DEDICATORIA
A
DIOS,
por estar presente en todo momento y ser la luz que me guía y
llena de bendiciones para poder lograr mis objetivos.
A mis padres, Tomás Tomás y María Mar ía Elena por su inmenso amor, confianza, apoyo apo yo y sacrificio en todo este tiempo y así poder culminar satisfactoriamente mi ao escolar.
Al profesor del curso que en este semestre contribuyeron a mi enseanza y a mis padres que me apoyan en este reto
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PRESENTACIÓN
Esta Monografía Monografía ha sido realizada realizada para el curso de Cátedra Va Vallejo de la Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana Hu mana de la Universidad Privada César Vallejo Vallejo Este tra!ajo tra!ajo intenta cumplir cumplir con todas las reglas especificad especificadas as en la pagina del profesor encargado del curso cur so Cátedra Cátedr a Vallejo" Vallejo" es por eso #ue he mucho cuidado no solo el fondo de la monografía sino tam!ién la forma $a #ue considero #ue la calidad $ claridad con la #ue se presenta un tra!ajo Universitario de!e ser de un nivel por demás superior %o !usco e&pla$arme ni 'pala!rear(" sino ser concreta $ precisa en mis apreciaciones $ e&poner mis puntos de vista de una manera clara $ precisa" valga la redundancia Espero poder colmar las e&pectativas $ cumplir con las especificaciones realizadas )eseo #ue Ud como lector #uede satisfecho *a alumna
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INTRODUCCIÓN
Por medio de la realizaci+n de este tra!ajo se pretende llegar a conocer un poco más acerca de la teoría psicogenética de ,ean Piaget" el cual nos permitirá descu!rir aspectos de gran importancia en relaci+n con el desarrollo del pensamiento l+gico matemático en los ni-os en edad preescolar .e hará una !reve referencia !i!liográfica acerca de Piaget" para de este modo llegar a conocer un poco acerca de la historia de este destacado psic+logo En relaci+n a su teoría empezaremos con el Constructivismo" en donde Piaget es un importante representante" luego haremos haremos referencia a lo #ue es psicogenética psicogenética .e tratarán diversos diversos conceptos" tales tales como como es#ue es#uema ma"" estr estruc uctu tura" ra" orga organi niza zaci ci+n" +n" adap adapta taci ci+n +n"" asim asimil ilac aci+ i+n" n" acomo acomoda daci ci+n +n $ e#uili!rio )e igual manera se hará referencia a la teoría psicogenética de este autor" destacando en este sentido la divisi+n del desarrollo cognitivo" los tipos de conocimientos $ como se logra este tipo de desarrollo
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C/P01U*2 3
Biografía Hijo ma$or del suizo /rthur Piaget $ Piaget $ de la francesa 4e!ecca ,ac5son ,ean ,ac5son ,ean Piaget naci+ en la .uiza franc+fona franc+fona .u padre era un destacado profesor de liter literatura atura mediev medieval al en la Universidad de %euch6tel %euch6tel Piaget fue un ni-o precoz #ue desarroll+ un interés temprano por la !iología la !iología $ $ el mundo natural" especialmente los moluscos moluscos / los 77 a-os" mientras cursa!a cu rsa!a sus estudios en el 3nstituto *atino de su ciudad natal" redact+ un estudio referido a cierta especie de gorri+n al!ino $ luego escri!i+ un tratado de malacología malacología durant durantee sus estudios estudios medios
JEAN PIAGET 879:; <7:9=> s iendo " Es el ideal que personalmente trato de alcanzar: seguir siendo niño hasta el final, porque la infancia es la fase creadora por excelencia".
.e licenci+ $ doctor+ en !iología en la Universidad de su ciudad natal en 7:79 7:79 / partir de 7:7: 7:7: estudi+ estudi+ !revemente $ tra!aj+ en la Universidad de ?@rich" ?@rich" donde pu!lic+ dos tra!aj tra!ajos os so!re Psicología #ue dejan ver la direcci+n de sus ideas" aun#ue más tarde los tacharía de tra!ajo adolescente .u interés en el Psicoanálisis Psicoanálisis"" #ue florecía en esa época" parece ha!er comenzado ahí ah í )espués se traslad+ de .uiza a París París"" Arancia Arancia"" donde ense-+ en una escuela para ni-os en la calle Brange
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diferente del de los adultos 8al final llegaría a proponer una teoría glo!al de las etapas del
desarrollo" afirmando #ue los individuos e&hi!en ciertos patrones de cognici+n comunes $ diferencia!les en cada período de su desarrollo> En 7:D= 7:D= particip+ particip+ en el perfeccionamiento de la Prueba de Inteligencia de C.I. (Cociente de Inteligencia inventado inventado por .tern" momento importante importante en la definici+n de su actividad actividad
futura" en el cual detect+ errores sistemáticos en las respuestas de los ni-os 4etornado a .uiza" lleg+ a director del 3nstituto 4ousseau de Bine!ra Bine!ra En 7:DF 7:DF contrajo contrajo matrim matrimoni onioo con Valentine lentine Ch6tena Ch6tena$$" con #uien #uien tuvo tuvo tres tres hijosG hijosG *ucien *ucienne" ne" *aurent *aurent $ ,ac#ueline a #uienes Piaget estudi+ desde su infancia En 7: 7:"" Piaget cre+ el Centro 3nternacional por la Epistemología Benética de Bine!ra Bine!ra"" el cuál dirigi+ hasta su muerte en 7:9= 7:9=
Designaciones principales
7:D7
7:D:
7:F:<7 Profesor de .ociología" Universidad de Bine!ra 7:J=
Oras !esignaciones
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CodirectorG )epartamento de Educaci+n" U%E.C2 Miem!roG Consejo Ejecutivo" U%E.C2 $ otras D= sociedades académicas CoeditorG !rchives de Ps"chologie $ otras siete revistas científicas
Docora!os !e onor
Harvard Manchester 87::> Cam!ridge 87:;D> ristol 87:I=> C%// 87:I> L otras D; universidades
Pre#ios
Premio Erasmus 87:ID> Erasmus 87:ID> $ otros 77 premios internacionales
Principales o$ras !e J% Piage
#a representación representación del mundo en el niño 87:D;> $l lenguaje " el pensamiento en el niño 87:F7> $l juicio " el ra%onamiento en el niño 87:FD> $l criterio moral en el niño 87:FJ> $l nacimiento de la inteligencia en el niño 87:F;> $l desarrollo desarrollo de la noción del tiempo 87:J;> #a formación del símbolo en el niño 87:J;> #a psicología de la inteligencia 87:JI> Introducción a la epistemología epistemología gen&tica 87:=> 'eis estudios de psicología 87:;J> emoria e inteligencia 87:;9>
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C/P01U*2 D
Teoría Teoría Psicogen&ica !e Piage
)ean Piaget )ean Piaget contri!u$+ contri!u$+ enormemente al entendimiento del desarrollo de la inteligencia
.u visi+n naturalista $ !iol+gica surge de o!servar la interacci+n del ni-o con su medio am!iente $ de la comprensi+n de los procesos internos de organizaci+n $ adaptaci+n #ue le permiten
dar
un
nuevo
sentido
al
mundo
#ue
le
rodea
Entre los principales aportes de Piaget está ha!er cam!iado el paradigma ni-o" de un ser de Piaget está #ue reci!e $ acumula conocimiento con !ase a estímulos $ refuerzos e&ternos al estilo conductista" a un sujeto activo #ue constru$e su conocimiento desde adentro" gracias a la continua e&ploraci+n del medio #ue le rodea" a través de los procesos de asimilaci+n $ acomo acomodac daci+ i+n" n" #ue #ue le perm permit iten en avan avanzar zar hacia hacia es#uem es#uemas as ment mental ales es más más compl complej ejos os Cuando las e&periencias de un ni-o so!re su entorno entorno no encajan encajan en su estructura mental mental se produce en él una situaci+n s ituaci+n de dese#uili!rio $o confusi+n En un primer plano" se produce una asimilaci+n asimilaci+n del estímulo sin #ue esto constitu$a un cam!io en la estructura mentalN pero posteriormente" dentro de un proceso de acomodaci+n" se modifica la estructura para incorporar los nuevos elementos" lográndose así un estado de e#uili!rio Por ejemploG un ni-o #ue inicialmente confundía a un pavo con una gallina" pero #ue posteriormente supo
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Piaget conci!e conci!e a la inteligencia como la capacidad #ue tiene cada individuo de adaptarse al
medio
#ue
le
rodea"
mecanismos de acomodaci+n
adaptaci+n
#ue
re#uiere del
e#uili!rio
$
entre
los
asimilaci+n
consistee en la con constru strucci cci+n +n de nue nuevas vas estruct estructuras uras cogn cogniti itivas vas #ue son 'a a!apaci a!apaci(n (n consist producidas a partir de los procesos procesos simult simultáne áneos os $ complem complementa entario rioss de asimil asimilaci+ aci+nn $ acomodaci+n" en los cuales la directa interacci+n con el medio es necesaria
iguall #ue #ue la adap adapta taci ci+n +n"" es un unaa func funci+ i+nn inte intele lect ctua ual" l" pero pero a 'a organi) organi)aci( aci(n n" al igua diferencia de ésta no se origina a partir de una interacci+n con el entorno" sino como resultado de la reacomodaci+n e integraci+n de los es#uemas mentales e&istentes e&istentes Es decir" la com!in com!inaci aci+n +n de es#u es#uem emas as ment mental ales es da paso paso al desarrollo de estruct estructura urass mental mentales es or de denadas" integradas e inter de de pendientes" #ue en su conjunto forman el sistema mental glo!al )ean P vio a la organizaci+n como una funci+n vital del desarrollo de la inteligencia" pues
gracias a ella se forman estructuras mentales" las #ue lejos de ser pasivas" interact@an entre sí
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J E#uili!rio dado por los procesos de acomodaci+n #ue emerjan de los tres aspectos anteriores Es decir" el ni-o crecerá $ ampliará su capacidad perceptiva" sensorial" de lenguaje $ de motricidadN desarrollará sus aspectos físicos ampliando así su nivel de contacto con o!jetos del medioN interaccionará socialmente con adultos $ con otros ni-osN $ con !ase en los aspectos anteriores" e&perimentará continuos procesos de asimilaci+n" acomodaci+n" adaptaci+n $ e#uili!rio *a noci+n de estadio es fundamental en epistemología genética $ reposa so!re los siguientes principiosG ❖ *os
estadios se caracterizan por un or de den de sucesi+n invaria!le
❖ Cada
estadio tiene un carácter integrativo" es decir" #ue las estructuras construidas en
una edad determinada pasan a ser parte integrante de las estructuras de la edad siguiente ❖ Un
estadio comporta a la vez un nivel de preparaci+n $ un nivel de aca!ado
❖ En
toda sucesi+n de estadios es necesario distinguir los
procesos de formaci+n" de génesis $ las formas de e#uili!rio final
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Aue creada por el psic+logo psic+logo ,ean Piaget Piaget .e !asa en #ue el lenguaje lenguaje está su!ordinado su!ordinado al pensamiento" $ se encuadra dentro de las teorías de tipo innatistaG la adquisición del lenguaje se debe a factores biológicos y no culturales. El ser humano llega al mundo con una herencia biológica, de la cual depende la inteligencia Por una parte" las estructuras !iol+gicas limitan a#uello #ue podemos perci!ir"
$ por otra hacen posi!le el progreso intelectual En esta teoría se refleja como se desarrolla el conocimiento cognitivo en una persona desde sus primeros a-os de vida hasta #ue alcanza su madurez intelectual Piaget sostiene sostiene #ue el pensamiento pensamiento $ el lenguaje lenguaje se desarrollan desarrollan por por separado" separado" $a $a #ue la la inteligencia empieza a desarrollarse desde el nacimiento" antes de #ue el ni-o ha!le" por lo #ue el ni-o va aprendiendo a ha!lar seg@n su desarrollo cognitivo va alcanzado el nivel necesario necesario para ello Para él" es el pensamiento pensamiento el #ue hace posi!le ad#uirir un lenguaje" lenguaje" lo #ue implica #ue cuando el ser humano nace no posee un lenguaje innato" como afirma!a Choms5i" sino #ue lo va ad#uiriendo poco a poco como parte del desarrollo cognitivo Una vez ad#ui ad#uirid ridoo un lengu lenguaj ajee este este a su vez vez a$uda a$udará rá tam! tam!ié iénn al desar desarrol rollo lo cogn cognit itiv ivo o En el proceso de ad#uisici+n del lenguaje Piaget esta!leceG
•
ni-o #ue #ue todav odavíía no ha apre aprend ndid idoo un lengu enguaj ajee no a$la egoc&nrica/ egoc&nrica/ un ni-o puede e&presar sus primeros pensamientos inteligentes" estos s+lo e&isten como imágenes o acciones físicas El ha!la ego céntrica es la #ue el ni-o utiliza para poder e&presar e&presar sus
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#ue interact@an con él" intentan adaptar los es#uemas e&istentes para afrontar las nuevas e&periencias 2tra 2tra idea idea de Piag Piaget et es #ue el apren aprendi diza zaje je empi empieza eza con con las las prime primera rass e&per e&perie ienci ncias as sens sensor orio iomo moto tora ras" s" form formad adas as con con el desa desarr rrol ollo lo cogn cognit itiv ivoo $ el leng lengua uaje je"" do dond ndee el aprendizaje contin@a por la construcci+n de estructuras mentales" !asadas en la integraci+n integraci+n de los procesos cognitivos cognitivos propios donde la persona constru$e constru$e el conocimiento conocimiento mediante la interacci+n continua con el entorno Por tanto para #ue el ni-o alcance su má&imo desarrollo mental de!e atravesar desde su nacimiento diferentes $ progresivas etapas del desarrollo cognitivo El ni-o no puede saltarse ninguna de estas etapas $ tampoco se le puede forzar para #ue las alcance más rápido / su vez estas etapas se dividen dividen en estadios estadios del desarrollo cognitivo cognitivo Estos estadios estadios como las estructuras psicol+gicas se desarrollan a partir de los reflejos innatos" se organizan durante la infancia en es#uemas de conducta" se interiorizan interiorizan durante el segundo a-o de vida como modelos modelos de pensamiento" pensamiento" $ se desarrollan desarrollan durante la infancia $ la adolescencia adolescencia en complejas estructuras intelectuales #ue caracterizan la vida adulta
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succi+n del pez+n"
Esa!ios !e las reacciones circ,lares sec,n!arias%405#eses% Entre el cuarto mes $ el a-o de vida" el infante orienta su comportamiento hacia el am!iente e&terno !uscando aprender + mover o!jetos $ $a o!serva los resultados de sus acciones para reproducir tal sonido $ o!tener nuevamente la gratificaci+n #ue le provoca
Esa!io !e la coor!inaci(n !e los es6,e#as !e con!,ca pre7ios% 50+* #eses% Entre el octavo mes $ el a-o de vida" el infante orienta su comportamiento hacia el am!iente e&terno !uscando aprender + mover o!jetos $ $a o!serva los resultados de sus acciones para reproducir tal sonido $ o!tener nuevamente la gratificaci+n #ue le provoca
Esa!io !e los n,e7os !esc,$ri#ienos por e8peri#enaci(n% +*0+5 #eses% 2curren entre los 7D $ los 79 meses de vida Consisten en el mismo proceso descrito
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)e los D a-os hasta los I a-os Es la etapa del pensamiento $ la del lenguaje #ue grad@a su capacidad de pensar sim!+licamente" imita o!jetos de conducta" juegos sim!+licos" di!ujos" imágenes mentales $ el desarrollo del lenguaje ha!lado Este estadio se caracteriza por la interiorizaci+n de las reac reacci cion ones es de la etap etapaa ante anteri rior or dand dandoo luga lugarr a acci accion ones es ment mental ales es #u #uee a@n a@n no son son categoriza!les como operaciones por su vaguedad" inadecuaci+n $o falta de reversi!ilidad .on procesos característicos de esta etapaG el juego sim!+lico" la centraci+n" la intuici+n" el egocentrismo" la $u&taposici+n $ la irreversi!ilidad 8inha!ilidad para la conservaci+n de propiedades>
•
Estadio preconceptual D
•
Estadio intuitivo J
ETAPA DE OPERACIONES CONCRETAS/
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la cantidad es la misma 8por ejemplo un litro de agua> en recipientes de mu$ diversas formas /lrededor de los I9 a-os el ni-o desarrolla la capacidad de conservar los materiales Por ejemploG tomando una !ola de arcilla $ manipulándola para hacer varias !olillas el ni-o $a es consciente de #ue reuniendo todas las !olillas la cantidad de arcilla será prácticamente la !ola original / la capacidad recién mencionada se le llama reversi!ilidad /lrededor de los :7= a-os el ni-o ha accedido al @ltimo paso en la noci+n de conservaci+nG la conservaci+n de superficies Por ejemplo" puesto frente a cuadrados de papel se puede dar cuenta #ue re@nen la misma superficie aun#ue estén esos cuadrados amontonados o aun#ue estén dispersos
ETAPA DE OPERACIONES 9OR1A'ESG 7D a-os en adelante El sujeto #ue se encuentra en el estadio de las operaciones concretas tiene dificultad en aplicar sus capacidades a situaciones a!stractas .i un adulto 8sensato> le dice no te !urles
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C/P31U*2 F
E' 9UNCIONA1IENTO DE 'A INTE'IGENCIA/ :%+ ASI1I'ACIÓN ; ACO1ODACIÓN ACO1ODACIÓN En el modelo modelo piagetiano" piagetiano" una de las ideas nucleares es el concepto concepto de de inteligencia como proceso de naturaleza naturaleza !iol+gica !iol+gica Para él el ser humano humano es es un organismo vivo #ue llega al mund mundoo con con una una herencia !iol !iol+gi +gica ca"" #ue afect afectaa a la inte inteli ligen genci cia a Por una part parte" e" las las estructuras !iol+gicas limitan a#uello #ue podemos perci!ir" $ por otra hacen posi!le el progreso intelectual Con influencia influencia darTin darTinista" ista" P3/BE1 ela!ora un modelo modelo #ue #ue constitu$e a su vez una de las partes más conocidas $ controvertidas de su teoría P3/BE1 cree #ue los organismos humanos comparten dos funciones invariantesG organizaci+n $ adaptaci+n *a mente humana" de acuerdo acuerdo con con P3/BE1" tam!ién tam!ién opera opera en términos de estas dos funciones no cam!iantes .us procesos psicol+gicos están mu$ organizados en sistemas coherentes $ estos sistemas están preparados para adaptarse a los estímulos cam!iantes del entorno
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desconocidos para el ni-o 8en el caso $a dado como ejemplo" si el o!jeto es difícil de aferrar" el !e!é de!erá" por ejemplo" modificar los modos de aprehensi+n> /m!os procesos 8asimilaci+n $ acomodaci+n> se alternan dialécticamente en la constante !@s#ueda de e#uili!rio 8homeostasis> para intentar el control del mundo e&terno 8con el fin primario de so!revivir> Cuando una nueva informaci+n no resulta inmediatamente interpreta!le !asándose en los es#uem es#uemas as pree&i pree&ist sten ente tes" s" el suje sujeto to entra entra en un mome moment ntoo de crisi crisiss $ !u !usca sca encon encontr trar ar nuevamente el e#uili!rio 8por esto en la epistemología genética de Piaget se ha!la de un e#uili!rio fluctuante>" para esto se producen modificaciones en los es#uemas cognitivos del
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:%: E' PROCESO DE E
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C/P31U*2 J
TIPOS DE CONOCI1IENTOS Piaget distingue tres tipos de conocimiento #ue el sujeto puede poseer" éstos son los siguientesG físico" l+gico
4%+ El conoci#ie conoci#ieno no físico físico Es el #ue pertenece a los o!jetos del mundo naturalN se refiere !ásicamente al #ue está incorporado por a!stracci+n empírica" en los o!jetos *a fuente de este razonamiento está en los o!jetos 8por ejemplo la dureza de un cuerpo" el peso" la rugosidad" el sonido sonido #ue #ue produce" el sa!or" la longitud" etcétera> Este conocimiento es el #ue ad#uiere el ni-o a través de la manipulaci+n de los o!jetos #ue le rodean $ #ue forman parte de su interacci+n
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las relaciones con los o!jetos" desarrollándose siempre de lo más simple a lo más complejo" teniendo como particularidad #ue el conocimiento ad#uirido una vez procesado no se olvida" $a #ue la e&periencia no proviene de los o!jetos sino de su acci+n so!re los mismos )e allí #ue este conocimiento posea características propias #ue lo diferencian de otros conocimientos *as ope operaci racione oness l+gico l+gico matemáticas matemáticas"" ant antes es de ser ser un unaa actitud puramente puramente intelectual intelectual"" re#uiere en el preescolar la construcci+n de estructuras internas $ del manejo de ciertas nociones #ue son" ante todo" producto de la acci+n $ relaci+n del ni-o con o!jetos $ sujetos $ #ue a partir de una refle&i+n le permiten ad#uirir las nociones fundamentales de clasificaci+n" seriaci+n $ la noci+n de n@mero El adulto #ue acompa-a al ni-o en su
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elemen elementos tos heterog heterogéneo éneos s )e variedad variedadesG esG formas formas geométr geométrica icass $ figura figurass representativas de la realidad i
Aorma Aorma col colecc eccio iones nes de de parej parejas as $ trío tríosG sG al com comie ienzo nzo de de esta esta su!
ii ii
.egun .egundo do mome moment ntoG oG se se form forman an agrup agrupac acio iones nes #ue #ue a!a a!arca rcann más más $ #ue pueden a su vez" dividirse en su!
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Es una operaci+n l+gica #ue a partir de unos sistemas de referencias" permite esta!lecer relaciones comparativas entre los elementos de un conjunto" $ ordenarlos seg@n sus diferencias" $a sea en forma decreciente o creciente Posee las siguientes propiedadesG
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Ainalmente ha$ #ue se-alar #ue" de acuerdo con Piaget" el razonamiento l+gico
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CAP>TU'O ? I1P'ICACIONES EDUCATI@AS DE 'A TEOR>A TEOR>A DE DE PIAGET
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7= *as e&periencias de aprendizaje aprendizaje de!en de!en estructurarse de manera #ue se privilegie la cooperaci+n" la cola!oraci+n $ el intercam!io de puntos de vista en la !@s#ueda conjunta del conocimiento conocimiento 8aprendizaje 8aprendizaje interactivo>
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conocimiento conocimiento de la realidad realidad será más o menos comprensi!le comprensi!le para el sujeto sujeto en dependencia dependencia de los instrumentos intelectuales #ue posea" es decir" de las estructuras operatorias de su pensamiento" por lo #ue el o!jeto de esta pedagogía es favorecer el desarrollo de estas
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