INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO LICEO CRISTIANO DE GUAYAQUIL
KARL MARX VIDA, OBRAS Y PENSAMIENTO JIMMY ZAMBRANO ZAMBRANO C. 23/05/2013
TUTORA: LCDA. SANDRA DE RIVAS.
INDICE JUSTIFICACION…………… JUSTIFICACION…………………………… ……………………………… …………………………… …………………………… ……………… …. 1 OBJETIVOS……………………………………………………………………………… ….. 2
KARL MARX BREVE RESEÑA…………………………………………………………………………….
BIOGRAFIA PRIMEROS AÑOS………………………………………………………………………… ! "EGELIANISMO Y ACTIVISMO TEMPRANO………………………………….. ! EL PERIODO DE PARIS…………………………………………………………………. # EL PERIODO DE BRUSELAS Y DEL MANIFIESTO……………………… MANIFIESTO…………………………….. …….. $ EL PERIODO DE COLONIA……………………………………………………………. % EL PERIODO DE LONDRES Y EL CAPITAL………………………………………. & MARX EN 1%%2……………………………………………………………………………. 1' MUERE………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 1'
VIDA FAMILIAR……………………………………………………………………………. 11 PENSAMIENTO………………………………………………………………………… ….. 11 IDEAS FILOSOFICAS………………………………………………………………………. 12 LAS DOS ETAPAS DE MARX…………………………………………………………… 12 MARX JOVEN………………………………………………………………………………... 1 MARX MADURO……………………………………………………………………………. 1( CRITICOS DE MARX……………………………………………………………………….. 1!
OBRA LITERARIA ALGUNAS OBRAS ESCRITAS POR CARL MARX………………………………… 1# OBRAS ESCRITAS POR MARX Y ENGELS…………………………………………… 1# CONCLUSIÓN………………………………………………………………………… ……….. 1$
RECOMENDACIÓN…………………………………………………………………… …….. 1%
JUSTIFICACION
SE ESCOGIO ESTE ERSONAJE DEBIDO A LA INVALORABLE AORTACION !UE "ISO ARA EL CAMBIO EN LA SOCIEDAD ESECIALMENTRE EN LO !UE A LA CLASE OBRERA SE REFIERE# SUS TEORIAS Y ENSAMIENTOS "AN MARCADO LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE LA BURGUESIA Y EL ROLETARIADO# CLASES SOCIALES !UE SEG$N MARX "AN ESTADO A TRAVES DE LA "ISTORIA EN CONTINUO DESACUERDO A LO !UE %L LLAM& LA LUC"A DE CLASES.
OBJETIVOS GENERALES Y ESPEC)FICOS EL ESTUDIO DE ESTE TRABAJO "A SIDO REALIZADO EN FORMA GENERAL ARA DAR UNA AORTACION CLARA AL ESTUDIANTE DE "OY EN DIA EN CUANTO A LO !UE TIENE !UE VER CON SUS INICIOS EN EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMO DE LA FILOSOFIA. ESTA OBRA ABARCA TRES UNTOS IMORTANTES !UE SON: • • •
BIOGRAF'A OBRAS IMORTANTES ENSAMIENTO FILOS&FICO
CON ESTO SE BUSCA ESECIFICAMENTE AYUDAR EN LO OSIBLE A !UE EL ESTUDIANTE TENGA UNA ERSERTIVA DEFINIDA DEL TEMA !UE LE ERMITA ESTABLECER UNA BASE SUSTENTABLE ANTES DE INICIAR UN ESTUDIO MAS ROFUNDO DEL TEMA. ESTE ROYECTO ES UNA GUIA !UE LE ESTABLECERAN ARAMETROS !UE LLEVARAN AL ESTUDIANTE OR UN ESTUDIO CORRECTO DE LA VIDA# OBRAS Y ENSAMIENTO DE KARL MARX.
K*+ M*+B()*) ()+),-: N/0+
K*+ "34+356 M*+-
N*53/347
! 8 /*9 8 1%1%. T+3+
:T+;<+3=>, A/*43* F*53/347 *@=>
1( 8 /*+? 8 1%% :#(
L48+= :R34 U438>
N*534*38*8
*/4
O7+= 4/0+=
C*+= M*+-
O5*534
F3=, =53, 63=7+3*8+, 54/3=7*,
+383=7*, 735. C4538 +
D=*++*+ =53*3=/ 5347H5,
5/43=/ /8+4 9 /*+-3=/ :54 E4=>, * 7+* /*+-3=7* 8 * *34*534, == 547+30534= * * 7+* 8 <*+7+*0*, * * 38* 8 =<*+, * * 7+* 8 * 56* 8 5*==, 9 * * 545534 /*7+3*3=7* 8 * 63=7+3* C+453*= +33=*=
N344* :A7>
C49
J449 <4 =76*4
"3=
%
O0+*= P+3453*=
M*4=5+37= 54/35= 9 H=H5=,
M*43H=7 8 P*+738 C/43=7*, E C*37*.
K-( ")( M-(, 54538 7*/03;4 4 5/ C*+= M*+-, 4 H=, 34757* 9 /337*47 5/43=7* */4 8 +34 8. E4 = <*=7* 34947 0+*, 345+=34 4 = 5*/= 8 * H=*, * 63=7+3*, * 53453* 735*, * =53* 9 * 54/* *8/= 8 +383=/ 9 * 735*, +4348 4 = 4=*/347 * 434 8 * 7+* 9 * +5735*. J47 * F+38+356 E4=, = *8+ 8 =53*3=/ 5347H5, 8 5/43=/ /8+4 9 8 /*+-3=/. S= =5+37= /= 54538= =4 M*43H=7 8 P*+738 C/43=7* :4 5*7+* 54 E4=> 9 E C*37*.
N*538 4 4* */33* 8 5*= /83* *5/8*8* 4 T+;<+3= :A/*43*>, =783 4 * U43<+=38*8 8 B44 9 4 * U43<+=38*8 "/087 8 B+4, 848 = 347+= 4 *= 38*= H=H5*= 8 = 63*4=. E4 1%#, = 5/+/73 54 J449 <4 =76*4, 5*=48= 54 * 4 1%(. T+*= * H4*3?*534 8 == =783=, = 54<3+73 4 +383=7* 4 * 538*8 8 C43*, =5+30348 *+* 4 83*+3 +*835*, * G*57* R4*4*, 848 5/4? * 733?*+ 5457= 63*4= 8 * 83*;5735* *+* 343+ 4 == 38*= =0+ =53*3=/. S 7+*=*8 * P*+= 4 1%( 9 5/4? * =5+303+ *+* 7+= +3835= +*835*=, 5/ =
A4*= F+*45A/*4=
:D7=56+*4?=3=56 J*6+056+> 9 V++7=, *= 5/ 4* =+3 8 30+=, 8 = 5*= <*+3= +4 5=5+37= 54 E4=. F -33*8 * B+=*= 4 B;35* 4 1%(!, 848 = 54<3+73 4 4* H+* 3/+7*47 8 * L3* 8 = C/43=7*=, *47= 8 ++=*+ * C43*, 848 48 = +3 +3835, * N<* G*57* R4*4*. S -33 4* <? /=, 4 1%(& = 7+*=*8 * L48+= 47 54 = ==* J449 9 == 63=. E4 L48+=, * */33* = +8 * * 0+?*, + M*+- =33 =5+30348 9 +/*48 == 7+*= =0+ * 4*7+*?* 8 * =538*8 9 5/ 5+* 8+* /+*+=, *= 5/ 4* 5*/*@* + =53*3=/ 9 54<3+73;48= 4 4* H+* 8=7*5*8* 8 * P+3/+* I47+4*534*.
L-+ 4)(6-+ 7) M-( +8() - +)7-7# - )96- ;64-# <=) +) ) )4*-9)4) 9 ) 9-(+9 , ==7344 78*= *= =538*8= *<*4?*4 * 7+*<;= 8 * 83*;5735* 8 * 56* 8 5*==. F /9 5+735 8 * +/* =5354/35* <347 8 * =538*8, 5*37*3=/, * */ * 8357*8+* 8 * 0+=*, *H+/*48 = <*0* * 5*0 + *= *5*8**8*= 5*== 8@*= 8 = /83= 8 +85534, *+* = +3 04H53. Y 7+3? , 5/ = *47+3+= =3=7/*= =5354/35=, 34<37*0/47 = +853+*4 74=34= 347+4*=, +8538*= + *= 9= 83*;5735*=, <*+*4 * = +/*? + 4 4<
=3=7/* * 5*+ 8 4* 4<* 5*= =53*, +7*+3*8. S=7< * =538*8 0* =53*3=/, =+* +38* + * 5*= 0++* 4 */ * 8357*8+* 8 +7*+3*8, E=7*8 0++ 8/5+*53* 0++*. C+* =53*3=/ =+*, * = <?, <47*/47 +/*?*8 + 4* =538*8 =34 E=7*8 9 =34 5*== */*8* 5/43=/ +. J47 54 * 5+453* 4 * 34<37*0338*8 8 =53*3=/ 9 8 5/43=/, M*+- 56 *573<*/47 *+* * 3//47*534 8 +3/+ : =53*3=/>, *+/47*48 = 7+35= =53*= 9 *= +=4*= 8=*<+538*= 80*4 +*3?*+ 4* *5534 +<534*+3* +*43?*8* *+* 8++5*+ 5*37*3=/ 9 +*+ 4 5*/03 =5354/35. M347+*= M*+- = /*47< 5/ 4* H+* 8=54538* 8+*47 = <38*, == 38*= 9 * 38* 8 /*+-3=/ 5/4?*+4 * +5+ 4* +*4 34453* =0+ = /<3/347= =53*3=7*= 5 8=;= 8 = /+7. V*83/3+ U3*4< :L434> +3/+ 7+35+5735 34747 8=*++*+ 4=*/347 8 M*+- 4 * +5735*. L= 03+4= +<534*+3= =53*3=7*=, 7/*+4 8+ 4 4* <*+38*8 8 *== * *+ 8 =3 XX, <*48 * * +/*534 8 E=7*8= 5/ * U434 S<3;735* 4 1&22 9 * R035* P*+ C634* 4 1&(&, 54 83<+=*= <*+3*47= 7+35*= 8=*++*8*=, 5/ L4343=/ 9 M*=/. M*+- = 4+/*/47, 47 * /3 D+W63/ 9 * M*- 0+, 5/ 4 8 = 7+= +3453*= *+3757= 8 * 53453* =53* /8+4*, 9 6* =38 8=5+37 5/ 4* 8 *= H+*= /= 34947= 4 * 63=7+3* 6/*4*, 4 1&&& 4* 45=7* 8 * BBC <7*8 5/ 4=*8+ 8 M343 + +=4*= 8 78 /48.
B>(-?6(9)(+ -,+ P5 = =*0 =0+ * 34*453* 8 K*+ M*+-. F 0*73?*8, 4 * 3=3* 7+*4*. S 85 4 5*=* 6*=7* 4 1%' 47+ 4 I4=7377 8 T+3+. E4 570+ 8 1%!, K*+, 74* 1$ *@=, * * U43<+=38*8 8 B44, 848 8=*0* =783*+ H=* 9 37+*7+*,
+ = *8+ 34=3=73 4 8+56 5/ 5*/ 8 =783 /= +5735. F 5**? 8 <37*+ =+<353 /337*+ 5*48 5/3 = 1% *@= + =+* 8 80338*8 8 56. S348 *H534*8 * *= 0038*= *5635*= 4 B44, = 43 * C0 8 * T*0+4* 8 T+;<+3= 4* *=53*534 8 008+=. M*+- 4 74* 347+;= 4 =783*+ 8+56, 9 8038 * == /**= 47*=, = *8+ 03 * 7+*4=+3+= * * /56 /= =+3* 9 *5*8;/35*/47 +347*8* U43<+=38*8 8 B+4, 848 == =783= 8 8+56 = 6353+4 /4= 3/+7*47= *= -5+=34= 4 * H=* 9 * 63=7+3*.
")>)-+9 -4*+9 4)9;(- M*+- = 347+= 8 4* +/* 5+735* + * 0+* 8 H= */4 G..F " , 59*= 38*= +4 80*738*= 47+ = 5+5= H=H5= += 8 * ;5*. M*+- =5+303 = =47* 4+/ 8038 * += 7+>=+4 ;( 4))( <=) -)( = 67 7) = ;=4
7) *+4- <=) 7)4)+4-8-.@ S 34<5+ 54 4=*8+= +*835*= 54538= 5/ = <4= 63*4=, = +4*4 4 7+4 * L83 F+0*56 9 B+4 B*+. A 3* M*+-, = <4= 63*4= +4 5+735= 8 = ==7= /7*=35= 8 ", + *4 *= *87*+4 = /;78 83*;5735 54 H4 8 5+3735*+ * * =538*8, * * 735* 9 * * +334 =7*0538*. M*+- =7*0* 5/+/738 4 =5+303+ = 7=3= 857+*, D3+453* 8 * H=* 8 * 4*7+*?* 4 D/5+37 9 E35+, 7+/34 4 1%(1. E4 * 848* 4 =53* * *7=/ 8 E35+, 4 H= 8 * *4738*8 9 +*45 447 8 * 5+453* 4 4 83=, 9 5/ 7* ;/35*, 47+ = +=+= 54=+<*8+= 8 * U43<+=38*8 8 B+4, + =7 /73< M*+- 85383 +=47*+* 4 * /= 30+* U43<+=38*8 8 J4*, 59* *57*8 7+ 857+*8 0*=*8 4 * 7=3=. D 54=38+*+ 4* 5*+++* *5*8;/35*, M*+- = <5 * +383=/,
4(-+-77+) - - =7-7 7) C- ) 12, 848 5/4? *
=5+303+ *+* +3835 +*835* G*57* R4*4* 9 -+= == 3434= 5*8* <? /= =53*3=7*= =0+ * 735*. E4 1%(, M*+- 035 * 0+* S0+ * 5=734 8*, 4 * 63? 4* 83=734534 47+ * /*453*534 735* 9 * 6/*4*. E= /3=/ *@ 035 C+735* 8 * H=* 8 8+56 8 ", 848 = 5 /= ==7*453*/47 8 * +334, 8=5+303;48* 5/ @)
; 7) ;=)8@. C/7 *= 8= 0+*= 5 *47= 8 *0*484*+ C43*.
E ;)(7 7) -(6+ T+*= 53++ 3/=7 + 03+4 8 * G*57* R4*4*, M*+- = 34<5+ 54 4 4< +3835 +*835*, = A4*= +*45*/*4=. E +3835 4 =7*0* 5*3?*8 4 A/*43*, =34 4 * 538*8 8 P*+= 4 F+*453* 848 2% 8 *=7 8 1%((, M*+- 5453 * =53*3=7* */4 F+38+356 E4= 9 5/4?*+4 = */3=7*8 8+*+* +=7 8 == <38*=. E4= /=7+ * M*+- = 30+ L* =37*534 8 * 5*= 0++* 4 I4*7++*, 54<453 * M*+- 8 * 5*= 0++* =+* *47 9 34=7+/47 8 * 73/* +<534 4 * 63=7+3*. E4 1%(( M*+- =5+303 M-=+(4+ )9+ ++ , 4* 0+* *0*+5* 4/+== 7/*= 9 47+ 4 87* *+* -35*+ = 5457 8 4(-8- -)-7. E=7 /*4=5+37 6*0* 0=35*/47 8 7+= 5=*=
1. L* 63=7+3* 735* 34757* 8 4* =538*8 =7 87+/34*8* + /8 8 +85534 9 * +/*534 =5354/35* = 8+3<* 8 ;
2. U4* <? **+538*= *= 5*== =53*= =0+ * 0*= 8 * +38*8 +3<*8* 9 * -7*534, * 63=7+3* 8 *= =538*8= 6* =38 * 63=7+3* 8 * 56* 8 *= 5*== -7*8+*= 9 *= -7*8*=
3. E4 * *57* =538*8 /8+4* +7*+3*8 = * 435* 5*= =53* 59* /*453*534 =343H5*+ * /*453*534 8 78* *
6/*438*8 /83*47 * +<534 5/43=7* * *03534 8 * +38*8 0+=*, *= 5*== =53*= 9 E=7*8. D=;= 8 * 5*8* 8 = A4*= +*45*/*4=, M*+- =33 <3<348 4 * R V*4*, 9 5/4? * =5+303+ *+* 435 +3835 */4 +*835* =34 54=+* 4 E+*, V++7= C4 =8 4 P*+=, M*+- =33 +5534*48 == 3434= =0+ =53*3=/ 0*=*8 4 *= 38*= 63*4*= 9 +0*563*4*= 8 /*7+3*3=/ 83*;5735, /347+*= * /3=/ 73/ = 8835*0* * 5+3735*+ * <*+3= 30+*= 9 * 7+= =53*3=7*= +*0*4 4 E+* -=*8 8 F+*453* + /343=7+ 8 347+3+ F+*43= G3?7.
E
;)(7
7)
B(=+)-+
7)
M-)+4 I/838 8 +/*45+ 4 F+*453* 7+*=*8*+= * A/*43*, M*+- 8538 /3+*+ * B+=*= 4 B;35*, 848 7< +/7+ 4 035*+ 4*8* =0+ * 735* 547/+4* *+* 8+ 47+*+. S *=53 54 =53*3=7*= -33*8= 8 E+*, E4= 7*/03;4 = 7+*=*8 * * 538*8 *+* 43+= * =. S 8835 * =5+303+ 4 30+ = * /48 <3=7 5/ = /+ *47*/347 8 5457 8 /*7+3*3=/ 63=7+35, L- 7)>6- -)9-- L =33 L* /3=+3* 8 * H=* 4 1%($, 9 4* 5+735* 8 4=*/347 =53*3=7* +*45;= 4 4+*. E=7= 30+= =47*+4 *= 0*== 8 7+*0* /= */= 8 M*+*==+*8 + E4=, 6* =38 54538 5/ M*43H=7 7)
-(47 C9=+4-# = 035 + +3/+* <? 21 8 0++ 8 1%(%. E=7 =7*053 *= 0*== 8 * L3* 8 = C/43=7*=, 4 + 6*0* 5/4?*8 * =+ /9 34453*8* + M*+- 9 E4=. L*= +3/+*= 4*= 8 *47 =7*054 * 0*= +3453*
8 /*+-3=/, @L- +4(- 7) 47-+ -+ +)7-7)+ -+4-
=)+4(+ 76-+ )+ - +4(- 7) - =- 7) -+)+@. S *4*3?*4 = *47*43=/= =4 M*+- +4 =+348 + = 54357= 8 347+== 47+ * 0+=* :* 5*= /83* *5*8**8*> 9 +7*+3*8 :* 5*= 0++* 348=7+3*>. P*+7348 8 =7, M*43H=7 +=47* *+/47 8 + ; * L3* 8 = C/43=7*=, * 83+453* 8 7+= +=, +*/47 =7*0* *57*48 + = 347+== 8 +7*+3*8 *+* 8++5*+ * * =538*8 5*37*3=7* 9 +/*?*+* 54 =53*3=/. S 835 M*+- 54 4 834+ 6+8*8 *+/ * 4= 7+*0**8+= 0*= *+* *5534= +<534*+3*=. A4 * <+*538*8 8 =7*= *5=*534= = 83=574, M343=7+3 8 J=7353* B* *5= 9 =7+3+/47 *++=7, * 03 * 63+ * F+*453*, * =7*+ 54 4 4< 03+4 +035*4 4 8+, 5+9 =7*+* =+.
E ;)(7 7) CE=7*053;48= 7/+*/47 4 P*+=, 7+*=*8 * =8 8 * L3* 8 = C/43=7*= * * 538*8. E4 1%(% M*+- <<3 * C43*, 54 * =+*4?* 8 <+ * +<534 -748+= * A/*43*. E 1 8 43, M*+- 5/4? * 035*534 8 83*+3 * N<* G*57* R4*4*, H4*453*8 * 7+*<;= 8 4* +5347 6+453* 8 = *8+. E 83*+3 83=@*8 *+* 4+ 47353*= 4 78* E+* 54 = +3* 347++7*534 /*+-3=7* 8 = *54753/347=. M*+- =33 =348 4 8 == +3453*= +8*57+=, *5/*@*8 + 7+= 5/*@+= 8 * L3* 8 = C/43=7*= =5+30*4 *+* +3835, *4 * =*+ 8 * 47+*8* = /*47<, 5/ 83 F+38+356 E4=, 4* =3/ 8357*8+* 8 M*+-, 8/34 * 5534 8 547438. M347+*= 837+ 8 +3835, M*+- 9 = 7+= +<534*+3= =53*3=7*= +4 6=73*8= +*+/47 + * 35*, 7*/03;4 <*8 * 353 4 <*+3*= 5*=34=. E +9 F8+35 G3+/ IV,
347+8 4 4< *0347 8 == *+738*+3= +*5534*+3=, 347+8+4 /838*= 547+*++<534*+3*= *+* 30+*+= 8 4 3?3+83=7* 9 7+= /47= +<534*+3= 8 *=. C/ *+7 8 =7, * N<* G*57* R4*4* =+3/38* +47 9 M*+- +5303 * +84 8 *0*484*+ *= 1# 8 /*9. V<3 * P*+=, =7*0* 4745= 0* *= *++*= 8 4* 547+*++<534 +*5534*+3* 9 4* 38/3* 8 5+*. C4 = ==* J449 =+*48 = 5*+7 63 9 =34 8+ <<+ * A/*43* * B;35*, 0=5 +3 4 L48+= 4 *=7 8 1%(&.
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
B*W434 :1%1(1%$#>. P+ *4 M*+- *4 =7* 83=7*, * 7+*4=+453* 8 * =8 8 C4= G4+* 8 L48+= * N<* Y+W 4 1%$2, *9*8* + M*+-, < * * 85*8453* 8 * I47+4*534*. E <47 735 /= 3/+7*47 8+*47 * -3=7453* 8 * P+3/+* I47+4*534* * C/4* 8 P*+= 8 1%$1, 5*48 = 538*8*4= 8 P*+= = +0*+4 547+* = 03+4 9 +7<3+4 * * 538*8 8+*47 8= /==. M*+- 7*/03;4 34747 4748+ 5*37*3=/ 9 *= /56 73/ 4 * =** 8 M= B+37435, =783*48 9 +-34*48 =0+ *= 0+*= 8 = 54/3=7*= 735= 9 =0+ 8*7= 54/35=. E4
1H +) ;=8 ) ;(9)( *=9) 7) E C-;4-# 4* 0+* *4*3?* +5= 8 +85534 5*37*3=7*. A, M*+- *0+ = 7+* 8 <*+7+*0*, = 545534 8 * =<** 9 8 * -7*534 =4 ; 4 73/* 34=7*453* <*+* * 4* 7*=* 8 *4*453* 85+5347 9 * 5*= 8 5*37*3=/ 348=7+3*.
M-( ) 12 D+*47 * 73/* 8;5*8* 8 = <38*, * =*8 8 M*+- 8534 9 345**? 8 +4*+ =+? 6*0* 5*+*57+3?*8 = 7+*0* *47+3+. E4 4* 5*+7* 4<3*8* * V+* Z*=356 8*7* 8 % 8 /*+? 8 1%%1, M*+- 345= 547/ * =30338*8 8 R=3* *=*+* + *7 * 7** 8 8=*++ 5*37*3=7* 9 54=7+9+* 5/43=/ =0+ * 0*= 8 * +38*8 5/4 8 73++*, * 5*+*57+=735 8 * 5/438*8 /3+.
M=)(4) M*+- 8=*++ 4* +7 +3 /*47< 54 4 /* =7*8 8 =*8 8+*47 = 73/= 1! /== 8 = <38*. C4 73/, 547+* 0+4373= 9 +=* 548+4 * = /+7 1( 8 /*+? 8 1%% 4 L48+=.
V*+3= 8 == */3= /= 5+5*4= 6*0*+4 4 = 4+*, 345948 36/ L30W4567 9 F+38+356 E4=. L* 38* 8 M*+- <* /4=* +*0*8 [P+7*+3= 8 78= = *==, 4=, +=47 4 * 73/* 4* 8 M*43H=7 C/43=7* 9 * +*= 8 * T=3= XI =0+ F+0*56 :837*8* + E4=> L= H== = 6*4 347++7*8 /48 8 83=7347= /8=, + 8 = 7+*7* = 8 7+*4=+/*+. E P*+738 C/43=7* 8 G+*4 B+7*@* 54=7+9 * 38* /4/47* 4 1&!(. E4 1&$' 60 4 34747 *38 8 8=7+3+ /4/47 54 4* 0/0* 5*=+*.
V7- ?-9-( M*+- 7< 4* <38* +=4* 8835*8* 8 +/* -6*=73<* * =783 8 *= 83+47= 83=5334*= 8 4=*/347 9 4 =53* 8 * H=* 63=7+3* 5* 3/35 445* 7<3+* =7*0338*8 54/35* =34 /0*+, 547 =3/+ 54 *9 H 345483534* 8 = */3 E4=.
)+-9)4 T=73 9 <573/* 8 * +3/+* +*4 5+3=3= 8 5*37*3=/ :8;5*8* 8 1%'> 9 8 *= +<534= 8 1%(%, M*+- = += 8=*++*+ 4* 7+* 54/35* 5**? 8 *+7*+ -35*534= * * 5+3=3=, + * * <? 8 347+*+ * +7*+3*8 * *+7353*+ 4 * *573<*/47 *+* +853+ 4 5*/03 +<534*+3. L* 0+* 8 M*+- 6* =38 8* 8 83=7347*= +/*=. E4 * = 34594 0+*= 8 7+* 9 5+735* 54/35*, ;/35*= H=H5*=, /*43H=7= 8 +*43?*534= 735*=, 5*8+4= 8 7+*0* 9 *+75= +38=735= =0+ * *57*38*8 8 =3 XIX. L= +3453*= 7/*= =0+ = 7+*0* M*+- +4 * 5+735* H=H5*, * 5+735* 735* 9 * 5+735* 8 * 54/* 735*.
L-+ 8(-+ 7) M-( - +;(-7 - =9)(+-+ (>--)+ ;64-+ 5/+/738*= 4 =+*+ 5*37*3=/. P+ 4* *+7,
6*0+* =@**+ * 347++7*534 6*4 +*3?*8 = 4343=7*=, *+738*+3= 8 4* <*4*+83* 8 +7*+3*8, +*43?*8* 4 4 *+738 +<534*+3, +*+*8, =3 = 45=*+3, *+* 7+*0**+ 4 * 5*48=73438*8, / * * 5*= 0++* * 6*5+= 54 8+ /83*47 * +?* 34=++5534* 8 /*=*=, *+* *= 8++5*+ * == *473*= 5*== +=+*= 9 8/34*47=, * 0+=* 9 * *+3=75+*53*, -+348*= 8 = 547+ =0+ **+*7 8 E=7*8 9 = /83= 8 +85534, 9 +58348 * * 54=7+5534 8 4 E=7*8 0++ , *8/= 8 34=7373+ * *;* 5/ 5*= 8/34*47, +/37* *<*4?*+ 6*53* =53*3=/ \=538*8 *7*/47 3*37*+3* 9 =38*+3*, =0+ * 0*= 8 * 8/5+*53* 0++* 9 * +38*8 =53* =0+ = /83= 8 +85534, 9 4 +7 8=*++ +8573< 9 57+*, 54 4* 54/* *43H5*8* 5**?
8
=3+
6*8*/47
*=
+3453*=
45=38*8=
/*9+37*+3*=\ 9 * 8=**+3534 8 * 83<3=34 8 * =538*8 4 5*==, 6*=7* *+ * 5/43=/ \=538*8 =34 5*== =53*= 9 =34 E=7*8, 0*=*8* 4 4 *7=3/ 43< 8 53<33?*534. P+ 7+*, * +*3?* * =53*8/5+*53*, 4 == +4= 547+*+3* * * 75735* +<534*+3* 9 *+738*+3* 8 *<*4?*+ 6*53* =53*3=/ * 7+*<;= 8 ++=3<*= ++/*= *+*/47*+3*= :6*9 853+ * /*9+* 8 *+738= =53*8/5+*7*= 6*4 38 5 * 5 ++/*48 == *47*/347=, 6*=7* *57*+ * 54/* 8 /+5*8>. O7+= 7+35=, 5/ = 8 5/43=/ 54=3=7* =4 *+738*+3= 8 * 7/* 8 8+ + *+7 8 * 5*= 0++* *7 +*43?*8* 9 4 + *+7 8 4 *+738.
I7)-+ +-+ D+*47 = <478, 9 /347+*= = +/*0* 4 H=*, M*+- +5303 * 34453* 8 H= */4 +8/34*47 4 A/*43* 4 * 73/, ". D =7 *7+ 7/ /;78 8 4=*/347 83*;5735, * , =4 == +3*= **0+*=, 48+* =0+ == 3= =343H5*48 *= 8 38*3=/ 83*;5735 8 =+37 5/
77*38*8 * 4* 83*;5735* 8 8<43+ 54=7*47 848 * =47=3=, * 83+453* 8 ", 4 6*0* =38 +*3?*8*. A8/=, =3 733?*48 /;78 83*;5735 *+* *4*3?*+ *= 547+*835534= 4 * 63=7+3* 8 * 6/*438*8 9, =5H5*/47, ** 47+ 5*37* 9 7+*0*.
L-+ 7+ )4-;-+ 7) M-( U4* 347++7*534 =0+ 8=*++ 8 * 0+* 8 M*+-, +<4347 8 +*45;= L3= A76==+, 54=38+* = =5+37= 8 M*+- = 83<384 4 8= <+7347=. E=7* 347++7*534 = +<*47 4 * -;735* /*+-3=7*, + * * <? = /9 ;/35* 9 5= *7+= * /*47344 * 8* 8 69. A76==+ 4547+* 8= 7**=
1 M-( *) -+4- 15 +8 4 =783* * *34*534 : 4*4*534> 9 * 38*, 8=8 4* +=573<* 5+5*4* * 6/*43=/ 3438* 4 +*4 *+7 + * H=* 8 L83 F+0*56.
M-( +) ;()>=4- 4)+4- ) +=+ M-=+(4+ 7) 1: E <= ++4)# )4)+# - )-)- 7) 4(-8-P P+3/+*/47 4 7+*0* = -7+4 * 7+*0**8+, = 853+, 4 +745 * = =+ 4 4 = 7+*0*, 7+*0**8+ 4 = *H+/*, =34 = 43* 4 = =347 3?, =34 8=+*53*8 4 8=*++* 4* 30+ 4+* =35* 9 =3+37*, =34 /+73H5* = 5+ 9 *++34* = =+37. P+ = 7+*0**8+ = = =347 4 = +* 8 7+*0*, 9 4 7+*0* +* 8 =. E=7 4 =9 5*48 4 7+*0** 9 5*48 7+*0** 4 =7 4 =9. S 7+*0* 4 =, *=, <47*+3, =34 +?*8, 7+*0* +?*8. P+ = 4 = * =*73=*5534 8 4* 45=38*8, =34 =*/47 4 /83 *+* =*73=*5+ *= 45=38*8= +* 8 7+*0*. S 5*+57+ -7+*@ = <38453* 5*+*/47 4 656 8 7*4 +47 5/ 4 -3=7 4* 5*5534 =35* 8 5*3+ 7+ 73 = 69 8 7+*0* 5/ 8 * =7. E 7+*0* -7+4, 7+*0* 4 6/0+ = 4*4*, = 4 7+*0* 8 *7 =*5+3H53, 8 *=573=/. E4 73/ 7;+/34, *+* 7+*0**8+ = /=7+* * -7+3+38*8 8 7+*0* 4 ;=7 4 = =9, =34 8
7+, 4 +745 4 5*48 =7 4 ; 4 = +745 * = /3=/, =34 * 7+. P+745+ * 7+, = * ;+838* 8 = /3=/. P*+**/47 * =7*= 38*= 8=5+30 * 6/0+ 54 83<+=*= 545534= 54=38+* 4 =+ +* 8 5*+4 9 6= = 435*/47 +=7*8 8 * 63=7+3* 54/35*, 4 +835*8 8 * +85534 8 * /3=/* 63=7+3*. P34=* 6/0+ = +*3?* /83H5*48 * 4*7+*?* *+* =*73=*5+ == 45=38*8= 4 4 +5= 83*;5735 4 * 7+*4=+/*534 8 *47 9 *5347 = 7+*4=+/*534 /7*. L* *74+*534 8 6/0+ = 4 +5= +*, 63=7+35 83*;5735, 47483;48= * 83*;5735* 5/ +5= 9 /<3/347 * 7+*<;= 8 * =+*534 =347;735* 8 *= 547+*835534=. C*48 M*+- 6*0* 8 ]+*38*8] 6*5 ++453* * 547-7 63=7+35 =53* 9 * /48 8 6/0+. A=+* 6/0+ = == +*534= =53*=. P*+* M*+-, 6/0+ = 4 8 87+/34*+= * *+73+ 8 =+37 43 8 * 38* =34 * *+73+ 8 6/0+ /3=/, 8 ;=7 = 545+7*/47, 6/0+ +*, 5++, 4 3 =0+ * 73++* H+/. E 6/0+ 4 = 4 =+ *0=7+*57, +* 8 /48 =34 6/0+ = 4 /48, =7 = E=7*8 9 * =538*8. L* 30+7*8, * 5**538*8 8 *57*+ 3348, =7 3/37*8* * *= 87+/34*534= 63=7+35*=, + =, * /3=/ 73/, /7+ 8 *;*= 5*48 *= +*534= =53*= 9 7;5435*= 47+*4 4 5+3=3=. D3=, * F3=* 9 E=7*8 54=73794 *34*534= 4 4=*/347, *34*534= 848347= 8 * *34*534 54/35*, 54=38+*8* *+* M*+- 435* 4*4*534 +*.
E4 4*= 4+*=, M*+- 8H48 * 38* 8 * *34*534 /0+5 * 6/0+ =53 63=7+35 448 * =30338*8 8 /83H5*+ *=57= 8 = /037= 4 = = < 34<5+*8, +<548 4* 5453453* *=* 8 = +*38*8. S34 /0*+, ;=7 = 4 656 8 =+3/3+=. P735*/47, 4=*8+ */4 *0* + 4* =538*8 5/43=7*. E47+ 6/0+ *34*8 :* 4 534538 54=3 /3=/> 9 6/0+ 5/43=7* :* H4*/47 = 3* * 6/0+> = 55* +5= 7+*4=+/*8+. S 4 * =538*8 5/43=7* 6*0+ 8=**+538 78* *34*534.
2 M-( 9-7=( 1515: S4 A76==+, 1%(!, *@ 8 L* 38* */*4* 9 *= T=3= =0+ F+0*56, /*+5* * +7+* 3=7/35* :5457 7/*8 8 G*=74 B*56*+8>. A *+73+ 8 * 5* M*+- +/ 54 = 7** *47+3+, 3835* 9 H=H5*, 34*+* 4 +8 5347H5 4 5* 8=*++* =783= 54/35= 63=7+35= =*48 /;78 8 /*7+3*3=/ 63=7+35. C/ 83+* A76==+, M*+- 34*+* 5473447 63=7+3*. E=7 =, /3447/47, +8 8 = /*4* 0+* E 5*37*. C+735* 8 * 54/* 735*. N 6*9 <38*+, + 7+ *8, = 7-7= 8 = =7* 0+* =+ * C47+30534 * * 5+735* 8 * 54/* 735* : 8*+ /*7+3* *+* +3/+ 5*7 8 E 5*37*> = G+48+3==, 59 7*+8 8=50+3/347 83 /56 6*0*+ =0+ *= 5473438*8= 8 M*+- 54 = +3/+* 7**, 9 ++534 *+/47= * = 5+735= 8 * +7+* 3=7/35*. D+*47 = 7** 8 /*8+?, * 0+* 8 M*+- = << /= =3=7/735* 9 =+4 == 5457= 54/35= /= 8=7*5*8= * 7+* 8 <*+, * -7*534 5/ *+3*534 8 =<**, * 7+* -35*73<* =0+ *= 5+3=3= 5*37*3=7*=.
S34 /0*+ 7+= *7+=, 34538 E+356 F+//, 43*4 * +7+* 3=7/35* 9 ==7344 * 38* 8 4*4*534 = * 48*/47* 8+*47 78 4=*/347 8 K*+ M*+-. M= 5+5*4= * 6/*43=/, 4 54=38+*4 6*9* 4 <4 9 4 <3 M*+- 9 +3<34835*4 * 5473438*8 8 = 0+* *+88+ 8 4 5457 8 6/0+ 9 = 4*4*534 4 5*37*3=/.
C(64+ 7) M-( L* 3/+7*453* 8 K*+ M*+- 4 *4+*/* 34757* 9 735 8 =3 XIX, 9 8 = *8 4 =3 XX, 6*4 +<5*8 4/+=*= 5+735*= * = 0+* 9 = +=4*. E4 =3 XIX, *= +3453*= 5+735*= +<4*4 8 34757*= 9 +*43?*534= 8 /<3/347 0++ ==74*4 =7+*= 735*= 83=7347*= * *= 8 M*+-. E47+ 7+=, B*W434, *4*+3=7* 9 +3<* 4 * 34=3+*534 8 * I47+4*534*, 54=38+*0* 073< 8 = /*+-3=7*= +* ^4 8+= =7*8 547+*3?*8._ D+*47 73/ 7+53 8 =3 XIX 9, =0+ 78 8+*47 =3 XX, *
+?*
8
/*+-3=/
4
=
*/0347=
34757*=
9
+*43?*534= 735*= 8 78 /48 63? 4/+== 4=*8+= 54=+<*8+= 9 30+*= 34747*=4 +7*+. A4*= 5+735*= = 547+*4 4 /47= 545+7= 8 * 0+* 8 M*+-, /347+*= 7+*= = 44 * *4* 8 *= <+=34= 8 5*44 /*+-3=7* *0+*8 + *= +*43?*534= 735*= 9 = 34757*= =53*3=7*= 5/43=7*=.
O8(- 4)(-(A>=-+ O8(-+ )+(4-+ ;( K-( M-( D3+453* 47+ * H=* 8 * 4*7+*?* 8 D/5+37 9 * 8 E35+ :1%(1>, 7=3= 857+*. C+735* 8 * H=* 8 8+56 8 " :1%(> S0+ * 5=734 8* :1%(>
M*4=5+37= 54/35= 9 H=H5= 8 1%(( :035*8* =7/*/47 4 1&2> L* /3=+3* 8 * H=* :1%($> T+*0* *=**+3*8 9 5*37* :1%($> L*= 56*= 8 5*== 4 F+*453* 8 1%(% * 1%!' :1%!'> P+*53 8 C47+30534 * * 5+735* 8 * 54/* 735* :1%!&> E 5*37*, </4 I :1%#$> L* ++* 53<3 4 F+*453* :1%$1>
O8(-+ )+(4-+ ;( M-( E>)+ L* =*+*8* */33* :1%(!> M*43H=7 5/43=7* :1%(%> E 5*37*, </4 II :1%%!, =7/ *+* M*+-> E 5*37*, </4 III :1%&(, =7/ *+* M*+->
L- 4=98- 7) K-( M-(# ) ) )9)4)( 7) ">>-4)# L7()+
CONCLUSI&N
E =+ 9 ; +8() )+4) ;)(+-) )+ <=) >( -;(4-( 9 >Q 4( 7) 9-)(- 9= )+;)- - 9=7 7) ) 76- ) =-4 - <=) 4)) <=) *)( ) 9;=+ 7) =- +)7-7 8() 7) - ;()+ 7) -<=)+ <=) ;( += ;7)( ;64 )9 - 79-7 -8=++ 9)4(-+ - -<=)+ <=) Q <=) <=)() )+ **( ) =+)7-7 77) +) )+4-8)- =+4-+ -- =- )<=) -=7) - 74-( = ++4)9- <=) -8-(<=) +)9;() -=7- + 9+ ))+4-7+ ;-(- -+)>=(-( = ?=4=( +)9;() 9)( =)+4(+ +.
RECOMENDACIONES
ESTA RECOMENDADO A TODO A!UEL !UE DESEE SABER DE UNA FORMA BREVE Y SENCILLA ERO SIN DEJAR DE SER SERIA Y CLARA# LA VIDA DE !UIEN SE LO "A DESCRITO COMO UNA DE LAS FIGURAS MS INFLUYENTES DE LA "ISTORIA "UMANA# Y !UE SEG$N UNA ENCUESTA DE LA BBC LO "A CALIFICADO COMO EL ENSADOR DEL MILENIO# ANALIZADA EN DIFERENTES LIBROS DE AUTORES DE RENOMBRE !UE GARANTIZAN LA EXELENCIA DE ESTE TRABAJO.