CONTEMPORARY AUSTRALIAN MUSLIM HOMES: PERCEPTIONS OF PRIVACY IN THE CONTEXT OF MAINTAINING MODESTY AND HOSPITALITY Confirmation of Candidature (Articulation) (BN71 to IF49) Zulkeplee Othman N8438641
Structure of the presentation 1. Research Interest ► Research Problems ► Research Questions 2. Literature Review 3. Aims ► Conceptual Framework 4. Research Plan ► Methodology 5. Research Timeline ► Progress to Date
Research Interest ► Research Problems ► Research Questions
A home …… 1. Is place where one lives permanently, especially as a household (Oxford Dictionaries Resources, 2012) 2. Provides similar functions: • Nostalgia • • • • • • • •
Shelter Refuge Social Affiliation Activity Personalisation Self-Identity Continuity Privacy
Home as an environmental and psychological concept (Hayward, 1975)
• Diversity Culture and environment (Altman & Chemers, 1980)
• • • • • • • • •
RESEARCH INTEREST
Intimacy Domesticity Commodity & Delight Ease Light & Air Efficiency Style & Substance Austerity Comfort & Well-being
Home: a short history of an idea (Rybczynski, 1987) quid enim sanctius, quid omni religione munitius, quam domus unusquisque civium? (What more sacred, what more strongly guarded by every holy feeling, than a man's own home?) (Cicero)
Environmental factors 1. Climate 2. Temperature 3. Terrain Cultural factors 1. World views 2. Environmental cognitions and perceptions 3. Privacy regulation 4. Religious and other values 5. Social structure 6. Family structure
Home is a reflection of culture/environment relations RESEARCH INTEREST
Technological factors 1. Resources 2. Technological skills
The home in relation to other factors (Altman and Chemers, 1980)
Research interest… RESEARCH INTEREST
privacy modesty hospitality Cultural factors 1. World views 2. Environmental cognitions and perceptions 3. Privacy regulation 4. Religious and other values 5. Social structure 6. Family structure
Muslim homes in Australia
Research Problems 2011 Census - 26% of Australian born overseas, 20% had at least one parent born overseas (ABS, 2012)
RESEARCH PROBLEM
476,300 Muslims in Australia (69% increment from 2001) (ABS, 2012) No knowledge how Australian Muslims perception on home privacy Their home environment needs have implications for home designs Current housing design may contradict with Muslim privacy requirements
Research Questions RESEARCH QUESTION How do Australian Muslims perceive privacy in their homes, and how do they achieve privacy?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SUB QUESTION 1
SUB QUESTION 3
To what extent do Australian Muslims perceive modesty to be important within their home environment, and how do they achieve this?
What are Australian Muslims’ levels of satisfaction with current Australian home designs with regard to privacy?
SUB QUESTION 2 How do Australian Muslims perceive hospitality within their home environment?
Literature Review
Religion & Islam 1. Religio - what retains, bond or moral 2. Durkheim - religion brings people together and unite in moral community LITERATURE 3. Islam = ‘submission’ or ‘surrendering’ in Arabic (total submission to God) REVIEW 4. Prophet Muhammad (570 AD – 632 AD) was a messenger of Allah 5. Muslims do not worship Prophet Muhammad 6. Pillars in Islam: No Pillar of Iman Description a) Six Pillars of Beliefs (Iman) 1 Belief in One God Allah alone b) Five Pilars of Islam special beings to deliver messages to
No Pillar of Islam Description 1
Shahada
2
Salat
3
Sawm
4
Zakat
5
Hajj
testimony of faith
2
Belief in Angels
3
Belief in Prophets
prophets mainly 25 prophets from Adam to Muhammad Books of Allah: Torah (Musa/Moses), Psalms
4 Belief in Scriptures (Daud/David), Gospel (Isa/Jesus) and AlSociologists and historians then increasingly come together in their common affirmation establishment of five daily prayers Quran (Muhammad - finalit revelation) that religion is the most primitive of all social phenomena. It is from that have emerged, other of collective activity – fasting (month of Ramadan) through successive 5 transformations, Belief in Qiamat all theLife aftermanifestations death / Judgement Day law, morality, art, science, political forms, etc. In principle everything is religious alms-giving (2.5% to the poor) predestination by Allah (good or bad) of all 6 Belief in Al-Qadar (Durkheim, 1982 [1897]:173) pilgrimage to Mecca (if can afford it) things
Islam in Australia LITERATURE REVIEW
For those who’ve come across the seas We’ve boundless plains to share With courage let us all combine To advance Australia fair. Excerpt from ‘Advance Australia Fair’ (McCormick, 1878)
Traditional Muslim homes requirements LITERATURE REVIEW
1. privacy
2. gendered space (space for women)
3. modesty
4. space for hospitality or receiving guests And Allah has made for you from your homes a place of rest and made for you from the hides of the animals tents which you find light on your day of travel and your day of encampment; and from their wool, fur and hair is furnishing and enjoyment for a time (Al-Quran, 16:80).
Privacy “the right to be let alone” (Warren and Brandeis, 1890)
Isolation
Seclusion
LITERATURE REVIEW
Affinity
Privacy
Anonymity
Marshall (1972)
Reserve
Westin (1970)
Privacy in Muslim homes O ye who believe! enter not houses other than your own, until ye have asked permission and saluted those in them: that is best for you, in order that ye may heed (what is seemly) (Al-Quran, 24:27)
Personal Psychological Bubble (Hall, 1966)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hierarchy of privacy domains in traditional Muslim home (Bahammam, 1987)
Privacy in Muslim homes (Middle East)
Can be achieved through
Visual
• • • •
Entrance door location Above eye level windows High parapet walls Location of rooms
Acoustical
• • •
Thick walls Dense materials Zoned internal spaces: male, female, services
•
Oud (agarwood): incense
Smell
Types of privacy in Islamic teachings (Sobh and Belk, 2011; Mortada, 2003)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Gendered Space - Middle East And when you ask the ladies for anything, ask them from before a screen. That makes for greater purity for your hearts and for theirs (Al-Quran 33:53)
Men’s majlis (Alenazy, 2007)
Women’s salon (Alenazy, 2007)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Modesty Behaviour, manner, or appearance intended to avoid impropriety or indecency (Oxford Dictionaries Resources, 2012)
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. physical modesty (dress code, fashion) 2. self-improvement or self- motivation 3. social interaction (shyness, not boasting)
(Boulanouar, 2006)
4. avoiding any excessive spending and showing wealth (Mortada, 2003) Faith consists of more than seventy branches. And haya (modesty) is a part of faith (from hadith Al-Bukhari)
Hospitality - Middle East MALE VISITORS
DESCRIPTION wife’s muhrim such as father, father-in-law, sons, son-in-laws, brothers, nephews and uncles
Intimate relatives of wife may enter house without presence of husband husband’s brothers or male cousins Close family relatives
host may allow guests in female areas only after female members change clothing and wear hijab may access to men’s area or majlis only through men’s reception area should seek permission to use bathroom
Distant relatives and friends could enter dining area when invited by host after female members finished preparing food and out of sight
Categories of male visitors in relation women in Saudi Arabian homes2012; (Shraim, 2000) 2007) Men’stomajlis (Lockerbie Resources, Alenazy,
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hospitality in Traditional Malay House Eat together and not separately, for the blessings is associated with the company (Ibn Majah)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Community spirit - Malay house
The Traditional Malay House (Nasir and Wan Teh, 2004)
The Malay House (Lim, 1987)
Contemporary Muslim Homes across the World LITERATURE REVIEW
Traditional vs Modern (Alenazy, 2007)
Typical use of garage as men’s majlis in Muslim homes in Dearborn, Michigan (Emmerson, 2011)
Terrace housing in Malaysia (Md Zohri, 2010)
Aims ► Conceptual Framework
Research Questions (Recap) RESEARCH QUESTION How do Australian Muslims perceive privacy in their homes, and how do they achieve privacy?
AIMS
SUB QUESTION 1
SUB QUESTION 3
To what extent do Australian Muslims perceive modesty to be important within their home environment, and how do they achieve this?
What are Australian Muslims’ levels of satisfaction with current Australian home designs with regard to privacy?
SUB QUESTION 2 How do Australian Muslims perceive hospitality within their home environment?
Culture / Environment Relations Theory ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATIONS / VIEWS - cosmology - religion - values - norms
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT - topography - climate - flora - fauna
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOURS / PROCESSES - privacy - personal space - territoriality - crowding
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES - built environment - homes - farms - cities
ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITIONS - perceptions - coding - memory - judgements
Altman and Chemers (1980)
Modified Culture / Environment Relations Theory
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES - Australian Muslim homes
ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOURS / PROCESSES - privacy - modesty - hospitality
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATIONS / VIEWS - cosmology - religion - values - norms
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT - topography - climate - flora - fauna
EO/V
NE ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITIONS - perceptions - coding - memory - judgements
EB/P EO
EC
Altman and Chemers (1980)
Privacy Regulation Theory (Altman, 1975) Privacy is •dialectic (own experiences) and •dynamic (continuous management) 1. Privacy = temporal dynamic process changes depending on internal/external conditions
Desired level
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
too much privacy = social isolation
2. 2 levels of privacy - desired (required) and actual (achieved) 3. Privacy - non-monotonic function - (more privacy is not necessarily better) 4. Privacy is bi-directional nature - involves input / output from others 5. Privacy can be analysed in two levels - individual & group
too much social = crowding
Actual level
Research Significance AIMS
1. First study of Muslim homes in Australia
2. New knowledge how Australian Muslims adapt western lifestyle
3. New privacy patterns and devices not considered before
4. Expand understanding of influence of culture and religion in home designs
Research Plan ► Methodology
Research Approach 1. Qualitative approach: “lived experience” of a phenomenon 2. Two-step process: a) explore connections conceptual framework factors b) explore patterns of privacy in Queensland Muslim homes ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATIONS / VIEWS - cosmology - religion - values - norms
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT - topography - climate - flora - fauna
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES - Australian Muslim homes
ENVIRONMENTAL
BEHAVIOURS / PROCESSES - privacy - modesty - hospitality
ENVIRONMENTAL
COGNITIONS - perceptions - coding - memory - judgements
RESEARCH PLAN
Research Sample 1.Kuraby (1497 Muslims) 2.Woodridge (2484 Muslims) 3.Inala (630 Muslims) 4.Eight Mile Plains (470 Muslims) 5.Logan (432 Muslims) 6.Morooka (321 Muslims) 7.Holland Park (295 Muslims) 8. Algester (237 Muslims) Research Sites (ABS, 2012)
1.Invitation letters/ emails and phone calls to Islamic communities 2.Follow up calls to those interested 3.Screen participants
1.In a family situation 1. 20 to 60 samples: a) 10 to 30 males b) 10 to 30 females
4.Sign forms prior interview
Recruitment Method
2.Have children or extended families 3.25 to 55 years old - first generation OZ Muslims or more 4.Home owners or rented properties
Sample Size
Research Sample
Participant Selection
METHODOLOGY
Measurements and Assessment Tools
METHODOLOGY
1. Semi-structured interviews 1) How does your home enable you to do the things that are important to you?
2. Open-ended questions
3. Observations
4. Drawings and photographs
2) How do you make your house work so as to satisfy the level of privacy you desire for yourself and your family? 3) How do your neighbourhood and community enable you to do the things you like to do and to spend with your family? 4) Who (the person in your household) will be responsible in the design of your interiors and arrangements of the furniture?
Methods of Analysis 1. Coding:
METHODOLOGY
Open Coding Axial Coding Selective Coding
Methods of Analysis
Themes
Themes Outcomes Discussions
2. Successive Approximation
Social Research Methods (Neuman, 2011)
Timeline ► Progress To Date
Timeline and Progress to Date RESEARCH TIMELINE Time Elapsed
0
3
6
Sep-Dec 2011
Dec 2011Mar 2012
Mar-Jun 2012
9
12
15
Dec 2012-Mar Jun-Sep 2012 Sep-Dec 2012 2013
18
21
Mar-Jun 2013
24
27
TIMELINE & PROGRESS
30
Dec 2013-Mar Jun-Sep 2013 Sep-Jun 2013 Mar-Jun 2014 2014
33
Jun-Sep 2014 Sep-Dec 2014
Milestones Stage 2 Articulation Confirmation Annual Progress Final Seminar Lodgement of thesis Generic Capabilities Advanced information processing skills, IT & research technologies Research planning & execution
Develop tools
Theoretical, analytical, methodological, research design & problem-solving skills Research health & safety, ethical clearance & intellectual property Project management, academic writing & oral skills Research results , scholarly publications & presentations, policy, & career planning
EndNote
AIRS
Health & Safety
Data Analysis Data Collection
Develop method Ethics
Articulation process & seminar Intellectual Property ATN Leap Seminar skills Project Assess journals
ATN More
Research Commercial Journal articles
Final Seminar timeline Conference
36
Journal article
Timeline and Progress to Date RESEARCH TIMELINE Time Elapsed Coursework Advanced Information Retrieval Skills (AIRS) (IFN001) Thesis Writing Title & Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methodology Journal article 1 Journal article 2 Journal article 3 Discussion Conclusion Research Process Access Literature Consider Methodological Approaches Consider Resourcing (Scholarship) Develop Tools Implement & Analyse Pilot Revising Tools Access Sample Fieldwork Data Analysis for Articles 1, 2 & 3 Gather Results Approvals & applications Intellectual Property Ethics Industry Health & safety Scholarships Grants in Aid Write Up Scholarship Outputs & options Conference Papers Journal articles
0
3
6
Sep-Dec 2011
Dec 2011Mar 2012
Mar-Jun 2012
9
12
Jun-Sep 2012 Sep-Dec 2012
15
18
Dec 2012-Mar 2013
Mar-Jun 2013
21
24
Jun-Sep 2013 Sep-Jun 2013
27
30
Dec 2013-Mar Mar-Jun 2014 2014
33
36
Jun-Sep 2014 Sep-Dec 2014
TIMELINE & PROGRESS
References Alenazy, T. H. (2007). The privacy and social needs of women in contemporary Kuwaiti homes. MFA, Master of Fine Arts, Florida State University, Florida. [Electronic Thesis]. Al-Kodmany, K. (1999). Residential visual privacy: traditional and modern architecture and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 4(3), 283-311. Altman, I., & Chemers, M. M. (1980). Culture and environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Reflecting a nation: stories from the 2011 Census. Cultural diversity in Australia Retrieved 21 June, 2012, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/
[email protected]/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 Bahammam, A. S. (1987). Architectural patterns of privacy in Saudi Arabian housing. Master of Architecture Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, McGill University, Montreal. Available from McGill Library Boulanouar, A. W. (2006). The notion of modesty in Muslim women’s clothing: an Islamic point of view. [Discussion Paper]. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 8(2), 134-156 Durkheim, E. (1982 [1897]). The rules of sociological method and selected text on sociology and its method London: Macmillan Press Emmerson, N., O’Connell, J., & Peirson, D. (Writers). (2011). All-American Muslim. USA: TLC. Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. Hayward, D.G. (1975). Home as an environmental and psychological concept. Landscape, October, pp. 2-9. Lim, J. Y. (1987). The Malay house: rediscovering Malaysia's indigenous shelter system. [Pinang], Pulau Pinang, Malaysia: Institut Masyarakat. Marshall, N. J. (1972). Privacy and environment. Human Ecology, 1(2), 93-110. doi: 10.1007/bf01531349 McCormick, P. D. (1878). Advance Australia Fair [National Anthem]. Sydney. Mortada, H. (2003). Traditional Islamic principles of built environment. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Nasir, A. H., & Wan Teh, W. H. (2004). The traditional Malay house (Third ed.). Shah Alam, Malaysia: Penerbit Fajar Bakti. Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.). Unversity of Wisconsin: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Rybczynski, W. (1987). Home: a short history of an idea. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Shabani, M. M., Tahot, M. M. T., Arjmandi H., Che-Ani A.I. , Abdullah, N. A. G., & Usman, I. M. S. (2010). Achieving privacy in the Iranian contemporary compact apartment through flexible design. In Power Systems and Remote Sensing. Sobh, R., & Belk,. (2011). Domains of privacy and hospitality in Arab Gulf homes. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(2), 125-137. Warren, S. D., & Brandeis, L. D. (1890). The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4(5), 193-220. Westin, A., (1970). Privacy and freedom (first ed. 1967). Atheneum, New York.
Thank You Laurie Buys | Rosemary Aird | Evonne Miller | Jeff Sommerfeld | John Lockerbie | Peter Gould | Bachar Houli | Panel Members | Lynda Lawson |SEF and CIF staff | HDR colleagues | QUT Library | and everyone attending this seminar
Any questions?
