Moods and Figures

MOODS AND FIGURES:  There are are four (4) gure gure and each is dened by the position position of the middle term either as subject or predicate in the syllogism. 1st  Figure: Figure: sub-prae (subject- predicate) nd 2 Figure: pre-prae (predicate- predicate) rd  Figure: sub-sub (subject- subject ) th 4 Figure igure:: praeprae-sub sub (pre (predic dicate ate-su -subj bject ect)) Take Note:

Four Categorica !ropo"ition": ! "ni#ersal !FF$%&!T$'  "ni#ersal +,!T$' $ *articular !FF$%&!T$'  *articular +,!T$' a e e i o

!ll  are * +o  are * ome  are * ome  are not *

- stands stands for for the four categoric categorical al prop proposit ositions ions and they combine combine /ith the terms &  * to denote the 0uantity of the subject term of proposition. proposition. For eample: 2&a3 means that the &iddle Term is used as subject of 2!3 proposition.

u p

- stands respecti#ely for uni#er"a and particuar  combine /ith the symbols for terms to indicate the 0uantity of the predicate For eample: 2*p3 means that the &ajor Term is particular predicate.

 ()  () sig sign n

- sta stand nds s for for a5r a5rmati mati#e #e copu copula la

 ( (-) sign

- negati#e copula

!art" o$ Argu%ent": & 6 &iddle Term * 6 &ajor Term  6 &inor Term

1

Mood" o$ t&e SECORD FIGURE:  The econd Figure presents the Midde 'er% (M) as predicate of both premises (*redicate 6 predicate) * &  &  *

(*rae 6 prae) *redicate - predicate

%ules: 1. ne premise must be negati#e 7. The major premise must be uni#ersal Rule 1:

ince the &iddle Term is predicate of both premises (&ajor and &inor) it becomes necessary that one of the premises should be negati#e precisely to establish the middle term as uni#ersal at least once. ther/ise the fallacy of  undistributed middle is committed. Rule 2 .

ince one of the premises is negati#e the conclusion /ill also be negati#e. $n order to a#oid the fallacy of illicit major in the major premise the subject-term /hich is the major term must be uni#ersal.  The #alid moods for the econd Figure are: Proposit  ion ! ! $ !

Mnemonic cs!r c!mstrs fst$n b!rc

 CESARE (EAE) *e - &u a  &p *remise e - *u

e u 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e in &ajor *remise a p 6 *articular predicate in "ni#ersal !5rmati#e in &inor e u 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e

ample: +o triangle is $our-"ided (Midde 'er% *  6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (+o) in &ajor prae)  Term 8ut all s0uares are $our-"ided (Midde ! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (!ll) in &inor 'er% *prae)  Term  Therefore +o s0uare is triangle  6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (+o) 9The &iddle Term 2four-sided3 as predicate in the &ajor premise (prae) 7

 The &iddle Term 2four-sided3 as predicate in the &inor premise (prae)



2 CAMES'RES (AEE) *a  &p e - &u e - *u

ap 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e in &ajor *remise e u 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e in &inor *remise e u 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e -onclusion

ample: #ery immoral act is conde%na+e (Midde 'er% * prae) 8ut no ;indness is conde%na+e (Midde 'er%-prae)  Therefore +o ;indness is an immoral act

! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (#ery) in &ajor Term  6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (+o) in &inor  Term  6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (+o.)

9The &iddle Term 2condemnable3 as predicate in the &ajor premise (prae)  The &iddle Term 2condemnable3 as predicate in the &inor premise (prae)

, FES'INO (EIO) *e - &u i  &p o - *u ample: +o la/-abiding citi
 .AROCO (AOO) *a  &p o - &u o - *u !ll pianists are %u"ician" (Midde 'er% * ! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e in &ajor Term (all) prae) 8ut some artists are not %u"ician" (Midde  6 *articular +egati#e (some not) 'er% *prae)  Therefore some artists are not pianists  6 *articular +egati#e (some not) 9The &iddle Term 2musicians3 as predicate in the &ajor premise (prae) 4

 The &iddle Term 2musicians3 as predicate in the &inor premise (prae)

=

Mood" o$ t&e FOUR'/ FIGURE  The Fourth Figure (*redicate 6 ubject) is considered the re#erse of the First Figure (ubject 6 *redicate). $t presents the &iddle Term (&) as the predicate of the major premise and as the subject of the &inor Term (). * & &   *

(*rae 6 sub) *redicate - subject

%ules: 1. $f the major premise is a5rmati#e the minor premise must be uni#ersal 2 I$ t&e %inor pre%i"e i" an a0r%ati#e1 t&e concu"ion %u"t +e particuar . $f either premise is negati#e the major term must be uni#ersal %ule 1. $f the major premise is a5rmati#e its predicate /hich is the &iddle Term is particular. onse0uently the minor premise must be uni#ersal in order to establish the &iddle Term as a uni#ersal and therefore a#oid an undistributed middle.

Rue 2 I$ t&e %inor pre%i"e i" a0r%ati#e1 it" predicate &ic& i" t&e %inor ter% i" particuar 'o a#oid an iicit %inor1 concu"ion "&oud +e particuar %ule . $f either premise is negati#e the conclusion /ould be negati#e and its predicate /hich is the major term /ould be uni#ersal. $n order to a#oid an illicit major the major premise must be uni#ersal.  The #alid moods of the Fourth Figure are !!$ ! $!$ ! $ Proposit  ion !!$ ! $!$ ! $

Mnemonic br!m!nt$p c!mns d$m!r$s fs!p frs$sn

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 .RAMAN'I! (AAI) *a  &p &a  p i  *p ample: #ery merchant is an in#e"tor 8ut e#ery in#e"tor is a ris;-ta;er  Therefore some ris;-ta;ers are merchant

! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (e#ery) in &ajor Term ! - "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (e#ery) in &inor Term $ 6 *articular !5rmati#e (some)

9The &iddle Term 2in#estor3 used as a predicate (prae) in the &ajor *remise  The &iddle Term 2in#estor3 used as a subject (sub) in the &inor *remise

2 CAMENES (AEE) *a  &p &e - u e - *u ample: !ll mammals are /arm-blooded 8ut no /arm-blooded animals is a reptile  Therefore no reptile is a mammal

! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (e#ery) - "ni#ersal +egati#e (no) - "ni#ersal +egati#e (no)

9The &iddle Term 2/arm-blooded3 used as a predicate (prae) in the &ajor *remise  The &iddle Term 2/arm-blooded3 used as a subject (sub) in the &inor *remise

, DIMARIS (IAI) *i  &p &a  p i  *p ample: ome ?o/ers are 3agrant 8ut all 3agrant things are pleasant  Therefore some pleasant things are ?o/ers

$ 6 *articular !5rmati#e (some) ! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (all) $ 6 *articular !5rmati#e (some)

9The &iddle Term 2?agrant3 used as a predicate (prae) in the &ajor *remise  The &iddle Term 2?agrant3 used as a subject (sub) in the &inor *remise  FESA!O (EAO)

!e - Mu

e u 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e @

Ma 4 Sp So - !u

a p 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e ou 6 *articular +egati#e

E5a%pe: +o mon;ey is a  ingui"t (predicate) 8ut all ingui"t are educated  ("u+6ect)  Therefore some educated persons are not mon;eys

 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (nois a) ! 6 "ni#ersal !5rmati#e (all are)  6 *articular +egati#e (some are not)

9The &iddle Term 2linguist3 used as a predicate (prae) in the &ajor *remise  The &iddle Term 2linguist3 used as a subject (sub) in the &inor *remise

7 FRESISON (EIO) *e - &u ("ni#ersal +egati#e in &ajor Term) &i  p (*articular !5rmati#e in o - *u ample: +o spider is a 38 (predicate) 8ut some 3ie" are insects ("u+6ect)  Therefore some insects are not spiders

 6 "ni#ersal +egati#e (no) $ 6 *articular !5rmati#e (some)  6 *articular +egati#e (some not)

Fly (&iddle Term) use it as predicate in the &ajor *remise Flies 6 &iddle Term use it as subject in the &inor *remise

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