I.
ÍNDICE
Introducción…………………………………………………… Introducción………………………… …………………………………….………………2 ………….………………2 Objetivos………………………………………………… Objetivos…………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………..3 ……..3 El concepto total del del servicio para p ara rodamientos skf…………………………………...….4 skf…………………………………...….4 Aplicaciones para rodamientos y tolerancias ………………………………………….... ………………………………………….....5 .5 Control de mantenimiento informatizado para una mayor productividad…………...…… productividad…………...……10 10 Inspección cuando la maquina esta parada……………………………………………… parada……………………………………………… .14 Rodamientos y obturaciones de repuesto………...……………………………………….1 repuesto………...……………………………………….16 6 Equipos de mantenimiento…………………………….……………………………...….1 mantenimiento…………………………….……………………………...….17 7 Alineación Alineación de ejes…………………...……… ejes…………………...………………………………… ……………………………………..…….19 …………..…….19 Ajustes y tolerancias………………………………………….…………………….……20 tolerancias………………………………………….…………………….……20 Montaje de rodamientos……………………… rodamientos…………………………….……………………… …….……………………………….…...22 ……….…...22 Limpieza de rodamientos..……………………… rodamientos..………………………….………………………… ….…………………………………....24 ………....24 Lubricación……………………………………………………… Lubricación…………………………… ………………………………………….…..…. ……………….…..….29 29 Limpieza……...…………………………………………………………………..…..…..33 Limpieza……...…………………………………………………………………..…..…..33 Anexos……………………………………………………………………………….......35 Conclusiones…………………………………………………… Conclusiones………………………… ……………………………………………….….36 …………………….….36
1
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II.
INTRODUCCION
En este trabajo de investigación monográfico se hablara sobre el sistema de mantenimiento de los rodamientos así como sus diferentes tipos, algunos tipos de lubricantes para la lubricación, el montaje y desmontaje de estos elementos. Los rodamientos son elementos que cumplen una función importante en las diferentes máquinas rotatorias de la actualidad, son elementos irremplazables ya que no hay otra cosa que pueda cumplir su misma función. El conocimiento básico acerca del mantenimiento de estos elementos se vuelve indispensable en el campo de la mecánic a ya que si se desconoce del tema pueden haber fallos que nos llevaran a gasto de dinero y perdidas de trabajo de la maquina rotatoria, es por eso que tenemos que tener un buen control de mantenimiento de los cojinetes para que la maquina este en óptimas condiciones y tenga una mejor duración.
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III.
OBJETIVOS
1. Objetivos generales
Investigar los conceptos básicos acerca de un control de mantenimiento para un sistema de rodamientos.
Investigar algunos criterios para el mantenimiento de los rodamientos, por las diferentes tipos y lugares donde se estén operando.
2. Objetivos específicos
Explicar la lubricación de un rodamiento.
Diferenciar los montajes por tipos de rodamientos
Seleccionar aceites para la lubricación.
Explicar la limpieza de un rodamiento.
Explicar la manipulación y cuidado de los rodamientos.
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IV.
MARCO TEORICO
1. EL CONCEPTO TOTAL DEL SERVICIO PARA RODAMIENTOS SKF Para las industrias el que falle un rodamiento causa el paro de un equipo, y esto a su vez pérdidas de dinero por el paro de la producción. Lo esencial es que cada rodamiento tenga un largo tiempo de vida y un buen funcionamiento. Entre los factores que aseguran un buen rodamiento además de la calidad son:
1.1.El ambiente de trabajo Todo equipo debe estar en ópticas condiciones de funcionamiento. Es necesario la protección de rodamientos contra las temperaturas elevadas, la humedad y contaminantes además del correcto alineamiento de rodamientos.
1.2.Instalación correcta Se debe realizar con el uso de técnicas y herramientas adecuadas.
1.3.Buen mantenimiento Se debe seguir los intervalos para la lubricación y mantenimiento, asi como supervisar las condiciones de funcionamiento del rodamiento.
2. EMPLEO DE LOS RODAMIENTOS Con ciertas condiciones especiales el tiempo de vida de un rodamiento puede ser mucho más largo de lo previsto, condiciones como superficie de rodadura eficazmente separado por una capa lubricante y daño superficial limitado por los co ntaminantes.
2.1.Duración de los rodamientos La duración nominal normalmente está dada en número de revoluciones(o número de horas) que un rodamiento es capaz de soportar antes de la presentación de síntomas de
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La duración en servicio es la duración real que tiene un rodamiento antes de quedar estropeado. Generalmente el fallo se da por la corrosión, el de sgaste, fallo de obturaciones y otros. Esta duración depende en gran parte de las condiciones a las que funciona y las técnicas utilizadas para su montaje y desmontaje La duración de especificación es la especifica el fabricante del equipo y se basa en datos que suministra el fabricante.
2.2.¿Por qué fallan los rodamientos? Solo una pequeña cantidad de rodamientos llega a fallar. Estos pueden fallar al aplicarse cargas mayores para el que fue fabricado, el uso de ajustes muy apretados o obturaciones ineficaces. En la generalidad de los casos se puede analizar un rodamiento para determinar la causa del daño y con eso tomar acciones preventivas para futuros casos. De la pequeña cantidad de rodamientos que presentan fallas una parte algunos fallan por una falta de lubricación o por la entrada de contaminantes por daños de manipulación y errores de montaje.
2.3.¿Cómo empieza el fallo de rodamientos? El periodo termina con la aparición del primer síntoma de fatiga del material. Y la fatiga se da como resultado de esfuerzos de cizallamiento que aparecen de manera cíclica. Estos esfuerzos de cizallamiento ocasionan grietas que se expanden hasta alcanzar la superficie. Esto produce el desconchado, cuando el desconchado aumenta en extensión y con el tiempo provoca que el rodamiento quede inservible. Cuando el desconchado va aumentando se presenta un aumento del ruido y las vibraciones que avisan al usuario para un cambio del rodamiento antes de una falla total. Para evitar la fatiga superficial se utiliza una película de aceite con un espesor adecuado.
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2.4.Juego interno Es la distancia que uno de sus aros se desplaza con relación al otro ya sea dirección radial o dirección axial.
2.5.Juego interno antes y después del montaje Hay una diferencia en el juego interno entre antes y después del montaje del rodamiento. Antes del montaje el juego es mayor debido a la contracción o expansión de los aros causada por el ajuste de apriete y también por la dilatación térmica.
3. APLICACIONES PARA RODAMIENTOS Y TOLERANCIA 3.1.Arreglo de rodamientos Ya sean para ejes radiales y axiales generalmente se necesitan de dos rodamientos para soportar y situar de manera correcta un eje, uno axialmente fijo y otro axialmente libre.
3.2.Rodamientos fijos Los rodamientos fijos otorgan tanto soporte radial como fijación axial para ambos sentidos. Algunos ejemplos de rodamientos fijos son rodamientos de bolas con contacto angular, rodamientos rígidos de bolas y rodamientos de rodillos a rotula.
3.3.Rodamiento libre Estos rodamientos solo pueden soportar la carga radial y debe desplazarse axialmente. Este desplazamiento se puede dar en el mismo rodamiento como en los rodamientos de rodillo a rotula.
3.4.Rodamiento de fijación cruzada Aquí entran a tallar todos los rodamientos radiales de bolas y de rodillos que resistan cargas axiales.
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Figura 1. Fijaciones de rodamientos Fuente: Grupo SKF (2015)
3.5.Fijación radial de rodamientos Se fijan radialmente para evitar los deslices en sus asientos.
3.6.Rodamiento de agujero cilíndrico Los puntos más importantes para sus ajustes son:
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b) Magnitudes de la carga: Para evitar el deslizamiento de los aros en sus asientos, el ajuste debe escogerse dependiendo de la carga, a ma yor carga mayor será el apriete requerido.
Figura 2. Magnitudes de carga Fuente: Grupo SKF (2015)
c) Juego interno del rodamiento: La disminución del juego causado por el ajuste pueden causar la necesidad de rodamientos con un juego radial superior al normal.
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d) Condiciones de temperatura: Cuando el rodamiento esta en servicio son los aros los que alcanzan temperaturas mayores a la de los ejes y soportes. Esto provoca el aflojamiento del aro interior, mientras que el aro exterior se dilata y disminuye el juego.
Figura 4. Condiciones de temperatura Fuente: Gru Gru o SKF SKF 2015 2015 e) Exactitud de giro: Hay veces que se necesita que lo rodamientos tengan mayor exactitud para ello se evitan los ajustes flojos para disminuir al mínimo descentramientos y vibraciones, se aplican tolerancias para los asientos.
f) Diseño y material del eje y soporte: Los ajustes inadecuados con el tiempo causan la deformación del aro, influyen los ángulos de los ejes y soportes así como la aleación del eje. Por eso se deben trabajar con los límites de tolerancia tolerancia adecuados como H o J .
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3.7.Ajustes y tolerancias Las tolerancias tanto para agujeros como para diámetros exteriores de rod amientos estándar se encuentran normalizadas internacionalmente.
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Beneficia al usuario aumentando la disponibilidad de equipos y usando eficazmente al personal. Baja los costos de los cambios y la inversión en equipos. Se pueden usar en laptops, redes o con un sistema de miniordenadores.
5. QUE BUSCAR MIENTRAS FUNCIONA EL RODAMIENTO Los rodamientos son piezas importantes hoy en día para todas las maquinas que tiene partes giratorias. Se hace necesaria la revisión de las condiciones de estas máquinas convirtiéndose en una actividad importante en el campo del mantenimiento preventivo. Poder reconocer y anticipar el daño de un rodamiento rodamiento permite realizar realizar el cambio durante los programas de mantenimiento regulares para los equipos y así evitar el paro imprevisto del equipo a causa del dallo del rodamiento. En la actualidad existen múltiples sistemas y/o instrumentos para la supervisión de los rodamientos disponibles en el mercado. Muchos de ellos se basan en medir las vibraciones. Sin embargo para facilitar la medición no todas las maquinas se miden usando tales instrumentos avanzados. Con un operador o ingeniero manteniéndose en alerta es posible detectar cualquier síntoma de problema que se pueden presentar de las maneras que se explicaran a continuación.
5.1.Escuchar Es una de las formas comunes de identificar alguna irregularidad en el funcionamiento de la máquina, es posible escuchar el sonido que emite la maquina utilizando un estetoscopio
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El daño de un rodamiento se puede reconocer atreves del sonido. Sin embargo cuando se dan estos casos significa que el rodamiento está demasiado dañado y se debe remplazar inmediatamente.
5.2.Tocar Las altas temperaturas indican que el rodamiento está funcionando de manera anormal. Pueden perjudicar al lubricante del rodamiento. Prolongados funcionamientos a temperaturas mayores a los 125 °C acortan el tiempo de vida del rodamiento. Pero estas altas temperaturas suelen ser consecuencia de la falta o el exceso de lubricación, impurezas en el lubricante, falta de holgura y exceso de rozamiento en obturaciones.
5.3.Mirar Se puede comprobar los rodamientos expuestos a la vista y revisar periódicamente las obturaciones. La comprobación de las obturaciones cercanas al rodamiento cuida que no entre calor o líquidos y gases corrosivos al eje.
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6. COMPROBACIÓN DE ESTADO Hay distintas manera para controlar el estado de funcionamiento de un rodamiento que sirven de ayuda para predecir cuándo será hora de realizar el cambio de un rodamiento evitando así las paradas de maquinaria.
6.1.El método de monitorización de tecnología SEE Este método utiliza señales envueltas de alta frecuencia que pueden ser medidas y analizadas por equipos o dispositivos fabricados para servir de interconexión con los sensores. Uno de ellos el sensor SEE tiene menos sensibilidad al punto de medición comparado con técnicas de medición de vibración, vibración, el sensor SEE se se calibra usando señales de emisión acústica. Para medir se necesita de una superficie de acoplamiento firme entre la superficie y el extremo del sensor. El acoplador puede ser una pequeña cantidad d e grasa o aceite ligero para maquinas, debe ser siempre aplicado al extremo del SEE.
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recoge una gama de valores muy amplios. Esos valores son de señales que se pueden dividir en baja frecuencia (0 a 2 kHz), alta frecuencia frecuencia (2 a 50 kHz) y muy alta frecuencia (más de 50 kHz). Las vibraciones de baja frecuencia que nos son audibles por las personas son causadas por vibraciones en estructuras y fallos de instalación como falta de alineación, desequilibrios, falta de fijación de montajes y zonas deterioradas del rodamiento.
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7.1.Importancia de la limpieza La limpieza es muy importante al momento de hacer el mantenimiento de los rodamientos, ya que para esto nosotros debemos tomar en cuenta algunas precauciones como son limpiando la superficie del cojinete y los componentes cercanos al cojinete, para el desmontaje tiene que ser con mucho cuidado ya que las obturaciones del rodamiento se dañan con facilidad, si es posible cambiar estas obturaciones de goma ya que si lo dañamos en un futuro la maquina puede pararse por un tiempo aun as largo que el de un simple mantenimiento.
7.2.Inspección el lubricante Siempre es importante el inspecciona miento del lubricante por eso es necesario siempre dar una inspecciona a estos, se puede hacer extrayendo una muestra de aceite o grasa del que se tenga el alojamiento; en ciertas ocasiones solo con palparlo con los dedos se puede dar cuenta de que tiene impurezas o en otras ocasiones extenderlo en la palma de la mano y revisarlo con cuidado en un lugar a la luz.
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8. RODAMIENTOS Y OBTURACIONES DE REPUESTO Si se da el caso de que un rodamiento necesite ser cambiado por otro siempre debe ser por otro igual con las mismas características y tamaño, para realizar el cambio siempre se debe tener a la mano todos los implementos que se necesiten como son lubricantes y herramientas.
8.1.Identificación de los rodamientos Para poder identificar los rodamientos lo podemos hacer por su código o denominación que cada rodamiento lo lleva grabado en alguna cara del aro ya sea exterior o como interior, para poder tener información más completa o podemos hacer en las especificaciones técnicas que nos dan los fabricantes de rodamientos.
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9. EQUIPOS DE MANTENIMIENTO Para evitar daños en los rodamientos mientras se hace el montaje o desmontaje en necesario que el personal que estará a cargo de ese mantenimiento estén bien entrenad os en la utilización de los equipos de mantenimiento. Con la utilización de equipos profesionales se reduce la mano de obra, se reduce el tiempo que demora el mantenimiento, como también nos facilita el desplazamiento de los rodamientos. Entre los equipos para facilitar el mantenimiento de los cojinetes tenemos los siguientes:
9.1.Tenazas de suspensión o ganchos
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9.3.Eslingas de alambre Para fabricar una eslinga de alambre se puede utilizar un alambre que sea blando y sobre todo limpio para evitar la contaminación en el rodamiento.
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Por eso es necesario implementar implementar un bue programa que este bien organizado de alineación de ejes para lo que son máquinas rotativas y así poder alargar la v ida útil de los rodamientos, con esto nos ahorraremos dinero y problemas. Otro factor que tenemos que tener en cuenta son las vibraciones y ruidos que pueda haber cerca del cojinete. Los ejes desalineados pueden causar:
Un gran aumento de carga sobre el cojinete.
Una reducción de la vida útil del cojinete.
Un mayor desgaste en las obturaciones del cojinete.
Una mayor vibración, ruido y por lo tanto un mayor consumo de energía.
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sistemas que nos permiten tolerar pequeñas variaciones en los elementos que se acoplaran sin tener que sacrificar el adecuado funcionamiento. El orificio básico: consta de ocho clases que pueden ser los siguientes ajustes: 1. Holgado: para aplicaciones donde no es esencial la precisión. 2. Libre: en cojinetes de giro con velocidades de 600 rpm a más. 3. Medio: velocidades por debajo de 600 rpm con ajuste del tipo deslizante. 4. Estrecho: montaje a mano que necesite un juego muy pequeño. 5. Timbrante: ajuste de metal a metal de nivel selectivo, montaje que requieran suaves golpes.
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13. MONTAJE DE COJINETES 13.1.Método 13.1. Método adecuado para el montaje de rodamientos Tenemos: el mecánico para cojinetes pequeños, hidráulico, inyección de aceite para
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13.4.Montaje 13.4. Montaje de cojinetes usados En este caso debemos hacerle una limpieza exhaustiva antes de hacer uso del cojinete, excepto aquellos cojinetes especiales que tienen sus propias protecciones u obturaciones
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15. MONTAJE PARA LOGRAR EL JUEGO CALCULADO Una vez se haya montado el cojinete, las holguras pueden variar por causa de las fluctuaciones d e temperaturas en pleno funcionamiento. Es por este motivo que los cojinetes se deben montar desde
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b) AJUSTE POR TUERCA, INYECCION DE ACEITE O PRENSA Los cojinetes de dimensiones pequeñas se pueden ajustar por el método de la tuerca y una llave de gancho (figura 22). En cojinetes más grandes se hará uso de inyección de aceite
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