PRAKTIKUM Ilmu Tanah
TIM
Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Departemen Pertanian Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian Universitas Diponegoro Semarang 2017
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1
TATA CARA PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL TANAH
Sampel tanah merupakan bagian tanah yang diambil untuk kemudian dianalisis. Sampel yang diambil harus dapat mewakili sifat fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah tempat pengambilan sampel. Hal ini berhubungan dengan cara pengambilan sampel. Tanah yang diambil harus jauh dari perumahan, jalan, selokan, bekas pembakaran, penimbunan pupuk dan tidak diambil dari tanah yang lebih dalam dari tanah lain. Luas dari suatu lahan dapat bermacam-macam, luas lahan ini selanjutnya dihubungkan dengan banyaknya sampel tanah (contoh individual) yang diambil. Sampel tanah yang dapat diambil dari daerah yang keadaannya homogen adalah sekitar 5 – 5 – 20 20 sampel tanah. Sampel tanah terdiri dari sampel tanah utuh, agregat dan biasa, cara pengambilan dari sampel tanag ini memiliki perbedaan karena digunakan pada analisis sifat tanah yang berbeda. Berikut ini dijelaskan cara pengambilan sampel tanah.
1. Cara pengambilan sampel tanah utuh
1) Ratakan dan bersihkan lapisan atas tanah yang akan diambil, kemudian letakkan tabung tegak pada lapisan tanah tersebut. 2) Gali tanah di sekeliling tabung dengan sekop atau pisau. 3) Iris tanah dengan pisau hampir mendekati tabung.
4) Tekan tabung sampai bagian masuk ke dalam tanah.
5) Letakkan tabung lain tepat di atas tabung pertama, kemudian tekan lagi sampai bagian bawah tabung kedua kedua masuk ke dalam tanah sedalam 1 cm. 6) Tabung beserta tanah di dalamnya digali dengan sekop/cangkul. 7) Pisahkan tabung kedua dengan hati-hati, kemudian potong tanah pada bagian bawah dan atas tabung sampai benar-benar rata. 8) Tutup tabung dengan tutup plastik dan masukkan ke dalam peti.
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2
sampai keadaan air sekitar kapasitas lapang. Tidak diperkenankan menggunakan palu atau alat pemukul lain untuk memasukkan tabung ke dalam tanah.
2. Cara pengambilan sampel tanah agregat
1) Ratakan dan bersihkan lapisan atas tanah. 2) Ambil segumpal tanah yang cukup besar dan simpan dalam plastik.
3. Cara pengambilan sampel tanah biasa
1) Ambil sampel tanah pada kedalaman 1 – 20 cm (wilayah yang homogen), sampel tanah diambil secara acak. 2) Contoh tanah yang diambil kemudian dicampur sebagai bentuk contoh tanah rata-rata. 3) Contoh tanah rata-rata itu kemudian dikeringanginkan. 4) Contoh tanah yang sudah kering kemudian diayak dan disim pan.
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3
SIFAT FISIK TANAH
ACARA I PROFIL TANAH
1. TEORI
Horizon
tanah
untuk
memudahkan
dalam
mempelajari
dan
mendeskripsikannya. Lapisan-lapisan yang dihasilkan selama pembentukan pembentukan tanah dikelompokkan dalam A, B, dan C. Pembagian dari masing-masing lapisan disebut horizon. Horizon A00 Horizon A0 Horizon A1 Horizon A2 Horizon A3 Horizon B1 Horizon B2 Horizon B3 Horizon C Kelompok A (eluvial = tercuci keluar) berada di permukaan dan dicirikan sebagai zone dimana terjadi pencucian maksimum. Dimulai dari permukaan bagian mineral horizon-horizon diberi tanda A1, A2, dan seterusnya. Bila bahan organic menutupi permukaan, seperti halnya hutan, massa tersebut ditandai dengan A0. Bila lapisan itu tebal sehingga lapisan dapat dibedakan dengan tanda yang diberikan A 00. Kelompok B (iluvial = menumpuk) meliputi lapisan dimana terjadi peniimbunan dari atas maupun bawah. Merupakan daerah penimbunan maksimum bahan-bahan besi dan aluminium oksida dan liat silikat. Bahan tersebut berasal dari pencucian lapisan atas atau dibentuk dari horizon B. di daerah kering kalsium
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4
bagian dari profil yang dibentuk oleh proses-proses pembentukan tanah berbeda dari bahan induk yang ada di bawahnya. Horizon C atau bahan induk kurang mengalami hancuran dan biasanya sama atau kurang lebih serupa dengan bahan darimana horizon A dan B berasal. Dalam keadaan sekarang ia tidak dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya pembentuk tanah, tetapi bagaian teratas dengan waktu w aktu A menjadi bagian dari solum. Karena bagian teratas terata s horizon mengalami hancuran kimia, maka dapat dibedakan beberapa zone. Pada umumnya orang jarang membedakannya. Secara umum profil tanah terdiri dari beberapa lapisan, yaitu : A00 = horizon terdiri dari bahan organic lepas yang belum lapuk. Biasanya tidak dijumpai di padang rumput, tetapi terdapat di hutan, terutama di daerah beriklim sedang dan pada suatu saat dalam setahun dijumpai dalam jumlah banyak. A0 = horizon yang yang mengandung bahan organik yang yang sebagian atau sepenuhnya sepenuhnya mengalami humifikasi. Ia berbentuk fibrik atau rendah. Tidak dijumpai di padang rumput. Di tanah hutan biasanya dapat dibedakan dua lapisan, F daerah fermentasi dan H daerah humus matang. A1 = horizon mineral berwarna gelap gelap mengandung banyak bahan organic yang di humifikasikan tercampur rata dengan bagian inorganik. Pada chernosom lapisan ini sangat tebal, pada podzol sangat tipis atau tidak ada, dan pada tanah sangat beragam. A2 = horizon mineral yang yang berwarna terang karena pencucian dan bleching bleching (eluviasi). Pada podzol berkembangbaik dan mudah terlihat. Lapisan kelabu atau bleichorde dari tanah ini, tidak dijumpai pada chermozom dan tanah-tanah tanah-tanah tertentu terutama di daerah kering. A3 = lapisan peralihan, seringnya tidak ada. Bila ada lebih menyerupai A daripada B. B1 = lapisan peralihan dan tidak dijumpai pada kebanyakan tanah, lebih menyerupai B daripada A. B2 = daerah penimbunan (iluviasi) terutama dari dari liat silikat dan senyawa besi dan
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5
dijumpai pan liat. Pada tanah daerah kering bentuk structural dalam B 2 seringseringnya kolumnar dan perismatik. B3 = lapisan peralihan. Tidak selalu harus ada. C
= bahan induk cerai berai sama dengan dengan bahan yang yang membentuk solum. solum. Bahan
ini berasal dari hamparan batuan di bawahnya atau bahan yang diangkut dari tempat lain, kemudian diendapkan di lapisan tersebut.
2. TUJUAN PRAKTIKUM
Tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui susunan s usunan horizon tanah.
3. ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat:
Kamera
Alat tulis
Bahan:
Tanah (yang meliputi horizon-horizonnya)
4. CARA KERJA
1) Carilah tanah yang terlihat horizonnya 2) Amati lapisan horizon tanah dan gambarlah profil tanah tersebut 3) Ambillah gambar/foto tanah tersebut dengan kamera 4) Bandingkan profil tanah yang telah diamati dengan profil tanah secara te ori
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6
ACARA II KADAR AIR TANAH
1. TEORI
Struktur tanah terdiri atas agregat tanah. Pori-pori mengisi ruang diantara agregat tanah. Didalam tanah air terdapat sebagai air kapiler dalam pori-pori mikro, sedangkan air non kapiler terdapat dalam pori makro sebagai selaput tipis yang meliputi butir dan agregat tanah. Banyaknya air yang dapat diikat atau diserap oleh tanah tergantung dari tekstur dan kandungan bahan organik tanah. Terikatnya air didalam pori dan agregat tanah terjadi karena adanya gayakohesi antara molekul air dan butir tanah. Air yang terdapat didalam pori tanah ini disebut kadar air tanah. Tanah kering angin diperoleh apabila tanah dikering anginkan di tempat teduh. Tanah kering mutlak adalah tanah kering angin yang dioven pada suhu 105 – 110 110
C selama beberapa jam sampai beratnya konstan. Berdasarkan gaya yang bekerja pada air, air dibedakan menjadi: 1. Air gravitasi (air bebas) merupakan air yang tidak dapat ditambat oleh partikel tanah, mengalir ke bawah oleh pengaruh gravitasi gravitasi (gaya tarik bumi) Ciri-cirinya:
Air dalam tanah diatas kapasitas lapang
Terikat tidak kuat oleh partikel tanah
Tegangannya kurang dari 0,1 – 0,1 – 0,5 0,5 atmosfer (kurang 1/3 atmosfer) Tidak berguna bagi tanaman, hilang sebagai air drainase
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7
Bergerak degan cara penyusuyan selaput dari tebala ke tipis
Berfunsi sebagai larutan tanah
3. Air Higroskopis merupakan air yang tidak dapat diambil tanaman karena daya ikat partikel tanah terhadap air sangat kuat. Merupakan selaput tipis, setebal beberapa molekul pada permukaan partikel tanah. Ciri-cirinya:
Terikat pada koefisien higroskopis
Tegangan selaput antara 31 – 31 – 10.000 10.000 atm
Kebanyakan terikat oleh koloida tanah
Bergerak dalam bentuk gas
2. TUJUAN PRAKTIKUM
Tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar air (lengas tanah).
3. ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat:
Cawan porcelain
Timbangan analitik
Oven
Desikator
Saringan
Bahan:
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8
4) Cawan porcelain berisi tanah kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam oven, buka tutupnya, panskan pada suhu 105 o C selama 24 jam 5) Setelah 24 jam, masukkan cawan ke dalam desikator 6) Keluarkan dari desikator dan timbang (c gram) Hitung kadar air tanah dengan rumus sbb: KA =
( ) - – –
x 100%
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9
ACARA III TEKSTUR TANAH
1. TEORI
Tekstur tanah merupakan salah satu satu dari beberapa sifat fisik tanah seperti warna tanah, struktur tanah, kadar air, bulk density, dan lain sebagainya. Tekstur tanah adalah perbandingan relatif antara fraksi-fraksi debu, liat, dan pasir dalam bentuk persen. Tekstur tanah erat hubungannya hubungannya dengan kekerasan, permeabilitas, plastisitas, kesuburan, dan produktivitas tanah pda daerah tertentu. Fraksi debu dan pasir merupakan fraksi yang tidak aktif. Hal ini disebabkan dalam massa tanah yang sama, permukaan tanah pasir dan debu luasnya lebih kecil dari liat, sehingga tanah liat lebih banyak menyerap air dan hara dibandingkan dengan tanah pasir dan debu. Berdasarkan garis tengah partikel, tnah dibedakan dalam fraksi batu (>200 mm), kerikil (20 – (20 – 2 2 mm), pasir (2 – 0.05 0.05 mm), debu (0.05 - 0.002 mm), dan liat (<0.002 mm). Tabel 1. Klasifikasi tanah menurut USDA dan Internasional
Fraksi Tanah Pasir sangat kasar Pasir Kasar Pasir Sedang Pasir Halus Pasir sangat halus Debu Liat
Garis tengah fraksi (mm) Sistem USDA 2,00 – 2,00 – 1,00 1,00 1,00 – 1,00 – 0,50 0,50 0,50 – 0,50 – 0,25 0,25 0,25 – 0,25 – 0.10 0.10 0,10 – 0,10 – 0,05 0,05 0,05 – 0,05 – 0,002 0,002 < 0,0002
Internasional 2,00 – 2,00 – 0,20 0,20 0,20 – 0,20 – 0,02 0,02 0,02 – 0,02 – 0,002 0,002 < 0,002
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10
apabila kandungan debunya lebih dari 85%, hal ini sulit diketahui atau dipresentasikan di lapangan. Dikatakan bertekstur lempung bila perbandigan pasir, debu, dan liatnya seimbang. Penentuan tekstur tanah di laboratorium dilakukan dengan analisis secara mekanik atau granulair dengan menentukan prosentase fraksi penyusun tanah. Berdasarkan segitiga USDA dibedakan menjadi 12 kelas tekstur tanah, seperti terlihat dalam tabel berikut : Tabel 2. Penetapan kelas tekstur tanah berdasarka segitiga tekstur USDA No. Kelas Tekstur Rasa dan Sifat Tanah 1. Pasir (sand) Rasa kasar, tidak membentuk bola dan gulungan serta tidak melekat 2. Pasir berlempung Rasa kasar, membentuk bola yang mudah hancur, (loamy sand) sedikit melekat 3. Lempung berpasir Rasa agak kasar, membentuk bola agak keras, mudah (sandy loam) hancur serta melekat 4. Lempung berbedu Rasa licin, membentuk bola teguh, membentuk pita (silt loam) dan lekat 5. Lempung (loam) Rasa tidak kasar dan tidak licin, membentuk bola teguh, dapat sedikit digulung dengan permukaan mengkilat serta melekat 6. Debu (silt) Rasa licin sekali, membentuk bola teguh, dapat sedikit digulung dengan permukaan mengkilat serta agak melekat 7. Lempung berliat Rasa agak kasar, membentuk bola agak teguh atau (clay loam) kering, membentuk gulungan jika dipijit, gulungan mudah hancur serta daya lekatnya sedang 8. Lempun liat berpasir Rasa agak ksar, membentuk bola agak teguh atau (sandy clay loam) kering, jika dioijit membentuk gulungan, gulungan mudah hancur serta melekat 9. Lempung liat berdebu Rasa licn membentuk bola teguh, gulungan mengkilat
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11
pada garis-garis debu dan liat. Garis-garis lalu diproyeksikan ke yang pertama sejajar sisi liat dari segitiga., dan yang kedua sejajar dengan pasir . Nama ruang dimana dua garis itu berpotongan ialah nama klas tanah yang bersangkutan (Gambar 2.)
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12
2. TUJUAN PRAKTIKUM
Tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengamati secara langsung tekstur tanah di lapangan.
3. ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat:
Cangkul
Sekop
Bahan:
Akuades
Sampel tanah agregat
4. CARA KERJA
1) Ambil contoh tanah dari lapangan 2) Ambil tanah tersebut dan basahi secukupnya 3) Gosokkan pada ibu jari dengan jari yang lain 4) Tentukan tekstur sesuai pada tabel
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ACARA IV KONSISTENSI TANAH
1. TEORI
Konsistensi merupakan hubungan langsung tanah dengan tekstur dan keteguhan dan seringkali dihubungkan dengan kekuatannya. Konsistensi tanah menunjukkan integrasi antara kekuatan daya kohesi butir-butir tanah dengan daya adhesi butir-butir tanah dengan benda lain. Keadaan tersebut ditunjukkan dari daya tahan tanah terhadap gaya yang akan mengubah bentuk. Penetapan konsistensi tanah dapat dilakukan dalam tiga kondisi, yaitu basah, lembab, dan kering. Konsistensi basah merupakan penetapan konsistensi tanah pada kondisi kadar air tanah di atas kapasitas lapang ( field cappacity). cappacity). Konsistensi lembab merupakan penetapan konsistensi tanah pada kondisi kadar air tanah sekitar kapasitas lapang. Konsistensi kering merupakan penetapan konsistensi tanah pada kondisi kadar air tanah kering udara. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi konsistensi tanah adalah: 1. Tekstur tanah
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4. CARA KERJA 4.1. Konsistensi Kering dan Lembab
1) Siapkan sampel tanah agregat 2) Bentuklah gumpalan dari tanah tersebut, untuk konsistensi lembab berikan sedikit air 3) Remaslah gumpalan tanah tersebut 4) Rasakan apakah tanah tersebut mudah atau sukar hancur 5) Nilai sesuai dengan tabel 4.2. Kelekatan dan Plastisitas Tanah
1) Siapkan sampel tanah agregat 2) Buat gumpalan kecil 3) Berikan sedikit air hingga tanah dapat terasa lengket. Jangan terlalu banyak hingga gumpalan gumpalan tanah dapat hancur 4) Rasakan pada tangan Anda apakah tanah tersebut dapat melekat atau tidak, mudah membentuk bulatan atau tidak, dan apakah mudah mempertahankan bentuknya
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Konsistensi Konsistensi Kering
Ciri
Nilai
Tidak melekat satu sama lain atau 0 antar butir tanah mudah terpisah Gumpalan tanah mudah sekali hancur 1 bila diremas Hanya sedikit tekanan saat meremas 2 dapat menghancurkan gumpalan tanah Diperlukan tekanan agak kuat saat meremas tanah tersebut agar dapa 3 menghancurkan gumpalan tanah Diperlukan tekanan berkali-kali saat meremas tanah agar dapat 4 menghancurkan gumpalan tanah Gumpalan tanah tidak hancur meskipun sudah ditekan berkali-kali saat meremas tanah dan bahkan 5 diperlukan alat bantu agar dapat menghancurkan gumpalan tanah Keterangan: lepas (0), lunak (1), agak keras (2), keras (3), sangat keras (4), amat sangat keras (5). Kesimpulan: Tanah termasuk dalam kategori............................................ kategori..................................................................... ..................................... ............
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Keterangan: lepas (0), sangat gembur (1), gembur (2), kokoh/teguh (3), sangat kokoh (4), luar biasa kokoh (5). Kesimpulan:
Tanah termasuk kedalam kategori .......................................... .................................................................. ................................. .........
Konsistensi Konsistensi Basah Tingkat Kelekatan
Ciri Tidak melekat pada jari tangan atau benda lain Sedikit melekat pada jari tangan atau benda lain
Nilai 0 1
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ACARA V KERAPATAN PARTIKEL (BJ) DAN KERAPATAN MASSA (BV) TANAH
1. TEORI
Tanah tersusun atas mineral anorganik dan bahan oganik serta porus tanah yang berisi air dan udara. Kandungan tanah yang subur pada umumnya memiliki susunan 45% padatan mineral, 5% bahan organik, 25% air, dan 25% udara. Kandungan pori-pori yang berisi air dan udara pada tanah disebut porositas tanah yang berhubungan langsung dengan kerapatan tanah (Mustafa et al ., ., 2012) Analisis porositas tanah tidak lepas dari analisis kerapatan partikel dan kerapatan massa tanah. Kerapatan jenis atau kerapatan partikel ( particle density) density) adalah
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Labu erlenmeyer
Timbangan analitik
Kompor listrik
Gelas ukur
Saringan
Pemancur air
Bahan:
Sampel tanah agregat
Lilin
Air
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c = berat labu erlenmeyer + sampel d = berat labu erlenmeyer + air + sampel KA = kadar air BJ = 1 4.2.Kerapatan Massa (BV)
1) Timbang sebongkah sampel tanah agregat 2) Ikat sampel dengan benang 3) Lapisi sampel dengan lilin yang telah dicairkan 4) Isi gelas ukur dengan air setinggi 50 ml 5) Masukkan sampel tanah berlapis lilin ke dalam gelas ukur tanpa menyentuh dasar
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SIFAT KIMIA TANAH
ACARA VI KEMASAMAN TANAH
1. TEORI
Ketersediaan unsur hara bagi tanaman tergantung dari berbagai faktor antara lain oleh pH tanah. pH tanah = -log (H +) dalam larutan tanah. Nilai pH berkisar antara 0 – 0 – 14, 14, makin tinggi kepekatan H + dalam tanah semakin rendah pH tanah atau sebaliknya.
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Di dalam tanah pengaruh kedua yang sangat menentukan pertumbuhan tanaman. Pengaruh pH terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman berbeda menurut jenis tanaman.
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Al, Fe dan Mn menjadi larut dalam jumlah cukup banyak sehingga menyebabkan tanaman keracunan. Pada pH yang sangat tinggi ion bikarbonat akan dijumpai dalam jumlah banyak sehingga mempengaruhi absorbsi unsur hara lain dan merugikan pertumbuhan tanaman. Cara penetapan pH tanah dapat dilakukan dengan cara elektrometrik dan
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3. ALAT DAN BAHAN
Alat:
Tabung reaksi
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ACARA VII ANALISIS NITROGEN TOTAL
1. TEORI
Senyawa nitrogen organik diokasida melalu pemanasan dalam lingkungan
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2. selenium dan sampel tanah biasa 1 gram Destilasi
: 1. asam borat 1% 20 ml 2. natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 1 N 3. sampel yang telah didestruksi 4. akuades
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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