Syllabus- Unit 3- Agriculture and Rural Development for NABARD Grade A and B 2017 Water Resource: Irrigation Management: types of irrigation, sources of irrigation, cropwater requirement, command area development, water conservation techniques, microirrigation, irrigation pumps, major, medium and minor irrigation. www.edutap.co.in
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Contents Syllabus ............................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................. ..................................... 1 Irrigation.............................................................. ............................................................................................................................. ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Definition ........................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................... ........................................ 4 Advantages................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................... ... 4 Disadvantages ............................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ .......................... 4 Purpose of Irrigation ..................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Role of water for growth and development of crops .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ... 5 Sources of Water............................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ .......................... 6 Surface Water ............................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ .......................... 6 River ............................................................ ..................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ..................................... 6 Reservoir ................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ .......................... 6 Lake ............................................................. ...................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ..................................... 6 Ponds..................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... .... 6 Tank........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Ground Water ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................... ................................................... 6 Necessity of Irrigation in India ........................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ............... 8 Significance of Irrigation in Indian Economy.................................................................. ..................................................................................................................... ................................................... 8 Present Status, Development D evelopment and Utilization of Water Resources .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 8 Surface Water ............................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ .......................... 8 Ground Water ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................... ................................................... 8 Irrigation Development ....................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................. 8 Irrigation Potential Created and Utilized ........................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ............... 8 Irrigation Projects .................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................... .... 9 Irrigation Projects Classification.......................................................... Classification................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................... ... 9 Based on Cultural Command Area (CCA) ( CCA) ........................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ ........................ 10 Major, Medium and Minor irrigation ir rigation .......................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ............................................................ 10 Based on the Way of Water W ater Application ................................................................... ................................................................................................................. .............................................. 10 Irrigation management ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Types of Irrigation ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ...................................... 12 Surface irrigation methods ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Wild or uncontrolled flooding ......................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................ .. 12 Controlled flooding ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Sub-surface Irrigation or Sub-irrigation S ub-irrigation .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. 13 Micro Irrigation ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 Sprinkler Irrigation ............................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... ............. 14 Drip Irrigation ............................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ........................... 15 2
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Crop Water Requirement................................................................................................................................................ 16 Introduction to Pumping System .................................................................................................................................... 17 Hydraulic Ram ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 Centrifugal Pumps ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Propeller Pump ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Mixed-Flow Pump ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Submersible Pump ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Vertical Turbine Pump ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Jet Pump ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Command Area Development and Water Management ................................................................................................ 19 Water Conservation Techniques..................................................................................................................................... 19 Earthen Embankment ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Farm Ponds ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Embankment Type .................................................................................................................................................. 19 Excavated or Dugout Ponds .................................................................................................................................... 19 Trenching .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Diversion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Ditches ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana .......................................................................................................................... 20
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There are two main ways that farmers can use agricultural water to cultivate crops:
Rain-fed farming
Irrigation
1. Rain-fed farming – Part of Paid Course 2.
Irrigation Part of Paid Course
Definition
Irrigation is defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land, in accordance with the ‘crop water requirements’ throughout the ‘crop period’ for full -
fledged nourishment of the crops.
Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall, soil moisture storage and capillary rise.
However, in many cases, it is not possible to meet the full crop water requirement throughout the season due to limited water availability. In such cases, deficit
irrigation is provided in the form of life saving or supplemental irrigation.
Besides meeting the crop water requirement, irrigation is also provided for field preparation, climate control (crop cooling and frost control), and leaching of excessive salts. Hence, irrigation is essential.
Irrigation has several advantages and disadvantages which are listed below:
Advantages Part of Paid Course
Disadvantages Part of Paid Course 4
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Purpose of Irrigation Part of Paid Course
Role of water for growth and development of crops Part of Paid Course
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Sources of Water Part of Paid Course
Surface Water Part of Paid Course
River A river is a natural water course, usually of freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water.
Reservoir Part of Paid Course
Lake A lake is an inland water body of considerable size. Lakes can serve as the source or termination point for rivers or smaller streams. Lakes are distinct from lagoons as they are not part of the ocean. Lakes are larger and deeper than ponds.
Ponds Part of Paid Course .
Tank Part of Paid Course
Ground Water Part of Paid Course 6
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Wells and Tubewells are the major source of irrigation. Canals rank second, while the tanks stand third. Well and Tube Well Irrigation: Part of Paid Course
Well irrigation is more popular in those regions where ground water is in plenty Part of Paid Course
Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under well irrigation Part of Paid Course
In Gujarat, about 82 per cent of the net irrigated area Part of Paid Course
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Tamil Nadu has the largest Part of Paid Course
Merits of Well and Tube Well Irrigation: Part of Paid Course
Necessity of Irrigation in India Part of Paid Course
Significance of Irrigation in Indian Economy
Part of Paid Course
Part of Paid Course
Present Status, Development and Utilization of Water Resources Surface Water Part of Paid Course
Ground Water Part of Paid Course
Irrigation Development Part of Paid Course 8
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Irrigation Potential Created and Utilized Ultimate Irrigation Potential (UIP): This term refers to the gross area that could be irrigated theoretically if all available land and water resources would be used for irrigation.
Irrigation Potential Created (IPC): Part of Paid Course
Irrigation Potential Utilized (IPU): Part of Paid Course
Irrigation Projects In India, irrigation has always been the largest user of water. Irrigation projects mainly consists engineering (or hydraulic) structures which collect, convey, and deliver water to areas on which crops are grown. Irrigation projects may range from a small farm unit to those serving extensive areas of millions of hectares. A small irrigation project may consist of a low diversion weir or an inexpensive pumping plant along with small ditches (channels) and some minor control structures. A large irrigation project includes a large storage reservoir, a huge dam, hundreds of kilometres of canals, branches and distributaries, control structures, and other works.
Irrigation Projects Classification Irrigation projects are classified in different ways, however, in Indian context it is usually classified as follows:
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Based on Cultural Command Area (CCA) Major, Medium and Minor irrigation
Major Irrigation Projects: Part of Paid Course
Medium Irrigation Projects: Part of Paid Course
Minor Irrigation Projects: Part of Paid Course
The Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) projects are further classified into two types based on irrigation method adopted.
Direct Irrigation method: Part of Paid Course
Indirect or Storage Irrigation Method: Part of Paid Course
Based on the Way of Water Application The Irrigation schemes are classified into two types based on way of water application.
Gravity/Flow Irrigation Scheme:
Part of Paid Course
Perennial Irrigation Scheme: Part of Paid Course
Non-Perennial Irrigation Scheme Part of Paid Course
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Lift Irrigation Scheme: Part of Paid Course
Some of the Major Irrigation Projects:
River
State
Beas Project
Beas River
Punjab, Haryana and 1974 Rajasthan
Bhakra Nangal Sutlej Project
Punjab and Himachal 1963 Pradesh
Chambal Project
Rajasthan and 1960 Madhya Pradesh
Chambal
Damodar valley Damodar project
Jharkhand, Bengal
Gandak project
Gandak
Bihar-UP
1970
Hirakund Project
Mahanadi
Orisa
1957
Punjab
1965
Indira Canal
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Year of completion
Name
Gandhi Satluj Beas
and
West
1948
Koshi Project
Kosi River
Bihar and Nepal
1954
Nagarjuna Sagar Project
Krishna
AP
1960
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Irrigation management
Irrigation management Aim Part of Paid Course
Irrigation scheduling Part of Paid Course
Types of Irrigation In order to achieve higher application, distribution and storage efficiency of irrigation water
suitable method must be adopted. Part of Paid Course
The main methods of irrigation are: Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip.
Surface irrigation methods Part of Paid Course
Wild or uncontrolled flooding Part of Paid Course
Controlled flooding Part of Paid Course
The following are most common methods used under field conditions: Part of Paid Course 12
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Advantages Part of Paid Course
Limitations Part of Paid Course
1. Basin irrigation Part of Paid Course
Advantages Part of Paid Course
Limitations Part of Paid Course
2. Furrow irrigation 3. Part of Paid Course
Sub-surface Irrigation or Sub-irrigation Part of Paid Course
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The essential requirements for a successful sub-surface irrigation are: Part of Paid Course
Advantages Part of Paid Course
Limitations Part of Paid Course
Micro Irrigation Part of Paid Course
Sprinkler Irrigation
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Part of Paid Course
Advantages Part of Paid Course
Limitations Part of Paid Course
Drip Irrigation
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Part of Paid Course
Features of drip irrigation: Part of Paid Course
Advantages Part of Paid Course
Limitations Part of Paid Course
Crop Water Requirement Part of Paid Course
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Crop water demand can also be expressed in term of supply as: WR = IRR + ER +ΔS +GWC
Where: WR = Total depth of water required during the life of crop irrespective of source IRR = Irrigation ER = Effective rainfall received during crop life ΔS = Profile water use i.e., difference in soi l moisture in the crop root zone at the beginning
and end of the crop GWC= Groundwater contribution, if any
Water requirement of different crops Crop
Water requirement (mm)
Rice
1200
Wheat
450-650
Maize
500-800
Cotton
700-1300
Soybean
400-700
Sugarcane
1500-2500
Sorghum
450-650
Groundnut
500-700
Introduction to Pumping System Part of Paid Course
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Hydraulic Ram
Part of Paid Course
Part of Paid Course
Centrifugal Pumps Part of Paid Course
Propeller Pump Part of Paid Course
Mixed-Flow Pump Part of Paid Course
Submersible Pump Part of Paid Course
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Vertical Turbine Pump Part of Paid Course
Jet Pump Part of Paid Course
Command Area Development and Water Management Part of Paid Course
The programme is being implemented under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) - Har Khet Ko Pani from 2015-16. Part of Paid Course
Water Conservation Techniques Water conservation can be done by construction of various structures as follows:
Earthen Embankment Part of Paid Course
Farm Ponds Part of Paid Course
Embankment Type Part of Paid Course
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Excavated or Dugout Ponds Part of Paid Course
Trenching Part of Paid Course
Diversion Part of Paid Course
Ditches Part of Paid Course
Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana Part of Paid Course
The scheme has four components which are as under:
Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP): Part of Paid Course
Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP):
Part of Paid Course
Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): Part of Paid Course
Watershed Development (WD): 20
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Part of Paid Course
Benefits envisaged during the period 2015-16 to 2019-20 under various components of PMKSY are given below:
Components
Utilization/coverage
Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP)
76.03 Lakh Ha.*
RRR, SMI, GW
6.0 Lakh Ha.
HKKP
CADWM
Per Drop More Crop Watershed Development
15.0 Lakh Ha. * 10.0 Million Ha. 11.5 Lakh Ha
* During 2016-17, Ninety Nine (99) Major/Medium Irrigation Projects having irrigation potential of 76.03 Lakh ha. have been identified for completion in phases by Dec., 2019 including their command area development work. Thus CADWM targets have been merged with AIBP.
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