1
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study
Through history, humans had a thirst for knowledge and development. From the beginning of human kind, the discoveries made by our race have shaped our future forever. We have always wanted to know why things happen and why we always want to push the boundaries of what are possible. This has led to some of the greatest discoveries man had in different fields of endeavors. Glue has been an important material at home, at school and at office. Most of the commercially available glue is claiming to be non-toic. !owever, it is still uncertain of this claim since they contain preservatives that may harm both the user and the environment. "asein, a protein obtained from milk, has been long proven to play an important role in the production of glue. #t can be obtained from milk by means of adding vinegar into the milk. The curd formed from the reaction is mied with baking soda. The produced glue from milk may vary in consistency depending upon the amount of milk, and other raw materials used. $ther research conducted claims that glue made from milk casein is waterproof and can be used for bottle labeling and cigarette packaging. !owever, fresh milk is known for its richness in calcium and thus its importance for the bones. %side from this, it also contains more than & other essential nutrients. #t contains proteins that are important to fight diseases, renew cells, build muscles and maintain healthy hair and nails, carbohydrates which gives
2
energy to the body, minerals and vitamins that are essential for good health, for stronger bones, for more energy, for a stronger immune system and for healthier skin, and fatty acids which are important for body cells, as long as they are taken in moderate 'uantities ( http)**www.nestle-family.com*nutrition-for-all*english*why-ismilk-good-for-your-health+/0.asp, 1etrieved %ugust /, /234. #t is within this contet that the researchers tried eploring the possibility of utili5ing old or spoiled milk, which is usually thrown as waste because it may cause diarrhea and food poisoning, to produce strong natural glue by employing the principle of recycling. !ence, this study was undertaken.
Statement of the Problem
The study has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of using old and spoiled milk as raw material in the production of natural glue. 6pecifically, it attempted to answer the following 'uestion) 2. "an old and spoi led milk be combined with oth er raw mate rials to produ ce strong natural glue7 /. What is the degre e of accept ability of the glue mad e out of old and spoi led milk to consumers in terms of) a. appearance8 b. viscosity8 c. smell, and d. adhesive strength7 9. #s the produced natural glue cheaper than the commercially available glue7 Ba!c "umpt!on
2. That old and spoil ed milk ca n be combined with other raw ma terials in to produce natural glue.
3
/. That the produced glue has high degre e of acceptability to consumers in terms of appearance, viscosity, smell and adhesive strength. 9. That the glue from old and spoiled milk is cheaper tha n its commercial counterpart. .Ob#ect!$e of the Study 2. To determine the effectiveness of old and spoiled milk as raw material in the production of natural glue. /. To assess the degree of consu mers: acceptability on the produced glue in terms of tear appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength. 9. To conduct cost ben efit analysis to compar e the cost of produ ction of the natural glue made out of old and spoiled milk and the commercially available glue.
S!gn!f!cance of the Study
The result of this study is deemed beneficial to the following groups of people) To Glue Manufacturers. They will be provided with cheap alternative raw materials in the production of glue which help them minimi5e their ependitures while increasing their profits8 To ;nvironmental %dvocates. The result of this study will support their advocacy of reducing environmental pollution by employing the principles of recycling.
4
To the 6ociety. #f this product is found to be effective, then old and spoiled milk which is usually thrown away will turn out an economic resource that would contribute to the economic well-being of the society8 and To Future 1esearchers. $ther researchers would be encouraged to discover economic benefits from other potential raw materials.
Scope and %!m!tat!on of the Study
The study dealt with the creation of a domestic product out of old and spoiled milk. $ther necessary raw materials of minimal proportions were used to bring about the desired product. 1esults of the study were delimited to the feasibility of the eternal use of the produced natural glue which has been tested by consumers via the "onsumer %cceptability 6urvey. #t was etended by comparing the cost of production of the natural glue to its commercial counterpart through cost benefit analysis. Conceptual &rame'ork
The study focused on determining the potenti al use of old or spoiled milk as raw material in the production of strong natural glue. Few people have eplored the possibilities of using this material in combination with other raw materials to create a useful product. This study made use of the #nput-
5
secondarily, other raw materials necessary to create a domestic product in the form of natural glue. The process involved the production of glue from old milk, white vinegar, baking soda and water. =uality testing of the produced glue in comparison with the commercial glue was done via the "onsumer:s %cceptability 6urvey. To determine its comparative advantage in terms of cost of production, cost benefit analysis had been undertaken. %s a result, the researchers were able to produce a strong natural glue with old or spoiled milk as its main raw material. To conclude the flow of the paradigm and for proper assessment of the entire study, the feedback through a broken line was sent back to the input and the process for suggestions to be made from the results of the study. To understand the conceptual framework of the study, a paradigm is presented on the net page.
$il or #?<>T 6poiled Milk White Ainegar
@aking 6oda
"onsumer:s %cceptability 6urvey
Water
"ost @enefit %nalysis
$>T<>T 6trong ?atural Glue
6
F;;B@%"C &!gure 1 Reearch Parad!gm
Def!n!t!on of Term
To have a better perspective of the contents of the study, some of the terms are hereby defined either authoritatively or operationally as follows) %dhesive 6trength. The term refers to the ability of an adhesive to stick to a surface and bond two surfaces together (https)**www.corrosionpedia.com*definition* &*adhesive-strength4. %s used in this study, the term refers to the ability of the glue to bond two surfaces of bond papers. %ppearance. The term refers to the way that someone, or something, looks (http)**www.yourdictionary.com*appearance4. %s used in this study, the term means the visual perception of the survey respondents as to the color and overall look of the natural glue under study. "urds. The term refers to a substance consisting mainly of casein and the like, obtained from milk by coagulation (http)**www.dictionary.com*browse*curd4. %s
7
used in this study, the term refers to the solid that remained a miture of old or spoiled milk and vinegar was heated. This was used in the production of natural glue. ?atural Glue. The term refers to a strong li'uid adhesive obtained by boiling collagenous animal parts such a bones, hides and hooves into a hard gelatin and then adding water (http)**www.thefreedictionary.com*glue4. %s used in this study, the term refers to the product made from old and spoiled milk, white vinegar, baking powder and water and used as adhesive. 6ample %. The term refers to the natural glue produced from the combination of old or spoiled milk, white vinegar, baking soda, and water. 6ample @. The term refers to the commercial glue (;lmer:s glue4 which was used to compare the characteristics of the produced glue from its commercial counterpart. 6mell. The term refers to the 'uality of odor or scent perceived by the nose through the process of smelling ( http)**www.dictionary.com*browse*smell4. %s used in this study, the term refers to the scent or odor of the glue samples as perceived by the respondents. Aiscosity. The viscosity of a li'uid corresponds to the informal concept of DthicknessD, resistance of a fluid to a change in shape, or movement of neighboring portions relative to one another (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity). Aiscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is called the
fluidity, a
measure of the ease of flow. Molasses, for eample, has a greater viscosity than water. @ecause part of a fluid that is forced to move carries along to some
8
etent adEacent parts, viscosity may be thought of as internal friction between the molecules8 such friction opposes the development of velocity differences within a fluid (http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic /630!"/#iscosity). %s used in this study, the term refers to the measure of how the sample glues flow and felt on the hands of the survey respondents. Whey. The term been curdled and strained.
refers
to
the
li'uid
remaining
Chapter ( R)*I)+ O& R)%"T)D %IT)R"TUR)
after milk has
9
This chapter presents the literature and studies related to the present study and believed to be of signicant in providing bacground as a guide to the researchers in conceptuali!ing" discussing and interpreting the data of the study#
Related Literature
Glue is a sticky material, usually a li'uid, that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oilbased chemicals. The first glues may have been natural li'uids that come out of trees when they are cut. ater people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. 6ome very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk (https)**simple.wikipedia.org*wiki*Glue, 1etrieved on %ugust /, /234.. 6imple glue can be made at home by miing wheat flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together. Many kinds of
art can be made using glue.
% collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick colored things onto 6ome glue can be used to keep water out of
paper.
boats, buildings or vehicles. #n this
case the glue may be called caulk. 6ome man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders (https)**simple.wikipedia.org*wiki*Glue, 1etrieved on %ugust /, /234. While many types of glue are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strongsmelling chemicals. 6ome people sniff these glues to get high. 6ometimes people
1$
breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may caus e brain damage or illness. Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour ( https)**simple.wikipedia.org*wiki*Glue, 1etrieved on %ugust /, /234. %dhesive may
be
used
interchangeably
with glue, cement, mucilage,
or paste (
11
%dhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approimately /, years ago. The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approimately / @";. The Greeks and 1omans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. #n ;urope, glue was not widely used until the period 2K20 ";. From then until the 2&s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relativ ely gradual. $nly since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly and innovation in the field continues to the present (Ma55a, et al, /34. The birch-bark-tar adhesive is a simple, one-component adhesive. %lthough sticky enough, plant-based adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions. The first use of compound adhesives was discovered in 6ibudu, 6outh %frica. !ere, 0,-year-old stone segments that were once inserted in ae hafts were discovered covered with an adhesive composed of plant gum and red ochre (natural iron oide4 as adding ochre to plant gum produces a stronger product and protects the gum from disintegrating under wet conditions (Wadley, et al, /&4. The ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle stone age humans to attach stone segments to sticks in greater variations, which led to the development of new tools (Wadley, /24. More recent eamples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. %rchaeologists studying the sites found that approimately 3, years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together
12
with food found in broken clay pots repaired with tree resins ( ;bnesaEEad, /24. %nother investigation by archaeologists uncovered the use of bituminous cements to fasten ivory eyeballs to statues in @abylonian temples dating to approimately @"; (Mittal L
The development of modern adhesives began in 23& with the founding of the first commercial glue plant in !olland. This plant produced glues from animal hides (Mittal L
6 patent (number 2J9,/4 was issued to the 1oss brothers for the production of casein glue (1oss L 1oss, 2J034. The 2&/s, 2&9s, and 2&s witnessed great advances in the development and production of new plastics and resins due to the First and 6econd World Wars. These advances greatly improved the development of adhesives by allowing the
13
use of newly developed materials that ehibited a variety of properties. With changing needs and ever evolving technology, the development of new synthetic adhesives continues to the present ( ;bnesaEEad, /24. !owever, due to their low cost, natural adhesives are still more commonly used ((Mittal L
14
white
and
tasteless.
#t
eventually
was
named
isinglass
or
ichthocol
(http)**www.madehow.com*Aolume-*Glue.html, 1etrieved 6eptember /, /234. There are three classes of substance that are called glues and that do not contain chemicals, compounds, or high-tech additives8 these are bone glue, hide or skin glue, and fish glue. Technically, other sticky substances are adhesives, gums, or cements, although consumers tend to use these terms interchangeably (http)**www.madehow.com*Aolume-*Glue.html, 1etrieved 6eptember /, /234.
manufacturers
obtain
bones
and
tissues
of animals
from
slaughterhouses, tanneries, and meat packing companies8 it is no coincidence that the worldIs largest glue manufacturer is the dairy called @orden "ompany. The animal remains that are the raw materials for glue may include ears, tails, scraps of hide or skin, scrapings from the fleshy sides of hides, tendons, bones, and feet. 6imilarly, manufacturers of fish glue obtain bones, heads, scales, and skins of fish
15
from canneries and other processing plants ( http)**www.madehow.com*Aolume*Glue.html, 1etrieved 6eptember /, /234. Glue can be made from casein. "asein is the name for a family of related phosphoproteins. These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk, making up JN of the proteins in cowIs milk and between /N and N of the proteins in human milk (Cun5 L onnerdal, 2&&4. "asein-based lime and sodium
glues,
hydroidewere
formulated popular
from for
casein,
woodworking,
water, hydrated including
for
aircraft. "asein glue is also used in transformer manufacturing (specifically transformer board4 due to its oil permeability. While largely replaced with synthetic resins, casein-based glues still have a use in certain niche applications, such as laminating fireproof doors and the labeling of bottles (Tracto, /34.
Related Stud!e
% study conducted by @ayoyo (n.d.4 entitled, %dhesive Glue from "amansi TrunkH aimed to produce glue from camansi tree that is found anywhere in the
16
>mar, et al (n.d.4 conducted a study bearing the title, @etel nut (areca catechu4 tannin as an adhesiveH to determine the amount of tannin yield from betel nut etract, if the tannin adhesive could substitute the commercia l wood glue, and compared the adhesive strength of the eperimental adhesive and commercial wood glue. 1esult showed that about N of tannin could be produced. The adhesive was comparable with the commerci ally produced wood glue. % test for adhesive strength showed no significant difference among the three adhesives. ;perimental adhesive could bind other materials aside from wood. @ased on the gathered results, the difference of the means before and after eposure to seawater and tap water between commercial adhesive and eperimental mitures % and @ is less than 2 which showed that there is no significant difference, then the ?ull hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, adhesive from betel nut tannin could be an ecellent substitute to commercial and synthesi5ed adhesive. Tsutomu ?oguchi of the 6ony 1esearch "enter found that the oil from orange peels would dissolve polystyrene. @y using a product called imoene, that contains .N of the orange peel oil ?oguchi found that the polystyrene would break down into a li'uid form that created a very strong glue and can be used to create styrene pellets that go back into the production of more polystyrene (http)**www.brighthub.com*environment*green-living*articles*/23.asp, 1etrieved 6eptember /, /234.
% study bearing the title, Milk "asein as an %lternative #ngredient for GlueH found out that the casein from milk is an effective alternative ingredient in glue
17
making
( https)**www.scribd.com*doc*3399&J3*#nvestigatory-
1etrieved
6eptember /, /234. The studies of @ayoyo, et al, >mar, et al, and ?oguchi bear similarity with the present study because they all dealt with adhesives. !owever, they differ in the materials used in the production of adhesives.
Chapter , -)T.ODO%O/0
This chapter includes the description of the materials and e'uipment, research design, locale of the study, data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment of the data.
-ater!al and )u!pment
The materials needed in the production of the natural glue are as follows) m old or spoiled milk, 2 m white vinegar, 9 g baking soda, and 2 m distilled water.
18
The e'uipment used are the following) graduated cylinder for measuring the volumes of milk, vinegar, and water8 weighing scale for measuring the weight of the baking soda, stove and pan for cooking the glue, ladle for stirring the glue, basin and strainer for separating the milk curds from the whey, container for storing the glue, and commercial glue for comparison of their characteristics.
Reearch De!gn
The study made use of the descriptive normative survey method. This was used to address the problem on the degree of consumers: acceptability of the produced natural glue. %ccording to 6anche5, this method is used in the description of phenomena in contrast in ascertaining what caused them and what their values and significance are. The researchers believe that such methods are the most suited to further the study because it focuses on the analysis of the perceptions of the respondents as regard the characteristics of the natural glue made from old or spoiled milk as compared to the commercial glue.
Reearch %ocale
The study was conducted at 6an #sidro "entral 6chool. The said school is one of the ++ public elementary schools in 6an #sidro Bistrict. #t is located at @arangay ++++++++++ in the municipality of 6an #sidro, Bivision of #sabela.
Data /ather!ng Intrument
19
To bring about the desired outcome of the study, the researchers made use of the following research instruments) 6urvey 6heet. The most appropriate instrument to assess feasibility and marketability of a product is the use of a survey sheet. #n this study, a survey sheet was used to find out the degree of acceptability of the product by the consumers in terms of appearance, viscosity, smell and adhesive strength. #nformal #nterview. To verify and clarify vague answers or responses, an informal interview was employed to the respondents who took part in the survey.
Data /ather!ng Procedure
!ere is the step by step procedure in the production of natural glue and the data gathering procedures in order to generate results)
"2 Collect!on nd Prep arat!o n of Ra' -ater!al $ld a and spoiled milk was gathered from residents of 6an #sidro,
#sabela. The collection was placed in a large clean container and was refrigerated to arrest its further spoilage. % total of m were utili5ed in the production of natural glue. White vinegar, distilled water and baking soda were purchased at 6antiago "ity.
B2 Preparat!on of the )u!pment !n /lue Product!on
The researchers prepared a medium-si5ed pan and a stove for cooking, a ladle for stirring, a basin and a strainer for separating the milk curd from whey, a graduated cylinder for measuring the volumes of milk, white
2$
vinegar and water, and a weighing scale for taking the weight of the baking soda.
C2 Product!on of N atural / lue
>sing a graduated cylinder, m of old or spoiled milk was measured. #t was placed in a medium-si5ed pan and was heated until warm. Fifteen (24 m of white vinegar was then added to the warm milk. #t was further heated by stirring occasionally until the milk separated from its curds and whey. Then, the miture was strained keeping the curds or the solid part. The curds were then molded into one big slimy ball. %gain, the ball of curds was in a clean pan and 9 g of baking soda and 2 m of water was added to it. The miture was heated up until it started bubbling. The stove was turned off after achieving the desired consistency of the glue. The produced glue was allowed to cool before it was placed in a clean container. D2 3ual!ty Tet!ng of the Produced /lue
The 'uality and characteristics of the glue produced was tested through "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey. Twenty individuals in various walks of life were randomly selected as respondents. They were asked to assess the 'uality of the produced glue and compare it with the available glue being commercially marketed. %fter which, they were asked to rate the samples in terms of appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength using the prepared survey form (see %ppendi on page ++++ 4.
21
To determine the perceptions of the consumers on the appearance of the sample glues, -point ikert scale was utili5ed. The point and 'ualitatively description is hereby given)
=ualitative Bescription
9
;cellent Good
/
2
Aery
"haracteristics ;tremelygoodtolookat Good to look at
To assess the perceptions of the consumers on the viscosity of the glue samples, -point ikert scale was utili5ed. The point and 'ualitatively description is given below)
=ualitative Bescription
"haracteristics
;cellent
;tremelygoodviscosity
9
Good
Good viscosity
/
2
Aery
Aerypoorviscosity
To know the perceptions of the consumers on the smell of the sample glues, -point ikert scale was utili5ed. The point and 'ualitatively description is hereby given)
=ualitative Bescription
"haracteristics
9
;cellent Good
;tremelygoodsmell Good smell
/
22
2
Aery
Aerypoorsmell
To assess the perceptions of the consumers on the adhesive strength of the glue samples, -point ikert scale was utili5ed. The point and 'ualitatively description is given on the net page.
=ualitative Bescription
"haracteristics
;cellent
;tremelystrongadhesive strength
9
Good
6trongadhesivestrength
/
2
Aery
Aerypooradhesivestrength
Stat!t!cal Treatment of Data
The data gathered from the survey were processed using the weighted mean. The range and 'ualitative description is presented below)
1ange
=ualitative Bescription
"haracteristics ;tremely good to look at, ;tremely good viscosity, ;tremely good smell, ;tremely strong adhesive strength
9./3 K .
;cellent
/.2K9./
Good
Good to look at, Good viscosity, Good smell, 6trong adhesive strength
2.03K/.
2. K 2.0
Aery
Aery poor appearance, Aery poor viscosity, Aery poor smell, Aery poor adhesive strength
23
Cot Benef!t "naly!
#n order to answer proble m number , the researchers conducted cost benefit analysis. The amount incurred in the production of natural glue was compared to the cost of purchasing commercial glue. 1esult of the analysis is presented in Table 9 on page /0. &lo'chart of /eneral Procedure
"ollection and
=uality Testing through "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey
"ost @enefit %nalysis
%nalysis and #nterpretation of Bata
"onclusion
1ecommendations
&!gure ( &lo'chart of /eneral Procedure
24
Chapter 4 PR)S)NT"TION5 "N"%0SIS "ND INT)RPR)T"TION O& D"T"
This chapter elucidates in tabular form the data gathered. %nalysis after every result is presented in this chapter.
Table 1 Comb!nat!on of Old and Spo!led -!lk '!th Other Ra' -ater!al !n the Product!on of Natural /lue Ra'-ater!al
3uant!ty
$ldand6poiledMilk
m
White Ainegar
2 m
Water
2 m
@aking 6oda
9 g *olume 6 788 m%
Table 2 shows the raw materials combined in the production of natural glue. #t reveals that to produce a 3 m volume of natural glue, m old or spoiled milk, 2 m white vinegar, 2 m water, and 9 g of baking soda were used.
25
Table ( Reult of the Conumer "cceptab!l!ty Sur $ey a to "ppearance5 *!co!ty5 Smell and "dhe!$e Strength "p pe a r an c e
Conumer
"
2.;lementary6chool
B
9
9
9
Fish 20. Aendor
Fish /. Aendor
#nterpretation
9 9.0
9.
9.&
;cellent
;cellent
;cellent
;cellent
A – Natural Glue from Old/Spoiled Milk
9
9
9.
9
9
Good
9.2
9
9
9
WeightedMean
9
9
9
2&. Tricycle Briver
9
"arpenter 2J.
9
9
9
9 /
9 9
23. !igh 6chool Teacher
$egend:
9
9
/
9 9
9
9
9
9
9 9
9
9
9
9
2.
9
/
2. !igh 6chool 6tudent
9
29. ;lementary 6chool
9
9
22. "ollege 6tudent
9
9
&. ;lementary 6chool Teacher
B
9
9
0. 6ari-sari 6tore $wner
9
"
9
?urse J.
B
9
9
!ousewife . Bentist 3.
"
9
"dhe!$e Strength
Sme l l
B
9
9
@arangay . 6ecretary
"
@usinesswoman /. Farmer 9.
* ! co !t y
9.3
9.J
.
;cellent
;cellent
;cellent
B – Commercial Glue
26
The result of the "onsumers %cceptability 6urvey is presented in Table / in the previous page. #t can be gleaned from the table that consumers had high degree of acceptance on the produced natural glue as evidenced by the ;cellent results in appearance (9.4, viscosit y (9.4 and adhesive strength (9.J4 and very good in smell (9.24. The commercial glue has higher weighted means across all the four characteristics surveyed but the ikert 6cale shows that their 'ualitative descriptions were more or less the same, ecept for smell. This is an indication of consumers: high degree of acceptance of the glue produced from old and spoiled milk when marketed or sold.
&!gure , /raph!cal Repreentat!on of the +e!ghted -ean of the Conumer9 "cceptab!l!ty Sur$ey
4 3#5 3 2#5 %
2
1#5 1 $#5 $ %&&'%(%)*'
+,-*.-,T/
egend) % K ?atural Glue from $ld Milk @ K "ommercial Glue
-0'
%'-,+' -T(')T
27
Table , Cot Benef!t "naly!
-ater!al
-ater!al Pr!ce :!n Php;
$ld and 6poiled Milk
"mount Needed
"ctual Cot of -ater!al Ued :!n Php;
m
White Ainegar
2m
@aking 6oda
9g.
Water
2m
abor and
Cot of Commerc!al /lue :!n Php;
Elmer%s &l'e
Total Cot of Product!on of 188 m%
Table 9 presents the comparison of the cost of production of the natural glue and the selling price of its commercial counterpart (;lmer:s glue4. #t reveals that <90.J was the cost of production of 3 m natural glue from old and spoiled milk. The table further reveals that 2 m of the produced glue costs
&!gure 4
28
Compar!on of the Cot of Product!on :!n Ph!l!pp!ne peo; of the Natural /lue and Commerc!al /lue
3$ 25 2$ 15 1$ 5 $ )%T(% ' (.0 . 0,
*.00'(*,% '
Chapter <
29
SU--"R0 O& &INDIN/S5 CONC%USION "ND R)CO--)ND"TIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings of this research study. #t also includes the conclusion and the recommendations offered by the researcher as drawn out of the findings.
Summary of &!nd!ng
#t was found out that old or spoiled milk can be combined with white vinegar, baking soda and water to produce strong natural glue. The "onsumers %cceptability 6urvey conducted consumers perceived the natural glue produced from old or spoiled milk and other raw materials to have an ecellent appearance, viscosity and adhesive strength, and very good smell, while the commercial glue was perceive to be ecellent across all the characteristics being surveyed. Furthermore, the commercial glue has higher weighted means across all the four characteristics assessed when compared to the produced natural glue. !owever, the ikert 6cale shows that their 'ualitative descriptions were more or less the same, ecept for smell. This is an indication of consumers: high degree of acceptance of the glue produced when marketed or sold. "omparing the cost of production of the natural glue and the selling price of its commercial counterpart, it shows that
3$
@ased on the results and findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn) 2. $ld or spoi led milk can be utili5ed as raw mater ial in the pro duction of natural glue. /. The natural glue from old or spoiled milk has a high degree of acceptability as compared to its commercial counterpart in terms of appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength. 9. The natural old glue is cheaper by
Recommendat!on
The following recommendations would enhance the economic benefits of old and spoiled milk) 2.
BIB%IO/R"P.0
@ayoyo, Oennilyn, et al (n.d.4. %dhesive Glue from "amansi Trunk. 1etrieved from http)**scinet.dost.gov.ph*union*6how6earch1esult.php7 sP/LfPLpPLPLpagePLsidP2LidP%dhesiveQglueQfromQcamansiQtrunkLMty peP<1$O;"T6 on %ugust /0, /23.
31
;bnesaEEad, 6ina (/24. D!istory of %dhesivesD. !andbook of %dhesives and 6urface
1etrieved
6ept. /, /23. http)**www.yourdictionary.com*appearance http)**www.dictionary.com*browse*curd4 http)**www.thefreedictionary.com*glue http)**www.dictionary.com*browse*smell http)**en.wikipedia.org*wiki*Aiscosity http)**global.britannica.com*;@checked*topic *39/J*viscosity https)**www.corrosionpedia.com*definition* &*adhesive-strength Cinloch, %.O. (2&J04. %dhesion and %dhesives ) 6cience and Technology (1eprinted. ed.4. ondon) "hapman and !all. p. 2. #6@? -2/-/0-R. Cun5, "8 onnerdal, @ (2&&4. D!uman-milk proteins) analysis of casein and casein subunits by anion-echange chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and specific staining methodsD. %merican Oournal of "linical ?utrition. The %merican 6ociety for "linical ?utrition. 2 (24) 90K3.
32
nited 6tates , Graf %, Werther W, Aarmu5ahttp C. (/4. 6tudies in organic archaeology #) identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by the Tyrolean #cemanH to fi his weapons. %1C#A$", 2)U 09K00 Tracto, %rthur %. (/34. "oatings Materials %nd 6urface "oatings. "1" mar, et al (n.d.4. @etel nut (areca catechu4 tannin as an adhesive. 1etrieved from http)**scinet.dost.gov.ph*union*6how6earch1esult.php7 sP/LfPLpPLPLpagePLsidP2LidP@etelQnutQN/JarecaQcatechu N/&QtanninQasQanQadhesiveLMtypeP<1$@O;"T6 on on %ugust /0, /23. Wadley, yn (2 Oune /24. D"ompound %dhesive Manufacture as a @ehavioral nited 6tates of %merica. 23(/4) && . @ibcode)/&
33
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./2 . K
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37
ST"TISTIC"% CO-PUT"TIONS
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2. "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey (%ppearance4 2.2 ?atural Glue made out of $ld or 6poiled Milk WM P Vf ? P ( 24 Q (9 &4 Q (/ 24 /
38
P 3& / WM P 9. (;cellent4
2./ "ommercial Glue WM P Vf ? P ( 24 Q (9 4 / P 0 / WM P 9.0 (;cellent4
/. "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey (Aiscosity4 /.2 ?atural Glue made out of $ld or 6poiled Milk WM P Vf ? P ( 24 Q (9 24 / P 0 / WM P 9. (;cellent4 /./ "ommercial Glue WM P Vf ? P ( 2J4 Q (9 /4 / P 0J / WM P .& (;cellent4
39
9. "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey (6mell4 9.2 ?atural Glue made out of $ld or 6poiled Milk WM P Vf ? P ( 4 Q (9 294 Q (/ /4 / P 39 / WM P 9.2 (Good4
2./ "ommercial Glue WM P Vf ? P ( 2/4 Q (9 J4 / P 0/ / WM P 9.3 (;cellent4
. "onsumers: %cceptability 6urvey (%dhesive 6trength4 .2 ?atural Glue made out of $ld or 6poiled Milk WM P Vf ? P ( 204 Q (9 94 / P 00 /
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./ "ommercial Glue WM P Vf ? P ( /4 / P J / WM P . (;cellent4
41
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