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TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PULCHOWK CAMPUS
A report on
Natural lighting in museum
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Literature review Museum
As defined by the International the International Council of Museums, museum Museums, museum is a "permanent institution in the se of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, resear communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environmen the purposes of education, education, study, and enjoyment". enjoyment". They are the institutions responsible fo collection, safety and making the artifacts and specimens accessible to the society. The word "mus is derived from the Latin the Latin word which is originally from the Greek the Greek Mouseion, meaning a place or te dedicated to the the Muses. Muses. The museum of Plato in Athens is considered as the first museum People can explore the collections for inspiration, knowledge and entertainment in the museum.
Museum is a media of visual communication different from other media as concerts and plays for time and large number of people. It creates an encounter between object and observer. It is a method of communication which will determine the architectural organization of museu misconception about museum displays is that any work of art has such a degree of independence t can be shown anywhere.
The museums can be of various ty pes depending as per the type o f collections and function. Some categories in which museums are divided are: Fine Arts, Applied Arts, Craft, Archaeology, Anthrop and Ethnology, History, Cultural History, Military History, Science, Technology, Children's Muse Natural History, Numismatics, Botanical Numismatics, Botanical and Zoological and Zoological Gardens and Philately. Natural light
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, the Sun, particularly particularly infrared, infrared, and ultraviolet and ultraviolet light. On Earth Earth,, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere when the Sun is a the horizon horizon.. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off other objects, objects, it is experienced as dif light. Types of natural light 1. Celestial and atmospheric light
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Lights coming from astronomical objects are termed as natural light. e.g. sunset and sunrise, diffus
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most of or the entire occupant’s lighting requirement in a very short span of 20 years. Recently, en and environmental concerns have made natural lighting a rediscovered aspect of building lig design. Natural lighting is often integrated in a building as an architectural statement as well a energy savings. But nowadays, benefits from natural lighting have extended beyond the energy architecture related fields. It is also widely used in in the field of medical medical sciences. Action of lights Route light
In some exhibition rooms and galleries, visitors are free to move around in any direction. How because of nature of exhibition space or for organizational reasons, they need to be dire Luminaries which highlight circulation routes without interfering the display areas are named as light. Room light
Lighting for exhibition rooms in museums is made up of diffuse and directional light. The re amounts and resulting mix of the two types of light determines the harshness of the shadows ca picture frames and the three dimensional impact of sculptures and spatial objects. The diffuse directional light mix also defines the overall impression made by the room. Diffuse lighting
Diffuse lighting illuminates room zones or objects from a surface that radiates light in all direction the site of illumination, i.e. in the room zone or at the object illuminated, the direction from which comes cannot be clearly determined. Light flowing over the object and in the room is not direct When light comes from many directions, i.e. where light radiating surface is large, the lighting prod little or no shadow. Directional lighting
Sign up to vote on this title Directional lighting is generated mostly by punctual light sources i.e. lamps thatuseful are small in relati Useful Not the lighting distance. The light falls directly onto the object illuminated, striking it. When the surfa the object is uneven, clearly defined shadows occur.
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Museum lighting is highly theoretical, the quality of light is vital. The needs of gallery lighting vary the function of the space, type and size of the works and layouts. The type of lighting used for dimensional and three-dimensional objects are different. Proper lighting system is used depending the sensitivity of the material. Also, the gallery lighting has both the physiological and psycholo needs to be fulfilled so it is best to blend both the sources to get desirable and useful light.
“The primary goal of lighting design and installation is to create optimum condition for viewing obj as stated by Kevan Shaw (The Manual of Museum Exhibitions). The basic requirement of any lig design is first to illuminate the object. It is important to understand the general concept behin exhibition before designing the lighting scheme for museum.
Dramatic effects can be created by the use of varying levels of light, which can overcome the du monotonous museum environments. The amount of light and its quality in a gallery should be in re to the contrast, glare, color effects, color of light and brightness of room.
There are mainly two lighting options for gallery lighting and they are: natural lighting and art lighting. Methods of natural lighting
The basic strategies of natural lighting can be broadly classified into two categories: 1. Side lighting 2. Top lighting
1. Side lighting: The windows in the sidewalls of the gallery provide side lighting. Its strategies re apertures located in building’s perimeter walls and it is also dependent upon the orientation o building. Depending upon the need and use of space these windows may be placed at a high lev normal level. Windows on one side give unilateral light whereas the windows on two sides give bila lighting. This type of lighting is preferable for sculptures. However there is a possibility of glare reflection by use of this lighting which can be difficult to avoid. Sign up to vote on this title through These ar 2. Top lighting: In this system of lighting, the daylight access Useful roof Notapertures. useful top dependent on the orientation of the building façade and are effective for lighting single storey or rise building. One of the most prominent examples of the use of skylight is the dome feature us
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skylights. Though every building and site location is different, the impact of these building form illuminance distributions, luminance ratio and brightness ratio are different. Techniques for natural lighting Window
There are many ways today to direct da ylight and “lock out” direct sunlight even in room with la windows. Windows reduce the amount of wall space for exhibits. Undirected and unfiltered inc light through window can give reflections on exhibition walls. In many ways, windows are the problematic daylight introducing building form. Even if illuminance is controlled, the outside view force the eye to adapt to luminance much higher than the displayed material. Finally, the reflectio the windows in display cases, works under glass, glazed objects, and paintings with varnish, can gr reduce object perception and understanding. From my perspective there is no practical way to ma favorable viewing conditions at conservation light levels in a gallery with windows. As noted ea shades and scrims are a last-ditch solution to an existing problem, and should not be considered acceptable solution for new construction.
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Reflections of the luminous ceiling plane can create reflected glare and difficult viewing condition large paintings with varnish and any glazed surface that reflects an image of the ceiling back t viewer.
In a museum design, natural lighting alone cannot create much pleasing effect. So, we also need t about artificial lights also. There is no any existence of natural light without artificial light. Because said that there is no physical presence of dark, it is only the absence of light. So while talking museum, we should talk about artificial as well as natural lightings. Skylight
Skylights are classic day lighting elements for picture galleries. Uniform diffused light can be provid skylight. No shadows or least shadow is produced by this technique because light is spread over area resulting in the production of soft light. Light from this technique can reach nearly every part o room including free standing displays, cabinets, sculptures and partitions. Rooms and display area illuminated by skylight which reduces in the number of windows. Because of less windows are pre more wall spaces is available for paining. There is also no problem with the reflection on exhibition due to incident daylight from the side.
There is a risk, for example, of light being unevenly distributed over the walls, in rooms with furnishings in particular, the vertical illuminance at eye level is often too low. The contrast between and ceiling brightness can cause glare. And even with light from above, reflection can occur some on pictures on wall.
The use of skylight is confined to the upper storey’s of a building or calls for single storey de Skylights are no substitute for the visual contact w ith the outside world provided by windows.
Hefferan, Steven. (2008) Working with daylight in museum environment. WAAC Newsletter, Vol.-30 1 Artificial lighting
Sign up to vote on this title Even when daylight is being used as a significant source of lighting thereremain times when ther Not useful Useful
be insufficient light. The natural light also has a limitation of planning constraint. Thus, artificial lig
is equally important in building design. It has the advantage of reaching the most interior places an
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Artificial lighting vs natural lighting
At present, a considerable number of Museum directors, curators, architects and engineers speci in lighting argue that artificial light is preferable for museums’ lighting. There are two main schoo thought concerning museum lighting: the first defending an exclusive use of artificial lightin museums; and the second the use of daylight complemented with artificial light.
On the one hand, the daylight defendants argue that most artworks were created with natural lig conditions, and were also, during centuries, still exposed to them; opting for exclusive artificial lig would result on visitor deprivation from observing the artworks subtlest qualities. On the other daylight, with its variation and possibility for outside views, is more suitable to entertain the visitor an artificial light system, which is more stable and monotonous. Furthermore, one must conside inherent costs of using artificial light, which in some countries has to be imported. And finally, art lighting consumes electricity, which production has a negative environmental impact, with CO 2 to the atmosphere.
Artificial light defendants reply that daylight is the most damaging agent to pigments, textiles and delicate art pieces. Also, that daylight is too variable, if compared with the constant and predic artificial light; that artificial light is softer; that “white” artificial light can mimic the characteristi daylight; that installing a daylight system adequate to climate conditions is considerably more expe than an equivalent artificial lighting system; and finally, that windows suppression easily solves the of dust infiltration inside the buildings.
Nonetheless, it is a fact that daylight is more difficult to control than artificial light, and it also carr level of UV radiation that is difficult to eliminate. Moreover, the love for sunlight is also more evide countries where it is scarce. In countries with a great presence of natural light, its absence sometimes be considered relaxing. Therefore, we must consider the need to apply adequate day lig systems to the place where the museum is located, in geographic and cultural terms, in order to ac maximum comfort for the visitor. Methods of artificial lighting
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Useful Direct useful lighting is use Artificial lighting can be used in two ways, direct and indirect lighting. artificial Not illuminating the objects and falls directly on wall, whereas t he indirect lighting is used for room ligh
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The lighting system should provide appropriate level of illuminance at all times of day.
An angle of incidence of 30 to the vertical is considered as a good guideline as it handles
o
illuminance, reflected glare and frame shadows optimally.
Proper lighting must be selected for s ensitive materials and should have limited exposure t light.
Exposure to ultraviolet and visible infrared light can cause fading and damage of o bjects.
Difference between natural lighting and artificial lighting
DAY-LIGHTING
Superior color rendition
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Light is based on a single color
Continuous spectral curve
Intermittent spectral curve
Lively natural environment
Can be manipulated as per need
U-V radiation corrodes sensitive objects displayed
It is non-corrosive
It is a planning constraint
Freedom in planning
Sign up to vote on this title Outdoor exhibits
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Some sculptures or installations, some works of art are intended to be exhibited outdoor becau
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Day lighting design strategies
It was generally observed that the greatest transition occurred between the exterior and the inter the buildings. Therefore, visitors should be able to walk between transitional spaces with diff lighting levels, in order to help the eye to adapt to display levels, before e ntering the exhibition spa
In a museum lighting project it is also important to consider the natural light experience, often ref as more satisfactory than artificial light. Therefore, we should aim for a proper balance betwee and directional light, both in isolated objects and in the common space. An overall diffuse light directly lit pieces would probably produce the most satisfactory effect. On the other hand, since th is naturally attracted to the brightest point in its field of vision, the object should be brighter tha wall, the supporting area brighter than upper and lower surfaces, and also the supporting surface li than the floor.
Considering the fact that temperature was referred as an important issue in the summer, and in or avoid high levels of day lighting or solar gains, natural light use should be applied with special car above-lit galleries, sun light could be controlled with passive shading techniques and ventilation, in of blinds and shades, benefiting from lower installation and maintenance costs in the long Moreover, instead of trying a fixed illuminance, one could opt to work with an annual amount o equivalent exposure, to establish a link between e xterior weather and the museum interior co nditi
Finally, in museums with abundant views, which usually present lateral windows, it is necessa reduce the illuminance levels in order to avoid glare. With this purpose, different protection sys should be provided between the upper and lower areas of windows, allowing at the same time ou views and an even distribution of light. I. II.
P. Boyce, (2003) Human factors in Lighting, Lighting Researc h Centre, Taylor & Francis, Lond PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switze 6-8 September 2006
Objectives o o
Sign up to vote on this title To study the techniques of natural lighting in museum Useful Not useful To show a relationship between light and built space space
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Lighting in museums and art galleries plays a key role in a visitor's ability to perceive and enjoy bot artifacts in a museum and the building in total. A lack of consideration for the visual comfort of vi can potentially handicap an individual's ability to view displays. Dramatic variations in light levels exhibit to exhibit, or from exterior to interior, can affect a visitor's ability to appreciate artwor because the human eye requires several minutes to adjust to large changes in light levels. Sh contrasting light levels between a bright entry and a dark gallery can be very disturbing, and poten even painful. Some museums in Kathemandu Valley were visited. I’m not very satisfied with the present lig scheme. In Patan museum, there is seen a very less use of natural light. The collections, pain displayed may be enhanced. The very use of artificial light shows too much consumption of energy often seen that the artifacts displayed in artificial light with the combination of natural light is not but we should try to minimize the use of artificial light as far as possible. In Patan museum, natura may be introduced through construction of new windows. The new windows constructed m ay be in a way that it will not give bad look. The traditional norms should be strictly followed. In the nam inserting light, one cannot remove the entire roof. Any kind of activity that would harm our cu heritage should be avoided. The renovation should be carried out in such a way that the origi should not be destroyed. In other museums like Chhauni, we can observe a very good natural lighting but not managed prop In some cases there are direct illuminations which may result glare and deter ioration of displayed i
Daylight characteristics cannot be replaced by artificial means. The museum gathers several func that may be improved by the use of day lighting. The correct use of natural light in museums important factor in terms of shaping the architectural space and visually enriching the dis contributing to the interpretation of collections. Also, it is possible to create visual conditions tha comfortable, efficient and secure to the visitors of museums.
Moreover, a strategy sustained on the use of natural resources can contribute to the reducti energy waste, restraining the maintenance costs with museum lighting and the negative im associated with consumption, namely CO2 emissions. In a museum, spatial limitation of light an
intensity control are very important. Nevertheless, this task becomes more difficult when the lig source is sunlight. Hence, daylight may sometimes be regarded as a hindrance for lighting museu we consider the combination of daily and seasonal variations quantity, together with Signof uplight to vote on this title atmospheric factors. Useful Not useful
I choose this particular topic as directed studies topic because it is going to help in my thesis pr
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