mnc or multinational corporation

JH_PEO[B_JEH> F c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjeh -CHB* ep tpfhrhftjehfi bep|epftjeh -_HB*) fire bfiiko c{itjhftjehfi khtkp|pjrk -CHK*) jr f bep|epftjeh ep khtkp|pjrk tmft cfhfdkr |peo{btjeh ep okijqkpr rkpqjbkr jh cepk tmfh ehk be{htpz( Jt bfh fire `k pkakppko fr fh jhtkphftjehfi bep|epftjeh( JIE okajhko CHB fr f bep|epftjeh mjbm mfr mjr cfhfdkpjfi mkfo v{fptkpr jh ehk be{htpz gheh fr tmk meck be{htpz fho e|kpftkr jh rkqkpfi etmkp be{htpjkr gheh fr mert be{htpjkr( _mk ajprt ceokph CHB jr dkhkpfiiz tme{dmt te `k tmk \eep Ghjdmtr ea Bmpjrt fho tmk _kc|ik ea Reieceh) Reieceh ) ajprt khoeprko `z tmk |e|k jh 660:( _mk gkz kikckht ea tpfhrhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fr |pkrkht kqkh `fbg tmkh> tmk @pjtjrm Kfrt Jhojf Bec|fhz fho O{tbm Kfrt Jhojf Bec|fhz kpk e|kpftjhd jh ojaakpkht be{htpjkr tmfh tmk ehkr mkpk tmkz mfo tmkjp mkfov{fptkpr( Hefofzr cfhz bep|epftjehr mfqk eaajbkr) `pfhbmkr ep cfh{afbt{pjhd |ifhtr jh ojaakpkht be{htpjkr tmfh mkpk tmkjp epjdjhfi fho cfjh mkfov{fptkp jr iebftko( _mjr eatkh pkr{itr jh qkpz |ekpa{i bep|epftjehr tmft mfqk `{odktr tmft k}bkko reck hftjehfi DO\r( DO\r( C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr bfh mfqk f |ekpa{i jhai{khbk jh iebfi kbehecjkr fr kii fr tmk epio kbehecz fho |ifz fh jc|eptfht peik jh jhtkphftjehfi pkiftjehr fho die`fij~ftjeh( die`fij~ftjeh( _mk |pkrkhbk ea r{bm |ekpa{i |ifzkpr jh tmk epio kbehecz jr pkfreh aep c{bm behtpeqkprz(

Jhtkphftjehfi |ekp> _f} bec|ktjtjeh

C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfqk |ifzko fh jc|eptfht peik jh die`fij~ftjeh( Be{htpjkr fho recktjckr r{` hftjehfi pkdjehr c{rt 6

bec|ktk fdfjhrt ehk fhetmkp aep tmk krtf`ijrmckht ea CHB afbjijtjkr) fho tmk r{`rkv{kht tf} pkqkh{k) kc|iezckht) fho kbehecjb fbtjqjtz( _e bec|ktk) be{htpjkr fho pkdjehfi |eijtjbfi ojrtpjbtr recktjckr eaakp jhbkhtjqkr te CHBr r{bm fr tf} `pkfgr) |ikodkr ea deqkphckhtfi frrjrtfhbk ep jc|peqko jhapfrtp{bt{pk) ep if} khqjpehckhtfi fho if`ep rtfhofpor khaepbkckht( _mjr |pebkrr ea `kbecjhd cepk fttpfbtjqk te aepkjdh jhqkrtckht bfh `k bmfpfbtkpj~ko fr f pfbk te tmk `ettec) `ettec ) f |{rm tefpor dpkftkp f{tehecz aep bep|epftk `eojkr) ep `etm( Mekqkp) reck rbmeifpr aep jhrtfhbk tmk Bei{c`jf kbehecjrt Nfdojrm @mfdftj) mfqk fpd{ko tmft c{itjhftjehfir fpk khdfdko jh f $pfbk te tmk te|($ Tmjik c{itjhftjehfir bkptfjhiz pkdfpo f ie tf} `{pokh ep ie if`ep bertr fr fh kikckht ea bec|fpftjqk foqfhtfdk) tmkpk jr he kqjokhbk te r{ddkrt tmft CHBr okij`kpftkiz fqfji tmkcrkiqkr ea if} khqjpehckhtfi pkd{iftjeh ep |eep if`e{p rtfhofpor( Fr @mfdftj mfr |ejhtko e{t) CHB |peajtr fpk tjko te e|kpftjehfi kaajbjkhbz) mjbm jhbi{okr f mjdm okdpkk ea rtfhofpoj~ftjeh( _m{r) CHBr fpk ijgkiz te tfjiep |peo{btjeh |pebkrrkr jh fii ea tmkjp e|kpftjehr jh behaepcjtz te tmerk n{pjrojbtjehr mkpk tmkz e|kpftk -mjbm jii ficert fifzr jhbi{ok ehk ep cepk ea tmk [R) Nf|fh ep K[* mjbm mfr tmk cert pjdepe{r rtfhofpor( Fr aep if`ep bertr) mjik CHBr bikfpiz |fz epgkpr jh) k(d( Qjkthfc) c{bm ikrr tmfh tmkz e{io jh tmk [R -tme{dm jt jr eptm hetjhd tmft mjdmkp Fckpjbfh |peo{btjqjtz‟ijhgko te tkbmheiedz‟ckfhr tmft fhz bec|fpjreh jr tpjbgz) rjhbk jh Fckpjbf tmk rfck bec|fhz e{io |pe`f`iz mjpk afp akkp |ke|ik fho f{tecftk mftkqkp |pebkrr tmkz |kpaepcko jh Qjkthfc jtm cfh{fi c fh{fi if`e{p*) jt jr fire tmk bfrk tmft tmkz tkho te |fz f |pkcj{c ea `ktkkh 6<+ fho 6<<+ eh iebfi if`ep pftkr( W4S Ajhfiiz) ok|khojhd eh tmk hft{pk ea tmk CHB) jhqkrtckht jh fhz be{htpz pkaikbtr f okrjpk aep f iehd#tkpc pkt{ph( Bertr frrebjftko jtm krtf`ijrmjhd |ifht) tpfjhjhd epgkpr) ktb() bfh `k qkpz mjdm7 ehbk krtf`ijrmko jh f n{pjrojbtjeh) tmkpkaepk) cfhz CHBr fpk v{jtk q{ihkpf`ik te |pkoftepz |pfbtjbkr r{bm fr) k(d() 0

k}|pe|pjftjeh) r{ookh behtpfbt pkhkdetjftjeh) tmk fp`jtpfpz jtmopffi ep bec|{irepz |{pbmfrk ea {hhkbkrrfpz $ijbkhrkr)$ ktb( _m{r) `etm tmk hkdetjftjhd |ekp ea CHBr fho tmk r{||erko $pfbk te tmk `ettec$ cfz `k eqkprtftko) mjik tmk r{`rtfhtjfi `khkajtr mjbm CHBr `pjhd -tf} pkqkh{kr frjok* fpk eatkh {hokprtftko( Cfpgkt jtmopffi

@kbf{rk ea tmkjp rj~k) c{itjhftjehfir bfh mfqk f rjdhjajbfht jc|fbt eh deqkphckht |eijbz) |eijbz) |pjcfpjiz tmpe{dm tmk tmpkft ea cfpgkt jtmopffi( Aep k}fc|ik> Jh fh kaaept te pko{bk mkfitm bfpk bertr) reck be{htpjkr mfqk tpjko te aepbk |mfpcfbk{tjbfi bec|fhjkr te ijbkhrk tmkjp |ftkhtko op{dr te iebfi bec|ktjtepr aep f qkpz ie akk) tmkpk`z fptjajbjfiiz iekpjhd tmk |pjbk( Tmkh afbko jtm tmft tmpkft) c{itjhftjehfi |mfpcfbk{tjbfi ajpcr mfqk rjc|iz jtmopfh apec tmk cfpgkt) mjbm eatkh ikfor te ijcjtko fqfjif`jijtz ea foqfhbko op{dr( Jh tmkrk bfrkr) deqkphckhtr mfqk `kkh aepbko te `fbg oeh apec tmkjp kaaeptr( Rjcjifp bep|epftk fho deqkphckht behapehtftjehr mfqk ebb{ppko mkh deqkphckhtr tpjko te aepbk CHBr te cfgk tmkjp jhtkiikbt{fi |pe|kptz |{`ijb jh fh kaaept te dfjh tkbmheiedz aep iebfi khtpk|pkhk{pr( Tmkh bec|fhjkr fpk afbko jtm tmk e|tjeh e |tjeh ea ierjhd f bepk bec|ktjtjqk tkbmheiedjbfi foqfhtfdk ep jtmopfjhd apec f hftjehfi cfpgkt) tmkz cfz bmeerk tmk ifttkp( _mjr jtmopffi eatkh bf{rkr deqkphckhtr te bmfhdk |eijbz( Be{htpjkr tmft mfqk `kkh tmk cert r{bbkrra{i jh tmjr tz|k ea behapehtftjeh jtm c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk ifpdk be{htpjkr r{bm fr [hjtko Rtftkr fho @pf~ji) @pf~ji) mjbm mfqk qjf`ik jhojdkhe{r cfpgkt bec|ktjtepr( Ie``zjhd

C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftk ie``zjhd jr ojpkbtko ft f pfhdk ea `{rjhkrr behbkphr) apec tfpjaa rtp{bt{pkr te khqjpehckhtfi pkd{iftjehr( pkd{iftjehr( 2

_mkpk jr he {hjajko c{itjhftjehfi |kpr|kbtjqk eh fhz ea tmkrk jrr{kr( Bec|fhjkr tmft mfqk jhqkrtko mkfqjiz jh |eii{tjeh behtpei ckbmfhjrcr cfz ie``z aep qkpz te{dm khqjpehckhtfi rtfhofpor jh fh kaaept te aepbk heh#bec|ijfht bec|ktjtepr jhte f kfgkp |erjtjeh( Bep|epftjehr ie``z tfpjaar te pkrtpjbt bec|ktjtjeh ea aepkjdh jho{rtpjkr( Aep kqkpz tfpjaa bftkdepz tmft ehk c{itjhftjehfi fhtr te mfqk pko{bko) tmkpk jr fhetmkp c{itjhftjehfi tmft fhtr tmk tfpjaa pfjrko( Kqkh Kq kh jtmjh tmk [(R( f{te jho{rtpz) tmk apfbtjeh ea f bec|fhz$r jc|eptko bec|ehkhtr jii qfpz) re reck ajpcr afqep tjdmtkp jc|ept pkrtpjbtjehr) mjik etmkpr afqep ieerkp ehkr( Rfzr Kiz Eijqkjpf) Cfhfdkp Ojpkbtep ea tmk CB_%JP> _mjr jr qkpz rkpje{r fho jr qkpz mfpo fho tfgkr f iet ea epg aep tmk ehkp( C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr r{bm fr Tfi#cfpt fho CbOehfio$r `khkajt apec deqkphckht ~ehjhd ifr) te bpkftk `fppjkpr te khtpz( khtpz ( Cfhz jho{rtpjkr r{bm fr Dkhkpfi Kikbtpjb fho @ekjhd ie``z tmk deqkphckht te pkbkjqk r{`rjojkr te |pkrkpqk tmkjp cehe|eiz( \ftkhtr Cfhz c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr meio |ftkhtr te |pkqkht bec|ktjtepr apec fpjrjhd( Aep k}fc|ik) Fojofr meior |ftkhtr eh rmek okrjdhr7 Rjkckhr F(D( meior cfhz |ftkhtr eh kv{j|ckht fho jhapfrtp{bt{pk fho Cjbpereat `khkajtr apec reatfpk |ftkhtr( |ftkhtr( _mk \mfpcfbk{tjbfi bec|fhjkr ie``z jhtkphftjehfi fdpkkckhtr te khaepbk |ftkht ifr eh etmkpr( Deqkphckht |ekp Jh foojtjeh te kaaeptr `z c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr te faakbt deqkphckhtr) tmkpk jr c{bm deqkphckht fbtjeh jhtkhoko te faakbt bep|epftk `kmfqjep( _mk tmpkft ea hftjehfij~ftjeh -aepbjhd f bec|fhz te rkii jtr iebfi frrktr te tmk deqkphckht ep te etmkp iebfi hftjehfir* ep bmfhdkr jh iebfi `{rjhkrr ifr fho pkd{iftjehr bfh ijcjt f c{itjhftjehfi$r ?

|ekp( _mkrk jrr{kr `kbeck ea jhbpkfrjhd jc|eptfhbk `kbf{rk ea tmk kckpdkhbk ea CHBr jh okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr( W

Cjbpe#c{itjhftjehfir

Khf`iko `z Jhtkphkt `frko becc{hjbftjeh teeir) f hk `pkko ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jr dpejhd jh h{c`kpr( -"Me - "Me rtfpt{|r de die`fi"(* die`fi"(* _mkrk c{itjhftjehfir rtfpt e|kpftjhd jh ojaakpkht be{htpjkr apec tmk qkpz kfpiz rtfdkr( _mkrk bec|fhjkr fpk `kjhd bfiiko cjbpe# c{itjhftjehfir( -"_kbmheiedz -"_kbmheiedz Ikqkir tmk @{rjhkrr \ifzjhd Ajkio"(* Ajkio" (* Tmft ojaakpkhtjftkr cjbpe#c{itjhftjehfir apec tmk ifpdk CHBr jr tmk afbt tmft tmkz fpk rcfii `{rjhkrrkr( Reck ea tmkrk cjbpe#c{itjhftjehfir) |fptjb{ifpiz reatfpk okqkie|ckht bec|fhjkr) mfqk `kkh mjpjhd kc|iezkkr jh c{itj|ik be{htpjkr apec tmk `kdjhhjhd ea tmk Jhtkphkt kpf( @{t cepk fho cepk cjbpe#c{itjhftjehfir fpk fbtjqkiz rtfptjhd te cfpgkt tmkjp |peo{btr fho rkpqjbkr jh qfpje{r be{htpjkr( Jhtkphkt teeir ijgk Deedik) Zfmee) CRH) K@fz fho Fcf~eh cfgk jt kfrjkp aep tmk cjbpe# c{itjhftjehfir te pkfbm |etkhtjfi b{rteckpr jh etmkp be{htpjkr( Rkpqjbk rkbtep cjbpe#c{itjhftjehfir) ijgk Afbk `eeg) Fij`f`f ktb( rtfptko fr ojr|kprko qjpt{fi `{rjhkrrkr jtm kc|iezkkr) bijkhtr fho pkre{pbkr iebftko jh qfpje{r be{htpjkr( _mkjp pf|jo dpetm jr f ojpkbt pkr{it ea `kjhd f`ik te {rk tmk jhtkphkt) bmkf|kp tkik|mehz fho iekp tpfqkijhd bertr te bpkftk {hjv{k `{rjhkrr e||ept{hjtjkr Bpjtjbjrc ea c{itjhftjehfir Cfjh fptjbik> Fhtj#bep|epftk fbtjqjrc

;

Fhtj#bep|epftk fbtjqjrc jh Hk Zepg _mk pf|jo pjrk ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfr `kkh f te|jb ea behbkph fcehd jhtkiikbt{fir) jhtkiikbt{fir) fbtjqjrtr fho ifz|kprehr tmft mfqk rkkh jt fr f tmpkft ea r{bm `frjb bjqji pjdmtr fr |pjqfbz( |pjqfbz( _mkz mfqk |ejhtko e{t tmft c{itjhftjehfir bpkftk afirk hkkor jh behr{ckpr fho mfqk mfo f iehd mjrtepz ea jhtkpakpkhbk jh tmk |eijbjkr ea reqkpkjdh hftjeh rtftkr( rtftkr( Kqjokhbk r{||eptjhd tmjr `kijka jhbi{okr jhqfrjqk foqkptjrjhd -r{bm fr `jii`efpor) `jii`efpor) tkikqjrjeh for) fofpk) fofpk) r|fc) tkikcfpgktjhd) bmjio# tfpdktko foqkptjrjhd) d{kpjiif cfpgktjhd*) cfpgktjhd*) cfrrjqk bep|epftk bfc|fjdh behtpj`{tjehr jh okcebpftjb kikbtjehr) fho khoikrr die`fi hkr rtepjkr f`e{t bep|epftk bepp{|tjeh -Cfptmf -Cfptmf Rtkfpt fho Khpeh) Khpeh) aep k}fc|ik*( Fhtj#bep|epftk |petkrtkpr r{ddkrt tmft bep|epftjehr fhrkp ehiz te rmfpkmeiokpr) rmfpkmeiokpr) djqjhd m{cfh pjdmtr fho etmkp jrr{kr ficert he behrjokpftjeh( Ajicr fho `eegr bpjtjbfi ea c{itjhftjehfir jhbi{ok R{p|i{r> _kppepj~ko jhte @kjhd Behr{ckpr) Behr{ckpr ) _mk Bep|epftjeh) Bep|epftjeh) _mk Rmebg Oebtpjhk) Oebtpjhk ) Oehrj~k _mjr fho etmkpr( C{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr fpk tmk epdfhj~ftjehr ep khtkp|pjrkr tmft cfhfdk |peo{btjeh ep eaakp rkpqjbkr jh cepk tmfh ehk be{htpz( Fho Jhojf mfr `kkh tmk meck te f h{c`kp ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr( Jh afbt) rjhbk tmk ajhfhbjfi ij`kpfij~ftjeh jh tmk be{htpz jh 6::6) tmk h{c`kp ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf mfr jhbpkfrko hetjbkf`iz( _me{dm cfnepjtz ea tmk c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf fpk apec tmk

1

[(R() mekqkp ehk bfh fire ajho bec|fhjkr apec etmkp be{htpjkr fr kii( OKR_JHF_JEH JHOJF>

_mk c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf pk|pkrkht f ojqkprjajko |eptaeije ea bec|fhjkr apec ojaakpkht be{htpjkr( _me{dm tmk Fckpjbfh bec|fhjkr # tmk cfnepjtz ea tmk CHB jh Jhojf) fbbe{ht aep f`e{t 24+ ea tmk t{pheqkp ea tmk te| 0< ajpcr e|kpftjhd jh Jhojf) `{t tmk rbkhfpje mfr bmfhdko f iet eaa iftk( Cepk khtkp|pjrkr apec K{pe|kfh [hjeh ijgk @pjtfjh) Apfhbk) Hktmkpifhor) Jtfiz) Dkpcfhz) @kidj{c fho Ajhifho mfqk beck te Jhojf ep mfqk e{tre{pbko tmkjp epgr te tmjr be{htpz( Ajhhjrm ce`jik djfht Hegjf mfr tmkjp rkbeho ifpdkrt `frk jh tmjr be{htpz( _mkpk fpk fire CHBr ijgk @pjtjrm \ktpeik{c fho Qeofaehk tmft pk|pkrkht @pjtfjh( Jhojf mfr f m{dk cfpgkt aep f{tece`jikr fho mkhbk f h{c`kp ea f{tece`jik djfhtr mfqk rtk||ko jh te tmjr be{htpz te pkf| tmk cfpgkt( Ehk bfh kfrjiz ajho tmk rmepeecr ea tmk c{itjhftjehfi f{tece`jik bec|fhjkr ijgk Ajft) \jfddje) fho Aepo Cetepr jh Jhojf( Apkhbm Mkfqz Khdjhkkpjhd cfnep Firtec fho \mfpcf cfnep Rfheaj Fqkhtjr mfqk fire rtfptko tmkjp e|kpftjehr jh tmjr be{htpz( _mk iftkp ehk jr jh afbt ehk ea tmk kfpijkrt khtpfhtr jh tmk ijrt ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf) mjbm jr b{ppkhtiz dpejhd ft f qkpz khqjf`ik pftk( _mkpk fpk fire f h{c`kp ea eji bec|fhjkr fho jhapfrtp{bt{pk `{jiokpr apec Cjooik Kfrt( Kikbtpehjbr djfhtr ijgk Rfcr{hd fho ID Kikbtpehjbr apec Re{tm Gepkf mfqk fipkfoz cfok f r{`rtfhtjfi jc|fbt eh tmk Jhojfh kikbtpehjbr cfpgkt( Mz{hofj Cetepr mfr fire oehk kii jh cjo#rkdckht bfp cfpgkt jh Jhojf( TMZ FPK CHB JH JHOJF5

_mkpk fpk f h{c`kp ea pkfrehr mz tmk c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr fpk becjhd oeh te Jhojf( Jhojf mfr det f m{dk cfpgkt( Jt mfr fire det ehk ea tmk afrtkrt dpejhd kbehecjkr jh tmk epio( @krjokr) tmk |eijbz ea tmk deqkphckht tefpor AOJ mfr fire |ifzko f cfnep peik jh 4

fttpfbtjhd tmk c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf( Aep v{jtk f iehd tjck) Jhojf mfo f pkrtpjbtjqk |eijbz jh tkpcr ea aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht( Fr f pkr{it) tmkpk fr ikrrkp h{c`kp ea bec|fhjkr tmft rmeko jhtkpkrt jh jhqkrtjhd jh Jhojfh cfpgkt( Mekqkp) tmk rbkhfpje bmfhdko o{pjhd tmk ajhfhbjfi ij`kpfij~ftjeh ea tmk be{htpz) kr|kbjfiiz fatkp 6::6( Deqkphckht) hefofzr) cfgkr behtjh{e{r kaaeptr te fttpfbt aepkjdh jhqkrtckhtr `z pkif}jhd cfhz ea jtr |eijbjkr( Fr f pkr{it) f h{c`kp ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr mfqk rmeh jhtkpkrt jh Jhojfh cfpgkt(

AEIIETJHD FPK _MK PKFREHR TMZ CHB BEHRJOKPKO JHOJF FR \PKAKPPKO OKR_JHF_JEH AEP @[RJHKRR> †

M{dk cfpgkt |etkhtjfi ea tmk be{htpz

†

AOJ fttpfbtjqkhkrr

†

If`ep bec|ktjtjqkhkrr

†

Cfbpe#kbehecjb rtf`jijtz

IJR_ EA CHB JH JHOJF>

_mk ijrt ea c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr jh Jhojf jr kqkp#dpejhd fr f h{c`kp ea CHBr fpk becjhd oeh te tmjr be{htpz he fho tmkh( Aeiiejhd fpk reck ea tmk cfnep c{itjhftjehfi bec|fhjkr e|kpftjhd tmkjp `{rjhkrrkr jh Jhojf> †

@pjtjrm \ktpeik{c

†

Qeofaehk

†

Aepo Cetepr =

†

ID

†

Rfcr{hd

†

Mz{hofj

†

Fbbkht{pk

†

Pkk`eg

†

Rgeof Cetepr

†

F@H Fcpe @fhg

C{itjhftjehfi Bep|epftjehr> Cztmr fho Afbtr `z Dfpz C( V{jhijqfh> Cfhz pkijdje{r ikfokpr fpk jhbpkfrjhdiz tpe{`iko `z tmk dpejhd |pkrkhbk ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpe{ho tmk epio) kr|kbjfiiz jh |eep fho okqkie|jhd hftjehr( Jh tp{tm) r{bm behbkph jr fppfhtko) `{t ehiz ja tmk fiikdftjehr fdfjhrt c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk tp{k( R{bm fiikdftjehr jhbi{ok tmk bmfpdk tmft |peajt#cetjqftko c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk khdfdjhd jh okrtp{btjqk bec|ktjtjeh fho jhrjoje{r |ietr te kbehecjbfiiz fho |eijtjbfiiz cfhj|{iftk khtjpk kbehecjkr( A{ptmkp) c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk |kpbkjqko te `k cktmeojbfiiz kijcjhftjhd oeckrtjb ajpcr jh epokp te k}|iejt tmkjp cehe|eiz |ekpr) k}|eptjhd mjdm#fdk ne`r te ie#fdk be{htpjkr) {hokpcjhjhd tmk epio‚r khqjpehckht) f{dckhtjhd tmk k}tkphfi ok`t |pe`ikcr ea okqkie|jhd :

be{htpjkr) |kp|kt{ftjhd epio |eqkptz) fho k}|iejtjhd bmjio if`ep( @{t fpk r{bm fiikdftjehr) jh afbt) tp{k5 Pkijdje{r ikfokpr rme{io k}fcjhk tmk oftf re tmft tmkz bfh opf pkfrehf`ik behbi{rjehr f`e{t tmk jc|fbt ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr( R{bm fh k}fcjhftjeh pkqkfir tmft c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr) jh afbt) mfqk fbt{fij~ko h{ckpe{r cepfi defir> tmk foqfhbkckht ea m{cfh pjdmtr) tmk jc|peqkckht jh tmk epio khqjpehckht) fho) cert jc|eptfhtiz) tmk pko{btjeh ea epio |eqkptz pftkr( Bpjtjbr ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr eatkh |peakrr te mfqk f mjdmkp cepfi qjrjeh fho te `k |{pr{jhd f epio jtm if{of`ik defir ea  n{rt fdkr fho f bikfh khqjpehckht( Eh tmk etmkp mfho) tmk k}tpkck ikat behqkhjkhtiz jdhepkr tmk rebjfiiz okrtp{btjqk `kmfqjep ea tmerk kbehecjkr tmft pkiz mkfqjiz eh deqkphckhtfi pkd{iftjehr fho rtftk# e|kpftko cehe|eijrtjb khtkp|pjrkr( _mkrk kbehecjkr mfqk jhb{ppko k}tpkck pftkr ea |eqkptz) pk|pkrrko m{cfh pjdmtr) fho k}bkrrjqk khqjpehckhtfi ofcfdk( Aep pkfrehr ckhtjehko `kie) tmk |pe`ikc be{htpjkr mfqk ficert he c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fho fpk behbkhtpftko jh r{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbf) Re{tm Frjf) Heptm Fapjbf) fho tmk Cjooik Kfrt( \fpfoe}jbfiiz) tmk k}tpkck ikat jr mjhokpjhd tmk ceckht{c te okbpkfrk epio |eqkptz pftkr fho jr okfa te tmk behtjh{ko r{aakpjhd ea tmk k}tpkck |eep( _mk ikat jr v{jbg te eaakp kiafpk te okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr `{t) {haept{hftkiz) tmjr mjhokpr |eep hftjehr apec `kbecjhd rkia#r{||eptjhd( _mk k}tpkck pjdmt) eh tmk etmkp mfho) eaakpr he bmfpjtz fho nejhr tmk ikat jh okhe{hbjhd tpfok( _e `k e|kh cjhoko) k c{rt fire behrjokp tmk qjkr ea tmk okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr) mjbm ficert jh {hjreh `kijkqk tmft tmk ceqkckht fdfjhrt c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr jii het ehiz mjhokp tmkjp kbehecjb |pedpkrr `{t jii fire cert ijgkiz pkqkprk jt( Fr He`ki \kfbk \pj~k If{pkftk fho aepckp |pkrjokht ea Bertf Pjbf) Ergfp Fpjfr) k}bifjcko 6<

ft fh F{d{rt 0<<< ikbt{pk te [hjtko Hftjehr okikdftkr fho mkfor ea rtftk) ’Tk Wtmk okqkie|jhd be{htpjkrS oeh‚t fht ze{p Wtmk okqkie|ko be{htpjkrS mfhoe{tr7 k fht tmk pjdmt te rkii e{p |peo{btr jh epio cfpgktr&– \pkrjokht Fpjfr jr pkakppjhd te f pjdmt |errkrrko `z fii okqkie|ko be{htpjkr fho |{p|erkiz okhjko te ficert fii okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr aep cepk tmfh ajqk okbfokr( He ikt‚r foopkrr reck ea tmk cztmr tmft bpjtjbr ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr bifjc te `k afbtr( _mjr fptjbik oekr het) mekqkp) okhz tmft tmkpk fpk r|kbjajb bfrkr tmft pkaikbt `foiz eh fii c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr -Hjgk‚r |frt |pe`ikcr jtm bmjio if`ep fho etmkp ckojf kqjokhbk ea tmk fhteh ojrpkdfpo ea khqjpehckhtfi pkr|ehrj`jijtjkr fpk `{t te k}fc|ikr*( R{bm bfrkr) mekqkp) fpk pfpk) djqkh tmft tmkpk fpk eqkp 1<)<<< c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr(

Ceheijtmjb Cehe|eiz \ekp5 Bec|ktjtjeh jr het okrtp{btjqk7 jt mfr bec|kiiko c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr te |peqjok tmk epio jtm fh jcckhrk ojqkprjtz ea mjdm# v{fijtz fho ie#|pjbko |peo{btr( Bec|ktjtjeh) djqkh apkk tpfok) okijqkpr c{t{fiiz `khkajbjfi dfjhr apec k}bmfhdk fho r|fpgr tmk beiif`epftjqk kaaept ea fii hftjehr te |peo{bk becceojtjkr kaajbjkhtiz( Fr f behrkv{khbk) bec|ktjtjeh jc|peqkr epio kiafpk mjik ofc|khjhd tmk r|jpjt ea hftjehfijrc fho) tm{r) |pecetjhd epio |kfbk(

Mfr tmk cehe|eiz |ekp ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr dpeh5 Dpfhtko) reck c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk qkpz ifpdk> Fr ea 6::=) tmkz |peo{bko 0; |kpbkht ea die`fi e{t|{t) fho) jh 6::4) tmk te| ehk m{hopko ajpcr behtpeiiko 61 |kpbkht ea tmk epio‚r |peo{btjqk 66

frrktr) fho tmk te| tmpkk m{hopko behtpeiiko 0; |kpbkht( Ajpc rj~k fho cfpgkt |ekp) mekqkp) fpk ozhfcjb( _mk Tfii Rtpkkt Ne{phfi fhh{fiiz r{pqkzr tmk epio‚r ehk m{hopko ifpdkrt |{`ijb bec|fhjkr pfhgko `z cfpgkt qfi{k( Bec|fpjhd tmk pfhgjhdr jh 6::: te tmft ea 6::<) tmkpk kpk ajqk hk ajpcr -Cjbpereat) Tfi#Cfpt) Bjrbe Rzrtkcr) I{bkht _kbmheiedjkr) fho Jhtki* jh tmk te| tkh) fho ae{p ea tmkrk ajpcr kpk het jh tmk te| ehk m{hopko jh 6::<( Cepk pkcfpgf`iz) tmkpk kpk rj}tz#rj} hk ckc`kpr jh tmk 6::: ijrt( Rjcjifpiz) tmk [hjtko Hftjehr tpfbgr tmk ehk m{hopko ifpdkrt hehajhfhbjfi c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr pfhgko `z aepkjdh frrktr( Fitme{dm het fr opfcftjb fr tmk bmfhdk jh tmk Tfii Rtpkkt Ne{phfi pfhgjhdr) tmk [hjtko Hftjehr pk|eptko f 0; |kpbkht bmfhdk jh tmk bec|erjtjeh ea jtr te| ehk m{hopko apec 6::< te 6::4( Fbbepojhd te tmk behqkhtjehfi jroec) fh jhbpkfrk jh cehe|eiz |ekp rme{io fire ikfo te akkp fho ifpdkp c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr) `{t) fr pk|eptko `z tmk [hjtko Hftjehr) tmk h{c`kp ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr tpj|iko apec 6:== te 6::4(

Mfr tmk jhbpkfrk jh aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht `z c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfpcko oeckrtjb jhqkrtckht5 -Aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht ebb{pr mkhkqkp f ajpc iebftkr f afbtepz f`pefo ep |{pbmfrkr cepk tmfh tkh |kpbkht ea fh k}jrtjhd oeckrtjb ajpc(* _mk [hjtko Hftjehr‚ Tepio Jhqkrtckht Pk|ept 6::: bjtko te pkbkht rt{ojkr( _mk ajprt) `z Ko{fpoe @epkhr~tkjh) Nerê ok Dpkdepje) fho Nehd#Tmf Ikk) ae{ho tmft fh foojtjehfi oeiifp ea aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht jhbpkfrkr oeckrtjb jhqkrtckht jh f rfc|ik ea rj}tz# hjhk okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr `z f afbtep ea 6(; te 0(2( _mk rkbeho rt{oz) beho{btko `z tmk [hjtko Hftjehr) pkfbmko tmk rfck behbi{rjeh fr tmk ajprt aep be{htpjkr jh Frjf) `{t jt eaakpko reck ojr|{tf`ik kqjokhbk ea f |errj`ik hkdftjqk jc|fbt eh Iftjh Fckpjbf( Hetf`iz) beepojhftko jhtkphftjehfi cfhj|{iftjehr ea cfpgktr fpk f pk pfpkiz beho{btko `z ifpdk c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr `{t fpk ficert 60

fifzr deqkphckht r{||eptko fho ojpkbtko -aep k}fc|ik) e|kb) tmk Frrebjftjeh ea Beaakk \peo{bjhd Be{htpjkr) fho tmk Bebef \peo{bkpr Fiijfhbk*( A{ptmkp) deqkphckht#r|ehrepko bfptkir fpk het behbkphko f`e{t tmk |eep( Jh tmk 6:4
Behbkphr f`e{t c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjeh jhapjhdkckhtr eh hftjehfi reqkpkjdhtz ifbg r{`rtfhbk( C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr oe het e|kpftk jtm jcc{hjtz7 tmkz fpk mkfqjiz cehjtepko `etm jh tmk [hjtko Rtftkr fho f`pefo( Apec 6::6 te 6::=) fbbepojhd te tmk [hjtko Hftjehr) tmkpk kpk =:; hk aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht pkd{iftjehr khfbtko `z cepk tmfh rj}tz be{htpjkr( A{ptmkp) c{itjhftjehfir fpk het rj|mehjhd ne`r apec mjdm# te ie#fdk be{htpjkr7 jh afbt) tmkz tkho te |pkrkpqk mjdm#fdk ne`r jh okqkie|ko be{htpjkr7 jh 6::=) 4; |kpbkht ea aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht kht te okqkie|ko be{htpjkr( @krjokr) if`ep bertr fiehk oe het oktkpcjhk mkpk c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr `frk tmkjp faajijftkr7 etmkp qfpjf`ikr‒r{bm fr |eijtjbfi rtf`jijtz) jhapfrtp{bt{pk) ko{bftjeh ikqkir) a{t{pk cfpgkt |etkhtjfi) tf}kr) fho deqkphckhtfi pkd{iftjehr‒fpk cepk okbjrjqk( Jh 6::=) c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfo kjdmtz#rj} cjiijeh kc|iezkkr‒hjhktkkh cjiijeh jh okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr‒ fho kpk fire pkr|ehrj`ik) jhojpkbtiz) aep fhetmkp 6<< cjiijeh ne`r( _mk ne`r bpkftko f`pefo fire tkho te |fz afp cepk tmfh tmk oeckrtjb kc|iezkpr oe( @frko eh fh F{d{rt ? 0<<<) ojrb{rrjeh jtm `etm tmk dkhkpfi cfhfdkp ea Bmkrtkpteh \kttz fho tmk rkhjep cfhfdkp ea \pjbk Tftkpme{rk Bee|kpr jh @kjnjhd) tmkjp Bmjhkrk kc|iezkkr kc|ie zkkr fqkpfdk f||pe}jcftkiz /6<)<<< |kp zkfp‒f rcfii aept{hk ae pt{hk jh Bmjhf) mkpk fh {||kp#cjooik#bifrr

62

a{ii |peakrrep ep ckojbfi oebtep `pjhdr meck rijdmtiz cepk tmfh /0<< |kp cehtm jh tmk bjtz ea Njhfh( Kqjokhbk r{||ijko `z tmk Tepio @fhg fho [hjtko Hftjehr rtpehdiz r{ddkrtr tmft c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk f gkz afbtep jh tmk ifpdk jc|peqkckht jh kiafpk tmft mfr ebb{ppko jh okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr eqkp tmk ifrt aeptz zkfpr( Jh r{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbf fho Re{tm Frjf) mkpk tmk |pkrkhbk ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr jr hkdijdj`ik) rkqkpk |eqkptz pftkr |kprjrt fho rme ijttik rjdh ea jc|peqkckht( Aep k}fc|ik) apec 6:=< te 6::=) epio bmjio if`ep pftkr -tmk |kpbkhtfdk ea bmjiopkh epgjhd `ktkkh tmk fdkr ea tkh fho ae{ptkkh* t{c`iko apec 0< te 62 |kpbkht( Bmjio if`ep pftkr ope||ko apec 04 te 6< |kpbkht jh Kfrt Frjf fho tmk \fbjajb) apec 62 te : |kpbkht jh Iftjh Fckpjbf fho tmk Bfpj``kfh) fho apec 6? te ; |kpbkht jh tmk Cjooik Kfrt fho Heptm Fapjbf( Jhtkpkrtjhdiz) pkdjehr ifbgjhd c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfo tmk eprt bmjio if`ep pftkr fho tmk rcfiikrt pko{btjehr> R{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbf‚r fho Re{tm Frjf‚r bmjio if`ep pftkr ope||ko apec 2; te 2< |kpbkht fho apec 02 te 61 |kpbkht) pkr|kbtjqkiz( _mjr pko{btjeh jh pftkr fr fttpj`{tf`ik te jhbpkfrko afcjiz jhbeck) mjbm mfr |kpcjttko afcjijkr te jc|peqk tmkjp ojktr) te mfqk `kttkp meckr) fho te |peqjok | peqjok tmkjp bmjiopkh jtm cepk ko{bftjehfi e||ept{hjtjkr( Rbmeei khpeiickht pftkr aep fdkr rj} te tkhtz#tmpkk perk aep fii okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr apec ?1 |kpbkht jh 6:1< te ;4 |kpbkht jh 6::;( Ehiz r{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbf mfo fh khpeiickht pftje `kie ;< |kpbkht jh 6::;( Cepkeqkp) c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fpk het beccjttko be ccjttko te tmk okrtp{btjeh ea tmk epio‚r khqjpehckht `{t ` {t jhrtkfo mfqk `kkh tmk opjqjhd aepbk jh tmk r|pkfo ea ’dpkkh– tkbmheiedjkr fho jh bpkftjhd cfpgktr aep ’dpkkh |peo{btr(– Cfpgkt jhbkhtjqkr r{bm fr tmpkft ea ijf`jijtz) behr{ckp `ezbettr) fho tmk hkdftjqk jc|fbt eh pk|{tftjeh mfqk aepbko ajpcr te |eijbk tmkjp aepkjdh faajijftkr fho te cfjhtfjh 6?

mjdm khqjpehckhtfi rtfhofpor( _mk [hjtko Hftjehr‚ Tepio Jhqkrtckht Pk|ept 6::: hetkr rkqkpfi rt{ojkr tmft behajpc aepkjdh faajijftkr mfqjhd mjdmkp khqjpehckhtfi rtfhofpor tmfh tmkjp oeckrtjb be{htkp|fptr fbperr fii cfh{afbt{pjhd rkbtepr( _mk [hjtko Hftjehr fire |erjtjqkiz pkaikbtko eh tmk kaaeptr jhjtjftko `z c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr te frrjrt oeckrtjb r{||ijkpr -’pkdfpoikrr ea ehkprmj|–* te v{fijaz aep kbe#if`kijhd fho te ckkt khqjpehckhtfi rtfhofpor b{ppkhtiz r{||eptko `z cepk tmfh ajqk tme{rfho c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr( C{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr mfqk fire foqfhbko rkqkpfi |pedpfcr -tmk Die`fi Khqjpehckhtfi Cfhfdkckht Jhjtjftjqk fho tmk Die`fi R{iijqfh \pjhbj|ikr) fcehd etmkpr* te krtf`ijrm jho{rtpz beokr okojbftko te fbmjkqjhd mjdm ikqkir ea rebjfi pkr|ehrj`jijtz( F [hjtko Hftjehr r{pqkz ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr pkqkfiko tmft tmk |pjcfpz pkfreh c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr oe het jhqkrt jh bkptfjh be{htpjkr jr tmk |pkrkhbk ea k}teptjeh fho `pj`kpz7 het r{p|pjrjhdiz) tmk cfjh re{pbk ea tmk bepp{|tjeh jr deqkphckhtfi eaajbjfir( @etm tmk Jhtkphftjehfi Bmfc`kp ea Becckpbk fho tmk Jhtkphftjehfi Epdfhj~ftjeh ea Kc|iezkpr mfqk krtf`ijrmko rebjfi beokr fho rtfhofpor tmft fttkc|t te krtf`ijrm |pjhbj|ikr aep pkr|ehrj`ik khqjpehckhtfi cfhfdkckht(

_mk Bp{bjfi Peik ea \kfbk fho Apkkoec> Tmkh c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr cfgk |peajtr) tmjr oekr het ckfh tmft okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr fpk `kjhd k}|iejtko( k}| iejtko( @etm tmk c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr fho oeckrtjb be{htpz fpk `kttkp eaa‒tmk okqkie|jhd be{htpz pkbkjqkr ne`r) fh k}|fhoko tf} `frk) fho hk tkbmheiedjkr( Ja tmk jhqkrtckht oekr het oe kii) tmk c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr cfz ierk tmkjp jhqkrtckht fho tmk okqkie|jhd be{htpz oekr het pkbkjqk tmk faepkckhtjehko `khkajtr) `{t tmk okqkie|jhd be{htpz ekr he pkrtjt{tjeh( Fr f pkr{it) c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjeh 6;

jhqkrtckhtr oe het behtpj`{tk te tmk k}tkphfi ok`t |pe`ikcr ea okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr( Fbbepojhd te tmk [hjtko Hftjehr) jh 6::=) /611 `jiijeh) ep 0;(= |kpbkht ea tmk epio aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht kht te okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr( Ehiz /0(: `jiijeh ea aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht fr e`tfjhko `z tmk ikfrt okqkie|ko be{htpjkr) mjbm fpk |pjcfpjiz bec|erko ea tmk r{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbfh be{htpjkr( Djqkh pjrg behojtjehr) bf|jtfi aier te mkpk jt bfh kfph tmk mjdmkrt pftk ea pkt{ph( _mk pkv{jpko pjrg |pkcj{c jr c{bm mjdmkp mkh f okqkie|jhd be{htpz jr k}|kpjkhbjhd bjqji fpr) r{aakpr apec eqkp#pkd{iftjeh) mfr f kfg jhapfrtp{bt{pk) jr |eijtjbfiiz {hrtf`ik) gkk|r jtr cfpgktr bierko te aepkjdh bec|ktjtjeh) mfr jhaik}j`ik if`ep cfpgktr) fho jc|erkr mjdm tf}kr( _mk Mkpjtfdk Apkkoec Jhok} ckfr{pkr tmk okdpkk ea kbehecjb fho |eijtjbfi pk|pkrrjeh |pkrkht jh okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr( Fr |pkojbtko) aepkjdh ojpkbt jhqkrtckht jr rcfiikp jh okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr tmft fpk pk|pkrrko( @frko eh tmk 0<<< Mkpjtfdk M kpjtfdk Apkkoec Jhok}) ea tmk kjdmtkkh kbehecjkr jh tmk Cjooik Kfrt fho Heptm Fapjbf) tkh fpk kjtmkp certiz {hapkk ep pk|pkrrko) fho ehiz @fmpfjh jr apkk( _mk pkr{itr fpk cepk ojrcfi aep ae p r{`#Rfmfpfh Fapjbf7 tmjptz#ajqk -cfgk tmft tmjptz#rj}) djqkh Pe`kpt C{df`k‚r |eijbz ea ifho#dpf` tkppepjrc* ea tmk aeptz#te kbehecjkr jh tmk pkdjeh fpk certiz {hapkk ep pk|pkrrko( Okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr c{rt `k fiieko te a{ptmkp tmkcrkiqkr kbehecjbfiiz tmpe{dm apkk cfpgktr fho tmk k}|fhrjeh ea c{itjhftjehfi bep|epftjehr( R{bm be{htpjkr fht ne`r) het he t kiafpk( A{ptmkpcepk) mft jr becaeptjhd `{t het kfrjiz {hokprteeo jr tmft tmk |pecetjeh ea tpfok jhbpkfrkr tmk kiafpk het ehiz ea okqkie|jhd be{htpjkr `{t fire ea okqkie|ko ehkr7 apkk tpfok jr f |erjtjqk#r{c dfck( Dfpz C( V{jhijqfh) \m(O() jr tmk k}kb{tjqk ojpkbtep ea tmk Bkhtkp aep Kbehecjb fho \eijbz Ko{bftjeh) bmfjp ea tmk kbehecjbr) |eijtjbfi rbjkhbk) fho |{`ijb |eijbz ok|fptckhtr ft Rfjht Qjhbkht 61

Beiikdk) fho f behtpj`{tjhd kojtep te Pkijdjeh ! Ij`kptz( Mk mfr bekojtko ep f{tmepko kikqkh `eegr) jhbi{ojhd mjr cert pkbkht) \{`ijb Cepfijtz) Bjqjb Qjpt{k) fho tmk \pe`ikc ea Ceokph Ij`kpfijrc) bekojtko jtm _( Tjiijfc @e}}) -Kkpocfhr*(

BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK JH_PEO[B_JEH>

Pkbkhtiz tmk tkpcr "deqkphfhbk" fho "deeo deqkphfhbk" fpk `kjhd jhbpkfrjhdiz {rko jh okqkie|ckht ijtkpft{pk( @fo deqkphfhbk jr `kjhd jhbpkfrjhdiz pkdfpoko fr ehk ea tmk peet bf{rkr ea fii kqji jtmjh e{p rebjktjkr( Cfnep oehepr fho jhtkphftjehfi ajhfhbjfi jhrtjt{tjehr fpk jhbpkfrjhdiz `frjhd tmkjp fjo fho iefhr eh tmk behojtjeh tmft pkaepcr tmft khr{pk "deeo deqkphfhbk" fpk {hokptfgkh(

Okajhjtjeh ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk> "Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk jr behbkphko jtm meiojhd tmk `fifhbk `ktkkh kbehecjb fho rebjfi defir fho `ktkkh jhojqjo{fi fho 64

becc{hfi defir( _mk bep|epftk deqkphfhbk apfckepg jr tmkpk te khbe{pfdk tmk kaajbjkht {rk ea pkre{pbkr fho kv{fiiz te pkv{jpk fbbe{htf`jijtz aep tmk rtkfpormj| ea tmerk pkre{pbkr( _mk fjc jr te fijdh fr hkfpiz fr |errj`ik tmk jhtkpkrtr ea jhojqjo{fir) bep|epftjehr fho rebjktz(" "Bep|epftk deqkphfhbk jr f`e{t |pecetjhd bep|epftk afjphkrr) tpfhr|fpkhbz fho fbbe{htf`jijtz" N( Teiakhremh) |pkrjokht ea tmk Tepo `fhg) fr v{etko `z fh fptjbik jh Ajhfhbjfi _jckr) N{hk 06) 6:::( Bep|epftk deqkphfhbk bec|pjrkr tmk rzrtkcr fho |pebkrrkr mjbm khr{pk tmk kaajbjkht a{hbtjehjhd ea tmk ajpc jh f tpfhr|fpkht cfhhkp aep tmk `khkajt ea fii tmk rtfgkmeiokpr fho fbbe{htf`ik te tmkc( _mk aeb{r jr eh pkiftjehrmj| `ktkkh ehkpr fho `efpo jh ojpkbtjhd fho behtpeiijhd bec|fhjkr fr ikdfi khtjtjkr jh |kp|kt{jtz( F bec|fhz‚r f`jijtz te bpkftk kfitm aep jtr ehkpr mekqkp) ok|khor eh tmk peik fho apkkoec djqkh te jt `z rebjktz( Rjp Fopjfh Bfo`{pz jh mjr |pkafbk | pkafbk te tmk Tepio @fhg |{`ijbftjeh) Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk> F Apfckepg aep Jc|ikckhtftjeh7 Jc| ikckhtftjeh7 rtftkr tmft) ’Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk jr‡meiojhd tmk `fifhbk `ktkkh kbehecjb fho rebjfi defir fho `ktkkh jhojqjo{fi fho becc{hjtz defir( _mk deqkphfhbk apfckepg jr tmkpk te khbe{pfdk tmk kaajbjkht {rk ea pkre{pbkr fho kv{fiiz te pkv{jpk fbbe{htf`jijtz aep tmk rtkfpormj| ea tmkrk pkre{pbkr( _mk fjc jr te fijdh fr hkfpiz fr |errj`ik tmk jhtkpkrt ea jhojqjo{fir) bep|epftjehr fho rebjktz( _mk jhbkhtjqk te bep|epftjehr jr te fbmjkqk tmkjp bep|epftk fjcr fho te fttpfbt jhqkrtckht( _mk jhbkhtjqk aep rtftk jr te rtpkhdtmkh tmkjp kbehecjkr fho ojrbe{pfdk apf{o fho cjrcfhfdkckht(

6=

_mk aeb{r eh bep|epftk deqkphfhbk fpjrkr e{t ea tmk ifpdk ok|khokhbjkr ea bec|fhjkr eh ajhfhbjfi cfpgktr fr tmk |pkkcjhkht re{pbk ea bf|jtfi( _mk v{fijtz ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk rmf|kr tmk a{t{pk fho tmk dpetm ea tmk bf|jtfi cfpgkt( Rtpehd bep|epftk deqkphfhbk jr jhojr|khrf`ik te pkrjijkht fho qj`pfht bf|jtfi cfpgkt( Jh tmk behtk}t ea die`fij~ftjeh) bf|jtfi jr ijgkiz te aie te cfpgktr mjbm fpk kii pkd{iftko fho |pfbtjbk mjdm rtfhofpor ea tpfhr|fpkhbz) kaajbjkhbz fho jhtkdpjtz(

@KHKAJ_R EA BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK> ➠ ➠ ➠ ➠ ➠

➠

➠

Deeo deqkphfhbk ikfor te behdp{khbk ea jhtkpkrtr ea `efpor) cfhfdkckht jhbi{ojhd ehkp cfhfdkpr fho rmfpkmeiokpr( Deeo deqkphfhbk |peqjokr rtf`jijtz fho dpetm te tmk bec|fhz( Deeo deqkphfhbk rzrtkc `{jior behajokhbk fcehd jhqkrtepr( Deeo deqkphfhbk pko{bkr |kpbkjqko pjrgr) behrkv{khtiz pko{bjhd bert ea bf|jtfi( Tkii deqkphko bec|fhjkr khtm{rk kc|iezkkr te fbv{jpk fho okqkie| bec|fhz r|kbjajb rgjiir( Foe|tjeh ea deeo bep|epftk deqkphfhbk |pfbtjbkr |pecetkr rtf`jijtz fho iehd tkpc r{rtkhfhbk ea e a rtfgkmeiokp‚r pkiftjehrmj|( \etkhtjfi rtfgkmeiokpr fr|jpk te khtkp jhte pkiftjehrmj|r jtm khtkp|pjrkr merk deqkphfhbk bpkokhtjfir fpk k}kc|ifpz(

BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK JH JHOJF> Afbtepr jhai{khbjhd Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk>

RK@J k`rjtk mfr r{ccfpj~ko tmk afbtepr mjbm jhai{khbk v{fijtz ea deqkphfhbk jh Jhojfh bec|fhjkr( 6:

f( Jhtkdpjtz Jhtkdpjtz ea tmk tmk Cfhfdkck Cfhfdkckht> ht> F @efpo @efpo ea Ojpkbtep Ojpkbteprr jtm f ie ie ikqki ea jhtkdpjtz jr tkc|tko te cjr{rk tmk tp{rt) pk|erko `z rmfpkmeiokpr fho etmkp rtfgkmeiokpr) te tfgk okbjrjehr tmft `khkajt f ak ft tmk bert ea etmkpr( `( F`jijtz F`jijtz ea tmk @efpo> @efpo> _mk beiikbtjqk beiikbtjqk f`jijtz f`jijtz)) jh tkpcr ea gheikod gheikodkk fho rgjii) ea tmk @efpo ea Ojpkbtepr te kaakbtjqkiz r{|kpqjrk tmk k}kb{tjqk cfhfdkckht oktkpcjhkr tmk kaakbtjqkhkrr ea tmk `efpo( b( Fokv{fbz Fokv{fbz ea tmk |pebkrr |pebkrr>> @efpo ea ojpkbtep ojpkbteprr bfhhet kaakbtjqk kaakbtjqkiz iz r{|kpqjrk tmk kaakbtjqk cfhfdkckht ja tmk |pebkrr afjir te |peqjok r{aajbjkht fho tjckiz jhaepcftjeh te tmk @efpo) hkbkrrfpz aep pkqjkjhd tmk |ifhr fho tmk |kpaepcfhbk ea tmk khtkp|pjrk( o( Beccjtckht ikqki ea jhojqjo{fi `efpo ea ckc`kpr> _mk v{fijtz ea f `efpo ok|khor eh tmk beccjtckht ea jhojqjo{fi ckc`kpr te tfrgr) mjbm tmkz fpk k}|kbtko te |kpaepc fr `efpo ckc`kpr( k( V{fijtz V{fijtz ea bep|epftk bep|epftk pk|eptjh pk|eptjhd7 d7 tmk v{fijtz v{fijtz ea bep|epft bep|epftkk pk|eptjhd ok|khor eh tmk tpfhr|fpkhbz fho tjckijhkrr ea bep|epftk becc{hjbftjeh rmfpkmeiokpr( _mjr mki|r tmk rmfpkmeiokpr jh cfgjhd kbehecjb okbjrjehr fho jh beppkbtiz kqfi{ftjhd tmk cfhfdkckht jh jtr rtkfpormj| a{hbtjeh( a( \fptjbj|ft \fptjbj|ftjeh jeh ea Rtfgkmei Rtfgkmeiokpr okpr jh tmk tmk cfhfdkckh cfhfdkckht> t> _mk ikqki ikqki ea |fptjbj|ftjeh ea rtfgkmeiokpr oktkpcjhkr tmk h{c`kp ea hk jokfr `kjhd dkhkpftko jh e|tjc{c {tjij~ftjeh ea pkre{pbkr fho aep jc|peqjhd tmk focjhjrtpftjqk rtp{bt{pk fho tmk |pebkrr( _mkpkaepk fh khtkp|pjrk rme{io khbe{pfdk fho afbjijtftk rtfgkmeiokpr‚ |fptjbj|ftjeh( P@J FOQJREPZ DPE[\>

0<

_mk pk|ept ea tmk Foqjrepz Dpe{| Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk -Cfpbm 0<<6* f||ejhtko `z P@J okajhkr bep|epftk deqkphfhbk fr tmk rzrtkc `z mjbm `{rjhkrr khtjtjkr fpk cehjtepko) cfhfdko fho behtpeiiko( Fbbepojhd te tmk foqjrepz dpe{| f deeo rtp{bt{pk ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk jr ehk tmft khbe{pfdkr rzc`jetjb pkiftjehrmj| fcehd rmfpkmeiokpr) k}kb{tjqk ojpkbtepr fho tmk `efpo ea ojpkbtepr re tmft tmk bec|fhz jr cfhfdko kaajbjkhtiz kaa jbjkhtiz fho tmk pkfpor fpk kv{jtf`iz rmfpko fcehd rmfpkmeiokpr fho rtfgkmeiokpr( BECCJ__KK EH BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK @Z BMFJPCFH) G[CFP CFHDFIFC @JPIF) 6:::>

_mk Rkb{pjtjkr fho K}bmfhdk @efpo ea Jhojf -RK@J* f||ejhtko tmk Beccjttkk eh Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk eh Cfz 4) 6::: {hokp tmk Bmfjpcfhrmj| ea Rmpj G{cfp Cfhdfifc @jpif) ckc`kp RK@J @efpo) te |pecetk fho pfjrk tmk rtfhofpor ea Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk( _mk Beccjttkk‚r oktfjiko tkpcr ea tmk pkakpkhbk fpk fr aeiier> f(

`( b(

te r{ddkrt r{jtf`ik fckhockhtr te tmk ijrtjhd fdpkkckht k}kb{tko `z tmk rtebg k}bmfhdkr jtm tmk bec|fhjkr fho fhz etmkp ckfr{pkr te jc|peqk tmk rtfhofpor ea e a bep|epftk deqkphfhbk jh tmk ijrtko bec|fhjkr) jh fpkfr r{bm fr behtjh{e{r ojrbier{pk ea cftkpjfi jhaepcftjeh) `etm ajhfhbjfi fho heh# ajhfhbjfi) cfhhkp fho apkv{khbz ea r{bm ojrbier{pkr) pkr|ehrj`jijtjkr ea jhok|khokht fho e{trjok ojpkbtepr7 te opfat f beok ea bep|epftk `krt |pfbtjbkr7 fho _e r{ddkrt rfakd{fpor te `k jhrtjt{tko jtmjh tmk bec|fhjkr te okfi jtm jhrjokp jhaepcftjeh fho jhrjokp tpfojhd(

_mk Pkbecckhoftjehr ea tmk Beccjttkk >

06

_mjr Pk|ept jr tmk ajprt aepcfi fho bec|pkmkhrjqk fttkc|t te kqeiqk f Beok ea Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk) jh tmk behtk}t ea |pkqfjijhd behojtjehr ea deqkphfhbk jh Jhojfh bec|fhjkr) fr kii fr tmk rtftk ea bf|jtfi cfpgktr( Tmjik cfgjhd tmk pkbecckhoftjehr tmk Beccjttkk Bec cjttkk mfr `kkh cjhoa{i tmft fhz beok ea Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk c{rt `k ozhfcjb) kqeiqjhd fho rme{io bmfhdk jtm bmfhdjhd behtk}t fho tjckr( Jt e{io tmkpkaepk `k hkbkrrfpz tmft tmjr beok fire jr pkqjkko apec tjck te tjck) gkk|jhd |fbk jtm tmk bmfhdjhd k}|kbtftjehr ea tmk jhqkrtepr) rmfpkmeiokpr) fho etmkp rtfgkmeiokpr fho jtm jhbpkfrjhd re|mjrtjbftjeh fbmjkqko jh bf|jtfi cfpgktr( _MK _MPKK FHBMEPR EA BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK> DEQKPHFHBK>

_mk tmpkk fhbmepr ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk fpk `efpo ea ojpkbtepr) cfhfdkckht fho rmfpkmeiokpr( Tmjik kfbm ea tmkc mfr jc|eptfht pkr|ehrj`jijtjkr ea jtr eh) jt jr tmkjp jhtkpfbtjeh jtm kfbm etmkpr tmft jr tmk gkz te kaakbtjqk deqkphfhbk( _mk rzrtkc bfh `kbeck {h`fifhbko ja fhz ehk ea tmkc jr het a{hbtjehjhd kii( @EFPO FHO CFHFDKCKH_>

_mk bmfhdkr jhtpeo{bko `z aeb{rjhd eh `efpo fho F{ojt Beccjttkk bec|erjtjeh mfqk het r{bbkkoko jh krtf`ijrmjhd f mkfitmz ojrtfhbk `ktkkh tmk cfhfdkckht fho @efpo( _mk @efpo rme{io rme {io `k apkk te cehjtep fho tmk cfhfdkckht apkk te cfhfdk( Ja tmk te a{hbtjehr fpk bec`jhko fr {hokp f rzrtkc ea Bmjka K}kb{tjqk Eaajbkp `kjhd Bmfjpcfh) tmkpk jr he rk|fpftjeh ea |ekpr fho a{hbtjehr( _mk |eijbz cfgjhd) rtpftkdz aepc{iftjeh fho cehjtepjhd jr oehk `z tmk rfck |kpreh me jr r{||erko te k}kb{tk tmkc( _mk kaajbjkhbz ea fii tmkrk ckfr{pkr te ojrtfhbk @efpo apec cfhfdkckht e{io `k iert ja k ikt f |kpreh kfp te mftr ft tmk rfck tjck tmft ea Bmfjpcfh ea tmk @efpo fho Bmjka K}kb{tjqk Eaajbkp ea cfhfdkckht(

00

Ft tmk e{trkt jt rme{io `k hetko tmft ikttjhd cfhfdkckht |kprehhki `k ckc`kpr ea tmk @efpo me re kqkp rkhjep tmkz ckc`kp `z bfiijhd tmkc a{ii tjck Ojpkbtepr % K}kb{tjqk Ojpkbtepr mfr behae{hoko tmk behbk|tr ea tpfhr|fpkhbz fho Fbbe{htf`jijtz( Deeo Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk okcfhor tmk rk|fpftjeh ea tmk @efpo fho Cfhfdkckht( Kqkh jh tmk bfrk ea |pecetkpr merk |kprehfi kfitm jr tjko te tmk bec|fhz tmkz mfqk te cfgk f bmejbk te `k rftjrajko `z `kjhd f ckc`kp ea tmk @efpo ep Cfhfdkckht tkfc( _mjr ea be{prk dekr fdfjhrt tmk dpfjh ea Jhojfh Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk) tmk ae{hojhd afcjiz fr ’ehkpr– `kjhd tmk @efpo fr kii fr Cfhfdkckht( Cfhfdkckht Fbbe{htf`jijtz jii `k hehk}jrtkht te tmk rmfpkmeiokpr jh r{bm bjpb{crtfhbkr( @EFPO FHO RMFPKMEIOKPR>

_mk pkd{iftepz kaaeptr fho e|kpftjeh ea cfpgkt aepbk mfqk ikat e{t tmjr pkiftjehrmj| jh tmk tmjpo fhbmep ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk( @z fho ifpdk rmfpkmeiokpr oe he ghe mft tmk ojpkbtepr fpk oejhd fho ojpkbtepr oe het ghe mft tmk rmfpkmeiokpr fht( @efpo ckc`kpr fpk kikbtko `z rmfpkmeiokpr te rkpqk fr tmkjp fdkhtr `{t jh |pfbtjbk rmfpkmeiokpr mfqk het k}kptko c{bm jhai{khbk eqkp ojpkbtepr( _mk k}bmfhdk ea jhaepcftjeh jhae pcftjeh `ktkkh tmk te fhbmepr jr |eep fho ojpkbtepr fpk het fbbe{htf`ik te rmfpkmeiokpr( _mkpk jr he fz aep rmfpkmeiokpr te ghe mktmkp tmk ojpkbtepr mfqk fbtko jh tmkjp jhtkpkrtr( Fitme{dm tmkz mfqk tmk pjdmt te kikbt `efpo) tmkpk jr he kaajbjkht ckbmfhjrc te hecjhftk ep kqkh khoeprk ojpkbtep bfhojoftkr( Rmfpkmeiokpr eh tmkjp |fpt fpk f|ftmktjb fho c{tk( _mkjp becc{hjbftjeh jr ijcjtko te aepcfi |pe}z qetkr mjbm mjrtepjbfiiz pftjajko `efpo‚r jrmkr( Rmfpkmeiokpr mfqk fbbkrr te he ckbmfhjrc tmpe{dm mjbm te kaakbt bmfhdkr) k}bk|t aep ae p bfiijhd fh k}tpf epojhfpz dkhkpfi `eoz ckktjhd( _mk pkiftjehrmj| `ktkkh tmk te fhbmepr) 02

`efpo fho rmfpkmeiokpr jr het ijhgko tedktmkp jh fhz cfhhkp ep `z fhz cktmeo k}bk|t aep tmk |peqjrjeh ea fhh{fi dkhkpfi ckktjhd( _mk f`rkhbk ea tmk ijhg mfr bpkftko fh jc`fifhbk jh tmk deqkphfhbk ckbmfhjrc( Jt mfr fire khbe{pfdko f bierkp pkiftjehrmj| fho rtpehdkp ijhg `ktkkh `efpo fho cfhfdkckht me ajii tmk qejo( Ojpkbtepr bfh `k kaakbtjqk jh tfgjhd bfpk ea rmfpkmeiokpr jhtkpkrtr ja k rkt {| f rtpehd rtp{bt{pk ea `efpo rmfpkmeiokp pkiftjehrmj| tmpe{dm khr{pjhd tpfhr|fpkht e|kpftjeh ea tmk `efpo ckktjhdr fho khapfhbmjrkckht ea rmfpkmeiokpr( _mpkk rtk|r ceetko jh tmjr behhkbtjeh fpk pkbepo ea qetjhd ft `efpo ckktjhdr) ikttjhd rmfpkmeiokpr |{t {| fr kii fr kikbt f ojpkbtep eh tmkjp `kmfia fho cfgk pkrei{tjehr |frrko ft rmfpkmeiokpr ckktjhd `jhojhd( _PFHR\FPKHBZ>

Ja tmk jhojqjo{fi ojpkbtepr‚ qetkr eh bep|epftk pkrei{tjehr jh gkz bep|epftk |pe}z rtftkckhtr fpk pkbepoko) tmk ojpkbtepr `kbeck fbbe{htf`ik te rmfpkmeiokpr( Tmkh |ke|ik fpk mkio pk#be{htf`ik aep ae p tmkjp fbtjehr fr jhojqjo{fi pftmkp tmfh fr f dpe{| tmkz tkho te kjdm tmkjp bmejbkr cepk bfpka{iiz( Ojpkbtepr e{io mfqk dpkftkp jhbkhtjqk te fjp tmkjp qjkr ja jhojqjo{fi qetkr fpk |{`ijrmko( R{bm fbb{c{iftko jhaepcftjeh te bpkftk ojpkbtepr‚ rbepk `efpor e{io r{||ikckht `efpo rkia kqfi{ftjeh( ➠

Rk|fpftk tmk |erjtjeh ea BKE fho Bmfjpcfh ea tmk @efpo fr jr tmk |pfbtjbk jh [G fho Bfhfof(

BEP\EPF_K DEQKPHFHBK JH JHOJFH RK__JHD> Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk mkh rtpjbtiz aeiieko % khaepbko e{io het fiie tmk |fzckhtr te fdkhbjkr jtm mjbm f bec|fhz mfr te okfi jtm( Tmjik |eijtjbfi behtpj`{tjehr fpk fiieko k}tpf ikdfi |fzckhtr fpk het fiieko fr |fzckhtr( _mkz bfh `k ajhfhbko ehiz `z jhaiftjhd

0?

k}|khojt{pk ep {hokprtfhojhd pkbkj|tr( @{t r{bm |pfbtjbkr bfhhet `k ijcjtko fho tmk oeep e{io e|kh jok aep cfhj|{iftjeh ea fbbe{htr( Jt jr het n{rt tmk jhtkdpjtz ea tmk cfpgkt tmft jr ft rtfgk `{t tmk |pe`jtz ea tmk hftjeh( Tk pfhg mjdm fcehd bepp{|t hftjehr( Ikt {r pkaepc bep|epftk deqkphfhbk `{t `z oejhd re k mfqk f c{bm `jddkp  ne` ea ijcjtjhd tmk jhrfhk dpkko tmft jr kftjhd ffz ijgk bfhbkp tmk qjtfir ea e{p hftjeh( Fr|kbtr ea bep|epftk deqkphfhbk tmft pkv{jpk fttkhtjeh fpk rtpkhdtmkhjhd tmk `efpo) fho pko{bjhd tmk rkk|jhd |ekpr ea k}kb{tjqk ojpkbtepr % a{iitjck ojpkbtepr merk |erjtjeh {hokpcjhkr tmk `fifhbk ea |ekp `ktkkh rmfpkmeiokpr) ojpkbtepr fho cfhfdkpr) fbbe{htf`jijtz ea cfhfdkckht fho |pecetjhd rmfpkmeiokpr |fptjbj|ftjeh( DEQKPHFHBK PKAEPCR JH JHOJF>

Ajprt) fatkp tmk Pk|ept ea tmk Beccjttkk eh Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk -Bmfjpcfh) G{cfp Cfhdfifc @jpif* 6:::) d{jokijhkr kpk jrr{ko jh 0<<<( Bec|fhjkr fpk fire pkv{jpko te a{phjrm rtftkckhtr fho pk|eptr aep tmk Kikbtpehjb Oftf Jhaepcftjeh Ajijhd fho Pktpjkqfi -KOJAFP* rzrtkc cfjhtfjhko `z RK@J( _e a{ptmkp jc|peqk tmk d{jokijhkr RK@J behrtjt{tko f Beccjttkk eh Bep|epftk Deqkphfhbk -Bmfjpcfh) H(P( Hfpfzfhf H fpfzfhf C{ptmz* merk pk|ept fr |pkrkhtko eh <=(<0(0<<2( _mk pk|ept mfr fire rkt e{t pkbecckhoftjehr ea Hfpkrm Bmfhopf Beccjttkk -0<<2* eh Bep|epftk F{ojt fho deqkphfhbk rkt {| `z Ok|fptckht ea Bec|fhz Faafjpr(

0;

01