Monografia Lenguajes de Programacion

INDICE 1

INTRODUCCIÓN............. INTRODUCCIÓN...................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. .................5 ........5

2

LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMAC PROGRAMACIÓN.. IÓN...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... .......7 .7

3

HISTORIA HISTORIA DE LOS LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACI PROGRAMACIÓN... ÓN....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... .......8 ....8

4

CLASIFICACI CLASIFICACIÓN ÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACI PROGRAMACIÓN... ÓN....... ........ ........ ........ .......... ......10 10 4.1

4.1.1

!"#$%&%' !"#$%&%' (") (") )"#*+%&" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. ,-+/#%.... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ........... ........... ............1 ......11 1

4.1.2

D"'"#$%&%' D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. ,-+/#%..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... ........... ........... ........11 ..11

4.2



LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE AJO NI!EL "#'%,)%(6. "#'%,)%(6..... ........ ........ ......... .......... ........... ............ ........... ..........1 .....11 1

4.2.1 4.2.1

!"#$% !"#$%&%' &%' (") (") )"#*+% )"#*+%&" &" "#'%,) "#'%,)%( %( "#$ "#$" " %) )"#*+% )"#*+%&" &" ,-+/ ,-+/#%.. #%..... ........ .......13 ..13

4.2.2

D"'"#$%&%' D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%(. "#'%,)%(..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... .......... ..........13 ....13

4.3

5

LENGUAJE LENGUAJE MÁQUINA. MÁQUINA..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ........... ...........10 ......10

LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE ALTO ALTO NI!EL.... NI!EL........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ......... .......... ........... .........14 ...14

4.3.1

!"#$%&%' !"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/"). #/")..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ..........15 ....15

4.3.2

D"'"#$%&%' D"'"#$%&%' (" )' )' )"#*+%&" )"#*+%&"'' (" %)$ #/")..... #/")......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ........1 ..1

OTRA OTRA CLASI CLASIFIC FICACI ACIÓN ÓN DE LOS LENGUA LENGUAJES JES DE PROGRA PROGRAMAC MACIÓN. IÓN.... ...... ...... ...... ....17 .17 5.1

P/,"% P/,"% *"#"%9/:#... *"#"%9/:#....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............ ........... ........... ............ .......17 .17

5.2

S"*+#(% S"*+#(% *"#"%9/:#.. *"#"%9/:#...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... .....17 17

5.3

T"9"% *"#"%9/:#... *"#"%9/:#....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ......... .......... ........... .........17 ...17

5.4

C+%$% C+%$% *"#"%9/:#... *"#"%9/:#....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... ............ ........... ..........17 .....17

5.5

Q+/#$% Q+/#$% *"#"%9/:#.. *"#"%9/:#...... ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... ........... ........... ............ ...........17 .....17

LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE DE PROGRAM PROGRAMACIÓN ACIÓN DE ALTO ALTO NI!EL.... NI!EL........ ........ ......... ........... ............ ............ ...........18 .....18 .1

FORTRAN............. FORTRAN...................... ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. ....................18 ...........18

.2

COOL.... COOL........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ .......... ............ ........... ........... ............ .........1; ...1;

.3

PL
.4

ASIC.... ASIC........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ......... ........... ............ ........... ..........21 .....21

.5

PASCAL........ PASCAL................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ....................................21 ...........................21

.

C............... C........................ ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ...............22 ......22

.7

MODULA=2.. MODULA=2...... ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............ ........... ........... ...........23 .....23

3

.8

ADA............... ADA....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................23 ..........23

.;

LISP.... LISP........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... ............ ........... ...........24 ......24

.10 LOGO............... LOGO........................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ...............24 .......24 .11 RPG............... RPG........................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ...................................25 ..........................25 .12 ALGOL............... ALGOL........................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...............................25 ......................25 .13 APL................ APL......................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ...................................25 ..........................25 .14 PILOT.............. PILOT....................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................2 ........2 .15 SMALLTAL>... SMALLTAL>............ .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ..................2 .........2 .1 FORTH............. FORTH..................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ................... ................27 ......27 .17 LENGUAJE C??.............. C??....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ...................................27 ..........................27 .18 DELPHI.............. DELPHI....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...............................27 ......................27 .1; JA!A.... JA!A............. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....................28 ...........28 .20 JA!ASCRIPT... JA!ASCRIPT........... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................................. ..................................28 ..........28 .21 HTML............... HTML....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................................. ..................................28 ..........28 .22 H@PERTAL>... H@PERTAL>............ .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ..........................31 .................31 .23 P")................ P")........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................31 ..........31 .24 PHP............... PHP....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................31 ..........31 .25 PROLOG.............. PROLOG....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....................32 ...........32 .2 SQL................ SQL........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...........................32 ..................32 .27 ASP................ ASP........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...........................33 ..................33 7

E!OLUCIÓN E!OLUCIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACI PROGRAMACIÓN... ÓN....... ........ .......... ........... ........... .........33 ...33

8

CONCLUSIONES............... CONCLUSIONES........................ ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ......................35 .............35

;

REFERENCIAS REFERENCIAS ILIOGRÁF ILIOGRÁFICAS.. ICAS...... ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .........3 .....3 

4

.8

ADA............... ADA....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................23 ..........23

.;

LISP.... LISP........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ........... ............ ........... ...........24 ......24

.10 LOGO............... LOGO........................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ...............24 .......24 .11 RPG............... RPG........................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ...................................25 ..........................25 .12 ALGOL............... ALGOL........................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...............................25 ......................25 .13 APL................ APL......................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ...................................25 ..........................25 .14 PILOT.............. PILOT....................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................2 ........2 .15 SMALLTAL>... SMALLTAL>............ .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ..................2 .........2 .1 FORTH............. FORTH..................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ................... ................27 ......27 .17 LENGUAJE C??.............. C??....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ...................................27 ..........................27 .18 DELPHI.............. DELPHI....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...............................27 ......................27 .1; JA!A.... JA!A............. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....................28 ...........28 .20 JA!ASCRIPT... JA!ASCRIPT........... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................................. ..................................28 ..........28 .21 HTML............... HTML....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................................. ..................................28 ..........28 .22 H@PERTAL>... H@PERTAL>............ .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ..........................31 .................31 .23 P")................ P")........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................31 ..........31 .24 PHP............... PHP....................... ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...................31 ..........31 .25 PROLOG.............. PROLOG....................... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....................32 ...........32 .2 SQL................ SQL........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...........................32 ..................32 .27 ASP................ ASP........................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ...........................33 ..................33 7

E!OLUCIÓN E!OLUCIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACI PROGRAMACIÓN... ÓN....... ........ .......... ........... ........... .........33 ...33

8

CONCLUSIONES............... CONCLUSIONES........................ ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ......................35 .............35

;

REFERENCIAS REFERENCIAS ILIOGRÁF ILIOGRÁFICAS.. ICAS...... ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .........3 .....3 

4

1

INTRODUCCIÓN

L%' 9,+$%(%' # +"("# 9,+#/9%'" 9# #'$' (" ,% "%)B # '""# +# /(/,%B '# ,-+/#%'  9, $%)"'B #"9"'/$%# (" +# )"#*+%&" "'"9/9 "#'%(  ") ," %% "))%'. A(",-'B #"9"'/$%# /#$""$% 9#'$%#$","#$" $(%' )%' /#'$+99/#"' +" "9/"#. D%(% )% (//9+)$%( (" 9,+#/9%9/:# "#$" )% 9,+$%(%  ") * *% %,% ,%( (BB '" 9"% 9"%# # )"#* )"#*+% +%&" &"'' (" * *%, %,%9 %9/: /:# # +" +" %9"# %9"# '/ '/) )" " )% 9,+#/9%9/:# 9# ") ,/99"'%(B +$/)/%#( $,/#'  ',)' ")%9/#%(' 9# ") $/ (" )",% +" '" ("'"% "')"B ,"(/%#$" ") ",)" (" "%,/"#$%' +" /#(% )% /#,-$/9%. E'$' )"#*+%&"' ",/$"#B  +# )%(B "'9// )%' "%9/#"' +" '# #"9"'%/%' "%)/ "%)/% % %% %% "') "')" " ") ) )", ",% % (" +# ,( ,( %"9 %"9/( /(  % 9, 9, '" "'9/ "'9// / % % 9#"#9/#%),"#$" "' ("9/B "(%9$% %("9+%(%,"#$" ") %)*/$, (" "')+9/:# (") )",%6 B  ") $B '" "#9%*% (" $%(+9/ ") %)*/$, %) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% 9"' 9#9/( 9, 9,/)%9/:#6 9# ) +" '" )" 9#/"" %) *%,% )% 9%%9/(%( (" 9" '" "&"9+$%(6 "# )% 9,+$%(%. L% 9,+$%(% "' "# "%)/(%( $%# ':) +#% ,-+/#%B 9%% (" "')" $(' )' )",%' +" )' +'+%/' '"%,' 9%%9"' (" ""'% ,"(/%#$" +# %)*/$, *%,%6. E# )% %9$+%)/(%( % ,+9' $/' (" )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:#B 9%(% +# (" "))' 9# '+ /% *%,-$/9%B '+ $",/#)*% "'"9/%)  +#% '/#$%/' %$/9+)%. P  "&",) "&",)B B "/'$" "/'$"# # %)*+#' %)*+#' 9"%(' 9"%(' "'"9/ "'"9/%), %),"#$ "#$" " %% %)/9% %)/9%9/ 9/#"' #"' 9/"#$ 9/"#$/9 /9%' %'  ,%$",-$/9%' *"#"%)"' ASICB FORTRANB PASCALB "$9.6 $'B "# 9%,/B '" /"#$%# %) 9%, ","'%/%)  %) ,%#"& (" $"$'  /9"'B "' ("9/B '# "# "%)/(%( +#(%,"#$%),"#$" *"'$"' (" /#,%9/:# COOLB PL<1B "$9.6B  ,+ ")%9 ")%9/ /#%( #%(' ' 9# 9# ") )"#*+ )"#*+%& %&" " ,-+ ,-+/# /#% % (" )% 9, 9,+$ +$%( %(% % 9, 9, ") C?? C??  ")  ASSEMLER6. L%' 9,+$%(%' '" *%,%%# "# )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% " )%' (//9+)$%("' +" "'$ 9#))"%%B 9#))"%%B &+#$ 9# )% "#," %9/)/(%( %9/)/(%( (" 9,"$" 9,"$" ""'B ""'B 9+% )9%)/%9/: )9%)/%9/:# # "% )%*%  9,)"&%B /9/"# 9#9"/B "# )% (9%(% (" )' 40B )% '//)/(%( (" +'% 

5

)"#*+%&"' '/,:)/9'. L' /,"' "# %%"9" +"# )' "#'%,)%("'B +#(%,"#$%),"#$" 9#'/'$% "# (% +# #," ,#",:#/96 % 9%(% $/ (" /#'$+99/:#  9%(% (/"99/:# "$/+"$%6. A) /#9// '" %9/% ") *%,% '" %") B ("'+' '" $%(+9% % ,%# 9# )% %+(% (" +#%' $%)%'B  '" /#$(+9%# "# )% ,-+/#% "# ,% #+,/9%B " #$ %%"9/"# *%,%' +" '" "#'%,)%%# %+$,-$/9%,"#$".

6

2

LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN

E' 9,)/9%( ("/#/ + "'  + # "' +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:#. S" %'+," *"#"%),"#$" +" )% $%(+99/:# (" )%' /#'$+99/#"' % +# 9:(/* +" 9,"#(" )% 9,+$%(% ("" '" 9,)"$%,"#$" '/'$",-$/9%. N,%),"#$" "' )% 9,+$%(% )% +" "%)/% )% $%(+99/:#.  A 9#$/#+%9/:#B '" "(%9$%# +#% '"/" (" ("/#/9/#"' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:#. S"*# >"##"$ C. L+("#B KU# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# "' +#% #$%9/:# %% "'9// *%,%'B % $%' (" )' 9+%)"' (",' 9,+#/9%#' 9# ") %(%"  (% %' )%' :("#"' %("9+%(%' %% )% "%)/%9/:# (" +# ("$",/#%( 9"'. U# )"#*+%&" "'$- ("/#/(  +#% *%,-$/9%  9#&+#$ (" "*)%' +" '" %)/9%# % +# %)%"$ 9#'$/$+/(  ") 9#&+#$ (" ',)' +$/)/%('. L' (/'$/#$' #/")"' (" *%,%9/:# "/'$"#$"' #' ",/$"# %99"(" %) %(%"B (" $%) ,% +" '"*# +$/)/9",' +# #/") + $B %' $"#(",' +" +$/)/% +# ("$",/#%( )"#*+%&" )/*%( % '+' 9"'#(/"#$"' $%(+9$"'. D%/( >%#%*+'/9 H"#-#(" %) "'"9$ 9,"#$% +" +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# "' KC#&+#$ (" #,%' K)/#*'$/9%' %)%%'  ',)'6 +" ",/$"# "'9// +# *%,%  +" '$" '"% "#$"#(/(  ") ("#%(  +"(% '" $%')%(%( % ("#%("' '/,/)%"' %% '+ +#9/#%,/"#$ "# $' '/'$",%'. E) C"#$ D9+,"#$%9/:# (" E'$+(/'  O'/9/#"' ,%#//"'$% +" +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# "' +# KC#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"'B :("#"'  ',)' "9#9/)"'   %+$:,%$%B % $%' (" '+ +#/(%( (" *%,%9/:#B +" )" ",/$" "&"9+$% )% '"9+"#9/% (" 9#$) ("'"%(%. A) 9#&+#$ (" $$%) (" "'$%' /#'$+99/#"'B :("#"'  ',)' +" "'$-# (/'#/)"' '" )" ))%,%# )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# (") %+$:,%$%. E) *%,% "'$- ,%(  +# 9#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"'B '"#$"#9/%'B )+"' +#9/#%)"'  *%/',' +" /#(/9%# )%' "%9/#"' % "%)/%. L%' /#'$+99/#"' ""'"#$%# )% $%"% ,-' ")","#$%) (" +# *%,% )"" +#% "#$%(%B

7

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3

HISTORIA DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN

L' /,"' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# '+*/"# (" )% /("% (" C%)"' %%*"B )% 9+%) '" )" 9+/: % "'$" ," % ,"(/%(' (") '/*) I. E% +# "'  ,%$",-$/9 (" )% U#/"'/(%( (" C%,/(*" " /#"#$ /#*)'B +" %) /#9// (") '/*) I "(/& ,+9%' (" )%' $"%' "# +" '" %'%# )%' %9$+%)"' 9,+$%(%'. C#'/'$% "# ) +" ) ("#,/#%% )% ,%+/#% %#%)$/9%B " +"  ,$/' $9#/9' # +( 9#'$+/'" %'$% ,"(/%(' (") '/*) . C# ) 9)% A(% LB )% 9+%) "' 9#'/("%(% 9, )% /,"% *%,%(% (" )% /'$/%B +"' "%)/ *%,%' %% %+))% '++"'$% ,-+/#% (" %%*"B "# $%&"$%' "%(%'. C, )% ,%+/#% # ))"* #+#9% % 9#'$+/'"B )' *%,%' (" A(%B

8

):*/9%,"#$"B $%,9 ))"*%# % "&"9+$%'"B " '/ '+#"# +# +#$ (" %$/(% (" )% *%,%9/:#B '" $( '/ '"%,' +" "# 9+%#$ '" ",": % *%,%B )' *%,%("' +$/)/%# )%' $9#/9%' (/'"%(%'  C%)"' %%*"B  A(%B +" 9#'/'$%# "#$" $%'B "# )% *%,%9/:# ,"(/%#$" $%&"$%' "%(%'. A "'% (" "))B A(% % ",%#"9/( 9, )% /,"% *%,%(% (" )% /'$/%. S" (/9"   $%#$ +" "'$' (' *"#/' (" %#$%B '" %(")%#$%# +# '/*) % '+ 9%B ) 9+%) ("'9/" )% /#$")/*"#9/% (" )% +" '" %))%%# ($%('. E# 1823 ") */"# /$-#/9 ) % %% 9"% ") "9$ (" +#% ,-+/#% (" (/""#9/%'B +# (/''/$/ ,"9-#/9 %% ""9$+% '+,%' ""$/(%'. P" %%*" '" ("(/9: %) "9$ (" )% ,-+/#% %#%)$/9%B %%#(#%#( )% ,-+/#% (" (/""#9/%'B +" '" +(/"% *%,% 9# $%&"$%' "%(%'B *%9/%' % )% 9"%9/:# (" C%)"' J%9+%( %#9'6. E'$" ," "% +# %/9%#$" (" $"&/('  %% 9"%( +# $")% +" (% "(+9/ %+$,-$/9%,"#$" %$#"' (" $"&/('B )""#( )% /#,%9/:# 9(//9%(% "# %$#"' (" %*+&"' "%(' "# $%&"$%' (" %") */(. E#$#9"' %%*" /#$"#$ 9"% )% ,-+/#% +" '" +(/"% *%,% 9# $%&"$%' "%(%' %% ""9$+% 9+%)+/" 9-)9+) 9# +#% "9/'/:# (" 20 (*/$'. P" )% $"9#)*% (" )% 9% # %'$%% %% %9" "%)/(%( '+' /("%'. S/ /"# )%' /("%' (" %%*" # ))"*%# % ,%$"/%)/%'" (" ,% ("/#/$/%B '+ 9#$/+9/:# "' ("9/'/%B % +" )' ("#%("' %9$+%)"' "'#("# % +# "'+",% %#-)* %) (" )% ,-+/#% %#%)$/9%. E# '+ (/'"B )% ,-+/#% 9#'$%% (" 9/#9 +#/(%("' -'/9%' • • • • •

U#/(%( (" "#$%(%B %% /#$(+9/ (%$' " /#'$+99/#"' M",/%B (#(" '" %),%9"#%%# (%$'  "'+)$%(' /#$","(/' U#/(%( (" 9#$)B %% "*+)% )% '"9+"#9/% (" "&"9+9/:# (" )%' "%9/#"' U#/(%( A/$,$/9=L:*/9%B +" ""9$% )%' "%9/#"' U#/(%( (" '%)/(%B "#9%*%(% (" 9,+#/9% %) "$"/ )' "'+)$%('.

C%)"' %%*"B 9#9/( 9, ") %(" (" )% /#,-$/9% # +( 9,)"$% "# %+"))% 9% )% 9#'$+99/:# (") 9,+$%( +" %% '%(B (%( +" %)$%% %)* +#(%,"#$%)B )% ")"9$:#/9%. E) 9%,/# '"%)%( (" %%*"B # +" #+#9% %%#(#%(  '/*+/#()B '" 9#'$+"# )%' /,"%' 9,+$%(%'.

9

C+%#( '+*/: ") /," ("#%(B ") %,' ENIAC E)"9$#/9 N+,"/9%) I#$"*%$ A#( C%)9+)%$6B '+ *%,%9/:# '" %'%% "# 9,#"#$"' '/9'B  '"%B +" '" *%,%%B 9%,/%#( (/"9$%,"#$" ") H%(%" (" )% ,-+/#%B "%9$%,"#$" ) +" ' %9/% "% 9%,/% 9%)"' (" '/$/ %% 9#'"*+/ %' )% *%,%9/:# (" )% ,-+/#%. L% "#$%(%  '%)/(% (" (%$' '" "%)/%% ,"(/%#$" $%&"$%' "%(%'.

4

CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN

4.1 LENGUAJE MÁQUINA: E) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% "' ") #/9 +" "#$/"#(" (/"9$%,"#$" )% 9,+$%(%B % +" "'$- "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&"' (/"9$%,"#$" /#$")/*/)"'  )% ,-+/#% 9,+$%(%6B +$/)/% ") %)%"$ /#%/B +" 9#'$% (" )' (' #/9' ',)' 0  1B ("#,/#%(' /$' %"/%$+% /#*)"'% (" (*/$' /#%/'6. S+' /#'$+99/#"' '# 9%("#%' /#%/%' 9%("#%'  '"/"' (" 9%%9$""' (" (*/$' 0  16 +" "'"9//9%# +#% "%9/:# B )%' '/9/#"' (/"99/:#6 (" ,",/% /,)/9%(%' "# )% "%9/:# '" ("#,/#%# /#'$+99/#"' (" ,-+/#%  9:(/* ,-+/#%. F+" ") /," )"#*+%&" +$/)/%( "# )% *%,%9/:# (" 9,+$%(%'B " ("& (" +$/)/%'"  '+ (//9+)$%(  9,)/9%9/:#B '/"#( '+'$/$+/(  $' )"#*+%&"' ,-' -9/)"' (" %"#("  +$/)/%B +" %(",-' "(+9"# )% '//)/(%( (" 9,"$" ""'. E) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% "' ") 9#9/( 9:(/* /#%/. G"#"%),"#$"B "# )% 9(//9%9/:# (" )' *%,%' '" ",)"%% ") '/'$",% "%("9/,%) %% '/,)//9% ") $%%& (" "'9/$+%. T(%' )%' /#'$+99/#"' "%%(%' "# 9+%)+/" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% $/"#"#  ) ,"#' (' %$"'. L% /,"% "' ") 9,%#( + "%9/:#B +" (/9" % )%' 9,+$%(%' 9+%) "' )% +#9/:# +" % % "%)/%. T(%' )%' 9,+$%(%' $/"#"# +# 9:(/* (" "%9/:# %% 9%(% +#% (" )%' +#9/#"'. L% '"*+#(% %$" (" )% /#'$+99/:# "' ") "%#(B +" /#(/9% % )% 9,+$%(% (#(" %))%  %),%9"#% )' (%$'  $%' /#'$+99/#"' +" '" %# % ,%#/+)%B ") #," (" "-#(' (" +#% /#'$+99/:# %/% "# (/'$/#$%' 9,+$%(%'.

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4.1.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% 

P'//)/(%( (" 9%*% $%#'"/ +# *%,% % )% ,",/%6 '/# #"9"'/(%( (" $%(+99/:# '$"/B ) +" '+#" +#% ")9/(%( (" "&"9+9/:# '+"/ % 9+%)+/" $ )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:#.

4.1.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%    

D//9+)$%(  )"#$/$+( "# )% 9(//9%9/:#. P9% /%/)/(%(. G%# (//9+)$%( %% "//9%  #" % +#$ )' *%,%'. L' *%,%' ') '# "&"9+$%)"' "# ") ,/', 9"'%( CPU6.

E# )% %9$+%)/(%(B )%' ("'"#$%&%' '+"%# % )%' "#$%&%'B ) +" %9" -9$/9%,"#$" # "9,"#(%)"' % )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%.

4.2 LENGUAJES DE BAJO NIVEL (!"#$%&#')*: S# ,-' -9/)"' (" +$/)/% +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%B " %) /*+%) +" "))'B (""#("# (" )% ,-+/#% "# %$/9+)%. E) )"#*+%&" (" %& #/")  "9")"#9/% "' ") "#'%,)%(. E) )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( "' ") /," /#$"#$ (" '+'$/$+/ ") )"#*+%&" ,%+/#%  $ ,-' '/,/)% % )' +$/)/%('  )%' "'#%'. E'$" /#$"#$% )"//)/%  )% ""'"#$%9/:# (" )' (/""#$"' 9%,'. E'% )"//)/(%( '" 9#'/*+" # "'9//"#( )' 9%,' "# /#%/  %/,%#( )% "'9/$+% %) )"#*+%&".  A /#9//' (" )% (9%(% (" )' 50  9# ") /# (" %9/)/$% )% )% (" )' *%,%("'B '" ("'%))%# 9:(/*' ,#",$9#/9' %% )%' "%9/#"'  (/"99/#"' '/,:)/9%'. L' 9:(/*' ,#",$9#/9%' '# )' ',)' %)%$/9' (") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. L% 9,+$%(% '/*+" +$/)/%#( ") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% %% 9"'% )' (%$'B " )' *%,%' "#'%,)%("' $%(+9"# %#$"' )' ',)' (" 9:(/* (" "%9/:# "'"9//9%(' % '+' "+/%)"#$"' "# ") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. E# )% %9$+%)/(%( )' *%,%("' # %'/*#%# #,"' (" (/"99/:# "%)"' % )' (%$' '/,:)/9'B '/,)","#$" "'"9//9%# (#(" +/""# +" '" 9)+" )% /,"% )9%)/(%( (") *%,%  ") *%,% "#'%,)%( '" "#9%*% (" ) (",-'B %'/*#% )9%)/(%("' $%#$ %% )%' /#'$+99/#"' 9, )' (%$'. E'$' *%,%' ("

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"#'%,)"  "#'%,)%("' $%,/# ",/$"# % )% 9,+$%(% 9#"$/ )%' /#'$+99/#"' "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (") *%,%( "# '+ / 9:(/* ,-+/#%. U# *%,% (" /#'$+99/#"' "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%(  +# *%,%(  '" ))%,% *%,% +"#$". D"'+' (" +" ") "#'%,)%( 9#/"$" ") *%,% +"#$" "# 9:(/* ,%+/#% % "'$" '" )" ("#,/#% *%,% &"$. P%% )' *%,%("' "' ,-' -9/) "'9// /#'$+99/#"' "# +# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( +" "# 9:(/* (" )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% " "' '/)" +" '" "+/"%# (' 9/(%' (" 9,+$%(% %#$"' (" +" '" +"(%# +$/)/% )%' /#'$+99/#"' (") *%,% +"#$" %% (+9/ )%' '%)/(%' ("'"%(%'. E) )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") "' ") )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# +" ") ("#%( +"(" "#$"#(" % )% % (" "&"9+$% *%,%'B ) +" %+,"#$% '+ ")9/(%( (" "&"9+9/:#B +"' # #"9"'/$% +# /#$"$" +" $%(+9% 9%(% )#"% (" /#'$+99/#"'. !/'$ % ,+ %& #/")B )' ,/99"'%("' 9"'%# "9)+'/%,"#$" '"%)"' ")"9$:#/9%' /#%/%'. D% +#% /#'$+99/:# % +# ,/99"'%( '+#" "# "%)/(%( "#/% '"/"' (" +#'  9"' "'%9/%(%' "# ") $/", (" +#% ,% ("$",/#%(%. E'$% '"9+"#9/% (" '"%)"' '" ("#,/#% 9:(/* ,-+/#%. E) 9:(/* ""'"#$% #,%),"#$" (%$'  #,"' " /#'$+99/#"' %% ,%#/+)%)'. U# ,( ,-' -9/) (" 9,"#(" ") 9:(/* ,-+/#% "' (%#( % 9%(% /#'$+99/:# +# ,#",:#/9B 9,  "&",) STOREB ADD  JUMP. E'$% %'$%99/:# (% 9, "'+)$%( ") "#'%,)%(B +# )"#*+%&" (" ,+ %& #/") +" "' "'"9/9 (" 9%(% ,/99"'%(. L' )"#*+%&"' (" %& #/") ",/$"# 9"% *%,%' ,+ -/('B " +" '#B % ,"#+(B (/9/)"' (" %"#(". M-' /,$%#$" "' ") "9 (" +" )' *%,%' "'9/$' "# +# %& #/") '"%# %)$%,"#$" "'"9/9' (" 9%(% 9"'%(. S/ '" ))"% ") *%,% % $% ,-+/#% '" ("" ""'9// ") *%,% ("'(" ") /#9//.

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4.2.1 !"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( "#$" %) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% 

M% %9/)/(%( (" 9(//9%9/:# B "# *"#"%)B '+ ")9/(%( (" 9-)9+)B %%#



$/",  "+/""# ,"#' %$"#9/:# % ("$%))"'. S" /#9+"# "# ,"#' ""'  )' +" '" 9,"$"# '# ,-' -9/)"' ("



)9%)/%. T%#$ ") )"#*+%&" ,%+/#% 9, ") "#'%,)%( *%# (" )% "#$%&% (" ,#/,% 9+%9/:# (" ,",/%  ,#/, $/", (" "&"9+9/:# "# 9,%%9/:# 9# ") "'+)$%( (" )% 9,/)%9/:# (") *%,% "+/%)"#$" "'9/$ "# $'



)"#*+%&"'. L' *%,%' "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( '# ,-' -9/)"' (" ,(//9% +" )' *%,%' "# )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%.

4.2.2 D"'"#$%&%' (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( 

D""#("#9/% $$%) (" )% ,%+/#% ) +" /,/(" )% $%#'$%/)/(%( (" )'



*%,%' '//)/(%( (" "&"9+$% +# *%,% "# (/""#$"' ,-+/#%'6. E) )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (") PC "' (/'$/#$ (") )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%( (")

 A)" M%9/#$'.  L% ,%9/:# (" )' *%,%("' "' ,-' 9,)"&% +" )% 9"'#(/"#$" % )' *%,%("' (" %)$ #/")B % +" "/*" # ') )%' $9#/9%' (" *%,%9/:#B '/# $%,/# ") 9#9/,/"#$ (") /#$"/ (" )% ,-+/#%. E) *%,%( % (" 9#9" ""9$%,"#$" ") %(%" (") "+/B % +" ,%#"&% (/"9$%,"#$" )%' '/9/#"' (" ,",/%B "*/'$' (") 9"'%(  (",-' ")","#$' '/9'. T(%' )%' /#'$+99/#"' '# ")","#$%)"'B "' ("9/B "# ") *%,% '" (""# ("'9// 9# ") ,-/, ("$%))" $(%' )%' "%9/#"' +" '" %# (" ""9$+% "# )% ,-+/#% %% )% "%)/%9/:# (" 9+%)+/" 9"'. L' )"#*+%&"' "#'%,)%( $/"#"# '+' %)/9%9/#"' ,+ "(+9/(%'B '" 9"#$%# -'/9%,"#$" "# %)/9%9/#"' (" $/", "%)B 9#$) (" 9"''  (" (/''/$/' ")"9$:#/9'.

13

4.3 LENGUAJES DE ALTO NIVEL: E'$' )"#*+%&"' '# )' ,-' +$/)/%('  )' *%,%("'. E'$-# (/'"%(' %% +" )%' "'#%' "'9/%#  "#$/"#(%# )' *%,%' (" +# ,( ,+9 ,-' -9/) +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%  "#'%,)%(. U# *%,% "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") "' /#(""#(/"#$" (" )% ,-+/#% )%' /#'$+99/#"' # (""#("# (") (/'" (") %(%"  (" +#% 9,+$%(% "# %$/9+)%6B  ) +" "'$' *%,%' '# $%)"'  $%#'$%)"'. L' *%,%' "'9/$' "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") +"("# '" "&"9+$%(' 9# 9%  #/#*+#% ,(//9%9/:# "# (/""#$"' $/' (" 9,+$%(%'. S# )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# "# )' +" )%' /#'$+99/#"' "#/%(%' %% +" ") ("#%( "&"9+$" 9/"$%' :("#"' '# '/,/)%"' %) )"#*+%&" +,%#. D%( +" ") ("#%( # "' 9%% (" "9#9" "'$%' :("#"'B "' #"9"'%/ ") +' (" +# /#$"$" +" $%(+9% ") )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") % +# )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") +" ") '/'$",% +"(% "#$"#(". P ) *"#"%) '" /"#'% +" )' ("#%("' '# ,-+/#%' +" "%)/%# $%"%' (" 9-)9+)'  9"'%,/"#$ (" $"$. L% ("'9/9/:# %#$"/ "' ':) +#% ,% ,+ "'+",-$/9% (" " +#% 9,+$%(%. H% +# %)$ #/") (" %'$%99/:# "#$" ) +" '" /(" % )% 9,+$%(%  ) +" "%),"#$" 9,"#(". E/'$" $%,/# +#% ")%9/:# 9,)"&% "#$" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")  ") 9:(/* ,-+/#%. L' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") '# #,%),"#$" -9/)"' (" %"#(" +" "'$-# ,%('  ")","#$' (" )"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"'B 9, ") /#*)'. E# ASICB ") )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") ,-' 9#9/(B )' 9,%#(' 9, KIF CONTADOR10 THEN STOP +"("# +$/)/%'" %% "(/ % )% 9,+$%(% +" %" '/ CONTADOR "' /*+%) % (/". P ("'*%9/% %% ,+9%' "'#%' "'$% ,% (" $%%&% "' +# 9 +'$%#$"B (%( +" % "'% (" +" )%' 9,+$%(%' %"9"# 9,"#(" +# )"#*+%&" #%$+%)B ) %9"# "# "%)/(%( (" +#% ,% */(%  '/'$",-$/9%. L' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")B $%,/# ("#,/#%(' )"#*+%&"' ")+9/#%('B '+*"# 9# '$"//(%( % )' %#$"/"' )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%B )"#*+%&"' (" %& #/")  "#'%,)%(6 9# )' '/*+/"#$"' &"$/'B "#$" $'

14

L*% /#(""#("#9/% (" )% ,-+/#%B +(/"#( +$/)/% +# ,/', *%,% "# (/""#$"' "+/' 9# )% #/9% 9#(/9/:# (" (/'#" (" +# *%,% $%(+9$  9,/)%(B +" "' '+,/#/'$%(  ") %/9%#$"B %% $"#" ") *%,% "&"9+$%)" "# )"#*+%&" /#%/ (" )% ,-+/#% +" '" $%$". A(",-'B # '" #"9"'/$% 9#9" ") %(%" "'"9/9 (" (/9% ,-+/#%. A/,%'" %) )"#*+%&" #%$+%)B %% +" ") *%,% '" +"(% "'9//  )"" (" +#% ,% ,-' '"#9/))%B ")/,/#%#( ,+9%' (" )%' '//)/(%("' (" 9,"$" ""' +" '" (%%# "# ") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%B % +" '" +$/)/%# %)%%' "# /#*)'6 "# )+*% (" 9%("#%' (" ',)' '/# #/#*# '/*#//9%( %%"#$". I#9)+/ +$/#%' (" +' "9+"#$"B 9, )%' (" "#$%(% < '%)/(%B +#9/#"' ,%$",-$/9%'B ,%#"& (" $%)%'B "$9.B +" /*+%# "# +#% "'"9/" (" )/"% (") )"#*+%&"B (" ,%#"% +" '" +"(%# +$/)/% '/"," +" '" +/"% '/# #"9"'/(%( (" *%,%)%' 9%(% ". 4.3.1 !"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") 

E) $/", (" ,%9/:# (" )' *%,%("' "' ")%$/%,"#$" 9$



9,%%( 9# $' )"#*+%&"'. L% "'9/$+% (" *%,%' '" %'% "# "*)%' '/#$-9$/9%' '/,/)%"' % )' )"#*+%&"' +,%#'B #,"' (" )%' /#'$+99/#"' $%)"' 9, READB RITEB

    

PRINTB OPENB "$9. L%' ,(//9%9/#"'  +"'$%' % +#$ (" )' *%,%' '# ,-' -9/)"'. R"(+99/:# (") 9'$ (" )' *%,%'. T%#'$%/)/(%(. P",/$"# $"#" +#% ,"& (9+,"#$%9/:#. S# ,-' -9/)"' (" ,%#$"#".

4.3.2 D"'"#$%&%' (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") 

I#9","#$ (") $/", (" +"'$% % +#$ %) #"9"'/$%'" (/""#$"'



$%(+99/#"' (") *%,% +"#$" %% 9#'"*+/ ") *%,% ("/#/$/. N '" %"9%# )' "9+'' /#$"#' (" )% ,-+/#% +" '" ")$%# ,+9

,"& "# )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%  "#'%,)%("'.   A+,"#$ (" )% 9+%9/:# (" ,",/%. E) $/", (" "&"9+9/:# (" )' *%,%' "' ,+9 ,%.

15

S" +"(" ("9/ +" ") /#9/%) )",% +" "'"#$%# )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") "' )% *%# 9%#$/(%( (" "))' +" "/'$"# %9$+%),"#$" "# +'B %(",-' (" )%' (/""#$"' "'/#"'  (/%)"9$' +" '" %# ("'%))%( (" %)*+#' (" "))'. E' (/9/) "'$%)"9" +#% 9)%'//9%9/:# *"#"%) (" )' ,/','B % +" "# 9+%)+/"% +" '" "%)/9" %- )"#*+%&"' +" "$"#"9%# % ,-' (" +# (" )' *+' "'$%)"9/('. U#% 9)%'//9%9/:# ,+ "$"#(/(%B %$"#(/"#( % )% ,% (" $%%&% (" )' *%,%'  % )% /)'% 9# +" +"# 9#9"/('B "' )% '/*+/"#$"  L"#*+%&"' /,"%$/'. U$/)/%# /#'$+99/#"' 9, +#/(%( (" $%%& (" )' *%,%' C)B P%'9%)B CB A(%6.  L"#*+%&"' ("9)%%$/'. L' *%,%' '" 9#'$+"# ,"(/%#$" ("'9/9/#"' (" +#9/#"'  ""'/#"' ):*/9%' L/'B P)*6.  L"#*+%&"' /"#$%(' % &"$'. E) (/'" (" )' *%,%' '" %'% ,-' "# )' (%$'  '+ "'$+9$+%. L% +#/(%( (" 9"' "' ") &"$  "# ) '" /#9)+"# )' (%$' %/%)"'6  )%' "%9/#"' +" %9$%# '" "))' S,%))$%)B C??6.  L"#*+%&"' /"#$%(' %) )",%. D/'"%(' %% )",%' "'"9/9'B /#9/%),"#$" (" *"'$/:#B '+")"# '" *"#"%("' (" %)/9%9/#"'.  L"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"'. E'$-# ("'%))-#('" #+"' )"#*+%&"' 9# ") /#9/%) &"$/ (" %/,% ") (/'"  9#'$+99/:# (" *%,%' %) )"#*+%&" (" )%' "'#%'.

+

OTRA CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN

S" +"(" 9)%'//9% %$"#(/"#( %) ("'%)) (" )' )"#*+%&"' ("'(" )% %%/9/:# (" )%' 9,+$%(%'B +" '/*+" +# 9/"$ %%)")/', 9# )%' *"#"%9/#"' "'$%)"9/(%' "# )% ")+9/:# (" )%' ,/',%'

+.1 P),$)# -!)#,/!. L"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%  "#'%,)%("'.

16

+.2 S-0!'# -!)#,/!. P/,"' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") /,"%$/ FROTRANB COOL6.

+.3 T))# -!)#,/!. L"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") /,"%$/. S# )' ,-' +$/)/%('  '/*+"# /*"#$"' "# )% %9$+%)/(%( ALGOL 8B PL
+.4 C0#)# -!)#,/!. O/"#$%(' -'/9%,"#$" % )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#  %) ,%#"& (" %'"' (" (%$' NATURALB SQL6.

+.+ Q0,!# -!)#,/!. O/"#$%(' % )% /#$")/*"#9/% %$//9/%)  %) 9"'%,/"#$ (" )' )"#*+%&"' #%$+%)"' LISPB PROLOG6. P%% )% ,"& 9,"'/:# '" %-# +#%' ("/#/9/#"' P*%,% "' +# 9#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"' "'9/$%' "# +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# +" /#(/9%# % )% 9,+$%(% )% '"9+"#9/% (" %''B %% "')" +# )",%. C:(/* +"#$" "'$% 9"%( "# %)*# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/")B  ) +" "' "#$"#(/( 100V  ") '" +,%#. E'$" ("" "'$% 9,)","#$%(  '+ (9+,"#$%9/:#  ,%#+%)"' (#(" '" /#(/9% ") ("'%)) ):*/9 (") ,/',. C:(/* &"$ "' 9"%(  )' 9,/)%("'  #' '/" 9, "#)%9" "#$" ") *%,% +"#$"  ") "&"9+$%)".



LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN DE ALTO NIVEL

 A 9#$/#+%9/:# '" "'"#$%# %/' (" )' ,-' 9#9/('  +$/)/%('B )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/").

17

.1 FORTRAN  A"/%$+% (" F,+)% $%#')%$ $%(+9$ (" :,+)%'6B +" ("/#/( %)"("( (") % 1;55 "# E'$%(' U#/('  )% 9,%% IM. E' ") ,-' %#$/*+ (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/"). A#$"' (" )B $(' )' *%,%' '" "'9/%# "# )"#*+%&" "#'%,)%(  "# )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. E' +# )"#*+%&" "'"9/%)/%( "# %)/9%9/#"' $9#/9%'  9/"#$/9%'. S" 9%%9$"/%  '+ $"#9/% "# )' 9-)9+)' ,%$",-$/9'B " "'$- )/,/$%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#B ,%#"& (" %9/'B $%$%,/"#$ (" 9%("#%' (" 9%%9$""'  "(/9/:# (" /#,"'. E' +# )"#*+%&" #$/B  )% %9/)/(%( 9# +" ",/$" ""'% +#% "9+%9/:#. M+9%' (" '+' 9%%9$"'$/9%' +"# /#9%(%' ,-' $%(" "# ") /," )"#*+%&" ASIC. U#% (" '+' "#$%&%' "' +" "' +# )"#*+%&" 9,%9$  "' $%,/# %,)/%,"#$" +$/)/%( %% %)/9%9/#"' "# )' #"*9/' +" # "+/""# ,%#"& (" *%#("' %9/' (" (%$'. H%'$% 1;1 '" ,%#$+ 9, ,#)/ (" IMB " '$"/,"#$" '" +" /,)","#$%#( "# ("#%("' (" $' %/9%#$"'. A ) )%* (" '+ "/'$"#9/% %# %%"9/( (/""#$"' "'/#"'B "#$" )%' +" ("'$%9% )% %($%(% "# 1;  ") ANSI A,"/9%# N%$/#%) S$%#(%(' I#'$/$+$"6B "# )% +" '" ("/#/"# #+"%' "*)%' (") )"#*+%&"  '" )*: )% /#(""#("#9/% (") ,/', 9# "'"9$ % )% ,-+/#% "' ("9/B 9,"#: )% $%/)/(%( (") )"#*+%&". E'$% "'/:# '" ("#,/#: FORTRAN I!  FORTRAN B  ") /(/,% '" / $%# +)% "# )' %' 0B +" FORTRAN  '" )/: ") /," /(/,% "# '" "*+)%/%( /9/%),"#$" "# 1;72. E# 1;77 %%"9/: +#% #+"% "'/:# ,-' ")+9/#%(% +" '" ))%,: FORTRAN !  FORTRAN 77. E'$- ")"&%(% "# ") (9+,"#$ ANS 3.;=1;78 P*%,,/#* L%#*+%*" FORTRAN  ("/#" (' #/")"' (") )"#*+%&" ("#,/#%(' FORTRAN 77 9,)"$  FORTRAN 77 -'/9B '/"#( ") '"*+#( +# '+9#&+#$ (") /,". I#9)+"B %(",-'B /#'$+99/#"' %% ") ,%#"& (" 9%("#%' (" 9%%9$""'  (" %9/'B %' 9, $%' %% )% +$/)/%9/:# (" $9#/9%' (" *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(%. E'$%' 9%%9$"'$/9%' %9" +" ") )"#*+%&" $%,/# '"% -)/( %% ("$",/#%(%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#.  A ,"(/%(' (" )' %' '"$"#$% '" 9/#%# /$+%),"#$" 9%(% 9,+$%(%B ,/#/  ,%/#%,"B 9# +# '/'$",% FORTRAN  #,%). E%  9#'/*+/"#$" '/)" "'9// *%,%' "# FORTRAN "# 9+%)+/" '/'$",%  "'$% %'$%#$" '"*+ +" 18

"'$' +(/"%# ,"'" %% $%%&% "# 9+%)+/" $ '/'$",% %'$%#$" -9/). E'$B  ") "9 +" +(/"%# 9"'%'" *%,%' (" FORTRAN ,+ "/9%,"#$". L% +)$/,% #,%)/%9/:# (") )"#*+%&"B FRONTRAN ;0B '" "#9+"#$% "# ") (9+,"#$  ANS 3.1;8=1;;1 "# )% +" '" /#9)+"# 9%%9$"'$/9%' 9, )% "9+'//(%(B $%$%,/"#$ %%)") (" $%)%'  +' (" ,",/% (/#-,/9%. P",/$" ""'% )' *%,%' (" ,%#"%' +" '" '%$/'%9"# ,-' % +# %,/"#$" (" )% /#,-$/9% ,("#%  %# +"(%( ')"$' ,+9' (" )' ,"9%#/',' +" "%# %/%(' "# FROTRAN 77. E# FROTRAN ;0 %)*+#' %'*' (" FROTRAN 77 %# '/( "",)%%('  %'*' ,"&"'B ,-' '"*+'  ,-' "/9%9"'B ,+9' (" "'$' +"# +/$%(' (") /(/,% FORTRAN ;5. E) FRONTRAN $/"#" )% "#$%&% (" '" +# )"#*+%&" 9,%9$ +" '/" ,+ /"# %% '%$/'%9" )%' #"9"'/(%("' (" )' 9/"#$/9'  )' "'$%('$/9' (" )' #"*9/'.

.2 COBOL E' ") )"#*+%&" ,-' +$/)/%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#B 9"%( "# 1;0  +# 9,/$ ("#,/#%( CODAS@L CO#""#9" # DA$% S@'$",' L%#*+%*"'6B %$9/#%(  ") D"%$%,"#$ (" D""#'% (" E'$%(' U#/('B % /# (" (/'#"  (" +# )"#*+%&" +#/"'%) %% %)/9%9/#"' 9,"9/%)"'B 9, ""'% '+ #," CO,,## +'/#"'' O/"#$"( L%#*+%*"6.  A ) )%* (" '+ "/'$"#9/% % '+/( (/"'%' %9$+%)/%9/#"'. S+ /," "'$-#(%  +" %%(  ") ANSI "# 1;8. P'$"/,"#$"B "# 1;74B '" %($% )% #,%  ANS 3.23=1;74B +" % "(+%( %'$% '+ )$/,% "'/:#B COOL ANS=85B +" %9/)/$% ") (/'" "'$+9$+%( (" )' *%,%'. S+' 9%%9$"'$/9%' ,-' ("'$%9%)"' '# )%' '/*+/"#$"' '" %'","&% %) )"#*+%&" #%$+%) /#*)'6B "' %+$(9+,"#$%(  "9" *%#("' %9/)/(%("' "# ") ,%#"& (" %9/'B %' 9, "# )% "(/9/:# (" /#,"' "'9/$'. P+"(" ",)"% $,/#' 9,#,"#$" +$/)/%(' "# )' #"*9/'. E#$" '+' /#9#"#/"#$"' "'$-# '+' */(%' "*)%' (" ,%$' (" "'9/$+%B )% #"9"'/(%( (" "'9// $(' )' ")","#$' %) ,-/, ("$%))"B )% "$"#'/:# "9"'/%

19

"# '+' '"#$"#9/%'B " /#9)+' (+)/9%9/:# "# %)*+#' 9%''B  )% /#"/'$"#9/% (" +#9/#"' ,%$",-$/9%'. N '$%#$"B '" +"(" %/,% +" "# )% %9$+%)/(%( 9#$/#+% '/"#( ") )"#*+%&" ,-' +$/)/%( "# )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" *"'$/:#.

.3 PLI F+" 9"%( % 9,/"#' (" )' %' '"'"#$%  IM %% '" +'%( "# '+' "+/' (") '/'$",% 30. I#'/-#('" "# )' )"#*+%&"' ALGOLB COOL  FORTRAN '" ("'%)): ") PL
.4 BASIC E) )"#*+%&" ASIC +" (/'"%(  )' "'"' J# G. >","#  T,%' E. >+$ (") D%$,+$ C))"*" E'$%(' U#/('6 "# 1;5B 9# ") &"$/ /#9/%) (" 9/#% % )' /#9//%#$"' +# )"#*+%&" -9/) (" %"#("B 9, '" /#(/9% "# '+ #," "*/##"W' A))=+'" S,)/9 I#'$+9$/# C(" C:(/* (" /#'$+99/#"' 20

'/,:)/9 (" :'/$ *"#"%) %% /#9//%#$"'6. E' +# )"#*+%&" /#$"%9$/ ,+ +)% +" $/"#" +#% %9"$%9/:# ("/( % )% %9/)/(%( (" '+ +'B "' +# /(/,% '/,)" %% %"#("  -9/) (" $%(+9/. Q+" ' /#$"%9$/B ",/$" )% 9,+#/9%9/:# (/"9$% "#$" ") +'+%/  ") '/'$",% (" 9:,+$ (+%#$" )% "%%9/:#  +' (" )' *%,%'. E#$" '+' /#9/%)"' #"(%("' "'$-# )%' (" '" +# )"#*+%&" /#$""$%(  (" +' 9#"'%9/#%)B $/) %% %)/9%9/#"' $9#/9%'  (" *"'$/:#. E'$B +#/( % )% +)%/%9/:# (" )%' ,/99,+$%(%'  9,+$%(%' "'#%)"'B % "9 +" '+ +$/)/%9/:# '"% %% "$"#(/( "#,","#$"B % )% " +" % /9/%( ") '+*/,/"#$ (" +#% *%# (/"'/(%( (" (/"'/#"' +" "$/"#("#  '" %(%$%# % #"9"'/(%("' %$/9+)%"' ") )"#*+%&" /*/#%). E/'$"# ,+)$/$+( (" /#$"$"'  9,/)%("' (") )"#*+%&".

.+ PASCAL F+" 9"%(  ") ,%$",-$/9 '+/ N/9)%+' /$ "# 1;70B %'-#('" "# ") )"#*+%&" ALGOLB "# 9+ (/'" %% %$/9/%( "# )' %' '"'"#$%. S+ #," /"#" (") /):'  ,%$",-$/9 %#9' (") '/*) !IIB )%/'" P%'9%)B +" /#"#$ )% /,"% ,-+/#% $/ ,"9-#/9 %% '+,%. F+" ") /," *%# )"#*+%&" 9"%( ("'+' (" %" '/( %,)/%,"#$" (/'",/#%(' )' 9#9"$' %'9/%(' 9# )% *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(%.  A+#+" "# /#9// )% /("% (") (/'"%( "% 9/#% +# )"#*+%&" %("9+%( %% )% "#'"%#% (" )' 9#9"$'  $9#/9%' (" *%,%9/:#B 9# ") $/", % ))"*%( % '" +# )"#*+%&" %,)/%,"#$" +$/)/%( "# $( $/ (" %)/9%9/#"'B +" '"" *%#("' %9/)/(%("' %% )% *%,%9/:# (" '/'$",%'  (/'" *-/9.  A$% )' 9#9"$' (" $/ (" (%$'B *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(%  (/'" ("'9"#("#$"B "#$" $'B %(",-' (" %"'" 9#"$/( "# "("9"' (" $' )"#*+%&"' ,-' ,("#'B 9, MODULA=2  ADA.

21

. C E'$" )"#*+%&" +" 9"%( "# 1;72  D"##/' R/$9/" % %$/ (") $%%& ")%%(  '+ 9)"*% (" )' )%%$/' ")) T")"#"B >"# T,'#. E'$' %%# (/'"%( 9# %#$"//(%( ") '/'$",% "%$/ UNIB  '+ /#$"#9/:# %) ("'%))% ") )"#*+%&" C +" )% (" 9#'"*+/ +# )"#*+%&" /(:#" %% )% *%,%9/:# (" '/'$",%' +" +"'" /#(""#(/"#$" (" )% ,%+/#%B 9# ") 9+%) "'9// '+ '/'$",% UNI.  A+#+"B 9, %9% (" ("9/B +" (/'"%( /#/9/%),"#$" %% )% *%,%9/:# (" '/'$",%'B '$"/,"#$" '+ +' '" % "$"#(/( % %)%9/#"' $9#/9=9/"#$/9%'B (" %'"' (" (%$'B (" 9"' (" $"$'B "$9. E# 1;80 &%#" S$+'$+B /#'/%( "# ") )"#*+%&" S/,+)%7 %(/9/#: )%' 9%%9$"'$/9%' (" )% *%,%9/:# /"#$%(% % &"$' /#9)+"#( )% "#$%&% (" +#% /)/$"9% (" +#9/#"' /"#$%(%' % &"$'6  ) ("#,/# C 9# 9)%'"'. P%% 1;83 (/9% ("#,/#%9/:# 9%,/ % )% (" C??. C# "'$" #+" "#+" '+*" )% #+"% ,"$()*% +" %+,"#$% )%' '//)/(%("' (" )% *%,%9/:# %& #+"' 9#9"$'. L% +$/)/%9/:# :$/,% (" "'$" )"#*+%&" '" 9#'/*+" ("#$ (" '+ "#$# #%$+%)B +" "'" ") '/'$",% "%$/ UNIB  "#$" '+' 9%%9$"'$/9%' ("'$%9% ") +' (" *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(% %% "')" $%"%' (" %& #/")B %' 9, )% %,)/% )/"% (" +$/#%' (" +" (/'#". E) )"#*+%&" C "#" 9%%9$"'$/9%' (" *%,%9/:# /#$","(/% "#$" )' )"#*+%&"' "#'%,)%("'  )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/") 9# *%# (" %'%( "# '+' "%9/#"' % #/") (" /$' /%' (" "#'%,)%("'6  )% ,%% (" )' ")","#$' (" )% *%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(% (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" %)$ #/")B  ) +" "'+)$% '" ") )"#*+%&" ""/( %% ") ("'%)) (" '$%" (" '/'$",%'  %)/9%9/#"' "'/#%)"' (" )% *%,%9/:# (" 9,+$%(%'.

. MODULA52 E) )"#*+%&" MODULA +" (/'"%( "# 1;77 %& )% (/"99/:# (" N/9)%+' /$B 9"%( $%,/# ") )"#*+%&" PASCALB 9# )% /#$"#9/:# (" /#9)+/ )%' #"9"'/(%("' (" 22

)% *%,%9/:# (" '/'$",%'  (% "'+"'$%' % )%' 9$/9%' "9//(%' "'"9$ (" )%' 9%"#9/%' (") )"#*+%&" PASCAL. E# 1;7; '" "%)/% +#% "'/:# +" %'% % ("#,/#%'" MODULA=2  +" "(+% "# )% %9$+%)/(%(.  A(",-' (" /#9)+/ )%' 9%%9$"'$/9%' (" '+ "("9"'B "'$" #+" )"#*+%&" /#9% )%' /#9/%)"' 9%"#9/%' (" %+")B 9, )% '//)/(%( (" 9,/)%9/:# '"%%(%B 9"%9/:# (" )/"%'B *%,%9/:# 9#9+"#$"B ,"&% ") ,%#"& (" 9%("#%' (" 9%%9$""'B )' 9"(/,/"#$' (" "#$%(%<'%)/(%  )% *"'$/:# (" )% ,",/%B "$9. %(",-'B '"" *%#("' %9/)/(%("' %% )% *%,%9/:# (" '/'$",%'. T%,/#B ("/( % '+' 9+%)/(%("' (/(-9$/9%'B % '/( %,)/%,"#$" %9"$%(  )% 9,+#/(%( +#/"'/$%/% 9, "%,/"#$% /(:#"% %% )% "#'"%#% (" )% *%,%9/:#.

.6 ADA E' ") )$/, /#$"#$ (" $"#" +# #/9 )"#*+%&" %% $( $/ (" %)/9%9/#"'B " /#9)+' )' )$/,' %%#9"' (" $9#/9%' (" *%,%9/:#. S+ (/'" +" "#9%*%(  ") D"%$%,"#$ (" D""#'% (" E'$%(' U#/('B %% '+ +' "# '"/9/' ,/)/$%"'B % )% ","'% H#""))=+)) ("'+' (" +#% '")"99/:# /*+'% "#$" %/%' +"'$%' "%)/%(%' '" +#% '"/" (" "+"/,/"#$' (") )"#*+%&"  (" %" "%)+%( #"*%$/%,"#$" "/#$/$' )"#*+%&"' "/'$"#$"'. D" "'$'B '" '")"99/#%# 9, %'" %% )% 9"%9/:# (") #+" )"#*+%&" ") PASCALB ") ALGOL  ") PL
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"$"#'/:#. L' "'9/$"' ) ))%,%# /#)"/)" " /#"/9/"#$"B "# $%#$ +" '+'

7#8)')" & !",')#%#! 0! -)#! #8#! ! &# !&-9# '& "7#). .; LISP E# /#,-$/9%B %9:#/, (" L/'$ P9"''/#*. U# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# %% ("#%("'  9,+$%(%' /"#$%(%' % )% *"#"%9/:# (" )/'$%'B ("'%))%( "# 1;5;=1;0  J# M9C%$  +'%( /#9/%),"#$" %% ,%#/+)% )/'$%' (" (%$'  (" ',)'. E) )"#*+%&" LISP 9#'$/$+: +# 9%,/ %(/9%) 9# "'"9$ % )' )"#*+%&"' 9"(+%)"' FORTRANB ALGOL6 +" '" ("'%))%%#  "#$#9"'. E) LISP "' +# )"#*+%&" /#$""$%(B "# ") +" 9%(% ""'/:# "' +#% )/'$% (" ))%,%(%' % +#9/#"'. E'$" )"#*+%&" '" '/*+" +$/)/%#( 9# "9+"#9/% "# /#"'$/*%9/:#  "# 99+)' %9%(,/9'B  +" 9#'/("%( (+%#$" ,+9 $/", ") )"#*+%&" ,(") %% )% /#"'$/*%9/:# (" )% /#$")/*"#9/% %$//9/%) IA6B %+#+" ") P)* % *%#%( $""# (+%#$" )' )$/,' %'.

.1< LOGO E# /#,-$/9%B )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# (" ("#%("'  9,+$%(%'B ("'%))%( "# 1;8  S",+ P%"$ "# ") MITB +" '" +'% "9+"#$","#$" "# )% "#'"%#% (" )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# % #/'. U#% 9%%9$"'$/9% /,$%#$" (" L* '# )' *-/9' (" $$+*%B +" ",/$"# %) *%,%( %9" (/+&' '/,)"' (//*/"#( )' ,/,/"#$' (" )% $$+*% "# )% %#$%))% %9/% %(")%#$"B %9/% )% (""9%  )% /+/"(%. U#% " +" (,/#%# ") "#$# '"#9/)) (") (/+&B ") *%,%( #,%),"#$" +# #/  +#% #/%6 ",/"% % ("'9+/ )%' 9%%9$"'$/9%' ,-' '/'$/9%(%' (") )"#*+%&"B +" "'$-# %'%(%' +#(%,"#$%),"#$" "# ") )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# LISP. L* "'$- 9#'/("%( 9, +# )"#*+%&" %% )% ,%9/:#B % "'% (" +" %)*+#%' ","'%' /#$"#$%# +" $+/"% +#% ,%  %9"$%9/:# "# )' 99+)' "'/#%)"' (" *%,%9/:#.

.11 RPG R"$ P*%, O"%$ +" /#$(+9/( "# 1;0 9, +# )"#*+%&" %% (+)/9%  -/(%,"#$" ") "#+" (" 9"' +$/)/%( 9# +# "+/ (" $%&"$% "%(%. E'$"

24

)"#*+%&" +" ("'%))%(  IM "# 1;4. S+ +' "'$% %+# )/,/$%( '" $( %% )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" #"*9/' +" '# 9"'%(%' "# "+"%' 9,+$%(%'B *"#"% /#,"' 9,"9/%)"'  (" #"*9/'. C, '+ #," ) '+*/""B ") RPG "'$- (/'"%( %% *"#"% )' "$"' (" '%)/(% +" "'+)$%# (") 9"' (" %)/9%9/#"' (" #"*9/'.  A "'% (" )%' %)/9%9/#"' (" %9$+%)/%9/:# (" %9/'B ") RPG "' +# )"#*+%&" (" :'/$ )/,/$%( +" )' *%,%' &"$ *"#"%('  ") 9,/)%( (" RPG '/*+"# '/# ("'/%9/:#B +# 9/9) (" 9"'%,/"#$ -'/9. U#% "#$%&% (") RPG "' )% ")%$/% %9/)/(%( %% %"#(")  +'%). D%( +" )% ):*/9% (" )% *%,%9/:# "' /&%B "/'$"# ,"#' "*)%' ,%)"' +" "# $' )"#*+%&"'.

.12 ALGOL E) ALGOL ALGO/$,/9 L%#*+%*"6 +" "'"#$%( "# 1;58. F+" ") /," )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# (" 9"' "'$+9$+%( (" %)$ #/"). F+" /"#$%( %) +' (" +/"#"' %$/9/%# "# "9$' 9/"#$/9'  ,%$",-$/9'. U# *+ /#$"#%9/#%) (" ,%$",-$/9' "+"'  %,"/9%#'B "$"#(%# 9"% +# )"#*+%&" 9,# #,%)/%( +" )"' ",/$/"% ") /#$"9%,/ (" %)*/$,'B %+#+" "'$- "# ("'+'B +" ") /," +" /#9 9#9"$' 9)%"' %% )% *%,%9/:# %9$+%).

.13 APL S+' '/*)%' '/*#//9%# A P*%,,/#* L%#*+%*"6. U# L"#*+%&" (" P*%,%9/:#. E'$" *%,% +" ("'%))%(  >"##"$ I#"'/:# "# ") % 1;1 %% "')"  )",%' ,%$",-$/9'. E'$" )"#*+%&" '" 9%%9$"/%  '+ ""(%(   '+ 9%%9/(%( (" *"#"%9/:# (" ,%$/9"'  '" +$/)/% "# ") ("'%)) (" ,(")' ,%$",-$/9'.

.14 PILOT P*%,,"#( I#+/ L%#*+%*" O T"%9/#* C#'+)$%B )"#*+%&"  %"#(/%&" (" /#"'$/*%9/:# *%,%(%6 9"%( "# 1;;.

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E'$" )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# "' +$/)/%( +#(%,"#$%),"#$" %% 9"%  %)/9%9/#"' ("'$/#%(%' % /#'$+99/#"' %'/'$/(%'  9,+$%(%'. S" 9%%9$"/%  +$/)/% +# ,#/, (" '/#$%/'.

.1+ SMALLTAL= SMALLTAL>B L"#*+%&" (" P*%,%9/:# /"#$%( % &"$' /#$"*%(' 9# +# "#$# (" ("'%)) ,+)$/"#$%#%. SMALLTAL> # "' ') +# ",' )"#*+%&" (" 9,+$%9/:# /"#$%( % &"$'. E) "#$# (" ("'%)) ,""9" '/,/)% %)%9/:#  % '/( 9/%( ,+9%' "9"'B ("'(" ") S/'$",% O"%$/ (" A)" MS /#('  )%#( P%'9%) "# +#% ,",/% "$"#'/:#6. M+9' 9#9"$' (" SMALLTAL> 9, )' '"'  )%' $9#/9%' (" '/#* %# "#9#$%(  '+ +, "# ,+9%' "%,/"#$%' (" ("'%)) (" )% *"#"%9/:# B ("'%))%(  SMALLTAL> '""# +# %9$ K(/"$/(=("=+'%. L' 9%,/' '" *%%# /#'$%#$-#"%,"#$"  )' ,/',' +"("# %'" -/(%,"#$". SMALLTAL> +" ("'%))%( ("#$ (") G+ (" I#"'$/*%9/:# (") A"#(/%&" "# ") C"#$ (" I#"'$/*%9/:# (" " "# %) A)$ % 9,/"#' (" )' 70. L%' /#9/%)"' /("%' (" SMALLTAL> '" )" %$/+"# *"#"%),"#$" % A)%# % 9# %9"' "# S/,+)%B LISP  S"$9P%(. D%# I#*%))' "'9//: ") 9:(/* (" )%' /,"%' "#$%#%' ')%%)"'B )' =+ ,"#'  )% 9)%'" /$)$. A(")" G)("*  D%" R'# "'9//"# )' ,%#+%)"' (" """#9/% %% SMALLTAL>  +"# ,/",' 9)%" (") "+/ (" ("'%)). U# *%,% (" )/9"#9/%,/"#$ (" "  " S"9/%) I#,%$/# S'$",'. S/# ",%* )% (/'$/+9/:# *"#"%)/%(% % )% 9,+#/(%( (" ("'%)) # '+9"(/: %'$% )% +#(%9/:# (" +#% #+"% 9,%% ))%,%(% P%9P)%9" S'$",' I#9. B D//*/(%  A(")" G)("*. U# '"*+#( SMALLTAL> SMALLTAL> 46 +" ("'%))%(  D/*/$%) "# )'  Á#*")"' C%)/#/%. E'$" SMALLTAL> "'$%% (//*/( % 9+/ )% #"9"'/(%( (" +# (+9$ "+"B (" %)$% ")9/(%(B %'%( "# PC. O&"9$ T"9#)* I#$"#%$/#%) I#9. OTI6 ("'%)): +# 9#&+#$ (" "%,/"#$%' %% "" ") 9#$) (" /#"'/#"'  ") ,%#"& (" 9#/*+%9/#"' "# *%#("'

26

"9$'. IM ("'%)): )% %,/)/% (" (+9$' !/'+%)A*" %% SMALLTAL> "# 9)%%9/:# 9# O&"9$ T"9#)* %#$/*+%,"#$" P%9P)%'"=D/*/$%)6 " IM ",%#"9"# 9, )' (/'$/+/("' (,/#%#$"' (" "#$#' (" ("'%))' "# SMALLTAL>. A)*+#' #+"' SMALLTAL> '" %))%# "# "$%% (" ("'%)).

.1 FORTH L"#*+%&" (" 9+%$% *"#"%9/:#B 9"%( "# 1;70B "' +# )"#*+%&" "'$+9$+%( " /#$""$%( (" -9/) %,)/%9/:#  "9" +#% %)$% +#9/#%)/(%( "# +# "'%9/ "(+9/(. E' +# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") (") 9+%) ("/%# "# )% %9$+%)/(%( 9%'/ $(' )' )"#*+%&"' ",)"%(' "# )' $'.

.1 LENGUAJE C>> S" #+#9/% K9" )+' )+'. F+" ("'%))%(%  &%," S$+'$+ "# )' ")) L%%$/' % /#9//' (" )% (9%(% (" )' 80. C?? /#$(+9" )% *%,%9/:# /"#$%(% %) &"$ "# C. E' +# )"#*+%&" "$",%(%,"#$" ("'  "/9/"#$". C?? "' +# '+" 9#&+#$ (" CB %% %"#(" C?? '/*#//9% %"#(" $( (" CB )+"* %"#(" *%,%9/:# /"#$%(% %) &"$  ") +' (" '$%' 9# C??.

.16 DELPHI E' +# "#$# (" *%,%9/:# /'+%) /"#$%( % &"$' %% ("'%)) -/( (" %)/9%9/#"' RAD6 (" :'/$ *"#"%)B /#9)+"#( %)/9%9/#"' 9)/"#$"<'"/(. D")/ "' )% "'/:# (" D")/ %% 32 /$' (")/ 36B "' ("9/ '# 9%'/ )' ,/','B 9# )% #/9% (/""#9/% +" D")/ 3 "' ,+9 ,-' ,"&%(B  "&",) 9#$/"#" +# T""C%$B +" '/" %% )' *-/9' (" #"*9/. D")/ $/"#" )%' '/*+/"#$"' 9%%9$"'$/9%'  R"#(/,/"#$ = 9# ") ,"&  ,-' -/( 9,/)%( (") ,+#(.  D"'%)) (" %)/9%9/#"' -/(%' RAD6.  R"+'%/)/(%( (" 9,#"#$"'B +# "(%(" "#$# /"#$%( % &"$'.

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 M%#"& (" %'" (" D%$' "'9%)%)"'.  A+/$"9$+% ,+)$/#/") %/"$%  (/,"#'/#%)".  D/'",/#%9/:# (" /#,%9/:# (" %'" (" (%$' "# )% " % +#% *%# ")9/(%(.

.1; JAVA E' +# )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# %% 9"% *%,%' '"*+'B $-$/)"'B /"#$%(' % &"$' /#$"%9$/'B %% ,"&% )% "#$"*% (" /#,%9/:# % $%' (" I#$"#"$B "$9.

.2< JAVASCRIPT E'$" )"#*+%&" (" *%,%9/:# /*/#%),"#$" +" ))%,%( LI!ESCRIPTB " )+"* +" "#,%( 9# ") #," (" JA!ASCRIPTB 9# )% /("% (" 9%/$%)/% )% %,% (" J%%B )"#*+%&" ("'%))%(  S+# M/9''$",'. X'$" "' +# 9,)","#$ /("%) (") )"#*+%&" HTMLB %) ",/$/ % )% -*/#% "%)/% %)*+#%' $%"%'  ' ,/',%B '/# #"9"'/(%( (" "'$% '"9%*%#( ") '"/( (") 9+%) (""#(" JA!ASCRIPT "' +# )"#*+%&" (/'"%( "'"9/%),"#$" %% "&"9+$%) "# /#$"#"$. E#$" "'$%' $%"%'B +"(" "'$%B  "&",)B "%)/% %)*+#' 9-)9+)' '/,)"'B ,%$"% +# $"$ %% +" '"% )"(  (/'$/#$%' "'#%' (" ,%#"% (/'$/#$%B "" (" +# ,"(/ (" 9#/*+% )% /'+%)/%9/:# (" +#% -*/#%B "%)/% +# " 9"+" (" %)/(%9/:# "# ,+)%/ %#$"' (" "#/%)B "$9.

.21 HTML E) )"#*+%&" HTMLB '/" %% "%)/% "'%' %$%9$/%' -*/#%' ". S" $%$% (" +# '/'$",% (" ,%9%' +" ",/$" "#)%% %) ,/', $/", $"$B '#/('  *-/9' ("#$ (") ,/', (9+,"#$B 9# $' ("#$ (") '"/(  /#9)+' 9# $' '"/("' . E' ("9/B "' +# "(/$ %% 9,/#% $"$'B /,-*"#"' " /#9)+' '#/(  %% $%,/# /,-*"#"' "# ,/,/"#$. E'B "# ("/#/$/%B )% ,% (" ,%#"&%  "'"#$% )% /#,%9/:# "# )% "(.

28

P%% "'9// (9+,"#$' (" /"$"$ '" % ("'%))%( +# #+" ,%$ (" (%$'  )"#*+%&" ))%,%( H" T"$ M%+ L%#*+%*" HTML6. E'$" )"#*+%&" ",/$" (% /#(/9%9/#"' "9/'%' %) *%,% 9)/"#$" (" 9:, ("" "'"#$%'" ") (9+,"#$ "# %#$%))%  %) '" /,"'. E) )"#*+%&" HTML "' ") +'%( %9$+%),"#$" %% "'9// $"$' H","(/%)"' "# ") ". T"' #,%' +#(%,"#$%)"' 1.= HTML '/,)","#$" $"$ L /," "' '%" +" +# (9+,"#$ HTML "' +# %9/ (" $"$ '/,)"B )+"*B '" +"(" "(/$% 9# 9+%)+/" "(/$ (" $"$'. 2.= N /,$%# )' T%' #/ )' '%)$' (" )#"% L' /#$""$"' HTML # $,%# "# 9+"#$% )%' $%+)%9/#"'B )' '%)$' (" )#"%' #/ )' "'%9/' "# )%#9 "$%. E'$ $/"#" "#$%&%'  ("'"#$%&%'. L% /#9/%) "#$%&% "' +" ",/$" $"#" "'+)$%(' +#/,"'  (" +"#% "'"#$%9/:# (" ,%#"% %'$%#$" -9/). L% /#9/%) ("'"#$%&% "' +" +# (9+,"#$ HTMLB  ) ,"#' '" ("" +'% )' 9,%#(' YPZ... Y
EL COMANDO PÁRRAFO E) 9,%#( YPZ... Y
30

.22 H?PERTAL= H"T%) "' ") )"#*+%&" ("'%))%(  D%# /#)" %% /)) A$/#'#B ") 9"%(  (") H"C%( %% A)"=M%9/#$'. E'$- /"#$%( % )% 9"%9/:# (" %)/9%9/#"' 9#," %) '/'$",% (" /"%9/' '/'$",%' (" /9%' /#$"")%9/#%(%' (#(" '" %9/)/$% ") #%"*% (" +# %9/ % $6. H"T%) "' +# +"# "&",) (" )"#*+%&" /"#$%( % &"$'. E'$" $/ (" )"#*+%&" 9,/#% )% ):*/9% ("9)%%$/% 9# )' %)*/$,' !"% PROLOG6. U# *%,% % # "' +#% '"9+"#9/% (" /#'$+99/#"' '/# +# 9#&+#$ (" &"$' %*+%(' "# 9#&+#$'B ("/#/(' ,"(/%#$" %$/+$'  % )' 9+%)"' +"("# %'9/%'" /#'$+99/#"'. A'B "# H"C%(B "/'$"# %9/' '$%9'  /)%'6 +" %*+%# /9%' 9%('6B  9%(% +#% (" '$%' 9#$/"#" 9%,' (" (%$'  $#"'. T(' '# &"$' +" ='/ /"# ,%#$/"#"# "#$" ' +#% ")%9/:# &"-+/9%= $/"#"# %'9/%(' %+"$"' (" /#'$+99/#"' '9/$'6 /#(""#(/"#$"' +#' (" $'. C%(% &"$ "$"#"9" % +# 9#&+#$ 9, /9%'  $#"'6 +" $/"#" %$/+$' /' 9,+#"' % $(' '+' ,/",'B  9%(% %$/+$ $"#(- +# %) 9,#  "'"9/9 %% 9%(% 9%'. P%% (%  +'9% (/9 %) /#$"/"#"# %9"$%' +" '# /#'$+99/#"' 9"(/,/"#$'6 %'9/%(%'.

.23 P)& E' +# )"#*+%&" "'"9/%)/%( "# ") 9"'%,/"#$ (" $"$'B %$/9+)%,"#$" "$%"   %)/(% )%' "'+"'$%' % 9+"'$/#%/' /#9)+/(' "# -*/#%' ".

.24 PHP L"#*+%&" +" '" %9)% %) HTML -*/#%' "6 %% ("/#/ 9"(/,/"#$' +" % (" "%)/% ") '"/( (" "B  "&",) 9"'% +# ,+)%/B "#/%  "$%"  (%$' (" +#% %'" (" (%$' %9)-#('" $%,/# 9# +# )"#*+%&" (" $/ SQL6B "#/% +#% + $% -*/#% " '"*# ("$",/#%(%' 9#(/9/#"' "/&%(%'  ") *%,%(B "$9.

31

.2+ PROLOG L' /,"' %' (" )% (9%(% (") 70 '# 9#9/(' 9, +# "( (" 9/'/' (") '$%"B "# +" '" ("'9+/: +" )% 9"%9/:# (" +"#' *%,%' /#)+9%% 9'$' ,%"' +" )' (") %(%" +" )' "&"9+$%. T%,/# '" %9% %$"#$" +#% 9"9/"#$" #"9"'/(%( (" 9"'% 9#9/,/"#$' %)* ,+9 ,-' %,)/  9,)"& +" )' (%$' 9+%#$/$%$/'  ,"%' '"9+"#9/%' (" 9%%9$""' % )' 9+%)"' '" "(+9"# ,+9' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:#6. E'$% 9/'/' ))": % /#"'$/*%  #+,"'%' %)$"#%$/%'B "#$" )%' 9+%)"' #+"' )"#*+%&"' # %'%(' "# /#'$+99/#"' %)*$,/9%'  9"(/,/"#$'. S/ ") ," 9"'% ,-' /#,%9/:#  /#""#9/% ):*/9% +"  9-)9+)B ^# (% )% ,-+/#% %9" ) ,/',_ PROLOG P*%,%9/:# "# L:*/9%6 "' +#% "'+"'$% % "'$% 9/'/'B (+9$ (") %%#9" (" )% ):*/9% ,("#% (" $/ +#9/#%)6. L 9"%# A. C),"#%+"  P. R+''")B 9# )% 9)%%9/:# (" R. >%)'/B '/,+)$-#"%,"#$" "# )% U#/"'/(%( ("  A/=M%'"/))" F%#9/%6  E(/,+* G%# "$%%6. S" %'% "# ") 9-)9+) (" "(/9%(' (" /," ("#  "# ") /#9// (" "')+9/:# (" R/#'#. E# " (" '" %)*$,/9 9"(+%) "# /#*)'B $,/# '/# $%(+99/:#6B "' ("9/ 9#9"/( 9, +# 9#&+#$ (" /#'$+99/#"' +" )% ,-+/#% ("" "&"9+$% "# ,% '"9+"#9/%)B "' ("9)%%$/B "' ("9/ %'%( "# ("/#/9/#"' (" "9'  "*)%'B 9, '" ")/9% ,-' %%&6.

.2 SQL L"#*+%&" ("'%))%( "'"9/%),"#$" %% %9/)/$% )% 9#'+)$% (" %'"' (" (%$' D6B %9$%#( *"'/%,"#$" )% '+"(% (" % ") #," (" S"+"#$/%) Q+" L%#*+%*"6. E/'$"#  #+,"'%' %)/9%9/#"' (" %(,/#/'$%9/:# (" %'"' (" (%$' +" "9+"# %) SQL L%' ,-' 9#9/(%'B $"#$"' =  9%%' = '# O%9)" " I#,/6. H '" +"("# %9)% )%' %'"' (" (%$' % /"$"$' -*/#%' "6B %% ) 9+%) )%' +"#%' %)/9%9/#"' % $%"# ,:(+)' +" %9"# )% 9#"/:#. E) )"#*+%&" PHP

32

(") 9+%) %)%,' ,-' %/% $%,/# '/" %% ("/#/ 9"(/,/"#$' (" /#'"9/:#  (" 9#'+)$% (" (%$' "# D +" +#9/#%# 9# SQL.

.2 ASP S+ #," "' A9$/" S"" P%*"'. E' +# )"#*+%&" /#(""#(/"#$"B (/'"%(   M/9'$ %% )% 9(//9%9/:# "/9/"#$" (" )' '9/$' (" )' '"/("'B +" +"# (/'"%(' %% '" "&"9+$%('  +# '"/( " "# "'+"'$% % )% "$/9/:# (" +# URL (" +# +'+%/. L' '9/$' (" ASP '# '/,/)%"' % $' '9/$' (" '"/("' 9# )' +" +"("' "'$% %,/)/%/%(B +" '# +$/)/%(' "# $%' )%$%,%'B 9, P")B P$#B "$9.



EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS LENGUAJES DE PROGRAMACIÓN

P"/( 1;50 = 55

I#)+"#9/%' O("#%("' /,/$/'

L"#*+%&"' L"#*+%&"' "#'%,)%(  L"#*+%&"' ""/,"#$%)"' (" A)$ N/")

1;5 = 0

O("#%("' P"+"'B 9%'  )"#$'

FORTRAN  ALGOL 58  0

C/#$%' ,%*#$/9%' C,/)%("' " /#$""$"' O$/,/%9/:# (") 9:(/*

COOL LISP

1;1 = 5

O("#%("' *%#("'  9%' D/'9' M%*#$/9' S/'$",%' "%$/' L"#*+%&" (" :'/$ *"#"%)

FORTRAN I! COOL 1 E$"#(/( ALGOL 0 R"/'%( SNOOL  APL  9, #$%9/:# ':)6

1; = 70

O("#%("' (" (/""#$"' $%,%'B ")9/(%("'B 9'$"' S/'$",%' (" %),%9"#%,/"#$ ,%'/ (" (%$' 9%'6 S.O. ,+)$/$%"% " /#$"%9$/' C,/)%( 9# $/,/%9/:#

PL
L"#*+%&" "'$-#(%B )"/)"'  *"#"%)"' 1;71 = 75

1;7 = 80

 APL<30

M/9 ("#%("' S/'$",%' (" %),%9"#%,/"#$ ,%'/ (" (%$' "+"'  %%$'

PASCAL COOL 74 PL
P*%,%9/:# "'$+9$+%(% I#*"#/"% (") '$%" L"#*+%&"' '"#9/))' O("#%("' %%$'   ADA $"#$"' S/'$",%' (/'$/+/(' FORTRAN 77 P*%,%("' $/",="%) PROLOG P*%,%("' /#$"%9$/% C  A'$%99/:# (" (%$' P*%,%("' 9# /%/)/(%(  -9/) ,%#$"#/,/"#$

T( "'$" ("'%)) (" )%' 9,+$%(%'  (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:#B '+")" (//'%'"  *"#"%9/#"'  ") 9/$"/ +" '" ("$",/#: %% ("$",/#% ") 9%,/ (" *"#"%9/:# # "'$- ,+ /"# ("/#/(B " "'+)$% %%"#$" +" (""# 9+,)/'" %) ,"#' )' '/*+/"#$"' "+/'/$' L% ,% "# +" "'$-# 9#'$+/(%'  )% ,% "# +" ") '" +,%# '" 9,+#/9% 9# "))%'.

6

CONCLUSIONES

EL L"#*+%&" (" P*%,%9/:#B "' +# 9#&+#$ (" %)%%'  ',)' +" ",/$"# %) +'+%/ *"#"% 9,%#(' " /#'$+99/#"' %% +" )% 9,+$%(% )' "&"9+$". L' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# (""# $"#" /#'$+99/#"' +" "$"#"9"# % )%' 9%$"*%' % %,/)/%"' (" "#$%(%<'%)/(%B 9-)9+)<,%#/+)%9/:#B (" $"$'B ):*/9%<9,%%9/:#B  %),%9"#%,/"#$<"9+"%9/:#. L' /,"' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:# '+*/"# (" )% /("% (" C%)"' %%*"B 9#'/'$%# "#$" $%'B "# )% *%,%9/:# ,"(/%#$" $%&"$%' "%(%'.

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E) )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% "' ") #/9 +" "#$/"#(" (/"9$%,"#$" )% 9,+$%(%B +$/)/% ") %)%"$ /#%/B +" 9#'$% (" )' (' #/9' ',)' 0  1B ("#,/#%(' /$'. F+" ") /," )"#*+%&" +$/)/%( "# )% *%,%9/:# (" 9,+$%(%'. E) )"#*+%&" (" %& #/") "' ,-' -9/) (" +$/)/% +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%B " %) /*+%) +" "))'B (""#("# (" )% ,-+/#% "# %$/9+)%. L% 9,+$%(% '/*+" +$/)/%#( ") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#% %% 9"'% )' (%$'B " )' *%,%' "#'%,)%("' $%(+9"# %#$"' )' ',)' (" 9:(/* (" "%9/:# "'"9//9%(' % '+' "+/%)"#$"' "# ") )"#*+%&" ,-+/#%. E) )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") "'$- (/'"%( %% +" )%' "'#%' "'9/%#  "#$/"#(%# )' *%,%' (" +# ,( ,+9 ,-' -9/) +" )' )"#*+%&"' ,-+/#%  "#'%,)%(. U# *%,% "'9/$ "# )"#*+%&" (" %)$ #/") "' /#(""#(/"#$" (" )% ,-+/#%B  ) +" "'$' *%,%' '# $%)"'  $%#'$%)"'. H "# (% +$/)/%,' %)/9%9/#"' %% $(B *%,%' "'"9/%)/%(' "# (/""#$"' $%"%'B "$9`'/ +"",' '%" + % ("$-' (" $( "' #"9"'/$%,' #%(% "# ") ,%%/))' " /#$""'%#$" ,+#( (" )' )"#*+%&"' (" *%,%9/:#  %' "#$"#("  + 9+%#( % +# &+"* )" ( %) $:# K)% +"( ","% % &+*%B  '"#9/))%,"#$"  + +"( %9" +#% '+,% "# +#% 9%)9+)%(% #)/#"B " $(%' ""'"#$%# )% /#$"9,+#/9%9/:# "#$" ") ,"  )% ,-+/#% %% %9/)/$% '+ ("'",".

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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

L/' G:,"B >. 20136 El Sistema de las Computadoras. E'%% C"#$ (" D9+,"#$%9/:# (" E'$+(/'  O'/9/#"' M%(/(. >%#%*+'/9B H. D. 20126  Apuntes Digitales. M/9: U#/"'/(%( N%9/#%) A+$:#,% (" M/9.

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