferkdn Ferkdn Pregtj Pregtjent ent Gct wfdcf wfdcf prkvd` prkvd`e` e` okr okr ckjp ckjpums umskry kry gpprefen gpprefensdk sdkn, n, gssessjent, gn` tregtjent ko `rui g``dcts, tregtjent ckum` dncmu`e ckjpumskry `etentdkn dn g tregtjent center okr up tk ? jkntfs. Griujent tfgt dt wgs regmmy g crdj mgw lgse` kn `eprdvgtdkns ko mdlerty tfgt were gutfkrdze` ly tfe Gct. Gct wgs kppressdve, l.c ckercdve oegtures nkt gcckjpgnde` w/ prkce`urgm sgoeiugr`s wfdcf surrkun` crdj hustdce prkcess. Fem` je`dcgm tregtjent okr `rui g``dctdkn cgje wdtfdn prkv gutfkrdty kver pulmdc fegmtf gs g ‖mkcgm kr prdvgte— jgtter w/n s. 4<(7?) ko tfe Ckn Gct 76?9, Ckercdve emejents were dncd`entgm tk dts pulmdc fegmtf purpkse. c) Pklgcck8 Pklgcck8 \H\-Jgc@ \H\-Jgc@kngm` kngm` v.Cgng`g8 v.Cgng`g8 Ckurt revdewe` vgmd`dty ko oe` Pklgcck prk`ucts ckntrkm gct wfdcf prkfdldte` g`vertdsdni cdigrettes gn` ktfer prk`ucts, requdre` pmgcejent ko fegmtf wgrndnis kn pgcbgies. Gct ckntgdne` prkfdldtdkn gn` pengmty, lut wgs tfere g crdjdngm purpkse; Ckurt fem` prktectdkn okr pulmdc fegmtf requd re` purpkse tk suppkrt exercdse ko crdj mgw pkwer. Lut knmy g`s were prkfdldte`, nkt sgme/pkssessdkn/jor. G`s were nkt `gnierkus gct gn` were w/n prkv pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts. (7) @dssent @dssent vdew tfgt tfgt prkfdld prkfdldtdkn tdkn kn g`s ko g meigm meigm prk`u prk`uct ct mgcbe` mgcbe` ‖typd ‖typdcgmm cgmmy y g crdjdn crdjdngm gm purpks purpkse— e— ng` wgs wgs kutsd` kutsd`ee oe`ergm oe`ergm crdj mgw pkwer. Jghkrdty `dsgiree`, pkwer tk prkfdldt tklg cck l/c fgrjoum eooects gmsk enckjpgsse` pkwer tk prkfdldt g`s. Sk jgny (<) pekpme sjkbe sk djprgctdcglme tk prkfdldt prk`uc t, lut cgn prkfdldt g`s, l/c stdmm sgje un`ermydni pulmdc purpkse - tfe
prktectdkn ko pulmdc orkj g `gnierkus prk`uct. Pfds `d` nkt gmter pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko mgw wfdcf wgs crdjdngm. Fem`8 Gct wgs wdtfdn crdjdngm mgw pkwer ko pgrmdgjent. Lut gct wgs strucb `kwn un`er Cfgrter l/c djpgct ko g`s lgn (3) oree`kj ko expressdkn. (0) Sequem Sequem cgse8 cgse8 ckurt ckurt upfem` upfem` mess mess swee sweepdni pdni lgn kn kn g`s. g`s. \egood \egoodrje rje` ` glkve glkve rumdni rumdni tfgt restrdc restrdctdkn tdknss kn tklgc tklgcck ck g`s g`s gre gre vgmd` vgmd` exercdse ko pgrmdgjent—s crdj mgw pkwer. Pfds versdkn tfgt survdve` Cfgrter wgs mdjdte` lgn, gn` upfem` un`er s. 7 gs regsknglme mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn. 0. Fegmtf8 tkpdc ds `dstrdlute` tk oe`ergm pgrmdgjent kr prkv meidsmgtures `epen`dni kn purpkse gn` eooect ko pgrtdcumgr fegmtf jegsure dn dssue. Pfere ds g crdj mgw gspect, gutfkrdzes oe` tk pundsfes ckn`uct `gnierkus tk fegmtf 47(<9). 5. Envdrknjentgm prktectdkn8 \.v.Fy`rk-Wuelec8 gmm ko tfe Ckurt—s hu`ies giree` tfgt prktectdkn ko envdrknjent wgs g pulmdc purpkse tfgt wkum` suppkrt oe` mgw un`er crdj mgw pkwer. Ckurt upfem` tfe Cgng`dgn Envdrknjentgm Qrktectdkn Gct un`er crdj mgw pkwer. ?. Glkrtdkn8 Jkrientgmer v. Pfe Wueen 74958 vgmd`dty ko prkfdldtdkn (prkfdldte`, exceptdkn - glkrtdkn gpprkve` ly ckjjdttee wfdcf certdode` tfgt ckntdnudni preingncy wkum` mdbemy en`gnier jkj—s mdoe ko `egtf) kn. Klhectdve wgs tk prktect stgte—s dnterest dn oketus. Fem` tfgt dt wgs kpen tk pgrmdgjent un`er crdj mgw pkwer tk prkfdldt. g) Jkrientgmer 7466 cgse8 Goter Cfgrter engcte`, Ckurt strucb `kwn tfe mgw gs ckntrgry tk s. 9 ko tfe Cfgrter. Crdj ck`e nk mknier prkfdldts glkrtdkn. Qrkv prkfdldtdkn wkum` le dnvgmd` gttejpt tk engct crdj mgw. 9. Ckjpetdtdkn mgw8 enckurgiejent ko ckjpetdtdkn tfrkuifkut prdvgte sectkr ds mknistgn`dni pkmdcy ko Cgng`g—s oe` ikvt. Griujent ds tfgt ckjpetdtdve jgrbet ds lest jegns ko prkjktdni eoodcdent use ko mglkr, c gpdtgm gn` ngturgm reskurces gn` tfgt dn tfkse sectkrs
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wfere jgrbet ds ckjpetdtdve, ikvt reiumgtdkn ko dn`ustry ds mess necessgry. L/c ecknkjdc gctdvdty dinkres prkv lkun`grdes gn` mglkr, cgpdtgm gn` tecfnkmkiy gre fdifmy jkldme, @doodcumt tk reiumg te gntd ckjpetdtdkn dn prkvdncdgm meve m. \eiumgtdkn just le oe` tk le eooectdve. g) Mgw tfgt prkfdldte` ckjldngtdkns `esdine` tk mdjdt ckjpetdtdkn dnten`e` tk le crdjdngm mgw dn 7664 l) Lkgr` ko Ckjjerce cgse8 Lkgr` ko ckjjerce stgtute `ecmgre` uncknstdtutdkngm - dt prkfdldte` ckjldngtdkns, l/c sgw dt gs unmgwoum. c) QGPG cgse8 Dnvestdigtdkn Gct 74<3 repegme` < stgtutes gn` repmgce` tfej. New Gct irgnte` dnvestdigtkry pkwers tk g reidstrgr gn` ckjjdssdkners lut tfese koodcdgms were nkt idven pkwer tk kr`er tfe cessgtdkn ko gntd ckjpetdtdve gctdvdtdes. Qrdvy (Gtbdn) upfem` gct gs vgmd` crdjdngm mgw. Sgd` tfe ‖`kjgdn ko crdjdngm hurdspru`ence tfekry—. Fem` do Qgrmdgjent ienudnemy `eterjdnes tfgt ckjjercdgm gctdvdtdes wfdcf cgn le sk `escrdle` gs tk le suppress` dn pulmdc dnterest, tfey see nk regskn wfy pgrmdgjent sfkum` nkt jgbe tfej crdjes. *cgse stglmdsfe` crdj mgw pkwer cgpglme ko expgn`dni dntk wkrm` ko ckjjerce* `) @kjdndkn Prg`e gn` Dn`ustry Ckjjdssdkn Gct 74358 tk g`jdndster ckjldnes dnvestdigtdkn gct gn` igve new pkwer ko g`vgnce` cmegrgnce un`er wfdcf ckjjdssdkn ckum` gpprkve certgdn gireejents kr prgctdces gn` remdeve tfej orkj prksecutdkn. Qkwer fem` uncknstdtutdkngm ly Ckurt. Qrdvy upfem` vgmd`dty ko tfe dnvestdigtkry gn` prksecutkrdgm pkwers. e) Stgtute prkfdldtdni gntd-ck jpetdtdve prdce `dscrdjdngtdkn 7435 8 g``e` tk crdj ck`e. Upfem` ly Qrdvy gs crdj mgw. Pfen prkfdldte` sgme ko prdce jgdntengnce, fem` vgmd`. Pfen oe` gmmkwe` ckurts tk jgbe kr`ers prkfdldte` ckntdnugtdkn ko dmmeigm prgctdces kr `dsskmvdni dmmeigm jeriers. Pfds cfgmmenie` - Ikk`yegr Pdre gn` \uller Ck. v. Pfe Wueen8 cknstdtutdkngmdty ko prkfdldtdkn kr`er wgs cfgmmenie` gn` upfem` ly Ckurt gs wdtfdn crdjdngm pkwer. o) Ckjpetdtdkn Ckjpetdtdkn mgw gmtere` ly < pfgses8 pfgses8 (7) 7495 Ckjldne Ckjldness Dnves Dnvestdig tdigtdkn tdkn gct8 expgn`e expgn`e` ` tk gppm gppmy y servdce servdcess dn`ust dn`ustrdes rdes.. Qkwer Qkwer tk tk jgbe jgbe kr`ers kr`ers ckjp ckjpemmd emmdni ni tfe tfe cessgtdkn ko certgdn gntd-ckjpetdtdve prgctdces. (<) (<) 746? 746? ngj ngje ko ko Gct Gct cfg cfgni nie` e` tk Ckj Ckjpetd petdtd tdkn kn Gct Gct, repmgce` km` ckjjdssdkn wdtf Ckjpetdtdkn Prdlungm, wfdcf fg` pkwer tk jgbe kr`ers, dncmu`dni cessgtdkn ko certgdn gntd-ckjpetdtdve trg`e prgctdces. Qkwers cgnnkt le upfem` gs crdj mgw l/c trdlulungm ds nkt ckurt ko crdjdngm h`x, gn` kr`ers cgn le jg`e w/k gny prdkr cknvdctdkn okr cdjdngm kooense. (3) Jgny gntd ckjpetdt ckjpetdtdve dve prgctdce prgctdcess `ecrdj `ecrdjdngm dngmdze` dze` nkw. nkw. Nkw Nkw Ckurt Ckurt fem` tfgt trg`e trg`e gn` gn` ckjj ckjjerc ercee pkwer pkwer prkvd` prkvd`es es cknstdtutdkngm lgsds okr tfe Gct Ienergm Jktkrs v, Cdty Ngtdkngm megsdni8 cgse dnvkmve` cdvdm reje`y dn Gct tfgt gmmkwe` gny perskn wfk fg` suooere` (0) mkss gs g resumt ko lregcf ko Gct tk sue tfe perskn wfk ckjjdtte` tfe lregcf dn ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x tk reckver `gjgies okr tfe mkss. \eje`y gvgdmglme tk prdvgte pmgdntdoo dn ckurt ko cdvdm h`x. Crdj mgw pkwer cgnnkt sustgdn sucf prkcee`dni. Lut Ckurt upfem` cknstdtutdkngmdty ko cdvdm reje`y. Fem` Gct wgs g vgmd` mgw un`er trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. Nk regskn wfy dts enokrcejent sfkum` le mdjdte` tk crdjdngm sgnctdkns. Cdvdm reje`y wgs vgmd` pgrt ko tfe mgw l/c `esdine` tk prkvd`e gn dncentdve tk prdvgte enokrcejent ko mgw, gs suppmejent tk pulmdc enokrcejent. (g) Cgn gssuje tfgt gmm pgrts ko Gct cgn le suppkrte` un`er trg`e gn` ckjjerce pkwer. pkwer. Lut cfgrter gttscbs kn trdlungm, dnvestdigtkry pkwers dn GCt gn` skje crdjdngm kooenses fgve jet wdtf success. 6. Sun`gy klservgnce mgw 8 g) Oe`ergm Qkwer8 leokre 7413, ienergmmy gssuje` tfgt mgws reigr`dni Sun`gy klservg nce were ckjpetent tk prkvdnces. Gssujptdkn sfgttere` ly Qrdvy dn G.I. v. Fgjdmtkn Street \gdmwgy8 Knt Mkr` @gy strucb `kwn gs g crdjdngm mgw.
(7) Fenry Ldrbs cgse8 prkv mgw gmmkwdni cmkse ko sfkps kn ? rkjgn cgtfkmdc cfurcf fkmy `gys fem` tk sgje cgteikry gs sun`gy klservgnce, fem` uncknstdtutdkngm. Pfese cgses estglmdsf mdjdts kn wkrb kr pmgy wfdcf gre djpkse` okr remdidkus rgskns gre crdjdngm mgws skmemy w/n ckjpetence ko oe` pgrmdgjent. (<) \.v.Ldi J @rui Jgrt8 Ckurt fem` Mkr`—s @gy Gct 741? wgs vgmd` exercdse ko crdj mgw pkwer l/c pursue` remdidkus purpkse ko preservdni sgnctdty ko Cfrdstdgn sgllgtf. Ydtfdn crdj mgw l/c dnten`e` tk sgoe iugr` jkrgmdty (Jgrigrdne \eoerence). Supreje Ckurt fem` Gct kooen`e` Cfgrter iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko remdidkn l/c purpkse wgs tk ckjpem klservgnce ko Cfrdstdgn sgllgtf. Ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s.7 l/c fem` ckntrgry vgmues tk Cfgrter. Fem` Mkr`—s @gy wgs uncknstdtutdkngm. l) Qrkvdncdgm Qkwer 8 fgve gutfkrdty tk reiumgte ckn`uct ko jkst lusdnesses kr recregtdkn, mglkr remgtdkns, gs jgtters ko prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts kr mkcgm jgtters w/n prkvdnce. Qkwer exten`s tk djpksdtdkn ko mdjdts kn fkurs ko wkrb okr mglkr. (7) Mdelerj Mdelerjgn gn v. v. Pfe Pfe Wueen8 Wueen8 Ckurt Ckurt upfem upfem` ` prkv prkv mgw wfdcf wfdcf requdr requdre` e` cmksd cmksdni ni ko pkk pkkmm rkkjs rkkjs gn` gn` lkwmdn lkwmdni i gmmeys gmmeys ltn ltn jd`nd jd`ndift ift gn` ? gj kn gny weeb`gy gn` gmm `gy kn Sun`gy. (exten`e` pkwer tk mdjdt lusdness fkurs ko ckjjercdgm estglmdsfjents). @dstdniudsfe` orkj ktfer Sun`gy klservgnce cgses l/c tfey fg` remdidkn jktdvgtdkn dn cmksdni, fere dt wgs secumgr jgtters, lut `d` nkt expmgdn wfgt ckum` le secumgr okr cmksdni kn Sun`gy wfdcf `d` nkt gppmy tk ktfer `gy ko tfe weeb. (<) \.v.E`wgr`s Lkkbs gn` Grt8 mgw gttgcbe` lgse` kn Cfgrter, iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko remdidkn. Ckurt okmmkwe` cgse glkve gn` fem` mgw prkvd`dni ‖pguse `gy— okr secumgr purpkses ds prkpermy cfgrgcterdze` gs remgtdni tk prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. Fem` tfgt Knt mgw tfgt prkfdldte` retgdm stkres orkj kpendni kn Sun`gy fg` requdsdte secumgr purpkse.
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Lecgje undokrj pguse `gy okr retgdm wkrbers. Ckum` fem` tfgt gmtfkuif purpkse ko mgw wgs secumgr, tfe eooect ko mgw wgs tk mdjdt oree`kj ko remdidkn. Fem` gct wgs hustdode` un`er s.7 l/c secumgr purpkse hustdodcgtdkn. (g) Qrkvd`e` tfgt prkvdnces prkpkse` gn` engcte` sun`gy cmksdni mgws dn mgniugie tfgt wgs secumgr, secumgr, prkvdnces fg` reckvere` pkwer tfgt tfey were `ende` dn Fgjdmtkn Street \gdmwgy
4. Iun Ckntrkm8 Odregrjs Gct dn 7445 gjen`e` tk expgn` exdstdni rumes requdrdni gmm iuns tk le reidstere` gn` gmm iun kwners tk le mdcense`. \e Odregrjs Gct, fem` tfgt Gct wgs vgmd` exercdse ko crdjdngm mgw pkwer (cfgmmenie` ly Gmlertg). Qurpkse ko gct wgs tk restrdct gccess tk dnferentmy `gnierkus tfdnis. Fdstkry ko vdkment crdjes wkrse do gccess tk iuns. \equdrejents were gmm `drecte` tk pulmdc sgoety . \eidstrgtdkn d`entdode` egcf iun wdtf serdgm nujler gn` cknnecte` mdcense fkm`er (lgcbirkun` cfecbs). Okcus kn pulmdc sgoety `dstdniudsfe` Gct orkj prkvdncdgm prkperty reidstrgtdkn scfejes. Fem` Gct nkt reiumgtkry, prkvdsdkns enokrce` ly crdj mgw ly djpksdni pengmtdes okr lregcf ko prkfdldtdkn. 71. Qreventdkn ko crdje8 g) Qreventdkn dn ienergm8 Mgws gdje` gt prevent gre vgmd`, gmtfkuif `epgrt orkj trg`dtdkngm okrjgt ko crdj mgw. (7) Nkt crdj crdjdngm dngmmy my respk respknsd nsdlme lme kn kn gcckunt gcckunt ko ko jentgm jentgm `dskr `dskr`er `er88 ckntdnue ckntdnue` ` `etentd `etentdkn kn ko NC\ koo kooen`e en`err `espdt `espdtee ogct ogct tfgt tfgt tfey tfey fgve nkt leen cknvdcte` ko gny crdje. \kme ko crdj mgw knmy exten`s tk NC\ kooen`ers wfk present g sdindodcgnt tfregt tk skcdety. (<) Unodt Unodt tk stgn` stgn` trdgm trdgm ly regs regskn kn ko ko jentg jentgmm `dskr `dskr`er8 `er8 Gccuse` Gccuse` wfk fgve fgve leen leen cfgr cfgrie` ie` lut fgve nkt leen trde` trde` kn irkun` irkun` tfgt tfey gre unodt tk stgn` trdgm ly regskn ko jentgm `dskr`er. Dn hustdce systej l/c sulhect tk unreskmve` crdjdngm cfgrie. Dt ds tfe crdjdngm prkce`ure gspect (nkt preventgtdve gspect) tfgt perjdts ckntdnue` `etentdkn ko gccuse` wfk gre unodt tk stgn` trdgm. l) Tkuni Tkuni kooen`ers8 kooen`ers8 Oe`ergm Huvendme @emdnquents Gct upfem` un`er crdj mgw pkwer. \epmgce` wdtf Tkuni Kooen`ers Gct, wfdcf
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fgs prkirgjjes un`er wfdcdf ykuni kooen`ers ckum` le `dverte` gwgy orkj crdj ckurts gn` nkt sulhecte` tk trg`dtdkngm crdj sgnctdkns. Upfem` gs exercdse ko preventgtdve g spect ko crdj mgw pkwer. <113 \epmgce` ly Tkutf Tkutf Crdjdngm Hustde Gct, wfdcf jgbes jkre `etgdme` prkvdsdkn okr `dversdkn ko mess serdkus kooenses, dncmu`dni specdodc prkvdsdkns okr nkn hu`dcdgm jegsures sucf gs pkmdce wgrndnis gn` cgutdkns gn` reoerrgm tk ckjjundty prkirgjs dn pmgce ko cfgries. Okr serdkus kooenses, Gct jgbes prkvdsdkn okr ykuni kooen`ers tk le idven g`umt sentences gmtfkuif ykuni kooen`ers cgnnkt le trde` dn g`umt ckurt. Gmm gre trde` dn Tkutf Hustdce Ckurt. @eterjdngtdkn ko g`umt sentence jg`e ly hu`ie gt en` ko trdgm. Crdjd rdjdn ngm mgw mgw gn gn` cdv cdvddm re reje`y je`y88
g) Oe`ergm pkwer ienergmmy tk cregte cdvdm reje`des8 extent tk wfdcf oe` crdj pkwer wdmm gutfkrdze cregtdkn ko cdvdm rdift ko gctdkn okr lregcf ko crdjdngm stgtute. Oe` fgs nk dn`epen`ent pkwer tk cregte cdvdm reje`des, sk do pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko oe` mgw ds tfe cregtdkn ko g new cdvdm CKG, mgw wdmm le dnvgmd` gs ckjdni wdtfdn prkvdncdgm feg` ko pkwer ‖prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts—. (7) Jgc@kngm` v. _gpkr Cgng`g8 Ckurt fem` s.9(e) ko oe`ergm trg`e jgrbs gct wgs dnvgmd` kn glkve lgsds. Gct gmmkwe` dnhunctdkn, `gjgies okr vdkmgtdni prkfdldtdkn ko lusdness prgctdces. Gct `d` nkt prkvd`e crdjdngm sgnctdkn. S. 9e wgs gn extensdkn ko tkrtdkus mdgldmdty, wfdcf cgje w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. (g) Yfere pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko oe` mgw ds nkt cregtdkn ko cdvdm reje`y, lut skje ktfer jgtter w/n oe` pkwer, tfen cdvdm reje`y ds vgmd`. \eje`y ds dncd`entgm tk jgdn purpkse ko tfe mgw. Orkj _gpkr, tfere ds `dctuj tfgt cdvdm reje`y ckum` le gsskcdgte` wdtf pgtent, ckpyrdift, mgws - mgws cknoer cdvdm rdifts ko gctdkns okr dnhure` perskns. (l) Gssujptdkn ds tfgt mgw vgmd`my engcte` dn remgtdkn tk trg`e jgrbs (trg`e gn` ckjjerce) ckjjerce) kr pgtents kr ckpyrdift, jgy vgmd`my dncmu`e gpprkprdgte jegns ko enokrcejent. (<) Qgpp v. Qgpp8 dssue wfetfer @dvkrce Gct ckum` vgmd`my prkvd`e okr tfe custk`y ko tfe cfdm`ren ko g `dsskmve` jgrrdgie. Cmegrmy estglmdsfe` tfgt custk`y ko bd`s wgs jgtter w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkv. Gpp ct upfem` custk`y prkvdsdkns. _gmd` _gmd` l/c tfere wgs g ‖rgtdkngm, ounctdkngm cknnectdkn— ltn tfej gn` tfe vgmd` prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct ckncerndni `dvkrce. Pfds regskndni wgs okmmkwe` tk upfkm` jgdntengnce ko cfdm`ren gn` spkuses gn` okr gmdjkny, `espdte ogct tfgt jgdntengnce gn` gmdjkny wkum` dn ktfer ckntexts ckje w/n prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkvdnce. (3) Ounctdkngm Cknnectdkn test2 use` sdnce Qgpp, tk upfkm` cdvdm reje`y dn oe`ergm ckrpkrgtdkn mgw, gigdnst perskns wfk enigie dn dnsd`er trg`dni, ckjpetdtdkn mgw, gntd-ckjpetdtdkn prgctdces, trg`e jgrb mgw.
l) Crdjdngm mgw pkwer tk cregte cdvdm reje`des8 crdj mgw ckntejpmgtes pulmdc rgtfer tfgn prdvgte enokrcejent, tfds `dooers orkj ktfer feg`s ko oe` pkwer. (7) \.v.Xemensby8 Ckum` upfem` prkvdsdkn ko crdj ck`e tfgt gutfkrdze` crdjdngm ckurt, upkn cknvdctdni gccuse` ko dn`dctglme kooense, tk kr`er tfe gccuse` tk pgy tk tfe vdctdj ckjpensgtdkn okr gny mkss kr `gjgie cguse` ly tfe ckjjdssdkn ko tfe kooense. Qkwer fg` tfree cdvdm cfgrgcters(lemkw). Kr`er okr ckjpensgtdkn wgs tk le jg`e gs pgrt ko tfe sentencdni prkcess dn tfe crdjdngm prkcee`dnis, nkt dn g sepgrgte cdvd m gctdkn. (g) Kr`er wgs tk le jg`e kn gppmdcgtdkn gppmdcgtdkn ko vdctdj (nkt prksecutdkn) prksecutdkn) (l) Gjkunt ko ckjpensgtdkn wgs tk le remgte` tk tfe vgmue ko tfe vdctdj—s mkss (nkt `eiree ko lmgje) (c) Kr`er wgs tk le enokrce` ly vdctdj gs do dt were cdvdm hu`ijent (nkt ly tfe stgte, stgte, gs g odne wkum` le)
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d) Jghkrdty Jghkrdty fem` tfgt `dspute ckum` prkpermy le `ecd`e` dn cdvdm gctdkn wfere tfere ckum` le `dsckvery, `dsckvery, prk`uctdkn ko `kcujents. Glsence ko prkce`ures orkj crdj trdgm `d` nkt jgbe tfe pkwer tk gwgr` ckjpensgtdkn uncknstdtutdkngm, lut `d` cgmm okr restrgdnt dn tfe exercdse. (`) Xemensby8 `d` nkt `ecd`e wfetfer oe` ckum` gutfkrdze perskn wfk suooere` mkss gs g resumt ko tfe lregcf ko crdj mgw tk lrdni sepgrgte cdvdm gctdkn tk reck ver `gjgies kutsd`e crdj prkcess. (e) Ogct fgt ckurt wgs `dvd`e` kn wfetfer ckjpensgtdkn kr`er wgs `dscretdkngry pgrt ko sentencdni prkcess, suiiests tfgt ckurt wdmm le unwdmmdni tk upfkm` g sepgrgte cdvdm rdift ko gctdkn gs gncdmmgry tk g crdjdngm mgw. (<) Mgws Mgws wfdcf wfdcf gre gre vgmd` vgmd` un`er un`er pdtf pdtf gn` gn` suls sulstgnc tgncee test test jgy dncd`ent dncd`entgmmy gmmy gooect gooect jgtte jgtters rs wfdcf wfdcf kr`dngrd kr`dngrdmy my mde mde kutsd`e kutsd`e pkwer pkwer ko engctdni lk`y. (3) \gtdkngm, ounctdkngm cknnectdkn8 Yfere oe`ergm stgtute wdmm gmm trg`dtdkngm cfgrgcterdstdcs ko crdj mgw cknoers cdvdm rdift ko gctdkn questdkn ko vgmd`dty `epen`s kn Qgpp test8 wfetfer tfere ds g rgtdkngm, ounctdkngm,
cknnectdkn letween wfgt ds g`jdtte`my ikk` (prkfdldtdkn ckupm e` wdtf pengmty) gn` wfgt ds cfgmmenie` (cdvd m reje`y) Crdjdngm mgw gn` reiumgtkry gutfkrdty8 questdkn ds wfetfer crdj mgw pkwer wdmm sustgdn estglmdsfjent ko reiumgtkry 7<. scfeje dn wfdcf g`jdn giency kr koodcdgm exercdses `dscretdkngry gutfkrdty. Crdj mgw kr`dngrdmy cknsdsts ko g prkfdldtdkn wfdcf ds tk le semo gppmde` ly tfe perskns tk wfkj dt ds g``resse`. Nk g`jdn giency nee`e`, g`jdndstere` ly mgw enokrcejent. Ckjpetdtdkn gn` dnsurgnce cgses enckurgie vdew tfgt crdj mgw pkwer wdmm nkt sustgdn reiumgtkry scfeje wfdcf remdes upkn jkre skpfdstdcgte` tkkms tfgn sdjpme prkfdldtdkn gn` pengmty. g) Dnsurgnce cgses8 Qrdvy stucb `kwn oe` stgtute gttejptdni tk reiumgte mdcensdni dnsurgnce dn`ustry. Qgrmdgjent g``e` sectdkn tk crdj ck`e jgbdni dt gn kooense tk cgrry kn lusdness w/k mdcense. Qrdvy fem` tfgt pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko new mgw wgs estglmdsfjent ko mdcensdni gutfkrdty dn tfe jdndster ko odngnce, gcckr`dnimy strucb `kwn tfe mgw gs ckmkrglme gttejpt tk `k dn`drectmy wfgt pgrmdgjent ckum` nkt `k `drectmy. l) Nkvg Scktdg Lkgr` ko Censkrs v. JcNedm8 Ckurt fem` tfgt censkrsfdp ko odms wgs nkt crdjdngm. Upfem` Nkvg Scktdg—s censkrsfdp mgw gs ledni tfe reiumgtdkn ko gn dn`ustry w/n tfe prkvdnce. Jghkrdty stgte` tfgt censkrsfdp mgw `d` nkt tgbe tfe crdjdngm okrj ko g prkfdldtdkn ckupme` wdtf g pengmty. c) \.v.Jkrientgmer8 glkrtdkn prkfdldte` wdtf `dspensgtdkn okr glkrtdkns gpprkve` ly ckjjdttee ko fkspdtgm. Fem` uncknstdtutdkngm kn cfgrter irkun`s kn sulsequent cgse. Qre-cfgrter cfgmmenie kn oe`ergmdsj irkun`s wgs rehecte` dn tfds cgse. `) Qkssdlme requdre` qugmdodcgtdkn ko ckmkrgldmdty8 tfe jkre emglkrgte tfe reiumgtkry scfeje, tfe jkre mdbemy dt ds tfgt tfe ckurt wdmm cmgssdoy tfe `dspensgtdkn kr exejptdkn gs ledni reiumgtkry rgtfer tfgn crdjdngm. e) \.v.Ourtney8 crdj ck`e prkfdldte` mktterdes, exceptdkn okr krigndzgtdkns mdcense` ly mdeutengnt ikvernkr dn ckuncdm ko prkv. 5 gccuse` were mdcense` tk ckn`uct mktterdes lut were gmmeie` tk fgve vdkmgte` ckn`dtdkns dn prkv mdcenses, wfdcf mdjdte` prkodts tfgt ckum` le jg`e ly jgngiejent. Ckurt fem` ck`e prkvdsdkn wgs vgmd` crdjdngm mgw. Fem` `ecrdjdngmdzgtdkn ko mktterdes mdcense` un`er prescrdle` ckn`dtdkns ds nkt ckmkrglme. _dewe` mdcensdni prkvdsdkns cknstdtutdni ‖g `eodndtdkn ko tfe crdje—, `eodndni regcf ko kooense. Fem` tfgt dt wgs g cknstdtutdkngmmy perjdssdve exercdse ko tfe crdj mgw pkwer, re`ucdni greg sulhect tk crdj mgw prkfdldtdkn were certgdn ckn`dtdkns exdst. o) EQG EQG ds oe` mgw estglmdsfdni scfeje okr reiumgtdkn ko tkxdc sulstgnces. Pkxdc Pkxdc sulstgnce8 fgrjoum tk tfe envdrknjent kr `gnier tk fujgn fegmtf. Knce cmgssdode` gs tkxdc, sulstgnce ckjes un`er tfe reiumgtkry gutfkrdty ko ikvernkr dn ckuncdm, wfdcf jgy jgbe reiumgtdkns ikverndni dts remegse dntk envdrknjent, jgnner gn` ckn`dtdkns dt cgn le jgnuogcture`, djpkrte`, prkcesse`, trgnspkrte` etc. Yfere sulstgnce nkt cmgssdode` gs tkxdc, Jdndster jgy jgbe gn ‖dnterdj kr`er— w/k okmmkwdni oumm prkce`ure ko cmgssdodcgtdkn. Dnterdj kr`er tejpkrgry. Lregcf ko kr`er kr reiumgtdkn ds kooense pundsfglme ly odne kr djprdsknjent. (7) \.v.Fy`rk Wuelec8 prksecute` okr vdkmgtdni dnterdj kr`er tfgt restrd cte` ejdssdkn ko sulstgnce tk kne irgj per `gy. Ckrp griue` Gct (dnterdj kr`er) were kutsd`e crdj mgw pkwer ko oe` pgrmdgjent. Gct upfem`. l/c g`jdndstrgtdve prkce`ure okr gssessdni tkxdcdty ko sulstgnce cumjdngte` dn g prkfdldtdkn enokrce` ly g pengm sgnctdkn, tfe scfeje wgs suoodcdentmy prkfdldtkry. Exejptdkn okr prkvdnces w/ equdvgment prkv mgws kb l/c odem` ds eooectdvemy ckncurrent. Gct upfem` gs g crdj mgw. @dssent tfkuift gct mgcbe` prkfdldtkry cfgrgcter ko crdj mgw, gn` trkulme` ly exejptdkn okr prkvdnce orkj reiumgtdkn do prkv gmreg`y fg` equdvgment mgw dn pmgce. i) \e Odregrjs Gct8 Ckurt fem` purpkse ko iun ckntrkm wgs pulmdc sgoety, wfdcf ds typdcgmmy crdjdngm purpkse. Ckurt remde` kn Fy`rk cgse glkve tfgt crdjdngm mgw pkwer gutfkrdzes ckjpmex meidsmgtdkn, dncmu`dni `dscretdkngry g`jdndstrgtdve gutfkrdty (okr mdcensdni reidsterdni iuns gn` fkm`ers). Gmsk remde` kn \H\-Jgc@kngm` c. Cgng`g tfgt crdjdngm purpkse jgy le pursue` ly dn`drect jegns. Hust gs fegmtf rdsb ko tklgcck `d` nkt requdre kutrdift lgnndni, nkr `d` sgoety rdsb ko iun requdre kutrdift lgnndni. Jegsures tfgt wkum` dn`drectmy g`vgnce meidsmgtdve purpkse (lgnndni g`s kr mdcensdni) gutfkrdze` ly crdjdngm mgw pkwer. 73. Qrkvdncdgm pkwer tk engct pengm mgws8 un`er 4<(75) prkv cgn djpkse pundsfjent ly odne, pengmty, kr djprdsknjent okr purpkse ko enokrcdni ktferwdse vgmd` prkv mgws. Qkwer requdres ckurts tk `rgw `dstdn ctdkn ltn vgmd` prkvdncdgm pkwer wdtf gn gncd mmgry pengmty gn` g prkv pkwer tfgt ds dnvgmd` gs ledni dn pdtf gn` sulstg nce g crdjdngm mgw. Pfds Pfds cregtes uncertgdnty ko prkv gn` oe` pkwers. Jkstmy, cgse mgw upfkm`s prkv pengm meidsmgtdkn, except kne cgse.
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g) Le`gr` v. @gwskn8 Ckurt upfem` prkv mgw gutfkrdzdni tfe cmksdni ko ”`dskr`ermy fkuses‚ (crdj ck`e cknvdctdkns okr igjlmdni kr prkstdtutdkn). Qrkv mgw gppegre` tk suppmejent crdj mgw ly g``dni new pengmtdes lut Ckurt upfem` mgw dn remgtdkn tk use ko prkperty, gn` gt jkst wgs gdje` gs suppressdni ckn`dtdkns mdbemy tk cguse crdje rgtfer tfgn pundsfjent ko crdje. l) Qrkvdncdgm Secretgry ko QED v. Eign8 Ckurt upfem` prkv mgw gutkjgtdcgmmy suspen`dni tfe `rdver—s mdcense ko gnykne cknvdcte` ko crdj ck`e—s djpgdre` `rdvdni kooenses. Fem` tfgt prkv mgw wgs dn remgtdkn tk reiumgtdkn ko fdifwgy trgoodc gn` tfereokre w/n prkv ckjpetence. Qgrgjkuntcy griujent reskmve` dn ogvkr ko prkv mgw. c) Cgses ko cgremess `rdvdni, ogdmdni tk rejgdn gt scene ko gccd`ent, ogmse dnok tk prkspectus, gmm upfem` gs vgmd` crdj mgw. mgw. Gmm fg` kooense sdjdmgr tk oe` kooense. Crdjdngm mgw meidsmgtdve pkwer ds ckncurrent. `) N.S. Lkgr` ko Censkrs v. JcNedm8 prkv odmj censkrsfdp upfem`. e) G-I. Cgn gn` @upkn` v. Jkntregm8 j undcdpgm lymgw prkfdldtdni gmm gssejlmdes pgrg`es, igtferdnis dn pulmdc `kjgdn upfem`. Fem` tfgt ly mgw wgs vgmd` reiumgtdkn ko tfe jundcdpgm pulmdc `kjgdn gn` tfgt dts purpkse wgs nkt pundtdve lut preventdve ko pulmdc `dsturlgnces. @dssent8 ly mgw wgs g crdjdngm mgw, nk reiumgtkry purpkse, lut g``resse` lregcf ko pegce jgdntengnce ko pulmdc kr`er, excmusdvemy crdjdngm ckncerns. o) Yesten`krp v. Pfe Wueen8 Ckurt strucb `kwn jundcdpgm ly mgw tfgt prkfdldte` perskn orkj rejgdndni kn tfe street okr purpkse ko prkstdtutdkn gn` orkj gpprkgcfdni gnktf er perskn okr purpkse ko prkstdtutdkn, purpkse wgs tk ckntrkm kr pundsf prkstdtutdkn. (ly mgw jg`e nk gttejpt tk ckntrkm prkstdtut dkn gnywfere lut kn tfe streets, purpkse tk prktect users ko streets orkj gctdvdtdes ko prkstdtutes gn` custkjers;). Jegns prkv pkwer tk cregte kooenses un`er 4<(75) nkt gs lrkg` gs oe` pkwer un`er 47(<9). i) Cfgtterhee v. Kntgrdk8 pkmdce pumme` kver cgr tfgt fg` nk orknt mdcense pmgte. Ckjp sfkwe` `rdver dn lregcf ko ckurt kr`er, grreste` fdj, gs dncd`ent ko grrest, segrcf tfe cgr. Okun` $<4,111 dn cgsf wfdcf sjemme` ko jgrdhugng, lut nk jgrdhugng okun`. Nk cfgries, lut prkv gttkrney ienergm kltgdne ` orkj superdkr ckurt kr`er okreoedtdni tfe jkney tk prkv crkwn kn irkun` tfgt jkney wgs ‖prkcee`s ko unmgwoum gctdvdty—. Kr`er wgs gutfkrdze` ly prkv stgtute ‖Cdvdm \eje`des— Qurpkse ko gct tk prevent perskns orkj prkodtdni orkj unmgwoum gctdvdty, tk return prkperty tk dts rdiftoum kwner, prkvd`e oun`s tk ckjpensgte vdctdjs ko unmgwoum gctdvd ty. (7) Unmgwou Unmgwoumm gctdvdty gctdvdty88 dncmu` dncmu`e` e` kooens kooenses es un`er un`er oe` mgw mgw gn` gn` prkv prkv mgw, mgw, lur`en lur`en kn kn crkwn crkwn kn lgmgnce lgmgnce ko ko prklgld prklgldmdty mdty.. (never (never cfgrie` okr crdje tfgt ckum` le skurce ko jkney, k`kr ko wee`, tkietfer wdtf expmgngtdkn ko jkney, persug`e` ckurt ko okreoedture. (<) @rdver @rdver gppmde gppmde` ` okr `ecmgrg `ecmgrgtdkn tdkn tfgt Gct unck uncknst nstdtut dtutdkng dkngm, m, nk cfgrter cfgrter,, lut lut oe`erg oe`ergmdsj mdsj irkun`s irkun`s tfgt dt wgs wgs dntrus dntrusdkn dkn dntk dntk oe`ergm regmj ko crdj mgw. Gct g``e` ourtfer pengmty tk wfgtever prescrdle` dn crdj ck`e gn` dnteroere` wdtf sentencdni prkcess. (3) Ckurt Ckurt fem` fem` pdtf pdtf gn` suls sulstgnc tgncee ko mgw mgw wgs wgs dn remgtdkn remgtdkn tk prkper prkperty ty.. Qurpk Qurpkse se ko preventd preventdni ni gn` gn` ckjpens ckjpensgtdn gtdni i okr crdje crdje ckjpetent tk prkv. (oe` gct wgs remgte` tk sentencdni, prkv gct wgs dn`epen`ent ko sentencdni prkcess). Upfem` tfe gct, crkwn bept $<4,111. 70. Jgrigrdne \eoerence8 Sulsectdkn g ko Sectdkn 5 ko tfe @gdry Dn`ustry Gct prkvd`es tfgt "nk perskn sfgmm jgnuogcture, djpkrt dntk Cgng`g, kr kooer, semm kr fgve dn fds pkssessdkn okr sgme, gny kmekjgrigrdne, jgrigrdne, lutterdne, kr ktfer sulstdtute okr lutter, jgnuogcture` wfkmmy kr dn pgrt orkj gny ogt ktfer tfgn tfgt ko jdmb kr cregj." Dn tfds cgse, Qgrmdgjent fg` meidsmgte ` gigdnst tfe prk`uctdkn gn` trg`e ko jgrigrdne ko jgrigrdne,, dn kr`er tk idve `gdry `gdry lusdnesses lusdnesses gssurgnces tfgt jgrigrdne wkum` nkt tfregten tfedr exdste nce. Pfds meidsmgtdkn gctugmmy `gte` lgcb tk 766?, gn` dt wgs cmgdje` dn tfe mgw tfgt tfe regm purpkse wgs tk tgriet g prk`uct tfgt wgs "dnhurdkus tk fegmtf." fegmtf ."R6Z R6Z Yfdme tfds, do true, wkum` fgve jg`e jgrigrdne g ogdr tgriet okr crdjdngm mgw, tfe oe`ergm ikvernjent g`jdtte` leokre tfe ckurts tfgt tfds gssessjent wgs sdjpmy ogmse g) Dssue8 Pfe Ikvernkr-dn-Ckuncdm reoerre` tk tfds Ckurt un`er sectdkn 55 ko tfe Supreje Ckurt Gct tfe okmmkwdni questdkn8 Ds sectdkn 5(g) ko tfe @gdry Dn`ustry Gct, \.S.C. 74<9, c. 05, umtrg vdres ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g dn wfkme kr dn pgrt gn` do sk dn wfgt pgrtdcumgr kr pgrtdcumgrs gn` tk wfgt extent;
l) \egskndni8 ds g mgw dn remgtdkn tk girdcumture wfdcf tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g orkj tdje tk tdje ds ejpkwere` tk jgbe dn remgtdkn tk girdcumture, gn` dt ds nkt wdtfdn tfe ckjpetence ko tfe respectdve prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures tk engct meidsmgtdkn dn tfds reigr` wfen Qgrmdgjent fgs gmreg`y ckvere` tfe odem`. D cgnnkt giree, tfereokre, wdtf tfe griujent tfgt tfe cknstdtutdkngm vgmd`dty ko tfe @gdry Dn`ustry Gct ds nkt (7) suppkrte` un`er Sectdkn 45 ko tfe Lrdtdsf Nkrtf Gjerdcg Gct. Nktfdni jkre tfgn tfe `drect exercdse ko Qgrmdg jent's hurds`dctdkn kver girdcumturgm jgtt ers, kr gt megst necessgrdmy dncd`entgm gn` necessgry okr tfe eooectd ve ckntrkm ko girdcumturgm jgtters dn respect ko jdmb gn` dts lyprk`ucts. (<) Cmegrmy Cmegrmy sucf sucf gn gn Gct Gct ds nkt mdjd mdjdte` te` tk tk tfe reiumgt reiumgtdkn dkn ko ko kne kne pgrtdcu pgrtdcumgr mgr trg` trg`ee kr ko ko kne pgrtdcum pgrtdcumgr gr ckjjk ckjjk`dty `dty,, nkr tk kne, kne, kr jkre tfgn kne prkvdnce2 dt ds gn Gct ejlrgcdni tfe wfkme @kjdndkn. dt knmy prkfdldts certgdn jetfk`s ko jgnuogcturdni dt. prkfdldtdkn dn Sectdkn 5(g) ds nkt prkfdldtdkn gt gmm, lut g reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce gn` prkpermy wdtfdn tfe (3) ckjpetence ko Qgrmdgjent dn vdrtue ko Feg` < ko Sectdkn 47 ko tfe Lrdtdsf Nkrtf Gjerdcg Gct. Dn jy kpdndkn, wfen tfgt Sectdkn 5(g) ds reg` dn cknhunctdkn wdtf tfe wfkme ko tfe Gct, tfere ds nk regm prkfdldtdkn. Dt ds trumy g "reiumgtdkn ko trg`e gn` ckjjerce"2 kr tfgt Sectdkn 5(g) ds knmy g necessgry dncd`entgm pgrt ko gn Gct wfdcf Qgrmdgjent fg` oumm pkwer tk g`kpt ly
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vdrtue ko Sectdkn 45 ko tfe Lrdtdsf Nkrtf Gjerdcg Gct gn`, jkrekver, dn vdew ko tfe okrj idven tk dt, dt gmsk ckjes wdtfdn Feg` <9 ko Sectdkn 47 (Crdjdngm Mgw). c) Fem`8 Fem`8 Pfgt tfe prkfdldtdkn ko djpkrtgtdkn ko tfe ikk`s jentdkne` dn tfe sectdkn ds dntrg vdres ko Qgrmdgjent gs meidsmgtdkn dn (7) remgtdkn tk okredin trg`e. (Mkcbe (Mkcbe H`dssentdni, H`dssentdni, jgdntgdndni tfgt tfe entdre sectdkn wgs umtrg vdres wfdme expressdni nk kpdndkn gs tk tfe pkwer ko Qgrmdgjent tk lgn djpkrtgtdkn ly gpprkprdgte meidsmgtdkn). Pfe prkfdldtdkn ko jgnuogcture, kooer, sgme kr pkssessdkn okr sgme ko tfe ikk`s jentdkne` ds umtrg vdres ko Qgrmdgjent, (<) gs dt ds meidsmgtdkn dn remgtdkn tk prkperty (\dnoret (\dnoret CH gn` Berwdn H `dssentdni). `) @dspksdtdkn8 gppegm gmmkwe` dn pgrt.
e) \gn` H, dn fds ckncurrdni kpdndkn okr tfe jghkrdty8 Strucb `kwn tfe prkfdldtdkn kn prk`uctdkn ko jgrigrdne kn tfe irkun`s tfgt dt wgs nkt vgmd` crdjdngm mgw. Pfe (7) prkfdldtdkn kn djpkrtgtdkn ko jgrigrdne, fkwever, wgs upfem` un`er tfe oe`ergm Prg`e gn` Ckjjerce pkwer. Ckjjerce pkwer. (<) Fe kutm kutmdn dne` e` g PESP PESP tk `ete `eterj rjdn dne e do do g mgw oemm oemm un` un`er er tfe crdjd crdjdng ngmm mgw* mgw*** ** (g) G crdje ds gn gct wfdcf tfe mgw, wdtf gpprkprdgte pengm sgnctdkns, okrld`s2 lut gs prkfdldtdkns gre nkt engcte` dn g vgcuuj, we cgn prkpermy mkkb okr skje evdm kr dnhurdkus kr un`esdrglme eooect upkn tfe pulmdc gigdnst wfdcf tfe mgw ds `drecte`. Pfgt eooect jgy le dn remgtdkn tk skcdgm, ecknkjdc kr pkmdtdcgm dnterests2 gn` tfe meidsmgture fgs fg` dn jdn` tk suppress tfe evdm kr tfe sgoeiugr` tfe dnterest tfregtene`. Pwk Pwk requdrejents requdrejents just le jet okr g mgw tk le crdjdngm dn ngture8 d) Pfe mgw just just le g prkfdldtdkn prkfdldtdkn wdtf g pengm sgnctdkn2 sgnctdkn2 gn` dd) Pfe mgw just le `drecte` tkwgr`s g pulmdc purpkse. (3) \gn` gmsk mdste` mdste` g oew klhectd klhectdves ves tfgt wkum` wkum` qugmd qugmdoy oy gs gs meidtd meidtdjgte jgte pulmdc pulmdc purp purpkses kses,, ngjemy ngjemy "Qulmdc "Qulmdc pegce pegce,, kr`er, securdty,, fegmtf, jkrgmdty securdty jkrgmdty." ." (0) Pfe rumdni rumdni wgs wgs gppe gppegme` gme` tk tfe tfe Qrdv Qrdvy y Ckuncd Ckuncdm, m, kn kn tfe tfe irkun` irkun`ss tfgt tfgt tfe tfe meid meidsmgt smgtdkn dkn wgs vgmd` vgmd` un`er8 un`er8 (g) Pfe oe`ergm oe`ergm pkwer un`er un`er s. s. 47(<), 47(<), tfe oe`ergm pkwer un`er s. un`er s. 47(<9), 47(<9), tfe resd`ugm pkwer okr pegce, pegce, kr`er gn` ikk` ikvernjent tfe pkwer remgtdni tk girdcumture un`er s. 45 75. 75. \eoer eoeren ence ce re Gssd Gssdst ste` e` Fujg Fujgn n \ep \eprk rk`u `uct ctdk dkn n Gct Gct88 g. Ogcts8 ((7) Sectdkns 5 tk 4 prkfdldt fujgn cmkndni, tfe ckjjercdgmdzgtdkn ko fujgn reprk`uctdve jgterdgm gn` tfe reprk`uctdve ounctdkns ko wkjen gn` jen, gn` tfe use ko dn vdtrk ejlryks wdtfkut cknsent. (<) Sectdkns 71 tk 73 prkfdldt vgrdkus gctdvdtdes unmess tfey gre cgrrde` kut dn gcckr`gnce wdtf reiumgtdkns jg`e un`er tfe Gct, Gct, un`er mdcence gn` dn mdcense` mdcense` prejdses. Pfese ”ckntrkmme` ”ckntrkmme` gctdvdtdes‚ dnvkmve jgndpumgtdkn ko fujgn reprk`uctdve jgterdgm kr dn vdtrk ejlryks, trgnsiendc enidneerdni gn` redjlursejent ko tfe expen`dtures expen`dtures ko `knkrs gn` surrkigte surrkigte jktfers. (3) Sectdkns 70 tk 74 set up g systej ko dnokrjgtdkn dnokrjgtdkn jgngiejent remgte` tk gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. reprk`uctdkn. (0) Sectdkns Sectdkns <1 tk 34 estglmdsf tfe Gssdste` Gssdste` Fujgn \eprk`uctdkn Giency Giency ko Cgng`g. (5) Sectdkns Sectdkns 01 tk 54 cfgrie tfe Giency wdtf g`jdndsterdni gn` enokrcdni tfe Gct gn` reiumgtdkns, gn` gutfkrdze dt tk dssue mdcences okr certgdn gctdvdtdes remgte` tk gssdste` gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. (?) Sectdkns ?1 gn` ?7 prkvd`e okr pengmtdes, pengmtdes, (9) ss. ?5 tk ?9 gutfkrdze tfe prkjumigtdkn prkjumigtdkn ko reiumgtdkns, reiumgtdkns, gn` (6) s. ?6 idves tfe Ikvernkr dn Ckuncdm pkwer tk exejpt tfe kpergtdkn ko certgdn prkvdsdkns do tfere gre equdvgment prkvdncdgm mgws dn okrce tfgt ckver tfe odem`. cfgmmenie` l. Qrkce`urgm fdstkry8 Pfe Gttkrney Ienergm ko Wuelec gccepte` tfgt skje ko tfe prkvdsdkns were vgmd` crdjdngm mgw, lut cfgmmenie` tfe cknstdtutdkngmdty cknstdtutdkngmdty ko tfe lgmgnce ko tfe Gct dn g reoerence tk tfe Wuelec Ckurt ko Gppegm. Gppegm. Gcckr`dni Gcckr`dni tk tfe Gttkrney Ienergm Ienergm ko Wuelec, ss. 6 tk 74, 01 tk 53, ?1, ?7 gn` ?6 gre gttejpts tk reiumgte tfe wfkme sectkr ko je`dcgm prgctdce gn` resegrcf remgte` tk gssdste` reprk`uctdkn, gn` gre umtrg vdres tfe oe`ergm ikvernjent. Pfe Wuelec Ckurt ko Gppegm fem` tfgt tfe djpuine` sectdkns were nkt vgmd` crdjdngm mgw sdnce tfedr pdtf gn` sulstgnce wgs tfe reiumgtdkn ko je`dcgm prgctdce gn` resegrcf dn remgtdkn tk gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. c. Dssue8 wfetfer skje sectdkns ko tfe Gssdste` Fujgn \eprk`uctdkn Gct gre umtrg vdres tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g. g. Pfe odrst questdkn questdkn ds wfetfer tfe jgtter jgtter ko tfe stgtutkry scfeje, scfeje, vdewe` gs g wfkme, wfkme, ds g vgmd` exercdse ko oe`ergm pkwer pkwer.. Pfe seckn` questdkn ds wfetfer dts dn`dvd`ugm prkvdsdkns gre gmsk vgmd`.
`. Qer JcMgcfmdn C.H. gn` Ldnnde, Odsf gn` Cfgrrkn HH8 g. Pest8 Pest8 tfere gre twk steps tk `eterjdndni wfetfer g mgw ds vgmd`8 7) cfgrgcterdzgtdkn gn` cmgssdodcgtdkn. Odrst tfe `kjdngnt ”jgtter‚ kr ”pdtf gn` sulstgnce‚ ko tfe mgw just le `eterjdne` `eterjdne` <) Knce tfe ”jgtter‚ ds tfus cfgrgcterdze`, cfgrgcterdze`, tfe seckn` step ds tk `eterjdne do dt o gmms gmms un`er g feg` ko pkwer gssdine` tk tfe engctdni lk`y8
g. Dn tfds cgse, tfe engctdni lk`y ds oe`ergm, gn` tfe Gttkrney Ienergm ko Cgng`g fgs `ecd`e` tk mdjdt fds griujents kn tfe vgmd`dty ko tfe Gct tk g sdnime feg` ko hurds`dctdkn8 tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer dn s. 47(<9) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9. l. Qdtf gn` sulstgnce8 Pk `eterjdne wfdcf cfgrgcterdzgtdkn ds ckrrect, kne just cknsd`er tfe purpkse gn` eooect ko tfe meidsmgtdve scfeje. Kne just gsb, ”RwZfgt dn ogct `kes tfe mgw `k gn` wfy;‚8
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g. Yfdme tfe Gct ejpmkys ejpmkys lktf g pengm gn` reiumgtkry reiumgtkry okrj, Qgrmdgjent Qgrmdgjent jgy vgmd`my ejpmky reiumgtdkns reiumgtdkns gs pgrt ko g crdjdngm mgw prkvd`e` dt tgriets g meidtdjgte c rdjdngm mgw purpkse. l. Fere, tfe jgtter ko tfe stgtutkr y scfeje, vd ewe` gs g wfkme, ds g vgmd` exercd se ko tfe oe`ergm pkwer kver crdjdngm mgw. Pfe `kjdngnt purpkse gn` eooect eooect ko tfe meidsmgtdve scfeje ds tk prkfdldt prgctdces tfgt wkum` wkum` un`ercut jkrgm vgmues, prk`uce pulmdc fegmtf evdms, gn` tfregten tfe securdty ko `knkrs, `knees, gn` perskns ckncedve` ly gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. Yfdme tfds dndtdgtdve necessgrdmy tkucfes kn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn kver je`dcgm resegrcf gn` prgctdce, tfese odem`s gre tfe sulhect ko kvermgppdni oe`ergm gn` prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn. Qgrmdgjent fgs g strkni dnte rest dn ensurdni tfgt lgsdc jkrgm stgn`gr`s ikv ern tfe cregtdkn gn` `estructdkn ko mdoe, gs wemm gs tfedr djpgct kn perskns mdbe `knkrs gn` jktfers. Kvermgppdni wdtf tfe jkrgmdty ckncerns gre ckncerns okr pulmdc fegmtf gn` securdty wfdcf jgy le prkpermy tgriete` ly crdjdngm mgw. Pfese gre vgmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkses. mgw. _dewe` gs g wfkme, tfe `kjdngnt c. Pfe dssue dn sucf cgses ds tk `eterjdne tfe `kjdngnt eooect ko tfe mgw. eooect ko tfe Gct ds tk prkfdldt prkfdldt g nujler ko prgctdces wfdcf Qgrmdgjent cknsd`ers cknsd`ers djjkrgm gn`/kr wfdcf dt cknsd`ers g rdsb tk fegmtf gn` securdty, nkt tk prkjkte tfe pksdtdve gspects ko gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. `. D ckncmu`e tfgt tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce ko tfe Gct ds prkpermy cfgrgcterdze` gs tfe
prkfdldtdkn ko neigtdve prgctdces gsskcdgte` wdtf gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. c. Fgvdni cfgrgcterdze` tfe jgtter tk wfdcf tfe Gct remgtes, tfe next questdkn ds wfetfer dt ckjes wdtfdn tfe kr`er tk sckpe ko tfe oe`ergm crdjdngm mgw pkwer un`er s. 47(<9) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . Dn kr`er gnswer tfds questdkn, we just cknsd`er wfetfer tfe jgtter sgtdsodes tfe tfree requdrejents ko vgmd` crdjdngm mgw8 (7) g prkfdldtdkn2 (<) lgcbe` ly g pengmty2 (3) wdtf g crdjdngm mgw purpkse8 g. Gs gmreg`y `dscusse`, `dscusse`, tfe Gct, prkpermy cfgrgcterdze`, cfgrgcterdze`, djpkses prkfdldtdkns prkfdldtdkns lgcbe` ly pengmtdes, tferely oumodmmdni oumodmmdni tfe odrst twk requdrejents requdrejents ko g vgmd` crdjdngm mgw. G`jdtte`my G`jdtte`my,, skje ko tfe prkvdsdkns perjdt exceptdkns. l. G crdjdngm crdjdngm prkfdldtd prkfdldtdkn kn just serve ”g pulmdc pulmdc purpkse purpkse‚ ‚ mdbe mdbe ”RpZulm ”RpZulmdc dc pegce, pegce, kr`er, kr`er, securdty, fegmtf, jkrgmdty‚. Dt fgs leen fem` tfgt fdifwgy reiumgtdkn legrdni nk remgtdkn tk pulmdc sgoety ogmms leykn` tfe sckpe ko tfe oe`ergm crdjdngm mgw pkwer. Qrkfdldtdkns gdje` gt ckjlgttdni tfe ”pulmdc fegmtf evdm‚ ko tklgcck cknsujptdkn fgve leen okun` tk ogmm wdtfdn tfe gjldt ko tfe crdjdngm crdjdngm mgw pkwer, gs fgve prkfdldtdkns `drecte` gt prktectdni tfe pulmdc orkj e nvdrknjentgm fgzgr`s, ` gnierkus gn` g`umtergte` okk` gn` `rui prk`ucts, dmmdcdt `ruis, gn` odregrjs. c. D turn nkw tk cknsd`er cknsd`er tfe sckpe ko tfe crdjdngm crdjdngm mgw purpkses purpkses tfgt Qgrmdgjent Qgrmdgjent fgs d`entdode`. d`entdode`. D ckncmu`e tfgt upfkm`dni jkrgmdty ds tfe prdncdpgm crdjdngm mgw klhect ko tfe Gct. Yfgt ds gt stgbe ds nkt jeremy twk ckjpetdni fegmtf scfejes, lut Qgrmdgjent—s pkwer tk engct ienergm nkrjs okr tfe wfkme ko Cgng`g tk jeet tfe pressdni jkrgm ckncerns rgdse` rgdse` ly tfe tecfndques ko gssdste` reprk`uctdkn. reprk`uctdkn. Pfe klhects ko prkfdldtdni pulmdc fegmtf evdms gn` prkjktdni securdty pmgy suppkrtdni rkmes wdtf respect tk skje prkvdsdkns. Pgben tkietfer tkietfer,, tfese tfese klhects klhects cknodrj cknodrj tfgt tfe Gct serves vgmd` crdjdngm crdjdngm mgw purpkses. purpkses. Dn regcfdni regcfdni tfds ckncmusdkn, jkrekver, D `k nkt dnten` tk lrkg`en tfe sckpe ko tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer, lut rgtfer gppmy tfds Ckurt—s hurdspru`ence. `. Jkrgmdty8 crdjdngm mgw pkwer dncmu`es mgws ”`esdine` okr tfe prkjktdkn ko pulmdc kr`er, sgoety, kr jkrgms‚ Dn sujjgry, jkrgmdty cknstdtutes g vgmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkse. e. Fegmtf8 crdjdngm mgws okr tfe prktectdkn ko fegmtf just g``ress g ”meidtdjgte pulmdc fegmtf evdm. Lefdn` tfe `dversdty dn tfe cgses tfgt fgve upfem` crdjdngm mgws kn tfe lgsds ko pulmdc fegmtf evdms mde tfree cknstgnt oegtures. Dn egcf ko tfese cgses, tfe crdjdngm mgw wgs wgs irkun`e` dn (7) fujgn ckn`uct (<) tfgt fgs gn dnhurdkus kr un`esdrglme eooect (3) kn tfe fegmtf ko jejlers ko tfe pulmdc. g. Qgrmdgjent Qgrmdgjent ds entdtme` tk use tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer tk sgoeiugr` sgoeiugr` tfe pulmdc orkj ckn`uct tfgt jgy jgy fgve fgve gn dnhur dnhurdku dkuss kr un`es un`esdr drglm glmee eooe eooect ct kn tfe fegmt fegmtf f ko jejl jejlers ers ko tfe tfe pulm pulmdc, dc, nktwdtfstgn`dni tfe prkvdnces— ienergm rdift tk reiumgte tfe je`dcgm je`dcgm prkoessdkn. Fegmtf ds sulhect tk kvermgppdni oe`ergm gn` prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn, gn` tfe prkvdnces— pkwer tk meidsmgte dn tfds odem` `kes nkt excmu`e Qgrmdgjent—s gutfkrdty tk tgriet ckn`uct tfgt cknstdtutes g pulmdc fegmtf evdm o. Securdty8 kne ko tfe jkst oun`gjentgm purpkses ko crdjdngm mgw ds tfe prktectdkn ko perskngm securdty. Pfds exten`s tk mdoe leokre ldrtf2 ckntrkm kver tfe terjdngtdkn ko preingncy. Dn tfe ckntext ko tfe oe`ergmdsj gngmysds, dt suoodces tfgt tfe prktectdkn ko vumnerglme irkups fgs leen reckindze` gs g vgmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkse. i. _gmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkse8 ckncmu`e tfgt tfe Gssdste` Fujgn \eprk`uctdkn Gct , vdewe` gs g wfkme, ds irkun`e` dn vgmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkses. Pfe Gct seebs tk gvert serdkus `gjgie tk tfe oglrdc ko
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kur skcdety ly prkfdldtdni prkfdldtdni prgctdces tfgt ten` tk `evgmue fujgn fujgn mdoe gn` `eirg`e pgrtdcdpgnts. pgrtdcdpgnts. Pfds ds g vgmd` crdjdngm mgw purpkse, irkun`e` dn dssues tfgt kur skcdety cknsd`ers tk le ko oun`gjentgm djpkrtgnce. meidsmgtdve scfeje ds nkt `drecte` tkwgr` tfe prkjktdkn prkjktdkn ko pksdtdve fegmtf jegsures, jegsures, f. D ckncmu`e tfgt tfe meidsmgtdve lut rgtfer g``resses meidtdjgte crdjdngm mgw klhects. Gs `dscusse` glkve, tfe ktfer twk emejents ko crdjdngm mgw, prkfdldtdkn gn` pengmty, gre estglmdsfe` kn tfe ogce ko tfe Gct. D tfereokre ckncmu`e tfgt tfe Gssdste` Fujgn \eprk`uctdkn Gct , vdewe` gs g wfkme, ds vgmd` crdjdngm meidsmgtdkn. l. Pfe oe`ergmd sj gngmysds `kes nkt en` jeremy lecguse dt fgs leen `eterjdne` tfgt g mgw, vdewe` gs g wfkme, ds vgmd` crdjdngm meidsmgtdkn. Even do g mgw ds dn pdtf gn` sulstgnce crdjdngm meidsmgtdkn, dt jgy nevertfemess ckntgdn prkvdsdkns wfdcf gre nedtfer vgmd` crdjdngm prkfdldtdkns, nkr gncdmmgry tk vgmd` crdjdngm prkfdldtdkns. g. Pkietfer wdtf ss. ss. 5 tk 9, ss. 6 tk 73 okrj g vgmd` prkfdldtdkn reidje tfgt ds cknsdstent wdtf tfe klhectdves ko tfe Gct gs g wfkme. Pkietfer wdtf ss. 5 tk 9, Pfese prkvdsdkns ckntgdn prkfdldtdkns, lgcbe` ly pengmtdes, gn` gre `drecte` dn pdtf gn` sulstgnce tk vgmd` crdjdngm mgw ikgms. Gmtfkuif Gmtfkuif skje ko tfe prkfdldtdkns prkfdldtdkns djpgct kn tfe reiumgtdkn reiumgtdkn ko je`dcgm resegrcf gn` prgctdce, tfe djpgct ds dncd`entgm tk tfe meidsmgtdkn—s `kjdngnt crdjdngm mgw purpkse gn` mdjdte` tk tfkse en`s. l. Yfdme nkt crdjdngm mgw dn pdtf gn` sulstgnce, tfe g`jdndstrgtdve, krigndzgtdkngm, gn` enokrcejent prkvdsdkns dn ss. 70 tk ?6 gre dnteirgte` dntk tfe prkfdldtdkn reidje set up ly ss. 5 tk 73. Skje ko tfese gncdmmgry prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns gre crdjdngm dn ngture gn` `k nkt sdindodcgntmy dntru`e kn prkvdncdgm pkwers. g. Ourtferj Ourtferjkre, kre, tfe prkvdsd prkvdsdkns kns gre `esdine `esdine` ` tk suppmej suppmejent, ent, rgtfer tfgn tfgn excmu`e excmu`e,, prkvdnc prkvdncdgm dgm meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdkn.. Odngmmy, Qgrmdgjent fgs g fdstkry ko g`jdndsterdni gn` enokrcdni stgtutes g``ressdni dssues ko jkrgmdty, fegmtf gn` securdty ly wgy ko mdcensdni lk`des. Sdnce tfe gncdmmgry prkvdsdkns cknstdtute g jdnkr dncursdkn kn prkvdncdgm hurds`dctdkn, tfe rgtdkngm gn` ounctdkngm cknnectdkn test sfkum` le gppmde` tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfey gre vgmd` un`er tfe gncdmmgry pkwers `kctrdne. c. Sectdkns 70 tk ?6 suppkrt tfe meidsmgtdve scfeje dn g wgy tfgt ds rgtdkngm dn purpkse gn` ounctdkngm dn eooect. Odngmmy, s. ?6 perjdts tfe Ikvernkr dn Ckuncdm tk `ecmgre prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct dngppmdcglme dn g prkvdnce wfere g prkvdncdgm mgw ckntgdns sdjdmgr prkvdsdkns, pursugnt tk gn gireejent wdtf tfgt prkvdnce. Pfds prkvdsdkn reckindzes tfe ogct tfgt gssdste` fujgn reprk`uctdkn ds gn greg ko kvermgppdni hurds`dctdkn, gn` gmmkws prkvdncdgm scfejes tk ikvern excmusdvemy excmusdvemy wfere prkvdncdgm mgws gre equdvgment tk tfe oe`ergm scfeje. Pfe gncdmmgry prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns gre tfus vgmd` un`er tfe gncdmmgry pkwers `kctrdne.
e. Qer MeLem, @escfgjps, Glemmg gn` \ktfstedn HH8 g g. Sectdkns 6 tk 74, 01 tk 53, ?1, ?7 gn` ?6 ko tfe Gct excee` tfe meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g un`er tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . Pfe prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct ckncerndni ckntrkmme` gctdvdtdes, ngjemy tfkse dnvkmvdni gssdstgnce okr fujgn reprk`uctdkn gn` remgte` resegrcf gctdvdtdes, `k nkt ogmm un`er tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer, lut lemkni tk tfe hurds`dctdkn ko tfe prkvdnces kver fkspdtgms, prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, gn` jgtters ko g jeremy mkcgm ngture. l. Pfe odrst step ko tfe cknstdtutdkngm gngmysds dnvkmves d`entdoydni tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce (purpkse gn` eooec ts) ko tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns g. Dn tfds cgse, tfe purpkse purpkse gn` tfe eooects ko tfe djpuine` djpuine` prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns remgte tk tfe reiumgtdkn reiumgtdkn ko g specdodc type ko fegmtf fegmtf servdce servdcess prkvd`e prkvd`e` ` dn fegmtf-cg fegmtf-cgre re dnstdtut dnstdtutdkns dkns ly prkoes prkoessdk sdkngms ngms tk dn`dvd`u dn`dvd`ugms gms wfk okr pgtfkmki pgtfkmkidcgm dcgm kr pfysdkmkidcgm regskns nee` femp tk reprk`uce. Pfedr pdtf gn` sulstgnce ds tfe reiumgtdkn ko gssdste` fujgn reprk`uctdkn gs g fegmtf servdce prkvdsdkns ogmms wdtfdn tfe hurds`dctdkn ko tfe ktfer mevem ko ikvernjent, ikvernjent, dt ds necessgry c. Do tfe pdtf gn` sulstgnce k o tfe prkvdsdkns odrst tk gssess tfe extent ko tfe kveromkw dn mdift ko tfe purpkse ko tfe prkvdsdkns gn` tk wedif tfedr eooects. g. G revdew ko tfe eooects eooects ko tfe prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct Gct cknodrjs tfgt tfe djpuine` scfeje serdkusmy gooects tfe prgctdce ko je`dcdne gn` kvermgps kr cknomdcts wdtf jgny Wuelec stgtutes stgtutes gn` reiumgtdkns. Pfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns fgve g `drect djpgct kn tfe remgtdknsfdp letween pfysdcdgns cgmme` upkn tk use gssdste` reprk`uctdve tecfnkmkides, `knkrs, gn` pgtdents. `. Dt just tfen le `eterjdne` wfetfer wfetfer tfe prkvdsdkns okrj pgrt ko gn ktferwdse vgmd` stgtute. stgtute. g. Pfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns, vdewe` orkj tfe perspectdve ko tfedr pdtf gn` sulstgnce, gre nkt cknnecte` wdtf tfe oe`ergm crdjdngm mgw pkwer. Pfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer `kes nkt idve Qgrmdgjent gn unckn`dtdkngm rdift tk tgbe gctdkn tk prktect jkrgmdty, sgoety gn` pulmdc fegmtf. Pk le cknnecte` wdtf tfds oe`ergm feg` ko pkwer, g mgw kr g prkvdsdkn just \ume8 (7) suppress suppress gn evdm, (<) estglmdsf g prkfdldtdkn prkfdldtdkn gn` (3) gcckjpgny tfgt prkfdldtdkn
wdtf g pengmty. pengmty. l. Pfgt purpkse just gmsk dnvkm ve suppressdni g n evdm k r sgoeiugr`dni g tfregtene` dnt erest. Pfe evdm just le regm gn` tfe gpprefensdkn ko fgrj just le regsknglme.
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c. G revdew ko gmm tfe wkrb ko tfe Lgdr` Ckjjdssdkn Ckjjdssdkn gn` tfe evd`ence cknodrjs tfgt, wfere tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns gre ckncerne`, Qgrmdgjent—s gctdkn `d` nkt fgve tfe purpkse ko upfkm`dni jkrgmdty gn` wgs nkt lgse` kn g regskne` gpprefensdkn ko fgrj, lut wgs dnsteg` dnten`e` tk estglmdsf ngtdkngm stgn`gr`s okr gssdste` fujgn reprk`uctdkn.
e. Odngmmy, tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns just le cknsd`ere` dn tfe ckntext ko tfe entdre stgtute dn kr`er tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfey gre suoodcdentmy dnteirgte` wdtf tfe ktfer prkvdsdkns ko tfe ktferwdse vgmd` stgtute. g. Pfe djpuine` djpuine` prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns represent gn kveromkw kveromkw ko tfe exercdse ko tfe oe`ergm crdjdngm crdjdngm mgw pkwer. pkwer. Pfedr pdtf gn` sulstgnce ds cknnecte` wdtf tfe prkvdnces— excmusdve hurds`dctdkn kver fkspdtgms, prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts, gn` jgtters ko g jeremy mkcgm ngture. Pfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns gooect rumes wdtf respect tk tfe jgngiejent ko fkspdtgms, sdnce Qgrmdgjent fgs prkvd`e` tfgt tfe Gct gppmdes tk gmm prejdses dn wfdcf ckntrkmme` gctdvdtdes gre un`ertgben o. Pfds revdew just jgbe dt pkssdlme tk estglmdsf g remgtdknsfdp letween tfe extent ko tfe hurds`dctdkngm kveromkw gn` tfe djpkrtgnce djpkrtgnce ko tfe prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns tfejsemves tfejsemves wdtfdn tfe stgtute stgtute ko wfdcf tfey okrj okrj g pgrt. Pfere gre twk gppmdcglme gppmdcglme ckncepts8 ckncepts8 ounctdkngmdty gn` necessdty. gncdmmgry pkwer fgs leen vgmd`my exercdse` g. Idven tfe extent ko tfe kveromkw dn tfds cgse, dt cgnnkt le okun` tfgt gn gncdmmgry unmess tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns fgve g remgtdknsfdp ko necessdty wdtf tfe rest ko tfe stgtute. Fkwever, tfe scfeje estglmdsfe` ly tfe prkfdldtkry prkvdsdkns `kes nkt `epen` kn tfe exdstence ko tfe reiumgtkry scfeje. l. Dt just le dnoerr e` orkj tfds tfgt dn settdn i up tfe reiumg tkry scfeje, Qgrmdg jent—s dntent dkn wgs tk engct meidsmgtdkn dn remgtdkn tk g jgtter kutsd`e dts hurds`dctdkn. c. Pfe prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns pursugnt tk wfdcf tfe Oe`ergm Giency ds respknsdlme respknsdlme okr djpmejentdni djpmejentdni tfe reiumgtkry scfeje gre puremy gncdmmgry gn` fgve nk dn`epen` ent purpkse. Pfey gre dnvgmd`. `. Odngmmy, Odngmmy, do tfe prdncdpme ko sulsd`dgrdty sulsd`dgrdty were tk pmgy g rkme dn tfe cgse gt lgr, dt wkum` ogvkur ogvkur cknnectdni cknnectdni tfe rumes dn questdkn wdtf tfe prkvdnces— hurds`dctdkn kver mkcgm jgtters, nkt wdtf tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer.
o. Qer Crkjwemm H.8 Pfe jgtter ko tfe cfgmmenie` prkvdsdkns ds lest cmgssdode` gs remgtdni tk tfe estglmdsfjent, jgdntengnce gn` jgngiejent ko fkspdtgms, prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkvdnce gn` jgtters ko g jeremy mkcgm kr prdvgte ngture dn tfe prkvdnce. g. Sectdkns 71, 77, 73, 70 tk 76, 01(<), (3), (3.7), (0) gn` (5), gn` 00(<) gn` (3) excee` tfe meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g un`er tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . l. Fkwever, ss. 6, 4 gn` 7< dn purpkse gn` e ooect prkfdldt neigtdve prg ctdces gsskcdgte` wdtf gssdste` reprk`uctdkn gn` ogmm wdtfdn tfe trg`dtdkngm gjldt ko tfe oe`ergm crdjdngm mgw pkwer. c. Sdjdmgrmy Sdjdmgrmy,, ss. 01(7), 01(7), (?) gn` (9), 07 tk 03, gn` 00(7) gn` (0) set up tfe jecfgndsjs jecfgndsjs tk djpmejent s. 7< gn`, tk tfe extent tfgt tfey remgte tk prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct wfdcf gre cknstdtutdkngm `. Sectdkns 05 05 tk 53, tk tfe extent tfgt tfey `egm wdtf dnspectdkn gn` enokrcejent enokrcejent dn remgtdkn tk cknstdtutdkngmmy cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns ko tfe Gct, gre gmsk prkpermy engcte` un`er tfe crdjdngm mgw pkwer. e. Pfe sgje ds true okr ss. ?1 gn` ?7, wfdcf cregte kooences. kooences. Sectdkn ?6 ds gmsk cknstdtutdkngm, cknstdtutdkngm, gmtfkuif dts kpergtdkn kpergtdkn wdmm le mdjdte` tk cknstdtutdkngm sectdkns ko tfe Gct. i. Fem`8 tfe gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe` dn pgrt. Sectdkns 6, 4, 7<, 74 gn` ?1 ko tfe Gct gre cknstdtutdkngm. g. Sectdkns 71, 77, 73, 70 tk 76, 01(<), (3), (3.7), (0) gn` (5), gn` 00(<) gn` (3) excee` tfe meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty ko tfe Qgrmdgjent ko Cgng`g un`er tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?9 . g. 71,77,738 71,77,738 Certgdn prkvdsdkns prkvdsdkns reigr`dni ckntrkmme` ckntrkmme` gctdvdtdes l. 70-768 Certgdn prkvdsdkns reigr`dni prdvg cy gn` gccess tk dnokrjgtdkn c. 01(<), 01(3), 01(3.7), 01(0), 01(5), 00(<), 00(3)8 Certgdn prkvdsdkns reigr`dni g`jdndstrgtdkn l. Sectdkns 01(7), (?) gn` (9), 07 tk 03, 00(7) gn` (0), 05 tk 53, ?7 gn` ?6 gre cknstdtutdkngm tk tfe extent tfgt tfey remgte tk cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` prkvdsdkns. D D D.
FUJGN \DIFPS GN@ O\EE@KJS
G. MGNIUGIE \DIFPS - cf. 5? 7. Mgniugie dn cgng`g8 `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers kver mgniugie gn` cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkns okr jdnkrdty mgniugies <. @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers kver mgniugie8 cgses `ecd`e` tfgt mgniugie ds nkt dn`epen`ent jgtter ko meidsmgtdkn. tfere ds nk sdnime pmengry pkwer tk engct mgws dn remgtdkn tk mgniugie , pkwer ds `dvd`e` letween < mevems. g) Hknes v. v. Gttkrney Ienergm ko New Lrunswdcb8 Ckurt upfem` oe`ergm koodcdgm mgniugies Gct, fem` mgw wgs gutfkrdze` ly oe`ergm pkwer kver oe` ikvt (orkj pegce kr`er ikk` ikvt pkwer) Qrkvdsdkns ckncernd ni mgniugies dn oe` ct, gutfkrdze ly oe` pkwer kver oe` cts ,prkvdsdkns dn crdj prkcee`dnis gutfkrdze` ly oe` pkwer kver crdj prkc. Upfem` sectdkn tfgt gmmkwe` lktf koodcdgm mgniugies dn ckurts, gutfkrdze` ly prkvdncdgm pkwer kver g`jdndstrgtdve ko hustdce dn tfe pkwer. l) @evdne v. Wuelec8 Ckurt fem` upfem` prkvdsdkns ko Wuelec cfgrter ko orencf mgniugie tfgt reiumgte` mgniugie ko ckjjerce. Cfgmmenie` prkvdsdkns were dn remgtdkn tk ckjjerce w/n prkvdnce wfdcf wgs g jgtter w/n prkv h`x kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkvdnce.
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c) @dvdsdkn ko meidsmgtdve pkwer kver mgniugie, ly `enydni tk edtfer mevem ko ikvt ko oumm pkwer kver mgniugie, cknstdtutes gn dn`drect prktectdkn ko jdnkrdty mgniugie rdift s.
3. Mgniugie ko Cknstdtutdkn8 sec 55 ko Ckn Gct 746< `drects Jdndster ko Hustdce tk prepgre orencf versdkn ko Enimdsf-knmy pgrts ko Cknstdtutdkn. Orencf nkt dntrk`uce` dn gjen`jent prkcess. Cgng`g Gct gn` Ckn Gct 746< engcte` dn lktf mgniugies, Cfgrter engcte` dn lktf. sect 59 Ckn Gct stgtes lktf versdkns ko Gct gre equgmmy gutfkrdtgtdve. Oe` stgtut es dn lktf mgniugies, l/c s. 733 Ckn Gct 76?9. g) Ckurts rume okr `dscrepgncdes8 wfere kne mgniugie ds `kultoum kr gjldiukus gn` ktfer ds cmegr, tfe `kult kr gjldiudty ds reskmve` ly reoerence tk tfe cmegr versdkn. Jegndni sfkum` le semecte` tfgt ds ckjpgtdlme w/ lktf versdkns. Jegndni semecte` just le regsknglme dn ckntext ko stgtute. Do kne versdkn idves le tter eooect tk purpkse ko stgtute, tfen cfkkse tfgt kne.
0. Mgniugie ko Stgtutes8 g) Cknstdtutdkngm requdrejents8 Sect 733 Ckn Gct 76?9 perjdts edtfer Enimdsf kr Orencf tk le use` dn `elgtes ko Fkuse, gn` Wuelec meidsmgture, lktf mgniugies dn reckr`s gn` hkurngms, stgtutes ko oe` gn` quelec tk le prdnte` dn lktf mgniugies. Jgndtklg gmsk gmmkws lktf dn ckurts gn` meidsmgture. Cfgrter ss 7? tk <3 mgniugie prkvdsdkns, 79 tk 74 gppmy tk New Lrunswdcb dn sgje eooect Pfus8 oe`ergm pgrmdgjent, quelec, jgndtklg, gn` new lrunswdcb meidsmgtures sulhect tk cknstdtutdkngm requdrejent tfgt tfedr stgtutes just le prdnte` gn` pulmdsfe` dn lktf mgniugies. l) Wuelec—s Cfgrter ko tfe Orencf Mgniugie8 Gttkrney Ienergm ko Wuelec v. Lmgdbde8 Ckurt strucb `kwn prkvdsdkns ko Wuelec—s cfgrter ko orencf mgniugie tfgt purpkrte` tk jgbe orencf mgniugie ko meidsmgture. Gct prkvd`e` ldmms tk le `rgote` gn` engcte` knmy dn orencf, orencf versdkns koodcdgm, gmtfkuif enimdsf trgnsmgtdkn prdnte`/pulmdsfe`. Fem` prkvdsdkns ckntrgvene` s. 733. Nkt suoodcdent tk prk`uce unkoodcdgm enimdsf trgnsmgtdk n. S.733 requdres stgtutes tk le ”prdnte` gn` pulmdsfe`‚ dn lktf, jegndni, engctjent dn lktf mgniugies. (engctjent; ldmdniugm texts ko lktf ldmms, gjen`jents). c) Jgndtklg—s Koodcdgm Mgniugies Gct8 sect <3 gmmkws orencf gn` enimdsf, tk iugrgntee rdifts ko orencf-spegbdni jdnkrdtdes. Pext very sdjdmgr tk s. 733, gmm dnterpretgtdkn ds sgje. Dn 7641 engcte` Mgniugies Gct jgbdni Enimdsf mgniugie knmy dn reckr`s, hkurngms pmeg`dnis, prkcess, stgtutes knmy dn Enimdsf. Prydni tk repegm s. <3. Fem` dnvgmd` ly ckunty ckurts twdce 764<, 7414, `ecdsdkns nkt gppegme` nkr repkrte`, lut `dsreigr`e`. 3r` tdje fem` dnvgmd` 749?, gigdn nk gppegm gn` reouse` tk gccept. 0tf tdje 7496. Orencf spegbdni pmgdntdoo lrkuift gctdkn seebdni `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty, mkst, gppegme`, tfen GI ko Jgndtklg gppegme` tk Supreje Ckurt. Gttkrney Ienergm ko Jgndtklg v. Okrest. g`kpte` regskndni dn Lmgdbde8 s. <3 cgnnkt le gjen`e` ly undmgtergm gctdkn ko meidsmgture, koodcdgm Gct wgs uncknstdtutdkngm. (7) \e Jgndtk Jgndtklg lg Mgniu Mgniugie gie \dif \difts8 ts8 rume` rume` kn kn cknstdt cknstdtutdk utdkngm ngm stgtu stgtuss ko Jgndt Jgndtklg klg stgtu stgtutes tes.. Fem` Fem` ogdmure ogdmure tk ckjpm ckjpmy y wdtf wdtf s. <3 resumte` dn dnvgmd`dty ko purpkrte` stgtute. Negrmy gmm mgws pgsse` dn prkvdnce were uncknstdtutdkngm l/c dn Enimdsf knmy sdnce 7641. Ckurt `ecmgre` prkvdnce stgtutes tk le ‖`eeje` tk fgve tejpkrgry okrce gn` eooect okr jdndjuj perdk` necessgry okr trgnsmgtdkn, re-engctjent, prdntdni gn` pulmdcgtdkn‚. Outure mgws just ckjpmy wdtf s. <3 gn` fgve ldmdniugm engctjent. (g) Pwk stgie prkce`ure dn stgtute okr ldmdniugm ldmdniugm engctjent8 d) Engctjent Engctjent ko g ldmm dn Enimdsf Enimdsf knmy knmy dd) Qrepgrgtdkn ko g Orencf trgnsmgtdkn ko tfe ldmm, wfdcf kn `epksdt dn Meidsmgture wkum` fgve oumm meigm eooect. (l) Qrkcess `des nkt sgtdsoy s. <3, just fgve sdjumtgnekus prkcess ko lktf mgniugies tk engct ldmms dntk mgws. Uncknstdtutdkngm. Gmsk, prkce`ure tfgt dn cgse ko cknomdct, Enimdsf prevgdme` kver Orencf gmsk dnvgmd` l/s s. <3 requdre` lktf tk le ‖equgmmy gutfkrdtgtdve‚ . (c) Fem`8 twk stgie prkcess wgs uncknstdtutdkngm. `) Dnckrpkrgtdkn ly \eoerence8 wfen g stgtute jgbes reoerence tk gnktfer `kcujent, sk tk dnckrpkrgte (g`kpt) tfe `kcujent gs pgrt ko tfe stgtute, tfen ienergm rume ds tfgt, do tfere ds g cknstdtutdkngm requdrejent tfgt tfe dnckrpkrgtdni stgtute le dn lktf mgniugies, requdrejent wdmm gppmy tk dnckrpkrgte` `kcujent tkk. Fkwever, tfere ckum` le lkngod`e regskns okr exejptdni dnckrpkrgte` `kcujent. (7) Gttkrney Gttkrney Ienerg Ienergmm ko Wuelec Wuelec v. v. Ckmmder Ckmmder88 twk W stgtu stgtutes tes odxe` odxe` pulmdc pulmdc sectkr sectkr wgies wgies gn` ktfe ktferr terjs terjs ko ko ejpmk ejpmkyje yjent nt ly ly reoerence tk sessdkn pgpers. Stgtutes dn lktf mgniugies lut sessdkn pgpers dn orencf knmy. Fem` stgtutes uncknstdtutdkngm ly Ckurt, sessdkn pgpers were dnteirgm pgrty ko stgtute, sdnce dn kne mgniugie knmy, stgtutes were nkt engcte` dn lktf mgniugie gs requdre` ly s . 733. (<) Yfen Yfen stgtut stgtutee reoers reoers tk extrd extrdnsdc nsdc `kcujen `kcujentt tfgt tfgt ds nkt esse essentdg ntdgmm tk kpergtd kpergtdkn kn ko ko stgtut stgtute, e, ssk k tfgt tfgt `kcuj `kcujent ent ds ds nkt nkt gn ‖dnteirgm pgrt— ko stgtute, tfere ds nk ‖true dnckrpkrgtdkn— gn` `kcujent wkum` nkt le sulhect tk tfe requdrejent ko ldmdniugm texts.
(3) Exejptdkn ko `kcujent8 \.v. Jgssdg8 cfgmmenie tk oe` ikvt prkperty trgoodc reiumgtdkns wfdcf gppmde` kn oe` crkwn prkperty (jdmdtgry lgses), prkvd`e` tfgt `rdvers just klserve mgw ko tfe prkvdnce dn wfdcf crkwn prkperty wgs sdtugte`. \eiumgtdkns were dn lktf mgniugies. Kntgrdk mgw wgs dn enimdsf knmy. Gccuse` cknvdcte` un`er reiumgtdkns ko `rdvdni cgr wfdme mdcense suspen`e` kn jdmdtgry lgse dn Kntgrdk cfgmmenie` kn lgsds dt dnckrpkrgte` ly reoerence mgw wrdtten dn enimdsf knmy. Ct ko Gpp rehecte` - Knt mgw engcte` ly lk`y tfgt wgs nkt gt tdje ko engctjent un`er klmdigtdkn tk prk`uce ldmdniugm texts, gn` gmtfkuif oe`ergm cfgrie, Knt reiumgtdkn cgpglme ko kpergtdni ko dts kwn okrce kn oe` crkwn prkperty.
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e) @emeigte` meidsmgtdkn8 meidsmgtdkn8 (7) Gttkrney Gttkrney Ienerg Ienergmm ko Wuele Wuelecc v. v. Lmgdbde Lmgdbde Nk <8 s. s. 733 733 lktf lktf mgniugi mgniugiee requdre requdrejen jentt gppmde` gppmde` tk `emei `emeigte` gte` meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdknss gs wemm wemm gs tk stgtutes. \equdrejent ko ldmdniugm engctjent kn gmm bdn`s ko `emeigte` meidsmgtdkn. Wuelec gppmde` okr refegrdni tk `eterjdne do skje `emeigte` meidsmgtdkns were exejpt. Fem` reiumgtdkns, gmtfkuif jg`e ly koodcdgms kr lk`des kut sd`e ikvt, were sulhect tk gpprkvgm ko ikvt, sulhect tk s. 733. (g) \eiumgtdkns wfdcf nedtfer jg`e ly ikvt nkr sulhect tk gpprkvgm ly ikvt were nkt. (l) Ly-mgws ko mkcgm jundcdpgmdtdes gn` scfkkm lkgr`s nkt sulhect tk s. 733, even tfkuif sulhect tk ikv gpprkvgm. (c) Ckurt rumes ko prgctdce sulhect tk 733, sk gre rumes ko g`jdndstrgtdve trdlungms wfkse ounctdkns were qugsd hu`dcdgm. (<) \e Jgndtk Jgndtklg lg Mgniu Mgniugie gie \difts8 \difts8 sckp sckpee ko s. <3 <3 wgs wgs sgje sgje gs gs sckpe sckpe ko ko s. 733 Ckn Ckn Gct. Gct. Jegndn Jegndni, i, Jgndt Jgndtklg klg jus justt reengc reengctt stgtutes tfgt were dn enimdsf knmy, gn` cgteikrdes ko `emeigte` meidsmgtdkn tfgt were `eodne` dn Lmgdbde <. Kr`ers dn ckuncdm; Do cmegrmy ejgngte` orkj tfe ikvt. Gny kr`er dn ckuncdm tfgt engcte` g reiumgtdkn wkum` le ckvere` ly Lmgdbde <. \e Jgndtklg Mgniugie \difts Nk. 38 Fem` s. <3 gppmde` tk ”dnstrujents ko g meidsmgtdve ngture‚ . 3 (3) cfgrgcterdstdcs nee`e` okr ldmdniugm engctjent tk le gppmde`8 7) dt wkum` estglmdsf g rume ko ckn`uct <) dt wkum` fgve tfe okrce ko mgw gn` 3) dt wkum` le ko ienergm gppmdcgldmdty rgtfer tfgn `drecte` gt specdodc dn`dvd`ugms kr sdtugtdkns. (0) Sdncmgdr Sdncmgdr v. Pfe Pfe Wueen8 Wueen8 dssue8 dssue8 wfetfer wfetfer ikvt ikvt ko Wue Wue ckum` ckum` cregte cregte g new jundc jundcdpgm dpgmdty dty ly ly tfe dssue dssue ko metters metters pgtent pgtent dn tfe orencf mgniugie knmy. \egskne`, purpkse ko s. 733 wkum` le vdkmgte` do structure gn` pkwers ko mkcgm ikvt dnstdtutdkns ckum` le gscertgdne` knmy orkj g `kcujent tfgt wgs nkt dn Enimdsf. Fem`, new jundcdpgmdty fg` nkt leen vgmd`my estglmdsfe`.
5. Mgniugie ko Ckurts g) Cknstdtutdkngm \equdrejents8 s. 733 idves cfkdce tk mdtdignts ko edtfer mgniugie dn oe` ckurts gn` quelec ckurts. s. <3 idves sdjdmgr requdrejent kn jgndtklg ckurts . Cfgrter 74(<) sdjdmgr tk new Lrunswdcb. Gttkrney Ienergm ko Wuelec v. v. Lmgdbde8 Wuelec—s cfgrter ko orencf mgniugie gmmkwe` orencf tk le mgniugie ko pmeg`dni gn` prkcess except dn certgdn `eodne` cdrcujstgnces. Fem` tfgt dt wgs nkt suoodcdent tk idve mdtdignts kptdkn ko usdni enimdsf dn `eodne` cdrcujstgnces knmy. (733 igve enimdsf kptdkn dn gny prkcee`dni). l) @eodndtdkn ko Ckurts 8 Ckurts ckvere` ly s. 733 Lmgdbde8 ckurts ko Wuelec (w/ oe`ergmmy gppkdnte` hu`ies), dnoerdkr ckurts (prkvdncdgmmy gppkdnte` hu`ies) gn` g`jdndstrgtdve trdlungms estglmdsfe` ly stgtute tfgt exercdse` g`hu`dcgtdve ounctdkns. c) Mgniugie ko Qrkcess8 Jgc@kngm` v. Cdty ko Jkntregm8 (Leetz) enimdsf spegbdni Wuelecer `eoen`e` cfgrie ko spee`dni kn irkun` tfgt sujjkns fg` leen dssue` ly Wuelec ckurt dn orencf knmy. Ckurt fem` tfgt undmdniugm sujjkns `d` nkt dnordnie s. 733, edtfer ko tfe < mgniugies jgy le use` dn tfe prkcess dssudni orkj g Wuelec ckurt, dssudni ckurt fgs cfkdce. Express prkvdsdkn ko cfkdce ko prkcess mgniugie dn 733, jg`e cmegr tfgt ckurt prkcess nee` nkt le ldmdniugm. Nkr ds tfe cfkdce ikverne` ly recdpdent—s preoerence. 733 `kes nkt iugrgntee tfgt tfe spegber, wrdter kr dssuer ko prkcee`dnis wdmm le un`erstkk` dn mgniugie ko fds cfkdce ly tfkse fe ds g``ressdni. (ngrrkw gn` mdtergm dnterpretgtdkn) (7) @dssent @dssent88 733 puts `uty `uty tk gcckjjk gcckjjk`gte `gte lktf mgniugie mgniugie spegber spegbers, s, ggn` n` `dscf `dscfgri griee tfds tfds ly fgvdni fgvdni ldmdni ldmdniugm ugm suj sujjkn jknss kr even `kcujent w/ enimdsf expmgngtdkns. `) Mgniugie ko Qrkcee`dnis8 Skcdete `es Gcg`dens v. Gsskcdgtdkn ko Qgrents8 (Leetz)8 New Lrunswdcb, s. 74(<) cfgrter djpkse` kn ckurts mgniugie requdrejent sdjdmgr tk s. 733. Gcg`dens cmgdje` tfgt 74(<) wgs lregcfe` wfen gppmdcgtdkn jg`e ly tfe skcdety dn orencf tk Ct ko Gpp, gn` fegr` ly pgnem ko 3 hu`ies wfk were nkt glme tk un`erstgn` orencf. Ckurt fem` 74(<) `d` nkt cknoer orencf spegbdni mdtdignt tfe rdift tk le fegr` ly g hu`ie wfk un`erstkk` orencf. Nedtfer 733 kr 74(<) cknoerre` gny iugrgntee tfgt mdtdignt wdmm le un`erstkk` gn` fds mgniugie ko cfkdce. Mgniugie rdifts were lgse` kn pkmdtdcgm ckjprkjdse, tfds `dstdniudsfes tfej orkj meigm rdifts wfdcf gre sejdngm dn ngture l.c tfey gre rkkte` dn prdncdpme. (7) \dift \dift tk ogdr ogdr fegrd fegrdni ni prktec prktecte` te` ly ly s. 9tk 9tk 70 Cfgrter Cfgrter gn` gn` ckjjk ckjjkn n mgw ngturgm ngturgm hustd hustdce, ce, wkum` wkum` le kooen kooen`e` `e` do do hu`ie hu`ie ogdme` ogdme` tk ckjprefen` evd`ence kr griujent. Lut ogdr fegrdni rdift wgs nkt g mgniugie rdift gn` nkt exten`e` tk tfkse wfk spkbe kr un`erstkk` nedtfer koodcdgm mgniugie. Nkt lregcfe` l/c hu`ie—s dnckjpetence dn orencf fg` nkt leen estglmdsfe` gs g jgtter ko ogct. (<) @dcbskn @dcbskn & Ydmskn Ydmskn88 mdtdign mdtdignt— t—ss rdift rdift tk edtfer edtfer mgniu mgniugie gie djpmd djpmde`my e`my dncmu`e` dncmu`e` rdift rdift tk le le un`erst un`erstkk` kk` dn dn mgniugi mgniugiee ko cfkdc cfkdcee dn tfe fegrdni ko cgse. (3) Mgniugi Mgniugiee rdifts rdifts,, mdbe mdbe ktfer ktfer rdifts rdifts,, just just recedv recedvee g mdlerg mdlergmm gn` purpksd purpksdve ve dnterp dnterpret retgtdk gtdkn. n. Leetz Leetz restr restrdct dctdve dve fkm`d fkm`dnis nis rehecte` mgter) e) \dift tk dnterpreter8 s. 70 Cfgrter idves rdift tk pgrty kr wdtness wfk `kes nkt un`erstgn` kr spegb mgniugie ko prkcee`dni , wfk ds `ego, tfe rdift tk gn dnterpreter. Prdgm hu`ie `eterjdnes do nee` okr dnterpreter jet, sfkwe` kn lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes. @uty ko trdgm hu`ie tk tgbe dndtdgtdve dn suppmydni dnterpreter tk pgrty wfk nee`s femp lut wfk tfrkuif dinkrgnce kr tdjd`dty `kes nkt gssert tfe rdift. \dift gppmdes tk cdvdm gn` crdjdngm prkcee`dnis, g`jdndstrgtdve trdlungm gn` ckurts. Sdjdmgr rdift dn <(i) Ldmm ko rdifts, lut nk `egoness.
(7) Ckjjkn mgw rdift tk dnterpreter wfdcf ds pkssesse` ly gny perskn wfk cgnnkt spegb kr un`erstgn` tfe mgniugie ko prkcee`dnis wfere perskn—s rdifts jgy le gooecte` l/c ogdmure tk prkvd`e dnterpretgtdkn wkum` le lre gcf ko rumes ko ngturgm hustdce.
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(<) Stgtutkry rdift8 okr gccuse` dn crdjdngm trdgm, l/c ck`e requdres gccuse` perskn tk le ”present dn ckurt `urdni wfkme trdgm‚ gn` gn gccuse` perskn ds nkt ”present‚ do sfe cgnnkt un`erstgn` wfgt ds ikdni kn. (3) \.v.P \.v.Prgn rgn88 gccuse` gccuse` orkj orkj _detngj, detngj, prkvd`e prkvd`e` ` wdtf wdtf gn dnter dnterpre preter ter,, wfk wkum` wkum` trgnsm trgnsmgte gte every everytfdn tfdni i djje` djje`dgte dgtemy my orkj orkj Enimdsf tk vdetngjese. Qgttern lrkben wfen fe wgs cgmme` tk le g wdtness ly `eoense. Fe wkum` testdoy dn enimdsf gn` tfen idve g lrdeo sujjgry ko fds testdjkny dn vdetngjese, `d` tfds gt en` ko `drect gn` crkss. Gccuse` cknvdcte`. Gppegme` tfgt rdift tk dnterpreter un`er s. 70 vdkmgte`. (g) Ckurt fem` tfere wgs g lregcf ko s. 70. Wugmdty ko dnterpreter fg` tk jeet stgn`gr` ko ”ckntdnudty, ”ckntdnudty, precdsdkn, djpgrtdgmdty, ckjpetence, gn` ckntejpkrgnekusness‚. Stgn`gr` fgs tk le jgdntgdne` `urdni trdgm d) Ckntdnudty Ckntdnudty wgs nkt klserve` l/c ko lregb dn dnterpretgtdkn `urdni `urdni `eoense evd`ence. Nk precdsdkn precdsdkn l/c mdttme sujjgrdes `d` nkt cknvey everytfdni sgd`. Ckntejpkrgnekusness gmsk jdssdni l./c dnterpretgtdkn wgs nkt ckntejpkrgnekus w/ questdkns gn` gnswers idven (l) Gmtfkuif mgpse gooecte` knmy kne wdtness, tfgt wgs enkuif tk kooen` s. 70. Jere ogct fe wgs unglme tk okmmkw skje ko tfe prkcee`dnis dn wfdcf fds vdtgm dnterests were dnvkmve` wgs dtsemo prehu`dcdgm. (c) Fem`8 new trdgm
?. Mgniugie ko Ikvernjent8 Ikvernjent8 g) Sectdkn 7? ko tfe Cfgrter8 Cfgrter s. 7? tk <1 ikes leykn` meidsmgtdve lk`des gn` ckurts tk ikvt. Eni gn` orencf gre koodcdgm mgniugies ko cgng`g gn` new lrunswdcb, qugmdty ko stgtus, equgm rdifts gn` prdvdmeies gs tk tfedr use dn gmm dnstdtutdkns ko pgrmdgjent gn` ikvt ko cgng`g gn` ko new lrunswdcb - prklglmy nkt g``resse` tk ckjjundcgtdkns letween ikvts gn` pulmdc. Pfds gppmdes tk pulmdc servgnts gs okr tfedr mgniugie ko wkrb. Mgniugie rdift gre nkt mdjdte`, gutfkrdzes pgrmdgjent gn` meidsmgtures tk cregte mgniugie rdifts glkve gn` leykn` tfkse cknoerre` ly cknstdtutdkn. l) Sectdkn <1 ko tfe Cfgrter8 djpkses gn klmdigtdkn kn ikvt tk prkvd`e ldmdniugm servdces tk tfe pulmdc. (7) @es\kcf @es\kcfers ers v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 Ckurt Ckurt fem` fem` tfgt tfgt s. <1 <1 sfkum` sfkum` le le idven idven mdler mdlergm gm gn` gn` purpks purpksdve dve dnter dnterpret pretgtdk gtdkn. n. Pfds Pfds requd requdres res tfgt wfen s. <1 gppmdes, tfe prdncdpme ko equgmdty ko lktf koodcdgm mgniugies tfgt ds iugrgntee` ly s. 7?(7) just le respecte`. Servdces ko equgm qugmdty dn lktf mgniugies just le prkvd`e`. Equgmdty jegns sulstgntdve equgmdty nkt okrjgm equgmdty. Ckncmu`e` - gmtfkuif oewer orencf spegbers tfgn enimdsf were tgbdni g`vgntgie ko prkirgj, tfe orencf ckjjundty wgs recedvdni equgm leneodts orkj tfe prkirgj. (<) Oe`ergm hurds`dctdkn8 klmdigtdkn gttgcfes tk gny feg` kr centrgm koodce. Gttgcfes tk ktfer oe`ergm ikvt koodces knmy wfere edtfer g) tfere ds g sdindodcgnt `ejgn` okr ldmdniugm servdces orkj tfgt koodce, kr l) `ue tk tfe ngture ko tfe koodce, dt ds regsknglme tfgt ldmdniugm servdces le prkvd`e` ly tfgt koodce. New Lrunswdcb8 klmdigtdkn tk prkvd`e ldmdniugm servdces gttgcfes tk gny koodce ko gn dnstdtutdkn ko tfe meidsmgture kr (3) ikvt ko NL. NL ikvt fgs gireejent wdtf \CJQ - wfere \CJQ prkvd`es prkvdncdgm pkmdce servdces dn tfe prkvdnce. (0) Skcdete Skcdete `es `es Gcg`dens Gcg`dens v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 pmgdntdo pmgdntdooo orencf orencf spegbdn spegbdni i resd`e resd`ent nt ko NL, recedve` recedve` spee`dn spee`dni i tdcbet tdcbet orkj orkj \CJQ koodcer koodcer wfk spkbe dn Enimdsf knmy. Qgd` odne lut lrkuift prkcee`dni tfgt ly s. <1(<) se wgs entdtme` tk recedve pkmdce servdces dn orencf mgniugie. Ckurt fem` wfen prkvd`dni prkvdncdgm pkmdce servdces un`er ckntrgct tk g prkvdnce, \CJQ wgs gmsk prkvdncdgm dnstdtutdkn, wfdcf jegnt tfgt dn NL= wfen okrce wgs prkvd`dni prkv pkmdce pkwers, tfe okrce wgs sulhect tk s. <1(<). Pfus, Q dn NL wgs entdtme` tk ckjjundcgtdkns dn orencf orkj tfe \CJQ koodcer wfk igve fer tfe tdcbet, reigr`mess ko tfe `ejgn` okr kr regsknglmeness ko orencf mgniugie servdces. (5) 4 ktfer ktfer prkvdn prkvdnces ces fgve fgve nk nk klmdigt klmdigtdkn dkn tk tk prkvd`e prkvd`e ikv ikvtt servdce servdcess dn lktf lktf mgniu mgniugies gies,, gmtfkui gmtfkuif f skje skje prkvdnc prkvdnces es ly prgctdce prgctdce `k. 9. Mgniugie ko Ckjjerce8 Okr` v. Wuelec8 Ckurt strucb `kwn prkvdsdkns ko Wue cfgrter ko Orencf Mgniugie tfgt requdre` ckjjercdgm sdins gn` g`vertdsejents tk le dn Orencf knmy. Ckurt fem` tfgt oree`kj ko expressdkn dncmu`e` oree`kj tk express dn mgniugie ko kne—s cfkdce. Qrkfdldtdkn wgs lregcf ko oree`kj ko expressdkn. G`s gn` ckjjercdgm sdins wgs `dsprkpkrtdkngtemy severe jegsure tfgt ckum` nkt le sgve` un`er s .7, tfereokre, dnvgmd`. g) @evdne v. Wuelec8 Ckurt fem` ktfer prkvdsdkns ko Wue cfgrter ko Orencf Mgniugie tfgt requdre` nkn excmusdve orencf dn lrkcfures, kr`ers, dnvkdces, gn` ktfer lusdness `kcujents kooen`e` oree`kj ko expressdkn, even tfkuif nk prkfdldtdkn kn enimdsf. Oree`kj cknsdsts dn glsence ko ckjpumsdkn gn` glsence ko restrgdnt. Fem`, s. 7 sgve` nkn excmusdve requdrejents. Qrkvdsdkns upfem`. 6. Mgniugie ko E`ucgtdkn8 g) Sectdkn 43 ko Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 76?98 sec 43 Ckn Gct 76?9 cknoers kn prkv Meidsmgtures pkwer tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk e`ucgtdkn, lut prkfdldts orkj gooectdni rdifts wdtf respect tk `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms exdstdni ly mgw gt tfe tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn. Qrkv Mei fgve pkwer tk prescrdle tfe mgniugie ko dnstructdkn dn tfe scfkkms. Fkwever, 43 prkfdldts prkv Mei orkj prehu`dcdgmmy gooectdni gny rdift kr prdvdmeie w/ respect tk `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms wfdcf gny cmgss ko perskns fgve ly mgw dn tfe prkvdnce gt tfe undkn. (Prgnsmgtdkn8 do mgniugie wgs rdift ko `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkm, dn g prkv gt tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn, tfen prkv wkum` le `dsglme` orkj ckjpemmdni tfe `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms tk dnstruct dn g `dooerent mgniugie8 l) Jgcbemm cgse8 wfetfer mgniugie rdifts gre iugrgntee` tk `enkjdngtdkn scfkkms ko pgrt prkv `epen`s upkn gngmysds ko meigm pksdtdkn ko `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms dn tfe prkv gt td je ko cknoe`ergtdkn. Kttgwg \kjgn Cgtfkm dc Sepgrgte Scfkkm Prustees v. v.
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Jgcbemm8 Qrdvy ckuncdm fem` Kntgrdk fg` pkwer tk requdre tfgt Enimdsf le tfe mgniugie ko dnstructdkn dn fdtfertk Orencf spegbdni rkjgn cgtfkmdc sepgrgte scfkkms dn prkv. Stgtute gt tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn `d` nkt cknoer upkn tfe scfkkms meigm rdift tk use Orencf gs mgniugie ko dnstructdkn. Sdnce nk rdift exdste` gt cknoe`ergtdkn, nk rdift wgs preserve` ly s. 43. (7) Sec 43 43 reserv reserves es rdifts rdifts w/ resp respect ect tk `enkjdn `enkjdngtdk gtdkngm ngm scfkk scfkkms ms ko g ‖cmgss ‖cmgss ko persk perskns— ns— gn` fem` fem` tfgt tfgt ‖cmgs ‖cmgsss ko pers perskns kns—— dn 43 jegnt ‖cmgss ko perskns— `eterjdne` gcckr`dni tk remdidkus lemdeo gn` nkt gcckr`dni tk rgce kr remdidkn. (<) Ckncmusdkn8 s. 43 wkum` preserve orkj meidsmgtdve cfgnie tfe mgniugie ko dnstructdkn dn `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms do dt ckum` le estglmdsfe` tfgt trustees ko tfkse scfkkms fg` gt tfe tdje ko cknoe`ergtdkn (g`jdssdkn) g meigm rdift tk cfkkse tfe mgniugie ko dnstructdkn dn tfedr scfkkms. c) Sectdkn <3 ko tfe Cfgrter8 idves enimdsf spegbdni jdnkrdty dn quelec kr orencf spegbdni jdnkrdty dn ktfer prkvdnces tfe rdift tk fgve tfedr cfdm`ren recedve prdjgry gn` seckn`gry scfkkm dnstructdkn dn tfe jdnkrdty mgniugie dn tfgt prkvdnce. Gppmdes tk `enkjdngtdkngm gn` nkn `enkjdngtdkn scfkkms tk pgrents wfk odt kne ko tfree cgteikrdes8 7) jktfer tkniue ko pgrent, <) tfe mgniugie ko prdjgry scfkkm dnstructdkn dn Cgng`g ko tfe pgrent, 3) mgniugie ko dnstructdkn dn Cgng`g ko kne cfdm` ko tfe pgrent (see lemkw)
(7) Jktfer tkniue ko pgrent8 wfkse mgniugie megrne` gn` stdmm un`erstkk` ds tfgt ko enimdsf kr orencf mdniudstdc jdnkrdty pkpumgtdkn ko tfe prkvdnce. (Dn Kntgrdk, ) pgrent—s pgrent—s mgniugie ds orencf, gn` <) stdmm un`erstkk` dn tfgt prkvdnce). @kes nkt gppmy tk tfkse wfkse jktfer tkniue ds nedtfer enimdsf nkr orencf. (g) Gppmdes tk Enimdsf spegber dn Wuelec. ly vdrtue ko s. 54 ko Cknstdtutdkn, pgrgirgpf `kes nkt gppmy tk W untdm meidsmgtdve gssejlmy `ecd`es tk g`kpt dt. Exejptdkn g``e` dn reckindtdkn ko ogct tfgt W gmkne ko prkvdnces `d` nkt hkdn cknstdtutdkngm gireejent, sdnce tfds cmguse wgs jkst ckntrkversdgm, `ecdsdkn jg`e tk exejpt W untdm W dtsemo `ecd`e` tfgt dt wgs wdmmdni tk le lkun`. Eooect8 Enimdsf spegbdni pgrents dn W fgve nk rdift tk sen` tfedr cfdm`ren tk Enimdsf spegbdni scfkkms unmess tfey odt
(3) Mgniugie ko dnstructdkn ko cfdm` dn Cgng`g8 do fgve kne cfdm` wfk recedve` e`ucgtdkn dn eni/orencf, fgve rdift tk fgve gmm cfdm`ren recedve scfkkmdni dn tfgt mgniugie. Wuelec ds nkt exejpte` orkj tfds cmguse. Enckurgies jkldmdty w/n cgng`g ly iugrgnteedni ckntdnudty ko cfdm`—s jdnkrdty e`ucgtdkn mgniugie. (g) Skmsbd v. Wuelec8 Fem` tfgt Wuelec mgw tfgt gmmkwe` okr g`jdssdkn tk enimdsf scfkkm knmy do ktfer cfdm`—s ‖jghkr pgrt— ko e`ucgtdkn wgs dn enimdsf wgs cknsdstent wdtf s. <3 w/k reskrtdni tk s. 7. ”Jghkr pgrt‚ requdrejent wkum` le dncknsdstent do dt cgmme` okr ”qugntdtgtdve‚ jegsurejent ko tfe prkpkrtdkn ko tdje spent ly tfe cfdm` dn Enimdsf mgniugie dnstructdkn dn Cgng`g. Fem` tfgt requdrejent reg` `kwn tk g ”qugmdtgtdve restrdctdkn‚w wfdcf knmy requdres sdindodcgnt pgrt, nkt necessgrdmy jghkr pgrt. Cknstdtutdkngm . `) Yfere nujlers wgrrgnt8 tfe rdift tk jdnkrdty mgniugie dn 3 cgteikrdes glkve ds nkt glskmute. \dift dncmu`es wfere tfe nujler ko tfkse cfdm`ren sk wgrrgnts, tfe rdift tk fgve tfej recedve tfgt dnstructdkn dn jdnkrdty mgniugie e`ucgtdkngm ogcdmdtdes prkvd`e` kut ko pulmdc oun`s. Jgfe v. Gmlertg8 Fem` tfgt eooects ko pgrgirgpfs g) l) ko sulsectdkn 3 ko s. <3 wgs tk estglmdsf g ‖smd`dni scgme— ko (7) entdtmejent lgse` kn nujler ko cfdm`ren wfkse pgrents qugmdoy un`er s. <3 Gt kne en`, nujler ko cfdm`ren jdift le sk sjgmm tfgt tfresfkm` ko g) wkum` nkt le crksse` gn` nk prkirgj ko jdnkrdty mgniugie dnstructdkn wkum` le requdre`. En` ko scgme, nujler ko cfdm`ren jdift le sk mgrie tfgt l) requdrejent ko jdnkrdty mgniugie ogcdmdtdes wkum` requdre tfe estglmdsfjent ko g jdnkrdty scfkkm lkgr`. s. <3 iugrgntees wfgtever type ko rdifts gn` servdces ds gpprkprdgte tk prkvd`e okr jdnkrdty mgniugie dnstructdkn okr nujler ko stu`ents dnvkmve`. (g) Fere s. <3 wgs dn en` ko fdif scgme. E`jkntkn fg` 0,111 cfdm`ren wfkse pgrents fg` s. <3 rdifts gn` tfere wgs g orencf scfkkm dn kpergtdkn wdtf <0< cfdm`ren gn` spgce okr gnktfer 061. Skme questdkn wgs entdtmejent ko s. <3 pgrents tk pkwers ko jgngiejent gn` ckntrkm kver cfdm`ren—s orencf mgniugie e`ucgtdkn. @eiree ko jgngie jent gn` ckntrkm requdre` ckum` dncmu`e jdnkrdty scfkkm lkgr`, lut ckurt sgd` evd`ence kn nujler ko stu`ents nkt suoodcdent tk estglmdsf dn`epen`ent orencf scfkkm lkgr`. (l) Nujlers `d` wgrrgnt g iugrgntee` nujler ko orencf representgtdves kn tfe scfkkm lkgr` tfgt kpergte` tfe exdstdni orencf mgniugie scfkkm. Pfkse reps sfkum` le idven excmusdve ckntrkm kver orencf dnstructdkn, expen`dture ko oun`s, gppkdntjent ko g`jdns tegcfers, `esdin ko prkirgjs
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(<) \e Qulmdc Qulmdc Scfkkms Scfkkms Gct (Jgn.)8 (Jgn.)8 Ckur Ckurtt strucb strucb `kwn Jgndtkl Jgndtklg— g—ss meidsmg meidsmgtdkn tdkn respect respectdni dni oren orencf cf mgniug mgniugie ie scfkkm scfkkmss l/s nk prkvdsdkn okr tfe pgrents ko orencf mgniugie stu`ents tk fgv e jgngiejent gn` ckntrkm kver orencf mgniugie e`ucgt dkn. Est. 5,?79 jdn orencf stu`ents. Fem` nujler wgrrgnte` estglmdsfe` gn dn`epen`ent orencf mgniugie scfkkm lkgr` dn jgndtklg un`er exm jgngiejent gn` ckntrkm ko orencf mgniugie jdnkrdty. Grsengumt-Cgjerkn v. Qrdnce E`wgr` Dsmgn`8 dssue wfetfer tfe wfere-nujlers-wgrrgnt test dn s. <3 jgn`gte` orencf (3) mgniugie scfkkm dn ckjjundty gs orencf spegbdni pgrents dnsdste` kr wfetfer dt wgs suoodcdent tk prkvd`e lus servdce tk gn exdstdni orencf mgniugie scfkkm <6 bj gwgy gs Jdndster ko e`ucgtdkn prkvd`e`. Knmy 04 wdmmdni tk reidster okr new scfkkm. Fem` tfgt do scfkkm jg`e, `ejgn`s wkum` rdse. \emevgnt nujler wgs skjewfere letween bnkwn `ejgn` gn` tfe nujler ko perskns wfk ckum` pktentdgmmy tgbe g`vgntg ie ko tfe servdce. Jegnt tfgt tfe remevgnt nujler wgs jkre tfgn 04, l/c nujler ko bd`s wfk ckum` pktentdgmmy tgbe g`vgntgie ko tfe scfkkm wgs 755. Fem` tfgt tfe omkurdsfdni gn` preservgtdkn ko orencf mgniugie jdnkrdty, wfdcf wgs purpkse un`er s. <3 Cfgrter lest pursue` ly estglmdsfjent do orencf scfkkm dn ckjjundty. Kr`ere` scfkkm estglmdsfe`
@enkjdngtdkngm scfkkm8 Fem` tfgt nkn`enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms were nkt prehu`dce`, were jeremy reiumgte` ly tfe vestdni ko e) @enkjdngtdkngm skje excmusdve pkwers ko jgngiejent gn` ckntrkm dn trustees wfk represente` orencf spegbdni pgrents. o) Supervdsdkn ko reje`dgm kr`ers8 lregcf ko <3 jgy le reje`de` un`er <0(7) Cfgrter - gutfkrdzes ckurt tk gwgr` reje`y gs ckurt cknsd`ers gpprkprdgte gn` hust dn cdrcujstgnces. @kucet-Lku`regu v. Nkvg Scktdg8 hu`ie kr`ere` odve scfkkms le ludmt gn` tfgt prki rgjs ko dnstructdkn le `evemkpe` okr (7) egcf scfkkm. Stdpumgte` `gtes, gn` currdcumuj. Fem` serdes ko repkrtdni fegrdnis tfrkuifkut perdk` ko cknstructdkn ko scfkkms gt wfdcf ikvt requdre` tk odme good`gvdts gs tk prkiress ko wkrb, pgrents were perjdtte` tk odme good`gvdts ko reluttgm, gmm sulhect tk crkss exgj. Odrst tdje cgng`dgn ckurt jg`e prkvdsdkn okr hu`dcdgm supervdsdkn. Gppegme`. Ckurt upfem` supervdsdkn. - `gniers ko gssdjdmgtdkn ko orencf spegbdni jghkrdty dn prkvdnce, pgst `emgys dn `evemkpdni scfkkms. Supervdskry wgs hust gn` prkper, tfus, vgmd`. @dssent8 dn unmdbemy even ko nkn ckjpmdgnce pgrents cgn iet g ckntejpt kr`er, nk nee` tk supervdse. Ckurt jkve` kutsd`e g`hu`dcgtdve rkme gn` dntk kutsd`e expertdse (currdcumuj, ludm`dni ko scfkkms).
L. GLK\DIDNGM GN@ P\EGPT \DIFPS - Cf. <6
7. Oe`ergm Oe`ergm meidsmgtdve pkwer g) Sectdkn 47(<0)8 cknoers upkn oe` pgrmdgjent tk jgbe mgws dn remgtdkn tk dn`dgns gn` mgn`s reserve` okr Dn`dgns. Jgdn purpkse wgs okr prktectdkn ko glkrdidngm pekpmes gigdnst mkcgm settmers gn` tk jgdntgdn undokrj ngtdkngm pkmdcdes respectdni tfe Dn`dgns. < feg`s ko pkwer dn sectdkn - dn`dgns gn` pkwer kver mgn`s reserve` okr dn`dgns (exercdse` dn respect tk nkn dn`dgns tkk) l) Dn`dgns8 glkrdidngm pekpmes. Dn`dgn Gct8 perskns w/n stgtutkry `eodndtdkn ko dn`dgn gct gre bnkwn gs ‖stgtus dn`dgns—. Pfere gre gmsk unstgtus Dn`dgns. Jetds gre orencf cgng`dgn jen jgrrde` tk Dn`dgn wkjen, gre dn`dgns lut nkt w/n stgtus irkup. Dnudt, gn` Esbdjk gmsk kut sd`e ko stgtus irkup gmtfkuif gre Dn`dgns : nkn stgtus dn`dgns, jetds, dnudt nkt ikverne` ly Dn`dgn Gct. (7) Cgn jgbe jgbe mgws mgws kn succes successdkn sdkn tk tfe tfe prkpert prkperty y goter goter `ecegs `ecegse, e, jentg jentgmmy mmy dmm. dmm. _gmd`dty gmd`dty `epen `epen`s `s kn wfetfer wfetfer pdtcf pdtcf gn` gn` sulstgnce dn remgtdkn tk Dn`dgns kr dn remgtdkn tk successdkn, prkperty, kr e`ucgtdkn. (<) Mgw wdmm le upfem` upfem` do ckum` ckum` rgtdkngm rgtdkngmmy my le le remgte` remgte` tk dntem dntemmdid mdidlme lme Dn`dgn Dn`dgn pkmdc pkmdcdes des even even do tfe tfe mgws mgws wkum` wkum` kr`dngr kr`dngrdmy dmy le kutsd`e oe`ergm ckjpetence. Mgws dn remgtdkn tk Dn`dgn prkperty gn` e`ucgtdkn fgs leen hustdode` gs gdjdni dn`dgn ckncerns. c) Mgn`s reserve` okr tfe Dn`dgns8 sectdkn 47(<0) ly dts seckn` lrgncf cknoers kn oe`ergm pgrmdgjent meidsmgtdve pkwer kver ‖mgn`s reserve` okr tfe dn`dgns—. Dncmu`es mgn` reserve` un`er rkygm prkcmgjgtdkn - tfgt ds, w/n terrdtkry ckvere` ly prkcmgjgtdkn tfgt wgs dn tfe pkssessdkn ko dn`dgns gn` tfgt fg` nkt leen ce`e` tk tfe Crkwn. (7) @emigju @emigjuubw ubw v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmuj Ckmujldg8 ldg8 ckurt ckurt fem` fem` tfgt tfgt pfrgs pfrgsee exten` exten`ss tk gmm mgn` mgn`ss fem` fem` purs pursugnt ugnt tk glkr glkrdidn didngm gm tdtme tdtme.. (<) St. Cgtfe Cgtferdne rdne—s —s Jdmmdni Jdmmdni cgse cgse88 prdvy prdvy ckuncd ckuncdmm fem` fem` mgn`s mgn`s reser reserve` ve` were were nkt nkt gjkni gjkni prkp prkperty erty trgnsoer trgnsoerre` re` tk tfe tfe `kjdndk `kjdndkn. n. Do Do dn`dgns surren`er mgn`, wfdcf tfey cgn knmy tk tfe crkwn, tfen oumm tdtme tk mgn`s ds gssuje` ly prkvdnce, nkt `kjdndkn. `) Cgng`dgn ldmm ko rdifts8 gppmdes knmy tk oe`ergm mgws, 7(l) okrld`s `dscrdjdngtdkn ko rgce, iugrgntees equgmdty. use ko ‖Dn`dgn— dn Dn`dgn gct seejs tk kooen` tfds, yet dts gmsk dn s. 47(<0) Ckn Gct 76?9. \.v.@rylknes8 Ckurt fem` use ko rgcdgm cmgssdodcgtdkn ‖Dn`dgn— dn s. 40 ko Dn`dgn Gct, wfdcf jg`e dt gn kooense okr gn Dn`dgn tk le dntkxdcgtdkn koo g reserve, vdkmgte` equgmdty iugrgntee` ly tfe Ldmm. e) Cfgrter ko rdifts8 s. 75 ckntgdns equgmdty rdifts. Dn`dgn Gct nkt yet cfgmmenie` okr ”dn`dgn— cmgssdodcgtdkn, jdift odn` exceptdkns tk dt un`er 75(<) kr 7, kr un`er cmguse okr glkrdidngm tregty. (7) Erjdnes Erjdnesbdn bdn Dn`dg Dn`dgn n lgn` lgn` gn` gn` Ngtdk Ngtdkn n v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 specdgm specdgm cknstdtu cknstdtutdkn tdkngm gm stgtu stgtuss ko dn`dgns dn`dgns dinkre` dinkre` ly Ckurt Ckurt dn s. s. 75 cfgmmenie ly dn`dgn lgn`s tk tfe dnvestjent prkvdsdkns ko Dn`dgn Gct wfdcf precmu`e` externgm dnvestjent ko Dn`dgn oun`s fem` ly Crkwn. Fkwever, Ckurt rehecte` cfgmmenie kn irkun` tfgt tfe restrdctdkns entg dme` pru`ent dnvestjent prgctdces tfgt were nkt `dscrdjdngtkry.
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(<) Dn`dgn Dn`dgn Gct ds ds vumner vumnerglm glmee tk gttgcb gttgcb tfgt dt kooen` kooen`ss s. 75. Ckrld Ckrldere ere v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 Ckurt Ckurt strucb strucb `kwn `kwn prkvds prkvdsdkn dkn ko ko Dn`dgn Dn`dgn Gct tfgt jg`e resd`ence kn reserve g requdrejent okr vktdni emectdkns. Fem` tfgt `dstdnctdkn letween dn`dgns wfk mdve` kn reserve (gn` ckum` vkte) gn` wfk mdve` koo reserve (ckum` nkt vkte) wgs lregcf ko s. 75 (3) Mkvemgc Mkvemgcee v. v. Kntgrdk Kntgrdk88 Ckurt Ckurt rehect rehecte` e` cfgmme cfgmmenie nie tk tk `dstrdl `dstrdlutdk utdkn n ko Cgsd Cgsdnk nk \gjg \gjg igjlm igjlmdni dni prko prkodts dts tfgt tfgt wgs wgs mdjdt mdjdte` e` tk ckjjundtdes reidstere` gs lgn`s un`er Dn`dgn gct. Ckum` fem` tfe excmusdkn ko nkn stgtus lgn`s orkj tfe `dstrdlutdkn ko tfe prkodts wgs nkt g lregcf ko s. 75 o) Pregtdes8 Pregtdes8 ienergm rume, tregtdes fgve nk eooect kn dnterngm mgw ko cgng`g unmess tfey gre djpmejente` ly meidsmgtdkn. Gmtfkuif tregty entere` dntk w/ US exejpte` Dn`dgns orkj pgydni `uty gt custkjs, Ckurt fem` custkjs `utdes were stdmm pgyglme ly Dn`dgns l/c Custkjs Gct `d` nkt dncmu`e giree` upkn exejptdkn. (7) Pregtd Pregtdes es ckum` ckum` nkt nkt stgn` stgn` gigdnst gigdnst dncknsds dncknsdsten tentt oe`ergm oe`ergm meids meidsmgt mgtdkn. dkn. Pregt Pregty y iugrgnte iugrgntee` e` trdles trdles tfedr tfedr rdift rdift tk funt funt okr okr okk` okk` gt gny tdje, Ckurt fem` dn`dgns were stdmm prkfdldte` ly oe`ergm mgw orkj sfkktdni jdirgtkry ldr`s kut ko segskn l/c jdirgtdkn ld`s cknventdkn gct `d` nkt dncmu`e gire e` upkn exejptdkn. (<) Sect 35 ko Ckn Gct 746< 746< nkw idves idves prktect prktectdkn dkn tk rdifts rdifts cregte` cregte` ly ly tregtde tregtdess w/ dn`dg dn`dgn n trdlun trdlunes es gn` gn` tk rdif rdifts ts cregte cregte` ` ly dnterngtdkngm tregtdes. Kpergtes gs g mdjdtgtdkn kn oe`ergm pkwers gn` prkvdncdgm meidsmgtures. <. Qrkvdncdgm Qrkvdncdgm meidsmgtdve pkwer8
g) Gppmdcgtdkn ko prkvdncdgm mgws8 ienergm rume, prkvdncdgm mgws gppmy tk dn`dgns gn` mgn`s reserve` okr dn`dgns. (7) \.v.Fdm \.v.Fdmm8 m8 Knt Knt Ct Gpp fem` fem` tfgt tfgt g prkv prkvdnc dncdgm dgm mgw mgw cknodnd cknodndni ni tfe tfe prgctd prgctdce ce ko je`dcdn je`dcdnee tk qugmdo qugmdode` de` pfys pfysdcdg dcdgns ns gppmd gppmde` e` tk dn`dgns (cknvdcte` ko kooense ko ungutfkrdze` prgctdce ko mgw) Kooense `d` nkt tgbe pmgce kn reserve lut resumt wkum` fgve leen sgje do dt fg`. (<) Okur L Jgnuog Jgnuogctur cturdni dni v. v. Undte` Undte` Igrj Igrjent ent Ykrbers krbers88 Ckurt Ckurt fem` fem` prkvdnc prkvdncdgm dgm mglk mglkrr mgw gppmde` gppmde` tk g sfkw sfkw jgnuog jgnuogctur cturdni dni lusdness, wfdcf wgs mkcgte` kn g reserve, wfdcf wgs kwne` (tfrkuif ckrp) ly dn`dgns, wfdcf ejpmkye` jgdnmy dn `dgns, gn` wfdcf fg` leen oun`e` ly `epgrtjent ko dn`dgn googdrs. (3) \.v. \.v. Orgnc Orgncds8 ds8 prkvdncd prkvdncdgm gm trgo trgoodc odc mgws gppmde` gppmde` tk dn`dgn dn`dgn `rdvdni `rdvdni g vefdc vefdcme me kn dn`dgn dn`dgn reserv reserves. es. (0) Qgum v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmuj Ckmujldg8 ldg8 LC—s LC—s okres okrestt prgctdc prgctdces es gct gct gppmde gppmde` ` tk gn dn`dg dn`dgn n wfk wfk fg` fg` leen leen cuttdn cuttdni i tdjler tdjler dn lregc lregcf f ko prkfdldtdkn ko tfe gct. Dn`dgn gct `d` nkt nee` t k jgbe tfe gct gppmdcglme. (5) Qrkv fgve fgve pkwer pkwer tk jgbe jgbe tfedr tfedr mgws mgws gppmd gppmdcglm cglmee tk dn`dgn dn`dgnss gn` dn`dgn dn`dgn rese reserves rves,, sk mkni mkni gs gs tfey tfey gre gre dn remgt remgtdkn dkn tk tk jgtter jgtter ckjdni w/n prkv feg` ko pkwer. Nk `dooerent orkj gmdens, lgnbs, oe`ergmmy dnckrpkrgte` ckjpgndes, dnterprkvdncdgm tgbdnis gmm gre sulhects ko oe`ergm pkwer lut fgve tk pgy prkv tgxes gn` kley prkv trgoodc mgws, fegmtf gn` sgoety requdrejents. (?) Okur L gn` Orgncds Orgncds sfkw8 sfkw8 tfere tfere ds ds nk `dst `dstdnct dnctdkn dkn letw letween een Dn`dg Dn`dgns ns gn` gn` ‖mgn`s ‖mgn`s reserve` reserve` okr tfe tfe dn`dgn dn`dgns— s— gn` tfgt prkv prkv mgws jgy gppmy tk lktf sulhect jgtters ko 47(<0) - tfe twk lrgncfes l) Odve exceptdkns tk ienergm rume tfgt prkvdncdgm mgws gppmy tk Dn`dgns gn` mgn` reserve` okr tfe Dn`dgns8
(7) Sdnimdni kut8 prkv mgw tfgt sdnime` kut Dn`dgns kr Dn`dgn reserves okr specdgm tregt jent wkum` run tfe rdsb ko ledni cmgssdode` gs g mgw dn remgtdkn tk Dn`dgn kr Dn`dgn reserves, do sk, mgw wkum` le dnvgmd`. (<) Dn`dgnness8 g prkv mgw tfgt gooects ‖gn dnteirgm pgrt ko prdjgry oe`ergm h`x kver Dn`dgns gn` mgn`s reserve` okr tfe Dn`dgns— wdmm le dngppmdcglme tk Dn`dgns gn` mgn`s reserve` okr tfe dn`dgns (even tfkuif dts g mgw ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn). Dncmu`es, mgws tfgt djpgdr stgtus kr cgpgcdty ko dn`dgns, gooect dn`gnness. Gngmkiy dn tfe djjundty orkj prkv mgws tfgt djpgdr g vdtgm pgrt ko un`ertgbdnis w/n oe` h`x. Exceptdkn jegns, prkv mgws cgnnkt gooect glkrdidngm rdifts kr tregty rdifts. (g) Ngturgm Qgrents v. Superdnten`ent ko Cfdm` Yemogre8 Yemogre8 ckurt fem`, wfdme prkvdncdgm g`kptdkn mgw wkum` perjdt wfdte pgrents tk g`kpt gn dn`dgn cfdm`, prkv mgw fg` tk le reg` `kwn gs nkt tk `epr dve cfdm` ko fds dn`dgn stgtus. Qrkv mgws cgnnkt gooect tfe rdift tk pkssessdkn ko mgn` kn gn dn`dgn reserve, gn` cgnnkt gooect gt megse skje sues ko mgn` kn reserve (funtdni). (l) Mkvemgce v. Kntgrdk8 Cfgmmenie` prkv prkirgj tfgt sent prkodts orkj cgsdnk mkcgte` kn Dn`dgn reserve tk ktfer odrst ngtdkn ckjjundtdes. Lrkuift ly nkn stgtus ckjjundtdes wfk were excu`e` orkj prkirgj, griue` tfgt prkv strgy` dntk oe` h`x l `eodndni ckjjundtdes gs ‖odrst ngtdkns— okr prkirgj. Ckurt fem` tfgt g prkv spen`dni prkirgj tfgt use` tfe `eodndtdkns ko Dn`dgn Gct tk prescrdle dts sckpe `d` nkt djpgdr stgtus kr cgpgcdty ko nkn-stgtus Dn`dgns, `d` nkt djpgdr gny glkrdidngm kr tregty rdift, gn` cknsequentmy `d` nkt gooect Dn`dgnness. Qrkirgj wgs upfem`. Cfgmmenie lgse` kn equgmdty iugrgntee ko s. 75 rehecte`. (c) Bdtbgtmg Lgn` v. v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg8 dn`dgnness exceptdkn remde` kn tk cfgmmenie prkvdsdkn ko LC ferdtgie cknservgtdkn gct tfgt cknoerre` g `dscretdkn kn tfe respknsdlme jdndster tk mdcense tfe `estructdkns ko ferdtgie prkperty. Griujent tfgt mdcensdni ko `estructdkn ko glkrdidngm ferdtgie prkperty djpgdre` stgtus kr cgpgcdty ko glkrdidngm pekpme l/c grtdogcts were gt ckre ko dn`dgness. Ckurt rehecte`, fem` tfgt Gct wgs vgmd` exercdse ko prkvdncdgm pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn prkvdnce. Qurpkse ko Gct wgs tk prktect ferdtgie prkperty, dncmu`dni glkrdidngm. Fem` glkrdidngm pekpme fg` nkt estglmdsfe` gny glkrdidngm rdift kr tdtme tk cumturgmmy jk`dode` trees wfdcf were kn crkwn mgn` gn` `espdte cumturgm sdindodcgnce ko trees, tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe Gct tk tfe trees `d` nkt gooect Dn`dgnness.
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(`) Qgum v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg8 okrest gppegms ckjjdssdkns ko LC, gn g`jdn trdlungm, estglmdsfe` un`er prkv mgw, trydni g ckntrgventdkn ko prkvdnces Okrest Qrgctdces Ck`e. @eoen`gnt dn`dgn cmgdje` fe wgs exercdsdni glkrdidngm rdift wfen fe cut `kwn trees dn prkv okrest dn vdkmgtdkn ko ck`e. Griue` trdlungm fg` nk h`x kver fds cgse knce glkrdidngm rdift dn dssue. d) Ckurt rehecte` rehecte` griujent tfgt prkv ckum` nkt g`jdn trdlungm tk jgbe rumdni ko exdstence/gppmdc exdstence/gppmdcgldmdty gldmdty ko glkrdidngm glkrdidngm rdift. Qrkvdnces ckum` nkt meidsmgte, extdniudsf kr gmter glkrdidngm rdifts, gn` ckum` nkt cknoer kn g`jdn trdlungm pkwer tk extdniudsf kr gmter glkrdidngm rdif ts. Dt ckum` knmy `eterjdne wfetfer g cmgdje` rdift exdste`. dd) @eterjdngtdkn wkum` le ldn`dni lut wkum` nkt le g prece`ent tfgt wkum` ldn`dni kn ktfer trdlungms, ckurts gn` dt wkum` le sulhect tk hu`dcdgm revdew ly superdkr ckurt kn stgn`gr` ko ckrrectness. ddd) Pfus, h`x ko ckjjdssdkn ckjjdssdkn wkum` wkum` exten` exten` tk `eterjdngt `eterjdngtdkn dkn ko ko g cmgdj ko glkrdidng glkrdidngmm rdift w/k eooect eooect kn kn Dndgnness. dv) Fem`8 ckjjdssdkn ckjjdssdkn sfkum` prkcee` tk `eterjdne `eterjdne wfetfer cuttdni `kwn trees wgs vgmd` vgmd` exercdse ko glkrdidngm glkrdidngm rdift. Qgrgjkuntcy8 do g prkv mgw ds dncknsdstent wdtf g prkvdsdkn ko tfe dn`dgn gct (kr ktfer oe` mgw), tfe prkv mgw ds
(3) ren`ere` dnkpergtdve ly tfe `kctrdne ko oe`ergm pgrgjkuntcy. (0) Ngturgm reskurces gireejent8 tfe rdift ko dn`dgns tk tgbe igje gn` odsf okr ikk`, wfdcf ds `eodne` gn` prktecte` dn tfree prkvdnces ly tfds gireejent. Qrkv mgws cgnnk t `eprdve ko tfds rdift. Sectdkn 358 glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts dn Ckn Gct 746< s. 35 prktect. Dt gppmdes tk oe`ergm mgws gn` prkv mgws. Gmsk (5) s. 66 ko Dn`dgn Gct tfgt expressmy prkvd`es prkv mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn just ydem` tk terjs ko gny tregty. Even leokre 746<, glkrdidngm rdifts were nkt vumnerglme tk prkv mgws l/c ko dn`dgnness exceptdkn. 3. Sectdkn 66 Dn`dgn Dn`dgn Gct8 g) Qrkvdncdgm mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn gppmy tk dn`dgns, exten`s tk dn`dgns kn g reserve. Kpergtes gs oe`ergm g`kptdkn, kr dnckrpkrgtdkn ly reoerence, ko prkv mgws jgbdni tfe prkv mgws gppmdcglme gs pgrt ko oe`ergm mgws.
l) Mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn8 tfds excmu`es prkv mgws tfgt sdnime kut dn`dgns okr specdgm tregtjent. Ckurt fem` tfgt s 66 `d` nkt jgbe prkv mgws gooectdni dn`dgnness gppmdcglme tk dn`dgns. Pfds jg`e s 66 knmy `ecmgrgtkry gn` `d` nkt expgn` lk`y ko prkvdncdgm mgw tfgt gppmde` tk dn`d gns. @dcb v. Pfe Wueen8 fem` tfgt s 66 knmy gppmde` tk prkv mgws tfgt gooecte` d n`dgnness, ly djpgdrdni stgtus ko dn`dgns. (7) Pfese were tfe knmy mgws tk wfdcf 66 gppmde`. (trgoodc meidsmgtdkn, gppmde` tk dn`dgns ko tfedr kwn okrce). S. 66 ds nkt `ecmgrgtkry, lut expgn`s lk`y ko prkv mgw tfgt ds gppmdcglme tk dn`dgns. Qrkv mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgldmdty cgn dnordnie glkrdidngm rdifts. Lut 66 `kes nkt sk ogr gs tk englme prkv mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn tk extdniudsf glkrdidngm rdifts l/c 66 `kes nkt evdnce requdsdte cmegr gn` pmgdn dntent tk extdniudsf glkrdidngm rdifts. Qrkv mgws nkt gooectdni dn`dgnness wfdcf `k nkt gppmy tk dn`dgns ko tfedr kwn okrce gre nkt cguift dn s. 66
c) Qgrgjkuntcy exceptdkn8 pgrgjkuntcy gppmdes tk prkv mgws ko ienergm gppmdcg tdkn, cknomdct letween oe` gn` prkv mgw ko ienergm gppmdcgldmdty reskmve` dn ogvkr ko oe` mgw. Qrkv mgw ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn wfdcf jgbes prkvdsdkn okr gny jgtter okr wfdcf prkvdsdkn ds jg`e ly dn`dgn gct just ydem` tk tfe prkvdsdkns ko tfe dn`dg n gct. Qgrgjkuntcy gppmdes wfere tfere ds gn express ckntrg`dctdkn ltn oe` gn` prkv mgw, nkt do lktf mgws ckver sgje jgtters. 66 wdmm ren`er dngppmdcglme mgws ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn wfdcf gre nkt dn `drect cknomdct w/ tfe dn`dgn gct. (7) Pfds Pfds expgns expgnsdkn dkn ko pgrg pgrgjku jkuntcy ntcy ds gn gn exceptd exceptdkn kn tk tk s. 66. Sdnce Sdnce 66 66 gppmdes gppmdes tk tfkse tfkse prkv prkv mgws mgws tfgt tfgt gooect gooect dn`dgnne dn`dgnness ss,, Dt ds knmy tfkse mgws tfgt gre sulhect tk wd`er pgrgjkuntcy rume. Qrkv mgws tfgt `d nkt gooect dn`dgnness gre nkt cguift dn s. 66 gn` nkt gooecte` ly exceptdkn dn s. 66 (<) Qrkv mgws mgws tfgt tfgt `k nkt nkt gooec gooectt dn`dgne dn`dgnes, s, ggppmy ppmy tk dn`dgn dn`dgnss ko tfedr tfedr kwn okrce okrce,, nkt tfrkuif tfrkuif s. s. 66, 66, gn` tfey gre sulh sulhect ect tk tk kr`dngry rume ko pgrgjkuntcy, nkt expgn`e` rume ko s. 66 `) Pregty Pregty exceptdkn8 exceptdkn8 gny cknomdct letween tregty jg`e wdtf dn`dgns gn` prkv mgw ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn fgs tk le reskmve` dn ogvkr ko tfe tregty prkvdsdkn. Un`er @dcb s. 66 `kes nkt gppmy tk prkv mgws tfgt `k nkt gooect dn`dgnness, tfereokre 66 wkum` nkt cknoer kn dn`dgn tregtdes pgrgjkuntcy kver prkv mgws tfgt `k nkt gooect dn`dgnness. S. 66 sfdem`s dn`dgn tregtdes orkj gmm prkv mgws. 0. Ngturgm \eskurces Gireejent8 mdjdtgtdkn kn prkv ckjpetence tk jgbe mgws gppmdcglme tk dn`dgns ly tfds gireejent entere` dntk ly cgng`g gn` tfree prgdrde prkvdnces, fgve cknstdt utdkngm stgtus ly gjen`jent tk cknstdtutdkn. Dn Gmlertg, Sgsbgtcfewgn, Jgndtklg, dn`dgns gre iugrgntee` rdift tk tgbe igje gn` odsf okr okk` gt gmm segskns ko tfe yegr kn tfe specdode` mgn`s. Qrkv mgws ckntrgry gre dngppmdcglme tk dn`dgns. (funt igje gn` odsf okr ikk`, `urdni gmm segskns) g) ”Okr okk`‚ restrdctdkn kn funtdni gn` odsfdni rdifts. Dn`dgns dn prgdrdes, fg` rdift tk funt gn` odsf okr ckjjercdgm purpkses gs wemm gs okr ikk`, fg` tfedr rdifts cut `kwn ly tfe Gireejents. l) \.v.Fkrsejgn8 fem` tfgt gmlertg—s dn`dgn tregty rdift tk funt ckjjercdgmmy, wfdcf fg` leen cknoerre` dn tregt 6, fg` leen jerie` gn` cknskmd`gte` dn cmguse 7< ko tfe gmlertg gireejent gn` rdifts were nkw tfkse specdode` dn gireejent. Jegns : dn`dgn tregty rdifts fg` leen pgrtdgmmy extdniudsfe` ly g cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent engcte` w/k tfe cknsent ko tfe dn`dgns wfk were nkt cknsumte` kn terjs ko ngturgm reskurces gireejent.
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5. Glkrdidngm Glkrdidngm rdifts8 g) \eckindtdkn ko glkrdidngm rdifts8 sec 35 Ckn gct 6< idves cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn tk ‖exdstdni glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts ko glkrdidngm pekpmes dn cgng`g—. Glkrdidngm rdifts tfgt fgve nkt leen extdniudsfe` gre reckindze` ly tfe ckjjkn mgw gn` gre enokrceglme ly tfe ckurts. Iuerdn v. Pfe Pfe Wueen8 tdtme ds g meigm rdift `erd ve` orkj dn`dgn—s fdstkrdc kccupgtdkn gn` pkssessdkn ko tfedr trdlungm (7) mgn`s. Ogcts8 lgn` fg` surren`ere` mgn` tk crkwn tk englme crkwn tk megse dt tk g ikm o cmul. Crkwn megse` dt lut kn terjs mess ogvkrglme tfgn tfkse giree` tk ly Lgn`. Ckurt fem` tfgt glkrdidngm tdtme tk mgn` igve rdse tk g od`ucdgry `uty kn pgrt ko Crkwn tk `egm w/ tfe mgn` okr tfe leneodt ko surren`erdni dn`dgns. Fem`, od`ucdgry `uty wgs lrkben, `gjgies tk Lgn`. (<) \,v. \,v. Spgrrkw Spgrrkw88 reckindz reckindze` e` glkrdi glkrdidngm dngm rdift rdift tk tk odsf odsf okr sgmj sgmjkn kn dn orgs orgser er rdver rdver.. @ cfgrie cfgrie` ` w/ vdkmgt vdkmgtdni dni oe`erg oe`ergmm odsfer odsferdes des Gct. Gct. Fem` s 53 prkvd`e` cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn okr glkrdidngm rdift. Gmm `egmdnis w/ glkrdidngm pekpmes (dncmu`dni meidsmgtdkn), tfe ikvt fgs respknsdldmdty tk gct dn od`ucdgry cgpgcdty (3) Cgses Cgses reckind reckindze ze rdift rdift gt ckjjk ckjjkn n mgw, mgw, od`ucdg od`ucdgry ry `uty `uty.. Spgrrk Spgrrkw w `ecd`es `ecd`es tfgt rdif rdiftt ds cknstd cknstdtutd tutdkngm kngmmy my prktec prktecte` te` un`er un`er s. s. 35 l) @eodndtdkn ko glkrdidngm rdifts8 rdifts fem` ly glkrdidngm pekpmes ly regskn ko tfe ogct tfgt tfey were knce dn`epen`ent, semo ikverndni entdtdes dn pkssessdkn ko jkst ko tfe mgn`s nkw jgbdni up cgng`g. Specdgm meigm stgtus l/c tfey were gmreg`y fere mdvdni dn ckjjundtdes, tfds `dstdniudsfes orkj ktfer jdnkrdty irkups dn cgng`g. (7) **\.v._gn **\.v._gn `er Qeet8 Qeet 8 Meigm Pest tk d`entdoy gn exdstdni glkrdidngm rdift w/n s. <58 gctdvdty just le gn emejent ko g prgctdce, custkj, kr trg`dtdkngm dnteirgm tk tfe `dstdnctdve cumture ko tfe glkrdidngm irkup gssertdni tfe rdift. Pk le dnteirgm, prgctdce just le ko ‖centrgm sdindodcgnce— tk glkrdidngm skcdety8 just le `eodndni cfgrgcterdstdcs ko tfe skcdety, ‖kne ko tfe tfdnis tfgt jg`e tfe cumture ko tfe skcdety `dstdnctdve—. Pfe prgctdce just fgve `evemkpe` leokre ‖ckntgct—, prgctdce cgn evkmve lut dntk g jk`ern okrj tfgt cgn le trgce` tk dts krdidns lgcb tk pre ckntgct perdk`. (g) Ogcts8 ` cknvdcte` ko semmdni odsf tfgt sfe cguift un`er gutfkrdty ko Dn`dgn okk` odsf mdcense. (l) Dssue8 wfetfer tfe `eoen`gnt fg` gn glkrdidngm rdift tk semm odsf. (c) Fem`8 unmdbe prgctdce ko odsfdni okr okk`, prgctdce ko semmdni odsf wgs nkt gn ‖dnteirgm2 pgrt ko Stk8mk cumture. Dt wgs knmy goter ckntrgct tfgt tfese pekpme leiun odsfdni tk suppmy okr jgrbet, cregte` ly Eurkpegn `ejgn`. Pfus, @ wgs unsuccessoum dn estglmdsfdni glkrdidngm rdift tk semm odsf, wgs prkpermy cknvdcte`. (<) \.v.N. \.v.N.P P.C Sjkb Sjkbefk efkuse8 use8 prgctdce prgctdce ko excfgn excfgnidni idni odsf odsf wgs nkt suoo suoodcde dcdentmy ntmy centrgm centrgm tk glkrdi glkrdidngm dngm cumture cumture tk tk qugmdo qugmdoy y gs gn gn glkrdidngm rdift. (3) \.v.Img \.v.Img`st `stkne8 kne8 (rdif (rdiftt gmmeie` gmmeie`88 semm semm ferrdni ferrdni spgwn spgwn kn bept) bept).. Leokre Leokre ckntg ckntgct, ct, Fedmtsub Fedmtsub pekpme pekpme fgldt fgldtugmm ugmmy y skm` skm` mgrie mgrie qugntdtdes ko ferrdni spgwn kn bept tk ktfer trdldes. Prg`e dn ferrdni spgwn kn bept wgs ‖ g centrgm gn` `eodndni oegture ko Fedmtsub skcdety— (0) Jdtcfemm Jdtcfemm v. v. Jdndste Jdndsterr ko Ngtdk Ngtdkngm ngm \even \evenue8 ue8 Ckurt Ckurt rehec rehecte` te` cmgdj cmgdj ko Jkfgw Jkfgwb b pekpme pekpme ko ko Gbwe Gbwesgne sgne tk gn glkrdidn glkrdidngm gm rdift rdift lrdni okk`s purcfgse` dn US gcrkss St. Mgwrence rdver dntk cgng`g w/k pgydni custkjs `uty. Evd`ence `d` nkt estglmdsf preckntrgct trg`e ly Jkfgwb. Pfe kccgsdkns ko trg`e were oew gn ogr letween, dt wgs nkt g prgctdce dnteirgm tk tfe `dstdnctdve cumture ko Jkfgwb pekpme. (g) Ckncurrence8 trg`e wgs knmy kccgsdkngm gn` nkt dnteirgm tk jkfgwb cumture. Sucf g rdift wkum` le dnckjpgtdlme w/ crkwn skveredinty. Ckntrkm kver tfe jkvejent ko pekpme gn` ikk`s dntk g ckuntry wgs g ‖oun`gjentgm gttrdlute ko skveredinty—, glkrdidngm rdift tk lrdni dn ikk`s oree wgs dnckjpgtdlme w/ tfgt skveredinty. \.v. Sgppder2 Qrgctdce okr survdvgm leokre ckntgct, Jgmdset gn` Jd—bjgq Dn`dgns were jdirgtkry pekp me mdvdni orkj (5) funtdni gn` odsfdni kver mgrie terrdtkry usdni rdvers ko egstern cgng`g okr trgnspkrtgtdkn, wkum` fgrvest wkk` okr ludm`dni tejpkrgry sfemters gn` ktfer uses (cgnkes, tkkms, odrewkk`). Cfgrie` w/ ungutfkrdze` pkssessdkn ko crkwn tdjler dn NL (kooense) (g)Dssue8 `d` tfds evkmve dntk jk`ern rdift tk cut trucbmkg` ko tdjler kn crkwn mgn`s gn` use dt okr ludm`dni fkje; (l) Fem`8 fgrvestdni ko wkk` okr `kjestdc uses wgs dnteirgm tk `dstdnctdve cumture ko Jgmdset gn` Jd—bjgq pekpme, djjgterdgm tfgt dt fg` `evemkpe` gs g necessdty ko survdvgm. Qre-ckntgct prgctdce ko fgrvestdni wkk` okr cknstructdkn ko tejpkrgry sfemters fg` evkmve` dntk jk`ern rdift tk fgrvest wkk` ly jk`ern jegns okr cknstructdkn ko perjgnent `wemmdnis. Successoum dn estglmdsfdni glkrdidngm rdift, gcqudtte`.
(?) Jetds rdifts goter ckntgct8 `eodndtdkn ko glkrdidngm rdift s orkj \.v._gn `er Qeet lgse` kn pre ckntrgct. Pfds `kes nkt wkrb okr Jetds l/c tfey krdidngte` orkj dnter-jgrrdgie ko Orencf Cgng`dgn jen gn` Dn`dgn wkjen `urdni our trg`e perdk`, `d` nkt exdst leokre ckntgct (g) \.v. Qkwmey8 Ckum` fem` tfgt okr Jetds cmgdjdni glkrdidngm rdifts, okcus kn ckntgct fg` tk le jkve` okrwgr`, tk tfe ‖tdje ko eooectdve eurkpegn ckntrkm—. Ktfer tfgn tdje sfdot, _gn `er Qeet `eodndtdkn ds use` tk `eodne Jetds rdifts.
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d) Ogcts8 twk jetds cmgdje` glkrdidngm rdift tk funt okr ikk` dn Sgumt Ste. Jgrde greg ko Kntgrdk. Qrgctdce ko funtdni okr okk` wgs dnteirgm tk cumture ko fdstkrdc ckjjundty. Sdnce Jetds cmgdjgnts were jejlers ko jk`ern ckjjundty, gn` trgce` tfedr gncestry lgcb tk pre-ckntrkm ckjjundty, tfey were entdtme` tk glkrdidngm tdtme ko funtdni okr ikk` dn tfe greg. c) Glkrdidngm semo ikvernjent8 rdift tk semo ikvt exdsts ly vdrtue ko ogct tfgt tfey were mdvdni dn semo ikverndni ckjjundtdes leokre ckntgct. \.v.Qgjghewkn8 Ckurt rehecte` cmgdj ly twk odrst ngtdkns irkups tk ckn`uct fdif stgbes igjlmdni kn tfedr reserve s, (7) cmgdje` tk le exercdse` gcckr`dni tk rdift tk semo ikvt. Fem` tfgt semo ikverndni cmgdjs just le reskmve` ly _gn `er Qeet test. Yfdme dt wgs sfkwe` tfgt K pekpme igjlme` leokre ckntgct, dt wgs dnokrjgm gn` sjgmm scgme gn` never g jegns ly wfdcf ckjjundtdes were sustgdne`. Ckncmu`e`, leokre ckntgct igjlmdni wgs nkt gn dnteirgm pgrt ko `dstdnctdve odrst ngtdkns cumture, tfereokre, nk glkrdidngm rdift tk reiumgte igjlmdni. @s were cknvdcte` ko lregcfdni tfe igjdni prkvdsdkns ko tfe crdjdngm ck`e. (g) Glkrdidngm rdift tk semo ikvt exten`s knmy tk gctdvdtdes tfgt tkkb pmgce leokre Eurkpegn ckntgct gn` tfen knmy tk tfkse gctdvdtdes tfgt were gn dnteirgm pgrt ko glkrdidngm skcdety. Yfetfer oe`/prkv mgws gppmy tk dncknsdstent glkrdidngm mgw ds sepgrgte questdkn orkj extent ko semo ikvt, do ckurt (<) `ecd`e` tfgt glkrdidngm mgw gutfkrdze` igjlmdni reiumgtdkn, wkum` fgve tk gppmy Spgrrkw test (pgrgjkuntcy questdkn)8 do crdjdngm ck`e sgtdsodes test, tfen ck`e prkvdsdkn sfkum` prevgdm, do nkt, glkrdidngm mgw sfkum` prevgdm. (3) @emigju @emigjuubw ubw v. v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmujl Ckmujldg8 dg8 glkrdi glkrdidngm dngmss lrkuif lrkuiftt prkcee prkcee`dni `dniss okr `ecmgrgt `ecmgrgtdkn dkn tfgt tfgt tfey tfey fg` fg` glkrdi glkrdidngm dngm tdtme tdtme gn` semo ikvt rdifts kver terrdtkry dn nkrtf LC. Ckurt `d` nkt irgnt, lut igve g new trdgm. Glkrdidngm tdtme remevgnce8 7) mgn` fem` un`er glkrdidngm tdtme ds ‖fem` ckjjungmmy— gn` `ecdsdkns w/ respect tk mgn` gre ‖jg`e ly tfgt ckjjundty—. <) tdtme enckjpgsses ‖rdift tk cfkkse tk wfgt uses mgn` cgn le put—. Pfese cfgrgcterdstdcs djpmy rkme okr mgws gn` custkjs gs tk fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le sfgre` ly tfe jejlers ko tfe ckjjundty, fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le jgngie`, gn` fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le `evemkpe`.
`) Glkrdidngm tdtme8 tdtme ds rdift tk excmusdve kccupgtdkn ko mgn` wfdcf perjdts vgrdkus uses ko mgn`. Cgse - Jgy le glme tk odsf gn` funt even do nk tdtme dn mgn` - fg` tk stdmm sgtdsoy _gn `er Qeet test ly sfkwdni tfgt prgctdces ko odsfdni dn tfgt mkcgtdkn fg` grdsen leokre ckntgct. Sdnce 746< Ckn Gct s. 35, glkrdidngm tdtme ds prktecte` cknstdtutd kngmmy. \difts reckindze` dn \kygm Qrkcmgjgtdkn 79?3. Pregtdes entere` dntk okr glkrdidngms tk idve up mgn`s, except dn LC, igve up w/k tregtdes. Nkw mdtdigtdni tk `eterjdne rdifts, (7) @eigjuu @eigjuubw bw v. v. LC8 glkrdidn glkrdidngms gms lrku lrkuift ift prkce prkcee`dn e`dnis is okr okr `ecmgr `ecmgrgtdk gtdkn n tfgt tfgt tfey tfey fg` glkrdidn glkrdidngm gm tdtme tdtme gn` gn` semo semo ikvt ikvt rdifts rdifts kver terrdtkry dn nkrtf LC. (g) Ckurt mgd` `kwn rumes ko evd`ence gn` sulstgnce tfgt wkum` ikvern new trdgm tfgt wgs kr`ere`8 d) Pdtme prkve` ly sfkwdni tfgt glkrdidngm pekpme kccupde` tfe mgn` prdkr tk skveredinty. Pfe jere ogct ko tfds pre skveredinty kccupgtdkn ds suoodcdent tk sfkw tfgt mgn` ds ‖centrgm sdindodcgnce tk cumture ko cmgdjgnts. Sepgrgte centrgmdty requdrejent ko _gn `er Qeet `kes nkt fgve tk le sepgrgtemy estglmdsfe`. dd) Kccupgtdkn just le excmusdve. ddd) Qkdnt ko tdje tk sfkw kccupgtdkn just le prdkr tk skveredinty, nkt prdkr tk ckntgct (tdje ko ckntgct ds egrmder sk tfds remgxes _gn `er Qeet) l/c prkko ko tdtme omkws orkj ogct tfgt glkrdidngm tdtme ds lur`en kn crkwn—s un`ermydni tdtme, gn` dts crkwn—s tdtme cgje dntk exdstence wfen skveredinty wgs gssuje` ly crkwn. dv) Do present kccupgtdkn remde` kn, tfen necessgry tk sfkw ‖g ckntdnudty ltn present gn` pre skveredinty kccupgtdk n. Sk mkni gs tfere wgs g sulstgntdgm jgdntengnce ko cknnectdkn , requdrejent ko ckntdnudty ds sgtdsode`. v) Qrkko ko pre skveredinty kccupgtdkn8 g `jdssdkn ko krgm fdstkrdes fgn`e` `kwn ienergtdkns, tk prkve (gmtfkuif fegrsgy, just g`gpt rumes tk pre skveredin tdjes) ktferwdse prkko ds djpkssdlme l/c nk wrdtten reckr`s. gre 5 (l) Glkrdidngm tdtme ds sud ienerds8 kne ko g bdn`. @dooerences dn glkrdidngm gn` nkn glkrdidngm tdtme. Pfere gre `dooerences8 d) Skurce ko glkrdidngm tdtme, wfdcf ckjes orkj pre skveredinty kccupgtdkn dd) \gnie ko uses okr mgn` - tdtme idves excmusdve use gn` kccupgtdkn ko mgn` (nkt mdjdte` tk trg`dtdkngmmy cgrrde`, kr dnteirgm tk cumture) Mdjdtgtdkn8 uses just nkt le drreckncdmglme wdtf tfe ngture ko tfe gttgcfjent tk tfe mgn` wfdcf okrjs tfe lgsds ko tfe pgrtdcumgr irkup—s glkrdidngm tdtme. (mgn` use` okr funtdni cgnnkt le cknverte` tk strdp jdndni) - ckjpgre tk oee sdjpme. ddd) Glkrdidngm tdtme ds dngmdeglme except tk tfe crkwn. @kctrdne ko dngmdelgdmdty requdres crkwn fgs tk gct gs gn dnterje`dgry letween glkrdidngm kwners gn` tfdr` pgrtdes. Pk pgss tdtme tk 3r` pgrty, glkrdidngm fgs tk odrst surren`er mgn` tk crkwn, crkwn un`er od`ucdgry `uty tk `egm w/ mgn` dn lest dnterests ko surren`erdni pekpme (g`equgte ckjpensgtdkn) gn` prevent unogdr `egmdni. Gmsk g mdjdtgtdkn kn mgn`, do mgn` use` dn g wgy tfgt tdtme `kes nkt gmmkw. Ckum` use dt okr sucf tfdnis ly surren`erdni mgn` gn` tfen cknverte` lgcb gs oee sdjpme.
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dv) Glkrdidngm tdtme cgn knmy le fem` ckjjungmmy. Cgnnkt le fem` ly dn`dvd`ugm perskns, dts g ckmmectdve rdift fem` ly gmm jejlers ko gn glkrdidngm ngtdkn. @ecdsdkns w/ respect tk tfe mgn` gre jg`e ly ckjjundty nkt dn`dvd`ugm kwner gs wkum` le tfe cgse w/ oee sdjpme v) Glkrdidngm tdtme fgs cknstdtutdkngmmy prktecte`. Leokre 746< tdtme ckum` nkt le extdniudsfe` ly prkv mgws l/c cknomdcte` w/ oe` pkwer kver Dn`dgns. Leokre 6<, tdtme ckum` le extdniudsfe` ly oe` mgw lut knmy do dt sfkwe` ‖cmegr— gn` ‖pmgdn— dntentdkn tk extdniudsf. s. 35 dn 7463 cknoers prktectdkn kn gny mgn` tfgt wgs exdstdni dn 746<. Nkt glskmute rdift, lut requdres tfgt gny dnordniejent just le engcte` ly meidsmgtdve lk`y, gn` sgtdsoy Spgrrkw test ko hustdodcgtdkn8 (7) (7) Qrdk Qrdkrr ckns cknsumt umtgtd gtdkn kn w/ w/ glkr glkrdid didngm ngm kwner kwnerss l leok eokre re gny gny ko tfe tfe dncd`e dncd`ents nts ko tfed tfedrr tdtme tdtme wgs djpgd djpgdre` re` gs wemm gs ogdr ckjpensgtdkn okr gny djpgdrjent e) Extdniudsfjent Extdniudsfjent ko glkrdidngm rdifts8 (7) (7) Glkrd Glkrdidn idngm gm rdifts rdifts Gn` Gn` glkr glkrdi didng dngmm tdtm tdtmee ccgn gn le le eext xtdni dniuds udsfe` fe` dn < wgys wgys88 (g) Ly surren`er 8 just le 7) vkmuntgry, GN@ <) tk tfe crkwn (l) Cknstdtutdkngm Cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent8 dt wkum` le lregcf ko crkwn—s od`ucdgry `uty tk glkrdidngm pekpme tk prkcee` w/ cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent gooectdni glkrdidngm rdifts w/k gt megst tfe gctdve pgrtdcdpgtdkn ko tfe gooecte` glkrdidngm pekpme (c) Leokre 746< - Meidsmgtdkn8 tfds pkwer wgs rejkve` dn 746< s. 35, perjdts reiumgtdkn ly oe`ergm mgw tfgt sgtdsode` (<)
strdct stgn`gr`s ko hustdodcgtdkn, lut `kes nkt perjdt extdniudsfjent ko glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts Ydmm nkt le dnoerre`, just le ” cmegr gn` pmgdn‚ dntentdkn tk extdniudsf ( Spgrrkw)
?. Pregty Pregty rdifts8 rdifts8 Leokre 746<, rdifts prktecte` ly prkv (nkt oe`) mgw ly s. 66 Dn`dgn Gct. Goter 746<, s. 35 prktects tfej orkj lktf. g) Fdstkry8 tregtdes entere` dntk tk idve funtdni, odsfdni rdifts, dn return okr pegce, gt egrmy stgie ko settmejent. 77 tregtdes entere` dntk okr Kntgrdk, gn` prgdrde prkvdnces. Jgny gregs ko Cgng`g meot wfere nk tregtdes entere` dntk. (7) Goter Goter tfe Cgm`er Cgm`er cgse cgse recki reckindz ndze` e` rdifts rdifts,, ikvt ikvt ko ko cgng`g cgng`g went went lgcb lgcb dntk dntk tregty tregty jgbdni jgbdni.. Jk`ern Jk`ern tregtdes tregtdes w/ dnudt dnudt ko nungvut, yubkn, nkrtfwest, LC. Mgn` cmgdjs gireejents reserve mgrie greg ko mgn` tk glkrdidngm sdingtkrdes gs wemm gs cknsd`erglme sujs ko jkney dn return okr tfe surren`er ko glkrdidngm rdifts kver nkn settmejent mgn`. Ck`es w/ respect tk uses ko mgn` gssure ckntdnudni rkme tk glkrdidngms dn jgngiejent ko reskurces ko entdre reidkn ckvere` ly gireejent. l) @eodndtdkn ko tregty8 Nkt g ckntrgct, nkt dnterngtdkngm mgw. D (7) (7)
t ds gn gn gire gireej ejen entt ltn ltn crkw crkwn n gn` gn` glkrd glkrdidn idngm gm ngtd ngtdkn kn w/ w/ okmmk okmmkwd wdni ni cfg cfgrgc rgcter terds dstd tdcs cs88 (g) Qgrtdes8 crkwn, crkwn, glkrdidngm glkrdidngm ngtdkn (l) Giency8 gutfkrdty tk ldn` prdncdpgms, crkwn gn` glkrdidngm ngtdkn (c) Dntentdkn Dntentdkn tk cregte meigm remgtdkns remgtdkns (`) Cknsd`ergtdkn8 Cknsd`ergtdkn8 klmdigtdkns klmdigtdkns gssuje` ly lktf sd`es (e) Okrjgmdty8 Okrjgmdty8 just le g ‖certgdn jegsure jegsure ko skmejndty‚ (<) Lktf cgses cgses jgbe jgbe cmegr cmegr tfgt tfgt surr surren`e en`err ko glkr glkrdidn didngm gm rdift rdiftss ds nkt nkt g requ requdrej drejent ent ko ko vgmd` vgmd` tregty tregty.. Pregt Pregtdes des `d` `d` nkt nkt dnvkmv dnvkmvee cessdkn dn mgn`, dn Sdkud mgn` wgs nkt even tfedr trg`dtdkngm terrdtkry. Nkr `kes tregty fgve tk le ckncerne` w/ terrdtkry, dt cgn le pkmdtdcgm kr skcdgm. Okr dnterpretgt dkn, reskmve gny `kults dn ogvkr ko dn`dgns. (g) Sdjkn v. Pfe Wueen8 wfetfer meigm reckindtd kn sfkum` le idven tk g ‖pegce gn` orden`sfdp— tregty. @kcujent @kcujent purpkrte` tk iugrgntee dn`dgns oree mdlerty ko funtdni gn` odsfdni dn tregty greg. Fem` dt wgs g vgmd` tregty ly s. 66 Dn`dgn gct.
(l) \.v.Sdkud8 `kcujent sdine` y ikvernkr ko W gn` cfdeo, tk jgbe pegce, gmmkwdni oree exercdse ko remdidkn, custkjs, mdlerty ko trg`dni w/ enimdsf. Fem`, vgmd` tregty ly vdrtue ko s. 66 Dn`dgn gct. Fem`8 we sfkum` g`kpt g lrkg` gn` ienerkus dnterpretgtdkn ko wfgt cknstdtutes g tregty. Gn` exgjdne premdjdngry questdkn ko tfe cgpgcdty tk sdin g tregty. c) Dnterpretgtdkn ko tregty rdifts8 sfkum` le mdlergmmy cknstrue` gn` `kultoum expressdkns reskmve` dn ogvkr ko tfe dn`dgns. \egskn8 unequgm lgrigdndni pkwer ko tfe crkwn gn` glkrdidngms. \epresentgtdves ko crkwn typdcgmmy cregte wrdtten text gn` wrdtten reckr`s ko neiktdgtdkns, gn` tfkse koten `dooere` orkj kr `d` nkt oummy express dn`dgn—s krgm un`erstgn`dnis ko tfe grrgniejent. (7) \.v.Jgr \.v.Jgrsfg sfgmm8 mm8 wfetfe wfetferr @, cfgrie` cfgrie` w/ w/ odsfdni odsfdni okr eems gn` semmd semmdni ni eems, eems, w/k g mdcense mdcense fg` fg` g tregty tregty rdift rdift tk cgtcf cgtcf/se /semm mm eems. eems. Gppmdcglme tregty wgs pegce tregty entere` dntk ly ikvernkr ko NS gn` Cfdeo. Pregty sgd` nktfdni glkut odsfdni, knmy tfgt dn`dgns wkum` nk mknier trg`e ‖gny ckjjk`dtdes dn gny jgnner— jgnner— except w/ jgngiers ko ‖trucb fkuses—. (trucb fkuse : ikvt trg`dni pkst) (g) Fem`8 cmguse sfkum` le dnterprete` gs cknoerrdni g rdift tk funt, odsf, igtfer, l/c knmy ly funtdni, odsfdni, gn` igtferdni, dn`dgns wkum` le dn g pksdtdkn tk lrdni ckjjk`dtdes tk tfe trucb fkuse. Gmsk dnterprete` tk dncmu`e rdift tk trg`e tfese tk jgbe mdvemdfkk`. \dift tk trg`e persdste` goter glkmdtdkn ko trucb fkuses.\difts prevgdme` kver stgtutkry mdcensdni reidje tfgt ` fg` nkt ckjpmde` w/. Entdtme` tk gcqudttgm. (l) Glkrdidngm tregty rdift kver ckjjercdgm expkdtgtdkn ko jkst ko tfe ngturgm reskurces dn LS gn` NL.
5?
(<) Jgrsfgmm Jgrsfgmm <8 cfgr cfgrie` ie` w/ w/ kooen` kooen`dni dni tfe tfe okres okrestt jgngie jgngiejen jentt mgws mgws ko ko tfe tfe < prkvd prkvdnces nces,, gn` gn` tfey tfey dnvkbe dnvkbe` ` tfe tfe trucb trucb fkus fkusee cmguse dn `eoense. Mkiidni, griue`, wgs jk`ern use ko sgje prk`ucts gn` tfere okre trg`e` (fdstkrdcgmmy, cgnkes, sme`s, snkwsfkes, lgsbets) (3) Jgrsfgmm Jgrsfgmm 38 wfdme wfdme jk`e jk`ern rn eem eem odsfdni odsfdni wgs tfe mkidc mkidcgm gm evkmut evkmutdkn dkn ko ko g trg`dt trg`dtdkng dkngmm trg`dn trg`dni i gctdvdt gctdvdty y, tfe tfe sgje sgje cgse cgse ckum` ckum` nkt nkt le jg`e okr mkiidni. Mkiidni wgs nkt trg`dtdkngm, cgnnkt le cfgrgct erdze` gs jk`ern evkmutdkn ko jdnkr trg`e dn wkk` prk`ucts tfgt tkkb pmgce gt tdje ko tregty. @—s fg` nk rdift tk cut `kwn trees okr ckjjercdgm purpkses w/k g mdcense. \.v. Jkrrds8 tregty jg`e ly ikvernkr ko ckmkny dn _gnckuver _gnckuver dsmgn`. Dn excfgnie okr surren`er, crkwn prkjdse` tfgt (0) dn`dgns wkum` le gt mdlerty tk funt kver tfe unkccupde` mgn`s ko tfe dsmgn` gs okrjermy. Ogcts8 < jejlers funte` dn trg`dtdkngm terrdtkry gt ndift, `rdvdni trucb, usdni spkt mdift tk d`entdoy igje gn` rdot tk sfkkt. Cfgrie` Cfgrie` w/ kooenses un`er LC wdm`mdoe gct tfgt prkfdldte` funtdni gt ndift w/ g spktmdift. @eoense wgs tregty dn 765<. Fem`8 tfe prgctdce wgs prktecte` ly tfe tregty. Fdstkrdc funtdni prgctdces use` dn jk`ern wgys `k nkt cfgnie cfgrgcter ko tfe prgctdce. @dssent8 jk`ern rdome funtdni gt ndift `dooerent gn` jkre `gnierkus tfgn dt wgs dn 765<. Pregty sfkum` nkt le dnterprete` gs prktectdni dnferentmy `gnierkus gctdvdty, prkfdldtdkn ko ndift funtdni wgs cknsdstent w/ tregty. (dnterpretgtdkn `kes nkt expgn` rdift).
`) Extdniudsfjent ko tregty rdifts8 twk wgys - 7) vkmuntgry surren`er tk Crkwn, <) cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent. Leokre 746< tfere wgs 3) meidsmgtdkn-lut en`e` w/ s. 35. Just fgve ”cmegr gn` pmgdn‚ dntentdkn tk extdniudsf just le estglmdsfe`. Do tregty fgs prkvdsdkn okr dts kwn gjen`jent kr gppegm, tfgt cgn le okmmkwe`. Pregty ckum` le vkd`glme do g oun`gjentgm lregcf ly kne ko tfe pgrtdes. Ydtfkut ckjpetent meidsmgtdkn (leokre 746<) tregty cgnnkt le extdniudsfe` w/k tfe cknsent ko tfe dn`dgns ckncerne`.
9. Pfe nee` okr cknstdtutdkngm cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn8 prktectdkn8 g) Okur Okur dnodrjdtde dnodrjdtdess (7) (7) Unce Uncert rtgd gdnt nty y gs tk meig meigmm stgt stgtus us ko rdif rdifts ts (<) (<) @kctr @kctrdne dne ko ko pgrmd pgrmdgj gjen entgr tgry y skve skvered redin inty ty - jegn jegndni dni rdift rdiftss were were vumn vumner erglm glmee tk glkm glkmdtd dtdkn kn (3) (3) Mdle Mdlerg rgmm d`e d`egg ko equg equgmd mdty ty (Ldm (Ldmmm & Cfgr Cfgrte ter) r) (0) \difts \difts ckum ckum` ` le jk` jk`dode dode` ` kr extdniu extdniudsf dsfe` e` ly ly cknst cknstdtut dtutdkng dkngmm gjen` gjen`jen jent, t, w/k dnvkmve dnvkmvejen jentt ko glkrdidn glkrdidngms gms.. l) ss. 35 (reckindzes, goodrjs), <5(`kes nkt `erkigte orkj glkrdidngm tregty kr ktfer rdifts), gn` 35.7(nk gjen`jents w/k cknsumtg tdkn w/ representgtdves) rednokrce 47(<0) dn reckindtdkn ko specdgm stgtus ko glkrdidngms.
6. Sectdkn 358 rdifts cknoerre` gre nkt qugmdode` ly s. 7 (nkt sulhect tk regsknglme mdjdts gs cgn le hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety). Gmsk nkt sulhect tk meidsmgtdve kverrd`e un`er s. 33. Cgrrdes `dsg`vgntgie tfgt rdifts gre nkt enokrceglme un`er s. <0, prkvdsdkn tfgt perjdts enokrcejent knmy ko cfgrter rdifts. g) Glkrdidngm pekpmes ko cgng`g8 dncmu`es dn`dgn, dnudt, jetds, nkn stgtus pekpmes tkk dn `eodndtdkn dn s. 35(<). (7) \.v.Qk \.v.Qkwmey wmey88 ogtfer ogtfer gn` gn` skn , sfkt sfkt g jkks jkksee okr okk`. okk`. Nk fun funtdni tdni mdcense mdcense tfgt wgs wgs requdr requdre` e` ly mgw. mgw. Cfgrie Cfgrie`. `. @eoen @eoen`e` `e` tfgt tfey were Jetds, wfk fg` glkrdidngm rdift tk funt okr okk` tfere. Fem`8 jetds reoers tk `dstdnctdve pekpme ko jdxe` gncestry `evemkpe` tfedr kwn custkjs, wgy ko mdoe, irkup d`entdty sepgrgte orkj Dn`dg kr Dnudt kr Eurkpegns. Ckncmu`e` tfere wgs `dstdnct skcdety, `gtdni lgcb. \eiumgtdkn ko mdcense nkt gppmdcglme tk tfedr funtdni. Gcqudtte`.
(g) 3 ogctkrs dn`dcdg ko d`entdty8
d) Semo d`entdodc d`entdodcgtdk gtdkn n dd) Gncestrgm cknnectdkn (trgce` lgcb) ddd) ddd) Ckjj Ckjjun undt dty y gcce gccept ptgn gnce ce l) Glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts8 dn s. 35 c) Exdstdni8 35 prktects ”exdstdni glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts‚. ”Exdstdni‚, `kes nkt excmu`e rdifts tfgt cgje dntk exdstence goter 746<. Outure tregty rdifts wkum` gmsk le prktecte`. \.v.Spgrrkw8 jejler ko lgn` cfgrie` un`er oe`ergm odsferdes gct okr odsfdni wdtf `rdot net tfgt wgs nk mknier perjdtte` (7) ly lgn`—s dn`dgn okk` odsfdni mdcense. Fem` tfgt ` wgs exercdsdni glkrdidngm rdift tk odsf w/n jegndni ko s. 35. Ygs dt gn exdstdni rdift; Fem` tfgt ”exdstdni‚ jegnt ”unextdniudsfe`‚, rdift tfgt wgs vgmd`my extdniudsfe` leokre 746< wgs nkt prktecte`. Just le ‖cmegr gn` pmgdn— dntentdkn ko extdniudsfdni rdift, ktferwdse wdmm le exdstdni dn dts unreiumgte` okrj. Fere, tfe odsferdes gct `d` nkt `ejknstrgte ‖ g cmegr gn` pmgdn dntentdkn— tk extdniudsf tfe dn`dgn glkrdidngm rdifts tk odsf. Pfereokre, tfere wgs gn ”exdstdni‚ rdift w/n jegndni s. 35 (g) Fem` tfgt rdifts were goodrje` dn ckntejpkrgry rgtfer tfgn prdjevgm okrj, jegns8 Glkrdidngm rdifts tk funt gn` odsf were nkt sdjpmy rdifts tk funt gn` odsfy ly lkw, gn` grrkw, lut rdifts tfgt wkum` evkmve tk tgbe g`vgntgie ko prkiress ko tecfnkmkiy. Sdjdmgrmy, rdift tk trg`e dn okrj ko lgrter, exten`e` tk use ko currency, cre`dt, gn` nkrjgm ckjjercdgm ogcdmdtdes ko `dstrdlutdkn gn` excfgnie. `) \eckindze` gn` goodrje`8 Spgrrkw - sfkum` le dnterprete` w/ prdncdpme tfgt ‖tregtdes gn` stgtutes remgtdni tk dn`dgns sfkum` le mdlergmmy cknstrue` gn` `kultoum expressdkns reskmve` dn ogvkr ko dn`dgns—. Sfkum` gmsk dnckrpkrgte od`ucdgry klmdigtdkn.
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(7) Lecguse Lecguse s. 35 35 ds nkt nkt pgrt pgrt ko Cfgrter Cfgrter,, nkt sulhect sulhect sk ss.. 7 Cfgrte Cfgrter, r, lut s. s. 35 rdift rdiftss gre nkt glsk glskmute mute,, tfey tfey gre gre sulhect sulhect tk reiumgtdkn ly oe`ergm mgw, prkvd`e` tfe mgws jet g stgn`gr` ko hustdodcgtdkn. Gny mgw tfgt fg` tfe eooect ko djpgdrdni gn exdstdni glkrdidngm rdift wkum` le sulhect tk hu`dcdgm revdew tk `eterjdne wfetfer dt wgs g hustdode` djpgdrjent. Hustdode` djpgdrjent wkum` fgve tk pursue gn klhectdve tfgt wgs ‖ckjpemmdni gn` sulstgntdgm—. (cknservgtdkn gn` jgngiejent ko mdjdte` reskurce hustdode` klhectdve2 pulmdc dnt erest ds tkk vgiue tk serve gs hustdodcgtdkn). (<) \.v.Sp \.v.Spgrrk grrkw8 w8 kr`ere kr`ere` ` g new new trdgm trdgm tk jeet tfe hustd hustdodc odcgtdk gtdkn n test. test. do net menitf menitf restrdc restrdctdkn tdkn were were okun` okun` tk sgtdsoy sgtdsoy stgn`gr stgn`gr` ` ko hustdodcgtdkn, tfen restrdctdkn wkum ` le vgmd` gn` spgrrkw iudmty. Do `k nkt sgtdsoy stgn`gr`, tfen restrdctdkn ds dnvgmd` gs vdkmgtdni s. 35, gn` spgrrkw gcqudttgm. \.v.G`gjs8 dssue wgs wfetfer glkrdidngm rdift tk odsf okr okk` fg` leen vgmd`my mdjdte` ly tfe oe`ergm quelec odsfery (3) reiumgtdkns, wfdcf prkvd`e` okr mdcenses okr spkrts, ckjjercdgm odsfdni, lut nkt okk` odsfdni. Fem` tfgt reiumgtdkns ogdme` tfe Spgrrkw test ko hustdodcgtdkn. Jghkr ikgm wgs spkrt odsfdni, nkt ckjpemmdni gn` sulstgntdgm klhectdve. Even do klhectdve were suoodcdent, scfeje ogdms tk prkvd`e tfe requdsdte prdkrdty tk tfe glkrdidngm rdift tk odsf okr okk` . Jdndsterdgm `dscretdkn tk dssue perjdts `d` nkt dncmu`e stgn`gr`s `drectdni tfe jdndster tk gcckr` prdkrdty tk tfe glkrdidngm rdift tk odsf okr okk`. (0) \.v. \.v. Img`st Img`stkne8 kne8 questdk questdkn n wgs wfetfer wfetfer restrdct restrdctdkns dkns kn tfe tfe sgme sgme ko ferr ferrdin din spgw spgwn n kn bemp bemp ckum` ckum` le hustdo hustdode` de` dn dn tfedr tfedr gppmdcgtdkn tk glkrdidngm pekpme wfk fg` gn glkrdidngm tk semm tfe spgwn. Qrdkrdty tk glkrdidngms requdre` knmy wfen rdift wgs mdjdte` ly dts kwn terjs, gs wgs wdtf odsf okr okk`. Pk idve prdkrdty tk g rdift w/ nk dnterngm mdjdtgtdkns wkum` cknoer kn tfe glkrdidngm rdift fkm`ers tfe pkwer tk glskrl tfe entdre odsfery, eooectdvemy emdjdngtdni gmm nkn glkrdidngm gccess tk tfe reskurce. Fem` tfgt tfds wgs ungcceptglme kutckje2 okr g rdift w/k dnterngm mdjdtgtdkns, tfe Spgrrkw requdrejent ko hustdodcgtdkn `d` nkt requdre glkrdidngm prdkrdty lut ckum` le sgtdsode` ly ‖klhectdves sucf gs tfe pursudt ko ecknkjdc gn` reidkngm ogdrness, remdgnce upkn pgrtdcdpgtdkn dn odsfery ly nkn glkrdidngm irkups. \ejdtte` dssue tk g new trdgm l/c dnsuoodcdent evd`ence okr scfeje ledni hustdode`. (5) @emigju @emigjuubw ubw v. v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmujl Ckmujlg8 g8 crkwn— crkwn—ss od`ucdg od`ucdgry ry `uty `uty wkum` wkum` nkrj nkrjgmmy gmmy dnvkmve dnvkmve g `uty `uty ko ko cknsumt cknsumtgtdk gtdkn n w/ glkrd glkrdidn idngm gm pekpme leokre `ecdsdkns were tgben w/ respect tk tfed r mgn`s. Ogdr ckjpensgtdkn requdre` wfen glkrdidngm tdtm e wgs dnordnie`. e) Gppmdcgtdkn ko tregty rdifts8 \.v.Lg`ier8 Spgrrkw test gppmdes tk tregty rdifts tkk, gs wemm gs glkrdidngm rdifts. \.v.Jgrsfgmm8 2gws mdjdtdni tregty rdifts wkum` nkt fgve tk sgtdsoy gny stgn`gr` ko hustdodcgtdkn. Do `eodndni g tregty rdift, nk nee` tk jeet Spgrrkw test. Knmy tfkse mgws wkum` tgbe glkrdidngm cgtcf lemkw qugntdtdes regsknglmy expecte` tk jk`ergte mdvemdfkk` sfkum` le reigr`e` gs r eiumgtdni eiumgtdni tregty rdift, gn` wdmm nee` tk sgtdsoy Spgrrkw test. o) Gppmdcgtdkn tk extdniudsfjent8 s. 35 (djpmdcdt dn Spgrrkw) prktects glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts orkj extdniudsfjent ly oe` mgw. Pest dn Spgrrkw wkum` sgve g oe`ergm mgw tfgt purpkrte` tk reiumgte gn glkrdidngm kr tregty rdift, lut nkt g oe`ergm mgw tfgt extdniudsfe` tfe rdift. S. 35 - rdifts/tregtdes cgn le extdniudsfe` ly 7) surren`er, <) cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent.
i) Gppmdcgtdkn tk prkvdncdgm mgws8 s. 35 idves prktectdkn tk glkrdidngms gigdnst prkv mgws. \.v. Lg`ier8 fem` tfgt prkv mgw ckum` dnordnie tregty rdift, prkvd`e` dt ckum` sgtdsoy tfe Spgrrkw stgn`gr` ko hustdodcgtdkn. \.v. Ckte8 fem` tfgt tfe Spgrrkw stgn`gr` ko hustdodcgtdkn wgs gvgdmglme tk pr kv mgws. (7) Gpgrt Gpgrt orkj orkj 35, 35, prkv prkv mgws mgws cgn cgn djpgdr djpgdr glkrdid glkrdidngm ngm rdif rdifts ts kr tregty tregty,, l/c gooect gooect ‖dn` ‖dn`dgnn dgnness ess—. —. Ly vdrtue vdrtue ko ko s. 66 prkv prkv mgws mgws jgy jgy leckje gppmdcglme tk dn`dgns, lut tregty rdi fts djjundze` orkj s 66. tfrkuif s. 66 prkv mgw cgn djpgdr glkrdidngm rdifts. f) @uty tk cknsumt glkrdidngm pekpme8 S. 35 nkt knmy iugrgntees exdstdni glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts, dt gmsk djpkses kn ikvt tfe `uty tk enigie dn vgrdkus prkcesses even leokre gn glkrdidngm/tregty rdift ds estglmdsfe`. Idves cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn tk g specdgm remgtdknsfdp ltn crkwn gn` glkrdidngms un`er tfe fknkr ko tfe crkwn just ikvern gmm `egmdnis. Fknkr entgdms, neiktdgtdkn ko cmgdjs, wfdme cmgdjs unreskmve`, fknkr dnvkmves `uty tk cknsumt. Fgd`g Ngtdkn v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg8 `uty tk cknsumt gn` gcckjjk`gte estglmdsfe`. LC gmmkwe` ckjpgny tk cut (7) trees kn mgn` tfgt wgs Fgd`g—s, dn `dspute tk reskmve tdtme, wfen cuttdni leign. Fem`, s. 35 klmdie` crkwn tk cknsumt Fgd`g pekpme gn` do nee`e`, gcckjjk`gte tfedr ckncern s. Extent ko cknsumtgtdkn gn` gcckjjk`gtdkn - ds prkpkrtdkngte tk strenitf k o tfe cgse suppkrtdni tfe exdstence ko g rdift kr tdtme gn` serdkusness ko eooect kn tdtme cmgdje`. (g) Pfey fg` prdjg ogcde cgse okr tdtme, gn` crkwn bnew glkut tfe mdcense prkcess, sk wgs un`er un`er `uty tk cknsumt, sdnce dt `d`n—t, dt lregcfe` gn` mdcense wgs dnvgmd` tk ckjpgny. (l) @uty tk cknsumt wdmm meg` tk `uty tk gcckjjk`gte, wfere cknsumtgtdkn dn`dcgte tfgt crkwn sfkum` jk`doy dts prkpkse` gctdkn tk gcckjjk`gte glkrdidngm dnterests (nkt `dscusse` fere l/c tfere wgs nk cknsumtgtdkn tk leidn w/) (c) @uty tk cknsumt `kes nkt exten` tk prdvgte pgrty (ckjpgny). @uty tk cknsumt exten`e` tk crkwn dn rdift ko tfe prkvdnce. (`) Crkwn—s gctdkns gre revdewglme ly ckurts un`er hu`dcdgm revdew, tk `eterjdne do suoodcdent. Stgn`gr` ds
\egsknglmeness. (e) Ngture ko cknsumtgtdkn/gcckjjk`gtdkn requdre` `epen`s kn cdrcujstgnces kr tfe cgse. Pgbu \dver Pmdnidt Odrst Ngtdkn v. LC8 jdndni ckjpgny gppmde` tk kpen km` jdne tfgt wgs sulh ect tk mgn` cmgdj ly odrst (<) ngtdkns. Fem` tfere wgs prdjg ogcde cgse okr glkrdidngms, `uty tk cknsumt gn` gcckjjk`gte, kpendni jdne wgs pktentdgmmy
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fgrjoum tk cmgdj. Lut, Crkwn wgs `dscfgrie` orkj dts `uty l/c tfey were dnvkmve` dn prkcess okr 3.5 yegrs. Fem`8 @uty `kes nkt jegn crkwn just giree. Knmy g regsknglme lgmgnce letween glkrdidngm ckncerns gn` ckjpetdni cknsd`ergtdkns (3) Jdbdsew Jdbdsew Cree Odrst Odrst Ngtdkn Ngtdkn v. Cgng` Cgng`g8 g8 oe` oe` ikvt ikvt prkpk prkpkse` se` tk ludm` ludm` rkg` dn ngtdk ngtdkngm ngm pgrb pgrb kn oe` oe` crkwn crkwn mgn` dn nkrtf nkrtfer er Gmlertg. \kute ko mgn` wgs tfrkuif trg`dtdkngm irkun`s ko odrst ngtdkns, wfk klhecte` tk prkhect. Qrkhect w/n tregty 6 ko Gmlertg, gcckr`dni tk wfdcf glkrdidngm pekpme fg` surren`ere` tfe entdre greg tk crkwn, dn return tfey were prkjdse` reserves gn` leneodts - rdift tk funt, trgp, odsf tfrkuifkut surren`ere` terrdt kry, settmejent, jdndni, mujlerdni, trg`dni. Qrkpkse` rkg` dnvkmve` exercdse ko Crkwn tgbdni up mgn` un`er cmguse.
(g) Fem`8 Pregty 6 wgs nkt ckjpmete `dscfgrie ko tfe `uty grdsdni orkj fknkr ko tfe crkwn. Fknkr ko crkwn requdre` cknsumtgtdkn w/ gooecte` pekpme. @uty ko cknsum meg`s tk `uty tk gcckjjk`gte dnterests, gmtfkuif `k nkt requdre cknsent orkj dn`dgns. (l) Ckurt qugsfe` jdndster—s `ecdsdkn tk gpprkve rkg` prkhect gn` sen` lgcb okr recknsd`ergtdkn. 4. Sectdkn <58 cfgrter ds nkt tk le cknstrue` gs `erkigtdni orkj gny glkrdidngm tregty kr ktfer rdifts kr oree`kjs tfgt perotgdn tk glkrdidngm pekpmes. Cgrkldere v. Cgng`g8 tfe ogct tfgt glkrdidngm ppm cgnnkt gmkne lrdni dt w/n sckpe ko ‖ktfer rdifts kr oree`kjs— ko s. <5. Ckurt strucb `kwn resd`ence prkvdsdkn un`er s. 75 kn lgsds tfgt dt `dscrdjdngte` gigdnst tfkse lgn` jejlers wfk mdve` koo tfe lgn`—s reserves. g) S. 35 megves very mdttme okr s. <5, lut cmgss ko rdifts sgve` un`er <5 ds wd`er l/c ko reoerence tk ‖ktfer rdifts—. s. <5 rdifts expressmy dncmu`e rdifts reckindze` ly rkygm prkcmgjgtdkn. 71. Sectdkn 35.78 sect 47(<0) ko ckn gct 76?9, ss. <5, ss. 35 ko ckn gct 746< cgn le repegme`, kr gjen`e` ly seven-odoty okrjumg dn sectdkn 36 ko ckn gct 6<8 cknsent ko oe`ergm pgrmdgjent gn` tfe meidsmgtures ko twk-tfdr`s ko tfe prkvdnces, representdni 51% pkpumgtdkn ko tfe prkvdnces. S. <5 gn` 35 fgve leen gjen`e` leokre. g) Sect 35.7 g``e` - `ecmgres oe` gn` prkv ikvts ‖ gre ckjjdtte` tk tfe prdncdpme— tfgt leokre gny gjen`jent ds jg`e tk 47(<0), <5, kr <5, cknstdtutdkngm reoerence wdmm le cknvene` tk wfdcf representgtdves ko tfe glkrdidngm pekpmes ko cgng`g wdmm le dnvdte` tk pgrtdcdpgte dn `dscussdkns ko tfe prkpkse` gjen`jents. (specdgm stgtus ds gcckr`e` l.c nk ktfer irkup ds idven tfds entry dntk tfe cknstdtutdkngm prkcess)
77. Cfgrmkttetkwn Gcckr`8 `eoegte`, estglmdsfe` semo ikvernjent okr odrst ngtdkns, cfgrter wdmm gppmy tk tfej, suppmejente` ly gncdmmgry prkvdsdkns tfgt gttejpte` tk idve skje `eodndtdkn tk glkrdidngm semo ikvt gn` set up pkmdtdcgm gcckr` tfgt wkum` iud`e neiktdgtdkns. Jkvejent tk semo ikvt stgrte` gn` jgy succee` dn outure. 7<. Fgd`g Ngtdkn v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg (Jdndster ko Okrests)8 (gmsk mkkb gt nktes glkve kn pi. 54 g) Dssue8 Dn tfds sdtugtdkn, wfgt `uty do gny `kes tfe ikvernjent kwe tfe Fgd`g pekpme; Jkre ckncretemy, ds tfe ikvernjent requdre` tk cknsumt wdtf tfej glkut `ecdsdkns tk fgrvest tfe okrests gn` tk gcckjjk`gte tfedr ckncerns glkut wfgt do gny okrest dn Lmkcb ? sfkum` le fgrveste` leokre tfey fgve prkven tfedr tdtme tk mgn` gn` tfedr Glkrdidngm rdifts; l)\umes8 Pfe exdstence exdstence ko tfe `uty8 `uty8 Pfe `uty grdses wfen tfe Crkwn fgs bnkwme`ie, regm kr cknstructdve, ko tfe pktentdgm (7) exdstence ko tfe Glkrdidngm rdift kr tdtme gn` ckntejpmgtes ckn`uct tfgt jdift g`versemy gooect dt8 (<) Pfe sckpe ko tfe tfe `uty ds prkpkrtdkngte tk g premdjdngry gssessjent ko tfe d) strenitf ko tfe cgse suppkrtdni tfe exdstence ko tfe rdift kr tdtme, gn` tk tfe dd) serdkusness ko tfe pktentdgmmy g`verse eooect upkn tfe rdift kr tdtme cmgdje`. (tfe jkre serdkus rdifts gooecte`, iregter `uty). (g) Pfe Crkwn ds nkt un`er g `uty tk regcf gn gireejent2 rgtfer, tfe ckjjdtjent ds tk g jegndnioum prkcess ko cknsumtgtdkn dn ikk` ogdtf. (l) Pfe ckntent ko tfe `uty vgrdes wdtf tfe cdrcujstgnces gn` egcf cgse just le gpprkgcfe` dn`dvd`ugmmy gn` omexdlmy. Pfe ckntrkmmdni questdkn dn gmm sdtugtdkns ds wfgt ds requdre` tk jgdntgdn tfe fknkur ko tfe Crkwn gn` tk eooect reckncdmdgtdkn letween tfe Crkwn gn` tfe Glkrdidngm pekpme wdtf respect tk tfe dnterests gt stgbe. (c) Pfdr` pgrtdes cgnnkt le fem` mdglme okr ogdmdni tk `dscfgrie tfe Crkwn—s `uty tk cknsumt gn` gcckjjk`gte. Pfe fknkur ko tfe Crkwn cgnnkt le `emeigte` (`) Odngmmy, tfe `uty tk cknsumt gn` gcckjjk`gte gppmdes tk tfe prkvdncdgm ikvernjent. Pfe `uty tk cknsumt gn` gcckjjk`gte fere gt dssue ds irkun`e` dn tfe gssertdkn ko Crkwn skveredinty wfdcf pre-`gte` tfe Undkn. Dt okmmkws tfgt tfe Qrkvdnce tkkb tfe mgn`s sulhect tk tfds `uty.
(e) Yfen `kes tfe `uty tk cknsumt grdse ;
73.
d) \egskndni8 tfe strenitf ko tfe cgse okr lktf tfe Fgd`g tdtme gn` tfe Fgd`g rdift tk fgrvest re` ce`gr, ckupme` wdtf tfe serdkus djpgct ko dncrejentgm strgteidc `ecdsdkns kn tfkse dnterests, suiiest tfgt tfe fknkur ko tfe Crkwn jgy wemm requdre sdindodcgnt gcckjjk`gtdkn tk preserve tfe Fgd`g dnterest pen`dni reskmutdkn ko tfedr cmgdjs. \. v. _gn `er Qeet g) Dssue8 wfetfer tfe `eoen`gnt fg` gn glkrdidngm rdift tk semm odsf. l) Ogcts8 ` cknvdcte` ko semmdni odsf tfgt sfe cguift un`er gutfkrdty ko Dn`dgn okk` odsf mdcense.
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c) Qf8 Spgrrkw test - extdniudsfjent, dnordniejent gn` hustdodcgtdkn - Odrst, g ckurt just `eterjdne wfetfer gn gppmdcgnt fgs `ejknstrgte` tfgt fe kr sfe wgs gctdni pursugnt tk gn glkrdidngm rdift. Seckn`, g ckurt just `eterjdne wfetfer tfgt rdift fgs leen extdniudsfe`. Pfdr`, g ckurt just `eterjdne wfetfer tfgt rdift fgs leen dnordnie`. Odngmmy, g ckurt just `eterjdne wfetfer tfe dnordniejent ds hustdode`. (Spgrrkw test ko hustdodcgtdkn;;) `)\umes (7) Meigm Pest tk d`entdoy gn exdstdni glkrdidngm rdift w/n s. <58 gctdvdty just le gn emejent ko g prgctdce, custkj, kr trg`dtdkngm dnteirgm tk tfe `dstdnctdve cumture ko tfe glkrdidngm irkup gssertdni tfe rdift. (g) ogctkrs8 Mkkb gt rdift ledni d`entdode`, ngture ko tfe gctdkn wfdcf tfe gppmdcgnt ds cmgdjdni wgs `kne pursugnt tk gn glkrdidngm rdift, tfe ngture ko tfe ikvernjentgm reiumgtdkn, stgtute kr gctdkn ledni djpuine`, gn` tfe prgctdce, custkj kr trg`dtdkn ledni remde` upkn tk estglmdsf tfe rdift. (l) Pk le dnteirgm, prgctdce just le ko ‖centrgm sdindodcgnce— tk glkrdidngm skcdety8 just le `eodndni cfgrg cterdstdcs ko tfe skcdety, ‖kne ko tfe tfdnis tfgt jg`e tfe cumture ko tfe skcdety `dstdnctdve—. Pfe prgctdce just fgve `evemkpe` leokre ‖ckntgct—, prgctdce cgn evkmve lut dntk g jk`ern okrj tfgt cgn le trgce` tk dts krdidns lgcb tk pre ckntgct perdk`. (c) Pfds pksdtdkn ds ckrrect2 tfe exdstence ko gn glkrdidngm rdift wdmm `epen` entdremy kn tfe prgctdces, custkjs gn` gn` trg`dtdkns ko tfe pgrtdcumgr glkrdidngm ckjjundty cmgdjdni tfe rdift. Lgsdni tfe d`entdodcgtdkn ko glkrdidngm rdifts dn tfe perdk` prdkr tk ckntgct ds nkt dncknsdstent wdtf tfe dncmusdkn ko tfe (<) Jätds dn tfe `eodndtdkn ko ”glkrdidngm pekpmes ko Cgng`g‚ dn s. 35(<) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 746<. Pfe fdstkry ko tfe Jätds gn` tfe regskns un`ermydni tfedr dncmusdkn dn tfe prktectdkn idven ly s. 35 gre qudte `dstdnct orkj tfkse remgtdni tk ktfer glkrdidngm pekpmes dn Cgng`g. e) Fem`8 unmdbe prgctdce ko odsfdni okr okk`, prgctdce ko semmdni odsf wgs nkt gn ‖dnteirgm2 pgrt ko Stk8mk cumture. Dt wgs knmy goter ckntrgct tfgt tfese pekpme leiun odsfdni tk suppmy okr jgrbet, cregte` ly Eurkpegn `ejgn`. Pfus, @ wgs unsuccessoum dn estglmdsfdni glkrdidngm rdift tk semm odsf, wgs prkpermy cknvdcte`. 70. @emigjuubw v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg8 glkrdidngms lrkuift prkcee`dnis okr `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt tfey fg` glkrdidngm tdtme gn` semo ikvt rdifts kver terrdtkry dn nkrtf LC. Ckurt `d` nkt irgnt, lut igve g new trdgm. un`er s. 35(7) ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 746<; @d` tfe g) Dssues8 Yfgt ds tfe ngture ko tfe prktectdkn idven tk glkrdidngm tdtme un`er s. prkvdnce fgve tfe gutfkrdty tk extdn iudsf tfe tdtme goter cknoe`ergtd kn; l) Glkrdidngm tdtme remevgnce8 wfgt jgbes dt undque - 7) mgn` fem` un`er glkrdidngm tdtme ds ‖fem` ckjjungmmy— gn` `ecdsdkns w/ respect tk mgn` gre ‖jg`e ly tfgt ckjjundty—. tdtme enckjpgsses ‖rdift tk cfkkse tk wfgt uses mgn` cgn le put—. Pfese cfgrgcterdstdcs djpmy rkme okr mgws gn` custkjs gs tk fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le sfgre` ly tfe jejlers ko tfe ckjjundty, fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le jgngie`, gn` fkw tfe mgn` ds tk le `evemkpe`. <) dt cgn knmy le trgnsoerre` tk tfe Crkwn. un`er s. 35(7). 35(7). Pfey gmsk estglmdsf tfe PESP okr `eterjdndn c) Pfe ckurt stgtes tfgt glkrdidngm tdtme ds idven oumm prktectdkn un`er s. `eterjdndni i do glkrdidngmm tdtme exdsts . glkrdidng (7) (7) tfe tfe mgn mgn` `j jus ustt fgv fgvee lee leen nk kcc ccup upde de` `l leo eokr kree skv skver ered edin inty ty,, (<) tfere tfere just just le le g ckntd ckntdnudt nudty y letwee letween n pre-sk pre-skver veredin edinty ty gn` gn` jk`ern jk`ern tdjes tdjes (lut (lut nkt nkt gn gn unlrkb unlrkben en cfgdn cfgdn)) do jk` jk`ern ern evd` okr cmgdj (3) gt tfe tdje tdje ko skver skveredin edinty ty,, tfe kccupgnc kccupgncy y just just fgve fgve leen leen excmus excmusdve dve (lut (lut dt dt ckum` ckum` fgve fgve leen leen hkdntm hkdntmy y excmusd excmusdve ve ly jkre jkre tfgn kne pgrty kr trdle). `) Pfey ik kn tk sgy tfgt tfds ds nkt gn glskmutemy prktecte` tdtme. Dt cgn le dnordnie` upkn do tfe dnordniejent pgsses g twk-pgrt test8 (7) tfe dnordnie dnordniejen jentt just just le dn dn ourtf ourtfergn ergnce ce ko ko g meidsmg meidsmgtdve tdve klhectd klhectdve ve tfgt ds ckjp ckjpemmd emmdni ni gn` sulstgn sulstgntdgm tdgm,, (<) tfe dnordnie dnordniejen jentt just just le ckns cknsdst dstent ent wdtf tfe specdgm specdgm remgtdkn remgtdknsfdp sfdp letween letween glkrdid glkrdidngms ngms gn` tfe Crkwn. Crkwn. e) Fem` Pfe rumdni gmsk jg`e djpkrtgnt stgtejents glkut tfe meidtdjgcy ko Dn`dienkus krgm fdstkry rumdni tfgt krgm fdstkrdes were hust gs djpkrtgnt gs wrdtten testdjkny. Nkrjgmmy testdjkny. Nkrjgmmy tfe ckurts `ejgn` `drect evd`ence, gn` `k nkt gcc ept fegrsgy. Fkwever, Fkwever, dn glkrdidngm tdtme cmgdjs tfey gre tgmbdni glkut reckr` orkj leokre tfe tdje tfey were wrdtten `kwn. Pfereokre, dn kr`er tk cmgdj tfedr tdtme tfe ckurts fgve tk gccept tfe krgm fdstkry orkj tfe jejlers ko tfe odrst ngtdkn. Pfe Supreje Ckurt fkm`s tfgt krgm fdstkrdes just le idven wedift
C. DNPE\Q\EPDNI PFE CFG\PE\ KO \DIFPS GN@ O\EE@KJS - Cf. 3? 7. Hu`dcdg Hu`dcdgmm revdew revdew g) \kme ko s. 78 m gw 7) mdjdtdni cfgrter rdift ds vgmd` do mgw ds <) regsknglme mdjdt tfgt cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. (ckurt `ecd`es wfetfer gpprkprdgte ckjprkjdse letween cdvdm gn` mdlertgrdgn vgmue gn` ckjpetdni skcdgm/ecknkjdc klhectdves. l) \kme ko s. 338 kverrd`e pkwer wfdcf englmes pgrmdgjent kr meidsmgture tk engct g mgw tfgt wdmm kverrd`e tfe iugrgntees dn s. < gn` ss. 9 tk 75 ko tfe Cfgrter. (engct mgw ckntgdndni express `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt tfe mgw ds tk kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni tfe remevgnt prkvdsdkn
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ko tfe Cfgrter). Exten`s tk expressdkn, meigm rdifts, equgmdty. Gny hu`dcdgm `ecdsdkn cgn le kverckje ly reengctjent ko dnvgmd` stgtute w/ `ecmgrgtdkn ko kverrd`e. Nkt tk `ejkcrgtdc rdifts, jkldmdty, mgniugie rdifts, sexugm equgmdty - nk kverrd`e okr tfese. <. @dgmkiue @dgmkiue w/ meidsmgtdve meidsmgtdve lrgncf
g) D`eg ko `dgmkiue8 `ecdsdkns strdbdni `kwn stgtutes kn cfgrter irkun`s cgn le reverse`, revdve` un`er s. 33. Yfen mgw strucb `kwn, dt fgs ogdme` s. 7 test, tfds jegns tfgt `dooerent mgw tfgt pursues sgje klhectdve lut jgbes mess `rgstdc encrkgcfjent kn Cfgrter wkum` le regsknglme mdjdt tfgt cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. Cfgrter `ecdsdkn leidns `dgmkiue ltn hu`dcdgm gn` meidsmgtdve lrgncfes ko fkw tk reckncdme dn`dvd`ugm vgmues ko cfgrter w/ skcdgm ecknkjdc pkmdcdes. l) Seckn` mkkb cgses8 \.v.Jdmms - mkkb gt ktfer nktes c) \eje`dgm `dscretdkn8 mkkb gt ktfer nktes `) Qkmdtdcgm questdkns8 cknstdtutdkngm cfgmmenie tk ikvt pkmdcy succee`s do cgn persug`e pkmdcy ds ckntrgry tk cknstdtutdkn. Kpergtdkn @dsjgntme v. Pfe Wueen8 tfere ds nk `kctrdne ko pkmdtdcgm questdkn dn cgng`dgn ckn mgw. do cgse trde` questdkn wfetfer executdve kr meidsmgtdve gctdkn vdkmg te` ckn, tfen questdkn gnswere` ly tfe ckurt, reigr`mess ko pkmdtdc gm cfgrgcter ko ckntrkversy. \e Cgng`g Gssdstgnce Qmgn8 questdkn ko wfetfer ckn ckntgdn gny prkfdldtdkn kn engctjent ko meidsmgtdkn tk curl spen`dni ly oe` ikvt un`er sfgre` ckst gireejents w/ tfe prkvdnces -- wgs g meigm questdkn tfgt ckum` le gnswere` ly ckurt. e) Secessdkn \eoerence8 secessdkn ko quelec wgs g pkmdtdcgm questdkn tfgt ckurt gnswere`. 3. Cfgrgcterdzgtdkn Cfgrgcterdzgtdkn ko mgws mgws g) Ckjpgrdskn Ckjpgrdskn w/ oe`ergmdsj oe`ergmdsj revdew8 revdew8 (7) Pwk Pwk stgie hu`dcdgm hu`dcdgm revdew revdew prkcess prkcess - (g) @eterjdne do mgw glrd`ies cfgrter rdift -- twk remgte` dssues tk le reskmve`
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d) Cfgrgcterdzgtdkn ko cfgmmenie` mgw8 exgjdne purpkse kr eooect ko tfe cfgmmenie` mgw, tk `eterjdne do dt mdjdts cfgrter rdift dd) Jegndni ko tfe gsserte` rdift8 dnterpretgtdkn ko mgniugie ko cfgrter tk `eterjdne wfetfer dt fgs leen glrd`ie` ly cfgmmenie` mgw. (l) Yfetfer mgw cgn le hustdode` un`er s.7 Do tfe purpkse do g mgw ds tk glrd`ie cfgrter rdift, tfen mgw wdmm le uncknstdtutdkngm.
Do tfe eooect ko tfe mgw ds tk glrd`ie cfgrter rdift, tfen mgw wdmm le uncknstdtutdkngm unmess sgve` ly s. 7. \ume (3) tkmergtes eooects kn jgtters kutsd`e hu`x ko engctdni meidsmgtdni lk`y sk mkni gs tfe purpkse (pdtf.sulstgnce) ko mgw ds w/n tfe h`x ko engctdni lk`y. (g) Ckntrgst tk oe`ergmdsj8 jgtter ko cfgmmenie` mgw ds pdtf gn` sulstgnce. Dn `eterjdndni pdtf/sulstgnce, mkkb gt purpkse ko mgw. Knce pdtf/sulstgnce ko mgw ds w/n pkwers ko engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y dt ds nk klhectdkn tfgt tfe mgw jgy fgve skje eooect kn jgtters kutsd`e tfe pkwers ko tfe engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y. l) Qurpkse kr eooect8 mgw wdmm kooen` cfgrter do dts purpkse K\ eooect ds tk glrd`ie g cfgrter rdift (gngmyze lktf, nee` knmy kne tk dnvgmd`gte). Eooects cgnnkt le remde` upkn tk sgve meidsmgtdkn tfgt fgs gn dnvgmd` purpkse. c) Prdvdgm Prdvdgm eooects8 eooects8 wfere tfe eooect ko g mgw kn g cfgrter rdift ds ‖trdvdgm kr dnsulstgntdgm— tfere wgs nk lregcf ko tfe cfgrter (\.vHknes8 gpprkvgm okr e`ucgtdni bd`s dn lgsejent2 mgw `d` nkt vdkmgte oree`kj ko remdidkn) `)Severgnce
e) \eg`dni `kwn8 do twk dnterpretgtdkns tk cfgrter rdift - kne glrd`idni gn` kne nkt, gppmy tfe rdift tfgt `kes nkt glrd`ie cfgrter rdift. 0. Dnterpretgtdkn Dnterpretgtdkn ko ko tfe Cfgrter Cfgrter g) Qrkiressdve dnterpretgtdkn8 requdrejent ko omexdldmdty kr prkiressdve dnterpretgtdkn gppmdes tk cfgrter2 ckncept ko cgng`g ledni ‖g mdvdni tree cgpglme ko irkwtf gn` expgnsdkn w/n dts ngturgm mdjdts—. Gppmy do ogcts fgppen tfgt were unokreseen gt tdje ko `rgotdni. l) Ienerkus dnterpretgtdkn8 prkvdsdkns ko LNG sfkum` nkt le cut `kwn ly g ngrrkw gn` tecfndcgm cknstructdkn, lut sfkum` le idven g mgrie gn` mdlergm dnterpretgtdkn (E`wgr`s v. GI Cgn). Dt wdmm idve oumm eooect tk cdvdm mdlertdes tfgt gre iugrgntee` ly tfe Cfgrter (GI Wue v. Lmgdbde). Ienergm dnterpretgtdkn reoers tk (lrkg`) sckpe ko rdifts. (prktects g`vertdsdni, prkstdtutes skmdcdtdni, fgte prkpgign`g, klscendty, `eogjgtdkn, nu`e `gncdni). c) Qurpksdve dnterpretgtdkn8 dnvkmves gn gttejpt tk gscertgdn tfe purpkse ko egcf cfgrter rdift gn` tfen tk dnterpret tfe rdift sk gs tk dncmu`e gctdvdty tfgt ckjes w/n tfe purpkse gn` excmu`e gctdvdty tfgt `kes nkt. Dt ds sgje gs ‖ienerkus gpprkgcf. Dt fgs g lrkg` sckpe okr tfe rdift. Eooect ko purpksdve gpprkgcf ds ikdni tk le tk ngrrkw tfe sckpe ko tfe rdift.
`) Qrkcess gs purpkse8 twk g`vgntgies - 7)suppmdes g fempoum ckntext okr dnterpretdni certgdn iugrgntees, <)kooers g skmutdkn tk prklmej ko meidtdjgcy ko hu`dcdgm revdew. e) Fdergrcfy ko rdifts8 s. 33 prkvd`es kverrdift okr skje rdifts gn` nkt ktfers. o) Cknomdct letween rdifts8 s. <5 glkrdidngm gn` tregty rdifts, jgy le cknomdcte` w/ equgmdty iugrgntee wfdcf prkfdldts `dscrdjdngtdkn kn irkun` ko rgce. S. <5 reckindzes tfds gn` stgtes tfgt glkrdidngm rdifts gre tk prevgdm.
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(7) Cknomdct Cknomdct letween letween `enk `enkjdn jdngtdk gtdkn n scfkkm scfkkm s. 4 (`eodne` (`eodne` ly remdi remdidkn dkn)) gn` s. 75 75 wfdcf wfdcf prkfdl prkfdldts dts `dscrdj `dscrdjdngt dngtdkn dkn kn kn irkun` irkun` ko ko remdidkn. Sec <4 stgtes `enkjdngtdkn scfkkms gre tk prevgdm. (<) Ktfer Ktfer cgses cgses fg` fg` oree`k oree`kj j ko expr express essdkn dkn cknom cknomdctd dctdni ni wdtf wdtf rdift rdift ko ko gccess gccess tk tk ckurt ckurt kr crdjdngm crdjdngm ck`e kooense kooense prkpgign prkpgign`g `g reskmve` tfrkuif s. 7 - g` fkc lgmgncdni. (3) Cknomdct Cknomdct ltn rdift rdiftss (s. (s. 9) tk tk `eoens `eoensee gn` wdtness wdtnesses es rdift rdiftss (9 kr kr 6) tk tk regskn regsknglme glme expectgt expectgtdkn dkn ko ko prdvgc prdvgcy y (ckuns (ckunsemdn emdni i gn` je`dcgm repkrts dn sexugm kooense) - trdgm hu`ie just wedif ogctkrs dn `eterjdndni wfetfer tk jgbe `dscmksure (\.v.K—Cknnkr). 5. Qrdkrdty letween oe`ergm gn` cfgrter irkun`s8 wfen mgw cfgmmenie` kn lktf oe` gn` cfgrter irkun`s, dt ds oe` irkun` tfgt ds tfe jkre oun`gjentgm ko tfe twk, gn` tfgt kuift tk tgbe prdkrdty kver cfgrter irkun` ?. Ckjjencejent ko Cfgrter8 mgws tfgt wkum` kooen` tfe cfgrter tk`gy lut were repegme` leokre tfe Cfgrter wgs engcte`, fgve nk reje`y tk`gy okr tfe vdkmgtdkns. Exceptdkns8 g) Sectdkn 73 rdift nkt tk fgve gny dncrdjdngtdni evd`ence use` gigdnst wdtness tfgt wgs idven dn egrmy prkcee`dni - even do leokre Cfgrter. l) Sectdkn 77(l) rdift tk le trde` w/n regsknglme tdje (perdk` ko `emgy kccurrd ni leokre Cfgrter) c) Sectdkn 7< 1 rdift nkt tk le sulhect tk cruem gn` unusugm pundsfjent. Yfere sentence` leokre Cfgrter gn` sentence ckntdnues nkw ds lregcf ko s 7< `) Lenner v, Cgng`g8 cfdm`ren lkrn kutsd`e cgng`g, do ogtfer ds cgng`dgn fgve gutkjgtdc rdift tk reidster gs cgng`dgn cdtdzen, do cgng`dgn jktfer fgve tk pgss securdty test (leokre 7499). Ckurt fem` tfgt stgtus kr ckn`dtdkn djpkse` g `dsg`vgntgie kn fdj tfgt persdste` goter 746< (lkrn dn 74?<). @dscrdjdngtdkn kccu rre` wfen gppmdcgnt wgs reouse` cdtdzensfdp kn lgsds ko tfgt stgtus gn` reousgm tkkb pmgce dn 7469. Pfereokre, gppmdcgnt wgs entdtme` tk cfgmmenie tfe reousgm ko cdtdzensfdp un`er tfe Cfgrter (lregcf ko equgmdty rdifts (tregtdni cfdm`ren lkrn orkj cgng`dgn jktfers `dooerentmy tfgn cgng`dgn ogtfers). 9. Un`ecmgre` rdifts8 sectdkn
@. GQQMDCGPDKN KO PFE CFG\PE\ KO \DIFPS GN@ O\EE@KJS - Cf. 39 7. Leneodt Leneodt ko rdift rdiftss g) Everykne, gnykne, gny perskn8 skje rdifts prktects ckrpkrgtdkns tkk, skje `k nkt8 oree`kj ko cknscdence gn` remdidkn, oun`gjentgm hustdce, nkt tk le grldtrgrdmy `etgdne`, rdift tk regsknglme lgdm, semo dncrdjdngtdkn, rdift tk dnterpreter. Cgn dnvkbe rdifts un`er s. <0. (rdift tk remdidkus oree`kj \.v.Ldi J @rui Jgrt8 gppmde`. \difts tfgt `k nkt gppmy cgn kpergte tk leneodt ko ckrpkrgtdkns. (7) Sdnif Sdnif v. v. Jdndst Jdndster er ko Ejp Ejpmkyj mkyjent ent & Djj Djjdir dirgtdk gtdkn8 n8 gnykne gnykne wfk enter entere` e` cgng`g cgng`g,, even even dmmeig dmmeigmmy mmy,, wgs entdtme` entdtme` tk s. 9, dt dt gppmde` tk ‖everykne—.(reouiee cmgdj entdtme` tk fegrdni leokre perskn w/ gutfkrdty tk `ecd`e dssue) (<) (<) Sec. Sec. 3< req requd udre ress gct gctdk dkn n ly ly cgng cgng`d `dgn gn ikv ikvtt okr okr cfg cfgrt rter er tk tk gppm gppmy y. l) Dn`dvd`ugm8 sect 75 cknoers rdifts kn ‖every dn`dvd`ugm— - gppmdes tk ngturgm perskns knmy, prklglmy excmu`es ckrpkrgtdkn. (lut ckrps cgn remy kn s. 75 okr `eoense ko crdjdngm cfgrie un`er mgw tfgt ds dnvgmd` ly vdrtue ko uncknstdtutdkngm `dscrdjdngtdkn gigdnst dn`dvd`ugms. (dn`dvd`ugm `kes nkt dncmu`e oketus kr estgte ko `ecegse` perskn. - rdifts `de w/ perskn) c) Cdtdzen8 ‖everykne— dn s. 9 dncmu`es gnykne pfysdcgmmy present dn cgng`g, `k nkt fgve tk le cdtdzen, even do dmmeigm entrgnce. Cdtdzensfdp requdre` okr vktdni rdifts, jkldmdty rdifts, jdnkrdty mgniugie e`ucgtdkn rdifts. (ckrp nkt cdtdzen). `) Qerjgnent resd`ent8 jkldmdty rdifts ko s. ?(<) gppmy tk sucf. @eodndtdkn8 perskn wfk gcqudre` perjgnent resd`ent stgtus, lut nkt cgng`dgn cdtdzensfdp. (cgn ckrp le g perjgnent resd`ent;) <. Lur`en Lur`en ko rdifts rdifts88 g) Lktf mevems ko ikvernjent8 wfk ds lkun` ly cfgrter -- pgrmdgjent gn` ikvt ko cgng`g, gn` tk meidsmgtures gn` ikvt ko egcf prkvdnce : lktf mevems ko ikvt. (Cgng`dgn Ldmm ko \dift s knmy gppmdes tk oe`ergm mevem) l) Qgrmdgjent kr meidsmgture8 gny stgtute cregte` ly pgrmdgjent kr meidsmgture wfdcf ds dncknsdstent w/ cfgrter wdmm le kutsd`e tfe pkwer (umtrg vdres) ko tfe engctdni lk`y gn` wdmm le dn vgmd`. (7) New Lrunswd Lrunswdcb cb Lrkg` Lrkg`cgs cgstdni tdni Ck v. v. Nkvg Nkvg Scktd Scktdg8 g8 Fem`, Fem`, wkrm` wkrm` ‖meid ‖meidsmg smgture ture—— dn s. s. 3< jgbes jgbes Cfgr Cfgrter ter gppmdcgl gppmdcglme me tk meidsmgtdve gssejlmy even wfen gssejlmy gcte` dn`epen`entmy ko Mdeutengnt Ikvernkr gn` wgs okr tfgt regskn mess tfgn tfe oumm meidsmgture. Gmsk fem` tfgt pkwer ko gssejlmy tk ‖excmu`e strgniers— orkj dts `emdlergtdkns wgs djjune orkj Cfgrter revdew : Cfgrter `d` nkt gppmy l/c kne pgrt ko tfe cknstdtutdkn cgnnkt le glrkigte` kr `djdndsfe` ly gnktfer (tfds djjundty wgs pgrt ko tfe cknstdtutdkn). (wrkni `ecdsdkn --> purpkse ko Cfgrter ds tk `djdndsf pkwers ko tfe meidsmgtdve gn` executdve lrgncfes ko ikvt, dncmu`dni tfkse tfgt gre cknoerre` ly tfe Cknstdtutdkn) (<) Meidsmgtdve sdmence8 _rden` v. Gmlertg8 meidsmgture fg` engcte` prkfdldtdkn kn `dscrdjdngtdkn kn rgce, sex, remdidkn, `dsgldmdty, ngtdkngm krdidn, ktfer irkun`s. Fem` tfgt `endgm ko fkjk sexugm wgs `endgm ko equgm leneodt ko tfe mg w. Do Gmlertg fg` nk fujgn rdifts stgtute gt gmm, tfen Cfgrter cfgmmenie wkum` fgve ogdme` l/c tfere wkum` fgve leen nk stgtute kr ikvt gct tk wfdcf Cfgrter wkum` gppmy tk. Meidsmgture sulhecte` dtsemo tk tfe Cfgrter.
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(3) Meidsmgtdve excmusdkn8 @unjkre v. Kntgrdk8 meidsmgture wgs un`er g pksdtdve `uty tk exten` prktectdkns ko mglkr remgtdkns mgw tk tfkse ejpmkyee irkup wfk ckum` nkt ktferwdse successoummy krigndze. Engctjent ko mglkr stgtute prkvd`es ‖jdn stgte gctdkn— requdre` okr dnvkbdni tfe Cfgrter. Excmusdkn ko girdcumturgm wkrbers wgs lregcf ko <(`) oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn, prkvdsdkn severe` orkj stgtute. c) Stgtutkry gutfkrdty8 gny lk`y exercdsdni stgtutkry gutfkrdty, ikvernkr dn ckuncdm, mdeutengnt, jdndsters, koodcdgms, jundcdpgmdtdes g`jdndstrgtdve trdlungms, pkmdce koodcers, gmm sulhect tk Cfgrter. @dstdnctdve cfgrgcter ds pkwer ko ckjpumsdkn - just cknokrj tk Cfgrter. (7) Fem` tfgt jgn` jgn`gtkr gtkry y retdrej retdrejent ent pkmdc pkmdcdes des ko ko undver undversdty sdty gn` fksp fkspdtgm dtgm gre nkt nkt revdew revdewglme glme un` un`er er tfe tfe Cfgrte Cfgrterr. (ckrp (ckrp cregt cregte` e` ly stgtute lut gre prdvgte gn` cgn exercdse cknt rgctugm pkwers tfgt gre gvgdmglme tk ngt urgm perskn) Yfere ikvt fgs `emeigte` pkwer ko ckjpumsdkn tk lk`y/perskn, tfen Cfgrter wdmm gppmy. (<) Exgjpmes ko lk`des/perskns pkssessdni stgtutkry gutfkrdty 8 jundcdpgm ly mgw, grldtrgtkr (l/c pkwer orkj stgtute), do pkwer cgje orkj pgrtdes cknsent tfen nk Cfgrter2 mgw skcdetdes2 rumes ko krigndzgtdkn ldn`dni kn jejlers tfrkuif cknsent tfen nk Cfgrter2 Cfgrter gppmdes tk gutk dnsurgnce pkmdcdes, prdvgte pekpme jgbdni cdtdzen—s grrest. Gppmdes wfetfer tfey gre pgrt ko ikvt kr ckntrkmme` ly ikvt (gre koten dn`epen`ent orkj ikvt). (3) (3) Gppmd Gppmdes es tk oe` gn` gn` prk prkv v ikvts ikvts even even do ikv ikvtt gctdk gctdkn n wgs nkt nkt lgse` lgse` kn kn stgtu stgtutk tkry ry gutfk gutfkrd rdty ty.. Em`rd`ie v. LC8 Dssue8 wfetfer fkspdtgm lkun` ly Cfgrter. Ogcts8 `d` nkt prkvd`e sdin mgniugie dnterpretgtdkn okr (0) `ego perskns seebdni je`dcgm servdces (wkum` le lregcf ko s. 75) Fem`8 Cfgrter wgs gppmdcglme `espdte tfe glsence ko gny pkwer ko ckjpumsdkn. *Fkspdtgm Gct wgs djpmejentdni specdodc ikvt pkmdy kr prkirgj. (g) Stkoojgn v. _IF8 Fem` Cfgrter `d` nkt gppmy tk jgn`gtkry requdrejent pkmdcy ko fkspdtgm `kcs gt gie ?5. Gmtfkuif estglmdsfe` gn` ejpkwere` ly stgtute, un`endglmy perokrjdni pulmdc servdce, fkspdtgm `d` nkt exercdse gny pkwers ko ckjpumsdkn dn prkvd`dni je`dcgm servdces. (l) *@dstdniudsfglme orkj Stkoojgn l/c dt `ecd`e` tfgt Cfgrter nkt gppmdcglme tk `gy tk `gy kpergtdkns, nkt tfgt specdodc ikvt pkmdcy kr prkirgj. (Fkoojgn tfdnbs Em`rd`ie wgs `ecd`e` wrknimy gn` sfkum` nkt le sulhect tk Cfgrter) \e Lfdn`d8 Ogcts8 wfetfer ”cmkse` sfkp‚ prkvdsdkn dn ckmmectdve gireejent vdkmgte` iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko
(5) gsskcdgtdkn dn Cfgrter. (wkrb pmgce dn wfdcf ejpmkyer giree` tk fdre knmy jejlers ko undkn). Fem` tfgt ckmmectdve gireejent ltn prdvgte ejpmkyer gn` undkn ko ejpmkyees, tfus, ckmmectdve gireejent wgs prdvgte ckntrgct tk wfdcf Cfgrter `d` nk t gppmy. (lut ckmmectdve gireejent wkum` le dneooectdve w/k stgtutkry gutfkrdty, dts okrce ikes leykn` ckjjkn mgw) (Fkoojgn tfdnbs tfgt dt sfkum` le sulhect tk Cfgrter). Mgvdine v KQSEU8 dssue2 wfetfer ‖giency-sfkp— prkvdsdkn dn ckmmectdve gireejent vdkmgte` iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko (?) expressdkn gn` gsskcdgtdkn dn Cfgrter. (wkrb pmgce wfere ejpmkyees nkt requdre` tk hkdn undkn, lut gmm requdre` tk pgy `ues tk undkn). Fem` tfgt Cfgrter gppmde` l/c ejpmkyer wgs gient ko prkv ikvt, wfdcf jg`e ckmmectdve gireejent g ikvt gct. (ejpmkyee sulhect tk stgtutkry pkwer ko ckjpumsdkn gs do stgtute `drectmy kr`ere` fdj tk pgy tfe `ues) Lecguse ikvt wgs pgrty tk tfe ckmmectdve gireejent, Cfgrter gppmde`. `) Gjen`dni prkce`ures8 s. 3< jgbes cfgrter ldn`dni tk prkcess ko cknstdtutdkngm gjen`jent. Mdjdte` pkwers ko gjen`jent tfgt gre pkssesse` ly oe` (s. 00) gn` prkv (s. 05) gre cknstrgdne` ly Cfgrter. (ss. 36, 07, 03 gre nkt cknstrgdne`). e) Ikvernjent8 s. 3< ‖ikvt— wdmm jgbe cfgrter gppmdcglme tk ikvt gctdkn tgben un`er lktf bdn`s ko ckjjkn mgw pkwers (fknkrs, dssues, pgsspkrts, okredin googdrs - gctdni dn prerkigtdve pkwers). Fem` Cfgrter gppmdes tk ikvt kwne` prkperty (gdrpkrts, streets)2 cgldnet `ecdsdkns tgben un`er prerkigtdve tk gmmkw US tk test dts crudse jdssdme dn cgng`g)2 crkwn gient ko g ckntrgct ko ejpmkyjent w/ dts ejpmkyees).
(7) Fem` tfgt ckjjundty ckmmeie dn LC wgs sulhect tk Cfgrter l/c dt wgs sulhect tk g sulstgntdgm `eiree ko ikvt ckntrkm. (lkgr` gppkdnte` ly mdeutengnt idc, jdndster fg` pkwer tk dssue `drectdves tk ckmmeie) (<) Ckntrkm test8 mkkbs gt dnstdtutdkngm kr structurgm mdnb w/ ikvt tk `eterjdne wfetfer pulmdc lk`y ds ckvere` ly tfe Cfgrter. (`kes nkt jgtter do perokrjdni pulmdc servdce, gs mkni gs perokrjdni dt dn`epen`entmy ko ikvt . Drremevgnt do pulmdc lk`y perokrjdni prdvgte ounctdkn do pero krjdni dt un`er ckntrkm ko ikvt) Wuestdkn wfetfer ikvt gssuje` ckntrkm ko ounctdkn . Do lk`y tfgt lregcfe` Cfgrter wgs remydni kn stgtutkry pkwer, Cfgrter wdmm gppmy reigr`mess ko wfetfer kr nkt lk`y ds w/n terj ‖ikvt—. o) Ckurts8 cfgrter `kes gn` `kes nkt gppmy tk ckurts. (7) Nk - @kmpfdn @emdvery8 Fem` tfgt Cfgrter fg` nk gppmdcgtdkn tk g ckurt kr`er. Ikvt jegnt exec gn` meidsmgture, nkt hu`dcdgm lrgncf. Ckurt kr`er ko dnhunctdk n wgs nkt sulhect tk Cfgrter (gppegm tk rejkve dnhunctdkn tk preve nt pdcbetdni, undkn skuift rejkvgm kn irkun`s dt rehecte` oree`kj ko expressdkn). Emejents tfgt jgbe tfds `ecdsdkn `dstdnctdve8 (g) ckurt kr`er reskmve` reskmve` `dspute letween < prdvgte pgrtdes (l) Ckurt kr`er lgse` kn ckjjkn mgw. NK ikvt dnvkmvee` dn `dspute, nk stgtute gppmde` tk tfe `dspute. Pfereokre, nk ikvt gctdkn ckum` jgbe Cfgrter gppmdcglme.
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(<) Tes Tes - \.v.\gfey8 Prdgm ckurt g`hkurne` crdjdngm gppmdcgtdkn 74 x gn` tkkb 77 jkntfs, tk `eny. Ckurt fem` tfds wgs lregcf ko s. 77(l) rdift tk le trde` w/n regsknglme tdje, kr`ere` stgy ko prkcee`dnis. (3) Tes Tes - LC Ikvt Ejpmkyees— Undkn v. LC8 LC cfdeo hustdce dssue` dnhunctdkn kn fds kwn wfen fe sgw pdcbeters kutsd`e ckurt fkuse kn fds wgy tk wkrb. Supreje Ckurt reouse` tk set gsd`e dnhunctdkn. fem` tfgt dt `d` mdjdt oree`kj ko expressdkn lut wgs hustdode` un`er s. 7. Ckurt kr`er wgs sulhect tk cfgrter revdew. Ckurt—s jktdkn wgs entdremy pulmdc dn ngture rgtfer tfgn prdvgte. (0) Negrmy Negrmy gmm gmm crdjdn crdjdngm gm `eoen` `eoen`gnts gnts—— rdifts rdifts gre gre lkun` lkun` ly ly Cfgrte Cfgrterr (hu`dcd (hu`dcdgm gm lrgncf lrgncf)) Sdnce Sdnce tfey tfey cgn cgn kr`er kr`er dnhunc dnhunctdkn tdknss ly stgtute, hu`dcdgm sfkum` le dncmu`e` dn s. 3< i) Ckjjkn mgw8 (`kes dt gppmy tk ckurts sdnce ckurt—s jgbe ckjjkn mgw). Do gppmdcglme mgw ds ckjjkn mgw, Cfgrter `kes nkt gppmy. Gppmdes tk stgtute. (do prkfdldtdkn ds engcte` ly g mglkr ck`e, tfen cfgrter wkum` gppmy). (7) Fem` dn @kmpf @kmpfdn dn @emdv @emdvery ery tfgt tfgt Cfgrt Cfgrter er `kes `kes nkt gppmy gppmy tk ckjj ckjjkn kn mgw mgw kr gt megst megst tfkse tfkse rumes rumes ko ckjj ckjjkn kn mgw mgw tfgt tfgt reiumgte remgtdknsfdp letween prdvgte pgrtdes. Lgsds okr dnhunctdkn wgs rume ko ckjjkn mgw tfgt seckn`gry pdcbetdni wkum` gjkunt tk tfe tkrt ko dn`ucdni g lregcf ko ckntrgct. Undkn griue` rume uncknstdtutdkngm glrd`ijent kn oree`kj ko expressdkn. Fem` cfgrter `d` nkt gppmy tk rume wfere prdvgte pgrty sues gnktfer prdvgte pgrty remydni kn ckjjkn mgw, wfere nk gct ko ikvt ds remde` upkn tk suppkrt gctdkn. (<) Cfgrter Cfgrter gppmd gppmdes8 es8 wfen wfen pkmdc pkmdcee exercdse exercdsess ckjjkn ckjjkn mgw pkwer pkwer tk segrcf segrcf gccuse` gccuse` pers perskn kn dncd`e dncd`ent nt tk grrest2 grrest2 Crkwn Crkwn g``uce g``ucess evd`ence ko gccuse`—s dnsgndty2 Crkwn gcts un`er prerkigtdve pkwer. Qresence ko ikvt gctkr, nkt skurce ko gctkr—s pkwer tfgt jgbes Cfgrter gppmdcglme. (3) Cfgrter Cfgrter `kes `kes nkt gppmy8 gppmy8 `drec `drectmy tmy tk ckjj ckjjkn kn mgw mgw wfer wferee nk ikvt gctkr gctkr dnvkmv dnvkmve`. e`. Cfgrter Cfgrter fgs gn dn`dr dn`drect ect eooe eooect ct kn kn ckjjkn mgw. Qepsd-Ckmg Cgng`g Levergies v. \Y@SU8 (`dspute ltn prdvgte pgrtdes) Ckurt kver-rume` pgst cgses gn` cregte` (0) wrknioum gct `kctrdne8 fem` tfgt pdcbetdni ckum` le enhkdne` knmy do dt dnvkmve` tfe ckjjdssdkn ko g wrknioum gct. (sdnce nk wrknioum gct dnvkmve`, gt tfe stkres, Ckurt `dscfgrie` tfgt pgrt ko tfe dnhunctdkn. (5) @giengds @giengds v. CLC8 CLC8 cfgmmen cfgmmenie ie tk dnhunctd dnhunctdkn kn (pulmd (pulmdcgtd cgtdkn kn lgn) lgn) tfgt tfgt wgs wgs dssue` dssue` ly ly hu`ie hu`ie tk prkfdld prkfdldtt CLC CLC lrkg`cg lrkg`cgstdn stdni i tfgt tfgt ckum` gooect hurdes dn serdes ko crdjdngm trdgms ko Cfrdstdgn lrktfers cfgrie` w/ glusdni lkys. (`dspute letween prdvgte pgrtdes, gmtfkuif CLC pulmdcmy kwne` ds nkt gn gient ko Crkwn). Fem` mgw igve dnsuoodcdent wedift tk Cfgrter vgmue ko oree`kj ko expressdkn. Okrjumgte` jkre restrdctdve ckjjkn mgw rume okr dssue ko pulmdcgtdkn lgns, gn` ly strdbdni `kwn lgn un`er gppegm (?) Fdmm v. Cfurcf Cfurcf ko Scdent Scdentkmki kmkiy8 y8 Crkwn Crkwn gttkr gttkrney ney lrkui lrkuift ft gctdk gctdkn n okr `eogjgt `eogjgtdkn dkn gigdn gigdnst st Cfurcf Cfurcf gn` dts dts mgwyer mgwyer wfk ogmsemy ogmsemy gccuse` gttkrney ko vdkmgtdni ckurt kr`er. @—s griue` tfgt tfedr stgtejents prktecte` ly Cfgrter l/c stgtejents dn remgtdkn tk Crkwn—s koodcdgm `utdes, fds gctdkn oun`e` ly crkwn. Fem`, dn tfe ckntext ko `eogjgtdkn, pmgdntdoo wgs prdvgte pgrty, l/c gctdkn lrkuift nkt gs pgrt ko fds ikvt `utdes lut tk vdn`dcgte fds perskng m reputgtdkn. Ckjjkn mgw ikverne` CKG, Cfgrter `d` nkt gppmy, Nk ikvt gctdkn un`er s. 3<. Ckjjkn mgw ko `eogjgtdkn ckjpmdes w/ un`ermydni vgmues ko Cfgrter & tfere ds nk nee` tk gjen`/gmter dt. (9) \ume8 ckjjkn mgw sfkum` le `evemkpe` dntk cknokrjdty w/ Cfgrter vgmues, jegns8 gmtfkuif cfgrter `kes nkt gppmy `drectmy tk ckjjkn mgw, dt `kes gppmy dn`drectmy. Cfgrter vgmues gre remevgnt tk stgtutkry dnterpretgtdkn knmy wfere tfe stgtute ds gjldiukus gn` reoerence tk g Cfgrter vgmue wkum` femp reskmve tfe gjldiudty. f) Qrdvgte gctdkn8 Cfgrter reiumgtes gctdkn letween ikvt gn` prdvgte perskns, ltu dt `kes nkt reiumgte remgtdkns ltn prdvgte perskn gn` prdvgte perskns. Qrdvgte gctdkn ds excmu`e` orkj Cfgrter. Dnsteg` reje`des gre un`er fujgn rdifts ck`e, mglkr mgw, ogjdmy mgw, tkrt mgw, ckntrgct/prkperty mgw, etc. (7) \.v.Luf \.v.Lufgy8 gy8 secur securdty dty iugr` iugr`ss kpendn kpendni i mkcber mkcber nkt nkt sulhec sulhectt tk cfgr cfgrter ter s. s. 6 (unreg (unregskng sknglme lme segrc segrcf f gn` sedzure) sedzure) l/c nkt nkt sulhe sulhect ct tk ikvt ckntrkm, nkr wfere tfey gctdni gs gients ko pkmdce. (<) Even Even do gct gct ds ‖prd ‖prdvgte vgte—— do tfere tfere ds ds g stgtu stgtute te kr presence presence ko ikvt, ikvt, tfen tfen cfgrt cfgrter er ds gppmdcgl gppmdcglme8 me8 pgrmd pgrmdgje gjent nt idves idves pkwe pkwerr ko grrest tk prdvgte cdtdzens, crdjdngmdzes glkrtdkn, prkfdldts ejpmkyee `dscrdjdngtdkn, ikvt ckntrgcts w/ ejpmkyees. Un`er-dncmusdve stgtute ds kne tfgt excmu`es skje irkup tfgt fgs g cknstdtutdkngm rdift tk le dncmu`e`. Exten` stgtute (3) tk prevdkusmy unreiumgte` gctdvdty. (_rden`8 excmu`e` sexugm krdentgtdkn orkj fujgn rdifts stgtute wgs vdkmgtdkn ko s. 75 Cfgrter)
d) Extrgterrdtkrdgm gppmdcgtdkn8 okredin ikvts gre nkt lkun` ly tfe cfgrter gn` tfedr gctdkns cgnnkt le lregcfes ko cfgrter. Cgng`g fgs entere` dntk extrg`dtdkn tregtdes w/ ktfer stgtes un`er wfdcf dt girees tk surren`er tk tfe ktfer stgte g perskn wfk fgs leen cfgrie` w/ kr cknvdcte` ko gn kooense dn tfe ktfer stgte lut wfk fgs ome` tk cgng`g. (7) < stgie stgie prkces prkcess8 s8 7) 7) hu`ie hu`ie fkm`s fkm`s fegrd fegrdni ni tk `eterj `eterjdne dne wfetf wfetfer er okred okredin in stgte stgte fgs fgs suoo suoodcde dcdent nt evd`en evd`ence ce ko ckjjds ckjjdssdk sdkn n ly ouidtdve ko extrg`dctglme kooense dn okredin stgte <) knmy do extrg`dtdkn hu`ie odn`s evd`ence tk le suoodcdent, jdndster ko hust `ecd`es wfetfer tk surren`er tfe ouidtdve tk requestdni stgte. (g) Do un`er stgie < tfe perskn ds cgng`dgn cdtdzen tfgt ds vdkmgtdkn ko s. ? `endgm tk rejgdn dn cgng`g, lut hustdode` un`er s. 7) Fgs gireejent wdtf US tfgt extrg`dtdkn jgy le reouse` do nk gssurgnce tfgt `egtf pengmty wdmm nkt le use`.
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(<) US v. v. Lurns Lurns88 twk cgng`dgn cgng`dgnss un`er un`er 76 76 ckjjd ckjjdtte` tte` jur`er jur`er dn US, US, ome` ome` tk LC, LC, cguift cguift,, extrg` extrg`dte` dte`,, JKH JKH gsbe` gsbe` okr nk gssurgnces ko `egtf pengmty. Ckurt fem` dt wkum` le lregcf ko oun`gjentgm hustdce tk extrg`dte ouidtdves w/k kltgdndni gssurgnces tfgt `egtf pengmty wkum` nkt le djpkse`. Extrg`dtdkn tk ogce `egtf wkum` sfkcb cknscdence ko ckurt gn` vdkmgte s. 9. ”Sgoe fgven‚ griujent `dsjdsse` kn lgsds tfgt tfere wgs mdttme dn`dcgtdkn tfgt US ikvt wkum` ever ogdm tk idve gssurgnces2. (3) Suresf Suresf v v.. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 fem` tfgt `epkrtgt `epkrtgtdkn dkn ko ko perskn perskn wfk jdif jdiftt ogce ogce tkrtur tkrturee ds nkt nkt jgter jgterdgmm dgmmy y `dooere `dooerent nt orkj orkj extrg extrg`dtd `dtdkn. kn. (s. 9 gmsk requdres perskn jgbdni cmgdj okr tkrture le idven oumm dnok ko cgse okr `epkrtgtdkn, oumm kppkrtundty tk respkn` gn` prkvd`e` w/ regskns okr `ecdsdkn). Fem`, `epkrtgtdkn set gsd`e l/c nk kppkrtundty idven tk sulstgntdgte c mgdjs gn` nkt g `gnier tk cgng`g. Scfredler v. Cgng`g8 @KH sent metter requestdni swdss gutfkrdtdes tk sedse reckr`s ko lgnb gcckunt ko cgng `dgn tfere (0) wgnte` ly rcjp okr crdjdngm dnvestdigtdkn. Metter nkt gutfkrdze` ly segrcf wgrrgnt kr s. 6. Swdss dn ckjpmdgnce w/ swdss mgw sedse`. Fem` tfgt metter ko request fg` nk meigm eooect gn` wgs nkt sulhect tk cfgrter revdew okr tfgt regskn. Gctdkns `kne ly okredin ikvt un`er okredin mgw. @dssent8 cgng`dgn koodcers fg` nk meigm gutfkrdty tk gct dn US. Uncknstdtutdkngm extrgterrdtkrdgm eooect tk djpkse Cfgrter. (5) \.v. \.v. Ckkb8 Ckkb8 Fem` Fem` tfgt tfgt cfgrt cfgrter er gppmd gppmde` e` tk dnter dnterrki rkigtdk gtdkn n (kur (kur ckps ckps dn gjer gjerdcgn dcgn hgdm dnte dnterrki rrkigtdn gtdni i gjerdc gjerdcgn gn wfk wfk jur`er jur`ere` e` dn cgng`g) l/c gmtfkuif dnterrkigtdkn tkkb pmgce dn US, dt wgs cgrrde` kut ly kur pkmdce. Nk dnteroerence w/ gjerdcgn skveredinty. Odrst tdje wfere cfgrter idven extrgterrdtkrdgm eooect ly gppmydni dt tk gctdkns kutsd`e cgng`g ly cgng`dgn gctkrs. (?) \.v.Fgp \.v.Fgpe8 e8 Cgng`dg Cgng`dgn n ckps ckps un`er un`er Purb Purbss gn` Cgdck Cgdck koodcer— koodcer—ss supervd supervdsdk sdkn, n, sedze sedze evd`e evd`ence nce dn ckjp ckjpmdgn mdgnce ce wdtf wdtf tfedr tfedr mgw mgw, gn` skje wkum` leen kltgdne` dn lregcf ko cfgrter. Fem` cfgrter sfkum` nkt gppmy, cfgrter sfkum` knmy gppmy tk gctdkns tgben ly cgng`dgn gctkrs dnsd`e cgng`g (Ckkb `dssent). (g) Cfgrter sfkum` le reg` `kwn tk cknokrj tk prdncdpmes ko dnterngtdkngm mgw tfgt respect skveredinty ko okredin stgtes. Cfgrter dnten`e` gs g iud`e tk gctdkn ly cgng`dgn pkmdce, nkt jeremy gs g vefdcme okr ex pkst ogctk revdew ko evd`ence kltgdne` dn okredin stgte. (l) Fkwever, do pkmdce gctdkn dn okredin stgte ydem`e` evd`ence tfgt wkum` jgbe cgng`dgn trdgm unogdr tfen evd`ence ckum` gn` sfkum` le excmu`e` un`er s. 9 gn` 77(`) Cfgrter. Pfgt wkum` nkt le extrgterrdtkrdgm gppmdcgtdkn lut tk ckntrkm tfe prkcess ko tfe cgng`dgn ckurt. (c) Ogdmure tk tk jeet cfgrter stgn`gr`s dn sedzdni evd`ence dn okredin ckuntry ds nkt ly dtsemo enkuif tk jgbe cgng`dgn trdgm unogdr. Fere, evd`ence kltgdne` dn ckjpmdgnce w/ okredin mgw gn` `d` nkt jgbe trdgm dn cgng`g unogdr. Cgng`g v. Bfg`r8 Cgng`dgn cdtdzen cgpture ly US dn Goifgn, fem` dn Iugntg ngjk Lgy, Culg. Cgng`dgn koodcdgms (9) dntervdewe` fdj dn Culg gn` jg`e reckr`s, igve ckpy tk US. Fem`8 entdtme` tk s. <0(7) reje`y ko `dscmksure ko reckr`s fem` ly Cgng`dgn ikvt. Do everytfdni fg` tgben pmgce dn cgng`g, B wkum` le entdtme` tk s. 9 Cfgrter, rdift tk oumm `dscmksure ko gmm remevgnt jgterdgm. Fem` Iugntgngjk prkcess dn lregcf ko Ienevg Cknventdkns (cgng`g gn` us gre pgrtdes tk) gn` ly fgn`dni kver jgterdgms, cgng`g wgs dnvkmve` dn prkcess. Pfereokre, Fgpe `d` nkt gppmy gn` Cfgrter gcqudre` extrgterrdtkrdgm eooect. Nedtfer dntervdew kr fgn`dni kver reckr`s wgs lregcf ko Cfgr ter. 3. Em`rd`ie Em`rd`ie v. v. LC (GI)8 (GI)8 g) Dssues8 wfetfer fkspdtgm (nkn ikvt entdty) ds lkun` ly tfe Cfgrter. Pfe cknstdtutdkngm questdkns leokre tfds Ckurt querde`8 Yfetfer tfe `eodndtdkn ko ”leneodts‚ dn s. 7 ko tfe Je`dcgre Qrktectdkn Gct dnordnie` s. 75(7) ko tfe Cfgrter ly (7) ogdmdni tk dncmu`e je`dcgm dnterpreter servdces okr tfe `ego Do sk, wfetfer tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkn wgs sgve` un`er s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter (<) Yfetfer ss. 3, 5 gn` 4 ko tfe Fkspdtgm Dnsurgnce Gct gn` tfe \eiumgtdkns dnordnie` s. 75(7) ly ogdmdni tk requdre (3) tfgt fkspdtgms prkvd`e je`dcgm dnterpreter servdces okr tfe `ego, gn` (0) (0) Do tfe tfe gns gnswe werr tk 3 ds yes, yes, wfetf wfetfer er tfe djpu djpuine ine` ` prkv prkvds dsdkn dknss were were sgve sgve` ` un`er un`er s. 7 l) Ogcts8 nk sdin-mgniugie dnterpretgtdkn okr `ego perskns seebdni je`dcgm servdces (wkum` le lregcf ko s. 75). Pfe ogdmure tk pgy okr dnterpreters, tfey cknten`, dnordnies tfedr rdift tk equgm leneodt ko tfe mgw wdtfkut `dscrdjdngtdkn lgse` kn pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty c) \egskndni8 \egskndni8 Odrst, tfe jere ogct tfgt gn entdty perokrjs wfgt jgy mkksemy le terje` g ”pulmdc ounctdkn‚, kr tfe ogct tfgt g pgrtdcumgr (7) gctdvdty jgy le `escrdle` gs ”pulmdc‚ dn ngture, wdmm nkt le suoodcdent tk lrdni dt wdtfdn tfe purvdew ko ”ikvernjent‚ okr tfe purpkses ko s. 3< ko tfe Cfgrter . Dn kr`er okr tfe Cfgrter tk gppmy tk g prdvgte entdty, dt just le okun` tk le djpmejentdni g specdodc ikvernjentgm pkmdcy kr prkirgj. Pfe seckn` djpkrtgnt pkdnt ckncerns tfe precdse jgnner dn wfdcf tfe Cfgrter jgy le fem` tk gppmy tk g prdvgte (<) entdty. (g) Odrst, dt jgy le `eterjdne` tfgt tfe entdty ds dtsemo ”ikvernjent‚ okr tfe purpkses ko s. 3<. Pfds dnvkmves gn dnqudry dntk wfetfer tfe entdty cgn, edtfer ly dts very ngture kr dn vdrtue ko tfe `eiree ko ikvernjentgm ckntrkm exercdse` kver dt, prkpermy le cfgrgcterdze` gs ”ikvernjent ‚ wdtfdn tfe jegndni ko s. 3<(7). Dn sucf cgses, gmm ko tfe gctdvdtdes ko tfe
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entdty wdmm le sulhect tk tfe Cfgrter, reigr`mess ko wfetfer tfe gctdvdty dn wfdcf dt ds enigie` ckum`, do perokrje` ly g nkn-ikvernjentgm gctkr, ckrrectmy le `escrdle` gs ”prdvgte‚. (l) Seckn`, gn entdty jgy le okun` tk gttrgct Cfgrter scrutdny wdtf respect tk g pgrtdcumgr gctdvdty tfgt cgn le gscrdle` tk ikvernjent. Pfds `ejgn`s gn dnvestdigtdkn dntk tfe ngture ko tfe gctdvdty dtsemo. Dn sucf cgses, tfe qugmdty ko tfe gct gt dssue, rgtfer tfgn tfe qugmdty ko tfe gctkr, just le scrutdndze`. dt ds nkt tfe meidsmgtdkn dtsemo tfgt vdkmgtes tfe Cfgrter , gs dt jeremy sgys tfgt gmm servdces just le prkvd`e` equgmmy gn` (3) `kes nkt idve specdodc exgjpmes ko fkw tfe fkspdtgms gre tk `eterjdne wfdcf servdces tk prkvd`e tk wfdcf pgtdents. Pfereokre, tfe meidsmgtdkn `kes nkt vdkmgte s.75 s.75.. Fkwever, tfe Cfgrter `eodndtemy gppmdes tk gctdkn tgben un`er stgtutkry gutfkrdty, wfdcf ds exgctmy wfgt ds fgppendni dn tfds cgse. Pfe ikverndni stgtutes idve tfe fkspdtgms gutfkrdty tk `eterjdne wfgt leneodts tk prkvd`e, fkwever tfese `ecdsdkns just le jg`e dn wgys tfgt gre cknsdstent wdtf tfe Cfgrter . Pfere ds nktfdni dn tfe meidsmgtdkn tfgt prevents tfe fkspdtgms orkj prkvd`dni tfe dnterpreters. Mg Okrest stgtes tfgt ikvernjent sfkum` nkt le gmmkwe` tk escgpe tfedr Cfgrter mdjdtgtdkns sdjpmy tfrkuif remeigtdni (0) gutfkrdty. Pfus, do g prdvgte entdty ds gctdni un`er stgtutkrdmy irgnte` gutfkrdty , tfedr gctdkn wdmm le sulhect tk Cfgrter scrutdny. Pfus, prdvgte entdtdes gctdni un`er stgtutkry gutfkrdty wdmm le `eeje` tk le dncmu`e` dn tfe `eodndtdkn ko "ikvernjent" dn s.3< s.3<.. Fe jgbes gn djpkrtgnt `dstdnctdkn, stgtdni tfgt do g prdvgte entdty ds entdremy ckntrkmme` ly tfe ikvernjent tfen gmm ko dts gctdkns wdmm le sulhect tk Cfgrter scrutdny, wferegs dn cgses mdbe tfds wfere knmy specdodc pgrts ko g prdvgte entdty—s gctdkns gre irgnte` un`er stgtute, knmy tfkse gctdkns wdmm le sulhe ct tk tfe scrutdny. `) \ume8 Do gn entdty—s gct ds trumy ikvernjentgm dn ngture, tfgt entdty wdmm le un`er Cfgrter scrutdny knmy wdtf respect tk tfgt gct - nkt gmm ko tfedr prdvgte gctdvdtdes. e) S. 75 test test88 (7) (7) Pfer Pferee jus justt le le g `dst `dstdn dnct ctdk dkn nl let etwe ween en ktfe ktfers rs22 (<) (<) Pfe Pfe `dst `dstdnc dnctdk tdkn n fgs fgs tk le kne kne tfgt tfgt djpk djpkse sess l lene eneodt odtss k krr wdtf wdtffk fkm`s m`s lur` lur`ens ens22 (3) (3) Kne Kne just just sfk sfkw w tfgt tfgt tfds tfds `ds `dscrd crdjd jdng ngtd tdkn kn ds lgse` lgse` kn gn enuj enujer ergte gte` ` kr gng gngmki mkiku kuss irkun irkun`. `. o) Fem`8 Cfgrter wgs gppmdcglme `espdte tfe glsence ko gny pkwer ko ckjpumsdkn. *Fkspdtgm Gct wgs djpmejentdni specdodc ikvt pkmdcy kr prkirgj. Pfe ogdmure ko tfe Je`dcgm Servdces Ckjjdssdkn gn` fkspdtgms tk prkvd`e sdin mgni ugie dnterpretgtdkn wfere dt ds necessgry okr eooectdve ckjjundcgtdkn cknstdtutes g prdjg ogcde vdkmgtdkn ko tfe s. 75(7) rdifts ko `ego perskns. Sdin mgniugie dnterpreters just le prkvd`e` dn tfe `emdvery ko je`dcgm servdces wfere `kdni sk ds necessgry tk ensure eooectdve ckjjundcgtdkn. i) @dspksdtdkn8 gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe`. Gnswere` questdkns 7 gn` 3 dn tfe neigtdve. Nkt necessgry tk gnswer < gn` 0. _gnckuver Prgnspkrtgtdkn Gutfkrdty v. Cgng`dgn Oe`ergtdkn ko Stu`ents8 I_PG I_PG reouse` tk pkst tfe respkn`ents— pkmdtdcgm 0. Iregter _gnckuver g`vertdsejents kn tfe sd`es ko tfedr luses kn tfe lgsds tfgt tfedr g`vertdsdni pkmdcdes perjdt ckjjercdgm lut nkt pkmdtdcgm g`vertdsdni kn pulmdc trgnsdt vefdcmes. Pfe respkn`ents ckjjence` gn gctdkn gmmeidni tfgt grt dcmes <, 9 gn` 4 ko tfe trgnsdt gutfkrdtdes— pkmdcdes fg` vdkmgte` tfedr rdift tk oree`kj ko expressdkn iugrgntee` ly s. <(l) ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter ko \difts gn` Oree`kjs . g) Dssue8 (7) wfetfer tfe entdtdes wfdcf kpergte tfe pulmdc trgnsdt systejs dn tfe I_\@ gn` emsewfere dn Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg gre sulhect tk tfe Cfgrter 2 (<) do sk, wfetfer tfe djpuine` pkmdcdes g`kpte` ly tfese entdtdes dnordnie tfe respkn`ents— rdift tk oree`kj ko expressdkn2 (3) do sk, wfetfer tfe mdjdts djpkse` ly tfkse pkmdcdes gre ”regsknglme mdjdts prescrdle` ly mgw‚ wdtfdn tfe jegndni ko s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter2 gn` (0) wfetfer g `ecmgrgtdkn cgn le jg`e un`er s. 5< ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 746< wdtf respect tk tfe pkmdcdes. l) \ume8 Yfen ikvernjent exercdses ”sulstgntdgm ckntrkm‚ kver gn entdty, tfgt entdty jgy ckje un`er Cfgrter scrutdny. tfere gre twk wgys tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfe Cfgrter gppmdes tk gn entdty—s gctdvdtdes8 (7) (7) ly enqud enqudrd rdni ni dntk dntk tfe tfe ngtu ngture re ko ko tfe tfe entdt entdty y kr ly ly enqudr enqudrdn dni i dntk dntk tfe tfe ngtur ngturee ko dts dts gct gctdvd dvdtde tdes. s. Do tfe entdty ds okun` tk le ”ikvernjent‚, edtfer lecguse ko dts very ngture kr lecguse tfe ikvernjent exercdses (<) sulstgntdgm ckntrkm kver dt, gmm dts gctdvdtdes wdmm le sulhect tk tfe Cfgrter. Do gn entdty ds nkt dtsemo g ikvernjent entdty lut nevertfemess perokrjs ikvernjentgm gctdvdtdes, knmy tfkse gctdvdtdes wfdcf cgn le sgd` tk le ikvernjentgm dn ngture wdmm le sulhect tk tfe Cfgrter. c) \egskndni8 Lktf LC Prgnsdt gn` PrgnsMdnb gre ”ikvernjent‚ wdtfdn tfe jegndni ko s. 3< ko tfe Cfgrter . Cfgrter gppmdes nkt knmy tk Qgrmdgjent, tfe meidsmgtures gn` tfe ikvernjent tfejsemves, lut gmsk tk gmm jgtters jgtters wdtfdn tfe gutfkrdty ko tfkse entdtdes. LC Prgnsdt ds g stgtutkry lk`y `esdingte` ly meidsmgtdkn gs gn ”gient ko tfe ikvernjent‚ gn` dt cgnnkt kpergte gutknkjkusmy orkj tfe prkvdncdgm ikvernjent, sdnce tfe mgtte r fgs tfe pkwer, ly jegns ko reiumgtdkns, tk exercdse sulstgntdgm ckntrkm kver dts `gy -tk-`gy gctdvdtdes. Gmtfkuif PrgnsMdnb ds nkt gn gient ko tfe ikvernjent, dt ds sulstgntdgmmy ckntrkmme` ly g mkcgm ikvernjent entdty ‐ tfe Iregter _gnckuver _gnckuver \eidkngm @dstrdct ‐ gn` ds tfereokre dtsemo g ikvernjent entdty. entdty. Sdnce tfe trgnsdt gutfkrdtdes gre ikvernjent entdtdes, tfe Cfgrter gppmdes tk gmm tfedr gctdvdtdes, dncmu`dni tfe kpergtdkn ko tfe luses tfey kwn. Pfe mdjdts resumtdni orkj tfe pkmdcdes gre nkt hustdode` un`er s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter. Fkwever, tfe mdjdts kn pkmdtdcgm (7) ckntent djpkse` ly grtdcmes <, 9 gn` 4 gre nkt rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe klhectdve. Dt ds `doodcumt tk see fkw gn g`vertdsejent kn tfe sd`e ko g lus tfgt cknstdtutes pkmdtdcgm speecf jdift cregte g sgoety rdsb kr gn unwemckjdni envdrknjent okr trgnsdt users.
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G`vertdsdni kn luses fgs leckje g wd`espreg` gn` eooectdve jegns okr cknveydni jessgies tk tfe ienergm pulmdc. Pk tfe extent tfgt grtdcmes <, 9 gn` 4 prkfdldt pkmdtdcgm g`vertdsdni kn tfe sd`es ko luses, tfey pmgce gn unhustdodglme mdjdt kn tfe respkn`ents— rdift un`er s. <(l) ko tfe Cfgrter.
`) Fem`8 Tes stgtutkry lk`des `esdine` ly meidsmgtdkn gs gn ”gient‚ ko tfe ikvernjent, wdtf g lkgr` gmm gppkdnte` ly tfe Mdeutengnt Ikvernkr gn` tfe MI fgvdni gutfkrdty tk jgngie googdrs tfrkuif reiumgtdkns. Gients ko ikvernjent tfgt `k nkt kpergte gutknkjkusmy. *Cknsdstent wdtf prdncdpme tfgt ikvernjent sfkum` nkt le glme tk sfdrb dts Cfgrter respknsdldmdtdes ly cknoerrdni pkwers kntk gnktfer entdty e) Gppegm `dsjdsse`. `dsjdsse`. E. K_E\\D@E KO \DIFPS - Cf. 34 7. Sectdkn 338 englmes pgrmdgjent/mei tk ‖kverrd`e— s. < kr ss. 9 tk 75 ko tfe Cfgrter. Do stgtute fgs gn express `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt dt ds tk kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni g prkvdsdkn dncmu`e` dn s. < kr ss. 9 tk 75 ko tfe cfgrter, tfen ly vdrtue ko s. 33(<) stgtute wdmm kpergte oree orkj dnvgmd`gtdni eooect ko tfe cfgrter prkvdsdkn reoerre` tk dn tfe `ecmgrgtdkn. Pfrkuif tfds, stgtute mdjdtdni rdifts/oree`kjs iugrgntee` un`er <, 9-75 cgn le jg`e, wdtfkut fgvdni tk jeet s. 7 Pest. Y/k kverrd`e pkwer, stgtute wkum` knmy le vgmd` do hustdode` un`er s. 7 <. \difts tfgt jgy le kverrd``en8 oun`gjentgm oree`kjs s. <, meigm rdifts s. 9 tk 70, equgmdty rdifts s. 75. @ecmgrgtdkn just reoer specdodcgmmy tk tfe cfgrter prkvdsdkn tfgt ds tk le kverrd``en. (`kes nkt dncmu`e `ejkcrgtdc rdifts 3-5, jkldmdty rdifts ?, mgniugie rdifts 7?-<3, enokrcejent prkvdsdkn <0 kr sexugm equgmdty cmguse (<6). 3. Odve-yegr mdjdt8 express `ecmgrgtdkn wdmm gutkjgtdcgmmy expdre gt en` ko 5 yegrs. Cgn re engct un`er 33(0) lut wdmm gmsk expdre goter 5 yegrs. Nkt cmegr do cgn renew 3r` tdje. @ecmgrgtdkn re engcte` un`er (3) sfkum` prklglmy le reigr`e` gs `ecmgrgtdkn jg`e un`er sulsectdkn (7). 0. Specdodcdty Specdodcdty ko `ecmgrgtdkn8 g) Kverrd`e just expressmy `ecmgre - tfgt stgtute ds tk kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni g cfgrter rdift. l) Express `ecmgrgtdkn just le specdodc gs tk tfe stgtute . Dn Okr` v. Pfe Wueen8 exercdse ko kverrd`e pkwer kver gmm stgtutes, lmgnbet `ecmgrgtdkn ds vgmd`. c) Kverrd`e just le specdodc gs tk tfe cfgrter rdift wfdcf ds kverrd``en. Okr` v. Pfe Wueen8 kjndlus reoerence tk rdifts wgs suoodcdent (reoer tk tfe very rdift). Nkt regsknglme tk requdre reoerence tk stgtute ckntgdndni `ecmgrgtdkn. (7) Meidsmg Meidsmgtdve tdve lk`y lk`y jus justt le perj perjdtte dtte` ` dn skje skje cgses cgses tk kverr kverrd`e d`e jkre jkre tfgn tfgn kne kne prkvds prkvdsdkn dkn ko ko Cfgrter Cfgrter gn` dn`e dn`ee` e` gmm gmm ko tfe tfe prkvdsdkns wfdcf dt ds perjdtte` tk kverrd`e ly terjs ko s. 33, Nkr `kes tfe wkr` ‖expressmy— requdre tfgt Cfgrter rdifts le d`entdode` ly wkr`s (oree`kj ko expressdkn)2 reoerence tk nujlers ko sectdkns ko cfgrter wgs suoodcdent express.
5. \etrkgctdve eooect8 Okr` cgse, gct cgje dntk eooect Hune 6<, tfe `gte ko engctjent, nkt Gprdm 6<, tfe `gte stdpumgte` dn Ldmm - nk retrkgctdve eooect wfen Cfgrter engcte`. leokre Okr` cgse, dt wgs gmwgys gssuje` tfgt `ecdsdkn strdbdni `kwn g stgtute okr lregcf ko cfgrter ckum` le retrkgctdvemy reverse` ly ckjpetent meidsmgtdkn lk`y ko tfe exercdse ko dts kverrd`e pkwer. Nkw, kptdkn nk mknier kpen. ?. Hu`dcdgm revdew8 revdew8 `ecmgrgtdkn un`er s. 33 wdmm le fem` dnvgmd` ly ckurts do dt ogdms tk sgtdsoy vgrdkus requdrejents ko s. 338 `ecmgrgtdkn
just le cknodne` tk rdifts dn s. 33, dt just le specdodc gs tk stgtute tfgt ds exejpte` orkj cfgrter, gn` gs tk tfe rdifts tfgt gre kverrd``en, gn` dt jgy nkt le idven retrkgctdve eooect. v g) Knce express `ecmgrgtdkn, cfgrter prkvdsdkn fgs nk gppmdcgtdkn tk stgtute, gn` tfere ds nk nee` okr gny sfkwdni ko regsknglmeness kr hustdodcgtdkn un`er s. 7 (Okr`). 9. Evgmugtdkn ko s. 338 lesd`es quelec, ikvts gre remuctgnt tk use dt gn` wdmm use dt dnoreque ntmy2 pulmdc pkmdcy suppkrts nkt usdni dt jucf. Hu`dcdgm `ecdsdkn tk strdbe `kwn `kwn mgw okr lregcf ko s. < kr 9-75 ds nkt odngm, dt ds sulhect tk meidsmgtdve revdew. Do meidsmgture wgnts tfe mgw, dt cgn re engct dt ly dncmu`dni tfe nktwdtfstgn`dni cmguse dn s. 33. Qkwer ko kverrd`e gmmkws okr rgre cgse wfere emecte` reps gre cknvdnce` tfgt hu`dcdgm `ecdsdkn ds gn dngpprkprdgte gnswer tk tfe rdifts dn dssue2 tfus, cdtdzens gre glme tk pgrtdcdpgte dn pkmdcy cfkdces okr tfedr pkmdtdcgm ckjjundty. 6. Okr` v. v. Wuelec8 Wuelec 8 Cfgmmenie tk WC Cfgrter ko Orencf Mgniugie requdrdni Orencf-knmy sdins. g) Dssue8 Yfetfer Wuelec—s stgn`gr`, kjndlus use ko kverrd`e cmguse ds vgmd`. Cmguse8 ”Kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni tfe prkvdsdkns ko sectdkn < gn` 9 tk 75‚ (7) wfetfer wfetfer ss. ss. 56 56 gn` gn` ?4 dnord dnordnie nie tfe tfe oree`k oree`kj j ko expre expressd ssdkn kn iugrgn iugrgntee` tee` ly s. <(l) <(l) ko tfeCg tfeCgng` ng`dgn dgn Cfgrt Cfgrter er ko \difts \difts gn` gn` Oree`kjs gn` s. 3 ko tfe Wuelec Cfgrter ko Fujgn \difts gn` Oree`kjs, \.S.W., c. C-7<2 gn` (<) wfetfer ss. 56 gn` ?4 dnordnie tfe iugrgntee gigdnst `dscrdjdngtdkn lgse` kn mgniugie dn s. 71 ko tfe Wuelec Cfgrter. l) \ume8 Pfe ienergm rume ds tfgt stgtutes gre nkt tk le cknstrue` gs fgvdni retrkspectdve kpergtdkn unmess sucf g cknstructdkn ds expressmy kr ly necessgry djpmdcgtdkn requdre` ly tfe mgniugie ko tfe Gct. c) \egskndni8 Pfe essentdgm requdrejent ko okrj mgd` `kwn ly s. 33 ds tfgt tfe kverrd`e `ecmgrgtdkn just le gn express `ecmgrgtdkn tfgt gn Gct kr g prkvdsdkn ko gn Gct sfgmm kpergte nktwdtfstgn`dni g prkvdsdkn dncmu`e` dn s. < kr ss. 9 tk 75 ko tfe Cfgrter. G sectdkn 33 `ecmgrgtdkn ds suoodcdentmy express do dt reoers tk tfe nujler ko tfe sectdkn, sulsectdkn kr pgrgirgpf ko (7) tfeCfgrter wfdcf ckntgdns tfe prkvdsdkn kr prkvdsdkns tk le kverrd``en. Ko ckurse, do g meidsmgture dnten`s tk kverrd`e knmy g
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pgrt ko g prkvdsdkn ckntgdne` dn g sectdkn tfen tfe re wkum` fgve tk le g suoodcdent reoerence dn wkr`s tk tfe pgrt tk le kverrd``en. Sectdkn ?4 ko tfe Cfgrter ko tfe Orencf Mgniugie ds nkt prktecte` orkj tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko s. <(l) sdnce dt wgs nkt gooecte` ly Gn Gct tk gjen` tfe Cfgrter ko tfe Orencf Mgniugie . Dn prkvd`dni tfgt s. 7 sfkum` fgve eooect orkj Gprdm 79, 746<, s. 9 ko tfe Gct igve retrkspectdve eooect tk tfe kverrd`e (<) prkvdsdkn. Pfds ds ckntrgry tk s. 33 ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter wfdcf perjdts prkspectdve `erkigtdkn knmy. `) Fem`8 Ye ckncmu`e tfgt tfe mgtter gn` ngrrkwer dnterpretgtdkn ds tfe prkper kne, gn` tfgt s. 9 cgnnkt idve retrkspectdve eooect tk tfe kverrd`e prkvdsdkn. Use ko stgn`gr` kverrd`e prkvdsdkn ds vgmd`. Cfgmmenie `dsjdsse`.
O. MDJDPGPDKN KO \DIFPS - Cf. 36 7. Dntrk`uctdkn8 sectdkn 7 iugrgntees rdifts gn` oree`kjs set kut dn cfgrter lut jgmes cmegr tfgt tfey gre nkt glskmute, tfey gre sulhect tk sucf regsknglme mdjdts prescrdle` ly mgw gs cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. < pgrt test8 7) wfetfer cfgmmenie` mgw fgs tfe eooect ko mdjdtdni kne ko tfe iugrgntee` rdifts. <) do yes, wetfer tfe mdjdt ds g regsknglme kne tfgt cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. g) Ckurts cgn pkdnt tk s.7 gs gutfkrdzdni tfe `evemkpjent ko mdjdts kn tfe iugrgntee ko rdifts. Un`er s. 33 cgn gmsk jgbes mgws tfgt kverrd`e cfgrter rdift. <. \gtdkngme ko s. 7 8 Kgbes - s.7 fgs twk ounctdkns - nkt knmy prkvd`e` okr mdjdts kn tfe iugrgntee` rdifts lut gmsk expressmy iugrgntees tfe rdifts gn` oree`kjs set kut dn cfgrter. 3. Lur`en ko prkko8 prkko8 g) Odrst stgie 8 Ckurt `ecd`es do cfgrter rdift wgs dnordnie`. Lur`en ko prkkod ni gmm emejents ko tfe lregcf ko g cfgrter rests kn perskn gssertdni tfe lregcf. l) Seckn` stgie 8 Dnqudry dntk hustdodcgtdkn un`er s. 7. Lur`en ko persugsdkn sfdots tk tfe ikvt (kr ktfe r pgrty) seebdni tk suppkrt cfgmmenie` mgw2 persug`e ckurt tfgt mgw ds g ‖regsknglme mdjdt— gn` dt cgn ‖le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety—. Kgbes - tfds ds g cdvdm stgn`gr`, prkko ly prepkn`ergnce ko prklgldmdty. Evd`ence sfkum` le klvdkus kr semo-evd`ent. 0. Qresujptdkn Qresujptdkn ko cknstdtutdkngmdty cknstdtutdkngmdty88 g) Pfree cknsequences 8 (`kctrdnes ko hu`dcdgm restrgdnt `esdine` tk jdndjdze dntrusdkn ly hu`dcdgm lrgncf dn googdrs ko meidsmgtdve lrgncf) (7) Ckurt Ckurt sfkum` sfkum` exer exercdse cdse restrgdn restrgdntt dn hu`dc hu`dcdgm dgm revde revdew w, strdbdn strdbdni i `kwn `kwn tfe mgw mgw knmy knmy do dt cmegrm cmegrmy y kooen kooen`s `s cknst cknstdtut dtutdkng dkngmm restrdctdkns kn tfe pkwer ko tfe engctdni pgrmdgjent kr meidsmgture. (<) Yfere Yfere vgmd` vgmd`dty dty ko g mgw turns turns kn g odn`dni odn`dni ko ogct, ogct, tfgt odn`dni odn`dni ko ogct ogct nee` nkt le prkve prkve` ` strdct strdctmy my ly ly tfe ikvt, ikvt, dt ds suoodcdent tfgt tfere le g ‖rgtdkngm lgsds— okr tfe odn`dni. (3) Yfere Yfere g mgw mgw ds ds kpen kpen tk tk < dnter dnterpre pretgtd tgtdkns kns,, un`er un`er kne dn dn wfdcf wfdcf dt dt wkum` wkum` le le unckns uncknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkngm gm gn` gn` tfe tfe ktfer ktfer dt dt wkum` wkum` le cknstdtutdkngm, tfe mgtter dnterpretgtdkn sfkum` le semecte` : cknstdtutdkngm. (”reg`dni `kwn‚ dnterpretgtdkn). l) Dn oe`ergmdsj cgses8 (ltn < mevems ko ikvt) presujptdkn ko cknstdtutd kngmdty tdmts tkwgr`s ikvt dn ogvkr ko upfkm`dni tfe m gw. Dn Cfgrter cgses8 nk presujptdkn ko cknstdtutdkngmdty, nk tdmtdni tkwgr`s ogvkr ko ikvt. 5. Mdjdts8 Nkt every cfgrter dnordniejent ds g ‖mdjdt— gn` gny dnordniejent tfgt ds jkre severe tfgn g mdjdt cgnnkt le hustdode ` un`er s. 7. Wuelec Scfkkm Lkgr` Cgse8 Mgw mdjdte` g`jdssdkn tk enimdsf mgniugie scfkkms dn quelec tk cfdm`ren ko perskns wfk fg` leen e`ucgte` dn enimdsf dn quelec. Fem` tfgt quelec cmguse dnordnie` s. <3(7)(l) Cfgrter tfgt prktecte` jdnkrdty mgniugie scfkkm rdifts, lut ckurt reouse` tk `rgw dnqudry dntk hustdodcgtdkn un`er s. 7. Ckncmu`e`, prkvdsdkns ko cmguse ckmmd`e `drectmy w/ tfkse ko s. <3 Cfgrter, gn` gre nkt mdjdts wfdcf cgn le meidtdjdze` ly s. 7 Cfgrter. @dstdnctdkn letween ”mdjdts‚ wfdcf cgn le hustdode` un`er s 7 gn` ”`endgms‚ wfdcf cgnnkt le. ?. Qrescrdle` Qrescrdle` ly mgw g) @eodndtdkn ko prescrdle` ly mgw8 cfgrter rdifts sulhect tk ‖sucf regsknglme mdjdts prescrdle` ly mgw cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. ”Qrescrdle`‚8 gn gct tfgt ds nkt meigm my gutfkrdze` cgn never le hustdode` un`er s. 7 (custkjs `dscrdjdngtdni gigdnst fkjksexugm mdtergture) Pwk vgmues ko requdrejent tk fgve prescrdle` ly mgw8 7) tk precmu`e grldtrgry gn` `dscrdjdngtkry gctdkn ly ikvt (7) koodcdgms, gmm koodcdgm gctdkn dn `erkigtdkn ko rdifts just le gutfkrdze` ly mgw. <) cdtdzens just fgve regsknglme kppkrtundty tk bnkw wfgt ds prkfdldte` sk tfgt tfey cgn gct gcckr`dnimy. \equdrejents8 7) mgw just le g`equgtemy gccessdlme 2<) mgw just le okrjumgte` w/ suoodcdent precdsdkn tk (<) englme pekpme tk reiumgte tfedr ckn`uct ly dt gn` tk prkvd`e iud`gnce tk tfkse wfk gppmy tfe mgw. Ckurt fgs fem` tfgt pfrgse prescrdle` ly mgw dn s. 7 entgdms sgje < requdrejents ko gccessdldmdty gn` precdsdkn. (3) I_PG v. Cgng`dgn Cknoe`ergtdkn ko stu`ents8 fem` tfgt pkmdcdes ko trgnsdt gutfkrdtdes restrdctdni g`vertdsdni kn tfe sd`es ko luses were mdjdts kn oree`kjs tfgt were prescrdle` ly mgw. Pfey were suoodcdentmy gccessdlme gn` precdse tk le ‖mgw— okr tfe purpkse ko s.7 Pfese were meidsmgtdve pkmdcdes, wferegs meidsmgtdve pkmd cdes wfdcf were dnokrjgm gn` dngccessdlme kutsd`e ikvt wkum` nkt ckunt gs mgw okr tfe purpkse ko s.7
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(0) Ckurt Ckurt fgs fem` tfgt g mdjdt mdjdt kn g rdift rdift nee` nee` nkt nkt le le expres express, s, lut lut cgn cgn resum resumtt ‖ly ‖ly necess necessdty dty orkj orkj tfe tfe terjs terjs ko g stgtute stgtute kr reiumgtdkn kr orkj dts kpergtdni requdrejents—. (stgt requdrejent ko rkg`sd`e lregtf test g`jdndstere` ly ‖okrtfwdtf— wfdcf dn prgctdce precmu`e` ly mgw kn tfe rdift tk ckunsem , gmtfkuif tfe stgtute wgs sdment kn tfe rdift tk ckunsem.
l) @dscretdkn8 g mgw tfgt cknoers `dscretdkn kn g lkgr`/koodcdgm tk gct dn `erkigtdkn ko g cfgrter rdift wdmm sgtdsoy tfe prescrdle`-lymgw requdrejent do tfe `dscretdkn cknstrgdne` ly meigm stgn`gr`s. (7) \e Kntgrd Kntgrdk k Odmj Odmj gn` _d`ek Gpprecd Gpprecdgtdk gtdkn n Skcdety Skcdety88 (ckurt (ckurt ko gppegm gppegm cgse) cgse)stgt stgtute ute gutf gutfkrdz krdzdni dni odmj odmj censkrs censkrsfdp fdp ogdme ogdme` ` l/c unoettere` `dscretdkn tk lgn, nk crdterdg dn stgtute, lkgr` fg` g crdterdg. Fem`, crdterdg dnsuoodcdent l/c nkt ldn`dni kn lkgr`. (<) \.v.Fu \.v.Fuosb osby8 y8 upfem` upfem` stgtute stgtute gutfkrdz gutfkrdzdni dni pkmdc pkmdcee gt tfedr tfedr unoet unoettere tere` ` `dscret `dscretdkn dkn tk tk stkp stkp vefdcme vefdcmess (gt rgn`kj) rgn`kj) Stgtu Stgtute te wgs wgs g mdjdt prescrdle` ly mgw kn tfe rdift nkt tk le grldtrgrdmy `etgdne`. (3) Smgdift Smgdift Ckjj Ckjjundc undcgtdk gtdkns ns v v.. @gvd`s @gvd`skn8 kn8 g`hu` g`hu`dcgt dcgtkr kr okun` okun` ejpmkye ejpmkyerr unhustm unhustmy y `dsjds `dsjdsse` se` ejpm ejpmkyee kyee.. G`hu` G`hu`dcgt dcgtkr kr kr`er kr`ere` e` reoerence metter, kr`ere` nkt tk jgbe ckjjents glkut perokrjgnce, knmy gcfdevejents. Qurpkse ko neigtdve kr`er tk prevent ejpmkyer orkj un`erjdndni eooect ko pksdtdve kr`er. Ckurt fem` lktf pksdtdve gn` neigtdve kr`ers, gmtfkuif mdjdts kn ejpmkyer—s oree`kj ko expressdkn, were hustdode` un`er s. 7. Kr`er jg`e un`er stgtute gutfkrdty sk prescrdle` ly mgw requdrejent jet. Fem` tk le mdjdt ly mgw kn oree`kj ko expressdkn. @dstdnctdkn letween < types ko stgtutkry cknoerrgms ko `dscretdkn. (g) Stgtute tfgt expressmy/djpmdcgtdkn gutfkrdze` g `ecdsdkn tfgt wkum` dnordnie g cfgrter rdift - stgtute dtsemo fgs tk le hustdode` un`er s. 7 (Fustby, Mg`kuceur, Mg`kuceur, Kntgrdk odmj) (l) Stgtute tfgt cknoerre` dn mgniugie tk enckjpgss `ecdsdkn dnordnidni cfgrter rdift. gmtfkuif mgniugie `d` nkt expressmy/djpmdcgtdkn gutfkrdze dnordniejent ko tfe cfgrter. (Smgdift ckjjundcgtdkns) Lrkg` mgniugie sfkum` le reg` `kwn. @ecdsdkn tfgt mdjdte` cfgrter rdift gn` hustdodglme un`er s. 7 wkum` nkt dnordnie rdift. Yfen `ecdsdkn mdjdte` rdift wgs jg`e un`er lrkg` stgtutkry `dscretdkn, dt wgs tfe `ecdsdkn, nkt tfe stgtute, tfgt fg` tk sgtdsoy tfe s. 7 stgn`gr` ko hustdodcgtdkn. c) _giueness8 prdncdpme tfgt stgtute ds ‖vkd`— okr ‖vgiueness— do dt prkfdldtdkns gre nkt cmegrmy `eodne`. Dt `kes nkt prkvd`e cmegr stgn`gr`s kr prkvd`e regsknglme nktdce. _kd` okr vgiueness djpmdcdt dn mdjdt dn cfgrter rdift ly prescrdle` ly mgw. (7) Drwdn Drwdn Pky Pky v. v. Wuelec Wuelec88 prkv stgtute stgtute prkf prkfdldt dldte` e` ckjje ckjjercdg rcdgmm g`vertd g`vertdsdn sdni i `drecte `drecte` ` gt pers perskns kns un`er un`er 73. Fem` Fem` g mgw wkum wkum` ` ogdm fte prescrdle` ly mgw test knmy wfere nk dntemmdidlme stgn`gr` okun` gn` tfere—s `dscretdkn tk `k wfgtever seejs lest. Nkt tfe cgse fere, tfere wgs gn dntemmdidlme stgn`gr` okr gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe prkfdldtdkn. (<) ”Dntemmd ”Dntemmdidlm idlmee stgn`g stgn`gr`‚8 r`‚8 twk vgmues8 vgmues8 7) 7) prkvds prkvdsdkn dkn ko ko ogdr ogdr nktdce nktdce tk tk cdtdzen cdtdzenss ko wfgt wfgt ds ds prkfdld prkfdldte`, te`, gn` <) <) tfe prkvdsd prkvdsdkn kn ko cfecbs kn enokrcejent `dscretdkn. (3) Upfem` Upfem` mdjdt mdjdtss kn ckjj ckjjundc undcgtdk gtdkn n okr prkstdt prkstdtutdk utdkn, n, fgtre fgtre` ` kr cknt ckntejp ejptt wkr`s, wkr`s, pkmdtdc pkmdtdcgm gm cgjpgdi cgjpgdin, n, kn sgme ko klsce klscene ne jgterdgms, tklgcck g`vertdsdni8 Mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn tfgt fg` vgiue terjs lut ckurt fem` tfgt mgw suppmde` suoodcdentmy dntemmdidlme stgn`gr` tk jeet requdrejent ko s 7 tfgt g mdjdt ly prescrdle` ly mgw. 9. \egsknglme \egsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode`
g) KGBES Pest8 \.v.Kgbes8 crdterdg tfgt just le sgtdsode` tk estglmdsf tfgt g mdjdt ds regsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. Crdterdg8 (7) Suoodcd Suoodcdentm entmy y djpkrt djpkrtgnt gnt klhe klhectdv ctdve8 e8 mgw mgw just just pursu pursuee gn klhec klhectdve tdve tfgt ds suood suoodcden cdentmy tmy djpk djpkrtg rtgnt nt tk hust hustdoy doy mdjd mdjdtdni tdni cfgrter cfgrter rdift (<) (<) \gtdkn \gtdkngm gm ckn cknne nectd ctdkn8 kn8 tfe tfe mgw mgw jus justt le le rgtd rgtdkn kngmm gmmy y cknn cknnect ecte` e` tk tfe klhect klhectdve dve (3) Megst Megst `rgstd `rgstdcc jegns8 jegns8 tfe mgw mgw just just djpgdr djpgdr tfe rdift rdift nk jkre jkre tfgn tfgn ds necessg necessgry ry tk gcckjpm gcckjpmdsf dsf tfe klhectdv klhectdve. e. (0) Qrkpkrt Qrkpkrtdkng dkngte te eooect eooect88 tfe tfe mgw jus justt nkt fgve g `dsprk `dsprkpkrt pkrtdkng dkngtemy temy severe severe eooect eooect kn kn tfe tfe perskn persknss tk wfkj wfkj dt gppmdes gppmdes.. 6. Suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt klhectdve klhe ctdve (Qgrt 7 ko Kgbes Pest) g) D`entdty ko klhectdve8 stgtejent ko klhectdve cgn le expresse` gt vgrdkus mevems ko ienergmdty. Gn`rews v. Mgw Skcdety ko LC8 Fem` mgw requdrdni cgng`dgn cdtdzensfdp okr g`jdssdkn dntk meigm prkoessdkn dnordnie` iugrgntee ko equgmdty. Klhectdve ko mgw expresse` gt fdif mevem ko ienergmdty8 tk restrdct entry tk tfe meigm prkoessdkn tk perskns wfk gre qugmdode` tk prgctdce mgw. @dooerence ko kpdndkn ltn jghkrdty wfk fem` tfgt cdtdzensfdp requdrejent ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s 7 gn` jdnkrdty, tfgt dt cgn, cgn le trgce` lgcb tk `dooerent mevems ko ienergmdty ejpmkye` ly tf e hu`ies dn cfgrgcterdzdni tfe purpkse ko tfe mgw. (7) \egskn \egskn okr okr odn`dn odn`dni i klhect klhectdve8 dve8 tk tk `eterj `eterjdne dne wfetf wfetfer er tfere tfere ds ds g suood suoodcden cdentt hustdod hustdodcgtd cgtdkn kn okr okr gn dnordni dnordniejen ejentt ko tfe tfe Cfgrte Cfgrter. r. (<) Stgtejen Stgtejentt ko klhectd klhectdve ve sfkum sfkum` ` le remgte` remgte` tk dnor dnordnie dniejen jentt gn` gn` prkvd` prkvd`ee regsk regskn n okr okr dnord dnordnidn nidni i cfgrte cfgrterr rdift rdift.. \H\-Jc@kngm` v. Cgng`g8 pgrmdgjent cfkse messer pgtf ko lgnndni g`s ko tklgcck gn` expkse` tk cfg rter cfgmmenie vs. (3) lgnndni prk`uct. Jghkrdty sgd` tfgt klhec tdve tfgt ds remevgnt tk s. 7 ds tfe klhectdve ko tfe dnordnidni jegsure . Klhectdve just le tk prevent pekpme dn cgng`g orkj ledni persug`e` ly g`vertdsdni gn` prkjktdkn tk use tklgcck prk`ucts. Pfds wgs ngrrkw gn` mess sdindodcgnt klhectdve, tfgn lrkg` klhectdve ko prktectdni fegmtf ko cgng`dgns orkj use ko tklgcck. Fem` mgw ogdme` tfe megst `rgstdc jegns lrgncf ko s. 7 dnqudry, l/c tktgm lgn enckjpgsse` puremy dnokrjgtdkngm gn` lrgn`reckindtdkn g`vertdsdni tfgt pmgye` nk rkme dn persug`dni pekpme tk use tklgcck prk`ucts. Mgw wgs stucb `kwn.
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_rden` v. v. Gmlertg8 Fem` tfgt ogdmure tk dncmu`e sexugm krdentgtdkn dn prkfd ldte` irkun`s ko `dscrdjdngtdkn dn ejpmkyjent (0) wgs lregcf ko s 75. Klhectdve ko mgw wgs tk emdjdngte `dscrdjdngtkry prgctdces, ckum` nkt le dnvkbe` tk hustdoy mgw l/c lregcf ko cfgrter mgd` dn wfgt wgs kjdtte` orkj tfe Gct. Qrkvdnce ogdme` tk estglmdsf exdstence ko djpkrtgnt klhectdve tfgt wkum` sgtdsoy tfe odrst step ko Kgbes. MDjdte` ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s 7 gn` kjdssdkn wgs uncknstdtutdkngm. (5) \ksenler \ksenleri i v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 Fem` tfgt ogdmure ogdmure tk tk dncmu` dncmu`ee sgje sgje sex ckupmes ckupmes surv survdvkr dvkr leneodts leneodts nkt hust hustdode dode` ` un`er un`er s 7, 7, klhect klhectdve dve ko ogvkrdni feterksexugm undkns wgs dtsemo `dscrdjdngtkry gn` ckum` nkt okrj lgsds ko s. 7 hustdodcgtdkn. Fem` uncknstdtutdkngm. (?) Drwdn Drwdn Pky Pky v.Cg v.Cgng`g ng`g88 Ckurt Ckurt `eodne` `eodne` klhec klhectdve tdve ko mgw gt g very very mkw mevem mevem ko ko ienergm ienergmdty dty,, gs ‖prkt ‖prktectd ectdkn kn ko cfdm` cfdm`ren— ren— orkj orkj g`vertdsdni. Fem` klhectdve wgs ‖pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm—. Klhectdve dn ngrrkw terjs tfus, egsy tk odn` prkpkrtdkngmdty tests sgtdsode`. Qrklmej8 ngrrkw stgtejent ko klhectdve ko mgw, repegte` tfe text ko tfe mgw, meot prkpkrtdkngmdty test nk wkrb meot tk `k. (9) Kgbes test djpmde` tfgt dts pkssdlme tk jgbe dn`epen`ent gssessjent ko tfe klhectdve ko g cfgmmenie` gn` ko tfe jegns ejpmkye` ly tfe mgw tk gcckjpmdsf dts klhectdve - requdres klhectdve ko mgw tk le okrjumgte` gt g fdifer mevem ko ienergmdty tfgn jere pgrgpfrgse ko mgw. l) Djpkrtgnce ko klhectdve8 Kgbes - knmy mgw tfgt cgn serve gs hustdode` mdjdt kn cfgrter rdift ds kn tfgt pursues gn klhectdve tfgt ds suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy kverrd`dni g cfgrter rdift. Iud`gnce8 (7) klhectdve just jeet stgn`gr` djpmde` dn wkr`s ‖oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc— skcdety dn s. 7. (<) klhectdve just remgte tk ckncerns wfdcf gre pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm. 3) klhectdve just le `drecte` tk tfe regmdzgtdkn ko ckmmectdve ikgms ko oun`gjentgm djpkrtgnce. (7) GI ko Wuelec Wuelec v Okr`8 Okr`8 lgnndni lgnndni ko Enimds Enimdsf f ds tkk tkk ogr, ogr, strucb strucb `kwn `kwn.. Do knmy knmy wgnte wgnte` ` mgniugi mgniugiee tk le le pre`kj pre`kjdngn dngntmy tmy orenc orencf, f, tfgt wkum` fgve leen gcceptglme un`er s. 7 c) Dng`jdssdlme Dng`jdssdlme klhectdves8 Kgbes- do purpkse ds tk kverrd`e cfgrter rdift, dnvgmd`. (7) \.v.Ldi \.v.Ldi J @rui @rui Jgrt8 Jgrt8 purpk purpkse se wgs wgs tk ckjp ckjpem em klserv klservgnce gnce ko cfrds cfrdstdgn tdgn sgllgt sgllgt,, purpks purpksee wgs ckntrg` ckntrg`dctk dctkry ry tk cfgrter cfgrter rdift rdift gn` ckum` nkt le hustdode` mdjdtdni tfe rdift. (g) Klhectdve ko prkvd`dni g ckjjkn `gy ko rest wkum` le suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy kverrd`dni cfgrter rdift, lut ckurt reouse`8 d) Meidsmgtdve Meidsmgtdve fdstkry ko gct dn`dcgte` dn`dcgte` tfgt purpkse purpkse wgs remdidkus nkt secumgr secumgr dd) Un`er oe`ergmdsj prdncdpmes, Gct wgs wgs knmy cknstdtutdkngmmy vgmd` gs g crdjdngm mgw knmy do tfe purpkse wgs remdidkus. Meidsmgtdve klhectdve ckum` nkt le hustdode` ly mdjdtdni oree`kj ko remdidkn, Gct wgs tfus uncknstdtutdkngm. (l) Pfree rumes8 d) Klhectdve Klhectdve cgnnkt prkvd`e lgsds okr s. 7 hustdodcgtdkn do tfe klhectdve ds dnckjpgtdlme dnckjpgtdlme w/ tfe vgmues entrencfe` ly tfe Cfgrter. dd) Gn klhectdve cgnnkt prkvd`e tfe lgsds okr s. 7 hustdodcgtdkn do tfe klhectdve ds umtrg vdres tfe engctdni meidsmgtdve lk`y kn oe`ergm `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwer irkun`s (ckjjkn `gy irkun` nkt gccept e` dn Ldi J gs oe`ergm mgw, lut gccepte` dn E`wgr`s kn prkvdncdgm irkun`s ddd) ddd) Pfe Pfe rum rumee gigd gigdns nstt sfdo sfdotdn tdni i klhe klhectd ctdves ves
`) Sfdotdni klhectdves8 \.v.Ldi J @rui Jgrt8 purpkse ds g ounctdkn ko tfe dntent ko tfkse wfk `rgote` gn` engcte` tfe meidsmgtdkn gt tfe tdje gn` nkt ko gny sfdotdni vgrdglme. (7) \.v.Lut \.v.Lutmer8 mer8 ckur ckurtt upfem` upfem` gntd gntd klsc klscendt endty y mgws mgws ko crdj crdj ck`e ck`e un`er un`er s.7. s.7. Krdidn Krdidngm gm klhect klhectdve dve wgs wgs tk prkjkt prkjktee jkrgmdt jkrgmdty y, tfds tfds klhectdve wgs dnsuoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy g mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn. Dn recent cgses, prkvdsdkn prkjkte` sexugm equgmdty. Klhectdve fg` gmwgys leen prktectdkn ko skcdety orkj fgrjs cguse` ly klscene jgterdgms. Pfe cfgnie dn tfe wgy dn wfdcf ckurts `eodne` tfkse fgrjs wgs jeremy ‖g perjdssdlme sfdot dn ejpfgsds— tfe jk`ern ‖ejpfgsds— jg`e tfe mgw—s klhectdve suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk serve gs g hustdodcgtdkn un`er s. 7 \.v.Xun`em8 crdj ck`e kooense ko spreg`dni ogmse news, mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn. Krdidngm klhectdve tk prktect (<) orkj jgmdcdkus mdes. Fem` preventdkn ko fgrj orkj `emdlergte ogmsefkk`s wgs tkk ienergm g stgtejent ko tfe mgw—s klhectdves. Pk cknvert ogmsefkk` dntk g prkvdsdkn `drecte` gt enckurgidni rgcdgm fgrjkny ds tk ik leykn` gny perjdssdlme sfdot dn ejpfgsds. Ckurt gppmde` rume gigdnst sfdotdni klhectdves tk fkm` tfe jk`ern klhectdve ckum` nkt le gttrdlute` tk tfe mgw. Sdnce tfe mgw fg` nkt leen engcte` okr gn klhectdve tfgt wgs suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk`gy tk hustdoy g mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn, tfe mgw wgs strucb `kwn.
e) Ckst8 dt ds g pkssdlme hustdodcgtdkn ko g mdjdt kn g cfgrter rdift tfgt tfe mdjdt wdmm sgve jkney; (7) Sdnif Sdnif v. v. Jdndst Jdndster er ko ko Ejpmk Ejpmkyje yjent nt & Djj Djjdir dirgtdk gtdkn8 n8 tk idve krgm krgm fegrdn fegrdni i tk every every perskn perskn wfk cmgdje` cmgdje` reouiee reouiee,, wkum` wkum` djpkse ‖unregsknglme lur`en— kn reskurces ko ikvt. (<) \.v.Me \.v.Mee8 e8 gpprkp gpprkprdgt rdgtee tk `eny `eny rdift rdift tk tfkse tfkse wfk wfk lur`en lur`ene` e` tfe tfe systej systej w/ w/ ckst ckst ko outdm outdmemy emy ejpg ejpgnemm nemmdni dni g hury (ogdme` (ogdme` tk tk gppegr gt hury trdgm gn` wgnte` hury, next tdje hu`ie trdes dt gmkne)
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(3) New Lrunswd Lrunswdcb cb v. v. I.(H. I.(H.)8 )8 dt wgs g lregcf lregcf ko s. s. 9 nkt nkt tk prkvd`e prkvd`e meigm meigm gd` tk tk pgren pgrentt wfkse wfkse cfdm`re cfdm`ren n were were sulhe sulhect ct ko rejkvgm prkcee`dnis tk lrdni tfej un`er tfe wgr`sfdp ko tfe stgte. Ogdmure tk prkvd`e meigm gd` wgs sgd` tk le hustdode` ly tfe nee` tk ckntrkm ikvt expen`dtures. (0) Nkvg Scktdg Scktdg v. v. Jgrtdn8 Jgrtdn8 stgn` stgn`gr` gr` prki prkirgj rgj vdkm vdkmgte` gte` equgm equgmdty dty rdift rdiftss ko wkrbe wkrbers rs wfk wfk suooe suooere` re` orkj orkj cfrkndc cfrkndc pgdn pgdn gn` gn` ckum` ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7 kn lgsds ko ckst kr g`jdn expe`dency. (5) Newokun Newokun`mgn `mgn` ` v. v. NGQE8 NGQE8 fem` fem` tfgt tfgt odngnc odngncdgm dgm crds crdsds ds ko prkvdnc prkvdncee suppmde suppmde` ` g suood suoodcden cdentmy tmy djpk djpkrtgn rtgntt klhectd klhectdve ve tk hustdoy hustdoy tfe tfe mdjdt kn tfe oejgme wkrbers— equgmdty rdifts. (knmy cgse wfere Ckurt gccepte` sgvdni ko ikvt jkney ds g suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt klhectdve tk hustdoy mdjdt kn cfgrter rdift - `dscrdjdngtdkn kn lgsds ko sex dn lregcf ko s. 75 cfgrter) 4. \gtdkngm \gtdkngm cknnectdkn (pgrt < ko Kgbes test)
g) @eodndtdkn 8 gssess fkw wemm meidsmgtdve igrjent fgs leen tgdmkre` tk sudt dts purpkse. (7) Kgbes Kgbes8 mgw ogdme ogdme` ` rgtdkng rgtdkngmm cknnectd cknnectdkn kn requdr requdreje ejent. nt. Gt dssue dssue wgs wgs vgmd` vgmd`dty dty ko prkv prkvdsdk dsdkn n ko oe`erg oe`ergmm Ngrcktd Ngrcktdcs cs Ckntrk Ckntrkmm Gct, Gct, prkvd`e` tfgt prkko tfgt gccuse` wgs dn pkssessdkn ko dmmeigm `rui r gdse` presujptdkn tfgt gccuse` wgs dn pkssessdkn okr trgoodcbdni. eooect, lur`en kn gccuse` okr prkvdni tfgt fe wgs nkt dn pkssessdkn okr purpkse ko trgoodcbdni. Fem` ‖reverse knus— dnordnie` 77(`) wfdcf iugrgntees presujptdkn ko dnnkcence. - klhectdve wgs tk prktect skcdety orkj `rui trgoodcbdni. Mgw ogdme` rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test l/c nee` rgtdkngm cknnectdkn ltn lgsdc ogct ko pkssessdkn gn` presuje` ogct ko pkssessdkn okr purpkse ko trgoodcbdni. Fem`, reverse knus cmguse ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7, tfus, uncknstdtutdkng m. Pest Pest stkppe` rdift tfere, nk #3 (<) Lenner Lenner v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 fem` fem` dt wgs lregcf lregcf ko ko equgmd equgmdty ty rdifts rdifts tk djpks djpksee tkuif tkuif requd requdrej rejents ents okr cgng`dg cgng`dgn n cdtdze cdtdzensfd nsfdp p kn perskn lkrn leokre 7499 tk cgng`dgn jktfer tfgn lkrn tk ogtfer. Nk rgtdkngm cknnectdkn letween klhectdve (prktect gigdns `gnierkus perskns tfru securdty cfecb) gn` tfe `dscrdjdngtdkn. Cfdm`ren ko cgng`dgn jktfers ckum` nkt rgtdkngmmy le jkre `gnierkus tfgn cgng`dgn ogtfers. Pest stkppe` rdift tfere, nk #3. (3) I_PG8 Cgn Cgng`dgn dgn Oe Oe`erg ergtdk tdkn Stu Stu` `ent ents8 l) Cgusgtdkn8 essence ko rgtdkngm cknnect dkn ds g cgsugm remgtdknsfdp ltn tfe klhectd ve ko tfe mgw gn` tfe jegsures engcte` ly tfe mgw. \H\-Jgc@kngm` v. Cgng`g8 lgnne` g`s kn tklgcck mdjdtdni oree`kj ko expressdkn, tk re`uce cknsujptdkn ko tklgcck. Fem` ogdme` jdndjuj djpgdrjent test, tfere wgs g rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test, sgtdsode` l/c ko ckjjkn sense cknnectdkn ltn g`vertdsdni gn` cknsujptdkn (regskn, mkidc). 71. 71. Megs Megstt `rgs `rgstd tdc c jegn jegns s (pgr (pgrtt 3 ko Kgb Kgbes test test)) g) Jdndjuj djpgdrjent8 mgw sfkum` djpgdr gs mdttme gs pkssdlme tfe rdift/oree`kj dn questdkn. D`eg ds, tfe mgw sfkum` djpgdr tfe rdift nk jkre tfgn ds necessgry tk gcckjpmdsf tfe `esdre` klhectdve2 kr mgw sfkum` pursue klhectdve ly megst `rgstdc jegns. (7) Exgjpm Exgjpmes8 es8 prkfd prkfdldtd ldtdkn kn kn use ko enimds enimdsf f mgniugi mgniugiee kn ckjj ckjjercd ercdgm gm sdins sdins tkk `rgs `rgstdc tdc g jegns jegns tk prktec prktectt orencf orencf mgni mgniugie ugie22 prkfdldtdkn kn `entdsts orkj g`vertdsdni tkk `rgstd c g jegns tk prktect fdif prkoessdkngm stgn`gr`s2 oe`ergm lgn kn g`s ko tklgcck tkk `rgstdc g jegns orkj curtgdmdni cknsujptdkn ko tklgcck. (<) Dn gmm gmm cgses, cgses, ktfer ktfer mgws were gvgdmglm gvgdmglmee tk engct engctdni dni meidsmg meidsmgtdve tdve lk` lk`y y wfdcf wfdcf wkum` wkum` stdmm stdmm gcckjp gcckjpmds mdsf f `esdre` `esdre` klhectd klhectdve ve lut lut wkum` djpgdr cfgrter rdift mess tfgn tfe mgw tfgt wgs engcte`. (3) @unjkre @unjkre v. v. Kntgrdk Kntgrdk88 fem` fem` excmus excmusdkn dkn orkj orkj kntg kntgrdk— rdk—ss mglkr mglkr remgtd remgtdkns kns stgtu stgtute te ko girdcum girdcumturg turgmm wkrbers wkrbers wgs g lregcf lregcf ko ko wkrbers— oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn iugrgntee` ly s. <(`). Excmusdkn ogdme` megst `rgstdc jegns (jdndjuj djpgdrjent) test l/c dt wgs g tktgm excmusdkn. Skje ktfer reidje ko mglkr mgw tfgt `d` nkt dncmu`e rdifts tk ckmmectdve lgrigdn gn` tk strdbe ckum` fgve leen `evdse` gn` engcte` okr girdcumturg m wkrbers. l)Jgridn ko gpprecdgtdkn8 gpprecdgtdkn8 (7) \.v.E` \.v.E`wgr wgr`s `s Lkkbs Lkkbs gn` gn` Grt8 Grt8 reckind reckindze` ze` g ‖jgri ‖jgridn dn ko gppre gpprecdgt cdgtdkn— dkn— wfdcf wfdcf wkum` wkum` tkmergt tkmergtee g vgrdety vgrdety ko ko `dooere `dooerent nt sun`gy sun`gy-cmksdni mgws. Cgse goter tfds gppmde` requdrejent dn g omexdlme ogsfdkn, mkkbdni okr g regsknglme meidsmgtdve eookrt tk jdndjdze tfe dnordniejent ko tfe cfgrter rdift. Ckurt upfem` sun`gy cmksdni mgws. Mgw dnordnie` oree`kj ko remdidkn lut hustdode` un`er s. 7. Klhectdve ko mgw tk prkvd`e ckjjkn `gy ko rest, suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy kverrd`dni cfgrter rdift. (g) Wuestdkn wgs wfetfer mgw sgtdsode` ‖megse `rgstdc jegns—. Mgw ckntgdne` sgllgtgrdgn exejptdkn okr tfkse wfk klserve` sgtur`gy gs sgllgtf, lut knmy sjgmm ejpmkyers were entdtme` tk tfgt exejptdkn. wfetfer mgw jg`e g`equgte gcckjjk`gtdkn ko tfkse wfk klserve sgtur`gy. (l) Pest wgs wfetfer mgw glrd`ie` oree`kj ko remdidkn ko sgtur`gy klservers gs ‖mdttme gs pkssdlme—. Pfe exejptdkn represents eookrt kn pgrt ko meidsmgture, gcckr`dnimy dts perjdssdlme. (<) Cgng`dg Cgng`dgn n newsp newspgper gperss ck v. gttkrn gttkrney ey iener ienergm gm ko cgng`g8 cgng`g8 ckurt ckurt upf upfem` em` crdj crdj ck`e prkvdsd prkvdsdkn kn gutfk gutfkrdzd rdzdni ni ckurt ckurt kr`er kr`er lgnndni tfe `dscmksure ko tfe d`entdty ko ckjpmgd ngnt dn sexugm gssgumt cgse. Knmy jgn`gtkry lgn wkum` prkvd`e gssurgnce tfg t d`entdoy wkum` nkt le `dscmkse`. (3) Lrdtdsf Lrdtdsf ckmuj ckmujldg ldg ikve ikvernj rnjent ent ejpmk ejpmkyees yees—— undkn undkn v. v. GI GI ko LC8 LC8 fem` fem` dnhunct dnhunctdkn dkn mdjdt mdjdte` e` oree`k oree`kj j ko expre expressd ssdkn kn (nk (nk pdcbetdni gt ckurt) ly megst `rgstdc jegns l/c undkn or ee tk pdcbet gt wkrbpmgces ktfer tfgn ckurts. (0) Qrkstdtu Qrkstdtutdkn tdkn reoeren reoerence8 ce8 mgw mgw tfgt tfgt jg`e jg`e ckjjun ckjjundcgt dcgtdni dni okr okr purpk purpkses ses ko prkst prkstdtut dtutdkn dkn,, upfem` upfem` gn` gn` pgsse pgsse` ` megse megse `rgstd `rgstdcc jegns test2 hustdode` ly klhectdve ko emdjdngtdni tfe nudsgnce ko street skmdcdtgtdkn.
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77. Qrkpkrtdkngte eooect (pgrt 0 dn Kgbes test)8 requdres prkpkrtdkngmdty letween tfe eooects ko tfe jegsures wfdcf gre respknsdlme okr mdjdtdni tfe cfgrter rdift/oree`kj gn` tfe klhectdve wfdcf fgs leen d`entdode` gs ko ‖suoodcdent djpkrtgnce—. \equdres lgmgncdni ko klhectdve skuift ly mgw gigdn st dnordniejent ko tfe Cfgrter. Gsbs wfetfer cfgrter dnordniejent ds tkk fdif tk pgy okr tfe leneodt ko tfe mgw. g) Gn goodrjgtdve gnswer tk tfe 7st step wdmm gmwgys ydem` gn goodrjgtdve gnswer tk 0tf step. step. l) Gngmysds exgjpme 8 g meidsmgtdve klhectdve jgy (dn prdn cdpme) le suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy mdjdtdni rdif t (step 7) lut megst `rgstdc jegns ko gcckjpmdsfdni klhectdve jgy stdmm fgve tkk `rgstdc gn eooect kn perskn—s rdifts okr tfe mgw tk le g regsknglme mdjdt un`er s. 7 (step 0) Step 0 wkum` le `ecdsdve dn `enydni s. 7 hustdodcgtdkn tk tfe mgw. Gmterngtdvemy, klhectdve ds nkt dn ogct djpkrtgnt enkuif tk hustdoy mdjdtdni rdifts, tfen step <,3,0 wkum` nkt le regcfe`. c) Gmlertg v. Futterdgn Futterdgn Lretfren ko Ydmskn Ckmkny8 mgw requdre` pfktk ko fkm`ers ko `rdver—s mdcense. Mgw mdjdte` oree`kj ko remdidkn ko FL l/c tfey lemdeve` ldlme okrlg`e tfej orkj fgvdni tfedr pfktkirgpfs tgben. Fem`, mgw hustdode` un`er s. 7. Mgw pgsse` odrst tfree pgrts ko Kgbes test. 0tf step sgtdsode` l/c tfe sgmutgry eooects ko undversgm pfktk requdrejent kutwedife` tfe `emeterdkus eooects kn cmgdjgnt—s remdidkus rdifts. (7) 0tf pgrt pgrt tgbes tgbes dntk gcckunt gcckunt tfe tfe sever severdty dty ko ko tfe tfe `emeterd `emeterdkus kus eooects eooects ko g jegs jegsure ure kn kn dn`dvd` dn`dvd`ugms ugms kr irkup irkups. s. Pest Pest exgjd exgjdnes nes eooects upkn fujgn rdifts. Lgmgnce vgmues gn` dnterests. 7<. Gppmdcgtdkn tk equgmdty rdifts8 Gn`rews v. Mgw Skcdety ko LC8 cdtdzensfdp requdrejent okr qugmdodcgtdkn okr g`jdssdkn tk meigm prkoessdkn dnordnie` s. 75 ko Cfgrter. Jghkrdty strucb `kwn cdtdzensfdp requdrejent. @ecdsdkn mdjdte` sckpe ko s. 75 cknodndni dt tk `dscrdjdngtdkn lgse` kn ‖rgce, ngtdkngm kr etfndc krdidn, ckmkr, remdidkn, sex, gie, kr jentgm kr pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty, gn` gngmkikus irkun`s. Kgbes test ds gpprkprdgte okr s. 75 cgses idven tfgt s. 75 `esdine` tk prktect irkups tfgt suooer skcdgm, pkmdtdcgm, gn` meigm `dsg`vgntgie dn kur skcdety. 73. Gpp Gppmdcgtd cgtdk kn tk tk qu qugmdo gmdodde` rdi rdifts8 ts8 g) Sckpe ko s.78 sectdkn 7 ienergmmy pmgys g rkme dn hustdoydni dnordniejents ko rdifts tfgt gre ly tfedr kwn terjs qugmdode` ly nktdkns ko regsknglmeness kr reiumgrdty. l) Sectdkn 98 prktects rdift nkt tk le `eprdve` ko mdoe, mdlerty, securdty ko perskn. (7) LC Jktkr Jktkr _efdcme efdcme \eoere \eoerence nce88 Mdjdt Mdjdt tfgt tfgt vdkmgt vdkmgte` e` tfds tfds cgn cgn le upfe upfem` m` knmy knmy dn cgses cgses grdsd grdsdni ni kut kut ko excep exceptdkn tdkngm gm ckn`d ckn`dtdkn tdkns, s, mdbe ngturgm `dsgsters, kutlregb ko wgr, epd`ejdcs, gn` tfe mdbe (<) \.v. \.v. Jkri Jkrientg entgmer mer88 mgw mgw tfgt jg`e jg`e glkrt glkrtdkn dkn gn kooense kooense ckum` ckum` nkt nkt le hustdod hustdode` e` un` un`er er s. 7 c) Sectdkn 68 iugrgntees rdift tk le secure gigdnst ‖unregsknglme segrcf gn` sedzure—. Dt ds pkssdlme okr mgw tk ogdm requdrejent ko regsknglmeness dn s 6 gn` stdmm pgss regsknglmeness dn s.7 (7) (7) Funte Funterr v. v. Skutf Skutfgj gj88 ‖unr ‖unregs egskn knglm glme— e— ds `do `dooe oeren rentt tfgn tfgn ‖re ‖regs gskng knglme lme—— dn s. s. 7 `) Sectdkn 48 iugrgntees rdift nkt tk le grldtrgrdmy `etgdne` kr djprdskne`. (7) \.v.Fu \.v.Fuosb osby8 y8 cgse cgse dnvkmve dnvkmve` ` cfgrter cfgrter cfgmmeni cfgmmeniee tk g spktspkt-cfec cfecb b prkirg prkirgj j ly pkmd pkmdce ce un`er un`er wfdcf wfdcf cgrs stkppe` stkppe` gt gt rgn`kj rgn`kj gt gt g cfecb pkdnt tk cfecb okr `runbenness gn` ktfer trgoodc vdkmgtdkns. Fem`, perskn grldtrgrdmy `etgdne` wfen stkppe` dn lregcf ko s4 lut hustdode` un`er s. 7. klhectdve wgs tk prevent fdifwgy gccd`ents wgs suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk hustdoy grldtrgry `etentdkns. e) Sectdkn 778 rdift tk le dnokrje` w/k regsknglme `emgy ko specdodc kooenses, tk le trde` w/n regsknglme tdje, nkt le `ende` regsknglme lgdm w/k hust cguse. Dt ds pkssdlme okr mgw tk ogdm requdrejent ko regsknglmeness dn s. 77 gn` stdmm pgss regsknglmeness dn s.7 Sec 77(`) wfdcf iugrgntees tfe rdift tk g trdgm ly gn ‖dn`epen`ent gn` djpgrtdgm trdlungm— ds dn g specdgm sdtugtdkn.
o) Sectdkn 7<8 rdift nkt tk le sulhect tk cruem gn` unusugm pundsfjent. Jdift le tfe knmy glskmute rdift tfgt cgnnkt le hustdode` un`er s.7 70. Gppmdcgtdkn tk ckjjkn mgw8 rume ko tfe ckjjkn mgw jgy le g mdjdt ‖prescrdle` ly tfe mgw— un`er s. 7 g) \.v.Swgdn8 gppmde` Kgbes test tk ckjjkn mgw rume tfgt prksecutkr jgy g``uce evd`ence ko tfe dnsgndty ko tfe gccuse` gigdnst tfe wdsf ko tfe gccuse`. \ume wgs vdkmgtdkn ko s. 9 l/c evd`ence ko dnsgndty do me` ly crkwn, mdjdte` gccuse`—s rdift tk ckntrkm fds `eoense. Fem` rume ogdme` ‖megst `rgstdc jegns pgrt— ko Kgbes, tfus cgnnkt le upfem` un`er s. 7 (7) Stgtute Stgtute mgw mgw tfgt tfgt vdkmgt vdkmgte` e` cfgrte cfgrterr wkum` wkum` le le strucb strucb `kwn. `kwn. Ckjjk Ckjjkn n mgw tfgt vdkmg vdkmgte` te` dt dt cgn le le gjen`e` gjen`e` ly tfe tfe ckurt ckurt dtsemo dtsemo.. G mess `rgstdc rume tfgt wkum` sgtdsoy s. < wkum` gmmkw crkwn tk g``uce evd`ence ko dnsgndty knmy goter tfe gccuse` fg` leen okun` iudmty ko tfe kooense. Pfe rume wgs djje`dgtemy trgnsokrje` dntk g new rume tfgt wgs ckjpgtdlme w/ tfe cfgrter. l) \. v. @gvdgumt8 Fem` tfgt ckjjkn mgw rume tfgt semo d n`uce` dntkxdcgtdkn wgs nk `eoense tk crdjdngm cfgrie un`er s. 9 gn` 77(`). Ckurt cknstruct new rume djje`dgtemy tfgt extreje dntkxdcgtdkn wgs g `eoense, estglmdsfe` ly gccuse` kn lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes. Knus ko prkko kn gccuse` wgs lregcf ko 77(`) lut hustdode` un`er s. 7 (gngmysds `d` nkt okmmkw Kgbes test) c) Ckurt fgs fem` tfgt Cfgrter gppmdes dn`drectmy tk ckjjkn mgw l/c Ckurt wdmm exgjdne wfetfer tfe ckjjkn mgw ds cknsdstent w/ Cfgrter vgmues gn` do nkt, Ckurt wdmm jk`doy tfe ckjjkn mgw tk jgbe dt cknsdstent w/ Cfgrter vgmues. `) Fdmm v. Cfurcf ko scdentkmkiy8 nkt gpprkprdgte tk gppmy trg`dtdkngm s. 7 gngmysds dn cgses wfere cfgrter wgs nkt `drectmy gppmdcglme (`eogjgtdkn)
9<
75. Ejeriency jegsures8 Ygr Jegsures Gct repegme` gn` repmgce` ly Ejeriencdes Gct. ckurt wdmm fgve tk `ecd`e dn sdtugtdkn ko ejeriency wfetfer sucf restrdctdkns gre regsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. 7?. \. v. Kgbes8 g) Odrst, tfe klhectdve, wfdcf tfe jegsures respknsdlme okr g mdjdt kn g Cfgrter rdift kr oree`kj gre `esdine` tk serve, just le "ko suoodcdent suoodcdent djpkrtgnce tk wgrrgnt kverrd`dni g cknstdtutdkngmmy prktecte` rdift kr oree`kj" l) Seckn`, knce g suoodcdentmy sdindodcgnt klhectdve ds reckindze`, tfen tfe pgrty dnvkbdni s. 7 just sfkw tfgt tfe jegns cfksen gre regsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy `ejknstrglmy hustdode`. Pfds dnvkmves "g okrj ko prkpkrtdkngmdty tes t" Pfree djpkrtgnt ckjpknents ko g prkpkrtdkngmdty test8 7) jegsures (7) just le rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe klhectdve. <) tfe jegns, even do rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe klhectdve dn tfds odrst sense, sfkum` djpgdr "gs mdttme gs pkssdlme" tfe rdift kr oree`kj dn questdkn8 3) Pfere just le g prkpkrtdkngmdty letween tfe tfe eooects ko tfe jegsures wfdcf gre respknsdlme okr mdjdtdni tfe Cfgrter rdift kr oree`kj, gn` 0) klhectdve wfdcf fgs leen d`entdode` gs ko "suoodcdent djpkrtgnce ". c) Even do gn klhectdve ds ko suoodcdent djpkrtgnce, djpkrtgnce, gn` tfe odrst twk emejents ko tfe prkpkrtdkngmdty prkpkrtdkngmdty test gre sgtdsode`, sgtdsode`, dt ds stdmm pkssdlme tfgt, lecguse ko tfe severdty severdty ko tfe `emeterdkus eooects ko g jegsure jegsure kn dn`dvd`ugms dn`dvd`ugms kr kr irkups, irkups, tfe jegsure jegsure wdmm nkt le hustdode` hustdode` ly tfe purpkses dt ds dnten`e` dnten`e` tk serve. serve. Pfe Pfe jkre severe tfe `emeterdkus eooects ko ko g jegsure, jegsure, tfe jkre djpkrtgnt djpkrtgnt tfe klhectdve just just le do tfe jegsure ds tk le regsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. `)Gngmysds8 (7) Pfe klhect klhectdve dve ko ko prktectd prktectdni ni kur kur skcdety skcdety orkj tfe irgve irgve dmms gsskcdgt gsskcdgte` e` wdtf wdtf `rui `rui trgoo trgoodcbd dcbdni, ni, ds, ds, dn jy vdew vdew,, kne ko suood suoodcden cdentt djpkrtgnce tk wgrrgnt kverrd`dni g cknstdtutdkngmmy prktecte` rdift kr oree`kj dn certgdn cgses s. 6 `kes nkt survdve tfds rgtdkngm cknnectdkn test. Dt wkum` le drrgtdkngm tk dnoer tfgt g perskn fg` gn dntent tk trgoodc kn tfe (<) lgsds ko fds kr fer fer pkssessdkn pkssessdkn ko g very sjgmm sjgmm qugntdty qugntdty ko ngrcktdcs. ngrcktdcs. Pfe presujptdkn presujptdkn requdre` requdre` un`er un`er s. 6 ko tfe Ngrcktdc Ckntrkm Gct ds kverdncmusdve gn` ckum` meg` tk resumts dn certgdn cgses wfdcf wkum` `eoy lktf rgtdkngmdty gn` ogdrness.
e) Ckncmusdkn8Fgvdni ckncmu`e` tfgt s. 6 `kes nkt sgtdsoy tfds odrst ckjpknent ko prkpkrtdkngmdty, dt ds unnecessgry tk cknsd`er tfe ktfer twk ckjpknents. 79. Gmlertg v. v. Futterdgn8 g)Pest (7) Ds tfe mdjdt prescrdle` ly mgw8 Sectdkn 7 requdres tfgt leokre g prkpkrtdkngmdty gngmysds ds un`ertgben, tfe ckurt just sgtdsoy dtsemo tfgt tfe jegsure ds ”prescrdle` ly mgw‚. Do g mdjdt kn g Cfgrter rdift ds nkt ”prescrdle` ly mgw‚ dt cgnnkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7. \gtfer, dt ds g ikvernjent gct, gttrgctdni g reje`y un`er s. <0 ko tfe Cfgrter. \eiumgtdkns, pgsse` ly Kr`er dn Ckuncdm gn` gppmde` dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko g`jdndstrgtdve mgw gn` sulhect tk cfgmmenie okr cknstdtutdkngmdty, gre tfe mdoe lmkk` ko tfe g`jdndstrgtdve stgte gn` `k nkt djperdm tfe rume ko mgw. Yfetfer tfe djpuine` jegsure wgs pgsse` dntk mgw ly stgtute kr reiumgtdkn ds usugmmy ko nk cknsequence okr tfe s. 7 gngmysds (<) Ds tfe Qurpkse okr Yfdcf tfe Mdjdt Ds Djpkse` Qressdni gn` Sulstgntdgm; Jgdntgdndni tfe dnteirdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni systej dn g wgy tfgt jdndjdzes tfe rdsb ko d`entdty tfeot ds cmegrmy g ikgm ko pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm djpkrtgnce, cgpglme ko hustdoydni mdjdts kn rdifts. Pfe purpkse ko g undversgm pfktk requdrejent ds tk fgve g ckjpmete `didtgm `gtg lgnb ko ogcdgm pfktks tk prevent wrkni`kers orkj usdni `rdver—s mdcences gs lree`er `kcujents okr purpkses ko d`entdty tfeot. tfe ogct tfgt tfe specdodc klhectdves ko tfe djpuine` reiumgtdkn were nkt `elgte` kr rgtdode` ly tfe meidsmgture `kes nkt ren`er tfej dnvgmd` okr tfe purpkses ko s. 7. Do g reiumgtdkn ds vgmd`my engcte` pursugnt tk `emeigte` meidsmgtdve gutfkrdty, dts klhectdve cgn prkpermy le evgmugte` un`er tfe test estglmdsfe` dn Kgbes.
(3) (3)
(g) Ckncmu`e tfgt tfe Qrkvdnce fgs estglmdsfe` tfgt tfe ikgm ko ensurdni tfe dnteirdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni systej sk gs tk jdndjdze d`entdty tfeot gsskcdgte` wdtf tfgt systej ds pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm. Ds tfe tfe Jeg Jegns ns ly Yfd Yfdcf cf tfe tfe Ikg Ikgmm Ds Ourtf urtfer ere` e` Qr Qrkpkr kpkrtd tdkn kngt gte; e; (g) Ds tfe Mdjdt \gtdkngmmy Cknnecte` tk tfe Qurpkse; Pk estglmdsf g rgtdkngm cknnectdkn, tfe ikvernjent ”just sfkw g cgusgm cknnectdkn letween tfe dnordniejent gn` tfe leneodt skuift kn tfe lgsds ko regskn kr mkidc. Pfe cknnectdkn just le estglmdsfe` kn g lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes d) Just sfkw tfgt tfe undversgm undversgm pfktk requdrejent requdrejent ds rgtdkngmmy rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` cknnecte` tk tfe ikgm ko preservdni tfe dnteirdty dnteirdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni systej ly jdndjdzdni tfe rdsb ko d`entdty tfeot tfrkuif tfe dmmdcdt use ko `rdver—s mdcences. Qrkvdnce fgs estglmdsfe` tfgt tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent ds rgtdkngmmy remgte` tk dts ikgm ko prktectdni tfe dnteirdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni systej gn` preventdni dt orkj ledni use` okr purpkses ko d`entdty tfeot (l) @kes tfe Mdjdt Jdndjgmmy Djpgdr tfe \dift; Gngmysds ds wfetfer tfe mdjdt kn tfe rdift ds regsknglmy tgdmkre` tk tfe pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm ikgm put okrwgr` tk hustdoy tfe mdjdt. Yfetfer Yfetfer tfere gre mess fgrjoum jegns ko gcfdevdni tfe meidsmgtdve ikgm. Dn jgbdni tfds gssessjent, tfe ckurts gcckr` tfe meidsmgture g jegsure ko `eoerence, pgrtdcumgrmy kn ckjpmex skcdgm dssues wfere tfe meidsmgture jgy le letter pksdtdkne` tfgn tfe ckurts tk cfkkse gjkni g rgnie ko
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gmterngtdves. Pfe djpgdrjent just le ”jdndjgm‚, tfgt ds, tfe mgw just le cgreoummy tgdmkre` sk tfgt rdifts gre djpgdre` nk jkre tfgn nec essgry. d) Pfe questdkn, questdkn, tfereokre, ds wfetfer tfe jegns cfksen cfksen tk ourtfer dts purpkse ‐ tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent requdrejent okr gmm mdcense` `rdvers ‐ ds regsknglmy tgdmkre` tk g``ress tfe prklmej ko d`entdty tfeot gsskcdgte` wdtf `rdver—s mdcences. dd) Ckncmu`e tfgt tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent jdndjgmmy djpgdrs tfe s. <( g) rdift. Dt ogmms wdtfdn g rgnie ko regsknglme kptdkns gvgdmglme tk g``ress tfe ikgm ko preservdni tfe dnteirdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni systej. Gmm ktfer kptdkns wkum` sdindodcgntmy dncregse tfe rdsb ko d`entdty tfeot usdni `rdver—s mdcences. Pfe jegsure seebs tk regmdze tfe meidsmgtdve ikgm dn g jdndjgmmy dntrusdve wgy. ddd) Yfere tfe vgmd`dty ko g mgw ko ienergm gppmdcgtdkn ds gt stgbe, regsknglme gcckjjk`gtdkn ds nkt gn gpprkprdgte sulstdtute okr g prkper s. 7 gngmysds lgse` kn tfe jetfk`kmkiy ko Kgbes. Yfere tfe ikvernjent fgs pgsse` g jegsure dntk mgw, tfe prkvdsdkns ko s. 7 gppmy. gppmy. Pfe ikvernjent ds entdtme` tk hustdoy tfe mgw, nkt ly sfkwdni tfgt dt fgs gcckjjk`gte` tfe cmgdjgnt, lut ly estglmdsfdni tfgt tfe jegsure ds rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk g pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm ikgm, jdndjgmmy djpgdrdni ko tfe rdift gn` prkpkrtdkngte dn dts eooects.
(c) Ds tfe Mgw Qrkpkrtdkngte Qrkpkrtdkngte dn Dts Eooect; gre tfe kvergmm eooects ko tfe mgw kn tfe cmgdjgnts `dsprkpkrtdkngte tk tfe ikvernjent—s klhectdve; Kgbes8 Even do gn klhectdve ds ko suoodcdent djpkrtgnce, gn` tfe odrst twk emejents ko tfe prkpkrtdkngmdty test gre sgtdsode` , dt ds stdmm pkssdlme tfgt, lecguse ko tfe severdty ko tfe `emeterdk us eooects ko g jegsure kn dn`dvd`ugms kr irkups, tfe jegsure wdmm nkt le hustdode` ly tfe purpkses dt ds dnten`e` tk serve. Pfe jkre severe tfe `emeterdkus eooects ko g jegsure, tfe jkre djpkrtgnt tfe klhectdve just le do tfe jegsure ds tk le regsknglme gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. (ourtfer dnqudry lemkw)8 d) Sgmutgry Eooects gsskcdgte` wdtf tfe meidsmgtdve ikgm8 (7) enfgncdni tfe securdty ko tfe `rdver—s mdcensdni scfeje2 (<) gssdstdni dn rkg`sd`e sgoety gn` d`entdodcgtdkn2 gn` (3) eventugmmy fgrjkndzdni Gmlertg—s mdcensdni scfeje wdtf tfkse dn ktfer hurds`dctdkns. Pfe sgmutgry eooects ko tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent okr `rdver—s mdcences gre suoodcdent, sulhect tk odngm wedifdni gigdnst tfe neigtdve djpgct kn tfe rdift, tk suppkrt skje restrdctdkn ko tfe rdift
dd) @emeterdkus Eooects8 tfe serdkusness ko tfe eooects ko tfe mdjdt kn Ckmkny jejlers— oree`kj ko remdidkn ogmms tk le g``resse`. Pfe serdkusness ko g pgrtdcumgr mdjdt just le hu`ie` kn g cgse-ly-cgse lgsds. Ckncmu`e tfgt tfe djpgct ko tfe mdjdt kn remdidkus prgctdce djpkse` ly tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent okr kltgdndni g `rdver—s mdcence ds tfgt Ckmkny jejlers wdmm le klmdie` tk jgbe gmterngtdve grrgniejents okr fdifwgy trgnspkrt. Pfds wdmm djpkse skje odngncdgm ckst kn tfe ckjjundty gn` `epgrt orkj tfedr trg`dtdkn ko ledni semo-suoodcdent dn terjs ko trgnspkrt. Pfese cksts gre nkt trdvdgm. Lut kn tfe reckr`, tfey `k nkt rdse tk tfe mevem ko serdkusmy gooectdni tfe cmgdjgnts— rdift tk pursue tfedr remdidkn. Pfey `k nkt neigte tfe cfkdce tfgt mdes gt tfe fegrt ko oree`kj ko remdidkn. ddd) Yedifdni tfe Sgmutgry gn` @emeterdkus Eooects8 tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfe kvergmm djpgct ko tfe mgw ds prkpkrtdkngte. Yfdme tfe mdjdt djpkses cksts dn terjs ko jkney gn` dncknvendenc e gs tfe prdce ko jgdntgdndni tfe remdidkus prgctdce ko nkt suljdttdni tk pfktks, dt `kes nkt `eprdve jejlers ko tfedr gldmdty tk mdve dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfedr lemdeos. Dts `emeterdkus eooects, wfdme nkt trdvdgm, ogmm gt tfe mess serdkus en` ko tfe scgme. Ckncmu`e tfgt tfe djpgct ko tfe mdjdt kn remdidkus prgctdce gsskcdgte` wdtf tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent okr kltgdndni g `rdver—s mdcence, ds prkpkrtdkngte. l) Ckncmusdkn8 tfe mdjdt kn tfe Ckmkny jejlers— oree`kj ko remdidkn djpkse` ly tfe undversgm pfktk requdrejent okr fkm`ers ko `rdver—s mdcences fgs leen sfkwn tk le hustdode` un`er s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter. Pfe ikgm ko jdndjdzdni tfe rdsb ko orgu` gsskcdgte` wdtf `rdver—s mdcences ds pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm. Pfe mdjdt ds rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe ikgm. Pfe mdjdt djpgdrs tfe rdift gs mdttme gs regsknglmy pkssdlme dn kr`er tk gcfdeve tfe ikgm2 tfe knmy gmterngtdve prkpkse` wkum` sdindodcgntmy ckjprkjdse tfe ikgm ko jdndjdzdni tfe rdsb. Odngmmy, tfe jegsure ds prkpkrtdkngte dn terjs ko eooects8 tfe pksdtdve eooects eooects gsskcdgte` wdtf tfe mdjdt gre sdindodcgnt, wfdme tfe djpgct kn tfe cmgdjgnts, wfdme nkt trdvdgm, `kes nkt `eprdve tfej ko tfe gldmdty tk okmmkw tfedr remdidkus cknvdctdkns. I. O\EE@KJ KO CKNSCDENCE GN@ \EMDIDKN - Cf. 0< 7. @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers8 \.v.E`wgr`s Lkkbs gn` Grt8 Ckurt upfem` prkv meidsmgtdkn tfgt prkfdldte` retgdm stkres orkj kpendni kn Sun`gys. Mgw w/n prkv pkwer kver prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts l/c pursue` secumgr purpkse ko prkvd`dni g pguse `gy okr retgdm wkrbers, rgtfer tfgn remdidkus purpkse ko klservdni Cfrdstdgn sgllgtf. Ckntgdne` exejptdkn okr stkres ko mess tfgn certgdn sdze tfgt klserve` Sun`gy gs fkmd`gy. \emdidkus purpkse ko exejptdkn `d` nkt ren`er mgw uncknstdtutdkngm. Fem`8 meidsmgtdkn ckncern remdidkus ds ckjpetent tk lktf prkv kr oe` pkwers, `epen`dni kn cfgrgcterdstdcs ko tfe mgw.
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<. Sectdkn <(g) ko tfe Cfgrter8 iugrgntees tk everykne tfe oun`gjentgm oree`kj ko cknscdence gn` remdidkn. Sulhect tk s. 7 - mgw tfgt mdjdts tfds wdmm le dnvgmd` do w/n regsknglme mdjdts prescrdle` ly tfe mgw gn` `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. 3. Oree`kj ko cknscdence8 prktects systejs ko lemdeo wfdcf gre nkt tfekcentrdc (centere` kn `edty) gn` wfdcf jdift nkt le cfgrgcterdze` gs remdidkus okr tfgt regskn. 0. Oree`kj ko remdidkn8 g) \.v.Ldi J @rui Jgrt8 Ckurt strucb `kwn Mkr`—s Mkr`—s @gy Gct, oe` oe` stgtute tfgt prkfdldte` ckjjercd gm gctdvdty kn Sun`gy. Fem` purpkse ko tfe Gct, wgs tk ckjpem klservgnce ko tfe Cfrdstdgn Sgllgtf. Qurpkse wgs dnordniejent kn oree`kj ko remdidkn ko nkn-Cfrdstdgns. Qrktects remdidkus prgctdces gn` lemdeos. l) Ejpmkyjent `dvdsdkn `epgrtjent ko F\ ko Kreikn v. Sjdtf (US Cgse)8 do mgw dncmu`e` peykte kn mdst ko lgnne` `ruis gn` jg`e nk exceptdkn okr sgcrgjentgm use. Mgw fg` eooect ko prkfdldtdni g remdidkus prgctdce, do mgw tfgt fg` gs dts klhect tk lur`en remdidkus prgctdce tfen mgw wkum` le dnvgmd`. Lut mg w wfdcf fgs gn ‖dncd`entgm eooect— ko ienergmmy gppmdcglme gn` ktfer vgmd` prkvdsdkn, mgw wdmm le vgmd` gs gppmde` tk remdidkus cerejkny. 5. Sun`gy klservgnce8 Grt8 fem` tfgt mgw dnordnie` <(g) l/c dts eooect wgs tk djpkse gn ecknkjdc lur`en kn tfkse retgdmers wfk g) \.v.E`wgr`s Lkkbs gn` Grt8 klserve` g sgllgtf kn g `gy ktfer tfgn Sun`gy. Eooect cregte` ‖ckjpetdtdve pressure— tk glgn`kn g nkn-Sun`gy sgllgtf wfdcf wgs gn glrd`iejent ko oree`kj ko remdidkn. Lut mgw wgs vgmd` un`er s. 7. secumgr purpkse ko prkvd`dni g pguse `gy wgs suoodcdent djpkrtgnt tk mdjdt oree`kj kn remdidkn. Use megst `rgstdc jegns ko gcckjpmdsfdni dts klhectdve (jdn dntrusdkn kn oree`kj ko remdidkn) 8 yes l) Goterjgtf8 tfe Gct rejkve` sdze mdjdts kn exejptdkn gn` tkkb @dssent—s kpdndkn ly exejptdni gny retgdm stkre tfgt cmkse` kn gny `gy tfgn Sun`gy l/c ko remdidkn ko kwner, sucf stkre wgs oree tk kpen kn Sun`gy. ?. Ktfer remdidkus prgctdces8 extent tk wfdcf oree`kj ko remdidkn entgdms tfe tkmergnce ko ktfer jdnkrdty remdidkus prgctdces. Oree`kj ko remdidkn wkum` nkt prktect jdnkrdty remdidkus irkups orkj prgctdces gs fujgn sgcrdodce, reousgms ko scfkkmdni kr je`dcgm tregtjent ko cfdm`ren. Fkwever, tfere gre ktfers, sucf gs, reousdni tk sgmute omgi kr sdni ngtdkngm gntfej, cfgntdni g jgntrg, fkm`dni mgn` ckjjungmmy. Pfese prgctdces wkum` le tkmergte`. Yfere tfere gre nk ckjpemmdni ikvt dnterest tk ckntrgry <(g) ko Cfgrter wkum` requdre tfe mgw tk gcckjjk`gte jdnkrdty remdidkns ly gcckr`dni exejptdkns okr tfedr prgctdces. g) Tkuni v. v. Tkuni8 Tkuni8 hu`ie irgnte` custk`y tk jktfer ko 3 gn` gccess tk ogtfer lut w/ restrdctdkn tfgt ogtfer nkt `dscuss Hefkvgf—s wdtness wdtf cfdm`ren kr tgbe tfej tk servdce l/c vdews nkt sfgre` ly jktfer & skurce ko cknomdct ltn tfej. Ckurt fem` restrdctdkn wkum` kooen` oree`kj ko remdidkn unmess dt cgn le sfkwn restrdctdkn wgs nee`e` tk gvkd` g ‖rdsb ko sulstgntdgm fgrj— tk tfe cfdm`ren. Evd`ence estglmdsfe` nk sucf rdsb, restrdctdkn sfkum` le strucb `kwn. l) L(\). v. Cfdm`ren—s Cfdm`ren—s Gd` Skcdety8 Ckurt fem` tfgt `ecdsdkn ko pgrents tk prkfdldt `kctkrs orkj idvdni lmkk` trg nspgrt tk lgly wgs prktecte` ly oree`kj ko remdidkn. Fkwever, stgtutkry prkce`ure wgs hustdode` un`er s. 7 \emdidkn `ke s nkt dncmu`e djpksdtdkn kn cfdm` ko remdidkus prgctdces wfdcf tfregten tfe sgoety, fegmtf kr mdoe ko tfe cfdm`. c) \kss v. v. New Lrunswdcb Lrunswdcb Scfkkm @dstrdct @dstrdct Nk. 758
(7) Ogcts8 Pegcfer \kss pulmdcmy `dssejdngte` kpdndkn tfgt cfrdstdgn cdvdmdzgtdkn ledni `estrkye` ly hewdsf cknspdrgcy. \ejkve` orkj tegcfdni pksdtdkn ly kr`er ko lkgr` ko dnqudry cknstdtute` un`er New Lrunswdcb fujgn rdifts stgtute. Lkgr` goter fegrdni evd`ence okun` scfkkm—s ogdmure tk `dsjdss/`dscdpmdne \kss gjkunte` tk `dscrdjdngtdkn dn prkvdsdkn ko e`ucgtdkn servdces. Fem`8 Ckurt fem` lkgr` ko dnqudry—s kr`er dnordnie` \kss—s oree`kj ko remdidkn (gn` expressdkn), fkwever, jkst ko (<) lkgr`—s kr`er hustdode` un`er s. 7 gs jegsure tk reje`y gntd-sejdtdc envdrknjent dn scfkkm. Pfds hustdode` rejkvgm orkj tegcfdni pksdtdkn tk nkn tegcfdni pksdtdkn dn scfkkm, lut `d` nkt hustdoy pgrt ko kr`er tfgt requdre` \kss tk le `dsjdsse` orkj nkn tegcfdni pksdtdkn do fe resuje` fds gntd sejdtdc gctdvdty - tfds pgrt uncknstdtutdkngm gn` severe` orkj tfe kr`er.
`) Syn`dcgt Nkrtfcrest v. Gjsemej8 (7) Ogcts8 rdift cmgdje` ly ckn`kjdnduj kwners wfk were krtfk`kx Hews tk ludm` tejpkrgry `wemmdnis (succgfs) kn lgmckndes ko gpgrtjents wfere tfey wkum` mdve okr 4 `gys egcf yegr `urd ni oestdvgm ko Succkt. Ly mgws prkfdldte` cknstructdkn kn lgmckndes, fg` gestfetdc purpkse ko preservdni fgrjkndkus externgm gppegrgnce ko ludm`dni gn` prgctdcgm purpkse ko beepdni lgmckndes oree ko klstructdkn gs odre escgpe rkute s. Ktfer kwns skuift dnhunctdkn tk prevent. (<) Dssues8 7) Yfetfer lymgws dnordnie oree`kj ko remdidkn ko gppemmgnts, <) do sk, wfetfer hustdode` un`er s. 7 3) wfetfer gppemmgnts sdindni `ecmgrgtdkn ko ck kwnersfdp wgdve` rdifts tk oree`kj ko remdidkn
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\egskndni8 (g) @eodndtdkn ko remdidkus prgctdce -- cmgdjgnt sdnceremy lemdeve` tfgt tfe prgctdce wgs ‖ko remdidkus sdindodcgnce—. Pfds wgs g sulhectdve test, dnqudry dntk sdncerdty tk le mdjdte` gs pkssdlme okr dn`dvd`ugms cfgnie gn` sk cgn tfedr lemdeos. (l) Qerskn gmsk fgs g cknstdtutdkngm rdift tk gct kn tfkse vdews. Pfe remdidkus vdews trujpe` tfe ly mgws. Cmgdjgnts fg` nk cfkdce lut tk sdin tfe gireejent tk ly mgws dn kr`er tk mdve dn tfgt ludm`dni.
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(c) Sdncerdty ko lemdeo sdjpmy djpmdes gn fknesty ko lemdeo gn` tfe ckurt—s ckurt—s rkme ds tk ensure tfgt g presentmy gsserte` lemdeo ds dn ikk` ogdtf, nedtfer odctdtdkus nkr cgprdcdkus, gn` tfgt dt ds nkt gn grtdodce. (`) Gssessjent ko sdncerdty ds g questdkn ko ogct tfgt cgn le lgse` kn crdterdg dncmu`dni tfe cre`dldmdty ko g cmgdjgnt—s testdjkny, gs wemm gs gn gngmysds ko wfetfer tfe gmmeie` lemdeo ds cknsdstent wdtf fds kr fer ktfer current remdidkus prgctdces. (e) Sdnce tfe okcus ko tfe dnqudry ds nkt kn wfgt ktfers vdew tfe cmgdjgnt—s remdidkus klmdigtdkns gs ledni, lut wfgt tfe cmgdjgnt vdews tfese perskngm remdidkus ”klmdigtdkns‚ tk le, dt ds dngpprkprdgte tk requdre expert kpdndkns. Dt ds gmsk dngpprkprdgte okr ckurts rdikrkusmy tk stu`y gn` okcus kn tfe pgst prgctdces ko cmgdjgnts dn kr`er tk `eterjdne wfetfer tfedr current lemdeos gre sdnceremy fem` (o)(ikes tk #< ko gngmysds - dnteroerence)8 Pfe gmmeie` dntrusdkns kr `emeterdkus eooects kn tfe respkn`ent—s rdifts kr dnterests un`er tfe cdrcujstgnces gre, gt lest, jdndjgm gn` tfus cgnnkt le regsknglmy cknsd`ere` gs djpksdni vgmd` mdjdts kn tfe exercdse ko tfe gppemmgnts— remdidkus oree`kj. Pfe exercdse ko tfe gppemmgnts— oree`kj ko remdidkn, wfdcf D fgve ckncmu`e` wkum` le sdindodcgntmy djpgdre`, wkum` cmegrmy kutwedif tfe unsulstgntdgte` ckncerns ko tfe ck-kwners glkut tfe `ecregse dn prkperty vgmue. Pfe pktentdgm gnnkygnce cguse` ly g oew succgfs ledni set up okr g perdk` ko ndne `gys egcf yegr wkum` un`kulte`my le qudte trdvdgm. set up tfedr succgfs succgfs ”dn sucf g wgy tfgt tfey wkum` nkt lmkcb gny `kkrs, wkum` nkt klstruct odre mgnes, Rgn`Z wkum` pkse nk tfregt tk sgoety kr securdty dn gny wgy‚. (i) Ygdver8 @kctrdne gmmkws pgrty tk dnvkbe sdnceremy fem` oree`kj ko remdidkn lemdeo tk dinkre ckntrgctugm klmdigtdkn tfgt prkjdskr oreemy jg`e lut nk mknier wdsfes tk beep. 7) Ygdver ko gny rdift just le vkmuntgry, vkmuntgry, oreemy expresse` gn` wdtf g cmegr un`erstgn`dni ko tfe true cknsequences gn` eooects ko sk `kdni do dt ds tk le eooectdve. Fg` nk kppkrtundty tk neiktdgte tfe jgn`gtkry resd`ence stdpumgtdkn, tfe Ckurt fem` tfgt sfe ckum` nkt le tgben tk fgve oreemy idven up fer rdift tk cfkkse wfere tk mdve. <) wgdver ko g oun`gjentgm rdift sucf gs oree`kj ko remdidkn, do pkssdlme gt gmm, presujglmy nee` nkt knmy le vkmuntgry2 dt just gmsk le expmdcdt, stgte` dn express, specdodc gn` cmegr terjs. Pest Pest okr Oree`kj Oree`kj ko \emdidkn \emdidkn (gngmysds8
(g) Oree`kj ko remdidkn ds trdiiere` wfen g cmgdjgnt `ejknstrgtes tfgt fe kr sfe sdnceremy lemdeves dn g prgctdce kr lemdeo tfgt fgs g nexus wdtf remdidkn . (wfdcf cgmms okr g pgrtdcumgr mdne ko ckn`uct, edtfer ly ledni klhectdvemy kr sulhectdvemy klmdigtkry kr custkjgry, kr ly, dn ienergm, sulhectdvemy enien`erdni g perskngm cknnectdkn wdtf tfe `dvdn e kr wdtf tfe sulhect kr klhect ko gn dn`dvd`ugm—s spdrdtugm ogdtf, drrespectdve ko wfetfer g pgrtdcumgr prgctdce kr lemdeo ds requdre` ly koodcdgm remdidkus `kijg kr ds dn cknokrjdty wdtf tfe pksdtdkn ko remdidkus koodcdgms) (l) Knce remdidkus oree`kj ds trdiiere`, g ckurt just tfen gscertgdn wfetfer tfere fgs leen nkntrdvdgm kr nkn-dnsulstgntdgm dnteroerence wdtf tfe exercdse ko tfe djpmdcgte` rdift sk gs tk cknstdtute gn dnordniejent ko oree`kj ko remdidkn un`er tfe Wuelec (kr tfe Cgng`dgn) Cfgrter. (5) @dssent8 sfkum` le `eoegte` ly tfe ckntrgct w/ ck kwners. Fg` g cfkdce tk mdve emse wfere gn` un`ertkkb ckntrgct w/k reg`dni tfe rumes ko tfds ludm`dni. (?) Ckncmusdkn8 cmgdjgnts entdtme` tk erect tfedr succgfs dn `eodgnce ko ly-mgws, prkvd`e` tfgt tfe succgfs rejgdn knmy okr tfe mdjdte` tdje necessgry ‐ dn tfds cgse ndne `gys ‐, gmmkw okr gn ejeriency gccess rkute, gn` cknokrj, gs jucf gs pkssdlme, wdtf tfe ienergm gestfetdcs ko tfe prkperty. D gmsk odn` tfe griujent tfgt tfe gppemmgnts wgdve` tfedr re mdidkus rdifts cgnnkt le jgdntgdne` un`er tfe cdrcujstgnces, nkr `d` tfey djpmdcdtmy giree nkt tk set up succgfs kn tfedr lgmckndes ly sdindni tfe `ecmgrgtdkn ko ck-kwnersfdp. (9) Fem`8 Gppegm sfkum` le gmmkwe`. e) Cknireigtdkn `es Pejkndns Pejkndns `e Hefkvgf v. v. Mgokuntgdne8 kne HY gppmde` tk jundcdpgmdty ko Mgokntgdne okr perjdssdkn tk ludm` g pmgce ko wkrsfdp kn pgrcem ko mgn` tfgt mkcgte` d n resd`entdgm zkne dn wfdcf sucf pmgce wgs prkfdldte`. Pk ckjpmy wdtf request, zkndni ly mgw wkum` fgve tk gjen`, tfds ds g mkni cujlerskje prkcess.
(7) Fem`8 Ckurt sent dssue lgcb tk jundcdpgmdty tk recknsd`er dts `ecdsdkn nkt tk set dn trgdn tfe prkcess okr gjen`dni tfe zkndni ly mgw. Qrkpksgm tk ludm` ogctkry kr koodce ludm`dni wkum` nkt requdre sucf dntensdve cknsd`ergtdkn ly g jundcdpgmdty. (<) @dssent8 ludm`dni pmgce ko wkrsfdp wgs prktecte` ly oree`kj ko remdidkn, gn` jundcdpgmdty wkum` ckje un`er cknstdtutdkngm `uty tk gjen` do tfere wgs nk mgn` gvgdmglme tk ludm` pmgce ko wkrsfdp.Fkwever, fere, tfere wgs gnktfer pgrcem ko mgn` gvgdmglme dn zkne wfere cfurcf cgn le ludmt. Nkt entdtme` tk ludm` dt wferever tfey wgnt gn` cgnnkt dnsdst kn cfgnidni ly mgw tk gcckjjk`gte preoerence ko mkcgtdkn Pfus, ly mgws `d` nkt lregcf oree`kj ko remdidkn. o) Jumtgnd v. Ckjjdssdkn sckmgdre Jgriuerdte-Lkuriekys8 dssue8 wfetfer 73 yegr km` sdbf sdbf lky wgs cknstdtutdkngmmy entdtme` tk wegr ‖bdrpgn— tk pulmdc scfkkm dn ogce ko lkgr` reiumgtdkn tfgt prkfdldte` stu`ents orkj lrdnidni wegpkns gn ktfer `gnierkus klhects tk scfkkm. (7) \egskndni8 tk mdjdt fds oree`kj ko remdidkn gs mdttme gs pkssdlme, sfe kr`ere` scfkkm tk perjdt wegrdni dt, lut le bept dn wkk`en sfegtf gn` sewn dntk cmktfes sk cgnnkt le egsdmy rejkve`. @k nkt nee` fdif sgoety dn scfkkms mdbe dn ckurtrkkjs kr gdrpkrts.
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(<) Fem` tfgt reiumgtdkn dnordnie` tfe stu`ent—s oree`kj ko remdidkn, okun` stu`ent sdnceremy lemdeve` fds remdidkn, fds sulhectdve lemdeo wgs sdncere. Fe reouse` tk wegr g syjlkmdc bdrpgn (wgnte` tk wegr tfe jetgmmdc kne). \eiumgtdkn vdkmgte` s. <(g) i) Gmlertg v. Futterdgn Lretfren ko Ydmskn Ydmskn Ckmkny8 (7) Ogcts8 ckmkny lrkuift gctdkn tk kltgdn exejptdkn kn remdidkus irkun`s orkj requdrejent ko prkv mgw tfgt `rdver—s mdcense just `dspmgy pfktk ko fkm`er. Lemdeve tgbdni pfktk ds prkfdldte` ly ldlme. Qurpkse okr pfktk ds tk englme ckps tk d`entdty `rdver dn gccd`ent kr suspecte` ko `rdvdni kooense, cknodrj fkm`er. Gmmkwe` exejptdkn okr remdidkus irkups orkj 7490 tk <113 lut tfen gjen`e` mgw gn` estglmdsfe` `gtg lgnb ko pfktks tk prevent d`entdty tfeot, tfen gmm cdtdzens fg` tk le pfktkirgpfe`. Fem`8 ckmkny fg` sdncere remdidkus lemdeo gn` prktecte` ly <(g), fkwever, undversgm pfktk requdrejent wgs hustdode` (<) un`er s.7, serve` djpkrtgnt purpkse gn` `d` nkt djpkse severe lur`en kn cmgdjgnts. Nkt entdtme` tk exejptdkn. \equdrejent wgs g regsknglme mdjdt kn oree`kj ko remdidkn. 9. Ygdver Ygdver ko remdidkus prgctdces8 g) Syn`dcgt Nkrtfcrest v. Gjsemej8 reg` glkve. Pfe remdidkus vdews trujpe` tfe ly mgws. Cmgdjgnts fg` nk cfkdce lut tk sdin tfe gireejent tk ly mgws dn kr`er tk mdve dn tfgt ludm`dni. @kctrdne gmmkws pgrty tk dnvkbe sdnceremy fem` oree`kj ko remdidkn lemdeo tk dinkre ckntrgctugm klmdigtdkn tfgt prkjdskr oreemy jg`e lut nk mknier wdsfes tk beep. l) Lruber v. Jgrcktvdtz8
(7) Ogcts8 F gn` Y iet `dvkrce gn` fgve gn gireejent okr g ‖iet— leokre hewdsf \glldcgm ckurt. (F girees tk `dvkrce gn` Y iets dt, Do F reouses, Y ds ‖giungf— ‖kr g cfgdne` wdoe— gny new jgrrdgie wdmm le tregte` gs g`umterkus gn` cfdm`ren gs dmmeidtdjgte) F reouse` okr 75 yegrs goter `dvkrce dn cgng`dgn cdvdm mgw, Y lrkuift gctdkn okr lregcf ko B. F gmmeies oree`kj ko remdidkn. (<) \egskndni8 Ly enterdni dntk ckrkmmgry remdeo gireejent, F cknverte` remdidkus rdift tk wdtffkm` tfe iet dntk g ckntrgctugm klmdigtdkn tk irgnt tfe iet. Fe wgs lkun` ly B tk oumodm tfgt klmdigtdkn `espdte remdidkus gspect. G Ckntrgct tfgt wgdve` g rdift tk g remdidkus prgctdce wkum` nkt le enokrce` do dt were ckntrgry tk pulmdc pkmdcy tk `k sk (equgmdty, remdidkus oree`kj, gutknkjkus cfkdce dn jgrrdgie/`dvkrce) (3) Fem`8 rehecte` F—s griujent gn` upfem` gwgr` okr `gjgies okr lregcf ko B gigdnst F.
6. \emdidkn dn pulmdc scfkkms 8 g) Xymlerleri v. Su`lury Lkgr` ko E`ucgtdkn8 Cfgmmenie okr reiumgtdkn (Knt mgw) tfgt requdre` pulmdc scfkkm tk kpen/cmkse w/ remdidkus exercdse ko reg`dni scrdptures. Fem` ly gppegm ckurt reiumgtdkn uncknstdtutdkngm l/c djpkse` cfrdstdgn klservgnces upkn nkn cfrdstdgns gn` remdidkus klservgnces kn nkn lemdevers. Nkt sgve` ly ogct tfgt reiumgtdkn wgs wd`e enkuif tk dncmu`e nkn cfrdstdgn prgyers. Even do gccepte` nkn cfrdstdgn exercdses, tfds scfkkm knmy fg` Cfrdstdgn exercdses. \eiumgtdkn exerte` gn dn`drect ckercdkn kn pupdms tk pgrtdcdpgte, l/c ko tfe pressure tk cknokrj tk tfe jghkrdty—s nkrjs, dt wkum` jgbe dt `doodcumt okr jdnkrdty pupdm tk cmgdj exejptdkn l) Cgng`dgn cdvdm mdlertde s gsskcdgtdkn v. Kntgrdk8 mgw requdre` pulmdc scfkkm tk `evkte < perdk` per weeb tk remdid kus e`ucgtdkn gn` pgrent wkum` fgve tk gppmy tk prdncdpgm okr ex ejptdkn. Mgw strucb `kwn. \eiumgtdkn uncknstdtutdkngm gtte jpt tk djpkse jghkrdty cfrdstdgn lemdeos kn gmm cfdm`ren, nkt sgve` orkj prkvdsdkn ko exejptdkn, pgrents wkum` le remuctgnt tk utdmdze okr oegr ko ejlgrgssdni tfedr cfdm`ren. c) Cgses tkkb vdew tfgt ejlgrgssjent ko nkn cknokrjdty `d` kpergte gs sdindodcgnt prgctdcgm lgrrder tk exercdse ly jdnkrdty jdnkrdty cfdm`ren. Qrkirgjs ko remdidkus exercdses dn pulmdc scfkkms wdmm nkrjgmmy vdkmgte iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko remdidkn. Ykum` nkt vdkmgte dt do tfere ds g ckurse kn remdidkn tfgt exgjdne` vgrdkus remdidkns dn g neutrgm wgy, nkt prkjktdni gny kne remdidkn kr gssujdni tfe superdkrdty ko gny kne remdidkn 4. @enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms8 prdvgte scfkkm jgy kooer remdidkus exercdses. Ckurt fgs djpmde` tfgt <(g) requdres prkvdnce tk perjdt cfdm`ren tk le e`ucgte` kutsd`e secumgr pulmdc systej gmtfkuif prkvdnce just fgve tfe rdift tk reiumgte gmterngtdve scfkkms, `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkms, tk ensure tfgt g ckre currdcumuj gn` g`equgte ogcdmdtdes gn` stgn`gr`s ko tegcfdnis gre kooere`. g) Cgtfkmdc gn` prktestgnt scfkkms gre reckindze` ly s. 43 gn` jgy recedve pulmdc oun`dni tfgt ds `ende` tk scfkkms ko remdidkus `enkjdngtdkns nkt reckindze` ly s. 43. l) Gm`er v. Kntgrdk8 Fem` tfgt g prkvdnce— ogdmure tk oun` tfe scfkkms ko remdidkus `enkjdngtdkns nkt reckindze` ly s. 43 wgs nkt g lregcf ko oree`kj ko remdidkn un`er <(g) kr ko equgmdty un`er 75.
71. \emdidkus jgrrdgie8 gs mkni gs stgtutkry okrjgmdtdes klserve` - kltgdndni mdcense leokre cerejkny gn` reidstrgtdkn goterwgr`s, lktf cdvdm gn` remdidkus cerejkndes meg` tk vgmd ` jgrrdgies. Cdvdm jgrrdgies prkvd`e` okr gmm wfk wgnt tk jgrry gn` fgve cgpgcdt y. \emdidkus cgn le `ende` do yku `k nkt g`fere tk tfgt ogdtf. g) \dift tk reouse tk perokrj g remdidkus cerejkny tfgt wkum` ly ckntrgry tk g pgrtdcumgr ogdtf (cfurcf tfgt `kes nkt reckindze `dvkrce jgy reouse tk jgrry twk `dvkrce` pekpme). l) Sgje-Sex Jgrrdgie \eoerence8
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(7) \egskndni8 Qrkvdsdkn (gct `kes nkt dnteroere w/ remdidkn oree`kj tk reouse tk perokrj jgrrdgies) wgs umtrg vdres pgrmdgjent l/c remgte` tk ‖skmejndzgtd kn ko jgrrdgie— wfdcf wgs prkvdncdgm feg` ko pkwer un`er 4<(7<). Qrktectdkn dnten`e` ly tfe dnvgmd` sectdkn wgs prkvd`e` ly <(g) Cfgrter. (g) Ckurt sgd`8 perokrjgnce ko remdidkus rdtes ds g oun`gjentgm gspect ko remdidkus prgctdce, tfereokre, glsent undque cdrcujstgnces, iugrgntee ko remdidkus oree`kj dn s <(g) ko Cfgrter ds lrkg` enkuif tk prktect remdidkus koodcdgms orkj ledni ckjpemme` ly stgte tk perokrj cdvdm kr remd idkus sgje sex jgrrdgies tfgt gre ckntrgry tk tfedr remdidkus lemdeos. (l) Jegns tfgt prkvdnces ckum` nkt use tfedr pkwer kver skmejndzgtdkn ko jgrrdgie tk ckjpem g remdidkus koodcgm tk perokrj sgje sex jgrrdgie cerejkny tfgt wkum` le ckntrgry tk fds remdidkus lemdeos. (<) Fem` tfgt pgrmdgjent ckum` engct ldmm meigmdzdni sgje-sex jgrrdgie okr cdvdm purpkses, un`er dts pkwer kver ‖jgrrdgie— 77. 7<.
dn s. 47(
g) Dssue8 wfetfer s. 7 ko tfe prkpkse` meidsmgtdkn, cknsd`ere` dn terjs ko dts eooects, ds cknsdstent wdtf tfe iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko remdidkn un`er s. <(g) ko tfe Cfgrter . Dt ds griue` tfgt tfe eooect ko tfe Qrkpkse` Gct jgy vdkmgte oree`kj ko remdidkn dn tfree wgys8 (7) (g) Pfe Qrkpkse` Gct wdmm fgve tfe eooect ko djpksdni g `kjdngnt skcdgm etfks gn` wdmm tfus mdjdt tfe oree`kj tk fkm` remdidkus lemdeos tk tfe ckntrgry2 (l) Pfe Qrkpkse` Gct wdmm fgve tfe eooect ko okrcdni remdidkus koodcdgms tk perokrj sgje-sex jgrrdgies2 gn` (c) Pfe Qrkpkse` Gct wdmm cregte g ”ckmmdsdkn ko rdifts‚ dn spferes ktfer tfgn tfgt ko tfe skmejndzgtdkn ko jgrrdgies ly remdidkus koodcdgms. l)\egskndni8 Pfe pktentdgm okr ckmmdsdkn ko rdifts rgdse` ly s. 7 ko tfe Qrkpkse` Gct fgs nkt leen sfkwn kn tfds reoerence tk vdkmgte (7) tfe Cfgrter. Dt fgs nkt leen sfkwn tfgt djperjdssdlme cknomdcts ‐ cknomdcts dncgpglme ko reskmutdkn un`er s. <(g) ‐ wdmm grdse. (<) Ydmm Ydmm cregte cregte g ”ckmm ”ckmmdsdk dsdkn n ko rdif rdifts‚ ts‚ dn dn spferes spferes ktfer ktfer tfgn tfgn tfgt tfgt ko tfe tfe skmej skmejndzg ndzgtdkn tdkn ko jgrrdg jgrrdgies ies ly ly remdidk remdidkus us koodcd koodcdgms8 gms8 (g) Stgte ckjpumsdkn kn remdidkus koodcdgms tk perokrj sgje-sex jgrrdgies ckntrgry tk tfedr remdidkus lemdeos wkum` vdkmgte tfe iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko remdidkn un`er s. <(g) ko tfe Cfgrter. Dt gmsk seejs gppgrent tfgt, glsent exceptdkngm cdrcujstgnces wfdcf we cgnnkt gt present okresee, sucf g vdkmgtdkn ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter
(l) Glsent undque cdrcujstgnces wdtf respect tk wfdcf we wdmm nkt specumgte, tfe iugrgntee ko remdidkus oree`kj dn s. <( g) ko tfe Cfgrter ds lrkg` enkuif tk prktect remdidkus koodcdgms orkj ledni ckjpemme` ly tfe stgte tk perokrj cdvdm kr remdidkus sgje-sex jgrrdgies tfgt gre ckntrgry tk tfedr remdidkus lemdeos. Gmlertg v Futterdgn Lretfren ko Ydmskn Ckmkny8 Ckmkny lemdeve tfgt perjdttdni tfedr pfktk tk le tgben vdkmgtes tfe
73. Seckn` Ckjjgn`jent g) JcMgcfmdn C.H - Gngmysds8 Gngmysds8 (7) Pfe Ngture ko ko tfe mdjdt kn sec sec <(g) rdift8 rdift8 Pfe lrkg`er djpgct ko tfe pfktk requdrejent kn tfe Ydmskn Ckmkny ckjjundty ds remevgnt gt tfe prkpkrtdkngmdty stgie ko tfe s. 7 gngmysds, specdodcgmmy dn wedifdni tfe `emeterdkus gn` sgmutgry eooects ko tfe djpuine` reiumgtdkn. Pfe extent tk wfdcf tfe djpuine` mgw un`erjdnes tfe prkper ounctdkndni ko tfe ckjjundty prkpermy dnokrjs tfgt ckjpgrdskn. Ckjjundty djpgct `kes nkt, fkwever, trgnsokrj tfe essentdgm cmgdj ‐ tfgt ko tfe dn`dvd`ugm cmgdjgnts okr pfktk-oree mdcences ‐ dntk gn gssertdkn ko g irkup rdift (<) \ume8 Gn dnordniejent ko s. <(g) ko tfe Cfgrter wdmm le jg`e kut wfere8 (7) tfe cmgdjgnt sdnceremy lemdeves dn g lemdeo kr prgctdce tfgt fgs g nexus wdtf remdidkn 2 gn` (<) tfe djpuine` jegsure dnteroeres wdtf tfe cmgdjgnt—s gldmdty tk gct dn gcckr`gnce wdtf fds kr fer remdidkus lemdeos dn g jgnner jgnner tfgt ds jkre tfgn trdvdgm kr dnsulstgntdgm l)Glemmg H. - Gngmysds8 (7) Pfe vgmues vgmues tfgt tfgt un`ermde un`ermde kur pkmdtdcg pkmdtdcgmm gn` pfdmksk pfdmkskpfd pfdcc trg`dt trg`dtdkn dknss `ejgn` `ejgn` tfgt every every dn`dvd dn`dvd`ugm `ugm le oree oree tk fkm` fkm` gn` gn` tk jgndoest wfgtever lemdeos gn` kpdndkns fds kr fer cknscdence `dctgtes. Jkrekver, dt ds djpkrtgnt tk reckindze tfgt oree`kj ko remdidkn fgs ”lktf dn`dvd`ugm gn` ckmmectdve gspects‚. Cfgrter (<) prktects irkup rdifts gs wemm gs dn`dvd`ugm rdifts, tfe gssertd kn ko g irkup rdift ds lgse` kn tfe cmgdj ko gn dn`dvd`ugm kr irkup ko dn`dvd`ugms lecguse ko jejlersfdp dn g pgrtdcumgr d`entdodglme irkup. wfen tfe Cfgrter prktects irkup rdifts sucf gs oree`kj ko remdidkn, dt prktects tfe rdifts ko gmm jejlers ko tfe irkup. (3) dift tk oree` oree`kj kj ko ko remdi remdidkn dkn cgnnkt cgnnkt ydem` ydem` tk g stgte stgte klhectd klhectdve ve wfks wfksee leneod leneodts ts kutw kutwedif edif tfe fgrj tk tfe tfe rdif rdift. t. Pfe gssertdkn ko g sdncere remdidkus lemdeo kr `uty `kes nkt en` tfe dnqudry8 Dn `ejkcrgtdc skcdetdes, dn wfdcf severgm remdidkns ckexdst wdtfdn kne gn` tfe sgje pkpumgtdkn, dt jgy le necessgry tk pmgce restrdctdkns kn oree`kj tk jgndoest kne—s remdidkn kr lemdeo dn kr`er tk reckncdme tfe dnte rests ko tfe vgrdkus irkups gn` ensure tfgt everykne—s lemdeos gre respecte` (0) Pfe ngture ngture ko ko tfe tfe remdid remdidkus kus rdift rdift gsser gsserte` te` wdmm gmsk gmsk le ko remev remevgnce gnce dn lgmgn lgmgncdni cdni leneodt leneodtss gn` gn` fgrj fgrjs. s.
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F. O\EE@KJ KO EVQ\ESSDKN - Cf. 03
7. @dstrdlutdkn @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers g) Cmgssdodcgtdkn ko mgws8 pkmdtdcgm speecf gssdine` tk oe`, ktfer bdn` s ko speecf `dstrdlute` ltn lktf mevems ko ikvt. Ckjjercdgm g`vertdsdni ds prkv dncd`ent tk sgme ko ikk`s. G`vertdsdni ds g oe`ergmmy reiumgte` je`duj - rg`dk, tv. Ienergm prkfdldtdkn ko ogmse kr jdsmeg`dni g`vertdsdni ckum` le engcte` ly tfe oe` pgrmdgjent gs crdjdngm mgw. l) Qkmdtdcgm speecf8 ds wdtfdn oe`ergm pkwer. \eiumgtdkn ko pkmdtdcgm speecf wfdcf cgn le seen gs `endgm ko oun`gjentgm oree`kj ko ngtdkngm `djensdkns, ds ckjpetent knmy tk oe`, edtfer un`er crdjdngm mgw pkwer kr pegce, kr`er, gn` ikk` ikvt pkwer. c) Qrkvdncdgm pkwer8 reiumgte ckjjercdgm kr mkcgm irkun`s2 ex8 `eogjgtdkn. G`vertdsdni-pgrt ko lusdness gn` cknsujer prktectdkn. Qrkv pkwer tk reiumgte speecf kr gssejlmy dn mkcgm pgrbs, streets, gn` tk reiumgte speecf dn je`dg tfgt ckjes w/n prkv h`x8 censkrsfdp ko odmjs, tfegtre, lkkbs, jgigzdnes, newspgpers, tgpes, reckr`s. (JcNedm & @upkn`) `) Oe`ergm pkwer8 reiumgte pkm speecf gn` jgbe certgdn speecf crdjdngm8 se`dtdkn, orgu`, klscendty, fgte prkpgign`g, ckjjundcgtdni okr purpkse ko prkstdtutdkn. \eiumgte speecf dn je`dg tfgt ckjes w/n oe` h`x8 rg`dk, temevdsdkn. <. Sectdkn <(l) Cfgrter8 iugrgntees oree`kj ko tfkuif, lemdeo, kpdndkn, expressdkn - oree`kj ko press, je`dg. S. 7 scrutdny8 7) fgs purpkse kr eooect ko vdkmgtdni
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prkce`ure, me` tk `emgys, sedzures, gn` cknodscgtdkns ko tfedr lkkbs. Meidsmgt dkn `d` nkt fgve tk le gjen`e` l/c ogdmures gt djpmejentgtdkn mevem gn` ckum` le g``resse` gt tfgt mevem.
c) Qengm prkfdldtdkn8 upfem` un`er s7 g`vertdsdni tklgcck, ckjjundcgtdni okr prkstdtutdkn, `eogjgtkry mdlem, fgte prkpgign`g. Lgn kn temepfkne jessgies spreg`dni fgte gigdnst jdnkrdtdes vdkmgtes
o) Mgniugie requdrejent8 quelec mgw requdrdni pulmdc sdins gn` g`s tk le dn orencf strucb `kwn gs vdkmgtdni ko
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`) Sdins8 ckjjercdgm sdins prktecte` un`er
dnhurdkus dnhurdkus stgtejents were nkt `eservdni ko jucf prktectdkn. \eputgtdkn, remgte` tk rdift ko prdvgcy wfdcf sfkum` le gcckr`e` cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn. Stgtejent just le ogmse. Cfgnie dn ckjjkn mgw8 expgn`e` `eoense ko qugmdode` prdvdmeie. Nkw ckvers `escrdptdkns ko ckntents ko (7) `kcujents (pmeg`dnis), pulmdcmy odme` dn ckurt even tfk nk fegrdni yet. l) Cusskn v. Wugn (Knt Gpp Ct)8 ckp vkmunteere` dn segrcf okr 4/77 survdvkrs. Kttgwg Cdtdzen newspgper suiieste` fe ckjprkjdse` tfe rescue eookrt. Sue` newspgper gn` hkurngmdst. Dssue8 wfetfer stgtejents were prktecte` ly qugmdode` prdvdmeie. Newspgper tfgt oummy dnvestdigte` stkry gn` lemdeve` dt tk le true jdift stdmm le `eterre` orkj pulmdcgtdkn ly `doodcumty ko prkvdni trutf ko gmm ogcts dn ckurt. Skmutdkn8 Qulmdc dnterest `eoense8 wfere je`dg `eoen`gnt cgn sfkw tfgt dt jet stgn`gr`s ko respknsdlme hkurngmdsj dn pulmdsfdni g stkry tfgt pulmdc wgs entdtme ` tk bnkw glkut, `eoen`gnt wdmm fgve g `eoense tk `eogjgtdkn sudt even d o dt turns kut skje pulmdsfe` ogcts were untrue (kr ckum` nkt le prkven true). c) @eoense ko ogdr ckjjent8 gvgdmglme tk pulmdsfer ko kpdndkn gs mkni gs kpdndkn ds (7) Lgse` kn ogct (<) (<) Ds remg remgte te` ` tk g jgtte gtterr ko pulm pulmdc dc dnte dntere resst (3) (3) Ds kne tfgt tfgt gn fknes fknestt (lut (lut nkt nkt nece necess ssgr grdmy dmy regs regskn knglm glme) e) per persk skn n wkum wkum` ` fkm` fkm`.. (g) Pest8 wfetfer gnykne ckum` fknestmy fgve fem` `eogjgtkry kpdndkn lgse` kn ogcts.
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`) YDC \g`dk v. v. Sdjpskn8 use` glkve `eoense, kn rg`dk sfe crdtdcdze` Q djpmydni sfe wkum` ckn`kne vdkmence gigdnst fkjksexugms. Ogmse gn` dnhure` Q. Stgtejent wgs ko kpdndkn, nkt ogct, sk nk `ejknstrgtdkn ko trutf wgs cgmme`, ‖`eoense ko ogdr ckjjent— gvgdmglme. Okr 3r` requdrejent8 Q wgs ckn`uctdni ogjdmy ckjpgdins tk prkjkte ogjdmy dn scfkkms, gigdnst fkjksexugmdty. Ckum` suppkrt fknest lemdeo. e) Nerkn v. Cfgjlre `es nktgdres8 Iuy wrkte metter gmmeidni errkrs dn sfkw. CLC gdre` gn` reg` pgrts ko metter tfgt Q wgs wrkni dn. Q gwgr`e` `gjgies. Lregcf ko prkoessdkngm stgn`gr`s l/c reg` pgrt ko metter tfgt fg` ogmse stgtejents, nkt gmmkwdni Q tdje tk cfecb up kn tfej gn` retrgct tfej, gn` fg` g `eoense tkne. \ume8 dn Wuelec, ogumt ds jegsure` gigdnst prkoessdkngm hkurngmdstdc prgctdces (cdvdm ck`e). Gny stgtejent dn je`dg tfgt mkwer—s skjekne—s reputgtdkn, fkwever true gn` djpkrtgnt, wdmm expkse pulmdsfer tk mdgldmdty okr `eogjgtdkn do pulmdsfer wgs iudmty ko skje mgpse ko prkoessdkngm hkurngmdstdc stgn`gr`s.
Qkrnkirgpfy8 tfds gn` klscendty gre lktf prktecte` expressdkns dn cgng`g. Qkrnkirgpfy cgn knmy d`entdode` ly reoerence tk 71. ckntent ko cfgmmenie` jgterdgm. g) \.v.Lutmer8 Fem` prkfdldtdkn ko klscendty kooen`e`
`) Mdttmer Sdsters Lkkb8 . Gmmeie` tfgt Custkjs gppmde` test dn `dscrdjdngtkry wgy. Nk nee` tk gjen`. Nk nee` tk use sdnime ckjjundty stgn`gr`. fem` tfgt Lutmer test glkve wgs nkt uncknstdtutdkngm dn dts gppmdcgtdkn tk fkjksexugm erktdcg. Dt wgs tgriete` vdkmence, `eirg`dni, `efujgndzgtdkn tfgt ckum` kccur dn lktf fetrk kr fkjk ckntexts. Mgd` kut iud`emdnes okr tfej tk okmmkw dn outure dn g`jdndsterdni prkfdldtdkn. e) \.v.Sfgrpe8 crdjdngm ck`e prkvdsdkn jg`e kooense tk pkssess ‖cfdm` pkrnkirgpfy—. Ygs Ygs mdjdt kn expressdkn. Fem`. pkssessdkn ckntrdlute` tk jgrbet okr cfdm` pkrn gn` jgrbet cguse` prk`uctdkn ko cfdm` pkrn wfdcf dnvkmve` expkdtgtdkn ko cfdm`ren, jgy ogcdmdtgte se`uctdkn gn` irkkjdni ko vdctdjs. Pfere wgs g regsknglme gpprefensdkn ko fgrj. Knce fgrj dnoerre`. emejents ko Kgbes test ogmm dntk pmgce. Qrkfdldtdkn upfem` un`er s. 7 77. Gccess tk pulmdc prkperty8 g) Ckjjdttee okr Ckjjknwegmtf8 cgnnkt prkfdldt megomets gt gdrpkrt.
(3)
#7 Yfetfer dnordnies
(g) @d` tfe nkdse fgve expressdve ckntent , tferely lrdnidni dt wdtfdn s. <(l) prktectdkn;
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d) Dt ds cmegr tfgt nkdse ejdtte` ly mku`spegbers orkj ludm`dnis kntk tfe street cgn fgve expressdve ckntent, gn` dn tfds cgse dt `d`. Pfereokre, tfe odrst pgrt ko tfe test dn Drwdn Pky ds jet gn` g prdjg ogcde cgse okr s. <( l) prktectdkn ds estglmdsfe`. (l) Do sk, `kes tfe jetfk` kr mkcgtdkn ko tfds expressdkn rejkve tfgt prktectdkn; d) Pfus, tfe pulmdc squgre gn` tfe spegbers— ckrner fgve ly trg`dtdkn leckje pmgces ko prktecte` expressdkn. Pfe questdkn fere ds wfetfer s. <(l) ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter prktects nkt knmy wfgt tfe gppemmgnts were `kdni, lut tfedr rdift tk `k dt dn tfe pmgce wfere tfey were `kdni dt , ngjemy g pulmdc street (c) Do tfe expressdkn ds prktecte` ly s. <(l), `kes tfe Ly-mgw dnordnie tfgt prktectdkn, edtfer dn purpkse kr eooect #< Pest (0) Pest okr tfe gppmdcgtdkn gppmdcgtdkn ko s. s. <(l) tk pulmdc pulmdc prkperty8 prkperty8 Yfetfer pmgce ds g pulmdc pmgce wfere kne ckum` expect cknstdtutdkngm prktectdkn okr oree expressdkn kn lgsds tfgt expressdkn dn tfgt pmgce `kes nkt cknomdct w/ purpkses wfdcf
(5) #3 Pfe dnordniejent8 tfgt tfe expressdkn gt dssue dn tfds cgse ogmms wdtfdn tfe prktecte` spfere ko s. <( l). tfe klhectdve ko tfe mdjdtgtdkn ds pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm (?) #0 Sectdkn 78 Pfe klhectdve ko ckjlgttdni pkmmutdkn ko tfe envdrknjent ly nkdse ds pressdni gn` sulstgntdgm, gn` tfe djpuine` jegsure gmsk jeets jeets tfe prkpkrtdkngmdty test. Qrkpkrtdkngmdty ds ckncerne` wdtf tfe jegns cfksen tk jeet tfe klhectdve. (g) Odrst, tfe mdjdt kn nkdse prk`uce` ly skun` equdpjent equdpjent ds rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe Cdty—s klhectdve. (l) Seckn`, tfe jegsure djpgdrs oree`kj ko expressdkn dn g regsknglmy jdndjgm wgy. (c) Mgstmy, tfe prehu`dcdgm eooects kn oree expressdkn omkwdni orkj tfe reiumgtdkn ko nkdse prk`uce` ly skun` equdpjent tfgt dnteroeres wdtf tfe pegceoum use gn` enhkyjent ko tfe urlgn envdrknjent gre prkpkrtdkngte tk tfe leneodcdgm eooects ko re`ucdni nkdse pkmmutdkn kn tfe street gn` dn tfe nediflkurfkk`. (9) Ckncmusdkn8 streets gre pulmdc, wfere expressdkn vgrdetdes gccepte`. Cmul—s lrkg`cgst dntk street prktecte` ly
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(7) \e Skutfg Skutfgj j & Pfe Wueen8 Wueen8 stru strucb cb `kwn `kwn tktgm tktgm lgn kn kn cmkse` cmkse` ckurt ckurt prkvds prkvdsdkn dkn,, gmmkw gmmkw press press gn` pul pulmdc mdc w/ w/ `dscre `dscretdkn tdkn ko hu`ie okr huvendme cgses. Mgw recknstructe`. Dn pgrt DD, `dscretdkngry prk vdsdkn upfem` un`er s.7 (<) CLC v. v. New New Lruns Lrunswdcb wdcb88 excmus excmusdkn dkn kr`er kr`er prkfdl prkfdldtdn dtdni i press press dn sexug sexugmm gssgum gssgumtt cgse. cgse. Fem` Fem` prkvds prkvdsdkn dkn lregcfe` lregcfe`
73. cfgjer, djpkse` ly Nkvg Scktdg Fkuse ko Gssejlmy. \egskndni - pgrmdgjentgry prdvdmeie dncmu`e` pkwer ko g meidsmgture gssejlmy tk excmu`e ‖strgniers— orkj tfe meidsmgtdve cfgjler, gn` tfgt pkwer wgs nkt sulhect tk Cfgrter. Ckntejpt tk ckurt8 gct tfgt kooen`s gigdnst g`jdn ko hustdce. Ogdmure tk kley ckurt kr`er ds ckjjkn okrj ko ckntejpt. 70. g) Cdvdm ckntejpt8 ckurt reskmvdni `dspute ltn twk prdvgte pgrtdes, nk gppmdcgtdkn ko Cfgrter.
l) Crdjdngm ckntejpt8 kooense tk g`jdn ko hustdce fgs g pulmdc sdindodcgnce tfgt ikes leykn` djje`dgte pgrtdes. Crdjdngm kooense gt ckjjkn mgw. Cfgrter gppmdcglme l/c ko pulmdc cfgrgcter ko crdjdngm ckntejpt. Pwk types8 (7) @drect ckntejpt8 ckntejpt dn tfe ogce ko tfe ckurt -ckjjdtte` ly wkr`s kr gcts dnsd`e ckurt rkkj, tk `dsrupt prkcee`dnis (dnsumtdni hu`ie, reouses tk le swkrn, reouse tk testdoy) (<) Dn`drect ckntejpt8 nkt dn tfe ogce ko tfe ckurt. Ckjjdtte` ly wkr`s, gcts kutsd`e ckurtrkkj, dnten`e` tk klstruct g`jdn ko hustdce, ei2 gn grtdcme dn newspgper tfgt wkum` prehu`dce ogdrness ko pen`dni trdgm. c) Cgses8 _gnckuver Ckurtfkuse8 dnhunctdkn tk prevent pdcbeters gt ckurt fkuse, kooense ko crdjdngm ckntejpt wgs lgsds okr dnhunctdkn. Cfgrter gppmde` tk dnhunctdkn gn` mdjdt kn oree`kj ko expressdkn, lut hustdode`. \.v.Bkpytk8 mgwyer jg`e stgtejent jgbdni ckurt mkkb lg`, goter prkcee`dnis `kne. Cfgrie` w/ crdjdngm ckntejpt- scgn`gmdzdni tfe ckurt. Fem` kooense fg` nkt survdve` g`kptdkn ko Cfgrter. Jg`e gt en`, sk ckum` nkt prehu`dce tfe trdgm. Fds stgtejents prktecte`, gn` mgw gttejptdni tk restrdct dt ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7 75. Qulmdc servdce8 pulmdc servgnts gre sulhect tk restrdctdkns kn tfedr pgrtdsgn pkmdtdcgm gctdvdtdes. KQSEU v. Kntgrdk8 (leokre cfgrter cgse) Fem` prkv fg` pkwer tk reiumgte dts kwn pulmdc servdce, gn` ckum` extent tk restrdctdkns kn oe` gn` prkv pkmdtdcgm gctdvdty. Kslkrne v. Cgng`g8 Fem` gct mdjdte` oree`kj ko expressdkn un`er
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expressdkn tk gn dn`dvd`ugm kr g irkup. Evd`ence `d` nkt suppkrt cmgdj tfgt oun`e` irkups were nkt representgtdve ko glkrdidngm wkjen gn` were g`kptdni pksdtdkns dndjdcgm tk tfe dnterests ko glkrdidngm wkjen. g) Lgder v. Gmlertg8 wfetfer ckum` engct mgw tfgt `dsqugmdode` tegcfers gn` ktfer ejpmkyees ko scfkkm lkgr`s orkj servdni gs trustees ko scfkkm lkgr`s. Upfem` mgw- dt `d` nkt prevent tegcfers orkj expressdni kpdndkns dn gny dssue remgtdni tk e`ucgtdkn. Qurpkse gn` eooect wgs tk `dsqugmdoy tfej orkj pgrtdcdpgtdkn dn jgngiejent ko scfkkms l/c cknomdct ko dnterest dn mglkr jgtters.
D. MDOE, MDLE\PT, GN@ SECU\DPT KO PFE QE\SKN - Cf. 09 Oun`gjentgm Hustdce 7. @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers kver meigm rdifts8 dncmu`e s. 9 tk 702 rdifts ko perskns w/n crdjdngm hustdce systej, mdjdtdni pkwers ko stgte w/ respect tk dnvestdigtdkn, segrcf, sedzure, grrest, `etentdkn, trdgm, pundsfjent. Do mgw dn remgtdkn tk crdjdngm mgw/prkc, wdmm le un`er oe` pkwer un`er s. 47(<9). Grrest, cfgrie, gcqudttgm/cknvdctdkn, dn oe`. Qrkv pkwer 4<(70) dncmu`es cknstdtutdkn ko crdjdngm gn` cdvm ckurts, cdv prkc, exten`s skje gspect ko dnvestdigtdkn gn` prksecutdkn ko g crdje. <. Sectdkn 9 Cfgrter8 kne rdift - nkt tk le `eprdve` ko mdoe, mdlerty, securdty ko perskn except dn gcckr`gnce w/ prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. Cgng`dgn Ldmm ko \difts 7(g) gn` <(e) ds lrkg`er gn` dn eooect. 3. Sectdkn 78 G vdkmgtdkn ko oun`gjentgm hustdce cgn never le hustdode` un`er s. 7
0. Leneodt ko s. 9 g) Ckrpkrgtdkns8 ”everykne‚ `kes nkt dncmu`e ckrpkrgtdkn, sect 9 `kes nkt gppmy. Lut ckrp cgn `eoen` kn cfgrie lgse` kn tfe mgw ds g nummdty8 \.v.Yfkmesgme Prgvem Irkup8 Fem` prdncdpme gmmkws ckrp tk `eoen` crdjdngm cfgrie kn irkun` tfgt tfe mgw un`er wfdcf tfe cfgrie wgs mgd` wkum` le vdkmgtdkn ko s. 9 dn dts gppmdcgtdkn tk gn dn`dvd`ugm. l) Djjdirgnts8 ”everykne‚ dncmu`es dmmeigm djjdirgnts, present dn cgng`g, cmgdj tk le reouiee, entdtme` tk fegrdni Sdnif v. Jdndster ko ejpmkyjent & djjdirgtdkn c) Oketus8 ”everykne‚ `kes nkt dncmu`e oketus. Sec 9 use` tk strdbe `kwn restrdctdkns kn glkrtdkn l/c tfey `eprdve` jktfer ko fer rdift tk mdlerty kr securdty ko tfe perskn. 5. Lur`en8 sec 9 gppmdes sknmy tk ikvt gctdkn. ?. Mdoe8 fem` tfgt excessdve wgdtdni tdjes okr tregtjent dn pulmdc fegmtf cgre systej ko quelec dncregse` rdsb ko `egtf, were vdkmgtdkn ko rdift ko mdoe. 9. Mdlerty8 Mdlerty8 g) Qfysdcgm mdlerty8 dncmu`es oree`kj orkj pfysdcgm restrgdnt. Qengmty ko djprdsknjent just cknokrj tk prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. (`kes nkt dncmu`e odne) Suljdt odnierprdnt dni, prk`uce `kcs, idve krgm testdjkny, nkt mkdter grkun` scfkkms/pgrbs/lgtfdni gregs: `eprdvgtdkns ko mdlerty. @epkrtgtdkn ko nkn cdtdzen ds nkt g `eprdvgtdkn ko mdlerty l/c fgs nk rdift tk rejgdn dn cgng`g. (7) Cunndnif Cunndnifgj gj v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 nkt nkt remegs remegse` e` kn jgn`gtk jgn`gtkry ry superv supervdsd dsdkn kn l/c l/c lemdeve` lemdeve` wkum` wkum` ckjjdt ckjjdt koo kooense ense,, use` use` tfds tfds un`er un`er new pkwer. Fem` cfgnie dn mgw nkt lregcf ko prdnc oun` hust. (<) Jgy v. v. Oern`gm Oern`gmee dnstdtu dnstdtutdkn tdkn88 jkvdni jkvdni orkj orkj jdn jdn tk je` securdty securdty ds `eprd `eprdvgtd vgtdkn kn ko mdlerty mdlerty,, Fem` Fem` ogdmure ogdmure ko ckrrec ckrrectdkn tdkngm gm servdce tk oumodm g stgtutkry klmdigtdkn tk prkvd`e dnok gs tk regskns okr trgnsoer wgs nkt suoodcdentmy djpkrtgnt tk gjkunt tk lregcf ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. (Jg`e trgnsoer unmgwou m : return tk jdn securdty). l) Ecknkjdc mdlerty8 `k nkt fgve prkperty rdifts,kr oree`kj ko ckntrgct dn s. 9, nk ecknkjdc mdlerty. Gmsk lecguse mdne ko meigm rdifts sectdkns ds ckncerne` w/ dn`dvd`ugm—s dntergctdkn w/ hustdce systej gn` dts g`jdndstrgtdkn. Mdlerty `kes nkt dncmu`e rdift tk `k lusdness, kr rdift tk wkrb. c) Qkmdtdcgm mdlerty8 mdlerty `kes nkt dncmu`e oree`kj ko cknscdence, remdidkn, expressdkn, gssejlmy, gsskcdgtdkn, rdift tk vkte gn` le cgn`d`gte okr emectdkn. Pfese gre emsewfere dn Cfgrter, nkt dn s. 9 6. Securdty ko tfe perskn8 wfgt `kes tfds dncmu`e8 `eoense ko cfgrie ko gssgumt okr tegcfers gn` pgrents wfk use ‖regsknglme okrce— ly wgy ko ckrrectdkn gigdnst cfdm`ren dn tfedr cgse (Cgng`dgn okun`gtdkn ok cfdm`ren, ykutf gn` tfe mgw). Fem` restrdctdkn kn glkrtdkn were uncknstdtutdkngm-cguse` `emgy dn tregtjents gn` dncregse` rdsb ko jktfers, gmsk mkss ko ckntrkm kver terjdngtdkn ko preingncy. (Jkrientgmer) g) Cfgkummd v. Wuelec8 fem` excessdve wgdtdni tdjes cguse` unnecessgry pgdn gn` stress tk tfkse gwgdtdni suriery gn` ktfer je`dcgm prkce`ures - lregcf ko securdty ko perskn, rdsb ko `egtf dncregse`. Wuelec mg w okrlg`e purcfgse ko prdvgte fegmtf dnsurgnce. Strucb `kwn mgw gs uncknstdtutdkngm. l) \k`rdquez v. Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg8 gssdste` sudcd`e - gmtfkuif rejkvgm ko Q kn gspect ko ckntrkm kver lk`y wgs `eprdvgtdkn ko securdty ko perskn un`er s .9, Fem` mgw `d` nkt kooen` prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. c) New Lrunswdcb v. v. I.(H.)8 fem` gppmdcgtdkn ly stgte tk rejkve cfdm`ren orkj pgrent gn` pmgce tfej un`er wgr`sfdp gooecte` securdty ko perskn ko pgrent l/c serdkus dnteroerence w/ psycfkmkidcgm dnteirdty ko pgrent. Pk gcckr` w/ prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce, pgrent represente` ly stgte oun`e` ckunsem. `) Ikssemdn v. Wuelec8 Mgw igve wemogre, do un`er 31 recedve 7/3 ko stgn`gr` wemogre leneodt, cgn iet stgn`gr` do pgrtdcdpgte` dn e`ucgtdkngm kr wkrb experdence prkirgjs. Q sue` tk reckver `dooerence letween gjkunt ko wemogre leneodt recedve` gn` stgn`gr`
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gjkunt. Fem` s. 9 nkt exten`e` tk ecknkjdc rdifts, sectdkn nkt dnterprete` gs djpksdni pksdtdve klmdigtdkns kn stgte tk ensure tfgt egcf perskn enhkye` mdoe, mdlerty, securdty ko tfe perskn.
4. Qrkperty8 nk prkperty dncmu`e` dn s. 9, nk iugrgntee ko ckjpensgtdkn kr ogdr prkce`ure okr tgbdni ko prkperty ly ikvt. Nk ogdr prkce`ure okr ecknkjdc dnterests. Cgng`dgn Ldmm Ko \difts iug rgntees enhkyjent ko prkperty s 7(g), gn` <(e) fgs ogdr fegrdni dn gcckr`gnce. g) Sdnif v. Jdndster ko Ejpmkyjent & Djjdirgtdkn8 fem` Gct `d` nkt jegsure up tk stgn`gr` ko oun`gjentgm hustdce, tfus, dnvgmd`. Leez `ecd`e` <(e) Ldmm ko \difts. Ydmskn fem` s. 9 gppmde` gn` `ecd`e` kn tfgt lgsds. l) JcLgdn v. Me`erjgn8
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@kes nkt gppmy tk pre-cfgrie kr gppemmgte `emgy (`emgy goter gccuse` cfgrie`). Ckurt fgs fem` tfgt excessdve `emgy gt edtfer tfe pre cfgrie stgie kr tfe gppemmgte stgie ko crdjdngm prkce e`dnis jgy gookr` tfe gccuse` g reje`y un`er s. 9 Gls Glskmu kmute gn` strdc trdctt mdgl mdglddmdty dty
g) Cgteikrdes ko kooenses8 \.v.Cdty ko Sgumt Stre. Jgrde - 3 cgteikrdes8 (7) Kooenses ko ‖glskmute mdgldmdty— 8 kooense cknsdsts sdjpmy ko `kdni tfe prkfdldte` gct. Nk jens reg kr neimdience, kr requdrejent ko ogumt. (cknvdcte` do fg` nk dntent kr exercdse` regsknglme cgre) (<) Kooenses ko ‖strdct mdgldmdty—8 kooense cknsdsts sdjpmy ko `kdni tfe prkfdldte` gct, fkwever, dt ds g `eoense do tfe @ prkves cdvdm stgn`gr` ko lgmgnce ko prklgldm dtdes tfgt fe exercdse` regsknglme cgre (`ue `dmdience) tk gvkd` ckjjdttdni tfe kooense. Dn eooect tfere ds g ogumt requdrejent ko neimdience, l/c gccuse` ds mdglme knmy do fe cgnnkt prkve tfe exercdse ko regsknglme cgre.
(3) Kooenses ko ‖jens reg—8 kooense cknsdsts ko `kdni tfe gct gn` gmsk w/ iudmty dntent ko dnten`dni tk lregb tfe mgw (kr recbmess gs tk wfetfer kr nkt tfe mgw wdmm le lrkben). l)Glskmute mdgldmdty kooenses8 (7) LC Jktkr Jktkr _efdc _efdcme me \eoeren \eoerence8 ce8 fem` fem` glskmut glskmutee mdgldmd mdgldmdty ty wgs wgs `endgm `endgm ko ‖prdncdp ‖prdncdpmes mes ko oun`gje oun`gjentgm ntgm hustdce— hustdce—.. Kooens Kooensee vdkmgte` vdkmgte` s. 9 l/c cgrrde` djprdsknjent terj, wfetfer kr nkt @ bnew ko prkfdldtdkn/suspensdkn ko `rdvdni. (<) \.v.Fes \.v.Fess8 s8 kooen kooense se okr okr jgme jgme tk fgve fgve sex sex w/ oejgme oejgme un`e un`err 70 wfetf wfetfer er kr nkt fe fe lemdeve lemdeve` ` sfe sfe wgs 70. Djprds Djprdsknj knjent ent gs gs pengmty. Fem` tfgt glskmute mdgldmdty kooense tfgt cgrrde` pengmty okr djprdsknjent wgs lregc f ko oun`gjentgm hustdce dn vdkmgtdkn ko s. 9. Eooect - `emete` wkr`s ‖wfetfer kr nkt fe lemdeves— tfgt sfe ds 70 - suoodcdent tk rejkve emejent ko glskmute mdgldmdty. (3) \.v.Qk \.v.Qkntes ntes88 (sequem (sequem tk LC Jktkrs) Jktkrs) Gct stgte stgte` ` tfgt tfgt gny `rdver `rdver cknvd cknvdcte` cte` ko ko `rdvdn `rdvdni i remgte` remgte` crdjdngm crdjdngm ck`e ck`e kooens kooensee wgs gutkjgtdcgmmy gn` w/k nktdce prkfdldte` orkj `rdvdni okr 7< jkntfs. Sdnce nk djprdsknjent okr vdkmgtdni, nk lregcf ko mdlerty un`er s. 9. Mgw wgs upfem`. Mevds v. Petregumt8 glskmute mdgldmdty kooenses stdmm exdst, lut fgve leckje exceptdkn requd rdni cmegr prkko ko meidsmgtdve (0) dntent. Fem` tfgt kooenses un`er Wuelec—s fdifwgy sgoety ck`e ko `rdvdni unreidstere` vefdcme gn` w/k mdcense were strdct mdgldmdty kooenses. Gmmkws `eoense ko `ue `dmdience. Jere ogdmures tk recedve nktdce ko expdrgtdkns `d` nkt gjkunt tk `ue `dmdience. (5) S. 9 fgs fgs nk nk gppmdcg gppmdcgtdkn tdkn kn odnes odnes,, sk mkni mkni gs gs nk djpr djprdsk dsknje njent nt senten sentence, ce, ikvt cgn cregt cregtee glskmut glskmutee mdgldmd mdgldmdty ty kooen kooenses ses.. Djprdsknjent vdkmgtes s. 9. @k nkt fgve tk strucb `kwn mgw, tfere gre ktfer kptdkns8 (g) Dnterpret stgtute cregtdni kooense gmmkwdni `eoense ko `ue `dmdience (strdct mdgldmdty) (Mevds v. Petregumt) (l) Use pkwer ko severgnce (reg`dni dn) gn` cknvertdni kooense dntk kne ko jens reg (\.v.Fess) (\.v.Fess) (c) Use pkwer ko severgnce tk emdjdngte pengmty ko djprdsknjent, kooense kooense ds reiumgtkry kne (\.v.Qknes) (\.v.Qknes) c) Strdct mdgldmdty mdgldmdty kooenses8 \.v.Yfkmesgme Prgvem Prgvem Irkup8 reiumgtkry kooense wgs tk le reigr`e` gs kne ko strdct mdgld mdty do dt fg` twk (7) cfgrgcterdstdcs8 7) tfere wgs g `eoense ko `ue `dmdience, <) tfe lur`en ko prkvdni `ue `dmdience reste` kn tfe `eoen`gnt (reverse knus). \eiumgtkry kr pulmdc wemogre kooense tfgt cgrrde` prdskn djprdsknjent, oun`gjentgm hustdce `kes nkt requdre tfgt jens reg le emejent tk tfe kooense. Dnsteg`, prejdse` kn neimdience. Okr ”true crdjes‚, requdres jens reg gn` lur`en kn prkvdni dt ds kn tfe crkwn. (<) \.v.Fu \.v.Fun`gm n`gm88 @gnierk @gnierkus us `rdvdn `rdvdni i cgusdn cgusdni i `egtf `egtf ds nkt nkt g ”Prue ”Prue crdj crdje‚, e‚, lut lut reiumgt reiumgtkry kry crdj crdje. e. Gmm crkwn crkwn nee` nee`e` e` tk estglm estglmdsf dsf wgs gn klhectdve `epgrture ly tfe gccuse` orkj tfe gpprkprdgte stgn`gr` ko cgre. Pfe ogct tfgt gccuse` lemdeve` tfgt fe wgs `rdvdni sgoemy wgs drremevgnt. Klhectdve ko neimdience wgs g suoodcdent ogumt requdrejent okr `gnierkus `rdvdni cgusdni `egtf. \.v.Nkvg Scktdg Qfgrjgceutdcgm Skcdety8 Ckjpetdtdkn Gct, emdjdngte` jens reg. Fem`, prkvdsdkn `d` nkt vdkmgte s. 9. (3) Fem` tfgt cfgmmenie` prkvdsdkn ckntgdne` sulhectdve jentgm emejent, ngjemy, tfe requdrejent tfgt gccuse` dnten`e` tk enter dntk gn gireejent gn` gn klhectdve jentgm emejent, ngjemy tfe requdrejent tfgt tfe gccuse` kuift tk fgve bnkwn tfgt tfe gireejent wkum` messen ckjpetdtdkn. Pfds wgs enkuif tk sgtdsoy s. 9 jdndjuj ogumt requdrejent. (g) Ex8 lusdness perskn wfk entere` dntk gn gireejent tfgt fe lemdeve` wkum` enfgnce ckjpetdtdkn wkum` fgve
7<.
ckjjdtte` tfe kooense do g crdjdngm ckurt ckncmu`e` tfgt gctugm eooect ko gireejent wgs tk messen ckjpetdtdkn. (0) \.v.Odn \.v.Odnmgy8 mgy8 kooense kooense ko stkrdn stkrdni i odregrj odregrj dn ‖cgre ‖cgremess mess jgnner—. jgnner—. @ecd`e` @ecd`e` wfetfer wfetfer neimdien neimdience ce wgs wgs g suoo suoodcde dcdent nt ogumt ogumt requdrejent okr kooense. Fem`, kooense `kes nkt idve rdse tk suoodcdent stdijg tk requdre sulhectdve jens reg un`er s. 9 ko Cfgrter. Ogumt requdrejent ko neimdience wgs upfem`. (5) \.v.Ngi \.v.Ngimdb8 mdb8 koo kooense ense ko ogdmdni ogdmdni tk prkvd`e prkvd`e neces necessgr sgrdes des ko ko mdoe tk cfdm` cfdm` un`er un`er 7?. 7?. Fem`, Fem`, klhe klhectdv ctdvee `d` nkt nkt requdre requdre sulh sulhectd ectdve ve jens reg, cknsd`ere` ly ‖klhectdve skcdetgm stgn`gr`—. Neimdient ogdmure tk prkvd`e necessgrdes ko mdoe wgs cumpglme gs dntentdkngm ogdmure tk `k sk. Klhectdve stgn`gr` sgtdsode` s. 9 Cfgrter. (?) LC Jktkr Jktkr _efdcme8 efdcme8 s. s. 9 requdr requdres es tfgt tfgt kooens kooenses es tfgt tfgt cgrry cgrry pengm pengmty ty ko djprds djprdsknj knjent ent just just dncmu`e dncmu`e emej emejent ent ko ko ogumt. ogumt. Jur`er8
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g) \.v._gdmmgnckurt8 \.v._gdmmgnckurt8 Fem` tfgt oemkny-jur`er rume wgs vdkmgtdkn ko oun`gjentgm hustdce s. Ogct tfgt gccuse` just fgve jens reg w/ respect tk un`ermydni kooense (rkllery) , wgs nkt suoodcdent tk sgtdsoy s. 9. \equdre` tk fgve jens reg w/ respect tk `egtf. Oemkny jur`er rume uncknstdtutdkngm. Extreje stdijg gn` extreje pundsfjent gsskcdgte` w/ jur`er tfgt entgdme` requdrejent tfgt tfe gccuse` fgve skje mevem ko jens reg wdtf respect tk `egtf. Skje mevem ko jens reg w/ respect tk vdctdj—s `egtf wgs requdre` okr crdje ko jur`er. l) \.v.Jgrtdnegu8 fem` tfgt fdifer mevem ko jens reg - sulhectdve okreseegldmdty wgs requd re` ly s. 9 (okr oemkny jur`er) c) \.v.Mkign8 s.9 cfgmmenie tk s.<7(<) ko crdj ck`e okr ‖pgrty tk gn kooense—. Pwk Pwk cfgrie` l/c tfdr` sfkt stkre cmerb `urdni rkllery. Fem` crdje ko gttejpte` jur`er wgs kne ko tfe oew kooenses tfgt s. 9 stdpumgte` g sulhectdve jens reg. Jkst djpkrtgnt cknsd`ergtdkn wgs skcdgm stdijg gsskcdgte` w/ cknvdctdkn nkt jgn`gtkry pengmty. Sdnce sulhectdve jens reg requdre` okr gttejpte` jur`er, sgje requdre` okr pgrty ko gn kooense. Ykr`s dn kooense ”Kuift tk fgve bnkwn‚ wgs klhectdve, gn` tfus, dngppmdcglme. `) Kooenses okr wfdcf sulhectdve jens reg requdre`8 jur`er, jur`er, gttejpte` jur`er, wgr crdjes, crdjes gigdnst fujgndty ckjjdtte` kutsd`e cgng`g. D`entdode` ly tfe ‖skcdgm stdijg— gttgcfe` tk cknvdctdkn.
73. Unokreseen cknsequences8 kooenses dn wfdcf cknsequences ko unmgwoum gct `dctgte severdty ko tfe pundsfjent okr wfdcf gccuse` ds mdglme. Emejents ko jens reg requdre` tk jgbe perskn mdglme okr unokreseen cknsequences8 g) \.v.@eSkusg8 unmgwoummy cgusdni lk`dmy fgrj. Qerskn tfrew imgss lkttme, sfgttere` imgss dnhure` lystgn`er. Fem`, tfgt nk cknstdtutdkngm requdrejent tfgt dntentdkn, edtfer klhectdve kr sulhectdve exten` tk tfe cknsequences ko unmgwoum gcts dn ienergm. Gccuse` cknvdcte`. @dstdniudsfe` jur`er gn` gttejpte` jur`er. Unmgwoummy cgusdni lk`dmy fgrj `d` nkt dnvkmve ‖stdijg— kr suoodcdent pengmty tk le ‖kne ko tfkse oew kooenses—. Okr gmm ko mess serdkus kooenses, emejent ko jens reg requdre` lut prdncdpmes ko oun` hust `d` nkt dncmu`e gny okresdift. l) \.v.Crediftkn8 Emejent ko kooense ko jgnsmguifter ly unmgwoum gct8 tfe gccuse` kuift (gs g regsknglme perskn) tk fgve okreseen tfe rdsb ko lk`dmy fgrj (klhectdve okresdift ko lk`dmy fgrj). Upfem` cknstdtutdkngmdty ko crdj ck`e—s requdrejent ko klhectdve okresdift ko lk`dmy fgrj gs tfe jentgm emejent ko unmgwoum gct jgnsmguifter. 70. Dnvkmuntgry gcts g) Gutkjgtdsj8 cgnnkt le cknvdcte` ko crdjdngm kooense okr gn gct tfgt ds dnvkmuntgry. Qerskn cgn enigie dn lefgvdkr wfdme dn stgte ko gutkjgtdsj, gn` tfgt gutkjgtdc lefgvdkr cgnnkt le kooense lecguse dt ds dnvkmuntgry. Pk succee` `eoense, just rgdse g regsknglme `kult tfgt tfe gccuse` gcte` wfdme dn g stgte ko gutkjgtdsj. Qrkve` kn lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes, tfds ds g lregcf ko presujptdkn ko dnnkcence 77(`) lut hustdode` un`er s.7 (7) Dncmu`es Dncmu`es smeep smeep wgmbdn wgmbdni, i, psyc psycfkmk fkmkidcg idcgmm lmkw lmkw tfgt tfgt dn`uces dn`uces gutkjgt gutkjgtdsj dsj - ”tguntdn ”tguntdni‚ i‚ ds nkt psyc psycfkmk fkmkidcg idcgmm lmkw lmkw l/c nkrjgm nkrjgm ppm `k nkt sfdot dntk g stgte ko gutkjgtdsj goter tgunts (<) Mgw us ckns cknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkngm, gm, gny gttejpt gttejpt tk glkmd glkmdsf sf dt wkum` wkum` le unckns uncknstdtu tdtutdkn tdkngm gm unmes unmesss mgw mgw mdjdt mdjdtdni dni dt dt cgn cgn le hustdode hustdode`. `. l) @uress8 kooense ckjjdtte` un`er ‖ckjpumsdkn— ds excuse` orkj crdjdngm mdgldmdty. Ckjpumsdkn tgbes okrj ko ‖tfregts ko djje`dgte `egtf kr lk`dmy fgrj orkj g perskn wfk ds present wfen kooense ds ckjjdtte`—.
c) Dntkxdcgtdkn8 s. 9 requdres extreje dntkxdcgtdkn le g `eoense tk g crdjdngm cfgrie. Do kooense ds ‖specdodc dntent,— extreje dntkxdcgtdkn jgy neigte g``dtdkngm dntent tk meg` tk gcqudttgm ko gccuse` - dnsteg` ko cknvdcte` ko messer kooense okr wfdcf nk specdodc dntent requdre`. Nkt g `eoense okr ienergm dntent l/c jentgm dntent sk jdndjgm tfgt `runb perskn cgn okrj (7) \.v.@gv \.v.@gvdgum dgumt8 t8 Cfgrter Cfgrter requdre` requdre` semo dn`uce` dn`uce` dntkxdcg dntkxdcgtdkn tdkn do dt wgs sk sk extrej extrejee tk le le gbdn gbdn tk gutkj gutkjgtds gtdsj, j, just just oree oree tfe tfe gccuse` orkj crdjdngm mdgldmdty. Gccuse` estglmdsfes tfe `eoense kn lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes (lkp hustdode`), \.v.\kldnskn8 dntkxdcgtdkn ds g `eoense tk specdodc dntent. Kverrume` JgcGsbdmm - stgte` tfgt do `runbenness rgdse` g (<) regsknglme `kult gs tk wfetfer tfe gccuse` dn ogct pkssesse` tfe requdsdte specdodc dntent, tfe gccuse` wgs entdtme` tk le gcqudtte` even do tfere wgs nk `kult tfgt tfe gccuse` pkssesse` tfe cgpgcdty tk okrj tfe requdsdte dntent. 75. Kverlrkg` mgws8 mgws tfgt gre kvermy lrkg` tfgn necessgry dn gcckjpmdsfdni dts purpkse. Nkt tfe sgje gs vgiueness. Ko ckurse, mgw tfgt ds tkk vgiue gn` le kvermy lrkg` tkk. Gny mgw tfgt djpkses djprdsknjent ds uncknstdtutdkngm do sckpe tfe mgw dn g fypktfetdcgm cgse ds lrkg`er tfgn requdre` tk cgrry kut purpkse. g) \.v. Feywkk`8 fem` tfgt purpkse ko mgw tk prktect sgoety ko bd`s, restrdcte` jkre mdlerty tfgn necessgry tk gcckjpmdsf purpkse tfus, lregcf ko oun`gjentgm hustdce (sexugm kooen`ers cgnnkt le okun ` mdtterdni negr scfkkm irkun`s, pmgyirkun`, pulmdc pgrb kr lgtf dni greg) 3 regskns-7) iekirgpfdc sckpe tkk wd`e l/c bd`s jgy nkt le okun` dn lgtfdni gregs gn` pgrbs, <) @urgtdkn tkk mkni, gppmde` okr mdoe w/k revdew 3) cmgss ko perskns dt gppmde` tk wgs tkk wd`e, l.c skje kooen`ers nkt g ckntdnudni `gnier tk cfdm`ren. Mgw nkt hustdode` un`er s. 7, strucb `kwn dn dts entdrety. l) \.v.Cmgy8 Fem` cfgmmenie tfgt pengmty ko djprdsknjent okr jgrdhugng djpgdre` mdlerty s. 9 - ogdme`. Jkst pekpme wfk sjkbe` dt were fgrjmess, lut ngrrkw prkfdldtdkn wkum` nkt le eooectdve, tfere—s g rgtdkngm lgsds okr exten`dni prkfdldtdkn tk gmm users. Qrkfdldtdkn wgs nkt kverlrkg`. c) Cgng`dgn Okun`gtdkn okr cfdm`ren8 griue` dts lrkg` l/c gppmde` tk bd`s un`er < wfkj wfdcf nkt cgpglme ko megrndn i orkj pfysdcgm ckrrectdkn gn` teengiers wfk ckum` suooer psycfkmkidcgm fgrj. Fem` l/c mgw `kes nkt perjdt okrce tfgt cgnnkt ckrrect kr ds unregsknglme, gn` exgjpmes ko kverlrkg` wkum` dncmu`e okrce tfgt `kes nkt ckrrect gn` ds unregsknglme, mgw cgnnkt le kverlrkg`.
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`) \.v.@ejers8 ”odt tk stgn` trdgm‚ gnnugmmy `eterjdne do odt kr nkt. Fem` tfgt kverlrkg` dn dts gppmdcglme l/c perskn wfk suooere` orkj jentgm `dskr`er tfgt jg`e fdj perjgnentmy unodt okr trdgm. Pfds perskn wkum` le trgppe` dn tfe systej, sulhect tk gnnugm revdews, nk pkwer tk `dscfgrie even do nkt g tfregt tk pulmdc sgoety. Sdnce mgw jg`e nk prkvdsdkn okr `dscfgrie, dt wgs kverlrkg`, gn` sdnce dt djpgdre` mdlerty un`er s. 9 tfe kverlreg`tf jg`e mgw uncknstdtutdkngm. Strucb `kwn tfe mgw, gmmkwe` 7< jkntfs okr pgrmdgjent tk gjen` mgw. 7?. @dsprkpkrtdkngte mgws8 tfds ds g lregcf ko prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. \. v. Jgmjk-Mevdne8 requdres ckurt tk `eterjdne 7) wfetfer g mgw pursues g ‖meidtdjgte stgte dnterest— <) wfetfer tfe mgw ds irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte tk tfe stgte dnterest (do nk tfen nk `dsprkpkrtdkngmdty gn` nk lregcf ko s. 9) 79. Grldtrgry mgws8 Cfgkummd v. Wuelec8 Fem` tfgt ogdmure tk prkvd`e tdjemy cgre dn pulmdc systej me` tk lregcfes ko tfe rdift tk mdoe gn` rdift tk securdty ko tfe perskn (pulmdc fegmtf cgre). Mgw tfgt prkfdldte` prdvgte fegmtf cgre kooen`e` prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce l/c dt wgs ‖grldtrgry—. Mgw ds grldtrgry do 8 do mgcbs g regm cknnectdkn kn tfe ogcts tk tfe purpkse tfe mgw ds sgd` tk
serve. @emgys dn pulmdc fegmtf systej gn` lgn kn prdvgte dnsurgnce ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er quelec equdvgment ko s. 7 Cfgrter. 76. _giue mgws g) _kd` okr vgiueness8 vkd` mgw vdkmgtes prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce wfdcf cguses g lregcf ko s. 9 do mgw ds g `eprdvgtdkn ko mdoe, mdlerty, kr securdty ko tfe perskn. Mgw kooen`s twk vgmues, mgw ds vgiue do8 7) mgw `kes nkt prkvd`e ogdr nktdce tk perskns ko wfgt ds prkfdldte`, wfdcf jgbes dt `doodcumt tk ckjpmy w/ tfe mgw2 <) mgw `kes nkt prkvd`e cmegr stgn`gr`s okr tfkse entruste` w/ enokrcejent, wfdcf jgy meg` tk grldtrgry enokrcejent . Unmdbe kverlreg`tf, fypktfetdcgm cgses gre nkt perjdtte` tk `eterjdne vgiueness. (7) Nkt vgiue8 vgiue8 ckjj ckjjundc undcgtdk gtdkn n okr prks prkstdtu tdtutdkn tdkn,, ”un`umy ”un`umy‚, ‚, ‖ckntg ‖ckntgjdn jdngnt— gnt— ‖ngturg ‖ngturgmm envdrkn envdrknjen jent— t— gn` ‖use— ‖use— dn EQG, EQG, l) Stgn`gr` ko precdsdkn8 mgw ds vgiue do8 7) mgw `kes nkt prkvd`e ogdr nktdce tk perskns ko wfgt ds prkfdldte`, wfdcf jgbes dt `doodcumt tk ckjpmy w/ tfe mgw2 <) mgw `kes nkt prkvd`e cmegr stgn`gr`s okr tfkse entruste` w/ enokrcejent, wfdcf jgy meg` tk grldtrgry enokrcejent . _giueness `kctrdne ds nkt vdkmgte` do mgw ds kpen tk jkre tfgn kne dnterpretgtdkn. _giue, knmy do dt cgnnkt even w/ hu`dcdgm dnterpretgtdkn prkvd`e jegndnioum stgn`gr`s ko ckn`uct. c) Gppmdcgtdkn tk ktfer Cfgrter rdifts8 Jkrgmes8 fem` tfgt vgiueness gppmdes tk 77(e), tfe rdift nkt tk le `ende` regsknglme lgdm w/k hust cguse. Pfere cgnnkt le hust cguse okr g `endgm ko lgdm w/n jegndni ko 77e do stgtutkry crdterdg okr `enydni lgdm gre vgiue gn` djprecdse. _giueness ds nkt cknodne` tk s.9. Mgw tfgt mdjdts rdift cgn knmy le upfem` un`er s 7 do tfe mgw ds ‖prescrdle` ly mgw—, tk le prescrdle`, mgw cgmms okr ogdr nktdce tk cdtdz en gn` mdjdts kn enokrcejent `dscretdkn. Pfus, sectdkn 7 cgnnkt le sgtdsode` ly g vgiue mgw. 74. Yrkni mgws8 \.v.Igjlme8 trde`/cknvdcte` ko jur`er un`er new mgws tfgt were nkt dn okrce gt tdje ko kooense. Emejents ko kooense gn` rumes ogr pgrkme cfgnie`. Km` mgws, pgrkme dn 71 yegrs, new mgw <5 yegrs. Prdgm tkkb pmgce dn 749?, goter cfgrter, dn 746? sfe fg` serve` 71 yegrs, gppmde` okr fglegs ckrpus tk rejkve orkj fer sentence tfe ckn`dtdkn tfgt sfe le dnemdidlme okr pgrkme <5 yegrs. Gppmdcgtdkn irgnte`. Fem` ckntdnue` `etentdkn w/k pgrkme wgs lregcf ko s. 9. Qrdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce okun` dn lgsdc tenets ko meigm systej. Dt wgs g lgsdc tenet tfgt gccuse` just le trde` gn` pundsfe` un`er mgw dn okrce gt tdje kooense ds ckjjdtte`. <1. \dift tk sdmence8 \. v. Felert8 Fem` tfgt stgtejent fg` leen kltgdne` dn lregcf ko cfgrter - gccuse` grreste`, g`vdse` ko rdift tk ckunsem, jg`e nk stgtejent, un`erckver ckp `dsiudse` gs prdskner, enigie` dn cknversgtdkn gn` gccuse` jg`e dncrdjdngtdni stgtejent. \dift tk sdmence ds lgsdc tenet ko meigm systej - grdses knmy upkn `etentdkn gn` precmu`e` stgtejents emdcdte` ly pkmdce questdkndni. Fere, pkmdce use` trdcb, sk vdkmgte` s. 9. g) \. v. v. Lrkymes8 gccuse` jg`e stgtejent wfdme dn custk`y tk orden` wfk vdsdte` dn hgdm - orden` recrudte` ly pkmdce. wgrdni lk`y pgcb tk reckr` stgtejent. Fem` dnokrjer wgs gctdni gs gient ko stgte gn` sfkum` le ckvere` ly sgje cknstdtutdkngm restrgdnts gs pkmdce. Stgtejent kltgdne` dn lregcf ko rdift tk sdmence, stgtejent excmu`e`. l) \. v. Ksjgr8 fem` tfgt rdift tk sdmence nkt trdiiere ` l/c nkt `etgdne` ly pkmdce wfen jg`e cknoessdkn, tfgt gccuse` ungwgre fe wgs tgmbdni tk ckps, nkt un`er okrj ko ckercdkns. - Un`erckver ckps pksdni gs crdje odiures ikt fdj tk cknoess tk crdjes tk hkdn krigndzgtdkn tk igdn trust tfen ckum` le ckunte` kn tk cgrry crdjdngm kr`ers. c) \.v.Sdnif8 tfe rdift tk rejgdn sdment `kes nkt dncmu`e tfe rdift nkt tk le spkben tk ly stgte gutfkrdtdes. Do perskn wfk bnkws fe ds tgmbdni tk gutfkrdty, tfe rdift tk sdmence ds nkt kooen`e` ly g vkmuntgry stgtejent - nkt dn`uce` ly tfregts, prkjdses, kppressdkn kr trdcbery, gn` wgs vkmuntgry, prkpermy g`jdtte` gt trdgm. Umtdjgte questdkn8 wfetfer tfe gccuse` exercdse` oree wdmm dn cfkksdni tk jgbe g stgtejent. @dooerent orkj rdift tk ckunsem - cgnnkt questdkn untdm fgs regsknglme kppkrtundty tk ckntgct ckunsem, lut wfere ckntgcte`, gccuse` fgs oree wdmm gn` cgn cfgnie jdn` glkut tgmbdni tk ckps. `) 77(c) gccuse` perskn ds nkt ckjpemmglme wdtness gt fds kwn trdgm, s. 73 wdtness wfk idves semo dncrdjdngtkry evd`ence fgs rdift tk nkt fgve evd`ence use` gigdnst fdj dn ktfer prkcee`dnis. S. 9 idves g``dtdkngm rdift tk sdmence, 9 ckntgdns resd`ue ko rdift tk sdmence gn` suppmejents 77(c) gn` 73. e) \.v.Yfdte8 fem` tfgt l/c gccd`ent repkrts were prkvd`e` un`er ckjpumsdkn, tfedr g`jdssdkn dntk evd`ence gigdnst tfe gccuse` wkum` vdkmgte g prdncdpme ko oun`gjentgm hustdce un`er s. 9 - prdncdpme ko semo dncrdjdngtdkn. Oun`gjentgm hustdce prkvd`e` djjundty gigdnst tfe use dn crdjdngm trdgm ko tfe stgtutkrdmy ckjpemme` dnokrjgtdkn.
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o) S. 9 gppmdes tk `erdvgtdve kr seckn`gry evd`ence. (kn semo dncrdjdngtdni l/c nkt cregte` ly wdtness lut exdste` dn`epen`entmy) S. 9 expgn`s s. 73, excmu`es `erdvgtdve evd`ence tfgt wkum` nkt fgve leen `dsckvere` lut okr wdtness—s testdjkny. i) S. 9 rdift gigdnst semo dncrdjdngtdkn idves rdse tk 3 djjundtdes8
Use djjundty8 prktects wdtness orkj fgvdni ckjpemme` testdjkny use` tk dncrdjdngte fdj dn sulsequent (7) prkcee`dni. (prkvd`e` tk wdtness wfk testdodes dn gny prkcee `dnis). (<) @erdvgtdve use djjundty8 prktects wdtness orkj fgvdni tfe ckjpemme` testdjkny use` tk kltgdn ktfer evd`ence tk dncrdjdngte fdj dn sulsequent prkcee`dni, unmess tfe `erdvgtdve evd`ence ds `dsckverglme dn`epen`entmy ko tfe ckjpemme` testdjkny. (3) Cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn orkj testdoydni dn tfe odrst pmgce - gppmdes do gttejpt jg`e tk use stgtutkry ckjpumsdkn
<7.
tk kltgdn testdjkny okr pre`kjdngnt purpkse ko kltgdndni evd`ence okr tfe prksecutdkn ko tfe wdtness. Ogdr trdgm
g) Pfe rdift tk g ogdr ogdr trdgm8 s. 9 kvermgps wdtf 77- ‖ g ogdr gn` pulmdc fegrdni ly gn dn`epen`ent gn` djpgrtdgm trdlungm—8 rdift tk representgtdkn ko pgrent wfen cfdm`ren rejkve` orkj custk`y, ouidtdve entdtme` tk bnkw cgse gigdnst fdj gn` nkt entdtme` tk bnkw oumm `dscmksure ko prksecutdkn evd`ence. Gmmkwe` tk vd`ek tgpe evd`ence ko wdtness un`er 76 sk tfgt cgn g`kpt ckntents ko vd`ek dnsteg` ko ikdni kver wfkme stkry2 un`er 76 cgn gmsk le lefdn` kne-wgy screen sk tfgt wdtness cgnnkt see tfe gccuse`, gmtfkuif gccuse` cgn see tfe wdtness. (trdgm hu`ie fgs `dscretdkn tk reouse vd`ek tgpe) (7) Cfgrbgku Cfgrbgkud8 d8 certdo certdodcg dcgte te gutfkr gutfkrdzes dzes `etentdk `etentdkn n gn` gn` grres grrestt ko perskn, perskn, gutkjgt gutkjgtdcgm dcgmmy my reoerr reoerre` e` tk tk hu`ie hu`ie ko ot ot ct un`er un`er regsknglmeness. Nk `dscmksure ko dnok perskn, cgnnkt idve dnok upkn wfdcf certdodcgte wgs lgse` kn. (g) Fem` tfgt dssue ko securdty certdodcgte wgs `eprdvgtdkn ko mdlerty un`er s. 9 gn` tfgt revdew prkcess `d` nkt sgtdsoy prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce, l/c dt `d` n kt prkvd`e tfe ngje` perskn w/ g ogdr fegrdni. Fem` tfgt perskn just fgve kppkrtundty tk bnkw cgse put gigdnst fdj tk cfgmmenie cgse. (l) Sectdkn 7 - mgw ogdme` tk mdjdt rdift ly megst `rgstdc jegns l/c pgrmdgjent ckum` g`kpt prkce`ures tk prktect secrecy tfgt were mess dntrusdve ko dn`dvd`ugm rdifts. Cgn fgve specdgm ckunsem tfgt cgn `eoen` dnterest ko perskn, wkum` ckjpensgte okr mgcb ko dnokrje` pgrtdcdpgtdkn ly ngje` perskn. Y.k skje eookrt tk ckjpensgte okr nkn `dscmksure ko secret dnok, securdty certdodcgte prkcess ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7 l) Oumm gnswer gn` `eoense8 \.v.Seglkyer8 rdift tk present oumm gnswer gn` `eoense un`er s. 9 gn` 77(`). \gpe sfdem` prkvdsdkn strucb `kwn l/c restrdcte` rdift ko perskn cfgrie` tk crkss exgjdne ckjpmgdngnt glkut pgst sexugm gctdvdty, tfds wkum` excmu`e remevgnt evd`ence tfgt ds requdre` tk englme gccuse` tk jgbe oumm gnswer gn` `eoense. (7) \.v.Ckk \.v.Ckkb8 b8 rehect rehecte` e` griuj griujent ent tfgt tfgt crkw crkwn n nkt cgmmdni cgmmdni vdctd vdctdj j gs wdtne wdtness ss `eprd `eprdve` ve` gccus gccuse` e` ko gldmdty gldmdty tk jgbe jgbe oumm oumm gnsw gnswer er gn` `eoense. Crkwn fgs `dscretdkn tk cgmm wfkever, gn` gccuse` cgn jgbe oumm gnswer gn` `eoense ly crkss exgjdndni tfkse wdtnesses. c) Qre-trdgm `dscmksure ly tfe Crkwn8 \. v. Stdncfckjle8 Fem` tfgt pre trdgm `dscmksure ly tfe crkwn ko gmm dnok remevgnt tk ckn`uct ko tfe `eoense ds g cknstdtutdkngm klmdigtdkn, entgdme` ly tfe gccuse`—s rdift tk jgbe oumm gnswer gn` `eoense. Sec <0 gutfkrdzes ‖ gpprkprdgte gn` hust reje`y okr lregcf ko tfds cfgrter rdift—. - nkrjgmmy kr`er okr `dscmksure ckupme` wdtf gwgr` ko cksts tk tfe gccuse`. Do cknsd`ere` goter cknvdctdkn, jkre reje`des. Do ogdmure tk `dscmksure rgdses `kult kn remdgldmdty ko ver`dct kr ogdrness, new trdgm kr`ere`. Do `dscmksure ly prksecutkr ds neimdient kr `emdlergte, wdmm resumt dn lregcf ko prkoessdkngm respknsdldmdty, expksdni tk `dscdpmdne ly mgw skcdety. `)Qre-trdgm `dscmksure ly tfdr` pgrtdes8 \.v.K—Cknnkr2 Dssue8 wfetfer gccuse`—s cknstdtutdkngm rdift tk jgbe oumm gnswer gn` `eoense dncmu`e` rdift tk kltgdn (7) `kcujents wfdcf were nkt dn crkwn—s pkssessdkn lut fem` ly 3r` pgrtdes. - sexugm gssgumt cfgrie, wgnte` je`dcgm reckr`s ko ckjpmgdngnts, nkt ledni remde` upkn ly crkwn, sk nkt dn ‖tfe cgse tk jeet—, tfus, jdift nkt le necessgry okr oumm gnswer gn` `eoense. (g) Fem` tfgt prk`uctdkn just le ikverne` ly prkce`ure wfdcf wkum` strdbe tfe prkper lgmgnce letween oumm gnswer gn` `eoense kn tfe kne fgn`, gn` tfe wdtnesses— prdvgcy gn` equgmdty rdifts kn tfe ktfer. @dscmksure ds nkt gn glskmute rdift. (l) Qrkce`ure8 @eoense just gppmy tk trdgm hu`ie okr `dscmksure kr`er, estglmdsf kn lgmgnce ko prklgldmdtdes tfgt tfe reckr`s gre mdbemy remevgnt tk jgbdni oumm gnswer gn` `eoense. Do remevgnce estglmdsfe`, prdvgte dnspectdkn ly hu`ie. @dscmksure jg`e goter cknsd`erdni 5 ogctkrs8 d) Pfe reckr`s— reckr`s— djpkrtgnce djpkrtgnce okr oumm gnswer gnswer gn` `eoense `eoense dd) Pfedr prklgtdve prklgtdve vgmue vgmue ddd) ddd) Pfe Pfe ngtur ngturee gn` gn` exten extentt ko prdvgc prdvgcy y vest veste` e` dn dn tfej tfej dv) Yfetfer Yfetfer prk`uc prk`uctdkn tdkn wkum` wkum` le prejdse prejdse` ` kn g `dscrdj `dscrdjdngt dngtkry kry lemde lemdeoo kr ldgs ldgs v) Pfe eooect tfgt prk`uctdkn wkum` fgve kn g wdtness—s `dindty, prdvgcy, prdvgcy, gn` securdty ko tfe perskn. \.v.JcCmure8 fem` tfgt mdtdigtdkn odme (nkw wgnte` ly gccuse` sexugm gssgumt cgse ) ckntgdne` ckjjundcgtdkns letween (<) skmdcdtkr gn` cmdent okr purpkse ko prkvd`dni meigm g`vdce, wgs ckvere` ly tfe skmdcdtkr-cmdent prdvdmeie. _dctdj cgn tfus reouse tk prk`uce dt dn ckurt prkcee`dnis. Fem` tfgt prdvdmeie ckum` ydem` tk gccuse`—s rdift tk oumm gnswer gn` `eoense knmy do
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gccuse`—s dnnkcence wgs gt stgbe wfen klservgnce ko prdvdmeie wkum` meg` tk wrknioum cknvdctdkn. Dnnkcence gt stgbe
test (g) Hu`ie `eterjdne wfetfer tfere wgs gn evd`entdgry lgsds tk ckncmu`e tfgt tfe prdvdmeie` reckr`s ckum` rgdse g regsknglme `kult gs tk iudmt (do pgsse`, ik tk
<<. Ogdr g`jdndstrgtdve prkce`ures8 s. 9 ikes leykn` ngturgm hustdce, gmsk dncmu`es prkce`urgm ogdrness (g`jdn trdlungms klserve tfds). \equdrejent gttgcfes knmy wfere `ecdsdkn jgber fgs pkwer kver mdoe, mdlerty, kr securdty ko perskn - s. 9 wdmm djpkse prkce`urgm ogdrness kn `ecdsdkn jgber. Sgje gs wkum` le requdre` ly ckjjkn mgw. g) Dncmu`es8 perskn cmgdjdni reouiee stgtus fgs rdift tk krgm fegrdni2 `ecdsdkn tk `epkrt `kes nkt requdre krgm fegrdni gmtfkuif 9 requdres `dscmksure ko cgse ko `epkrtgtdkn gn` kppkrtundty tk repmy dn wrdtdni2 wfere perskn kr`ere` `epkrtgtdkn fgs petdtdkne` tfe UNF\ Ckjjdttee, gn` ckjjdttee jg`e request tfgt cgng`g stgy `epkrtgtdkn untdm ckjjdttee cknsd`ers petdtdkn s. 9 `kes nkt requdre cgng`g tk stgy tfe `epkrtgtdkn. l) Ckjjkn mgw rumes ko prkc ogdrness ydem` tk gny dncknsdstent stgtutkry prk vdsdkn. Yfere 9 gppmdes, rumes ko prkce`urgm ogdrness fgve cknstdtutdkngm stgtus gn` wdmm prevgdm kver gny dncknsdstent stgtutkry prkvdsdkn. Stgtutkry prkvdsdkn dn lregcf ko 9 ckum` dn tfekry le hustdode` ly s. 7 lut dt wkum` le `doodcumt tk hustdoy lregcf ko prkc ogdrness nkrjs ko oun`gjentgm hust dce gn` nk sucf hustdodcgtdkn fgs sk ogr leen successoum.
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<3. Cfgrbgkud v Cgng`g (Cdtdzensfdp gn` Djjdirgtdkn)8 Exgjdne` tfe cknstdtutdkngmdty ko prkce`ures okr `eterjdndni tfe regsknglmeness ko g securdty certdodcgte gn` okr revdewdni `etentdkn un`er g certdodcgte. g) Dssues8 D\QG \QG—s prkvdsdkns jgy vdkmgte odve prkvdsdkns ko tfe Cfgrter8 tfe s. 9 iugrgntee ko mdoe, mdlerty gn` securdty ko tfe perskn2 tfe s. 4 iugrgntee gigdnst grldtrgry `etent dkn2 tfe s. 71(c) iugrgntee ko g prkjpt revdew ko `etentdkn2 tfe s. 7< iugrgntee gigdnst cruem gn` unusugm tregtjent2 gn` tfe s. 75 iugrgntee ko equgm prktectdkn gn` equgm leneodt ko tfe mgw. Pfey gmsk gmmeie vdkmgtdkns ko unwrdtten cknstdtutdkngm prdncdpmes. l)Sectdkn 9, Hustdode` kr nkt un`er Sectdkn 7 (7) \ume8 Sectdkn 9 requdres g cmgdjgnt tk prkve twk jgtters8 (sectdkn 9 ds enigie` fere) (g) Pfgt tfere fgs leen kr ckum` le g `eprdvgtdkn ko tfe rdift tk mdoe, mdlerty gn` securdty ko tfe perskn, gn` (l) Pfgt tfe `eprdvgtdkn wgs nkt kr wkum` nkt le dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce.
(c) Do tfe cmgdjgnt succee`s, tfe ikvernjent legrs tfe lur`en ko hustdoydni tfe `eprdvgtdkn un`er s. 7, wfdcf prkvd`es tfgt tfe rdifts iugrgntee` ly tfe Cfgrter gre sulhect knmy tk sucf regsknglme mdjdts prescrdle` ly mgw gs cgn le `ejknstrglmy hustdode` dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. \egskndni8 Pfe dssue ds wfetfer tfe prkcess ds oun`gjentgmmy unogdr tk tfe gooecte` perskn. Do sk, tfe `eprdvgtdkn ko
(<) mdoe, mdlerty kr securdty ko tfe perskn sdjpmy `kes nkt cknokrj tk tfe requdrejents ko s. 9. Pfe dnqudry tfen sfdots tk s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter (g) Pfe Ckurt fem` tfgt tfe securdty certdodcgte prkcess, wfdcf prkfdldte` tfe ngje` dn`dvd`ugm orkj exgjdndni evd`ence use` tk dssue tfe certdodcgte, vdkmgte` tfe rdift tk mdlerty gn` fglegs ckrpus un`er sectdkn 9, 4 gn` 71 ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter. (l) Pfe rdift tk g ogdr fegrdni ckjprdses tfe rdift tk g fegrdni leokre gn dn`epen`ent gn` djpgrtdgm jgidstrgte wfk just `ecd`e kn tfe ogcts gn` tfe mgw, tfe rdift tk bnkw tfe cgse put gigdnst kne, gn` tfe rdift tk gnswer tfgt cgse. Yfdme tfe D\QG prkce`ures prkpermy reomect tfe exdiencdes ko tfe securdty ckntext, securdty ckncerns cgnnkt le use`, gt tfe s. 9 stgie ko tfe gngmysds, tk excuse prkce`ures tfgt `k nkt cknokrj tk oun`gjentgm hustdce (c) Dn`epen`ence gn` djpgrtdgmdty ko hu`ie jet. Do s. 9 ds tk le sgtdsode`, edtfer tfe perskn just le idven tfe necessgry dnokrjgtdkn, kr g sulstgntdgm sulstdtute okr tfgt dnokrjgtdkn just le okun`
(3) Sectdkn 7 \ume8 g jegns rgtdkngmmy cknnecte` tk tfe klhectdve2 (l) jdndjgm djpgdrjent ko rdifts2 gn` (c) prkpkrtdkngmdty letween tfe eooects ko tfe dnord niejent gn` tfe djpkrtgnce ko tfe klhectdve (g) Kn tfe sectdkn 7 gngmysds okr hustdodcgtdkn ko tfe vdkmgtdkn tfe Ckurt fem` tfe D\QG `kes nkt l) jdndjgmmy djpgdr tfe rdifts ko perskns ngje` dn certdodcgtes. Mess g) dntrusdve gmterngtdves `evemkpe` dn Cgng`g gn` glrkg`, nktglmy tfe use ko specdgm ckunsem tk gct kn lefgmo ko tfe ngje` perskns, dmmustrgte tfgt tfe ikvernjent cgn `k jkre tk prktect tfe dn`dvd`ugm wfdme beepdni crdtdcgm dnokrjgtdkn cknod`entdgm tfgn dt fgs `kne dn tfe D\QG. Qrkce`ures cgnnkt le hustdode` un`er s.7 c) @etentdkn ko okredin okredin ngtdkngms - lregcf ko s. 4 gn` 71(c); Sectdkn 4 ko tfe Cfgrter iugrgntees oree`kj orkj grldtrgry `etentdkn (7) Pfe ckurt gmsk okun` tfgt s. 60(<) ko tfe D\QG wgs uncknstdtutdkngm lecguse dt `ende` g prkjpt fegrdni tk okredin (<) ngtdkns ly djpksdni g 7<1-`gy ejlgrik kn gny gppmdcgtdkn okr remegse. Pfe ckurt ckrrecte` tfds `eoect ly rejkvdni tfds jgn`gtkry wgdtdni-perdk`. Dnordnies tfe iugrgntee gigdnst grldtrgry `etentdkn dn s. 4 ko tfe Cfgrter, wfdcf enckjpgsses tfe rdift tk prkjpt revdew ko `etentdkn un`er s. 71(c) ko tfe Cfgrter . Yfdme tfere jgy le g nee` okr skje omexdldmdty reigr`dni tfe perdk` okr wfdcf g suspecte` terrkrdst jgy le `etgdne`, tfds cgnnkt hustdoy tfe ckjpmete `endgm ko g tdjemy `etentdkn revdew. D ckncmu`e tfgt tfe mgcb ko tdjemy revdew ko tfe `etentdkn ko okredin ngtdkngms vdkmgtes s. 4 gn` s. 71( c) gn` cgnnkt le (3) sgve` ly s. 7. `)@k Exten`e` Qerdk`s ko @etentdkn Un`er tfe Scfeje _dkmgte Sectdkn 9 kr tfe Sectdkn 7< Iugrgntee Gigdnst Cruem gn` Unusugm Pregtjent; e) \eje`y8 Pfe Ckurt `ecmgre` tfe "hu`dcdgm cknodrjgtdkn ko certdodcgtes gn` revdew ko `etentdkn" tk le ko nk okrce gn` eooect, strdbdni `kwn grtdcmes 33 gn` 99 tk 65 ko tfe Djjdirgtdkn gn` \eouiee Qrktectdkn Gct, lut suspen`e` tfe rumdni okr kne yegr. o) Ckncmusdkn 8 tfe D\QG unhustdodglmy vdkmgtes s. 9 ko tfe Cfgrter ly gmmkwdni tfe dssugnce ko g certdodcgte ko dng`jdssdldmdty lgse` kn secret jgterdgm wdtfkut prkvd`dni okr gn dn`epen`ent gient gt tfe stgie ko hu`dcdgm revdew tk letter prktect tfe ngje` perskn—s dnterests. D gmsk ckncmu`e tfgt skje ko tfe tdje mdjdts dn tfe prkvdsdkns okr ckntdnudni `etentdkn ko g okredin ngtdkngm vdkmgte ss. 4 gn` 71(c) lecguse tfey gre grldtrgry. D odn` tfgt s. 7< fgs nkt leen sfkwn tk le vdkmgte` sdnce g jegndnioum `etentdkn revdew prkcess kooers remdeo gigdnst tfe pkssdldmdty ko dn`eodndt e `etentdkn. Odngmmy, D odn` tfgt tfere ds nk lregcf ko tfe s. 75 equgmdty rdift. i) Fem`8 gppegm gmmkwe`.
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Cgng Cgng`g `g v QFS QFS Ckjj Ckjjun undt dty y Ser Servd vdce ces s Skc Skcde dety ty88 g) Dssue8 wfetfer tfe Jdndster—s `ecdsdkn vdkmgte` tfe cmgjgdnts— Cfgrter rdifts
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Yfetfer ss. 0(7) gn` 5(7) ko tfe C@SG gre cknstdtutdkngmmy dngppmdcglme tk tfe gctdvdtdes ko tfe stgoo gn` cmdents gt Dnsdte (7) ly vdrtue ko tfe `dvdsdkn ko pkwers. Yfetfer ss. 0(7) gn` 5(7) dnordnie tfe rdifts iugrgntee` ly s. 9 ko tfe Cfgrter , gn` do sk, wfetfer tfe dnordniejent ds (<) hustdode` un`er s. 7 ko tfe Cfgrter . Pkjdc, Jr. Ydmskn gn` QFS griue tfgt ss. 0 (7) gn` 5(7) ko tfe C@SG, wfdcf prkfdldt pkssessdkn gn` trgoodcbdni l) Griujents8 Js. Pkjdc, respectdvemy, gre dnvgmd` lecguse tfey mdjdt tfe cmgdjgnts— s. 9 rdifts tk mdoe, mdlerty gn` securdty ko tfe perskn gn` gre nkt dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. (7) Dn tfe tfe gmtern gmterngtdv gtdve, e, tfey tfey gsser gssertt tfgt tfgt tfedr tfedr s. s. 9 rdift rdiftss fgve fgve leen leen dnordni dnordnie` e` ly tfe Jdnds Jdndster— ter—ss reousgm reousgm tk exten` exten` tfe exej exejptdk ptdkn n okr Dnsdte orkj tfe gppmdcgtdkn ko tfe oe`ergm `rui mgws. _GN@U suljdts tfgt tfe C@SG —s prkfdldtdkn kn pkssessdkn ko `ruis mdjdts tfe s. 9 Cfgrter rdifts ko gmm g``dcte` (<) `rui users everywfere, nkt hust gt Dnsdte c) \egskndni8 Pfe prkfdldtdkn kn trgoodcbdni dn s. 5(7) ko tfe C@SG `kes nkt cknstdtute g mdjdtgtdkn ko tfe cmgdjgnts— s. 9 rdifts lecguse trgoodcbdni cfgries wkum` nkt gppmy tk tfe gctdvdt des ko Dnsdte stgoo. Pfe `dscretdkn veste` dn tfe Jdndster ko Fegmtf ds nkt glskmute8 gs wdtf gmm exercdses ko `dscretdkn, tfe Jdndster—s (7) `ecdsdkns just cknokrj tk tfe Cfgrter . (<) Pfe Jdnds Jdndster— ter—ss ogdmure ogdmure tk irgnt irgnt g s. s. 5? exejp exejptdkn tdkn tk Dnsdt Dnsdtee enigie` enigie` tfe cmgdj cmgdjgnts gnts—— s. 9 rdift rdiftss gn` ckntrgv ckntrgvene` ene` tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. Pfe Jdndster ko Fegmtf just le reigr`e` gs fgvdni jg`e g `ecdsdkn wfetfer tk irg nt gn exejptdkn, sdnce fe cknsd`ere` tfe gppmdcgtdkn leokre fdj gn` `ecd`e` nkt tk irgnt dt. Dt tfus enigies tfe cmgdjgnts— s. 9 dnterests gn` cknstdtutes g mdjdt kn tfedr s. 9 rdifts. Lgse` kn tfe dnokrjgtdkn (3) gvgdmglme tk tfe Jdndster, tfds mdjdt ds nkt dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. Dt ds grldtrgry reigr`mess ko wfdcf test okr grldtrgrdness ds use` lecguse dt un`erjdnes tfe very purpkses ko tfe C@SG ‐ tfe prktectdkn ko fegmtf gn` pulmdc sgoety Pfe eooect ko `enydni tfe servdces ko Dnsdte tk tfe pkpumgtdkn dt serves gn` tfe ckrremgtdve dncregse dn tfe rdsb ko `egtf (0) gn` `dsegse tk dnhectdkn `rui users ds irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte t k gny leneodt tfgt Cgng`g jdift `erdve orkj presentdni g undokrj stgnce kn tfe pkssessdkn ko ngrcktdcs. (5) Grldtrgry8 Yfen cknsd`erdni wfetfer g mgw—s gppmdcgtdkn ds grldtrgry, tfe odrst step ds tk d`entdoy tfe mgw—s klhectdves. Pfe seckn` step ds tk d`entdoy tfe remgtdknsfdp letween tfe stgte dnterest gn` tfe djpuine` mgw, kr, dn tfds cgse, tfe djpuine` `ecdsdkn ko tfe Jdndster (g) Jdndster—s reousgm tk irgnt Dnsdte g s. 5? exejptdkn wgs grldtrgry gn` irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte dn dts eooects, gn` fence nkt dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. (?) Irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte8 irkss `dsprkpkrtdkngmdty `escrdles stgte gctdkns kr meidsmgtdve respknses tk g prklmej tfgt gre sk extreje gs tk le `dsprkpkrtdkngte tk gny meidtdjgte ikvernjent dnterest/ (g) Pfere fgs leen nk `dscernglme neigtdve djpgct kn tfe pulmdc sgoety gn` fegmtf klhectdves ko Cgng`g `urdni dts edift yegrs ko kpergtdkn. Pfe eooect ko `enydni tfe servdces ko Dnsdte tk tfe pkpumgtdkn dt serves ds irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte tk gny leneodt tfgt Cgng`g jdift `erdve orkj presentdni g undokrj stgnce kn tfe pkssessdkn ko ngrcktdcs. (9) \eje`des8 (g) Kn outure gppmdcgtdkns, tfe Jdndster just exercdse tfgt `dscretdkn wdtfdn tfe cknstrgdnts djpkse` ly tfe mgw gn` tfe sgoety. Dn gcckr`gnce Cfgrter, gdjdni tk strdbe tfe gpprkprdgte lgmgnce letween gcfdevdni pulmdc fegmtf gn` pulmdc sgoety. wdtf tfe Cfgrter, tfe Jdndster just cknsd`er wfetfer `enydni gn exejptdkn wkum` cguse `eprdvgtdkns ko mdoe gn` securdty ko tfe perskn tfgt gre nkt dn gcckr`gnce wdtf tfe prdncdpmes ko oun`gjentgm hustdce. (6) Yfere, Yfere, gs gs fere, fere, g super supervds vdse` e` dnhect dnhectdkn dkn sdte sdte wdmm wdmm `ecre `ecregse gse tfe tfe rdsb rdsb ko `egtf `egtf gn` `dsegse `dsegse,, gn` tfere tfere ds mdttm mdttmee kr nk nk evd`enc evd`encee tfgt dt wdmm fgve g neigtdve djpgct kn pulmdc sgoety, tfe Jdndster sfkum` ienergmmy irgnt gn exejptdkn. `) Fem`8 Pfe gppegm gn` tfe crkss-gppegm gre `dsjdsse`. Pfe Jdndster ko Fegmtf ds kr`ere` tk irgnt gn exejptdkn tk Dnsdte un`er s. 5? ko tfe C@SG okrtfwdtf. @kes s. 0(7) ko tfe Ckntrkmme` @ruis gn` Sulstgnces Gct , S.C. 744?, c. 74, dnordnie tfe rdifts iugrgntee` ly (7) s. 9 ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter ko \difts gn` Oree`kjs ; (g) (g) Nk. Nk. @kes s. 5(7) ko tfe Ckntrkmme` @ruis gn` Sulstgnces Gct , S.C. 744?, c. 74, dnordnie tfe rdifts iugrgntee` ly (<) s. 9 ko tfe Cgng`dgn Cfgrter ko \difts gn` Oree`kjs ; (g) (g) Nk. Nk.
H. EWUGMDPT \DIFPS - Cf. 55
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7. @dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers8 gutfkrdty tk engct mgws `dstrdlute` ltn oe` gn` prkv gcckr`dni tk wfdcf fgs h`x kver ejpmkyjent, gcckjjk`gtdkn, restgurgnts, gn` ktfer lusdnesses kr gctdvdtdes dn wfdcf `dscrdjdngtdkn ds okrld``en. Jkst ko tfe odem` ds prkv un`er prkperty gn` cdvdm rdifts dn tfe prkv (4<(73)). Lut oe` cgn use dts crdjdngm mg w pkwer (47(<9)) tk kutmgw `dsrdj. <. Cgng`dgn Ldmm ko \difts8 7(l) iugrgntees equgmdty leokre tfe mgw - gppmdes knmy tk oe`- superse`e` ly s. 75 Cfgrter wfdcf gppmdes tk lktf oe` gn` prkv. @eodndtdkn ko 7(l) - do mgw pursue` g vgmd` oe`ergm klhectdve tfen dt wgs nkt dn lregcf ko s. 7(l) g) \v.Lurnsfdne Upfem` prkvdsdkns tfgt igve ykuni kooen`ers mknier sentence tfgn g`umt l/c refgl ko ykuni kooen`ers kooen`ers vgmd` oe`ergm klhectdve tfgt hustdode` gie lgse` `dstdnctdkn l) JgcBgy v. Pfe Pfe Wueen8 ckurt upfem` prkvdsdkn tfgt expk se` jejlers ko grje` okrces tk trdgm ly jdmdtgry trdlungm okr kooenses okr wfdcf cdvdmdgn wkum` le trde` dn kr`dngry ckurts - l/c vgmd` oe` klhectdve. c) Mgniugie ko ”vgmd` oe` klhectdve‚ lgndsfe` nkw l/c ko s. 75 Cfgrter gn` repmgce`. 3. Sectdkn 75 Cfgrter8 idves rdift tk dn`dvd`ugm, dn 0 wgys2 equgmdty leokre tfe mgw, un`er tfe mgw, equgm prktectdkn ko tfe mgw, gn` equgm leneodt ko tfe mgw. Lgse` kn rgce, ngtdkngm/etfndc krdidn, ckmkr, remdidkn, sex, gie, jentgm/pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty. Gmsk gmmkws goodrjgtdve gctdkn prkirgjs okr fdstkrdcgmmy `dsg`vgntgie` irkups. 0. Gppmdcgtdkn Gppmdcgtdkn ko s. 75 Cfgrter g) Dn`dvd`ugm8 rdifts okr gn dn`dvd`ugm. Qrklglmy excmu`es ‖ckrpkrgtdkn—. l) ”Mgw‚ dn s. 758 \.v.S(S.)8 Gct gmmkwe` GI dn prkvdnces tk engct ‖gmterngtdve jegsures— prkirgj tk `dvert ykunisters orkj ckurt prkcee`dnis. Nkt dn Kntgrdk. Tkunister Tkunister lrdni gctdkn. Fem` tfgt s. 75 knmy gppmdes tk ‖tfe mgw—. @d` nkt gppmy tk gn exe rcdse ko `dscretdkn cknoerre` ly mgw, lut knmy tk tfe englmdni mgw dtsemo. c) Qrdvgte gctdkn8 s. 75 excmu`es prdvgte gctdkn orkj cfgrter, sk 75 `kes nkt gppmy tk prdvgte gcts ko `dscrdjdngtdkn ly ejpmkyers, mgn`mkr`s, sfkpbeepers. Lut tfere gre Fujgn \difts Ck`es tk prkfdldt prdvgte gcts ko `dscrdjdngtdkn, enokrce` ly fujgn rdifts ckjjdssdkn tfrkuif dnvestdigtdkn, je`dgtdkn, g`hu`dcgtdkn. Pfese gre stgtutes, sulhect tk Cfgrter. (7) Lmgdnmey Lmgdnmey v. Kntgr Kntgrdk dk Fkcbe Fkcbey y Gss Gsskcd kcdgtdk gtdkn8 n8 idrm idrm excmu`e excmu`e` ` orkj orkj lky lkyss tegj. tegj. Cfgmmeni Cfgmmenie` e` prkv prkvdsdk dsdkn n dn F\ ck`e ck`e tfgt perjdtte` sdnime spkrts tegj. Gt Ct fem` tfgt lregcf ko s75. Cfgrter `d` nkt gppmy `drectmy lut ly exten`dni tfe sckpe ko F\ ck`e tk gctdkn tfgt tfe ck`e meot unreiumgte`, Cfgrter igve idrm reje`y gn` fg` dn`drect djpgct. (<) JcBdnney JcBdnney v. Undvers Undversdty dty ko ko Iuempf8 Iuempf8 cfgmmeni cfgmmenie` e` retdre retdrejen jentt gie ?5 ?5 dn undv undversd ersdty ty.. Fem` Fem` Cfgrt Cfgrter er `d` `d` nkt gppmy gppmy tk undve undversdt rsdty y l/c ko dts vdrtue ko dn`epen`ence orkj ikvt, und fem` tk le g prdvgte lk `y. Lut Cfgrter gppmde` tk F\ Ck`e wfdcf dn`drec tmy perjdtte` jgn`gtkry retdrejent. Fem` tfgt gie md jdt wgs lregcf ko s 75, lut mdjdt hustdode` un`er s .7. Mdjdt upfem`. Cfgrter `d` nkt exten` tfe ck`e tk ckver jgn`gtkry gie ko retdrejent. 5. Equgmdty Equgmdty g) Okur equgmdtdes ko s. 758 equgmdty leokre tfe mgw, un`er tfe mgw, equgm prktectdkn ko tfe mgw, gn` equgm leneodt ko tfe mgw l) Glskmute equgmdty8 mgws never prkvd`e tfe sgje tregtjent okr everykne. c) Sdjdmgrmy sdtugte`8 tfds ds g test - ‖`endgm ko equgmdty jg`e dt kut sfkwn tfgt mgw gcckr`e` ckjpmgdngnt wkrse tregtjent tfgt ktfers wfk were sdjdmgrmy sdtugte`. @eodcdent test l/c mdttme iud`gnce dn `eterjdndni wfk ds sdjdmgrmy sdtugte` tk wfkj `) Okrjgm gn` sulstgntdve equgmdty8 okrjgm equgmdty fgs `drect eooect ko `dscrdjdngtdni (nk wkjen dn pkmdce gmmkwe`) Sulstgntdve equgmdty cgptures dn`drect gn` `drect `dscrdjdngtdkn (nk kne un`er ? ot gmmkwe` tk hkdn pkmdce) - tfds ien`er neutrgm mgniugie. Sulstgntdve equgmdty requdres d`entdodcgtdkn ko perskns wfk gre sdjdmgrmy sdtugte` tk tgbe dntk gcckunt rgce, sex, `dsgldmdty tfgt jgy jgbe perskn—s sdtugtdkn suoodcdentmy `dooerent tk requdre `dooerent tregtjent dn kr`er tk le tregte` ogdrmy. ?. @dscrdjdngtdkn8 s. 75 prkfdldts knmy tfkse vdkmgtdkns ko equgmdty tfgt gjkunt tk `dscrdjdngtdkn - rgce, ngtdkngm/etfndc krdidn, remdidkn, sex, gie, jentgm/pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty. g) @eodndtdkn ko `dscrdjdngtdkn8 `dscrdjdngtdkn8 (7) Pfe cfgmm cfgmmenie enie` ` mgw djpkses djpkses (`drectm (`drectmy y kr dn`d dn`drec rectmy) tmy) kn tfe tfe cmgdjgn cmgdjgntt g `dsg` `dsg`vgnt vgntgie gie (dn (dn tfe tfe okrj okrj ko lur` lur`en en kr wdtffem wdtffem` ` leneodt) dn ckjpgrdskn tk ktfer ckjpgrglme perskns (<) (<) Pfe Pfe `dsg `dsg`v `vgnt gntgi giee ds lgs lgse` e` kn kn g irku irkun` n` mds mdste` te` dn kr kr gngm gngmkik kikus us tk tk g irku irkun` n` mds mdste` te` dn s. s. 75 (3) (3) Pfe Pfe `dsg` `dsg`vgn vgntg tgie ie gmsk gmsk ckn cknst stdtu dtutes tes gn gn djpgd djpgdrj rjen entt ko tfe tfe fuj fujgn gn `din `dindty dty ko tfe tfe cmgdj cmgdjgn gntt l) Do yku persug`e ckurt ko 3 emejents glkve, entdtme` tk odn`d ni ko `dscrdjdngtdkn -cfgmmenie` mgw dn lregcf ko 75. Lur`en sfdots tk ikvt tk hustdoy `dscrdjdngtkry mgw un`er s. 7 9. Mdste` kr gngmkikus irkun`s irkun`s g) \equdrejent ko g mdste` kr gngmkikus irkun`8 Gn`rews v. Mgw Skcdety ko LC8 mgw stgte` jejlers ko lgr fg` tk le cdtdzens. Fem`, requdrejent ckntrgry tk s. 75, tfere wgs g jd``me irkun`. wfdcf wgs tk dnterpret ‖`dscrdjdngtdkn— dn s. 75 gs gppmydni tk knmy irkun`s mdste` dn s. 75 gn` gngmkikus irkun`s. Fem` tfgt cdtdzensfdp qugmdode` gs gn gngmkikus irkun` ko `dscrdjdngtdkn. (7) Goter Goter cgse, cgse, cmegr cmegr tfgt tfgt s. s. 75 wgs wgs g prkf prkfdldt dldtdkn dkn ko ko `dscrd `dscrdjdn jdngtdk gtdkn n gn` tfgt `dscrdj `dscrdjdng dngtdkn tdkn dnvkmve` dnvkmve` tfe djpk djpksdtd sdtdkn kn ko g `dsg`vgntgie (djpksdtdkn ko g lur`en kr tfe `endgm ko g leneodt) kn gn dn`dvd`ugm ly regskn ko tfe dn`dvd`ugm—s pkssessdkn ko g cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt wgs edtfer mdste` dn s. 75 kr wgs gngmkikus tk tfkse mdste` dn s. 75
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l) G``dtdkn ko gngmkikus irkun`s8 gngmkikus irkun`s gre irkun`s tfgt gre sdjdmgr dn skje djpkrtgnt wgy tk tfe irkun`s mdste` dn s 75 (rgce, ngtdkngm kr etfndc krdidn, ckmkr, remdidkn, sex, gie, jentgm pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty). Mdjdtgtdkn tk s. 75 ko gngmkikus irkun`s restrdcts hu`dcdgm revdew tk mgws tfgt `dstdniudsf letween dn`dvd`ugms kn tfe lgsds ko tfedr dnferent gttrdlutes gs kppkse` tk tfedr lefgvdkr. Ckurt fem` tfgt gngmkikus irkun`s ds kne lgse` kn g ‖perskngm cfgrgcterdstdc tf gt ds djjutglme kr cfgnieglme knmy gt ungcceptglme ckst tk perskngm d`entdty—. (7) (7) \ecki ckindze dze` gngmk gmkikus kus irkun kun`s8 (g) Cdtdzensfdp8 perskngm cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt ds nkt w/n ckntrkm ko dn`dvd`ugm (l) Jgrdtgm stgtus8 Jdrkn v. Pru`em8 gccd`ent leneodts tk spkuse, nkt ckjjkn mgw spkuses. (c) Sexugm krdentgtdkn 8 Eign v. Cgng`g8 `eepmy perskngm cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt ds nedtfer uncfgnieglme kr cfgnieglme knmy gt ungcceptglme perskngm cksts. (sgje sex ckupmes `d` nkt succee` gt seebdni spkusgm gmmkwgnce) d) _rden` v. v. Gmlertg8 fem` tfgt F\ ck`e vdkmgte` s. 75 ly ogdmdni tk dncmu`e sexugm krdentgtdkn gs g prkfdldte` irkun` ko `dscrdjdngtdkn. dd) J.v.F8 J.v.F8 mgw vdkmgte` s. 75 okr excmu`dni sgje sex ckupmes orkj spkusgm suppkrt klmdigtdkns. ddd) Mdttme Sdsters8 Sdsters8 prgctdces prgctdces ko custkjs custkjs koodcdgms koodcdgms dn klstructdni klstructdni djpkrtgtdkn djpkrtgtdkn ko lkkbs lkkbs vdkmgte` vdkmgte` s. 75 dv) \equdrejent \equdrejent do do kppksdte kppksdte sex okr okr jgrrdgie jgrrdgie vdkmgte` s. 75 75 - meg` tk tk meigmdzgtdkn meigmdzgtdkn ko sgje sgje sex sex jgrrdgies jgrrdgies.. (<) Nkt gngmk gngmkikus ikus irkun`s irkun`s88 pmgce pmgce ko resd`en resd`ence ce (excep (exceptt dn`dgn dn`dgn reser reserve) ve),, kccupgt kccupgtdkn dkn (mgw (mgw `enyd `enydni ni ckmmec ckmmectdve tdve lgrigdn lgrigdndni dni tk tk ckps cgnnkt le cfgmmenie` un`er 75), sulstgnce krdentgtdkn (mgw prkfdldtdni jgrdhugng cgnnkt le cfgmmenie`). 6. Fujgn `dindty g) Gjldiudty dn Gn`rews8 lregcf ko s. 75 kccurre` wfenever g `dsg`vgntgie wgs djpkse` kn tfe lgsds ko g mdste` kr gngmkikus irkun`. l)Djpgdrjent ko fujgn `dindty8 (7) (7) Mgw Mgw v. v. Cgn Cgng` g`g8 g8 New New ckn cknse sens nsus us dnte dnterp rpre retg tgtd tdkn kn ko s. 758 758 (g) 75 gppmdes tk `dstdnctdkns lgse` lgse` kn mdst ko gngmkikus gngmkikus irkun`s (l) @dscrdjdngtdkn dn 75 dnvkmve` gn emejent g``dtdkngm tk g `dstdnctdkn lgse` kn g mdste` kr gngmkikus irkun` (c) Pfgt g``dtdkngm g``dtdkngm emejent wgs gn djpgdrjent ko fujgn `dindty `dindty (`) Survdvkr leneodts pgd` tk `ecegse` spkuse unmess spkuse un`er 35. Un`er nkrjgm Gn`rews dnterpretgtdkn wkum` fgve gie `dscrdjdngtdkn gn` sent cgse tk s. 7 gngmysds, lut nkw tfere wgs g ”fujgn `dindty‚ requdrejent, cmgdjgnt just prkve tfgt gie lgse` `dstdnctdkn wgs djpgdrjent ko fer fujgn `dind ty. (e) Ckurt8 nkt gn djpgdrjent l/c ykuni wd`kws fgve mess `doodcumty tfgn km`er perskns dn odn`dni/jgdntgdni ejpmkyjent, cgn repmgce mkst dnckje ko spkuse. (o) Fujgn `dindty fgs 0 ckntextugm ogctkrs8 (
dd) Pfe ckrrespkn`ence letween tfe `dstdnctdkn gn` tfe cmgd jgnt—s cfgrgcterdstdcs kr cdrcujstgnces ddd) Pfe exdstence ko gjemdkrgtdve purpkses kr eooects kn ktfer irkups dv) Pfe ngture ko tfe dnterest gooecte` . (<) \.v.Bgp \.v.Bgpp8 p8 every every cgse cgse okmmkw okmmkwe` e` glkve glkve requdrej requdrejent ent untdm untdm *tfds *tfds cgse* cgse*.. Glkve Glkve lur`e lur`en n jgy jgy nkt nkt nee` nee` tk le prkv prkve` e` l/c l/c skjetdjes djpgdr ko fujgn `dindty wdmm le klvdkus, ktfer tdjes do cmgdjgnt cgnnkt prkve dt sfe wdmm mkse fer cgse. \equdrejent `kesn—t even ik tk s. 7 gngmysds. ckrrespkn`ence8 kn`ence8 (
`) @dscrdjdngtdkn wdtfkut fujgn `dindty8 \.v.Bngpp - ”fujgn `dindty‚ test wgs cknousdni gn` `doodcumt tk gppmy, gn` g``dtdkngm lur`en kn equgmdty cmgdjgnts. Fem` tfgt gn djpgdrjent ko fujgn `dindty sfkum` nk mknier le requdre` emejent ko s. 75 cmgdj. Dt ds stdmm necessgry okr gn equgmdty cmgdjgnt tk estglmdsf skjetfdni dn g``dtdkn tk `dsg`vgntgie lge` kn g mdste` kr gngmkikus
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irkun`. Pfgt g``dtdkngm emejent ds nk mknier gn djpgdrjent ko fujgn `dindty2 dt ds nkw @dscrdjdngtdkn : (`eodndtdkn) tfe perpetugtdkn ko `dsg`vgntgie kr sterektypdni. Ydmm le remydni kn sgje 0 ogctkrs ko fujgn `dindty. (7) Erjdnes Erjdnesbdn bdn Dn`dg Dn`dgn n Lgn` Lgn` gn` Ngtdkn Ngtdkn v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 okur okur dn`dg dn`dgn n lgn`s lgn`s ssurr urren`e en`ere` re` tfedr tfedr dnterest dnterestss dn tfe tfe kdm kdm gn` igs un`er un`er tfedr reserves tk Crkwn sk Crkwn ckum` jgbe grrgniejents w/ tfdr` pgrtdes tk expmkdt tfe reskurces. Sue` okr lregcf ko od`ucdgry `uty, cmgdjdni return kn jkney wkum` fgve leen fdifer do ikvt fg` dnveste` tfe jkney dn g `dversdode` pkrtokmdk ko dnvestjents. Ckurt `dsjdsse` cmgdj. Do gct precmu`es externgm dnvestjents ko tfe lgn`s— jkney, griue` Dn`dgn Gct uncknstdtutdkngm okr lregcf ko s 75 - l/c tfey gre Dn`dgns `dstdniudsfe` ly rgce ko tfe rdifts tfgt were gvgdmglme tk nkn dn`dgns, wfkse prkperty fem` dn trust. (g) Fem`8 fg` tk sfkw mgw wgs ”`dscrdjdngtkry‚ - estglmdsf tfgt mgw perpetugtes prehu`dce kr sterektypdni. Fem` tfgt Gct—s Gct—s requdrejent tk beep lgn`s— oun`s dn cknskmd`gte` revenue oun`, gs kppkse` tk dnvestdni tfej, dnvkmve` mess ckntrkm kver oun`s ly Crkwn gn` iregter mdqud`dty okr lgn`s gn` nk rdsb tk lgn`s. Pfds `eoegte` cmgdj w/k reskrtdni tk s. 7 gngmysds. 4. @dsg`vgntgie8 @dsg`vgntgie8
g) Semectdkn ko ckjpgrgtkr irkup8 tk estglmdsf `dscrdjdngtdkn un`er s. 70, dn`dvd`ugm just sfkw tfgt fe fgs suooere` `dsg`vgntgie ly regskn ko fds pkssessdkn ko kne ko tfe cfgrgcterdstdcs ngje` dn s. 75 kr gn gngmkikus cfgrgcterdstdc. \equdrejent ko ‖`dsg`vgntgie— dnvkmves g ckjpgrdskn wdtf ktfers wfk gre sdjdmgrmy sdtugte`. Qresence ko `dsg`vgntgie requdres ckjpgrdskn letween meigm pksdtdkn ko tfe cmgdjgnt gn` tfgt ko ktfer pekpme wfkj (7) cmgdjgnt jgy meidtdjgtemy dnvdte ckjpgrdskn. Dnvkmves < dnqudrdes8 (g)Yfetfer tfe irkup tk wfdcf tfe cmgdjgnt ckjpgres fersemo ds tfe gpprkprdgte ckjpgrgtkr
irkup. d) Just odn`dni irkup irkup tfgt sfgres w/ cmgdjgnt gmm cfgrgcterdstdcs cfgrgcterdstdcs tfgt qugmdoy okr tfe leneodt except okr perskngm perskngm cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt ds mdste` kr gngmkikus tk tfkse dn s. 75 (l) Yfetfer tfe `dstdnctdkn tfgt tfe mgw `rgws letween tfe cmgdjgnt gn` tfe ckjpgrgtkr irkup ds `dsg`vgntgiekus tk tfe cmgdjgnt. (<) Fk`ie Fk`ie v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 Leneodt Leneodtss tk meigm meigm gn` ckjj ckjjkn kn mgw mgw spkuses spkuses.. Sfe wgs ckjj ckjjkn kn mgw mgw wdoe, wdoe, meot meot fdj fdj sfkrt sfkrtmy my leokr leokree `egtf. `egtf. @ende` leneodt l/c nkt fds wdoe gt tdje ko `egtf. Fem` tfgt cmgdjgnt semecte` wrkni ckjpgrgtkr irkup. Dt wgs nkt ‖jgrrde` spkuses— mdvdni gpgrt gt tfe tdje ko tfe ckntrdlutkr—s `egtf (sfe griue`), lut okrjer spkuses. Knmy perskn wfk wgs w/ spkuse gt tdje ko `egtf ds entdtme` tk leneodt. ly terjdngtdni ckfgldtgtdkn sfe lrkuift ckjjkn mgw jgrrdgie tk gn en`. Lut terjdngtdkn ko ckfgldtgtdkn `kes nkt lrdni meigm jgrrdgie tk gn en`. Gmm okrjer spkuses wfetfer prdkr jgrrdgie wgs meigm kr ckjjkn mgw, were tregte` equgmmy. Sfe suooere` nk `dsg`vgntgie kn gcckunt ko fer jgrdtgm stgtus. (3) Gutkn Gutkn v. v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmujl Ckmujldg8 dg8 gsbdni gsbdni okr oun`d oun`dni ni okr okr gppmde` gppmde` lefgvdkr lefgvdkrgm gm tfergp tfergpy y okr gutdstdc gutdstdc cfdm`re cfdm`ren. n. Fem` Fem` tfgt tfgt mkwer mkwer ckurt ckurt use` wrkni ckjpgrgtkr irkup. Cgnnkt ckjpgre tk ktfer oummy oun`e` tfergpdes l/c tfds wgs new gn` `emgye` l/c ko uncertgdnty. Just sfkw `dsg`vgntgie ckjpgre` tk ktfer ckjpgrglme gn` nkvem tfergpdes. (0) Nkvg Scktdg Scktdg v. v. Jgrtdn8 Jgrtdn8 fem` fem` tfgt tfgt stgtu stgtutkry tkry wkrbers wkrbers ckjp ckjp scfeje scfeje vdkmgte` vdkmgte` s. 75 75 okr prkvd`dn prkvd`dni i knmy knmy sfkrt sfkrt terj terj leneodts leneodts tk suooerers orkj wkrb remgte` cfrkndc pgdn. Ckjpgrglme irkup wgs irkup ko wkrbers sulhect tk tfe Gct wfk `k nkt fgve cfrkndc pgdn gn` gre emdidlme okr ckjpensgtdkn okr tfedr ejpmky jent remgte` dnhurdes. (5) Cgse turns kn `eodndtdkn ko ”ckjpgrglme irkup‚ . @dstdniudsfes cgses lgse` kn stgtutkry scfejes; l) \equdrejent ko `dsg`vgntgie8 knce ckjpgrgtkr irkup semecte`, necessgry tk ckjpgre tregtjent prkvd`e` ly mgw tk ckjpmgdngnt w/ tregtjent prkvd`e` tk ckjpgrgtkr irkup. Knmy do mgw tregts cmgdjgnt mess ogvkrglmy wfetfer ly wdtffkm`dni leneodt kr djpksdni lur`en, tfe cmgdj ko `dsg`vgntgie kr unequgm tregtjent jg`e kut. (7) Egtkn Egtkn v. v. Lrgnt Lrgnt Ckunty Ckunty Lkgr` Lkgr` ko E`ucgt E`ucgtdkn8 dkn8 put put ‖except ‖exceptdkn dkngm gm pupdm— pupdm—ss w/ specdg specdgmm `dsgldm `dsgldmdtde dtdess dn specdg specdgmm e`ucgtd e`ucgtdkn kn prkir prkirgj. gj. Fem` tfgt puttdni tfej dn sepgrgte cmgss rkkj wgs nkt g lregcf ko s. 75. 75. Evd`ence sfkwe` seireigte` settdni dn lest dnterests ko cfdm`, ckum` nkt le cfgrgcterdze` gs puttdni g `dsg`vgntgie kn tfe cfdm`. Pfus, tfere wgs nk `dscrdjdngtdkn un`er s. 75 c) Klhectdve gn` sulhectdve `dsg`vgntgie8 sulhect stgn`gr` ds gcckr`dni tk pmgdntdoo lrdnidni tfe cgse do sfe lemdeves sfe ds ledni `dscrdjdngte` gigdnst, suooerdni `dsg`vgntgie . Mgw v. Cgng`g wgnts lktf tests tk le use`, mkkb gt requdrejents ko s. 75 orkj sulhectdve gn` klhectdve perspectdve. Dnqudry tgben orkj cmgdjgnt—s vdew, lut dt just le suppkrte` ly gn klhectdve gssessjent ko tfe sdtugtdkn - sk klhectdve perspectdve ds tfe `ecdsdve kne. `)Fujgn `dindty gn` `dsg`vgntgie8 `dsg`vgntgie8 (7) Nkvg Scktdg Scktdg v. v. Ygmsf Ygmsf88 fem` tfgt g regskngl regsknglme me persk perskn n wfk sfgre` sfgre` gttrd gttrdlute lutess gn` cdrcujs cdrcujstgnc tgnces es ko cmgdjgn cmgdjgntt wkum` wkum` odn` odn` tfgt cmgdjgnt—s fujgn `dindty fg` nkt leen djpgdre` ly fer excmusdkn orkj tfe sfgre` prkperty reidje. (tfkse tfgt were dn ckjjkn mgw pgrtners were letter koo tfgn tfkse jgrrde`). (<) Cgng`dg Cgng`dgn n Okun`g Okun`gtdkn tdknss okr okr Cfdm`r Cfdm`ren8 en8 fem` fem` tfgt fuj fujgn gn `dind `dindty ty ko cfdm`re cfdm`ren n nkt nkt repgdre repgdre` ` - `d` `d` nkt nkt rest rest kpdn kpdndkn dkn kn kn `dsg`vgntgie. (goter Bgpp ikt rd` ko fujgn `dindty, gn` lrkuift dn ‖`dscrdjdngtdkn— wfdcf glskrls `dsg`vgntgie requdrejent). (3) Erjdnes Erjdnesbdn bdn Dn`dg Dn`dgn n Lgn` Lgn` gn` Ngtdkn Ngtdkn v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 fem` fem` oegtu oegtures res were were nkt nkt ‖`dsc ‖`dscrdj rdjdngt dngtkry kry—— dn tfe tfe sense sense ko ko perpetu perpetugtdn gtdni i prehu`dce kr sterektypdni. Strgdift okrwgr` ck ncmusdkn8 Dnvestjent prkvdsdkns entgdme` pru`ent prgctdces gn` `d` nkt djpkse g `dsg`vgntgie kn tfe Dn`dgn Lgn`s
4?
e) Irkup `dsg`vgntgie8 nk nktes.
71. 71.
@dr @drect ect gn` gn` dn`d dn`drrect ect `ds `dscr crdj djdn dngt gtdk dkn8 n8 g) Sulstgntdve equgmdty8 mgws tfgt gre `dscrdjdngtkry kn tfedr ogce gre `drect `dscrdjdngtdkn. Mgws tfgt fgve `dscrdjdngtkry eooects gre dn`drect. (gbg systejgtdc kr g`verse-eooect `dscrdjdngtdkn). Sulstgntdve equgmdty8 tfekry ko equgmdty tfgt ckvers `drect gn` dn`drect `dscrdjdngtdkn. Mgw jgy le `dscrdjdngtkry dn gppmdcgtdkn (nk `dscrdjdngtkry qugmdodcgtdkns okr pkmdce g`jdssdkns lut wkum` le `dscrdj ko pkmdce prkce`ures meg` tk rehectdkn ko oejgmes). Pfds ds lregcf ko sulstgntdve equgmdty gn` s. 75. Do knmy `dscrdjdngtkry dn gppmdcgtdkn, s 75 wdmm nkt meg` tk dnvgmd`dty. (7) Sec 75 75 gppmdes gppmdes tk 7) mgws mgws tfgt tfgt gre `dscr `dscrdjd djdngtk ngtkry ry kn tfedr tfedr ogce ogce <) dn eooect eooect,, 3) dn dn dts gppmdcgt gppmdcgtdkn dkn (Gn`re (Gn`rews) ws).. s. 75 requdr requdres es sulstgntdve equgmdty nkt jeremy okrjgm qugmdty. (<) Knmy twk cgse cgsess ko dn`dr dn`drect ect `dscr `dscrdj dj succe successo ssoum8 um8 Em`rd` Em`rd`ie, ie, fem` fem` mgw mgw `dscr `dscrdjdn djdngte` gte` gigdnst gigdnst `ego `ego ppm ppm lregcf lregcf s 75. _rden _rden` ` fem` `dscrdjdngte gigdnst fkjksexugm krdentgtdkn lregcf ko s75 - fr ck`e `d` nkt dncmu`e sexugm krdentgtdkn gs mdst ko okrld``en irkun`s ko ejpmkyjent. l) Undnten`e` `dscrdjdngtdkn8 dntent ds nkt requdre` okr `dscrdj un`er s. <5. Jere ogct tfgt mgw fg` g `dsprkpkrtdkngte eooect kn perskns `eodne` ly prkfdldte` cgteikry ds enku if tk estglmdsf lregcf ko 75. Mgw ds dn lregcf ko Cfgrter rdift do edtfer dts purpkse kr eooect ko mgw ds tk glrd`ie g Cfgrter rdift : `dscrdjdngtkry purpkse kr `dscrdjdngtkry eooect. Qurpkse ko mgw gmwgys remevgnt tk hustdodcgtdkn un`er s 7 l/c mgw cgnnkt le hustdode` unmess serves gn djpkrtgnt purpkse tfgt ds ckjpgtdlme w/ vgmues ko oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety. (rgremy sgve`) c) \egsknglme gcckjjk`gtdkn8 `epgrt orkj mgw do necessgry tk jgbe regsknglme gcckjjk`gtdkn ko cmgss tfgt ds `dscrdjdngte` gigdnst, `ue tk eooect, ktferwdse mgw ds neutrgm. Gmsk dssue ko tfe okrj ko regsknglme gcckjjk`gtdkn requdre` ly s. 75 (Egtkn8 lest dnterests ko cfdm` tk ik tk specdgm cmgssrkkj) 77. Hustdodcgtdkn Hustdodcgtdkn un`er s. 78 78 Newokun`mgn` v. NGQE8 fem` lregcf ko fujgn `dindty tk jgdntgdn dn okrce wgies tfgt `d` nkt `k hustdce tk oejgme wkrbers ckntrdlutdkn, lregcf ko 75 (odrst cgse tk le sgve` u n`er s. 7l/c ko ”fujgn `dindty requdrejent). Yfen mgw engcte`, prkv wgs ikdni tk tfrkuif re`uctdkn dn oe` trgnsoer pgyjents, pkstpknejent ko pgy equdty gireejent hustdode` un`er s. 7 gs respknse tk odscgm crdsds. 7<. Goodrjgtdve gctdkn8 s 75 `kes nkt precmu`e goodrjgtdve gctdkn kr ‖equdty— prkirgjs dn ogvkr ko `dsg`vgntgie` dn`dvd`ugms/irkups - s. 75(<). Nkt cmegr do tfds ds exceptdkn kr cmgrdodcgtdkn ko s. 75(7). Do exceptdkn, unnecessgry tk ik tk s. 7 l/c mgw wdmm fgve lendin purpkse. g) \.v.Bgpp8 nkt gn exceptdkn. \kme ko (7) tk prevent ikvt orkj `dscrdjdngtdkn, (<) tk englme ikvt prk gctdvemy tk ckjlgt `dscrdjdngtdkn. (<) fg` dn`epen`ent rkme, nkt cmgrdodcgtdkn. Do Goodrjgtdve gctdkn jeets requdrejent ko (<), tfen prkirgj vgmd` un`er 75(<), gn` nk 75(7) gngmysds nee`e`. Do ogdme`, tfen 75(7) nee`e` tk `eterjdne do prkirgj `dscrdjdngtkry. (7) Ogcts8 Ogcts8 specdg specdgmm ”ckjjun ”ckjjungm‚ gm‚ ckjj ckjjercd ercdgm gm odsfdn odsfdni i mdcens mdcensee okr Dn`dgn Dn`dgn lgn`s lgn`s,, excmus excmusdvem dvemy y okr <0 fr fr perdk` perdk` leokr leokree ktfer ktfer nkn nkn glkrdidngm ckjjercdgm odsfdni mdcenses tkkb eooect. Nkn jejlers ko dn`dgn lgn`s fem` ”prktest odsfery‚ okr <0 fkurs, cfgrie` w/ odsfdni wfdme odsfdni prkfdldte`. Fem` tfgt mdcense wgs restrdcte` ly rgce, lut dts klhect wgs tk ‖gjemdkrgte— ckn`dtdkns ko 3 dn`dgn lgn`s wfk were `dsg`vgntgie` irkups, tfereokre, ckvere` ly 75(<) gn` nkt necessgry tk enigie dn 75(7) gngmysds. (<) Cgnnkt Cgnnkt gttgcb gttgcb prkirgj prkirgj un` un`er er 75(7) 75(7) sk mkni mkni gs gs 7) irkup irkup ds `dsg`vg `dsg`vgntgi ntgie` e` gn` gn` tfe tfe prkirg prkirgj j <) purpks purpksee ds tk djprkv djprkvee ckn`dtdkns ko irkup. 73. 73. @dsc @dscrd rdjd jdng ngtd tdkn kn per perjd jdtt tte` e` ly ly Ckns Cknstd tdtu tutd tdkn kn g) Gie dn ss. <3, <4, 448 perskn un`er 31 cgnnkt le gppkdnte` tk sengte, sengtk r just retdre gt 95, hu`ie just retdre gt gie 95. Gie `dscrdjdngtdkn, lut never gttgcbe`. l) \gce dn s. 47(<0)8 \.v.@rylknes8 strucb `kwn prkvdsdkn ko dn`dgn gct tfgt jg`e dt gn kooense okr ‖gn dn`dgn— tk le `runb koo g reserve, stgtdni tfgt use ko terj ‖dn`dgn— wgs kooense ckntrgry tk equgmdty cmguse dn Cgn Ldmm ko \difts. Mgter gttgcbs kn Gct8 fem` tfgt `dooerences ltn Dn`dgns gn` nkn Dn`dgns were ckntejpmgte` ly s. 47(<0) ko Cknstdtutdkn, sucf `dooerences sfkum` nkt le erg`dcgte` un`er equgmdty iugrgntee ko Cgn Ldmm ko \difts. Pfus, gmsk sfkum` nkt le vumnerglme tk gttgcb un`er s. 75 c) \emdidkn dn s. 438 Kntgrdk Sepgrgte Scfkkm Oun`dni cgse8 oumm pulmdc oun`dni tk rkjgn cgtfkmdc sepgrgte scfkkms up tk ir 71. Ktfer remdidkus scfkkms recedve` nk oun`dni. Ckurt upfem` stgtute kn lgsds tfgt `dstdnctdve tregtjent ko rkjgn cgtfkmdc scfkkm suppkrters expressmy perjdtte` ly Cknstdtutdkn. `) Qrkvdnce ko resd`ence dn ss. 47, 4<8 Fem` tfgt pmgce ko resd`ence ds nkt gngmkikus irkun`s. @dooerences ltn prkvdncdgm mgws cgnnkt gjkunt tk `dscrdjdngtdkn un`er s 75 l/c tfgt wkum` requdre undokrjdty ko prkv mgws wfdcf wkum` le ckntrgry tk `dstrdlutdkn ko pkwers dn ss 47 gn` 4<. e) Cdtdzensfdp dn s. ?8 idve iugrgntee tk rejgdn dn cgng`g okr cdtdzens. Pfus, Djjdirgtdkn Gct cgn `epkrt nkn cdtdzens wfk fgve ckjjdtte` crdjdngm kooenses, tfregt tk ngtdkngm securdty, nkt dn lregcf ko s. 75 gmtfkuif nkrjgmmy wkum` le. Gn`rews8 strucb `kwn prkv mgw tfgt restrdcte` entry tk mgw skcdety t k cdtdzens knmy. Mgvkde8 fdrdni preoerence okr oe` pulmdc servdce fem ` tk le dn lregcf ko s 75, sgve` un`er s 7. Fem` tfgt mgws djpksdni `dsgldmdtdes kn nkn cdtdzens were nkt exejpt orkj cknstdtutdkngm equgmdty stgn`gr`s, tfds wkum` nkt glkmdsf tfe ckncept ko cdtdzensfdp.
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o) Mgniugie dn ss. 7?-<38 mgniugie rdifts, equgmdty ko Orencf & Enimdsf, idves specdgm stgtus tk lktf & nkt ktfer jdnkrdty mgniugies. 70. \gce8 restrdcte` ly 75(7), wkum` le upfem` do goodrjgtdve gctdkn un`er 75(<), gn` jgy s 7 do kutsd`e ko 75(<) lut fg` g lendin purpkse ko goodrjgtdve bdn`. Specdgm stgtus ko ‖dn`dgns— rednokrce` ly s. 35 Cknstdtutdkn gn` <5 Cfgrter. Pfus, s 75 fgs mdjdte` rkme okr glkrdidngm pekpmes. Mgws engcte` ly oe` un`er 47(<0) okr leneodt gn` mgws tfgt eooect tk glkrdidngm kr tregty rdifts gre nkt gooecte` ly s. 75 Cfgrter 75. \emdidkn8 ds prkfdldte` irkun`. Qulmdc oun`dni okr remdidkns scfkkms wkum` le okrld``en lut s 43 Ckn iugrgntees rdifts ko `enkjdngtdkn scfkkms tfgt exdste` gt cknoe`ergtdkn (rkjgn cgtfkmdc), tfds nk s. 75 cfgmmenie ds kpen. Gmtg8 fem` tfgt undversgm pfktk requdrejent okr `rdver—s mdcense `d` nkt cregte `dstdnctdkn lgse` kn remdidkn un`er s. 75. Mgw upfem` un`er s. 7 7?. Sex8 prkfdldte` irkun` s 75.
g) @drectdkn @drectdkn `dscrdjdngtdkn8 `dscrdjdngtdkn8 (7) GI Cgn Cgn v. v. Mgvem Mgvemm8 m8 dn`dgn dn`dgn gct tkkb tkkb dn`dgn dn`dgn stgtu stgtuss gwgy gwgy okr okr wkjg wkjgn n wfk wfk jgrrd jgrrde` e` nkn nkn dn`dg dn`dgn n jgn, jgn, vdce vdce versg versg `d` `d` nkt nkt tgbe tgbe gwgy stgtus. (<) Lmdss Lmdss v. v. GI GI Cgn8 Cgn8 Gct Gct `ende` `ende` unejpm unejpmkyj kyjent ent leneo leneodts dts tk tk wkjen wkjen do ejpmkyj ejpmkyjent ent dnter dnterrup rupte` te` ly ly preingn preingncy cy.. Ckurt Ckurt rehec rehecte` te` l/c `dsg`vgntgie` cmgss wgs `eodne` ly preingncy rg tfer tfgn sex. (lut knmy wkjen iet preingnt). F\ Ck`e `ecdsdkn kverrume` tfds. \.v.Fess8 Fem` stgtutkry rgpe `d` nkt kooen` s. 75 (ykuni oejgme un`er 70) lut knmy jen ldkmkidcgmmy cgn penetrgte. (3) @d` Lmdss griujent gmm kver gigdn. Ckncurrence8 kooense wgs `dscrdjdngtdkn ly sex, gmtfkuif hustdode` un`er 7 gs jegsure ko prktectdkn ko ykuni oejgmes, wfk unmdbe jgbes, wkum` run rdsb ko preingncy tfrkuif dnte rckurse. (0) Yegtfergm egtfergmmm v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 Even do tfere tfere wgs wgs g lregc lregcf f ko s 75, hustd hustdode` ode` un` un`er er 7 - equgmdty equgmdty `d` nkt nkt `ejgn `ejgn` ` jen gn wkjen wkjen gmwgys le tregte` equgmmy tfe sgje wgy gn` eooect ko crkss ien`er segrcfdni wgs ‖`dooerent gn` jkre tfregtendni okr wkjen tfgn okr jen— (cfgmmenie tk ordsb segrcfes gn` cemm survedmmgnce ko jgme prdskners ly oejgme iugr`s gt oe` pendtentdgry) (5) Lenner Lenner v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 strucb strucb `kwn `kwn mgw mgw un`er un`er s 75, tfgt tfgt `dstd `dstdniud niudsfe sfess letween letween cfdm`re cfdm`ren n lkrn lkrn tk cgng` cgng`dgn dgn jktf jktfers ers (jkr (jkree securdty screendni) vs. lkrn tk cgng`dgn ogtfers. (?) Prkcdu Prkcdub b v. v. Lrdtdsf Lrdtdsf Ckmujld Ckmujldg8 g8 fem` fem` tfgt tfgt mgw `dstdni `dstdniudsf udsfe` e` kn lgsds lgsds ko sex, sex, sdnce sdnce ogtfer ogtferss `dsg`v `dsg`vgntg gntgie` ie` dn dn ckjpgr ckjpgrdskn dskn w/ jktfers (mgw gmmkwe` jktfer tk cfkkse cfdm`—s surngje kn ldrtf certdodcgte) Fem` tfgt excmusdkn ko ogtfers orkj reidstrgtdkn gn` ngjdni prkcess djpgdre` tfedr fujgn `dindty. Nkt hustdode` un`er s. 7 (9) Newokun Newokun`mgn `mgn` ` v. v. NGQE8 NGQE8 `emgye` `emgye` okr 3 yegrs yegrs dntrk dntrk ko pgy equdty equdty okr okr oejgm oejgmee wkrbe wkrbers rs dn dn fkspd fkspdtgm tgm sectk sectkrs, rs, tfgt tfgt wgs wgs suppkse` tk lrdni oejgme wgies up tk ckjpgrglme jgme wkrbers. Nk prkvdsdkn okr retrk gctdve pgy okr `emgy perdk`. Fem` Gct wgs lregcf ko s 75 lut sgve` ly 7 l/c Gct dn respknse tk ‖odngncdgm crdsds— dn prkvdnce tfgt prkvd`e` hustdodcgtdkn okr mdjdt kn cmgdjgnt—s cfgrter rdifts. l) Systejgtdc `dscrdjdngtdkn8 jkst prkvdsdkns tfgt `dscrdjdngte wkjen fgve leen rejkve` orkj stgtutes. Syjes v. Cgng`g8 tgx gct kooen`e` s. 75 ly nkt gmmkwdni lusdness perskns tk `e`uct oumm cksts ko cfdm` cgre. Gct gmmkwe` (7) okr `e`uctdkn ko cfdm` cgre lut mdjdte` tk $<,111. Ykjen pgd` $73,111. Ckurt gcbnkwme`ie` wkjen `dsprkpkrtdkngtemy lkre skcdgm cksts ko cfdm`, lut fem` tfgt tgx pgyer fg` nkt estglmdsfe` tfgt wkjen `dsprkpkrtdkngtemy lkre odngncdgm cksts ko cfdm` cgre. Sdnce `e`uctdkn gvgdmglme w/ respect knmy tk odngncdgm cksts ko cfdm`, dt wkum` leneodt jen gs jucf gs wkjen gn` restrdctdkn `d` nkt gjkunt tk `dscrdjdngtdkn kn lgsds ko sex. c) Sectdkn <68 rdifts dn Cfgrter gre iugrgntee` equgmmy tk jen gn` wkjen. - lgsdcgmmy tfgt prkvdsdkns gppmy w/k `dscrdjdngtdkn. Strkni iugrgntee tfgn s 758 (7) (7) Pfre Pfreee yegr yegr `emgy `emgy dn s 7 75 5 ckjd ckjdni ni dntk dntk okrc okrcee (ly (ly vdrtu vdrtuee ko s 3 3<( <(<) <) `d` `d` gppm gppmy y tk tk s < <6 6 (<) (<) Qkwer Qkwer ko meids meidsmgt mgtdve dve kver kverrd` rd`ee un`e un`err s 33 gppmd gppmdes es tk s 7 75 5 lut lut nkt nkt s < <6, 6, gn` gn` (3) Dt ds pkssdlm pkssdlmee tfgt tfgt even even mdjdt mdjdtgtdk gtdkn n un`er un`er s 7 `kes `kes nkt nkt qugmd qugmdoy oy un`er un`er s <6 l/c ko dts dts kpend kpendni ni wkr`s wkr`s ”nkt ”nkt wdtfstg wdtfstgn`dn n`dni i gnytfdni dn tfds Cfgrter 79. Gie8 `dscrdjdngtdkn ko tfds prkfdldte` ly s. 75. Djjutglme, cgnnkt le cfgnie`. g) Mgw v. v. Cgng`g8 fem` mgw nkt `dscrdjdngtkry l.c dt `d` nkt djpgdr djpgdr fujgn `dindty. (mgw excmu`e` un`er gie 35 orkj leneodts ko `eg` spkuse ejpmkyjent l/c km`er ppm mess cgpglme ko odn`dni suppkrt). l) Ikssemdn8 mgw nkt `dscrdjdngtkry l/c `d` nkt djpgdr fujgn `dind ty - 7/3 ko skcdgm gssdstgnce leneodts pgd` tk un`er 31 yrs, ckum` iet stgn`gr` do pgrtdcdpgte` dn e`ucgtdkngm prkirgj - mgw gssuje` ykunisters jkre glme tk leneodt orkj trgdndni gn` e`ucgtdkn, iet hkls. c) Yynleri v. v. Kntgrdk8 mgw igve tfergpy tk gutdstdc cfdm`ren <-5. Fem` prkirgj kn lgsds tfgt dt `d` nkt djpgdr fujgn `dindty ko cfdm`ren gie` ? gn` kver. Qrkirgj gdje` gt ykunier l/c expert kpdndkn tfgt very ykuni cfdm`ren respkn`e` lest tk tfergpy. Pfergpy wgs sk dntense <1-01 fkurs per weeb tfgt d t wgs nkt pkssdlme tk idve dt tk cfdm`ren wfk gtten`e` scfkkm oumm tdje. `) Jgn`gtkry retdrejent gie8 Jkst cgses gre kutsd`e ko sckpe ko Cfgrter, except ckjjundty ckmmeie l/c jkre tdiftmy ckntrkmme` ly ikvt. Fem` tfgt jgn`gtkry retdrejent wgs `dscrdjdngtkry ly gie gn` tfus vdkmgte` s. 75. Lut Ckurt ly g jghkrdty went kn tk `ecd`e jgn`gtkry retdrejent wgs sgve` ly s.7 (tfds cregte` kpendni okr ykunier ogcumty).
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e) Petregumt-Ig`kury v. v. Cgng`g8 unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce `ende` leneodts tk perskns kver ?5. Fem` tfgt prkvdsdkn vdkmgte` s 75 lut ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s.7 (7) (7) @do @dooere oerent nt orkj orkj Undv Undver ersd sdtd tdes es dn JcBd JcBdnn nney ey88 (g) Undversdty Undversdty wgs g ‖cmkse` ‖cmkse` systej w/n mdjdte` reskurces— reskurces— (l) Ogcumty renewgm wgs crucdgm tk exten`dni tfe orkntders ko bnkwme`ie (c) Pfe gcg`ejdc oree`kj requdre` g jdndjuj ko perokrjgnce revdew up tk retdrejent gie. (<) (<) Seck Seckn` n` gn` gn` tfdr tfdr` ` `k nkt nkt gppm gppmy y tk tk nkn nkn und und wkr wkrb b dn pulm pulmdc dc gn` gn` prdv prdvgt gte. e.
Jentgm kr pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty8 `dscrdjdngtdkn irkun`s prkfdldte` ly s. 75. Djjutglme, cgnnkt le cfgnie`. g) Egtkn v. Lrgnt8 ckurt stgte` tfgt scfkkm systej fg` tk gcckjjk`gte tk specdgm nee`s ko `dsglme` cfdm`ren, lut `d` nkt stdpumgte wfgt type ko gcckjjk`gtdkn. Fem` tfgt s. 75 rdift lemknie` tk cfdm`, nkt pgrent, gn` scfkkm—s gcckjjk`gtdkn just le `rdven ly tfe lest dnterests ko cfdm` - puttdni cfdm` dn specdgm cmgsses kut ko reiumgr cmgssrkkj - tfds oummy ckjpmde` w. s 75 l) Yynleri8 gutdstdc prkirgj okr <-5, wgnte` dt okr km`er cfdm`ren tkk. Ckurt rehecte` `dsgldmdty cmgd j (gn` gie), fem` tfergpy nkt gpprkprdgte gcckjjk`gtdkn okr scfkkm cfdm`ren l/c dt wgs tdje cknsujdni gn` dntensdve, gn` ckum` nkt le odtte` dntk oumm tdje scfkkm prkirgj w/k glgn`kndni jkst ko tfe ktfer dnstructdkn. c) Ydnbk v. v. LC8 cfgmmenie tk crdj ck`e tfgt ver`dct ko Nkt Crdjdng mmy \espknsdlme kn Gcckunt ko Jentgm @dskr`er. Qerskn gssesse`, gn` tfen `drecte` tk le `dscfgrie` glskmutemy, `dscfgrie` ckn`dtdkngmmy, kr `etgdne` dn custk`y dn g fkspdtgm. Griue` s. 75 tregte` jentgmmy dmm kooen`ers `dooerentmy tfgn ktfer kooen`ers. Fem` prkvdsdkns `d` nkt djpgdr fujgn `dindty ko tfkse okun` nkt crdjdngmmy respknsdlme. Qrkvdsdkns reckindze` dmm kooen`ers sfkum` nkt le pundsfe` lut le prkvd`e` wdtf refgl tregtjent. \estrgdne` knmy tk extent hu`ie` necessgry tk prktect tfe pulmdc. `) Irgnkvsby v. Cgng`g8 pensdkn pmgn prkvd`e` tfgt just prkve perjgnent `dsgldmdty gn` tfgt tfey ckntrdlute` 5 ko tfe prevdkus 71 yegrs kr < ko tfe prevdkus 3 yegrs. I ckum` nkt estglmdsf requdrejent l/c perjgnentmy `dsglme` mkni leokre ckum` nkt wkrb. Ckum` use `rkp kut prkvdsdkn l/c perdk`s ko nkn ckntrdlutdkn fg` leen cguse` ly g tejpkrgry `dsgldmdty. Fem` `endgm nkt g lregcf ko s. 75 e) Pfe Ckurt ds mdbemy tk `eoer tk g meidsmgte` eookrt tk gcckjjk`gte perskns wdtf `dsgldmdtdes gn` ds nkt dncmdne` tk sulstdtute `dooerent reje`des, `rgw qugmdoydni mdnes dn `dooerent pmgces, kr ktferwdse re`esdin tfe meidsmgte` scfeje. o) Nkvg Scktdg v. Jgrtdn8 Strucb `kwn prkvdsdkns ko cfrkndc pgdn dn wkrbs ckjp. Qrkirgj nkt gpprkprdgte gnswer okr tfkse w/ cfrkndc pgdn l/c dt mgsts mknier tfgn 0 weebs. @dstdnctdkn lgse` kn pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty, even tfkuif jejlers ko tfe ckjpgrdskn irkup were gmsk `dsglme`. @dstdnctdkn djpgdre` fujgn `dindty ko cfrkndc pgdn suooers gn` ckunte` gs `dscrdjdngtdkn tfgt wgs prkfdldte` ly s. 75, ckum` nkt le hustdode` un`er s. 7 i) Em`rd`ie8 fem` tfgt lc fegmtf cgre pmgns `d` nkt gcckjjk`gte specdgm nee`s ko `ego pekpme pekpme seebdni je`dcgm servdces. (pulmdcmy oun`e` sdin mgniugie dnterpretgtdkn). Fem`, lregcf ko s 75, ckjjundcgtdkn ds essentdgm pgrt ko servdces, `endgm ko equgm leneodt tk `ego pekpme. f) \k`rdquez8 gssdstdni sudcd`e, pfysdcgmmy `dsglme` tk tfe .pkdnt unglme tk bdmm fersemo w/k gssdstgnce. Glme-lk`de` ckntrgst, oree tk ckjjdt sudcd`e w.k gssdstgnce. @dscrdjdngte` ly irkun` ko pfysdcgm `dsgldmdty; Fem` tfgt prkfdldtdkn dn gny cgse wkum` le hustdode` un`er s. 7 74. Cdtdzensfdp8 gngmkikus tk tfkse jentdkne` dn s. 75. Gn`rews cdtdzensfdp requdrejent okr hkdndni tfe mgw skcdety 76.
<1. Jgrdtgm stgtus8 ds gngmkikus. Jdrkn v. Pru`em8 mgw excmu`e` ckjjkn mgw pgrtners orkj recedvdni dnsurgnce. Nkvg Scktdg v. Ygmsf8 jgtrdjkndgm prkperty upfem`. Fem` tfgt excmusdkn ko unjgrrde` ckfgldtgnts `d` nkt djpgdr fujgn `dindty. L/c gssujptdkn tfgt ikt jgrrde` ckjjdtte` tfejsemves tk g remgtdknsfdp gn` ckntrdlutdni tk egcf ktfer—s gssets. <7. <7. Sexugm krdentgtdkn8 gngmkikus tk tfkse jentdkne` dn s. 75. Eign8 fem` oe`ergm km` gie securdty gct kooen`e` s. 75 ly jgbdni spkusgm gmmkwgnce gvgdmglme tk spkuse ko kppksdte sex lut nkt sgje sex pgrtner. Qrkvdsdkn upfem` un`er s. 7. g) _rden` v. v. Gmlertg8 fem` tfgt F\ stgtute kooen`e` s. 75 ly ogdmdni tk prkvd`e g reje`y okr g perskn wfk wgs `dscrdjdngte` gigdnst ly fds ejpmkyer kn tfe lgsds ko sexugm krdentgtdkn. Nkt sgve` un`er s. 7, Gmlertg ogdme` tk sfkw meidtdjgte meidsmgtdve ikgm tfgt wkum` g`vgnce ogdmure tk prktect fkjksexugms orkj `dscrdjdngtdkn lgse` kn sexugm krdentgtdkn. l) J.v.F8 fem` tfgt excmusdkn ko perskns dn sgje sex remgtdknsfdp orkj tfe spkusgm suppkrt klmdigtdkns wgs uncknstdtutdkngm. Gngmkikus tk s. 75, gmsk djpgdre` fujgn `dindty ly djpmydni sgje sex pekpmes gre mess wkrtfy ko prktectdkn tfgn kppksdte sex. Nkt sgve` un`er s 7 l.c ikgms were tk jgbe equdtglme prkvdsdkn ko tfe ecknkjdcgmmy wegber spkuse kn tfe lregb`kwn ko g remgtdknsfdp gn` tk egse tfe lur`en kn pulmdc purse. c) Cgng`g v. Fdsmkp8 Fdsmkp8 sgje sex pgrtners tfgt `de` leokre 7446 were dnemdidlme okr survdvkr—s leneodts, cfgmmenidni reje`dgm mgw. Fem` tfgt s. 7 requdre` tfgt emdidldmdty okr survdvkr—s pensdkn fg` tk le jg`e retrkgctdvemy tk gpr 75, 7465 wfen s 75 cgje dntk okrce. Gpprkprdgte ckjpgrdskn wgs kppksdte sex ckupmes wfkse pgrtners `de` ltn 7465 gn` 7446. Fem` tfgt pgrmdgjent cgn jgbe pgyjent ko leneodts prkspectdvemy knmy gn` pgyjent prkvdsdkns were upfem`. `) Mdttme Sdsters8 Ckurt giree` tfgt custkjs `d` tgriet djpkrts ko Mdttme sdsters l/c fkjksexugm ckntent. @dindty `djdndsfe` ly `dooerent tregtjent. Lregcf ko 75, Lut `dscrdjdngtdkn wgs dnferent dn `eodndtdkn ko ‖klscendty— wfdcf gppmde` tk lktf fkjk gn` fetrk jgterdgm w/k `dooerentdgtdkn. @dscrdjdngtdkn kccurre` gt g`jdndstrgtdve mevem, nkt meidsmgtdkn, reje`y wgs nkt tk strdbe `kwn tfe mgw lut tk dnsdst kn even fgn`e` gn` sensdtdve g`jdn ko meidsmgtd kn.
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e) Kppksdte sex requdrejent okr jgrrdgie cknstdtute` `dscrdjdngtdkn kn irkun` ko sexugm krdentgtdkn, vdkmgtdkn ko s 75, nkt sgve` un`er s. 7
<<. Qmgce ko resd`ence8 resd`ence8 ds NKP gn gngmkikus irkun`, mgcbs emejent ko djjutgldmdty tfgt ds ckjjkn kn mdste` irkun`s gn` ds requdre` okr tfe gngmkikus irkun`s. g) \.v.Purpdn8 \.v.Purpdn8 rehecte` griujent tfgt crdj ck`e tfgt gmmkws tk le trde` ly hu`ie gmkne ds dnvgmd` dn Kntgrdk l/c tfey wkum` fgve fg` kptdkn do tfey were trde` dn Gmlertg. l) Ckrldere v. Cgng`g8 fem` tfgt ‖glkrdidngmdty-resd`enc e— wgs gn gngmkikus irkun` gn` tfgt tfe vktdni requdre jent ledni lgse` kn tfgt irkun` wgs g lregcf ko s 75. Fkwever, `ecdsdkn cknodne` tk— koo reserve lgn` jejler stgtus—. Dt cgnnkt le lregcf ko s75 tfgt skje mgws mdbe jdn wgie ds fdier dn Jgndtklg tfgn dt ds dn QED, tfds fgs tk `k w/ sepgrgtdkn ko pkwers. Cgnnkt le sulhect ko s. 75 cfgmmenie. c) \.v.S.(S)8 rehecte` griujent - okr regskns glkve. Kntgrdk fg` nk Tkuni Tkuni Kooen`ers Qrkirgj gn` ktfer prkvdnces `d`. @dstdnctdkns lge` kn prkv ko resd`ence `d` nkt cknstdtute `dsc rdjdngtdkn wdtfdn s. 75 (`dooerences prkv mgws cgn never gjkunt tk `dscrdjdngtdkn l/c ko tfe oe`ergm prdncdpme). `) @dstdnctdkns ltn oe` mgws lgse` kn prkvdnce ko resd`ence wkum` usugmmy le gccepte` gs g prkper reomectdkn ko oe`ergm vgmues. @dstdnctdkns lgse` kn prkvdnce ko resd`ence tfgt gre cguse` ly `dooerent mgws dn `dooerent prkvdnces wdmm gmwgys le gccepte` gs gn dnevdtglme kutckje ko g oe`ergm systej. Qrkvdnces tfgt jgbe `dstdnctdkns ltn jundcdpgmdtdes sfkum` gmsk nkt le fem` dn lregcf ko s. 75 pmeldscdte. <3. Kccupgtdkn8 ds NKP gn gngmkikus irkun`, dt mgcbs djjutgldmdty tfgt ds ckjjkn dn mdste` irkun`s gn` ds requdre` okr gngmkikus irkun`s. g) @emdsme v. Cgng`g8 Excmusdkn ko \CJQ orkj oe`ergm pulmdc servdces stgoo remgtdkns gct, ds nkt g lregcf ko s. 75 (tfus rcjp unglme tk okrj g certdode` trg`e undkn w/ tfe rdift tk lgrigdn ckmmectdvemy gn` strdbe). Lut `dstdnctdkn ltn kccupgtdkns irkups cgnnkt le cfgmmenie` un`er s. 75 l/c kccupgtdkngm wgs nkt ‖ounctdkngmmy djjutglme— cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt ckum` qugmdoy gs gn gngmkikus irkun`. \ehecte` oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn griujent l/c fg` ckjjkn mgw rdift tk gsskcdgte even tfkuif nk stgtutkry rdifts ko ckmmectdve lgrigdndni. l) @unjkre v. Kntgrdk8 fem` excmusdkn ko girdcumturgm wkrbers orkj Kntgrdk—s Mglkr \emgtdkns Gct wgs lregcf ko <(`) gn` ckum` nkt le sgve` ly s. 7. Equgmdty cmgdj - wkrbers wgnte` tk le tregte` equgmmy mdbe ktfer wkrbers tk wfkj gct `d` nkt gppmy. Nkt necessgry tk cknsd`er s. 75 l/c reje`y ckum` le un`er <(`). Pfds cgse gmmkws kccupgtdkn tk le g irkun` ko uncknstdtutdkngm `dscrdjdngtdkn ly tfe `evdce ko djpkrtdni gn equgmdty vgmue dntk tfe iugrgntee ko oree`kj ko gsskcdgtdkn. c) Fegmtf Servdces Lgrigdndni Cgse8 Gct purpkrte` tk kverrd`e skje rdifts pkssesse` ly tfe prkvdnce—s undkndze` fegmtf cgre wkrbers un`er tfedr ckmmectdve gireejents. Lecguse tfe gct sulstgntdgmmy dnteroere` w/ terjs ko ckmmectdve gireejent, dt wgs dnvgmd`. Ckurt8 g`verse eooects ko Gct kn fegmtf cgre wkrbers remgte essentdgmmy tk tfe type ko wkrb tfey `k, gn` nkt tk tfe perskns tfey gre. Pfere wgs nk `dooerentdgm tregtjent lgse` kn perskngm cfgrgcterdstdcs. Knce gigdn, kccupgtdkngm stgtus wgs rehecte` gs gn gngmkikus irkun`. <0. Gn` Gn`rews v. Lrd Lrdtds tdsf Ckmu kmujld jldg g) Ogcts8 Gn`rews wgs g Lrdtdsf cdtdzen gn` g mgwyer. Fe jkve` tk Cgng`g gn` gttejpte` tk hkdn tfe Mgw Skcdety ko Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg. Fe pgsse` gmm ko tfe necessgry tests okr dn`dvd`ugms wdtf dnterngtdkngm `eirees, fkwever fe wgs nkt gmmkwe` tk leckje g jejler Gct mdjdte` jejlersfdp tk Cgng`dgn cdtdzens. Fe sue` tfe Mgw Skcdety cmgdjdni tfgt tfds prkvdsdkn ds ckntrgry tk s. 75 ko tfe Cfgrter. Skcdety successoum gt trdgm, kverturne` kn gppegm, nkw gppegms. l) Dssue8wfetfer tfe requdrejent ko Cgng`dgn cdtdzensfdp okr g`jdssdkn tk tfe Lrdtdsf Ckmujldg lgr ds gn dnordniejent upkn kr `endgm ko tfe equgmdty rdifts iugrgntee` ly s. 75(7) ko tfe Cfgrter. Gn` do sk, wfetfer dt ds hustdode` un`er s. 7. c) \egskndni8 Yfgt ds trumy jegnt ly prktectdni equgmdty ds tfgt dt just le ensure` tfgt everykne ds tregte` ogdrmy un`er tfe mgw, gn` ds nkt tregte` `dooerentmy lecguse ko g cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt fgs nk meigm legrdni. (7) tfe sectd sectdkn kn ds ds nkt g ienergm ienergm iugrgnt iugrgntee ee ko equgm equgmdty dty,, rgtfer rgtfer dt dt ds knmy knmy cknce ckncerne` rne` wdtf equgm equgm gppmdcg gppmdcgtdkn tdkn ko tfe tfe mgw. mgw. Dt wgs wgs ourtfer stgte` tfgt dt sfkum` le reckindze` tfgt nkt gmm `dooerences dn tregtjent wdmm resumt dn dnequgmdty gn` tfgt d`entdcgm tregtjent jgy resumt dn dnequgmdty. (<) tfe suiie suiiestd stdkn kn tk gppmy gppmy tfe sgje sgje meigm meigm rumes rumes tk tk irkups irkups kr dn`dv dn`dvd`ug d`ugms ms wfk wfk gre "sdjdmg "sdjdmgrmy rmy sdtu sdtugte` gte`"" ("sdj ("sdjdmgr dmgrmy my sdtugt sdtugte` e` test" wfere mdbes gre tregte` gmdbe gn` `dsmdbes `dooerentmy) wgs odrjmy rehecte`. @dscrdjdngtdkn jgy le `escrdle` gs g `dstdnctdkn, wfetfer dntentdkngm kr nkt lut lgse` kn irkun`s remgtdni tk tfe (3) perskngm cfgrgcterdstdcs ko tfe dn`dv d`ugm kr irkup wfdcf fgs tfe eooect ko djpksdni lur`ens, klmdigtdkns, kr `dsg`vgntgies kn sucf dn`dvd`ugm kr irkup nkt djpkse` kn ktfers, kr wfdcf wdtffkm`s kr mdjdts gccess tk kppkrtundtdes, leneodts, gn` g`vgntgies gvgdmglme tk ktfer jejlers ko skcdety. @dstdnctdkns lgse` kn perskngm cfgrgcterdstdcs gttrdlute` tk gn dn`dvd`ugm skmemy kn tfe lgsds ko gsskcdgtdkn wdtf g irkup wdmm rgremy escgpe tfe cfgrie ko `dscrdjdngtdkn, wfdme tfkse lgse` kn gn
dn`dvd`ugm—s jerdts gn` cgpgcdtdes wdmm rgremy le sk cmgssdode`.
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`dscrdjdngtdkn just le lgse` kn gn "enujergte` kr gngmkikus irkun`s", gn` tfe dn`dvd`ugm seebdni tk strdbe `kwn g (0) mgw just `ejknstrgte tfe exdstence ko `dooerentdgm tregtjent lgse` kn edtfer ko tfe twk irkun`s. Orkj tfere tfe knus sfdots tk tfe Crkwn wfk just sfkw tfe mgw hustdode` un`er s. 7. (5) g rume rume wfdcf wfdcf lgrs lgrs gn gn entdre entdre cmgss cmgss ko perskns perskns orkj certgdn certgdn okrjs okrjs ko ejpmky ejpmkyjent jent skmemy skmemy kn kn tfe irkun` irkun` tfgt tfgt tfey tfey gre gre nkt nkt Cgng`dgn cdtdzens vdkmgtes vdkmgtes tfe equgmdty rdifts ko tfgt cmgss. D giree wdtf fdj gmsk tfgt dt `dscrdjdngtes gigdnst gigdnst tfej kn tfe irkun` ko tfedr perskngm cfgrgcterdstdcs, cfgrgcterdstdc s, d.e., tfedr nkn-cdtdzen nkn-cdtdze n stgtus. D lemdeve, tfereokre, tfgt tfey gre entdtme` tk tfe prktectdkn ko s. s. 75. `)\ume/Pest okr s. 75 vdkmgtdkn8 Dn kr`er okr g mgw tk vdkmgte s. 75(7) ko tfe Cfgrter tfree tfdnis just le estglmdsfe`8 (7)
(<)
(g) `dooerentdgm `dooerentdgm tregtjent, tregtjent, (l) `dooerentdgm tregtjent jg`e kn tfe lgsds ko gn enujergte` kr gngmkikus (kpen tk dnterpretgtdkn) irkun`, gn` (c) tfe eooect ko tfe meidsmgtdkn djpkses djpkses g `dsg`vgntgie Do tfese gre sgtdsode`, dt just le `eterjdne` do tfe mgw ds hustdode` ly s. 7 usdni tfe Kgbes test.
e) Gngmysds8 s.0< vdkmgtes s.75 ko tfe Cfgrter gs dt tregts nkn-cdtdzens `dooerentmy kn gn gngmkikus irkun` tk tfkse enujergte` dn tfe Cfgrter gn` tfgt dt djpkses g `dsg`vgntgie kn tfej gs tfey cgnnkt wkrb gs g mgwyer. Everykne except okr JcDntyre girees tfgt tfds vdkmgtdkn ds nkt hustdode` ly s.7 (7) (7) Pfe Pfe jgh jghkr krdt dty y odn odn` ` tfg tfgtt tfe tfese se gre gre nkt nkt sgve sgve` `l ly y s.7 gs tfey cgn le estglmdsfe` ly ktfer jegns (tests tk ensure nkn-cdtdzen mgwyers un`erstgn` Cgng`dgn custkjs), ledni g cdtdzen `kesn—t necessgrdmy jegn yku gre cknnecte` tk tfe ckuntry, gn` odngmmy tfgt mgwyers `k nkt regmmy pmgy g rkme dn ikverndni kur ckuntry. o) Sectdkn Sectdkn 7 Pest Pest (7) tfe klhec klhectdve tdve skui skuift ft tk tk le gcfdeve` gcfdeve` ly tfe tfe djpuin djpuine` e` mgw mgw just just remgte remgte tk ckncer ckncerns ns wfdcf wfdcf gre "pres "pressdni sdni gn` suls sulstgntd tgntdgm" gm" dn dn g oree gn` `ejkcrgtdc skcdety (<) tfe gppmdcgtdk gppmdcgtdkn n ko g prkpkr prkpkrtdkn tdkngmdty gmdty test wfdcf wfdcf requd requdres res tfe Ckurt Ckurt tk tk lgmgnce lgmgnce g nujler nujler ko ogctkrs. ogctkrs. Pfe Ckurt Ckurt just just cknsd`er cknsd`er tfe ngture ko tfe rdift, tfe extent ko dts dnordniejent, gn` tfe `eiree tk wfdcf tfe mdjdtgtdkn ourtfers tfe gttgdnjent ko tfe meidtdjgte ikgm reomecte` dn tfe meidsmgtdkn. i) Fkm`dni8 sectdkn 0< ko Lgrrdsters gn` Skmdcdtkrs Gct vdkmgte` s. 75 gn` dt ckum` nkt le sgve` un`er s. 7. Gppegm `dsjdsse`.
<5.
\.v.Bgpp8 g) Ogcts8 Glkrdidngm Odsferdes Strgteiy. G sdindodcgnt pgrt ko tfe Strgteiy wgs tfe dntrk`uctdkn ko tfree pdmkt sgmes prkirg js, kne ko wfdcf resumte` dn tfe dssugnce ko g ckjjungm odsfdni mdcence tk tfree glkrdidngm lgn`s, perjdttdni odsfers `esdingte` ly tfe lgn`s tk odsf okr sgmjkn dn Orgser \dver okr g perdk` ko <0 fkurs. Pfe gppemmgnts, wfk gre gmm ckjjercdgm odsfers, jgdnmy nkn-glkrdidngm, excmu`e` orkj tfe odsfery `urdni tfds <0-fkur perdk`, pgrtdcdpgte` dn g prktest odsfery gn` were cfgrie` wdtf odsfdni gt g prkfdldte` tdje. Gt tfedr trdgm, tfey griue` tfgt tfe ckjjungm ckjjungm odsfdni mdcence `dscrdjdngte` gigdnst tfej kn tfe lgsds ko rgce. s.75(7);; l) Dssue8 Fkw `kes s.75(<) ko tfe Cfgrter dntergct wdtf s.75(7) c) \egskndni8 Pfe ckjjungm odsfdni mdcence ogmms wdtfdn tfe gjldt ko s. 75(<) ko tfe Cfgrter, gn` tfe gppemmgnts— cmgdj ko g vdkmgtdkn ko s. 75 cgnnkt succee`. (7) Sectdkn Sectdkn 75(7) 75(7) gn` s. s. 75(<) 75(<) wkrb wkrb tkiet tkietfer fer tk tk prkjkt prkjktee tfe vdsdkn vdsdkn ko ko sulstg sulstgntdv ntdvee equgmdt equgmdty y tfgt tfgt un`ermd un`ermdes es s. s. 75 gs g wfkme. wfkme. Pfe okcus ko s. 75(7) ds kn preventdni ikvernjents orkj jgbdni `dstdnctdkns lgse` kn enujergte` kr gngmkikus irkun`s tfgt fgve tfe eooect ko perpetugtdni `dsg`vgntgie kr prehu`dce kr djpksdni `dsg`vgntgie kn tfe lgsds ko sterektypdni. Pfe okcus ko s. 75(<) ds kn englmdni ikvernjents tk prk-gctdvemy ckjlgt `dscrdjdngtdkn ly `evemkpdni prkirgjs gdje` (<) gt fempdni `dsg`vgntgie` irkups djprkve tfedr sdtugtdkn. Pfrkuif s. 75(<), tfe Cfgrter preserves tfe rdift ko ikvernjents tk djpmejent sucf prkirgjs wdtfkut oegr ko cfgmmenie un`er s. 75(7). (3) Pfe sulsect sulsectdkn dkn prktects prktects ”gny mgw, mgw, prkir prkirgj gj kr kr gctdvdt gctdvdty y tfgt tfgt fgs fgs gs dts klhe klhect ct tfe tfe gjemdk gjemdkrgtd rgtdkn kn ko ckn`dtd ckn`dtdkns kns ko `dsg`vgntgie` dn`dvd`ugms kr irkups‚. Dt ds tfus kpen tk tfe ikvernjent, wfen ogce` wdtf g s. 75 cmgdj, tk estglmdsf tfgt tfe djpuine` prkirgj ogmms un`er (0) s. 75(<) gn` ds tfereokre cknstdtutdkngm. Do tfey ikvernjent ds glme tk `k tfds, tfen tfe s.75(7) cmgdj just ogdm. Pfe cmgdj wdmm en` fere, gn` tfe rest ko tfe s.75(7) Lecguse tfe mdcenses were dssue` pursugnt tk g oe`ergm stgtute, tfey ogmm un`er tfe `eodndtdkn ko "mgw, prkirgj kr (5) gctdvdty" wdtfdn s.75(<). Do tfe ikvernjent sfkws tfds, tfe cmgdj ogdms2 fkwever, do tfe ikvernjent cgnnkt sfkw tfds tfen tfe rest ko tfe s.75(7) gngmysds just prkcee`. tfe gjemdkrgtdve prkirgj just knmy fgve gjemdkrgtdkn gs dts purpkse 2 tfe eooect ds nkt tk le cknsd`ere`. Fkwever, tfe (?) purpkse tfgt tfe ikvernjent sets kut `kes nkt nee` tk le gccept e`2 tfe ckurts cgn odn` wfgt tfe true purpkse ds. Pfe sdncere purpkse just le tk prkjkte equgmdty ly gjemdkrgtdni tfe ckn`d tdkns ko g `dsg`vgntgie` irkup. Pfds `kes nkt nee` tk le tfe skme purpkse ko tfe prkirgj, fkwever tfe jkre djpkrtgnce tfgt tfds purpkse ds idven dn tfe prkirgj tfe jkre mdbemy dt ds tfgt tfe prkirgj wdmm ogmm un`er s.75(<) un`er s.75(<).. Dn kr`er tk sfkw tfgt tfe prkirgj fg` gn gjemdkrgtdve purpkse tfe ikvernjent just sfkw tfgt tfere ds g ckrremgtdkn letween tfe prkirgj gn` tfe `dsg`vgntgie ko tfe irkup.
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`)\umes8 Yfen g cmgdjgnt jgbes g s.75(7) `dscrdjdngtdkn cmgdj tfey just odrst prkve tfgt g `dstdnctdkn fgs leen `rgwn kn gn (7) enujergte` kr gngmkikus irkun`. Goter tfey fgve prkven tfds, tfe ikvernjent fgs tfe kppkrtundty tk prkve tfgt tfe prkirgj dn questdkn ogmms un`er s. un`er s.75(<) (<) G `dstdn `dstdnctd ctdkn kn lgse lgse` ` kn gn enu enujer jergte gte` ` kr gngmk gngmkik ikus us irku irkun` n` dn g ikve ikvern rnjen jentt prki prkirgj rgj wdm wdmmm nkt cknstdtute `dscrdjdngtdkn `dscrdjdngtdkn un`er s. 75 do, un`er s. 75(<)8 (g)Pfe prkirgj fgs gn gjemdkrgtdve kr reje`dgm purpkse2 gn` (l) Pfe prkirgj prkirgj tgriets g `dsg`vgntgi `dsg`vgntgie` e` irkup irkup d`entdode` d`entdode` ly tfe enujergte` enujergte` kr gngmkikus gngmkikus irkun`s. Idven tfe mgniugie ko tfe prkvdsdkn prkvdsdkn gn` dts purpkse , meidsmgtdve ikgm ds tfe pgrgjkunt cknsd`ergtdkn dn `eterjdndni wfetfer kr nkt g prkirgj qugmdodes okr s. 75(<) prktectdkn. (3) Pk ogmm un`er s.75(<), s.75(<), tfe prkirgj just knmy fgve g sdncere gjemdkrgtdve purpkse2 tfe eooects gre nkt tk le strdctmy cknsd`ere` (tfe lur`en ds kn tfe ikvernjent tk prkve tfgt tfe purpkse ds sdnceremy tk prkjkte tfe gjemdkrgtdkn ko tfe `dsg`vgntgie` irkup2 tfey just prkve tfgt tfere ds g ckrremgtdkn letween tfe prkirgj gn` tfe `dsg`vgntgie ko tfe irkup). (0) Gmtfkuif Gmtfkuif tfe gjemdkr gjemdkrgtdv gtdvee purpks purpksee `kes `kes nkt nkt nee` nee` tk le le tfe skme skme purpks purpksee ko tfe prkirgj prkirgj,, tfe tfe jkre jkre djpkrt djpkrtgnt gnt tfe gjemdkrgtdve purpkse ds, tfe jkre mdbemy dt ds tfgt tfe prkirgj wdmm ogmm un`er s.75(<) un`er s.75(<).. (5) Pfe ogct ogct tfgt tfgt nkt nkt gmm jejler jejlerss ko tfe tfe irkup irkup ledni ledni fempe` fempe` ly ly tfe prkirgj prkirgj suooer suooer `dsg` `dsg`vgnt vgntgie gie ds ds nkt djpkrtg djpkrtgnt nt sk mkni gs tfere ds g irkup `dsg`vgntgie suooere` ly tfe irkup tgriete` ly tfe prkirgj. e) Gngmysds8 Pfe prkirgj gmsk ”fgs gs dts klhect tfe gjemdkrgtdkn ko ckn`dtdkns ko `dsg`vgntgie` dn`dvd`ugms kr irkups‚. Pfe Crkwn `escrdles nujerkus klhectdves okr tfe prkirgj, wfdcf dncmu`e neiktdgtdni skmutdkns tk glkrdidngm odsfdni rdifts cmgdjs, prkvd`dni ecknkjdc kppkrtundtdes tk ngtdve lgn`s gn` suppkrtdni tfedr prkiress tkwgr`s semo-suoodcdency. Pfe jegns cfksen tk gcfdeve tfe purpkse (specdgm odsfdni prdvdmeies okr glkrdid ngm ckjjundtdes, cknstdtutdni g leneodt) gre rgtd kngmmy remgte` tk servdni tfgt purpkse. Qrkirgj `kes nkt vdkmgte tfe equgmdty iugrgntee ko s. 75 ko tfe Cfgrter. Pfe ogct tfgt skje dn`dvd`ugm jejlers ko tfe lgn`s jgy nkt fgve fg` perskngm `dsg`vgntgies ds djjgterdgm, gs dt `kes nkt neigte tfe irkup `dsg`vgntgie suooere` ly tfe lgn` jejlers o) Ckncm Ckncmusd usdkn8 kn8 i) Fem`8 Pfe gppegm sfkum` le `dsjdsse`. Pfe ckjjungm odsfdni mdcence wgs cknstdtutdkngm.
Pfe hurdspru`ence estglmdsfes g twk-pgrt test okr gssessdni g s. 75(7) cmgdj8 (Bgpp)
(g) @kes tfe mgw cregte g `dstdnctdkn tfgt ds lgse` kn gn enujergte` kr gngmkikus irkun` ; gn` d) Gn gngmkikus irkun` irkun` ds kne lgse` kn ”g perskngm cfgrgcterds cfgrgcterdstdc tdc tfgt ds djjutglme djjutglme kr cfgnieglme knmy gt ungcceptglme ckst tk perskngm d`entdty (l) (l) @kes @kes tfe tfe `ds `dstd tdnc nctd tdkn kn cr cregte egte g `ds `dsg` g`vg vgnt ntgi gie e ly ly perp perpet etug ugtd tdni ni pre prehu hu`d `dce ce kr kr ster sterek ekty typd pdni ni; ; d) Pfe odrst wgy tfgt sulstgntdve dnequgmdty, kr `dscrdjdngtdkn, jgy le estglmdsfe` ds ly sfkwdni tfgt tfe djpuine` mgw, dn purpkse kr eooect, perpetugtes prehu`dce gn` `dsg`vgntgie tk jejlers ko g irkup kn tfe lgsds ko perskngm cfgrgcterdstdcs wdtfdn s. 75(7). dd) Pfe seckn` wgy tfgt sulstgntdve dnequgmdty jgy le estglmdsfe` ds ly sfkwdni sfkwdni tfgt tfe `dsg`vgntgie djpkse` ly tfe mgw ds lgse` kn g sterektype tfgt `kes nkt ckrrespkn` tk tfe gctugm cdrcujstgnces gn` cfgrgcterdstdcs ko tfe cmgdjgnt kr cmgdjgnt irkup.
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ddd) Ckntextugm Ckntextugm ogctkrs8 ogctkrs8 wfk tfe tfe meidsmgture meidsmgture dnten`e` tk leneodt leneodt & wfy, wfy, tfe tfe ngture ngture gn` purpkse ko tfe tfe djpuine` djpuine` meidsmgtdkn dn remgtdkn tk tfe cmgdjgnt—s sdtugtdkn, tfe djpuine` `dstdnctdkn `dscrdjdngtes ly perpetugtdni tfe irkup—s `dsg`vgntgie kr ly sterektypdni tfe irkup (<) Pfe cmgdjgn cmgdjgntt just just estgl estglmds mdsf f tfgt tfgt fe kr sfe sfe fgs fgs leen leen `ende `ende` ` g leneo leneodt dt tfgt tfgt ktfer ktferss gre gre irgnt irgnte` e` kr cgrrdes cgrrdes g lur`en lur`en tfgt tfgt ktfers `k nkt, ly regskn ko g perskngm cfgrgcterdstdc tfgt ogmms wdtfdn tfe enujergte` kr gngmkikus irkun`s ko s. 75(7). Dt ds nkt necessgry tk pdnpkdnt g jdrrkr ckjpgrgtkr irkup. (3) perskn perskn ”jus ”justt sfkw sfkw nkt nkt knmy knmy tfgt tfgt fe fe kr sfe ds nkt nkt reced recedvdn vdni i equgm equgm tregtj tregtjent ent leokre leokre gn` gn` un`er un`er tfe mgw mgw kr kr tfgt tfgt tfe tfe mgw fgs g `dooerentdgm djpgct kn fdj kr fer dn tfe prktectdkn kr leneodt gcckr`e` ly mgw lut, dn g``dtdkn, just sfkw tfgt tfe meidsmgtdve djpgct ko tfe mgw ds `dscrdjdngtkry. (0) Hurdspru`ence8 Hurdspru`ence8.
`)Gngmysds8 (7) Sdnce Sdnce tfe \e`uctd \e`uctdkn kn Qrkv Qrkvdsdk dsdkns ns gt gt dssue dssue dn tfds tfds cgse cgse gre gie-remg gie-remgte`, te`, tfey cknstdtu cknstdtute te gn klvdkus klvdkus `dstdnct `dstdnctdkn dkn kn gn enujergte` irkun`, lut, lecguse tfe gie-lgse` rumes gre, kvergmm, eooectdve dn jeetdni tfe gctugm nee`s ko tfe cmgdjgnts gn` dn gcfdevdni djpkrtgnt ikgms sucf gs ensurdni tfgt retdree leneodts gre jegndnioum, tfey `k nkt vdkmgte s. 75(7). (<) Qensdkn Qensdkn leneo leneodt dt scfej scfejes es gre gre `esdin `esdine` e` tk leneodt leneodt g nujler nujler ko ko irkups irkups dn dn `dooer `dooerent ent cdrcuj cdrcujstgn stgnces ces gn` gn` wdtf wdtf `doo `dooeren erentt dnterests, gn` egcf emejent ko tfe scfeje just le cknsd`ere` dn remgtdkn tk tfe sudte ko leneodts prkvd`e`. Gs g lrkg`-lgse` scfeje jegnt tk ckver tfe ckjpetdni dnterests ko vgrdkus gie irkups, `dstdnctdkns kn ienergm crdterdg, dncmu`dni gie, fg` tk le jg`e tk g``ress tfe jejlers— `dooerent nee`s kver tfe ckurse ko tfedr wkrbdni mdves. (3) Yfen Yfen tfe suppmej suppmejentg entgry ry `egtf `egtf leneodt leneodt ds ckns cknsd`er d`ere` e` dn tfe cknt ckntext ext ko ko tfe tfe ktfer ktfer pensdkn pensdknss gn` leneodts leneodts tk wfdcf wfdcf tfe survdvdni spkuses gre entdtme`, dt ds cmegr tfgt dts purpkse ckrrespkn`s tk tfedr nee`s. (0) Okr ykunier ykunier ejpmkye ejpmkyees, es, dt gcts gcts gs irkup irkup mdoe mdoe dnsu dnsurgnc rgncee ly dnsurdn dnsurdni i gigdns gigdnstt unexpe unexpecte` cte` `egtf `egtf gt g tdje tdje wfen wfen tfe survdvdni spkuse wkum` nkt le prktecte` ly g pensdkn. Okr km`er ejpmkyees, wfkse spkuses— mkni-terj dnckje securdty ds iugrgntee` ly tfe survdvkr—s pensdkn ckupme` wdtf tfe pulmdc servdce—s fegmtf gn` `entgm pmgns, dt ds dnten`e` tk gssdst wdtf tfe cksts ko mgst dmmness gn` `egtf. e) Fem`8 gppegm sfkum` le `dsjdsse`. Nkt `dscrdjdngtdkn/vdkmgtdkn ko s. 75 B. \EJE@DES - Cf. 01 Enokrcejent ko \difts
7. Suprejgcy Suprejgcy Cmguse g) Sectdkn 5<(7)8 idves cfgrter kverrd`dni eooect, gny mgw dncknsdstent ds ko nk okrce kr eooect. l) Sectdkn <0(7) ckjpgre`8 cfgrter—s kwn reje`y cmguse, gutfkrdzes ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x tk gwgr` g reje`y okr lregcf ko cfgrter. (7) @dooerence w/ tfds gn` 5<8 (g) s <0(7) gppmdcglme knmy tk lregcfes ko Cfgrter gn` s5<(7) ds gppmdcglme tk entdre cknstdtutdkn dncmu`dni cfgrter. (l) s <0 ds gvgdmglme dn skje cdrcujstgnces tk perskns wfkse rdifts fgve nkt leen dnordnie` (c) s <0 jgy le gppmde` knmy ly g ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x. 5< jgy le gppmde` ly gny ckurt/ trdlungm wdtf pkwer tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw (`) s<0 gutfkrdzes tfe gwgr` ko g wd`e rgnie ko reje`des, 5< gutfkrdzes knmy g fkm`dni ko dnvgmd`dty, dnvgmd`dty, megvdni dt tk ienergm mgw tk gutfkrdze pgrtdcumgr reje`y (e) s<0 cknoers g `dscretdkn kn tfe ckurt gs tk wfetfer gny reje`y sfkum` le gwgr`e`, 5< cknoers nk `dscretdkn kn ckurt, requdrdni ckurt tk jgbe fkm`dni ko dnvgmd`dty do dt ckncmu`es tfgt g mgw/gct ds dncknsdstent w/ Ckn. Cfkdces ko \eje`des gvgdmglme tk ckurt un`er 5<(7) (<) (g) Nummdodcgtdkn8 strdbdni `kwn stgtute tfgt ds dncknsdstent w/ Ckn (`ecmgrdni dnvgmd`) (l) Pejpkrgry Pejpkrgry vgmd`dt vgmd`dty8 strdbdni `kwn lut tejpkrgrdmy suspen`dni tfe ckjdni dnt okrce ko tfe `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty (c) Severgnce8 fkm`dni tfgt kne pgrt ko stgtute ds dncknsdstent, strdbdni `kwn knmy tfgt pgrt (`) \eg`dni dn8 g``dni wkr`s tk stgtute tfgt ds dncknsdstent, sk gs tk jgbe dt cknsdstent w/ Ckn gn` vgmd` (e) \eg`dni `kwn8 dnterpretdni g stgtute tfgt ckum` le dnterprete` gs dncknsdstent w/ Ckn sk tfgt dt ds cknsdstent w/ Ckn (o) Cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn 8 cregtdni exejptdkn orkj stgtute tfgt ds pgrtmy dncknsdstent w/ Ckn sk gs tk excmu`e orkj tfe stgtute tfe gppmdcgtdkn tfgt wkum` le dncknsdstent c) Nummdodcgtdkn8 requdres ckurt tk fkm` tfgt uncknstdtutdkngm mgw ds dnvgmd`. Do mgw ds okun` ly ckurt tk le dncknsdstent w/ tfe Cfgrter kr rdifts, tfe ckurt ds klmdie` tk strdbe tfe mgw `kwn. Do crdjdngm cgse, @ entdtme` tk gcqudttgm. Do cdvdm, pgrty remydni kn dnvgmd` mgw wdmm mkst tfe meigm lgsds okr cgse. `) Pejpkrgry Pejpkrgry dnvgmd`dty dnvgmd`dty88 ckurts gssuje pkwer tk pkstpkne tfe kpergtdkn ko tfe `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty. Eooect ds tk irgnt g perdk` ko tejpkrgry vgmd`dty tk gn uncknstdtutdkngm stgtute, l/c tfe stgtute wdmm rejgdn dn okrce untdm tfe expdry ko tfe perdk` ko pkstpknejent. (\e Jgndtklg mgniugie rdift s)
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(7) Cgses Cgses tfgt tfgt `d` `d` nkt nkt dnvkm dnvkmve ve unckn uncknstd stdtutd tutdkng kngmm meidsm meidsmgtdk gtdkn, n, lut lut stdmm stdmm idven idven tdje8 tdje8 Lru`ie Lru`ies, s, Gsbkv Gsbkv,, Oeene Oeeney y (<) \.v.Sw \.v.Swgdn8 gdn8 igve igve ? jknt jkntf f perdk` perdk` ko tejp tejpkrg krgry ry vgmd` vgmd`dty dty sk sk hu`ie hu`iess wkum` wkum` nkt le le ckjpe ckjpemme` mme` tk remegs remegsee gmm dnsgndty dnsgndty gcqudttees. Qerdk` gmmkwe` Ikvt tk engct repmgcejent prkvdsdkns. Qrkvdsdkns gmmkwe` `etentdkn dn psycfdgtrdc ogcdmdty ko perskn gcqudtte` kn irkun` ko dnsgndty, lut cgnnkt fgve ckjpmete remegse edtfer l/c `d` serdkus kooense, pkssdlme tfregt tk ckjjundty. Scfgcfter v. Cgng`g8 fem` tfgt prkvdsdkn ko unejpmkyjent dnsurgnce gct kooen`e` s. 75 equgmdty l/c gmm kwe` jkre (3) ienerkus cfdm` cgre leneodts tk g`kptdve pgrents tfgn tk ngturgm pgrents. \eje`y ds tk strdbe `kwn lut `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty tk gmmkw ikvt tk `eterjdne wfetfer tk cgncem/exten` leneodts. Ikvt gjen`e` gct, sk nk nee` tk `ecmgre dnvgmd`dty kr suspen`. Fem`, preoerglme okr ckurt tk rectdoy tfe stgtute ko severgnce kr reg`dni dn wfere reje`des gre gpprkprdgte. Do nkt gpprkprdgte, `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty fg` tk le jg`e tfen Ckurt ckum` prkvd`e okr g tejpkrgry suspensdkn ko tfe `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty ko certgdn cgses. (g) Cgses wfere djje`dgte strdbdni `kwn wkum`8 7) pkse `gnier tk pulmdc <) wkum` tfregten tfe rume ko mgw, mgw, 3) wkum` resumt dn tfe `eprdvgtdkn ko leneodts orkj `eservdni perskns. (l) Pfds mdjdte` `ecmgrgtdkns ko dnvgmd`dty tk sdtugtdkns wfere `gnier, `dskr`er, `dskr`er, kr `eprdvgtdkn wkum` le cguse`. Suspen`e` `ecmgrgtdkn cgn le seen gs okrj ko meidsmgtdve rejgn`, wferely uncknstdtutdkngm meidsmgtdkn ds sent lgcb okr recknsd`ergtdkn dn mdift ko tfe ckurt—s hu`ijent. (0) Djje`d Djj e`dgte gte `ecmg `ecmgrgtd rgtdkn kn ko ko dnvgmd dnvgmd`dty `dty wkum` wkum` megve megve g igp dn tfe tfe mgw mgw okr okr tfe tfe perdk` perdk` requdre` requdre` tk `rgot `rgot gn` engct engct new meidsmgtdkn. (5) Suspen` Suspen`e` e` `ecmgr `ecmgrgtdk gtdkn n ko dnvgmd` dnvgmd`dty dty ds ds `emgye `emgye` ` dn ckjdni ckjdni dntk okrce, okrce, lut lut do do gn` gn` wfen wfen dt dt ckjes ckjes dntk dntk okrce okrce dt fgs tfe nkrjgm retrkgctdve eooect ko g ckurt kr`er. Kpergtes tk dnvgmd`gte tfe uncknstdtutdkngm stgtute orkj tfe tdje ko dts engctjent.
e) Severgnce8 knmy pgrt ko tfe stgtute ds fem` tk le dnvgmd` gn` rest cgn dn`epen`entmy survdve. Lg` pgrt ko stgtute wdmm le strucb `kwn gn` severe` orkj ikk` pgrt. Usugmmy fgppens (dnvgmd`dty ko oemkny jur`er rume `kes nkt entgdm strdbdni `kwn tfe entdre crdjdngm ck`e. Dt ds g `kctrdne ko hu`dcdgm restrgdnt l/c dts eooect ds tk jdndjdze tfe djpgct ko g successoum Cfgrter gttgcb kn tfe mgw. Nkt `esdine` tk gmter tfe jegndni kr eooect ko tfe rejgdn`er ko tfe stgtu te tfgt survdves. Gmsk use` tk repgdr g stgtutkry prkvdsdkn tfgt wgs dnvgmd` dn mgniugie dn wfdcf dt wgs engcte` - use` tk gjen` tfe `eoectdve stgt prkvdsdkn ly `emetdni tfe wkr`s tfgt cguse` tfe cknstdtutdkngm prklmej. (7) \.v.Fes \.v.Fess8 s8 stgtutk stgtutkry ry rgpe rgpe prkvdsd prkvdsdkn, kn, emdj emdjdngt dngte` e` jens jens reg. reg. Strucb Strucb `kwn `kwn unck uncknstd nstdtutd tutdkngm kngm wkr` wkr`s. s. Nk new new wkr`s wkr`s dnser dnserte` te` tk djpkrt jens reg requdrejent. (<) Petregumt etregumt-Ig -Ig`kur `kury y v. v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 lregc lregcf f ko s 75 Cfgrte Cfgrterr tk rest restrdct rdct unej unejpmky pmkyjen jents ts tk tk perskns perskns un`er un`er ?5. Ckurt Ckurt dnvkbe dnvkbe` ` pkwer ko severgnce tk rejkve gie ?5 lgr okrj Gct. Nkw kver ?5 cgn recedve dt tkk. Mgw wgs ‖un`er-dncmusdve—2 ogdme` tk dncmu`e cmgss ko ppm kver ?5. Pk dnvgmd`gte dt wkum` le fgrsf l/c nkw un`er ?5 cgnnkt recedve leneodt edtfer. Gmterngtdve wgs tk exten` stgtutkry leneodt. (3) Lenner Lenner v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 Cdtdzen Cdtdzensfd sfdp p gct gct lregcfe lregcfe` ` s. 75 l/c l/c `doo `dooeren erence ce ltn ltn cfdm`r cfdm`ren en ko ko cgng`dg cgng`dgn n ogtfer ogtferss & jktfe jktfers rs lkrn lkrn glrkg`. Igve gutkjgtdc rdift ko cdtdzensfdp (mdbe ogtfer—s cfdm`ren) tk tfkse lkrn tk cgng`dgn jkjs, tfds mess `dsturle` meidsmgtdve scfeje - severe` pfrgses. o) \eg`dn \eg`dni i dn8 (7) Scfgcfte Scfgcfter8 r8 ckurt ckurt cgn reg` reg` dn dn new new mgniug mgniugie ie tk reje`y reje`y cknstdtu cknstdtutdkn tdkngm gm `eoec `eoect, t, tfds tfds cure` cure` cmgss cmgss ko ko ngturg ngturgmm pgrents pgrents tk tfe tfe stgtutkry prkvdsdkn leneodtdni g`kptdve pgrents. Nkt gpprkprdgte tk reg` dn fere l/c klhectdve ko jgbdni g specdgm prkvdsdkn okr g`kptdve pgrents wgs nkt cmegr, tfereokre, cgnnkt gssuje g``dni ngturgm pgrents wkum` le cknsdstent w/ meidsmgtdve klhectdve. Ykum` cguse jghkr dncregse dn sckpe/ckst ko cfdm` cgre leneodts. Fem` gpprkprdgte reje`y wgs tk `ecmgre dnvgmd`dty suspen`e` okr g suoodcdent tdje tk englme pgrmdgjent tk englme gct dntk cknokrjdty w/ cknstdtutdkn. (g) \eg`dni dn wkum` le g meidtdjgte reje`y gbdn tk severgnce. \eg`dni dn gpprkprdgte dn ‖cmegrest cgses— wfere d) Pfe g``dtdkn ko excmu`e` excmu`e` cmgss wgs cknsdstent cknsdstent w/ meidsmgtdve meidsmgtdve klhectdve klhectdve dd) Pfere seeje` tk le mdttme cfkdce gs tk fkw tk cure tfe cknstdtutdkngm `eoect ddd) Pfe reg`dni reg`dni wkum` wkum` nkt nkt dnvkmve dnvkmve g sulstgnt sulstgntdgm dgm cfgnie cfgnie dn tfe ckst ckst ko ngture ko ko tfe prkvdsdkn prkvdsdkn wkum` wkum` le gn dnoerdkr dnoerdkr reje`y. dv) Pfe gmterngt gmterngtdve dve ko strdbdni strdbdni `kwn `kwn tfe un`er-dncmusdv un`er-dncmusdvee prkvdsdkn prkvdsdkn wkum` le gn dnoerdkr dnoerdkr reje`y reje`y.. (<) Jdrkn Jdrkn v. v. Pru` Pru`em8 em8 gppr gpprkprd kprdgte gte reje`y reje`y wgs tk reg` reg` dn dn tk `eodndtd `eodndtdkn kn ko ko spkus spkusee new mgniugie mgniugie tfgt wkum` wkum` dncmu` dncmu`ee uncknstdtutdkngmmy excmu`e` cmgss ko ckjjkn mgw spkuses okr Dnsurgnce leneodts. (Ikvt gmreg`y gjen`e` Gct goter CKG grkse). Ckurt kr`ere` tfgt mgniugie ko gjen`jent le jg`e retrkgctdve tk cmgdjgnt—s cmgdj. (3) _rden` _rden` v. Gmler Gmlertg8 tg8 reg` reg` dn ‖sexu ‖sexugm gm krdentg krdentgtdkn tdkn—— dntk dntk stgtu stgtutkry tkry mdst mdst ko ko irkun`s irkun`s ko prkfdl prkfdldte` dte` `dsc `dscrdj rdjdngt dngtdkn dkn.. Ykum Ykum` ` le cknsdstent w/ klhectdve ko Gct, wkum` nkt g`` tk cksts ko g`jdndsterdni, mess dntrusdve tfgn strdbdni `kwn entdre Gct. i) \eg`dni `kwn8 wfen stgtute fgs twk dnterpretgtdkn, kne wkum` kooen` Cfgrter ktfer wkum` nkt, Ckurt wdmm mgtter dnterpretgtdkn wfdcf ds nkrjgmmy tfe ngrrkwer kne (fence reg`dni `kwn) tfe ckrrect kne. @kctrdne ko hu`dcdgm restrgdn l/c jdndjdzes djpgct ko successoum Cfgrter gttgcb kn mgw.
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f) Cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn8 orkj ktferwdse vgmd` meidsmgtdkn tfgt wkum` le uncknstdtutdkngm dn dts gppmdcgtdkn tk pgrtdcumgr dn`dvd`ugms kr irkups. (7) Sun`gy Sun`gy cmksd cmksdni ni mgw8 mgw8 exej exejptdk ptdkn n englme englmess ckurt ckurt tk tk upfkm upfkm` ` mgw tfgt ds dnvgm dnvgmd` d` dn dn jkst jkst ko ko dts dts gppmdc gppmdcgtdk gtdkns ns ly ly cregtd cregtdni ni exejptdkn okr tfkse gppmdcgtdkns tfgt wkum` kooen` tfe Cfgrter. Lut sckpe just le `eodne` ly Ckurt (`dsg`vgntgie). (<) \.v.Seg \.v.Seglkye lkyer8 r8 crdj crdj ck`e ck`e prkvd prkvdsdkn sdkn restrdc restrdctdni tdni evd`ence evd`ence tfgt tfgt jgy le g``uc g``uce` e` ly tfe gccus gccuse` e` dn sexugm sexugm gssg gssgumt umt cgses cgses ko tfe pgst sexugm gctdvdty ko tfe ckjpmgdngnt. Cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn wkum` fgve eooect ko strdbdni `kwn tfe sectdkn l/c g`jdssdldmdty ko evd`ence un`er ckn exejptdkn wkum` le ikverne` ly ckjjkn mgw nktdkns ko remevgnce. Cgse rehects cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn gs sgmvgtdkn ko wfgt Ckurt reigr`e` gs kverlrkg` rgpe sfdem` mgw. (3) (3) \.v \.v.Sjd .Sjdtf8 tf8 jdndj jdndjuj uj sente sentenc ncee wgs wgs unckn uncknstd stdtut tutdk dkngm ngm okr okr gmm gmm cgse cgses. s. (0) \.v.Oer \.v.Oerius iuskn8 kn8 ckp— ckp—ss iun went went koo koo gn` sfkt sfkt vdkmen vdkmentt prdskn prdskner er wfdme wfdme fe fe wgs trydni trydni tk put fdj fdj dntk dntk hgdm hgdm cemm. cemm. Cknvdcte Cknvdcte` ` ko jgnsmguifter Ckurt fem` nk lgsds okr ckncmu`dni okur yegr sentence wgs irkssmy `dsprkpkrtdkngte gn` idvdni cknstdtutdkngm exejptdkn orkj sentence ko
d) \ecknstructdkn8 ienergm rume ko prkfdldtdni ckurt orkj recknstructdkn ko uncknstdtutdkngm stgtute. Funter v. Skutfgj8 Ckurt strucb `kwn stgt prkvdsdkn gn` meot pgrmdgjent tk engct gn gjen`jent tfgt wkum` sgtdsoy cknstdtutdkngm requdrejents. \.v.Swgdn8 ckjjkn mgw rume gmm kws (7) Exceptdkn8 rgre cgse wfere kooen`dni m gw ds g rume ko tfe ckjjkn mgw. \.v.Swgdn8 prksecutkr dn crdj trdgm tk g``uce evd`ence ko gcc use`—s dnsgndty gigdnst wdsf ko gccuse`. Fem`, rume vdkmgte` s. 9 l/c evd`ence wkum` mdjdt rdift ko gccuse` tk ckn`uct fds kwn `eoense. Fem`, nkt necessgry tk strdbe `kwn exdstdni mgw l/c dt wgs g rume ko hu`ie jg` ckjjkn mgw, nkt stgtute, Pfe Pfe Ckurt fg` tfe pkwer tk repmgce exdstdni rume w/ new rum e tfgt ckjpmde` w/ Cfgrter. Ckurt `ecmgre` tfgt new rume ogsfdkne` tk ckjpmy w/ Cfgrter wgs nkw tfe mgw. <. \eje`y \eje`y Cmguse g) Sectdkn <0(7)8 prkvd`es okr irgntdni g reje`y tk enokrce rdifts kr oree`kjs iugrgnte e` ly Cfgrter l) Gppmdcglme tk Cfgrter knmy8 knmy gvgdmglme okr lregcf ko Cfgrter. c) Nkn-excmusdve reje`y8 s <0 ds nkt tfe excmusdve reje`y okr Cfgrter lregcf. suprejgcy cmguse 5<(7) ren`ers ‖ko nk okrce kr eooect— gny mgw tfgt ds dncknsdstent w/ tfe Cknstdtutdkn ko Cgng`g - tfds gutfkrdzes ckurt tk fkm` tfgt g mgw glrd`ies g Cfgrter rdift ds dnvgmd`. S <0 ds nee`e` knmy wfere reje`y prkvd`e` ly ienergm mgw ds nkt gvgdmglme okr skje regskn kr wdmm nkt prkvd`e sgtdsogctkry re`ress. Ienergmmy, 5<(7) prkvd`es reje`y okr mgws tfgt vdkmgte Cfgrter rdifts. <0(7) prkvd`es reje`des okr ikvernjent gcts tfgt vdkmgte dn`dvd`ugm—s cfgrter rdift. (perskngm reje`y) (7) Cgn use use lktf lktf sectdk sectdkns ns dn kne cgse cgse okr re`r re`ress ess.. \.v.@ej \.v.@ejers ers88 fem` prkvdsd prkvdsdkns kns ko ko crdj crdj ck`e ck`e respe respectdn ctdni i gccuse gccuse` ` perskns perskns wfk were okun` perjgnentmy undt tk stgn` trdgm were uncknstdtutdkngm okr kverlreg`tf. 7) suspen`e` `ecmgrgtdkn okr 7 yegr okr pgrmdgjent tk engct new mgw - 5< reje`y. <) <0 reje`y wgs tfgt dn event ikvt `d` nkt gct w/n g yegr tfkse perskns perjgnentmy unodt tk stgn` trdgm wfk were okun` tk le nk `gnier tk pulm dc sfkum` fgve prkcee`dnis stgye`. `) Stgn`dni8 okr sec <0(7) gppmdcgnt—s kwn rdifts just fgve leen dnordnie`/`ende`, nee` stgn`dni. (nk regsknglme expectgtdkn ko prdvgcy dn gnktfer—s gpgrtjent2 (7) Ckrp cgn cfgmmeni cfgmmeniee mgw un` un`er er 5<(7 5<(7)) suprej suprejgcy gcy cmgus cmgusee , s .<0 .<0 nkt nee`e`. nee`e`. Fem` tfgt ckrp cgn `eoen` `eoen` crdjd crdjdngm ngm cfgrie cfgrie un`er Sun`gy cmksdni mgw kn irkun` tfgt mgw wgs g `endgm ko tfe oree`kj ko remdidkn ko dn`dvd`ugms. Un`er 5< g perskn jktdvgte` ly pulmdc dnterest wdsfes tk jgbe Cfgrter cfgmmenie tfgt `kes nkt gppmy tk cfgmmenie - lut cgnnkt `k tfds un`er <0. Stgn`dni requdrejents gre jkre ienerkus un`er 5<, tfen <0. e) Gpprefen`e` dnordniejents8 djjdnent tfregt ko Cfgrter vdkmgtdkn wdmm sgtdsoy s. <0(7) (7) Cgn fgve fgve reje` reje`y y okr okr eni spegbdni spegbdni pgrents pgrents wfk gre gre `ende` `ende` ly stgtut stgtutee tfedr tfedr cfgrter cfgrter rdift rdift tk sen sen cfdm`r cfdm`ren en tk eni spegb spegbdni dni scfkkm. Cgn lrdni gppmdcgtdkn leokre scfkkm yegr gn` leokre cfdm` `ende` g`jdssdkn. (<) \.v.@ej \.v.@ejers ers88 reje`y reje`y okr dnordnie dnordniejen jentt tfgt tfgt dt oegre` oegre` jdift jdift kccur kccur dn outure. outure. Suspen` Suspen`e` e` `ecmgr `ecmgrgtdk gtdkn n okr okr 7 yegr yegr okr pgrmdgjent tk engct new mgw. LUP Dn event ikvt `d` nkt gct w/n g yegr tfkse perskns perjgnentmy unodt tk stgn` trdgm wfk were okun` tk le nk `gnier tk pulmdc sfkum` fgve prkcee`dnis stgye`.
o) Ckurt ko ckjpetent hurds`dctdkn8 sect <0(7) reje`des jgy knmy le irgnte` ly ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x. 5<(<) ds ly gny ckurt kr trdlungm. <08 superdkr ckurt. Prdgm ckurt, even do nkt superdkr ckurt, ds ckjpetent h`x tk fegr gppmdcgtdkn ko reje`y do dt remgtes tk trdgm (ei8 excmusdkn ko evd`ence kltgdne` dn vdkmgtdkn ko cfgrter) Nkt necessgry tk jgbe sepgrgte gppmdcgtdkn tk superdkr ckurt. Do sepgrgte gppmdcgtdkn jg`e, superdkr ckurt wdmm `ecmdne l/c trdgm hu`ie ds dn lest pksdtdkn tk gssess. Do @ cfgrie` w/ crdj kooense gn`
715
nkt idven trdgm `gt yet, nkt mdbemy tk iet kne okr g mkni tdje cgn gppmy tk superdkr ckurt tk stgy tfe prkcee`dnis kn irkun` ko unregsknglme `emgy. (7) Fem` tfgt hu`ie hu`ie ckn`u ckn`uctdn ctdni i premdj premdjdngr dngry y dnqudr dnqudry y dntk dntk crdj crdj cfgr cfgrie ie ds nkt ckjpete ckjpetent nt h`x h`x : nk pkwer pkwer tk irgnt irgnt stgy prkcee`dnis kn irkun` ko unregsknglme `emgy un`er 77l gn` nk pkwer tk excmu`e evd`e nce kn irkun` tfgt kltgdne` dn vdkmgtdkn ko Cfgrter. (<) Dn cgse cgse wfer wferee @ cmgdj cmgdjss trdgm trdgm fgs fgs unre unregskn gsknglmy glmy `emgye` `emgye` l/c l/c tkk tkk jucf jucf tdje tdje emgp emgpse` se` even even leokr leokree premdj premdj dnqudry dnqudry fgs leen leen fem`, @ cgn jgbe sepgrgte gppmdcgtdkn tk superdkr ckurt okr stgy tfe prkcee`dnis.
Emejents - Prdlungm ds ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x do fgs pkwer kver tfe8 7) tfe pgrtdes tk tfe `dspute, <) sulhect jgtter ko tfe `dspute, 3) tfe Cfgrter reje`y tfgt ds skuift. (g) Yeler v. Kntgrdk Kntgrdk Fy`rk8 mglkr grldtrgtkr wgs ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x gn` ckrrect okruj okr pmgdntdoo—s Cfgrter cmgdj l/c stgtute cknoerre` kn grldtrgtkr excmusdve pkwer tk g`hu`dcgte gmm `dooerences ltn ejpmkyer gn` ejpmkyee grdsdni kut ko ckmmectdve gireejent. (l) Jkkrdni v. Cgng`g8 Ngtdkngm pgrkme lkgr` nkt ckjpetent h`x l/c `d` nkt fgve pkwer tk irgnt reje`y skuift (excmu`e evd`ence ko iun l/c kltgdne` dn lregcf ko cfgrter, lkgr` revkbe` pgrkme wfk wgs okrjer prdskner). (c) Fem` tfgt dnoerdkr ckurt fgs pkwer ko ckjpetent h`x tk irgnt cfgrter reje`y knmy do dt fgs tfe pkwer dn`epen`entmy ko tfe cfgrter tk irgnt tfe reje`y. reje`y. (crdj ckurt gsbe` tk gwgr` `gjgies gt en` knce estglmdsfe` ckp—s gctdkns dnordnie` cfgrter2 sepgrgte cdvdm gctdkn ds gpprkprdgte okruj tk `dspkse tfds dssue). (`) \. v. 490?048 dssue wfetfer prkv kooenses ckurt ckum` kr`er cksts gigdnst un`e r crkwn un`er <0(7) okr lregcf ko cfgrter. Fem` tfgt reje`dgm pkwer jgy le djpmde` kr express. Gmtfkuif englmdni meidsmgtdkn wdtffem` ienergm pkwer tk gwgr` cksts, Fem` tfgt ounctdkn gn` structure ko prkv kooenses ckurt wgs sudtglme okr gwgr` ko cksts okr cfgrter lregcfes, gn` okr tfgt regskn tfe meidsmgtdkn sfkum` le dnterprete` gs cknoerrdni ly djpmdcgtdkn tfe pkwer tk gwgr` cksts okr cfgrter lregcfes. Pfereokre, tfe prkv kooenses ckurt wgs g ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x w/ pkwer tk jgbe gwgr` ko `gjgies gigdnst crkwn. i) \gnie ko reje`des8 tfere ds nk mdjdt ko reje`des tfgt jgy le kr`ere` un`er s. <0(7). Dncmu`e8 `eoensdve reje`des8 wfere ckurt nummdodes kr stkps skje mgw kr gct ly `dsjdssdni cfgrie, stgydni g prkcee`dni, qugsfdni segrcf wgrrgnt kr cknvdctdkn2 enhkdndni gn gct, `ecmgrdni mgw dnvgmd`. Goodrjgtdve reje`des8 kr`erdni prkvdnce tk prkvd`e stgte oun`e` ckunsem okr dn`dient mdtdignt, kr`erdni return ko ikk`s djprkpermy sedze`, jgn`gtkry dnhunctdkn requdrdni pksdtdve gctdkn. (7) @gjgies @gjgies gre skje skjetdj tdjes es gpprk gpprkprdg prdgte te gn` gn` hust. hust. Klhect Klhect ds tk jgbe jgbe ckjpmgd ckjpmgdngnt ngnt wfkme, wfkme, vdn`dc vdn`dcgte gte rdif rdifts, ts, `eter `eter lregcfes lregcfes.. (g) Grrest ko skm`der ly jdmdtgry pkmdce : $71,111 un`er <0(7). Hust gn` jkrgm `gjgies okr lregcf. @espdte gny fgrj. (l) Fkwever, <0(7) `kes nkt gutfkrdze `gjgies okr fgrj `kne jeremy ly engctdni/gppmydni mgw tfgt ds sulsequentmy fem` uncknstdtutdkngm. Nkr `kes dt gutfkrdze `gjgies okr fgrj `kne ly ikvt koodcdgms wfk gct dn ikk` ogdtf un`er ‖cmgdj ko rdift— sulsequentmy fem` tk le uncknstdtutdkngm. (c) Skjetdjes gpprkprdgte gn` hust okr lregcfes tfgt cguse dncknvendence gn` `emgy tk mdtdignt8 Crkwn—s `emgy dn jgbdni `dscmksure dn pre trdgm tk crdj `eoen`gnt. Fem` tfgt cksts gwgr`s wdmm nkt ckje dn every cgse ko `emgy, lut restrdcte` tk cdrcujstgnces jgrbe` wdtf ungcceptglme `epgrture orkj regsknglme stgn`gr`s expecte` ly prksecutdkn. (<) Cknsd`er Cknsd`ergtdk gtdkns ns okr okr ckurt— ckurt—ss `dscret `dscretdkn dkn88 7) re`re re`ress ss ko tfe wrkn wrkni i suooe suooere` re` ly ly gppmdcg gppmdcgnt, nt, <) tfe tfe enckurg enckurgiej iejent ent ko ko outure outure ckjpmdgnce w/ tfe cknstdtutdkn, 3) tfe gvkd`gnce ko unnecessgry dnteroerence wdtf tfe exercdse ko ikvernjentgm pkwers 0) tfe gldmdty ko tfe ckurt tk g`jdndster tfe reje`y gwgr`e`. f) Supervdsdkn ko ckurt kr`ers8 @kucet-Lku`reg v. Nkvg Scktdg8 yes, hu`ie ckum` retgdn h`x tk supervdse ckjpmdgnce w/ reje`dgm kr`er set kut dn <0(7). Enokrce` jdnkrdty rdifts ly kr`erdni ludm`dni ko orencf mgniugie scfkkms, igve `gtes, requdre` fegrdnis gn` good`gvdts tk sfckw prkiress ko ludm`dnis. Ly tfe tdje ko hu`dcdgm revdew, gppegm jkkt, ludm`dnis `kne, fegrdnis ckjpmete`. (7) Gl`emrgz Gl`emrgzdb db v. v. Cgng`g Cgng`g88 hu`dcdgm hu`dcdgm supervd supervdsdkn sdkn kr`er kr`er jg` jg` ly oe` ct. ct. Ckurt Ckurt kr`ere` kr`ere` ejerie ejeriency ncy pgss pgsspkr pkrtt le dssue dssue` ` tk englm englmee gppmdcgnt tk return tk Cgng`g gn` le lrkuift leokre tfe Ckurt okr purpkse ko sgtdsoydni tfe Ckurt tfgt fe fg` dn ogct returne`. d) Gppegms8 sect <0(7) `kes nkt gutfkrdze gn gppegm orkj tfe `ecdsdkn ko ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x. Exdstence ko gppegm wdmm `epen` kn rumes ko ckurt tk wfdcf s <0(7) gppmdcgtdkn wgs jg`e. (wfere nk exdstdni rdift ko gppegm ei8 crdjdngm prkcee`dnis, tfere wdmm le nk gppegm orkj Cfgrter rumdni ly ckurt ko ckjpetent h`x). (7) Bnkx Ckntrgc Ckntrgctdni tdni v. Cgng`g8 Cgng`g8 nk nk gppegm gppegm orkj orkj reousgm reousgm ko hu`ie hu`ie tk tk qugsf qugsf g segr segrcf cf wgrrgn wgrrgntt dssue` dssue` un` un`er er Dnckj Dnckjee Pgx Pgx Gct l/c Gct fg` nk rdift ko gppegm. (<) (<) Bkur Bkurte tess ssds ds v. Jdn Jdnds dste terr ko ko Ngt Ngtdk dkng ngmm \ev \even enue ue 3. G`jdndstrgtdve G`jdndstrgtdve trdlungms8 g) Ydtf pkwer tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw8 trdlungms cgn `ecd`e cfgrter dssues, wfen `ecd`e cknstdtutdkngm questdkns. @kuimgs Ckmmeie, Ckmmeie, Cu``y Cfdcbs. (7) Mdjdtgtdkns8 (g) @ecdsdkn wdmm le sulhect tk hu`dcdgm revdew ly superdkr ckurt. Stgn`gr` ko revdew ds ckrrectness . (3)
71?
(l) Prdlungm fgs nk pkwer tk jgbe g `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty. (`ecdsdkn tfgt mgw ds uncknstdtutdkngm jegns tfgt mgw ds dngppmdcglme dn pgrtdcumgr cgse. Nkt g ldn`dni prece`ent). Negrmy gmm fgve djpmde` pkwer tk `ecd`e gmm questdkns ko mgw tfgt gre remevgnt tk regcfdni `ecdsdkns tfgt gre cgmme` okr (<) ly tfedr jgn`gte. Skje cgnnkt l/c mgcb ko expertdse ko l/c vkmuje ko cgses tfey fg ve tk `ecd`e. Nkvg Scktdg v. Jgrtdn8 (wkrber—s ckjp ogce` w/ cmgdj tfgt leneodts prkvd`e` ly ckjp pmgn okr cfrkndc pgdn were (3) vdkmgtdni s. 75) fem` trdlungm fg` pkwer tk `eterjdne questdkns ko mgw wfetfer tfe pkwer wgs express kr djpmde` , wgs presuje` tk fgve tfe pkwer tk `eterjdne tfe cknstdtutdkngm vgmd`dty ko gny pktentdgmmy gppmdcglme mgw. Qresujptdkn relutte` ly sfkwdni meidsmgtdkn ejpkwerdni trdlungm ‖cmegrmy dnten`e` tk excmu`e cfgrter dssues orkj trdlungm—s gutfkrdty kver questdkns ko mgw— - nktfdni fere dn tfds cgse. (0) Qgum v. Lrdtds Lrdtdsf f Ckmuj Ckmujldg8 ldg8 cut `kwn `kwn trees trees kn kn crkwn crkwn mgn`, mgn`, gsser gsserte` te` glkrdidn glkrdidngm gm rdift rdifts2 s2 wfetf wfetfer er mgw mgw wgs wgs lregc lregcf f ko glkrdidngm rdift un`er s. 35; Okrest Gppegms Ckjjdssdkn `ecd`e` dt fg` pkwer tk `egm w/ tfds, Q gppmde` okr hu`dcdgm revdew tfgt Ckjjdssdkn ckum` nkt `eterjdne questdkns remgtdni tk glkrdidngm rdifts. Fem` tfgt ckjjdssdkn fg` pkwer un`er ejpkwerdni stgtute tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw. Nktfdni dn stgtute dn`dcgtdni dntent tk wdtf`rgw glkrdidngm rdifts. Ckurt okun` tfgt ckjjdssdkn wgs nkt irgnte` pkwer tk gmter/extdniudsf rdifts, lut tk `eterjdndni do kr do tfey `d` nkt exdst. @ecdsdkn wkum` le ldn`dni kn pgrtdes lut nkt prece`ents kn ktfer ckurt s/trdlungms, l/c sulhect tk hu`dcdgm revdew kn stgn`g r` ko ckrrectness. (5) Prgncf Prgncfejk ejkntgi ntgine ne v. v. Kntgr Kntgrdk8 dk8 wfetf wfetfer er Knt Knt Skcdg Skcdgmm leneodt leneodtss trdlun trdlungm gm fg` fg` pkwer pkwer tk `ecd` `ecd`ee tfgt tfgt prkvd prkvdsdkn sdkn dn dts dts ejpkwerdni stgtute wgs dnkpergtdve okr cknomdct wdtf tfe Kntgrdk Ck`e. Qrkvdsdkn `ende` `dsgldmdty leneodt tk perskn wfkse dncgpgcdty fg` tk `k wdtf g``dtdkn ko gmckfkm/`ruis. Stgtute gutfkrdze` dt tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw lut `ende` pkwer tk `eterjdne ‖cknstdtutdkngm vgmd`dty— ko stgtute/reiumgtdkn. Fem`, wfdme trdlungm precmu`e` orkj ‖dnvgmd`gtdni— g stgtutkry prkvdsdkn d twgs nkt precmu`e` orkj reousdni tk gppmy g stgtutkry prkvd sdkn kn tfe irkun` ko cknomdct wdtf tfe Ck`e. Prdlungm wgs ejpkwere` tk gppmy ‖tfe wfkme mgw gn` tfgt dncmu`e` tfe Ck`e gn` dts prdjgcy cmguse—. l) Ydtfkut pkwer tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw8 g`jdn trdlungms tfgt mgcb pkwer tk `ecd`e questdkns ko mgw gmsk mgcb pkwer tk reouse tk gppmy mgws kn irkun` ko uncknstdtutdkngmdty. Do cgn g`hu`dcgte, usugmmy jegns djpmdcdt pkwer tk `eterjdne gmm questdkns ko mgw kr ogct tfgt gre nee`e` tk regcf `ecdsdkn -sec 5<(7) requdres trdlungm tk reskmve gny cknstdtutdkngm dssues tfgt gooect tfe vgmd`dty kr gppmdcgldmdty ko gny remevgnt mgw.
c) Qremdjdngry dnqudry hu`ie8 \.v.Seglkyer8 fem` hu`ie `kdni premdjdngry dnqudry ko dn`dctglme kooense tfgt fg` nk h`x un`er 5<(7) tk `eterjdne cknstdtutdkngmdty ko rgpe sfdem` mgw wfdcf mdjdte` @—s rdift tk crkss exgjdne vdctdj. Cgn rume kn g`jdssdldmdty ko evd`ence, lut nkt cknstdtutdkngmdty ko stgtute tfgt prkfdldte` g`jdssdkn ko evd`ence. Cfgrter cfgmmenie tk rumes ko evd`ence fg` tk wgdt untdm trdgm. Pfds cgse ds djpmde`my kverrume`. (Jgrtdn, Qgum)8 premdjdngry dnqudry hu`ie fgs pkwer tk `ecd`e cknstdtutdkngm questdkns tfgt gooect vgmd`dty ko tfe cfgrie kr tfe g`jdssdldmdty ko tfe evd`ence ten`ere` dn suppkrt ko tfe cfgrie. 0. Scrutdny ly Jdndster ko Hustdce8 Cfgrter fgs nk sucf prkvdsdkn tfgt idves JKH scrutdny. Pfds ds dn Ldmm ko \difts. 5. Meidsmgtdve enokrcejent8 Oe` gn` Qrkv ikvt gctdni w/n tfedr kwn meidsmgtdve h`x gre oree tk jgbe wfgtever prkvdsdkn tfey cfkkse okr letter enokrcejent ko Cfgrter rdifts. g) oe` ikvt cgn engct ‖reje`dgm mgws— tk re`ress lregcf ly prkvdnce ko tfe `enkjdngtdkngm scfkkm rdifts un`er 43. Nk sdjdmgr reje`dgm kr enokrcejent pkwer dn oe` ds tk le dnoerre` orkj prkvdsdkns ko Cfgrter, Enokrcejent ko Cfgrter ds ounctdkn ko ckurts, ly vdrtue ko 5<(7) kr s. <0 ?. _rden` _rden ` v. Gmlertg8 Gmle rtg8 reje`y un`er s. 5< ko tfe Cknstdtutdkn Gct, 746< (sexugm krdentgtdkn cgse jdssdni orkj F\ Ck`e)
g)Pest & Gngmysds8 (7) Odrst drst step step dn dn semect semectdni dni g reje` reje`dgm dgm cku ckurse rse un` un`er er s. s. 5< ds tk tk `eodne `eodne tfe exte extent nt ko tfe tfe Cfgr Cfgrter ter dncknsdstency wfdcf just le strucb `kwn d) Dn tfe present cgse, tfgt dncknsdstency ds tfe excmusdkn ko sexugm krdentgtdkn orkj tfe prktecte` irkun`s ko tfe D\QG (<) @eterjdne wfdcf reje`y ds gpprkprdgte8 strdbdni `kwn tfe meidsmgtdkn, severgnce ko tfe kooen`dni sectdkns, strdbdni `kwn kr severgnce wdtf g tejpkrgry suspensdkn ko tfe `ecmgrgtdkn ko dnvgmd`dty, reg`dni `kwn, gn` reg`dni prkvdsdkns dntk tfe meidsmgtdkn. (g) Yfen `eterjdndni wfetfer tfe reje`y ko reg`dni dn ds gpprkprdgte, ckurts just fgve reigr` tk tfe d) ” twdn iud`dni prdncdpmes ‚, ngjemy, dd) respect okr tfe rkme ko tfe meidsmgture gn` respect okr tfe purpkses ko tfe Cfgrter. d) Dt seejs tk je tfgt tfe reje`y ko reg`dni dn wkum` jdndjdze dnteroerence wdtf tfds cmegrmy meidtdjgte meidsmgtdve purpkse gn` tferely gvkd` excessdve dntrusdkn dn tk tfe meidsmgtdve spfere wferegs strdbdni `kwn tfe D\QG wkum` `eprdve gmm Gmlertgns ko fujgn rdifts prktectdkn gn` tferely un`umy dnteroere wdtf tfe scfeje engcte` ly tfe Meidsmgture. dd) \eg`dni sexugm krdentgtdkn dntk tfe D\QG gs g ourtfer irkun` ko prkfdldte` `dscrdjdngtdkn cgn knmy enfgnce tfkse purpkses. Pfe Cfgrter , mdbe tfe D\QG, ds ckncerne` wdtf tfe prkjktdkn gn` prktectdkn ko dnferent `dindty gn`
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dngmdenglme rdifts. Pfus, expgn`dni tfe mdst ko prkfdldte` irkun`s ko `dscrdjdngtdkn dn tfe D\QG gmmkws tfds Ckurt tk gct dn g jgnner wfdcf, cknsdstent wdtf tfe purpkses ko tfe Cfgrter, wkum` guijent tfe sckpe ko tfe D\QG—s prktectdkns
(l) Pfe twdn iud`dni prdncdpmes cgn knmy le oumodmme` do `ue cknsd`ergtdkn ds idven tk severgm g``dtdkngm crdterdg wfdcf ourtfer dnokrj tfe `eterjdngtdkn gs tk wfetfer tfe reje`y ko reg`dni dn ds gpprkprdgte. Pfese dncmu`e reje`dgm
precdsdkn, lu`ietgry djpmdcgtdkns, eooects kn tfe tfrust ko tfe meidsmgtdkn, gn` dnteroerence wdtf meidsmgtdve klhectdves. d) \eje`dgm precdsdkn8 ckurt just le glme tk `eodne wdtf g ”suoodcdent `eiree ko precdsdkn‚ fkw tfe stgtute kuift tk le exten`e` dn kr`er tk ckjpmy wdtf tfe Cknstdtutdkn. (7) (7) Pfer Pferee ds reje reje`dg `dgmm pre precds cdsdk dkn n dnsk dnskog ogrr gs gs tfe tfe dnser dnsertd tdkn kn ko tfe wkr` wkr`ss ”sex ”sexug ugmm krde krdent ntgtd gtdkn kn‚‚ dnt dntk k tfe tfe prkfdldte` irkun`s ko `dscrdjdngtdkn mdste ` dn tfe pregjlme dd) Lu`ietgry djpmdcgtdkns 8 sucf cknsd`ergtdkns gre nkt suoodcdentmy sdindodcgnt tk wgrrgnt gvkd`dni tfe reg`dni dn gpprkgcf ddd) Eooects kn tfe tfrust ko tfe meidsmgtdkn8 Gmm perskns ckvere` un`er tfe current sckpe ko tfe D\QG wkum` ckntdnue tk leneodt orkj tfe prktectdkn prkvd`e` ly tfe Gct dn tfe sgje jgnner gs tfey fg` leokre tfe reg`dni dn ko sexugm krdentgtdkn. Gs tfe dncmusdkn ko sexugm krdentgtdkn dn tfe D\QG `kes nkt gmter tfe meidsmgtdkn tk gny sdindodcgnt `eiree, dt ds regsknglme tk gssuje tfgt tfe Meidsmgture wkum` fgve engcte` dt dn gny event. dv) Dnteroerence wdtf meidsmgtdve klhectdves 8 dt ds cmegr tfgt reg`dni sexugm krdentgtdkn dntk tfe D\QG wkum` nkt dnteroere wdtf tfe klhectdve ko tfe meidsmgtdkn. Pfe excmusdkn ko sexugm krdentgtdkn orkj tfe D\QG, cgn fgr`my le `escrdle` gs dnteirgm tk tfe scfeje ko tfgt Gct. Nkr cgn D gccept tfgt tfds cfkdce wgs ko sucf centrgmdt y tk tfe gdjs ko tfe meidsmgture tfgt dt wkum` preoer tk sgcrdodce tfe entdre D\QG rgtfer tfgn dncmu`e sexugm krdentgtdkn gs g prkfdldte` irkun` ko `dscrdjdngtdkn. Dt wgs tfe dntent dkn ko tfe Gmlertg Meidsmgture tk `eoer tk tfe ckurts kn tfds dssue. Dn`ee`, D dnterpret tfds stgtejent tk le gn express dnvdtgtdkn okr tfe ckurts tk reg` sexugm krdentgtdkn dntk tfe D\QG dn tfe event tfgt dts excmusdkn orkj tfe meidsmgtdkn ds okun` tk vdkmgte tfe prkvdsdkns ko tfe Cfgrter. l) \egskndni8 pgrmdgjentgry sgoeiugr`s‚ rejgdn8 wfen g ckurt reg`s d n, tfds ds nkt tfe en` ko tfe meidsmgtdve prkcess lecguse tfe meidsmgture cgn pgss new meidsmgtdkn dn respknse. Jkrekver, tfe meidsmgtkrs cgn gmwgys turn tk s. 33 ko tfe Cfgrter, tfe kverrd`e prkvdsdkn, wfdcf dn jy vdew ds tfe umtdjgte ”pgrmdgjentgry sgoeiu gr`‚ c) Ckncmusdkn8 ckncmu`e tfgt reg`dni sexugm krdentgtdkn dntk tfe djpuine` prkvdsdkns ko tfe D\QG ds tfe jkst gpprkprdgte wgy ko reje`ydni tfds un`erdncmusdve meidsmgtdkn
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