UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO
SHOTCRETE EN TÚNELES (HORMIGON PROYECTADO)
FACULT FACULTA A DE INGENIE INGENIERÍA RÍA
ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA DE MINAS
DOCENTE: ING. FRANCISCO MORALES
OBJETIVOS
ALUMNO: RODRÍGUEZ SILVA
201 INTRODUCCIÓN
1
Los Shot!"t" so# $"%&'s $"%&'s "$"#tt's "$"#tt's "s*"'&$"#t" +os,'+'s +os,'+'s *'!' "$*&"'!s" "$*&"'!s" "# &os sost" sost"#$ #$"# "#tos tos t-#"&" t-#"&"ss t'&/+" t'&/+"s0 s0 +"* +"*"#+ "#+"# "#+o +o +"& +"& t*o t*o +" 1!'+/' 1!'+/'2 2## +" &os '1!"1'+o '1!"1'+os0 s0 s" */"+ */"+"" s/$#st!' s/$#st!'!! Shot!"t" Shot!"t" *'!' !"'&%'! !"'&%'! /#' '+"/'+' '+"/'+' t"!$#'2# t"!$#'2# s/*"!,'&. P'!' "#t"#+"! &' t"#o&o1' +"& o#!"to &'#%'+o '*&'+o "# &os t-#"&"s0 "s #""s'!o !"o!+'! "& o!1"# +" "st" t*o +" o3!'s "# "& $/#+o. E# "st' $"++'0 &' *"!,o!'2# +" t-#"&"s ,/" "& *!$"! "4"!o +" #1"#"!' &&"5'+o ' '3o *o! "& s"! h/$'#o6 &' $#"!' "st7 #t$'$"#t" &1'+' ' &' hsto!' +" &os t-#"&"s. D"#t!o D"# t!o +" &os *!o"s *!o"sos os o#st!/ o#st!/t t5os 5os +" t-#"&"s t-#"&"s o# o#!" !"to to &'#%'+o &'#%'+o o
shotcrete shotcrete
so#
"&"$"#tos ,/#+'$"#t'&"s t'#to "# "& sost"#$"#to o$o "# "& !"5"st$"#to +" t-#"&"s o3!'s s/3t"!!7#"'s. Estos t*os +" *!o"to h'# $ot5'+o /# o#t#/o +"s'!!o&&o t"#o&21o +"& o#!"to0 &' $'8/#'!'0 &' '*&'2# "& o#t!o& +" '&+'+. E& +"s'!!o&&o &' t"#o&o1' +" "stos t*os +" o#!"to h' &&"5'+o ' 8/" "!tos *!o,"so#'&"s +" &' o#st!/2# t"#1'# &' #""s+'+ +" o#o"! &'s 3o#+'+"s &os /+'+os 8/" s" +"3"# t"#"! "# "& $o$"#to +" /t&%'! "& o#!"to &'#%'+o o$o /#' '&t"!#'t5' *'!' o#st!/2#. U# h"ho 3"# o#o+o o#o+o +" &' #+/st!' +" &' o#st!/2# "# *'!t/&'! +" &' #+/st!' +" &' o#st!/2# s/3t"!!7#"' "s 8/" #o h' /# *!o"to 8/" s"' 1/'& ' ot!o. C'+' /#o "st7 'o$*'9'+o *o! /#' 5"!+'+"!' $'!'9' +" *'!7$"t!os !/#st'#'s 8/" 1"#"!'# /# 1!'+o +" o$*&"4+'+ s/*"!o! '& +" ot!'s #+/st!'s. E& shot!"t" *os"" 5"#t'4's "#o!$"s "# s/ '&+'+ +" *!o"so +" o#st!/2# +" so*o!t" +" !o's6 "&&o0 s/$'+o '& '5'#" &o1!'+o "# $'t"!'&"s0 "8/*os o#o$"#tos +" '*&'2#0 h' h"ho +" "st' t#' /#' h"!!'$"#t' $/ $*o!t'#t" #""s'!' *'!' &os t!'3'4os +" +" o#st!/2# s/3t"!!7#"'. s/3t"!!7#"'. E# *'!t/&'!0 &' t"#o&o1' $o+"!#' +" shot!"t" *o! 5' h-$"+' h' '$*&'+o "& '$*o +" t!'3'4o +" &' o#st!/2# s/3t"!!7#"'. I#+"*"#+"#t"$"#t" +"& t*o +" t"!!"#o0 ho "# +' "s *os3&" '*&'! "st' t"#o&o1' "# /'&8/"! o#+2#.
2
OBJETIVOS
D'! ' o#o"! &' '*&'2# +"& shot!"t" "# t-#"&"s.
;!#+'! &' #,o!$'2# '"!' +" &'s 5"#t'4's +" &os $to+os +" *!o"2# "# T-#"&"s.
E& s'3"! o3t"#"! /# o#!"to o#!"to o$*'to0 o$*'to0 !"sst"#t" 3"# '+h"!+o '+h"!+o 8/" !"+/%' !"+/%' &' *!++' +" $'t"!'&0 +"3+o ' &' $'&' o&o'2# +"& o#!"to.
I#,o!$'! I#,o!$'! 8/" "& *!o"+$ *!o"+$"#to "#to +" &'#%'+o &'#%'+o s" "#/"#t!' "#/"#t!' so$"t+o so$"t+o ' "!tos *!#*os t#'s t#'s 8/" s" !",&"4'# !",&"4'# "# &' '&+'+ +"& +"& o#!"to o&o'+o. o&o'+o.
&' $*o!t'#' +" s'3"! /# *oo $7s so3!" "& o#!"to &'#%'+o &os $'t"!'&"s 8/" s" /t&%'#.
SHOTCRETE
3
I.
DEFINICIÓN E& shot!"t" &&'$'+o t'$3# o#!"to &'#%'+o "s /#' $"%&' +" "$"#to0 '1!"1'+os0 '1/'0 '+t5os 't/'&$"#t" ,3!'s ($"t7&'s o s#tt's) o /#' o$3#'2# +" "st's.
1. ¿Dónde se utiliza el sht!"ete# L' 1!'# '#t+'+ +" 5"#t'4's 8/" t"#" "& shot!"t" o$o *!o"so +" o#st!/2#0 &os '5'#"s &o1!'+os "# "8/*os0 $'t"!'&"s o#o$"#tos0 &o h'# o#5"!t+o "# /#' h"!!'$"#t' $*o!t'#t" *'!' /#' 5'!"+'+ +" t!'3'4os. S" '*&' shot!"t" *'!' !"so&5"! *!o3&"$'s +" "st'3&+'+ "# t-#"&"s "# ot!'s o#st!/o#"s s/3t"!!7#"'s. A+"$7s0 ho "# +' "st' t#' "s /# ,'to! &'5" *'!' "& so*o!t" +" !o's "# '*&'o#"s t'&"s o$o: = Co#st!/2# +" t-#"&"s = O*"!'o#"s $#"!'s = H+!o"&t!' = Est'3&%'2# +" t'&/+"s M7s +"& >? @ +" to+o "& shot!"t" "s /t&%'+o *'!' so*o!t" +" !o's0 +"3+o ' s/s '!'t"!st's +" ,&"3&+'+0 !'*+"% "o#o$'.
$. CO%&OSICIÓN S'OTCRETE a. ()ua E& '1/' "# "& o#!"to o$*!"#+" "& '1/' '9'++' +/!'#t" s/ *!o+/2# &' h/$"+'+ *!"s"#t" "# "& '1!"1'+o. E& '1/' +" '$'s'+o +"3" s"! &$*' &3!" +" /'&8/"! s/st'#' 8/" */"+' '&t"!'! "& o#!"to. Co# !"&'2# ' s/ /so "# "& o#!"to0 "& '1/' t"#" &' ,/#2# +" #'! &' !"'2# 8/$' +"& "$"#to0 *!o+/"#+o "& ,!'1/'+o "#+/!"$"#to +"& o#!"to. A+o#'&$"#t" 't-' o$o $"+o +" /!'+o +"& o#!"to0 /'#+o s" /t&%'.
*. Ce+ent D"*"#+"#+o +" &os !"8/stos $*/"stos '& *!o+/to0 "& "$"#to "$*&"'+o */"+" s"! "$"#to ;o ;o Es*"'& P/%o&7#o o C"$"#to ;o ;o Po!t&'#+ P/%o&7#o.
4
E& "$"#to 't-' o$o /# B'1&/t#'#t" "# &' $"%&' +" o#!"to *!o"t'+o 8/" /#" ,4' &'s *'!t/&'s +" '1!"1'+o ' t!'5s +" &' $'t!%. E& "$"#to t'$3# "s /# &/3!'#t" *!#*'& +"& o#!"to *!o"t'+o0 t"#" /# ,!'1/'+o h+!7/&o *o! &o t'#to "s *'!'&$"#t" !"s*o#s'3&" +" &'s *!o*"+'+"s $"7#'s +"& o#!"to "#+/!"+o. E& "$"#to 8/" s" /t&" *'!' *!o"tos +" o#!"to &'#%'+o +"3" t"#"! *!o*"+'+"s +" ,!'1/'+o !7*+o *!o+/! !"sst"#' ' t"$*!'#' "+'+.
!. ()"e)ads Los '1!"1'+os o#stt/"# "& "s8/"&"to +" &' $'t!% +"& o#!"to &'#%'+o '*!o$'+'$"#t" "& @ +"& 5o&/$"# "s '!"#' 1!'5'. A!"#' Co$o '1!"1'+o *t!"o s" /t&%' /# 7!+o o$3#'+o 3"# 1!'+/'+o0 +" 1!'#/&o$"t!' o#t!o&'+' o#st'#t"0 t'$'9o $7$o $$. E& /'& s" o3t"#" +" &' $"%&' +" +5"!s's ,!'o#"s +" '!"#' 8/"0 ' s/ 5"% s" ,'3!'# $"+'#t" &' t!t/!'2# +" 1!'5' t!'t'+' "# &' *&'#t' *!o*' +" 7!+os. L' o$*os2# 1"o&21' +"& '1!"1'+ t"#" ,/"!t" #,&/"#' "# &' $'#"4'3&+'+ ot!'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& o#!"to "#+/!"+o.
d. (di!ines Los '+t5os *'!' o#!"to &'#%'+o so# s/st'#'s o!17#'s o #o!17#'s "# "st'+o &8/+o o "# *o&5o. R"'o#'# o# &' h+!'t'2# +"& "$"#to 3"# s"' +" ,o!$' 8/$' o ,s' s" '1!"1'# '#t"s0 +/!'#t" o +"s*/s +" $"%&'+o. Mo+,'# &'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& o#!"to t'#to "# "st'+o ,!"so o$o "# "st'+o "#+/!"+o0 +" t'& $'#"!' 8/" s" '+'*t" ' &'s o#+o#"s +" &' o3!' +" &'s #""s+'+"s +"& o#st!/to!. Es $*o!t'#t" !"'&%'! *!/"3's o# &os '+t5os +o#+" s" $+' &' o$*'t3&+'+0 '+'*t'3&+'+ '+8/s2# +" !"sst"#' ' t!'5s +"& t"$*o. A+t5os 8/" s" /t&%'# "# &' $"%&'s +" o#!"to &'#%'+o:
, Redu!t"es de a)ua - luidii!antes/ s" "$*&"'# *'!' $"4o!'! &' 3o$3"'3&+'+ o &' ,&/+"% +"& o#!"to. E# "& *!o"so 5' h-$"+' s" +"s"' o&o'! /# o#!"to 3o$3"'3&"0 *"!o #o $"+'#t" /# #!"$"#to +" '1/' "# &' $"%&'. S &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#to "s '&t'0 &' $"%&' s" s"1!"1' s" o3t"#" /# o#!"to +" 3'4' !"sst"#'. P'!' "&&o s" /t&%' /# '+t5o !"+/to! +" '1/' *'!'
5
$'#t"#"! /#' 3'4' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#to0 o# /#' ""&"#t" 3o$3"'3&+'+ s# s"1!"1'2#0 &o 8/" $"4o!' &'s '!'t"!st's +"& o#!"to.
, (diti0s "eta"dantes : s" /t&%'# *'!' !"t'!+'! "& t"$*o +" ,!'1/'+o +"& o#!"to '#t"s +" o&o'!&o. C/'#+o s" /t&%' /# '+t5o !"t'!+'#t" +" ,!'1/'+o0 1"#"!'&$"#t" &' +os,'2# +"& '+t5o '"&"!'#t" "# &' 3o8/&&' t"#+" ' s"! $'o!0 "# o$*'!'2# o# /# o#!"to s# '+t5o !"t'!+'#t" *'!' o3t"#"! "& ,!'1/'+o !7*+o +" &' $"%&' "s*"so!"s 1!/"sos. Es $*o!t'#t" !"'&%'! *!/"3's *!"5's '#t"s +" #'! "& t!'3'4o *'!' +"t"!$#'! &' '#t+'+ +" '+t5o '"&"!'#t"0 +"t"!$#'! "& +"s'!!o&&o +" !"sst"#'s t"$*!'#'s "& "s*"so! +" &' '*'.
, (diti0s a"a el !nt"l de hid"ata!ión/ s" '+o#'# *'!' $'#t"#"! &' t!'3'4'3&+'+0 "t"#+"! "& t"$*o +" t!'#s*o!t" +"& o#!"to '*&'!&o s# !"+/! &' '&+'+ +"& o#!"to. E# 1"#"!'&0 "st" '+t5o #o t"#" #,&/"#' "# &' +os,'2# +"& '+t5o '"&"!'#t". L' $"%&' +" o#!"to */"+" s"! !"'t5'+' ' /'&8/"! ho!' o# &' $s$' +oss +" '"&"!'#t" o# "& $s$o t"$*o +" ,!'1/'+o0 +"s'!!o&&'#+o !"sst"#'s ' t"$*!'#'s ,#'&"s.
, (diti0s a!ele"antes/ so# "s"#'&"s *'!' "!tos t!'3'4os +" o#st!/2# s/3t"!!7#"'. P!#*'&$"#t" /'#+o s" !"8/"!" o#st!/! /#' s"2# "# o!to *&'%o o /'#+o s" !"8/"!' /# !7*+o +"s'!!o&&o +" !"sst"#' ' "+'+"s t"$*!'#'s. Los '"&"!'#t"s *'!' o#!"to &'#%'+o t"#"# ","tos +,"!"#t"s0 +"*"#+"#+o +" &' o$*os2# 8/$' +"& '+t5o. E& o#!"to &'#%'+o 5' h-$"+' !"8/"!" &' '+2# +" '"&"!'#t"s &8/+os "# &' 3o8/&&' *'!' /#' !7*+' o&o'2#. E& *!$"! ","to +" "st" '+t5o "s !"+/! &' o#sst"#' "# "& $o$"#to +" &'#%'!&o0 +" /#' o#sst"#' ,&/+' ' /#' s"'6 "so &" *"!$t" '+h"!!s" ' &' s/*"!," " #!"$"#t'! "& "s*"so! +" &' '*'. L' +os,'2# +"& '"&"!'#t" */"+" 5'!'!0 +"*"#+"#+o +" &' h'3&+'+ +"& o*"!'+o!0 &' s/*"!," +" '*&'2#0 &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#to.
2. C(R(CTER3STIC(S T4CNIC(S
Granulom!r"a
0 # $ %mm&
6
Rn'(m(n!o a)ro*(ma'o Dn-('a' ' mor!ro .r-/o
+$0 %L,!& 21 a 2 %34,L o
Resistencias a los pocos minutos de colocado, pudiendo llegar a las 24 horas a ²
5. Re!+enda!ines &a"a Su (li!a!ión E&$#'! to+o !"sto +" $'t"!'& s/"&to o s"$'+h"!+o +"& s/st!'to +" o&o'2#. P'!' "&&o +"*"#+"#+o +"& t*o +" so*o!t"0 s" 'ost/$3!' ' &$*'! /t&%'#+o '&1/#o +" &os s1/"#t"s sst"$'s: ho!!o +" '!" ' *!"s2#6 ho!!o +" '!" '1/' ' *!"s2#6 ho!!o +" '1/' ' "&"5'+' *!"s2#6 ho!!o +" '!"#' (*!#*'&$"#t" *'!' so*o!t"s +" ho!$12#). P'!' sst"$' 5' s"'0 "# "& *t2# +" &' $'#1/"!'0 '4/st'! &' +oss +" '1/' #""s'!' &' $"4o! +st'#' *'!' $#$%'! "& !"3ot". H'"! &' *!o"2# +"& $o!t"!o "# +!"2# *"!*"#+/&'! '& so*o!t"0 "# '*&'o#"s so3!" ho!$12#0 +"3" /s'!s" /# */"#t" +" '+h"!"#'0 &os #s"!tos #""s'!os +"3+'$"#t" '#&'+os o# !"s#' &' "#,"!!'+/!' +" !",/"!%o 8/" '!!o4" "& 7&/&o "st!/t/!'&. E,"t/'! /!'+o o# '1/' *ot'3&" +/!'#t" +'s s"1/+os (ho!!o +" '1/' o 's*"!so!).L' '+2# +" '"&"!'#t" "# t"!!"#o0 #""s'!' *'!' '&'#%'! !"sst"#'s t"$*!'#'s0 s" h'!7 "# "& "t!"$o +"& *t2# +" *!o"2#0 o# /# +os,'+o! 8/" 's"1/!" &' !"*'!t2# ho$o1#"' +"& $s$o "# "& *!o+/to.
6. &"e!au!ines A& "$*&"'! '"&"!'#t"0 5"!,'! 8/" #o s" o3st!/' &' 3o8/&&' "# "& *t2#. No $"%&'! "st" *!o+/to o# ot!os $'t"!'&"s.
7. %uest"e
7
E& $/"st!"o *o! *'!t" +" /# L'3o!'to!o O,'&0 +"3"!7 's"1/!'! 8/" "& $o!t"!o /$*&' o# &' o#sst"#' #+'+' "# &' *!"s"#t" '!t&&' o 3#0 s" +"3"!7 !"'&%'! &' 5"!,'2# +" &' +oss +" '1/' #o!*o!'+'.
8. Cnside"a!ines en el dise9 de +ez!las Los +s"9os +" $"%&'s +" o#!"to &'#%'+o s"$*!" +"3"# '+'*t'!s" ' &'s "s*",'o#"s +"& '1!"1'+o +"& "$"#to +s*o#3&" *'!' *o+"! o3t"#"! &' !"sst"#' #'& &' $'#"4'3&+'+ !"8/"!+'s. Los "#s'os +" &'3o!'to!o h'"# $7s ,7& &' o*"!'2# "# o3!'. E& "$"#to 8/" s" +"3" /t&%'! *'!' "stos o#!"tos +"3" t"#"! /# +"s'!!o&&o +" !"sst"#' t'#to #'& o$o ,#'&6 &os '+t5os s" /t&%'# *'!' !"+/! "& !"3ot"0 $"4o!'! &' *&'st+'+ 3'4'! &os o#t"#+os +" '1/'. L's ,3!'s +" '"!o #!"$"#t'# &' '*'+'+ +" '!1' &'s *!o*"+'+"s +" +/t&+'+ +"& o#!"to &'#%'+o. E& t'$'9o $7$o +"& '1!"1'+o +"*"#+" +"& "s*"so! +" '*' +"& ''3'+o +" &' s/*"!," !"8/"!+' +"& o#!"to &'#%'+o. L's 5'!'o#"s +" &os '1!"1'+os t"#"# ,/"!t" ","to so3!" &'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& o#!"to ,!"so0 "# &' !"&'2# AC 0 *o! "#+"0 "# &'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& o#!"to "#+/!"+o. Los '1!"1'+os +"3"# s"! '#'&%'+os o# "t!"$o /+'+o +/!'#t" "& *!o"so +" o#t!o& +" '&+'+6 "& '1!"1'+o +"3" s"! +/!o0 &$*o #o +"s1'st'+o *o! &' #t"$*"!". L' +os,'2# +" &os $'t"!'&"s s" h'" *o! *"so. L' /!5' 1!'#/&o$t!' +" &os '1!"1'+os +"3"!7 /$*&! o# &' #o!$' "& "$"#to ' /t&%'! +"3" t"#"! '!'t"!st's ,s's +" t"$*os +" ,!'1/'+o o!to '&t' !"sst"#' ' t"$*!'#' "+'+. D" "st' $'#"!' s" +"3" h'"! /#' '*!o$'2# +" /#' '#t+'+ +" "$"#to 8/" s'ts,'1' &'s '!'t"!st's +" '+'*t'3&+'+ !"sst"#' ' ho!'s. E# &os o#!"tos *o! 5' h-$"+'0 &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#to "st7 o$*!"#++' 1"#"!'&$"#t" "#t!" ?0 ' ?0 "st7 "# ,/#2# +" ot!'s 5'!'3&"s o$o "& $2+/&o +" ,#/!' +" &' '!"#' &' #'t/!'&"%' +"& o#!"to. P'!' $'#t"#"! /#' o#sst"#' '+"/'+'0 #o s" +"3" ""+"! &' '#t+'+ +" '1/'. A+o#'&$"#t" s" +"3" #o!*o!'! "& '+t5o '"&"!'#t". Es #""s'!o !"'&%'! "#s'os *!"5os "# &' $s$' o3!' o# "& ,# +" '4/st'! &' +os,'2# +" "$"#to0 '1!"1'+os0 '1/'0 '+t5os +" '/"!+o o# &'s o#+o#"s "st"#t"s0 *'!' 's /$*&! &os !"8/stos +"& *!o"to "# /#' *&'#t'
8
$"%&'+o!' 8/" *"!$t' &o1!'! /# o#!"to o# &' ho$o1"#"+'+ #""s'!' *'!' "& o#!"to &'#%'+o.
II.
TI&OS DE S'OTCRETE. At/'&$"#t" "st"# +os $to+os +" '*&'2# *'!' "& shot!"t":
El &"!es de V:a Se!a; s" '!'t"!%' *o! 8/" s" &" '9'+" "& '1/' +" h+!'t'2# "# &' 3o8/&&' +" *!o"2#.
El de V:a '<+eda; '8/"& "# "& 8/" &'s $"%&'s t!'#s*o!t'+'s o#t"#"# ' "& '1/' #""s'!' *'!' &' h+!'t'2#. A$3os $to+os t"#"# s/s 5"#t'4's +"s5"#t'4's0 &' s"&"2# +" /#o / ot!o +"*"#+"!7 +" &os !"8/stos +"& *!o"to +" &' "*"!"#' +"& *"!so#'& "#'!1'+o +" "4"/t'!&o. P"!o "& $to+o $7s "s "& +" *!o"2# *o! 5' h-$"+' +"3+o ' 8/" o,!"" /# $"4o! '$3"#t" +" t!'3'4o0 +"3+o ' &os *!o3&"$'s +" *o&/2# "# &' o#st!/2#0 $'o! '&+'+0 /#,o!$+'+ *!o+/2#. Los +"s'!!o&&os "# &' t"#o&o1' +"& shot!"t" "st7# !"&'o#'+os o# "& *!o"so +" 5' h-$"+' 't/'&$"#t".
(= %>td " 0:a se!a. CO%&OSICIÓN DE UN( %E?C@( SEC( 1 .Cntenid de !e+ent E# &' ,'3!'2# +" &' $"%&' s"' s" /t&%' /s/'&$"#t" /#' *!o*o!2# +" "$"#t'#t" 8/" 5'!' "#t!" ? ? &o1!'$os *o! K??? &t!os +" '1!"1'+o0 o "#t!" ? ? &o1!'$os *o! $"t!o -3o +" o#!"to. P'!' "st$'! "& o#t"#+o !"'& +" "$"#to +"& shot!"t" '*&'+o0 "s #""s'!o o#s+"!'! "& !"3ot". E& *!#*'& ","to +"& !"3ot" "s &' *!++' +"& '1!"1'+o +" $'o! t'$'9o0 8/" o#+/" ' /# '/$"#to +"& o#t"#+o +" "$"#to s s" &o o$*'!' o# &' $"%&' #'&. E# /#' $"%&' !"1/&'! +" ? 1 +" "$"#to *o! $0 /# !"3ot" +"& ? @ s" t!'+/" '*!o$'+'$"#t" "# ?? 1 +" "$"#to *o! $ +" shot!"t".
$. Rela!ión a)uaA!e+entante L' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t" t"#" /#' #,&/"#' ,/#+'$"#t'& "# &'
9
'&+'+ +"& shot!"t". E& '1/' tot'& /t&%'+' "# &' $"%&' s"' s" o$*o#" +"& '1/' +" $"%&' '9'++' "# &' 3o8/&&' &' h/$"+'+ ' *!"s"#t" "# "& '1!"1'+o. A +,"!"#' +" &' *!o"2# *o! 5' h-$"+'0 "# &' *!o"2# *o! 5' s"' #o h' /# 5'&o! +",#+o *'!' &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t" +"3+o ' 8/" "& o*"!'!o +" &' 3o8/&&' "s 8/"# o#t!o&' !"1/&' &' '#t+'+ +"& '1/' +" $"%&'6 1"#"!'&$"#t"0 "sto "s /#' 1!'# +"s5"#t'4'. No o3st'#t"0 "# &' *!7t' "& ,'to! '1/'"$"#t'#t" "s 3'st'#t" o#st'#t" +"3+o ' 8/" "& '&'#" +" &' 5'!'2# "s &$t'+o: s s" '1!"1' $/ *o' '1/'0 s" !"' #$"+'t'$"#t" /# ""so +" *o&5o6 s s" '1!"1' +"$'s'+' '1/'0 "& shot!"t" #o s" '+h"!!7 ' &' s/*"!,". S s" /t&%' /#' t#' o!!"t'0 "& ,'to! '1/'"$"#t'#t" 5'!' s2&o &1"!'$"#t" *"!$'#"" *o! +"3'4o +" ?0. E# "& $"4o! +" &os 'sos ('1!"1'+os 8/" !"8/"!'# /#' 3'4' '#t+'+ +" '1/'0 s/,"#t" o#t"#+o +" "$"#to)0 "s #&/so *os3&" ,'3!'! shot!"t" o# /#' !"&'2 #,"!o! ' ?0.
2. Cntenid de hu+edad natu"al Ot!o 's*"to $*o!t'#t" +" &' $"%&' s"' "s "& o#t"#+o +" h/$"+'+ #'t/!'&. C/'#+o &' $"%&' "st7 +"$'s'+o s"'0 &' *!o"2# *!o+/" /#' '#t+'+ ""s5' +" *o&5o6 *o! ot!' *'!t"0 s "& o#t"#+o +" h/$"+'+ "s +"$'s'+o '&to0 "& !"#+$"#to +" shot!"t" +s$#/" +!7st'$"#t"0 &'s $'8/#'!'s &'s $'#1/"!'s t!'#s*o!t'+o!'s s" t'*o#'#. E& o#t"#+o +" h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& 2*t$o +"3" os&'! "#t!" "& "& *o! "#to. A+"$7s +" &'s $"%&'s h"h's "# "& sto0 "# &os -&t$os '9os s" h' t"#++o ' /t&%'! $'t"!'&"s s"os 8/" &&"1'# '& sto +" t!'3'4o "$*''+os "# s'os o s&os0 &os /'&"s0 *o! s/*/"sto0 #o o#t"#"# h/$"+'+ #'t/!'&. P'!' !"+/! &' ,o!$'2# +" *o&5o0 "s 'o#s"4'3&" h+!'t'! "& $'t"!'& s"o '#t"s +" #t!o+/!&o "# &' $'8/#'!' +" *!o"2#0 *'!' "&&o "st"# +s*ost5os '&$"#t'+o!"s +" +s"9o "s*"'& o 3o8/&&'s +" *!"h/$+,'2#.
1 0
5. (diti0s Est"# 5'!os '+t5os /' ,/#2# "s o#t!o&'! &'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& shot!"t". E#t!" &os $7s $*o!t'#t"s ,1/!'# &os '"&"!'#t"s +" ,!'1/'+o6 "stos '+t5os !"+/"# "& t"$*o +" ,!'1/'+o. E& shot!"t" "h3" /# ,!'1/'+o $7s !7*+o /#' !"sst"#' #'& $'o!0 &o /'& *"!$t" '*&'! '*'s s/3s"/"#t"s +" shot!"t" o# $'o! !'*+"% "# "s*"so!"s $'o!"s. E# *!o"tos +" 1!'# "s'&'0 &os '"&"!'#t"s o#t!3/"# ' '/$"#t'! &' *!o+/t5+'+ so# /# *!"!!"8/sto $*o!t'#t" *'!' $/h's '*&'o#"s6 o$o "4"$*&o0 "# t!'3'4os +" o#st!/2# s/3t"!!7#"'0 &' !"sst"#' #'& +"& shot!"t" "s /# ,'to! "s"#'&. T'& o$o "s 3"# o#o+o "# &' t"#o&o1' +" o#st!/2#0 '"&"!'! &' h+!'t'2# +"& "$"#to &&"5' ' /#' !"+/2# +" &' !"sst"#' ' &os +'s. Po! t'#to0 *'!' o3t"#"! !"s/&t'+os +" '&t' '&+'+ "# "& shot!"t"0 "s !to '9'+! &' $"#o! '#t+'+ *os3&" +"& '"&"!'#t" h'"!&o +" $'#"!' /#,o!$". E# '+' 'so +"3" +"t"!$#'!s" &' *!o*o!2# +" '"&"!'#t" s"1-# &' '#t+'+ +" "$"#to /t&%'+o. H' '"&"!'#t"s &8/+os '"&"!'#t"s "# *o&5o "stos so# '9'++os +/!'#t" &' '&$"#t'2# +"& $'t"!'& '& "8/*o +" *!o"2#. Los +s*ost5os '&$"#t'+o!"s /t&%'+os "# o$3#'2# o# '*'!'tos +" +os,'2# "# *o&5o '/+'# ' o3t"#"! /#' $'o! *!"s2#. E5t'#+o 8/" &' !"sst"#' ,#'& +"& $'t"!'& s/,!" /#' !"+/2# +"& @ o $7s0 s s" !"'&%' "# ,o!$' $'#/'&. L' $"4o! ,o!$' +" 1'!'#t%'! /#' +os,'2# *!"s' +"& '"&"!'#t" +/!'#t" &' '*&'2# "s /t&%'! *!o+/tos &8/+os &os /'&"s so# $"++os "# "& '1/' +" $"%&' '1!"1'+os '& $'t"!'& s"o "# &' 3o8/&&'. S# "$3'!1o0 *'!' o3t"#"! /#' +os,'2# o#st'#t" "s "s"#'& /t&%'! /# sst"$' +" +os,'2# '*!o*'+o.
6. (di!ines A +,"!"#' +" &os '+t5os 8/$os0 "& ","to +" &'s '+o#"s "s *!#*'&$"#t" ,so. E#t!" &'s $7s o#o+'s ,1/!'# &os !"&&"#os $#"!'&"s o#o+os o$o $!os&" (o h/$os +" s&")0 /' $*o!t'#' h' !"+o +"#t!o +" &' #+/st!'. Est's s/st'#'s ,#'s
1 1
(s/*"!," +" ? $1) o# /#' *!o*o!2# +" SO 8/" 5'!' "#t!" "& "& > @0 s"1-# &' '&+'+ +"& *!o+/to0 o#+/"# ' /#' $*o!t'#t" $"4o!' "# &' '&+'+ +"& shot!"t"0 8/" s" $'#,"st' "# $'o! !"sst"#' ' &' o$*!"s2# $'o! +"#s+'+. D"3+o ' &' $"4o! '+h"!"#'0 "s *os3&" o&o'! '*'s $7s 1!/"s's #&/so s# t"#"! 8/" /t&%'! '"&"!'#t"s. L' $!os&" t"#" ot!o ","to #t"!"s'#t" "# "& $to+o *o! 5' s"'. A& '9'+!s" +" $'#"!' '*!o*'+'0 s/ /so */"+" t'$3# o#+/! ' /#' !"+/2# +"& !"3ot" h'st' +"& ? @.
7. Fi*"as L' #o!*o!'2# +" ,3!'s s#tt's o $"t7&'s '& shot!"t" &&"5' ' /#' $'o! "#"!1' +" !ot/!' o $"#o! !"t!'2# +"& $'t"!'&. E& /so +" ,3!'s $"t7&'s "s *oo ,!"/"#t" "# &'s $"%&'s s"'s "# o$*'!'2# o# s/ /so "# $"%&'s h-$"+'s0 &' !'%2# "s "& $'o! !"3ot" (? @) "*"!$"#t'+o *o! "& $'t"!'& "# "& 'so +" $"%&'s s"'s6 t'& os' h'" 8/" &' !"&'2# osto!"#+$"#to s"' !t'. S# "$3'!1o0 1!''s ' &' "*"!"#' '+8/!+' +/!'#t" &os -&t$os '9os ' &'s *os3&+'+"s *!"s"#t"s +" !"+/! "& !"3ot"0 s" "s*"!' 8/" "& /so +" ,3!'s $"t7&'s '/$"#t" o# &'s $"%&'s s"'s.
8. C+a"a!ión ent"e las +ez!las "ea"adas en *"a - el +ate"ial "e dsii!ad. T'& o$o ' s" h' $"#o#'+o0 "& *!o"so s"o *"!$t" /t&%'! $"%&'s o# '1!"1'+os o# h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& o '1!"1'+os s"'+os '& ho!#o. Los *!$"!os so# $7s "o#2$os *!o+/"# $"#os *o&5o6 #o o3st'#t"0 s/ o#t"#+o +" h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& "s s/,"#t" o$o *'!' o$"#%'! /#' h+!'t'2# *!"$'t/!'. Po! t'& !'%2#0 &'s $"%&'s +" '1!"1'+os o# h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& t"#"# /#' 5+' +" '&$'"#'$"#to &$t'+' +"3"# /t&%'!s" "# /# t"$*o #o $'o! +" ho!'s. U# '&$'"#'$"#to *!o&o#1'+o *!o5o' $'o! !"3ot" +s$#/2# +" &'s !"sst"#'s ,#'&"s. L' ,'3!'2# +" &' $"%&' s"' "# "& sto +" t!'3'4o s/*o#" &' #st'&'2# +" &'s *&'#t's +" +os,'2# '&$"#t'2#. C&'!'$"#t"0 #st'&'o#"s o$o st's s2&o s" 4/st,'# "#
1 2
*!o"tos $*o!t'#t"s o ' 1!'# "s'&'. E# 'so +" *!o"tos +" shot!"t" +" $"#o! "s'&' o ' o!to *&'%o0 &' $"%&' s"' */"+" o3t"#"!s" ' *!"*'!'+' "# *&'#t'6 "sto */"+" 1"#"!'! *!o3&"$'s +"3+o ' &' +st'#' +" t!'#s*o!t" ' &' #"!t+/$3!" +" /#' "#t!"1' s"1/!'. Es $*o!t'#t" *&'#,'! /+'+os'$"#t" &' "#t!"1' o&o'2# ' ,# +" "5t'! !"t!'sos " #t"!!/*o#"s +"& t!'3'4o +"3+o ' s/$#st!os #'+"/'+os. Los $'t"!'&"s "#s''+os o "# s&os *"!$t"# &' $7$' ,&"3&+'+ *os3&": +"3+o ' 8/" */"+"# '&$'"#'!s" +/!'#t" &'!1os *"!o+os +" t"$*o0 &' *&'#,'2# s" s$*&,'. A+"$7s0 s" '!'t"!%'# *o! /#' '&+'+ o#st'#t". E#t!" s/s +"s5"#t'4's *o+"$os t'! s/ $'o! t"#+"#' ' ,o!$'! *o&5o (&o /'& */"+" s"! o#t!o&'+o *o! *!" h/$+,'2#)0 s/ *!"o o#s+"!'3&"$"#t" $'o!.
. &"*le+as del "!es de "-e!!ión de +ez!las se!as To+o *!o"so t"#" s/s +"s5"#t'4's6 &'s +"& $to+o *o! 5' s"' so# s/s ostos o*"!'t5os !"&'t5'$"#t" s/*"!o!"s +"3+o '& +"s1'st" +'9os "# &'s $78/#'s +" !oto!0 "s*"'&$"#t" "# &os "$*'8/"s +" '/ho &os +sos +" ,!2#. P'!' $'#t"#"! "stos ostos +"#t!o +" &$t"s !'%o#'3&"s0 "s #""s'!o o#,1/!'! 3"# &'s $78/#'s0 h'"! '$3os o*o!t/#os +" *"%'s /t&%'! *!o"+$"#tos '+"/'+os +" */&5"!%'2#. Ot!' +"s5"#t'4' "s &' ,o!$'2# +" *o&5o0 *"!o "& $s$o */"+" !"+/!s" *!o/!'#+o /# o#t"#+o ,'5o!'3&" +" h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& (o *!" h/$+,'2# '+"/'+') /t&%'#+o '1&o$"!'#t"s +" *o&5o. T'$3# s" */"+"# /t&%'! 3o$3's +" "3'+o +" *!"s2# +" '1/'0 &'s /'&"s #t"#s,'# &' *!"s2# +" '1/' +/!'#t" &' $"%&' "# &' 3o8/&&'. S s" /s'# "# o$3#'2# o# "& /so +" '#&&os +" '1/' $"4o!'+os0 "s *os3&" 1'!'#t%'! /#' h/$+,'2# o#st'#t" '*!o*'+' +"& $'t"!'& s"o "# &' 3o8/&&'. D"*"#+"#+o +"& sst"$'0 &' *!"s2# h+!7/&' '/$"#t' h'st' '*!o$'+'$"#t" ? 3'!. S# "$3'!1o0 t'&"s '*'!'tos so# ostosos t"#+"# ' ,'&&'!. L' "*"!"#' #+' 8/" &os sst"$'s o# K? ' K 3'! so# '+"/'+os. A+"$7s +" &' ,o!$'2# +" *o&5o "# &' 3o8/&&'0 "s #""s'!o t'$3#
1 3
*!"st'! 't"#2# '& ","to 8/" t"#" "& *o&5o +"& sst"$' +" '&$"#t'2# so3!" &' $78/#'. E# "st" *'!t/&'!0 &'s $78/#'s t!'+o#'&"s +" +o3&" 7$'!' o &' 5"!s2# $o+"!#' so# 5"#t'4os's. S# "$3'!1o0 &'s $78/#'s +" !oto! */"+"# s"! o#+o#'+'s ' *!/"3' +" *o&5o h'st' "!to */#to o #&/so tot'&$"#t" s s" &"s 'o*&' /# !"o&"to! +" *o&5o o s s" h'" /#' &/3!'2# o#t#/' +" &os "$*'8/"s +" '/ho (&/3!'2# #t"!$t"#t"). Ot!o *!o3&"$' $*o!t'#t" +"& *!o"so +" *!o"2# "# s"o "s "&
"e*te "elati0a+ente alt . S"1-# &' s/*"!," +" '*&'2# "# /"st2# (5"!t'& o "# &'5")0 s" *"!+" "#t!" /# K /# @ +"& o#!"to. L' *!++' *!o$"+o "s +"& ? '& @0 o$*'!'+' o# ' K? @ o# "& *!o"so +" *!o"2# *o! 5' h-$"+'. No o3st'#t"0 &'s $78/#'s $o+"!#'s *"!$t"# '*&'! $7s +" K? $h6 "sto "s '&1o 8/" #+/+'3&"$"#t" #o "s *os3&" &o1!'! o# '*&'2# $'#/'&0 s#o o# "& /so +" /# 3!'%o !o3ot%'+o. S# "$3'!1o0 +'+o "& '/$"#to "# &os ostos +" +"s1'st"0 /#' *!o+/2# s/*"!o! ' $h !"s/&t' !t' +"s+" "& */#to +" 5st' "o#2$o.
. El +>td de la 0:a se!a tiene ls si)uientes ass *si!s/ , S" *!"*'!' /#' $"%&' +" "$"#to0 '1!"1'+os0 s"os o o# s/ h/$"+'+ #'t/!'& $"#o! ' @0 ,3!'s (s "st7# "s*",'+'s) "# s/ 'so '+t5o "# *o&5o0 $"%&'+os h'st' o#s"1/! /#' $"%&' ho$o1#"'.
, L' $"%&' s" '!1' "# &' $78/#' &'#%'+o!'6 "# "s" $o$"#to s" */"+"# '1!"1'! &os '+t5os '"&"!'#t"s "# *o&5o *'!' o#s"1/! !"sst"#'s #'&"s '&t's +s$#/! "& !"3ot".
, E& "8/*o #t!o+/" "& $'t"!'& h'' &' $'#1/"!' "$*&"'#+o '!" o$*!$+o.
, E& $'t"!'& "s t!'#s*o!t'+o h'' &' 3o8/&&' ' 1!'# 5"&o+'+0 $"+'#t" '!" o$*!$+o.
, E# "st' o*"!'2# s" #t!o+/" '1/' ' *!"s2# ' t!'5s +" /# '#&&o +" +st!3/2# 8/" o!t' "& *'so +"& $'t"!'& s"o0 h/$"+"#+o 4/#to o# "& '+t5o '"&"!'#t" &8/+o (s s" /s')0 $"%&7#+os" o# &os +"$7s #1!"+"#t"s.
1 4
, L' $"%&' ' h-$"+' "s &'#%'+' ' '&t' 5"&o+'+ +"s+" &' 3o8/&&' h'' &' s/*"!,"0 o$*'t7#+os" s$/&t7#"'$"#t" o# &' o&o'2#. Est" *!o"+$"#to +" o&o'2# *!"s"#t' '&1/#'s +"s5"#t'4's:
, M'o! '#t+'+ +" *o&5o. , M'o! '#t+'+ +" !"3ot"0 s/*"!o! ' @. , L' o&o'2# +" o#!"to &'#%'+o 5' s"' *!"s"#t' 5'!'o#"s "# &' +os,'2# +"& '1/'0 *o! "#+" "# &' ho$o1"#"+'+ +" &' $"%&'0 /#' 5'!'2# "# &' !"sst"#'. E& o#t!o& +"& '1/' &o h'" "& &'#%'+o! +" '/"!+o o# s/ "*"!"#'.
, ;'4o !"#+$"#to "# &' o&o'2#. ;) %>td " 0:a h<+eda 1. E!n+:a L' '*'+'+ +" *!o"2# h' '/$"#t'+o o#s+"!'3&"$"#t" +"s+" &os t"$*os +" $'8/#'!'s!o3ots +" $"%&'+o "# s"o0 h'st' &os !o3ots +" 5' h-$"+' $o+"!#os. E# /# t/!#o +" ho!'s0 &' '*'+'+ *!o$"+o +" *!o"2# +"& $to+o *o! 5' h-$"+' "s /s/'&$"#t" +" ' 5""s $'o! 8/" &' +"& $to+o *o! 5' s"'. S 3"# &os ostos +" #5"!s2# "# &os #/"5os !o3ots +" 5' h-$"+' A/$"#t'!o# s1#,'t5'$"#t"0 '& $s$o t"$*o h/3o /#' '+' 1/'&$"#t" s1#,'t5' +"& osto +" o&o'2# +"& shot!"t"0 t'$3# +s$#/2 /#o +" &os *!#*'&"s ,'to!"s +" osto0 ' s'3"!: E& t"$*o +" *!"*'!'2# *o! '+' &o. G!''s ' &os sst"$'s !o32tos #t"1!'+os0 &' '*&'2# +"& shot!"t" */"+" o$"#%'! ' &os *oos $#/tos +" &' &&"1'+' +" &os "8/*os '& ,!"#t". L' #t!o+/2# +" &os *"!,o!'+o!"s h+!7/&os '/$"#t2 &' '*'+'+ +" *"!,o!'2# "# /# K?? @. E& '/$"#to +" &' #5"!s2# s" t!'+/4o "# $"#o!"s t"$*os *o! &o +" *"!,o!'2# "*&os2#6 *o! t'#to0 "& osto +"& t"$*o '/$"#t2. E& t"$*o 1'st'+o "# &' o*"!'2# +" *!o"2# t"#' 8/" +s$#/! &o $7$o *os3&"0 *o! t'#to ,/" ,/#+'$"#t'& '/$"#t'! &' '*'+'+ +" '*&'2# +" shot!"t". As$s$o0 &' !"+/2# +"& !"3ot" "# '*!o$'+'$"#t" /# @ t/5o $*o!t'#t"s !"*"!/so#"s "o#2$'s.
1 5
$. (+*iente de t"a*a Los o*"!'!os +"& *!o"so *o! 5' s"' "st'3'# 'ost/$3!'+os ' t!'3'4'! "# $"+o +" /#' 1!'# '#t+'+ +" *o&5o. S" "$t' *o&5o #o s2&o +"s+" &' 3o8/&&'0 s#o t'$3# +"s+" &' $78/#' +" *!o"2#. Co$o #o!$' 1"#"!'&0 &os !"s/&t'+os +" &'s $"+o#"s +" *o&5o "# "& '$3"#t" +" t!'3'4o "!'# $7s +" t!"s 5""s &' '#t+'+ *"!$s3&".
2. Calidad To+'5' s" *"#s' "8/5o'+'$"#t" 8/" "& $to+o *o! 5' h-$"+' #o o,!"" !"s/&t'+os +" '&t' '&+'+. Lo "!to "s 8/" s s" /t&%'# '+t5os !"+/to!"s +" '1/' (3'4' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t") $!os&"0 s" */"+"# o3t"#"! !"sst"#'s ' &' o$*!"s2# +" h'st' K?? MP' '*&'#+o shot!"t" *o! 5' h-$"+'. A +,"!"#' +"& $to+o *o! 5' s"'0 "& +" 5' h-$"+' o,!"" /#' '&+'+ ho$o1#"'.
5. (li!a!ión Co# "& $to+o h-$"+o s" /t&%' /# o#!"to ' $"%&'+o "# *&'#t' +" o#!"to o /# $o!t"!o *!""#5's'+o. E& o#!"to s" *!"*'!' +" &' $s$' ,o!$' 8/" "& o#!"to #o!$'&. E# /'&8/"! $o$"#to +"& *!o"so "s *os3&" #s*"o#'! o#t!o&'! &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t" ( *o! t'#to0 &' '&+'+). L' o#sst"#' */"+" s"! '4/st'+' *o! $"+o +" '+t5os. Co# "& $to+o +" 5' h-$"+' "s $7s ,7& *!o+/! /#' '&+'+ o#st'#t" ' &o &'!1o +"& *!o"so +" *!o"2#. L' $"%&' ' &st' s" +"s'!1' "# /#' 3o$3' s" t!'#s*o!t' ' *!"s2# ' t!'5s +" &' $'#1/"!'. A& *!#*o s" /t&%'3'# *!#*'&$"#t" 3o$3's h"&o+'&"s6 ho "# +' *!"+o$#'# &'s 3o$3's +" *st2#. E# &' 3o8/&&' +"& "t!"$o +" &' $'#1/"!'0 s" '1!"1' '!" '& o#!"to ' !'%2# +" K $$# /#' *!"s2# +" 3'!s s"1-# "& t*o +"
1 6
'*&'2# ($'#/'& o !o3ot). E& '!" t"#" &' ,/#2# +" '/$"#t'! &' 5"&o+'+ +"& o#!"to ' ,# +" &o1!'! /#' 3/"#' o$*'t'2# '+h"!"#' ' &' s/*"!,". U# "!!o! o$-# 8/" s" o$"t" o# "& $to+o +" 5' h-$"+' "s /t&%'! '#t+'+"s #s/,"#t"s +" '!". G"#"!'&$"#t" s" '1!"1'# "#t!" $$#0 &o /'& &&"5' ' $"#o!"s !"sst"#'s ' &' o$*!"s2# 's o$o t'$3# '+h"!"#' +","#t" !"3ot". P'!' &' *!o"2# !o3ot%'+' s" !"8/"!"# h'st' K $$# +" '!". A+"$7s +" '!"0 s" '9'+"# '"&"!'#t"s +" ,!'1/'+o "# &' 3o8/&&'. To+'5' h' 8/"# !"" 8/" #o "s *os3&" o3t"#"! o#!"to !"sst"#t" ' &' o#1"&'2#0 8/" &os '"&"!'#t"s +" ,!'1/'+o "$*"o!'# &' '+h"!"#' +"& shot!"t". Los !"s/&t'+os +" 5'!os "st/+os &' "*"!"#' *!7t'0 +"$/"st!'# 8/" &os '"&"!'#t"s &o1!'# /#' $"4o! !"sst"#' ' &' o#1"&'2# +"3+o ' 8/" *!o+/"# /# o#!"to $7s o$*'to +/!'+"!o6 's$s$o0 $"4o!'# &' '+h"!"#' *o!8/" "5t'# "& "s/!!$"#to +"& o#!"to so3!" "& t"!!"#o0 st" s" '+h"!" #$"+'t'$"#t" ' &' s/*"!,".
6. Ventaas A o#t#/'2# s" "*o#" /# !"s/$"# +" &'s 5"#t'4's +"& $to+o +" 5' h-$"+' "# o$*'!'2# o# "& +" 5' s"': = R"3ot" $/ho $"#o!. Co# "& /so +" "8/*os '*!o*'+os +" *"!so#'& '*'t'+o0 s" o3t"#"# *!++'s #o!$'&"s 8/" os&'# "#t!" K? @0 #&/so *'!' "& 'so +" *!o"2# +" o#!"to !",o!%'+o o# ,3!'s. = M"4o! '$3"#t" +" t!'3'4o +"3+o ' &' !"+/2# +"& *o&5o. = C'*'s $7s 1!/"s's 1!''s '& /so ","#t" +" &os $'t"!'&"s +" $"%&'. = Dos,'2# o#t!o&'+' +"& '1/' (!"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t" o#st'#t" +",#+'). = M"4o! '+h"!"#'. = M'o! !"sst"#' ' &' o$*!"s2#0 /#,o!$+'+ +" !"s/&t'+os. = P!o+/2# $/ s/*"!o!0 *o! t'#to $7s "o#o$'. = Uso +" ,3!'s $"t7&'s #/"5os '+t5os.
7. Des0entaas
1 7
= Dst'#' +" t!'#s*o!t" &$t'+' ($7. ?? $). = M'o!"s +"$'#+'s "# &' '&+'+ +"& '1!"1'+o. = S2&o s" *"!$t"# #t"!!/*o#"s &$t'+'s.
8. ()"e)ads E# &o 8/" s" !","!" ' to+os &os ho!$1o#"s "s*"'&"s0 &' '&+'+ +"& '1!"1'+o "s /# 's/#to *!$o!+'& t'#to *'!' "& o#!"to ,!"so o$o *'!' "& "#+/!"+o. Es $*o!t'#t" 8/" &' +st!3/2# +"& t'$'9o +" 1!'#o ot!'s '!'t"!st's s"'# &o $7s /#,o!$" *os3&"s. P'!t/&'!$"#t" $*o!t'#t"s so# &' '#t+'+ &'s '!'t"!st's +" &os ,#os ("s +"!0 "& t'$'9o +" 1!'#o "& '#7&ss +" t'$'9o +" 1!'#o). No h'3&'!"$os '8/ +" s"&"2# +"& '1!"1'+o +'+o 8/" /s/'&$"#t" +"3" /t&%'!s" "& $'t"!'& +s*o#3&" '+'*t'! &' ,o!$/&'2# '& $s$o6 #o o3st'#t"0 *'!' &' *!o"2# +" $"%&'s h-$"+'s +"3"# o3s"!5'!s" &os s1/"#t"s !t"!os: = D7$"t!o $7$o: K? $$0 +"3+o ' &$t'o#"s +"& "8/*o +" 3o$3"o t'$3# *'!' "5t'! 1!'#+"s *!++'s *o! !"3ot". D"s+" /# */#to +" 5st' t"#o&21o s" *!","!" /# 5'&o! s/*"!o! +" +7$"t!o $7$o. = L' /!5' 1!'#/&o$t!' +"& '1!"1'+o "s t'$3# $/ $*o!t'#t"0 "s*"'&$"#t" "# s/ s"2# #,"!o!. E& o#t"#+o +" $'t"!'& ,#o "# "& t'$% #.Q ?0K $$ +"3" os&'! "#t!" /# &$t" #,"!o! +" @ /#o s/*"!o! +" > @. = Los $'t"!'&"s ,#os +"$'s'+o *"8/"9os *!o+/"# s"1!"1'2#0 $'&' &/3!'2# !"s1o +" 't's'$"#to. S# "$3'!1o0 "# 'so +" /s'! o#!"to o# ,3!'0 "& so3!'#t" +" $'t"!'& ,#o "s $*o!t'#t" t'#to *'!' "& 3o$3"o o$o *'!' &' o$*'t'2#tos +" &$*"%'. U# o#t"#+o "&"5'+o +" $'t"!'& ,#o *!o+/" /# o#!"to oh"s5o.
. @a !l!a!ión de !n!"et lanzad 0:a h<+eda !+"ende las si)uientes ases/ , S" $"%&'# "& "$"#to0 &os '1!"1'+os0 "& '1/'0 &os '+t5os0 ""*to "& '+t5o '"&"!'#t" h'st' o#s"1/! /#' $"%&' ho$o1#"' o# "&
1 8
's"#t'$"#to +" '/"!+o ' &'s "s*",'o#"s 's"#t'$"#to $#$o *'!' s"! 3o$3"'+o.
, C/'#+o "& o#!"to &&"1' '& sto s" +"3"# !"5s'! "& 's"#t'$"#to &'s o#+o#"s +"& &'#%'+o.
, Es $*o!t'#t" &&"5'! !"1st!o +" &os stos +o#+" s" o&o' "& o#!"to "& #o$3!" +"& o*"!'!o +"& &'#%'+o.
, S" +"3" *!"*'!'! /#' &"h'+' +" "$"#to *'!' &/3!'! &' $'#1/"!'. , L' $"%&' +" o#!"to s" #t!o+/" s" o#+/" *o! &' $'#1/"!' +" t!'#s*o!t"6 "st" +"s*&'%'$"#to "s $"7#o0 s$&'! '& +"& o#!"to +" 3o$3"'3&".
, E# &' 3o8/&&' s" #"t' '!" ' *!"s2# *'!' #!"$"#t'! &' 5"&o+'+ '+"$7s s" #o!*o!'# h'3t/'&$"#t" &os '+t5os.
, E& o#!"to "s &'#%'+o ' '&t' 5"&o+'+ o#t!' &' s/*"!,"0 &o /'& '+"$7s &o o$*'t'.
, L' 3o8/&&' +"3" o&o'!s" ' &' +st'#' o!!"t' ("#t!" ?0 K0 $)0 +" ,o!$' *"!*"#+/&'! ' &' s/*"!,".
. Este "!es de !l!a!ión "esenta 0entaas !+/ , E& '1/' +" $"%&'+o "s o#t!o&'+' "# &' "t'*' +" $"%&'+o +os,7#+os" *o! *"so o# $'o! "'tt/+.
, P"!$t" !"+/! &' '#t+'+ +" '1/' /t&%'#+o /# '+"/'+o "$*&"o +" '+t5o *&'st,'#t" !"+/to! +" '1/'.
, S" +s$#/"# &'s *!++'s +" "$"#to &' 1"#"!'2# +" *o&5o. , S" !"'&%'# $"%&'s $7s ho$o1#"'s0 o# $'o! !"sst"#' ' o$*!"s2# o# $"#os +"s5'2#0 8/" *"!$t"# $'o! '+h"!"#'.
, Co# /#' $"%&' '+"/'+' *'!' &'#%'+o0 o# "8/*os '+"/'+os $'#o +" o3!' '&,'+'0 "s *os3&" o3t"#"! !"3ot"s "#t!" ' K?@.
1 9
, S" *"!$t" $'o! *!o+/2# +" o#!"to0 $7s '1&+'+ "# &' o&o'2# 0 +" "st' $'#"!'0 $'o! !"#+$"#to "# &' o3!'.
, M"4o! '$3"#t" +" t!'3'4o0 ' 8/" s" "5t' "& *o&5o. , I+"'& *'!' &' '*&'2# +" ,3!'s. , M7s "o#o$' *o! '+' $ +" o#!"to o&o'+o.
III.
Reue"z de i*"as H' 5'!os t*os +" ,3!'s: +etli!as - sint>ti!as . L's ,3!'s $"t7&'s s" /t&%'# "# "& o#!"to *'!' #!"$"#t'! s/ +/t&+'+0 $"4o!'! &' !"sst"#' '& $*'to !"+/! &' *!o*'1'2# 1!"t's. Est's ,3!'s s" ,'3!'# +" +5"!s's $'#"!'s0 *o! &o 8/" h' /#' 1!'# 5'!"+'+ +" ,o!$'s0 +7$"t!os0 &o#1t/+"s '&"'o#"s. E& o#!"to "s /# $'t"!'& ,!71&. G"#"!'&$"#t" "& o#!"to "& shot!"t" s" '1!"t'# *o! !'%o#"s "st!/t/!'&"s0 *!#*'&$"#t" *o! &' *o' !"sst"#' ' t!'2# +"& $'t"!'&. E& '1!"t'$"#to s" *!o+/" o$o !"s/&t'+o +" /#' o$3#'2# +" &os "s,/"!%os +" o#t!'2# &'s !"st!o#"s. P'!' "5t'! "st" *!o3&"$'0 "s #""s'!o !",o!%'!&o o# $'&&'s "&"t!oso&+'+'s 5'!&&'s +" '"!o0 o o# ,3!'s. L's ,3!'s $"t7&'s t"#"# 5"#t'4's o35's so3!" &' $'&&' "&"t!oso&+'+'0 s"#+o &' $7s $*o!t'#t" "& h"ho +" 8/" so# *"8/"9's 8/" */"+"# +st!3/!s" /#,o!$"$"#t" "# to+' &' '*' +" o#!"to. P"!o &' $'o! 5"#t'4' o,!"" &'s ,3!'s s#tt's:
M"4o!' Co#+o#"s +" S"1/!+'+ D/!'3&+'+ *"!$'#"#t" Eo#2$o "# &' $'o!' +" &os 'sos
1. C+"ta+ient de las i*"as +etli!as en el sht!"ete
2 0
L's *!o*"+'+"s $"7#'s +"& shot!"t" "st7# *!#*'&$"#t" +"t"!$#'+'s *o! &' !"&'2# '1/'"$"#t'#t"0 "& o#t"#+o +" $!os&"0 &' +oss +" '"&"!'#t"s +" shot!"t" &'s o#+o#"s +" /!'+o. L' ,/#2# *!#*'& +" &'s ,3!'s $"t7&'s "# "& shot!"t" "s '/$"#t'! &' +/t&+'+ +"& $'t"!'&. S 3"# "s *os3&" o3t"#"! /#' "&"5'+' !"sst"#' ' &' ,&"2# s# #""s+'+ +" ,3!'s0 &' +/t&+'+ "st7 +!"t'$"#t" !"&'o#'+' o# "& t*o &' '#t+'+ +" &'s ,3!'s $"t7&'s. S" *!","!" /t&%'! ,3!'s &'!1's ( $$) ' +oss '&t's (? 1$). Co$o ","to s"/#+'!o0 &'s ,3!'s $"t7&'s $"4o!'# &' !"sst"#' ,#'& ' &' ,&"2# +"& shot!"t". Los !"s/&t'+os +" *!/"3's ' 1!'# "s'&' h'# +"$ost!'+o 8/" +"s*/s +"& "#+/!"$"#to0 &' !"sst"#' ' &' ,&"2# +"& shot!"t" 37so s" !"+/" ' &' $t'+ +"3+o ' &' o#t!'2# ' &' '*'!2# +" $!o,s/!'s0 $"#t!'s 8/" "& shot!"t" !",o!%'+o o# ,3!'s $"t7&'s $'#t"#" s/ !"sst"#' ' &' ,&"2#. Los 3"#",os '+o#'&"s *!o*o!o#'+os *o! &'s ,3!'s $"t7&'s '& shot!"t" so#: = M'o! !"sst"#' o#t!' $*'tos = M'o! !"sst"#' ' &' '3!'s2# ' &' "!os2# = M'o! "st'#8/"+'+ !"sst"#' ' &' o#1"&'2# +"3+o ' &' o#5"!s2# +" ,s/!'s +" o#t!'2# "# $!o,s/!'s = $'o! '*'+'+ +" '+h"!"#'0 "# o$*'!'2# o# "& shot!"t" 37so o !",o!%'+o o# $'&&'s "&"t!oso&+'+'s.
L's ,3!'s $"t7&'s #o +"3"# #/#' /t&%'!s" "# "& shot!"t" *o! 5' S"'. Los *'!7$"t!os !tos +" &'s ,3!'s $"t7&'s so#: = G"o$"t!' = Lo#1t/+ = R"&'2# &'!1o"s*"so! (LD) = C'&+'+ +"& '"!o '& "&"5'+o !"3ot" +" &'s $s$'s (? @). ACTUALMENTE
SE
ESTA
DEJANDO
DE
USAR
DE;IDO
APRO;LEMAS DE;IDO ALA OIDACIN
2 1
$. Fi*"as de 0id"i L's ,3!'s +" 5+!o #o s!5"# o$o /# $'t"!'& *"!$'#"#t" *o!8/" '& '3o +" "!to t"$*o s" ,!'1&%'# so# +"st!/+'s *o! &' *'!t" 37s' +" &' $'t!% +" o#!"to. Po! t'#to0 #o +"3"# /t&%'!s" "# ##1-# t*o +" o#!"to0 shot!"t" o $o!t"!os o# 3's" +" "$"#to.
2. Fi*"as sint>ti!as L's ,3!'s +" *&7sto o!t's so# !"sst"#t"s +/!'+"!'s ("$3"3+'s "# "& o#!"to)0 *"!o s/s *!o*"+'+"s $"7#'s so# s$&'!"s ' &'s +"& o#!"to #o $"4o!'# &'s *!o*"+'+"s # $*'!t"# 5sos+'+ '& o#!"to6 *o! t'& $ot5o #o s!5"# *'!' '*&'o#"s +" so*o!t" +" !o'0 *"!o s so# '*!o*'+'s "# &os 'sos "# 8/" -#'$"#t" s" !"8/"!" !",/"!%o *'!' o#t!'!!"st'! &' o#t!'2# ("# *'!t/&'!0 o#t!'2# *&7st'). T"#"# /# ","to $/ ","#t" "# &' +st!3/2# +" $!o,s/!'s +/!'#t" &' ,'s" *&7st' +"& "#+/!"$"#to0 t'$3# !"+/"# "& !"3ot" "# &' *!o"2# *o! 5' h-$"+'. A+o#'&$"#t"0 &'s ,3!'s s#tt's t"#"# /# ","to *ost5o "# &' !"sst"#' '& ,/"1o +"& shot!"t".
I.
Fi*"as de !a"*n D"s+" "& */#to +" 5st' t#o &'s ,3!'s +" '!3o#o t"#"# *!o*"+'+"s $"7#'s +"'&"s *'!' "& so*o!t" +" !o's0 *"!o "# &' *!7t' #o s" /t&%'# +"3+o ' 8/" so# s/$'$"#t" ostos's.
IV. &RE&(R(CIÓN DE S'OTCRETE
El shotcrete se prepara en una planta convencional en superfcie o en nivel subterráneo, y lueo se transporte con !i"er convencionales o #e ba$o perfl% El #ise&o #e la !e'cla es esencial para aseurar alto ren#i!iento y
2 2
Equipos Shotcreteros
S u-a -! -!(lo ' 5u()o n /a-( !o'o- lo)a"-- 'on' - r5u(r -6o!/r! )or 7"a 68m'a9
V. Resisten!ia
2 3
VI. Du"a*ilidad del sht!"ete Co$o !"s/&t'+o +" &' !""#t" '*&'2# +"& shot!"t" o$o $'t"!'& +" o#st!/2# *"!$'#"#t"0 h'# '/$"#t'+o &'s "1"#'s $*/"st's ' s/ +/!'3&+'+. E& /so +" '"&"!'#t"s t!'+o#'&"s "# +oss "&"5'+'s *!o5o' +'9os s"!os +"& shot!"t"0 #&/so *oo t"$*o +"s*/s +" s/ '*&'2#. L' +/!'3&+'+ +"& !"5"st$"#to +" /# t-#"& +"3" s"! t'& 8/" "& !"5"st$"#to *"!$'#"%' s"1/!o "# s"!5o +/!'#t" &' 5+' -t& *!"5st' s# #""s+'+ +" $'#t"#$"#tos ostosos. P'!' &o1!'! t'& +/!'3&+'+0 "& +s"9'+o! +"3" "5'&/'! &' "*os2# '$3"#t'& +" &' "st!/t/!' t'#to +/!'#t" &' o#st!/2# o$o +/!'#t" &' o*"!'2#0 +'+o 8/" &' +"1!'+'2# "st!/t/!'& o/!!" #o!$'&$"#t" o$o !"s/&t'+o +" '$3os '$3"#t'&"s $*!"5stos. L' +/!'3&+'+ +" /#' "st!/t/!' +" shot!"t" s" "st'3&"" *o! &' o$3#'2# +" $/hos *'!7$"t!os *os3&"s. A +,"!"#' +" &'s o#st!/o#"s t!'+o#'&"s o# o#!"to o&'+o0 "# &'s o#st!/o#"s o# shot!"t" #o 3'st' o# /t&%'! /# +s"9o o!!"to +" $"%&' !",/"!%os. L' !'%2# *!#*'& +" "&&o "s 8/" "& $'t"!'& s" '*&' *o! *!o"2#0 *o! t'#to &' '&+'+ +"*"#+" "# '&to 1!'+o +" &' +"st!"%' h/$'#' +"& ,/#o#'$"#to +"& "8/*o +" *!o"2#.
K.
F'to!"s H/$'#os
2 4
R"5s2# +"& +s"9o *o! *'!t" +" t"!"!os #+"*"#+"#t"s = R"5s2# +"& +s"9o +/!'#t" &' o#st!/2# = Co#t!o& +" '&+'+ = E5'&/'2# +" !"s1os = Co$*"t"#' . F'to!"s Est!/t/!'&"s = R",/"!%os *"!$'#"#t"s +"& t"!!"#o = D"t'&&"s +" /#o#"s " #t"!'*'s. = E*os2# ,s' 8/$' = P!o*2sto 5+' *!"5st' +"& t-#"& = P'!7$"t!os +" +s"9o ","tos +"& t"$*o = R",/"!%os o ,3!'s = Mto+os +" $*"!$"'3&%'2# = G"o$"t!' +"& *"!,& = P!o*"+'+"s +"& $'t"!'&
VII.
Dise9 de la +ez!la de sht!"ete E& ,'to! +"t"!$#'#t" +" &' +/!'3&+'+ +" /#' "st!/t/!' +" o#!"to "s &' *"!$"'3&+'+: $"#t!'s $7s 3'4' s"' st'0 $7s s" !"+/!7 "& '"so +" s/st'#'s *ot"#'&$"#t" #o5's *o! "#+" s" #h3!7# !"'o#"s 8/$'s "# &'s 8/" *o+!' *'!t*'! "& o#!"to o# o#s"/"#t"s '$3os 8/$os. P'!' &o1!'! +s$#/! &' *"!$"'3&+'+ "# &'s '*&'o#"s +" shot!"t" s" +"3" *!o/!'! t"#"!: = M't"!'&"s +" 1!'#/&o$"t!' '*!o*'+' *'!' "& sst"$' +" '*&'2# +" shot!"t" "# /'#to ' ,'&+'+ +" 3o$3"o0 t!'3'4'3&+'+0 !"+/2# +"& !"3ot" 3/"#' o$*'t'2#. = S" +"3"# ","t/'! "#s'os +" to+os &os '1!"1'+os *'!' +"t"!$#'! "& !"s1o +" !"'o#"s 7&'&s&". = U# o#t"#+o +" "$"#t'#t" '+"/'+o0 *o! &o 1"#"!'& "#t!" ?? ?? 1. E& o#t"#+o +" "$"#to +"3" s"! '& $"#os ? 1.
2 5
= R"&'o#"s '1/'"$"#t'#t" *!"+",#+'s 3'4's (#,"!o!"s ' ?0)6 "sto s" &o1!' $"+'#t" '1"#t"s !"+/to!"s +" '1/' s/*"!*&'st,'#t"s. Los s/*"!*&'st,'#t"s $o+"!#os0 o#o+os o$o h*"!*&'st,'#t"s */"+"# *!o*o!o#'! !"&'o#"s '1/'"$"#t'#t" "#t!" ?0 ?00 '& $s$o t"$*o 8/" $'#t"#"# /# 's"#t'$"#to +" ? $. = M't"!'&"s */%o&7#os t'&"s o$o $!os&" (h/$os +" s&") "#%'s 5o&'#t"s. L' $!os&" t"#" /# ","to +",#+o +" !"&&"#o "# /'#to ' 8/" +st!3/" &os *!o+/tos +" h+!'t'2# +" /#' $'#"!' $7s ho$o1#"' "# "& "s*'o +s*o#3&". Co$o !"s/&t'+o0 s" &o1!' /# o#!"to o# $"#o! *"!$"'3&+'+0 $'o! !"sst"#' ' &os s/&,'tos $'o! +/!'3&+'+ ,!"#t" ' &os &os +" o#1"&'2#+"sh"&o. = Co#t!o& +" $!o,s/!'2# ' ?0 $$ /t&%'#+o !",/"!%os $"t7&os "# 5"% +" $'&&'s0 &o /'& *!o$/"5" /#' !"/*"!'2# '/t21"#'. = Doss 3'4's o#t!o&'+'s +" '"&"!'#t"s &3!"s +" 7&'&0 ' ,# +" $#$%'! &' *!++' +" &' !"sst"#' ,#'& "# o$*'!'2# o# &' $"%&' 3's"0 's o$o t'$3# &o1!'! /#' !"+/2# s1#,'t5' +" &5'+os0 $"#os !"3ot" *o&5o0 *o! so3!"to+o0 o#+o#"s +" t!'3'4o $"4o!"s $7s s"1/!'s. = A+t5os +" o#t!o& +" &' h+!'t'2# *'!' "5t'! &' h+!'t'2# *!"$'t/!' +" &' $"%&' '#t"s +" 8/" s" '*&8/" '& s/3st!'to. L' *!"h+!'t'2# */"+" '/s'! ","tos s/$'$"#t" *"!4/+'&"s ' &'s *!o*"+'+"s ,s's +"& shot!"t" "#+/!"+o0 t'&"s o$o !"+/2# "# &' !"sst"#' &' +"#s+'+ '/$"#to +" &' *"!$"'3&+'+. = Mto+os +" /!'+o '*&'3&"s
VIII. DISEO DE SO&ORTE U#' +" &'s 5"#t'4's 8/" t"#" "& shot!"t" o$o $to+o +" so*o!t" "s s/ "t!"$' ,&"3&+'+0 $/ s/*"!o! ' &' +" ot!'s t#'s t'&"s o$o "#o,!'+o o !"/3!$"#to +" o#!"to 5''+o0 "#t!" ot!'s. P'!' '*!o5"h'! '& $7$o "st' ,&"3&+'+0 "s ,/#+'$"#t'& /t&%'! "& shot!"t" o$o *'!t" +"& !"/3!$"#to ,#'& +"& t-#"& '+'*t'!&o ' &os +,"!"#t"s t*os +" !o's. D"#t!o +" "st" o#t"to0 /#' '*&'2# $*o!t'#t" "s "& so*o!t" +" !o's. K. C(RG( %HI%(.
2 6
L' ,/"!%' $ot!% "s 1/'& ' &' ,/"!%' +" !"sst"#' *o+"$os '&/&'! "& t'$'9o +"& 3&o8/" t"2!o $7$o 8/" */"+" sost"#"!s" s2&o *o! &' !"sst"#' +" '+h"!"#':
2.
E@ ES&ESOR DE@ REVESTI%IENTO S" +"t"!$#' o# &' "*!"s2# o!!"s*o#+"#t" '& +s"9o *&7sto +" /# $'!o s/4"to ' /#' *!"s2# /#,o!$" pu:
S(n'o: ( -)-or 'l /on/r!o D '(m!ro 'l !8nl fc -.ur;o ' Fc .a/!or ' /ar4a =4nralmn! (4ual a 2 )ara r7-!(m(n!o- )r(mar(o- ? )ara r7-!(m(n!o 8n(/o> Pu.)r-(@n ra'(al =!ala $92 RIGIDES DEL un(.orm SOSTENIMIENTO S pu =phi )ara r7-!(m(n!o )r(mar(o ? pu= pνf )ara
2 7
. SHOTCRETE SO;RE ROCA ;LANDA O FISURADA E# $/hos 'sos #o s" */"+" s/*o#"! &' "st"#' +" /9's o 3&o8/"s #+5+/'&"s so*o!t'+os *o! /#' '*' +"&1'+' +" shot!"t". L' "*"!"#' h' +"$ost!'+o 8/" '& o#st!/!s" /# t-#"& o# $'t"!'&"s $'h''+os +3&"s0 s" &o1!' /# ","to #ot'3&" +" "st'3&%'2# ' o!to *&'%o0 #&/so o# '*'s +"&1'+'s. E# t'&"s st/'o#"s #o "s *os3&" '*&'! &' t"o!' +" 3&o8/" /9' # t'$*oo $"'#s$os +" so*o!t". Es /# *oo $7s o$*&'+o &/st!'! "& *o! 8/ "& 2$o s" o$*o!t' "# "st's o#+o#"s. L' !'%2# $7s o35' *'!' "& ","to #$"+'to ' o!to *&'%o "s "& $'#t"#$"#to +" &' "st'3&+'+ "st"#t". E& shot!"t" *!o+/" /# ","to +" *"& "# &' s/*"!," +" &' !o'0 *!"5#"#+o "# $'o! 1!'+o &os $o5$"#tos +,"!"#'&"s "# "& o#to!#o. U#' +",o!$'2# #t"!o! (o#5"!1"#') o/!!!7 1"#"!'&$"#t" "# ,o!$'. Co#,o!$" "& o#to!#o s" $/"5" h'' '+ "#t!o0 s/ &o#1t/+ s" 'o!t'0 &o /'& #+/" ,/"!%'s ' o$*!"s2# "# "& o$*/"sto !o'shot!"t". D" "st' $'#"!' "& shot!"t" "st7 '/+'#+o '& $'t"!'& !ooso ' so*o!t'!s" ' s $s$o (#/"5'$"#t"0 "st" ","to "s +" !",/"!%o0 $7s 8/" +" so*o!t" +" '!1'). P'!' 8/" "st" *!o"so s" &&"5" ' '3o0 "s #""s'!o 8/" &' '*' +" shot!"t" t"#1' /#' !"sst"#' ' o$*!"s2# !'%o#'3&"0 o# 3/"#' '+h"!"#' ' &' s/*"!," +" &' !o'. S &' !"&'2# "#t!" &os "s,/"!%os +" &' !o' &' !"sst"#' +" &' !o' #o *"!$t" /#' so&/2# +" so*o!t" +"& t*o o$*/"sto +" '*' +"&1'+'0 "s *os3&" 8/" s" !"8/"!' /t&%'! shot!"t". A o#t#/'2# s" $/"st!' /# !"/3!$"#to +" shot!"t" !/&'! o$*&"to. E# "st" 'so s" */"+"el'&/&'! ","to +" '!o0 &' !"sst"#' +" '+h"!"#' #o ',"t' "& 5.Cl!ul ee!t"& de a"! o$*o!t'$"#to +" &' "st!/t/!'.
2 8
I. DES(RRO@@O
DE
@OS
REVESTI%IENTOS
&ER%(NENTES
CON
S'OTCRETE &(R( TNE@ES Los t!'3'4os +" o#st!/2# +" t-#"&"s t!'+o#'&"s h'# /t&%'+o /# !"5"st$"#to t"$*o!'& +" shot!"t" *'!' "st'3&%'! &' '3"!t/!' +"s*/s +" &' "'5'2# o#t"#"! &'s '!1's +" o!to ' $"+'#o *&'%o. U#' 5"% 8/" s" h' "st'3&%'+o o$*&"t'$"#t"0 s" '*&' /# o#!"to t!'+o#'& o$o !"5"st$"#to *"!$'#"#t" ( in situ) 8/" so*o!t" "!t's '!1's ' &'!1o *&'%o *!o*o!o#" +/!'3&+'+ "st'#8/"+'+0 3"# s"' /t&%'#+o /#' $"$3!'#' $*"!$"'3&" "#t!" &os !"5"st$"#tos t"$*o!'&"s *"!$'#"#t"s0 o 3"# /t&%'#+o !",/"!%os +" '"!o *'!' !"+/! "& '#ho +" &'s ,s/!'s ' ?0 $$ *"!$t! /#' !"/*"!'2# '/t21"#'. A "sto s" &" o#o" o$o "& $to+o +" &' +o3&" '*'. K. %>td S&T@ Est"# +os sst"$'s 8/" */"+"# o#s+"!'!s" o$o $to+os SPTL:
El "i+e" es un +>td de ali!a!ión de una asada 0 *'!' t-#"&"s +" +7$"t!os *"8/"9os o t-#"&"s o#st!/+os "# o#+o#"s "st'3&"s +" s/"&os s"os.
El se)und es un "!es de ali!a!ión de ds !aas 0 +o#+" &' *!$"!' '*' +" shot!"t" '*o!t' "st'3&+'+ '& t-#"&0 $"#t!'s 8/" &' s"1/#+' '/$"#t' &' +/!'3&+'+ &' "st'#8/"+'+ +" &' "st!/t/!'6 s" o#s+"!' 8/" "st" $to+o "s #""s'!o *'!' t-#"&"s +" 1!'# +7$"t!o $-&t*&"s 4/#t's +" o#st!/2# "# &' '*' *!$'!'0 *'!' t-#"&"s o#st!/+os 3'4o "& #5"& ,!"7to.
(. Rela!ión !stAei!a!ia de ls "e0esti+ients de t
2 9
E& $to+o SPTL */"+" t!'"! 'ho!!os s1#,'t5os "# o$*'!'2# o# "& t!'+o#'& +" +o3&" '*' *o! +os !'%o#"s: K) ##1/#' *'!t" +"& !"5"st$"#to "s o#s+"!'+' /# so*o!t" t"$*o!'& ) s" !"+/" t'#to "& 5o&/$"# +" "'5'2# o$o "& $'t"!'& +"& !"5"st$"#to0 *o! "#+" "& t"$*o +" o#st!/2# +s$#/". Co# "& SPTL +" /#' '*' s" */"+"# &o1!'! 'ho!!os +"& ? '& ? @ "# o$*'!'2# o# /#' "st!/t/!' +" +o3&" '*'0 s"1-# &' s"2# t!'#s5"!s'& &o#1t/+ +"& t-#"& 's o$o t'$3# +" &'s o#+o#"s +" &'s !o's. A& '#'&%'! &os ostos +" /# t-#"& o#st!/+o o# "& $to+o SPTL +" +os '*'s0 s" #ot' /#' +,"!"#' o#s+"!'3&" "#t!" &' o*2# +" /#' s"1/#+' '*' &'#%'+' o 5''+' situ
in
(+"3+o '& '&to osto +" '!!'#8/" +" /# "#o,!'+o +" '"!o *'!' /#' s"1/#+'
'*' 5''+' in situ)0 o &' o*2# +" /#' s"1/#+' '*' +" shot!"t" *"!$'#"#t" s# "#o,!'+o. Es *os3&" 8/" "# /# ,/t/!o &' '+o*2# +"& $to+o o3s"!5'o#'& t!'1' o#s1o $'o!"s 'ho!!os. Esto s"!7 *os3&" /#' 5"% 8/" s" '+8/"!' $7s "*"!"#' t"2!' *!7t' +"& $to+o SPTL0 $"+'#t" /# "#t"#+$"#to '+o#'& +" &' #t"!'2# t"!!"#o "st!/t/!'0 *'!t/&'!$"#t" o# $'t"!'&"s o$*/"stos t'&"s o$o "& !",/"!%o +" ,3!'s s#tt's o $"t7&'s. A+o#'&$"#t"0 &' +s*o#3&+'+ +" $"4o!"s '+t5os "8/*os +" shot!"t" +s$#/!7 &os ostos +" &os $'t"!'&"s +" o#st!/2# &' +/!'2# +"& *!o"to.
B. %>td S&T@ de ds !aas/ K"i+e"a - se)unda !aa= P'!' *!o*o!o#'! /#' "st!/t/!' $o#o&t'0 "s #""s'!o 8/" &' '+h"!"#' "#t!" &' *!$"!' &' s"1/#+' '*' +" &' /#2# "st '4/st'+' ' ,!2# *"!$t' &' t!'#s,"!"#' +" ,/"!%'s +" o!t" ' &o &'!1o +" &' /#2#. D"3" "5t'!s" #st'&'! o#"to!"s +" o!t" "#t!" &'s +os '*'s0 +"3+o ' 8/" "sto ,'5o!"" &' !"'2# +" t!'"to!'s +""# +/!'3&+'+. L' '+h"!"#' ' o!t'#t" ' t"#s2# "#t!" &'s '*'s */"+" 1'!'#t%'!s" *!o/!'#+o 8/" &' *!$"!' '*' s"' &o s/,"#t"$"#t"
3 0
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. Ge+et":a del t
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2. (li!a!ión Del Sht!"ete Aho!' 5'$os ' +"s!3! &'s o*"!'o#"s !t's #""s'!'s0 *'!' &o1!'! /# shot!"t" +" '&t' '&+'+ /#' 5"% 8/" ' s" h'' o*t$%'+o "& +s"9o +" &'
3 1
$"%&' +" shot!"t". E#t!" &'s o*"!'o#"s +"s!t's0 /#' +" &'s $7s $*o!t'#t"s "s &' t#' +" $'#*/&'2# +" &' 3o8/&&'. E& $to+o +" *!o"2# *o! 5' h-$"+' h' *!o$o5+o "& /so +" 3!'%os +" *!o"2# !o3ot%'+os0 *'!t/&'!$"#t" "# *!o"tos +" o#st!/2# +" t-#"&"s0 *o! t'#to t'$3# s" +s/t"# "stos $to+os. Po! -&t$o s" "*&' &' #""s+'+ +" $"4o!'! &os #5"&"s +" '*'t'2# +" &os o*"!'!os ' ,# +" *o+"! &o1!'! &os "st!tos #/"5os !"8/stos o#+/"#t"s ' o3t"#"! "st!/t/!'s +" shot!"t" +" '&t' '&+'+. P!"5o ' &' '*&'2# +"& shot!"t"0 "s #""s'!o 8/" "& o*"!'!o +" &' 3o8/&&' s"*' &'s *!o*"+'+"s +"& !"5"st$"#to +" shot!"t" !"8/"!+'s0 t'&"s o$o "s*"so! *"!,&. D"3" '+"$7s o#o"! /'&8/"! "&"$"#to !to +" s"1/!+'+ 8/" !"8/"!' "s*"'& 't"#2# +/!'#t" &' *!o"2#6 I#$"+'t'$"#t" +"s*/s +" &' "'5'2# '#t"s +" &' '*&'2# +"& shot!"t"0 s" +"3"# to$'! ,oto1!','s o h'"! /#' "5'&/'2# 1"o&21' 1"o$"'#' +"& t"!!"#o "*/"sto s1/"#+o &os *!o"+$"#tos +"& *!o"to +" o#st!/2# +"& t-#"&. P'!' 8/" h'' /#' '+h"!"#' ",'% +"& shot!"t" ' &' s/*"!,"0 s" +"3" *!"*'!'! &' s/*"!," +" '+h"!"#' h/$"+"#+o&' &$*7#+o&' $"+'#t" "s'!'2# '*&'2# +" '!" o$*!$+o '1/' +" &' 3o8/&&'. I1/'&$"#t" s" +"3" "&$#'! /'&8/"! shot!"t" !"$'#"#t" 8/" "st ,&o4'$"#t" '+h"!+o ' &' $'&&' "&"t!oso&+'+' o ' '!os $"t7&os. C/'&8/"! "#t!'+' +" '1/' '& t-#"& ',"t'!7 #"1't5'$"#t" &' '&+'+ &' !"sst"#' +"& shot!"t". Po! &o 1"#"!'&0 /# o*"!'!o #"*"!to t!'t'!7 +" *!o"t'! shot!"t" so3!" &'s "#t!'+'s 't5's +" '1/' /t&%'#+o +oss "&"5'+'s +" '"&"!'#t"s. S# "$3'!1o0 "s !"o$"#+'3&" o#t!o&'! /'&8/"! '"so +" '1/' $"+'#t" t#'s +" *!"#"2#0 sst"$'s +" +!"#'4" o t/3"!'s +" +!"#'4" #st'&'+'s *'!' 't!'*'! +"s5'! "& '1/' ' ,# +" ,'&t'! &' *!o"2# +"& shot!"t". Est's *!"'/o#"s +"3"# *o+"! ,/#o#'! ",'%$"#t" +/!'#t" /# $#$o +" +'s +"s*/s +" &' *!o"2#.
. T>!ni!as de "-e!!ión )ene"ales Los /'t!o ,'to!"s 8/" #,&/"# *!#*'&$"#t" "# &' '#t+'+ +" !"3ot" *!o+/+o so#:
3 2
= W#1/&o "#t!" &' 3o8/&&' "& *'!t" !"5"st! = Dos,'2# +"& '"&"!'#t" = Dst'#' +" &' 3o8/&&' ' &' s/*"!," = W!"' +" '*&'2# "# "& t-#"& Es $*o!t'#t" s"$*!" $'#t"#"! &' 3o8/&&' "# 7#1/&o !"to (>?Q) !"s*"to ' &' s/*"!," ' ,# +" o*t$%'! &' '&+'+ +" &' o$*'t'2#. S" #+' 8/" +"3" h'3"! /#' +st'#' +" K $ "#t!" &' 3o8/&&' "& s/*"!,". S &' +st'#' "s $"#o!0 #o s"!7 *os3&" ,o!$'! /#' '*' "# &' s/*"!," +"3+o ' 8/" "& ho!!o +s*"!s'!7 "& $'t"!'& +"*ost'+o. L' +os,'2# +" '"&"!'#t"s */"+" ',"t'! &' '#t+'+ +" !"3ot". U#' '#t+'+ +"$'s'+o *"8/"9' +" '"&"!'#t" #o *!o*o!o#'!7 /# ,!'1/'+o '+"/'+o # t'$*oo s/,"#t" +"s'!!o&&o +" &' !"sst"#'0 *o! t'#to &' *!2$' *'s'+' +" &' 3o8/&&' '!!'#'!7 "& o#!"to !"# '*&'+o +'+o 8/" s1/" "st'#+o +"$'s'+o s/'5"6 '/#8/" t'& os' #o "s "st!t'$"#t" /# !"3ot"0 "s #""s'!o 1/'&$"#t" "5t'!&o "# to+o $o$"#to.
(. Dest"eza del e"a"i Los o*"!'!os +" 3o8/&&' +"3"# t"#"! "*"!"#' *!"5' "# &' '*&'2# +"& shot!"t" *"!$'#"#t"0 's o$o t'$3# o#o"! "& *!o"so +" '*&'2# +" shot!"t" ' "$*&"'!s" "# "& *!o"to "s*",o. S" !"o$"#+' 8/" "& o*"!'!o +"$/"st!" s/ "*"!"#'0 3"# s"' *!"s"#t'#+o o# '#t*'2# "& "!t,'+o +" /#' o3!' '#t"!o!0 o 3"# h'"#+o /#' +"$ost!'2# *!7t' "# /# &/1'! +,"!"#t" '& +" &' o3!'.
B. !nside"a!ines en la e"a!ión del lanzad/ , V"!,'2# +" L$*"%' +" &' s/*"!," h/$"+'+ +" &' s/*"!,". , Es*"so! +" &' '*'. , Fo!$' +" '*&'2#: A*&'2# "# 7#1/&os !"tos6 "& $'t"!'& s" '*&' $"+'#t" $o5$"#tos !/&'!"s /#,o!$"s6 +st'#' 2*t$'.
3 3
, Dos,'2# +"& '+t5o: V"!,'2# +" &' *os2# +" &' 3o$3'6 5"!,'2# +" &' s'&+' +"& '+t5o *o! &' 3o8/&&' 8/" #o s" *!"s"#t"# ,/1's6 +"t"!$#'! &' '#t+'+ +" '+t5o 's +"t"!$#'! &' +oss !"'&.
, M'#t"#$"#to +" "8/*os. , S#!o#%'2# "#t!" &'s 3o$3's +" '+t5o +"& o#!"to. , O*"!'2# +"& "8/*o +" &'#%'+o *o! *'!t" /#' *"!so#' +2#"' "!t,'+'. , V"!,'2# +" &' *!"s2# +" '!" *'!' &'#%'+o '+"/'2# *'!' s/ $'#"4o. , M'o! o#t!o& "# &os 's"#t'$"#tos +" &'s $"%&'s. , Co#t!o& "# &os so3!""s*"so!"s +" &' '*'s , C'*'t'2# *"!2+' +"& *"!so#'& 8/" #t"!5"#". , Co#t!o& +"& s/$#st!o +" o#!"to $"#t!'s s" '$3' &' /3'2# +"& &'#%'+o *'!' "5t'! +"s*"!+os +" o#!"to +" '+t5o.
3 4
I.
CONC@USIONES
Es /#' '&t"!#'t5' ,!"#t" ' &os $to+os t!'+o#'&"s +" so*o!t" s/ /t&%'2# 8/" h' +o !""#+o h'st' o#5"!t!s" "# /#' t#' +" o#st!/2# $/ $*o!t'#t" '$*&'$"#t" /t&%'+' "# "& $/#+o "#t"!o0 "# &' o#st!/2# +" T-#"&"s.
;/"#o &' '&+'+ +"& o#!"to &'#%'+o "s /# +"s'!!o&&o t"#o&21o t'#to "# $'t"!'&"s o$*o#"#t"s +" o#!"to o$o $'8/#'!'0 '*&'2# o#t!o& +" '&+'+0 "#t"#+"#+o 8/" "& o#!"to &'#%'+o "s /# o#4/#to +" 't5+'+"s 8/" o$3#'# &' t"#o&o1' +"& o#!"to o# &' t"#o&o1' +" '*&'2#.
E& /so +" o#!"to &'#%'+o "s &' o$3#'2# +" +,"!"#t"s $'t"!'&"s 't5+'+"s0 s" h' o#5"!t+o "# /#' o*2# t#' ' /# osto !'%o#'3&".
L' /t&%'2# 1"#"!'&%'+' +"& ho!$12# *!o"t'+o0 o$o "&"$"#to ,/#+'$"#t'&0 t'#to "# "& sost"#$"#to o$o "# "& !"5"st$"#to +" t-#"&"s o3!'s s/3t"!!7#"'s.
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II. ;I;LIOGRAFIA
6!!):,,9lan;/o9/l,Cu!;m(-!r,S6o!/r!,
www.cbb.cl/cementos/PutDocument.asp!"ile#$0%&'( SHOTCRETE.pdf
)om *elb+e Director *) -nternational, shotcrete para soporte de rocas, r7(-!a9
-. 1- 35617, "-R5 D 58R9 89*9 R"1R79 )R18)1R5 D :9)8R), *5885"RR-.
Do$#1o L"$' C0 S"$#'!o I#t"!#'o#'& T"#o&o1' D" Ds"9o Y A*&'2# D"& Shot!"t"0 Ot/3!" ?K?.
Ror!o Crr( +s"9o +"& so*o!t" +" t-#"&"s E# o#!"to *!o"t'+o !",o!%'+o o# ,3!'s $"t7&'s0 ;o&o1#'0 It'&'.
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