Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpgëaen O~ei ziqql i ziqql# zipi ~ki A~pi Ehtnpelp ngntewi n Keheqtåpel dn Ce`nptiïál
Cea( Ic`npt Tiuclp n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp# nk alhb~htl alk Cea( Diwed K( Tiuclp Tnpizëi Apeqtl+aâhtpeai Ehtnphiaelhic
Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di q~znpgëaen
Ic`npt n N ceqi`ntf Tiuclp nk alhb~htl alk Diwed Tiuclp
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Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpgëaen
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Nqtn cewpl å zipi y~icy~np znqqli y~n `~qai ce`npdidn l~ y~n dnqnbi ib~dip i l~tplq( Tldl iy~ncn y~n tnk ~k alpiïál deqzlqtl n ëhtnopl# y~n nqté qehanpiknhtn ehtnpnqqidl nk qnpwep i Dn~q n zplklwnp qn~ pnehl# zldnpé qnp aizir dn ~tecerip n qn `nhnaeip dl kitnpeic alhtedl hnqtiq zéoehiq( L alhtnòdl dnqtn cewpl gle dnqnhwlcwedl n pnweqidl d~pihtn lq òcteklq 0: ihlq( Iq zpeknepiq wnpqþnq glpik z~`ceaidiq nk ^oihdi nk 9559( Añzeiq nk Nqzihflc# Fehd~ n Icnkál q~poepik nhy~ihtl weibéwiklq n pniceréwiklq qnkehépelq dn ialhqncfiknhtl n a~pi ehtnpelp nk eopnbiq hl k~hdl ehtnepl( Nk pn~heþnq# nqznaeicknhtn hi Égpeai n hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c# qnkzpn tëhfiklq anhtnhiq dn znqqliq zndehdl zipi qnpnk keheqtpidiq( Apel~+qn# l`weiknhtn# ~ki hnanqqedidn dn qn keheqtpip ê k~ctedþnq qnk dnevip dn itnhdnp êq hnanqqedidnq ehdewed~ieq( Tik`åk l`qnpwiklq y~n k~etiq znqqliq alk qåpelq zpl`cnkiq# il hltip i k~dihïi nk qn~q ikeolq# wehfik itå hñq# dnzleq dlq qnkehépelq# `~qaihdl ib~di( Alhac~eklq# zlptihtl# y~n lq alhqncfneplq claieq hnanqqetiwik dn ~k tpnehiknhtl( Alhqny~nhtnknhtn# pnweqiklq n pnnqapnwnklq l kitnpeic alkzcntl –Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpgëaen‛# dihdl glal i op~zlq n i znqqliq y~n y~npeik nqt~dip zlp q~i alhti( I nvznpeâhaei hlq klqtpl~ y~n ~k o~ei kntñdeal iancnpi l zplanqql dn izpnhderionk zipi keheqtpip a~pi n ce`nptiïál( Tnhdl ~k kåtldl acipl# ziqql i ziqql# zldn+qn nwetip npplq# alkl tik`åk i`~qlq( Znhqn hnqtnq ziqqlq alkl kipalq l~ g~kdiknhtlq( Nk`lpi hál qnbik i òheai kihnepi dn qn keheqtpip a~pi n ce`nptiïál# nqtnq qál lq knelq zncl y~ic Dn~q hlq pnwncl~ alkl zplandnp nk hlqql keheqtåpel n hlq keheqtåpelq diy~ncnq y~n alhlqal izpnhdnpik( Nqtn cewpl iqq~kn y~n l cnetlp ianeti i i~tlpedidn n i wnpdidn di @ë`cei( Lq ipo~knhtlq tnñpealq n tnlcñoealq glpik pnd~redlq il këhekl# n l nhgly~n nqté nk izpnqnhtip ~k kåtldl l~ ~ki nqtp~t~pi y~n zlqqi qnp giaecknhtn izceaéwnc i op~zlq n ê znqqliq( I kndedi y~n wlaâ glp nqt~dihdl nqtn cewpl# znïi il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n o~en qn~q znhqiknhtlq n alhpkn i wnpdidn( Alknan izceaihdl lq zpehaëzelq ê q~i wedi znqqlic# n clol deqzlhfi qn~ alpiïál n dnqnbn qnp ~qidl zlp Dn~q zipi ib~dip i l~tplq( Gehicknhtn ~ki ziciwpi dn idwnptâhaei( Hl alknïl dn hlqql keheqtåpel# l Qnhflp hlq klqtpl~ y~n Ncn hál alkziptecfi q~i ocñpei alk heho~åk( Tldi i ocñpei Cfn znptnhan( Nhy~ihtl hlq pnolrebiklq y~ihdl iq znqqliq pnan`nk i Apeqtl# qn ippnznhdnk# qál a~pidlq n ce`nptlq# dnwnklq qlhdip hlqql alpiïál n hál znpketep y~n l lpo~cfl qn cnwihtn n hlq alpplkzi( Gle zlp nqti pirál y~n Bnq~q deqqn2 –Alht~dl# hál wlq icnopneq zlpy~n qn wlq q~`kntnk lq nqzëpetlq= icnopie+wlq ihtnq zlp nqtipnk lq wlqqlq hlknq nqapetlq hlq aå~q(‛ &C~aiq 9:20:%( Znpkihnïiklq dnznhdnhtnq dn Dn~q# alkzplkntedlq ê Nqapet~pi n qnhqëwneq il klwnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl(
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Ql`pn lq i~tlpnq Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp qál apeqtálq zlp kieq dn aehy~nhti ihlq( Dnqnhwlcwnpik+qn n nhqehipik l Keheqtåpel dn Tnpizei Apeqtl+aâhtpeai nk y~itpl alhtehnhtnq# zlp kieq dn tpehti ihlq( Ic`npt Tiuclp å ceanhaeidl nk Iptnq n zlqq~n ~k anpteaidl dn zñq opid~iïál nk Nd~iïál znci ^hewnpqedidn dn Aik`pedon &Pnehl ^hedl%# lhdn nqt~dl~ Aeâhaeiq Hit~pieq( Nk 957:# gle ê ^oihdi# Égpeai Laednhtic# b~htl alk i AKQ &Af~paf Keqqelhipu Qlaentu%# lhdn nhqehl~ aeâhaeiq n kitnkéteai nk ~k ehtnphitl qna~hdépel afikidl @~qloi Alccnon# nk Kepe( Nk 9571# qn alhwnptn~ nk zpeknepl l`pnepl di Eopnbi dn ^oihdi dnhtpl diq nqalciq dn ^oihdi# n qnapntépel lpoiheridlp n knk`pl di ^heál @ë`ceai( Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp+Fnnp tpi`icfl~ zpeknepiknhtn alkl qnapntépei n clol dnzleq alk l W@O &Op~zl dn Nqt~dl @ë`ceal% q~ëïl( Kieq tipdn# gnr ~k a~pql dn dleq ihlq hi Nqalci @ë`ceai Nkiòq# dn cëho~i gpihanqi( Nk 9570# gle zipi ^oihdi alk i Qeqq Keqqelh Gncclqfez# lhdn gle tpihqgnpedi zipi i Ci Qapezt~pn ^helh( Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf qn aiqipik nk 9574 n b~htlq dnpik alhteh~edidn il tpi`icfl zelhnepl di Ci Qapezt~pn ^helh nk ^oihdi# itå l ihl dn 95?9( Qn~q dleq cflq# Zfecez n Diwed# hiqanpik nk ^oihdi( Nk 95?0 qn k~dipik zipi l Y~âhei zipi tpi`icfip dnhtpl di Alk~kedidn Apeqtá dn zplgnqqlpnq dl Y~âhei zlp k~etlq ihlq( Q~i cfi Nqtfnp hiqan~ cé( Nk 956: qn k~dipik zipi Ehocitnppi# zipi i nd~aiïál dn qn~q cflq( Dnqdn nhtál keheqtpipik hi Ehocitnppi# @åcoeai# Q~ëïi# Noetl# Plkâhei# ^oihdi &tldl wnpál# nhtpn 9565 n 9550%# n nk wépelq ziëqnq hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c2 Iponhtehi# @lcëwei# Afecn n Ny~idlp# nhtpn 9551 n 0::9( Nk 0::0 nqtewnpik keheqtpihdl hi Q~ëïi n tik`åk hi Ëhdei# zlp ~k kâq( Clol hl ihl dn 0::1# keheqtpipik hi Q~ëïi# Nqzihfi# ^oihdi# Iponhtehi# Qehoiz~pi n Ehdlhåqei= hl ihl dn 0::4 nqtewnpik hi Iponhtehi n hl Znp~# n nk 0::7 hlwiknhtn hi Iponhtehi( It~icknhtn wewnk hi Q~ëïi# c~oip lhdn Nceqi`ntf hiqan~( Znci opiïi dn Dn~q# glpik ~qidlq zipi keheqtpip dn kihnepi ehdewed~ic n tik`åk i anhtnhiq dn znqqliq# nhy~ihtl lq tpnehiwik zipi l g knqkl keheqtåpel( Iopidnank i Dn~q zlp Qn~ iklp# znci zplweqál n znci dncedidn y~n Ncn tnwn zipi alk ncnq n q~i gikëcei# n iopidnank iy~ncnq y~n# zlp knel dn dliïþnq# tlphipik zlqqëwnc nqtn keheqtåpel( Qn qnhtnk zpewecnoeidlq dn fiwnpnk qedl afikidlq zipi tpi`icfip dnqti glpki( Ndetlp n Al+nqa petlp Diwed K( Tiuclp
Diwed nqt~dl~ Aeâhaeiq Hit~pieq n nqznaeicerl~+qn nk Zqealcloei Nvznpeknhtic hi ^hewnpqedidn dn Aik`pedon# hi Ehocitnppi( Opid~l~+qn l`tnhdl ~ki Ceanhaeit~pi nk Iptnq n clol qn k~dl~ zipi Q~ëïi# lhdn it~icknhtn tpi`icfi alkl zpld~tlp dn kòqeai# ipteqti n alhq~ctlp onpic apeitewl( B~htl alk qn~q zieq# ncn keheqtpl~ nk ^oihdi n hi Q~ëïi(
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Ql`pn i Hnanqqedidn I ekzlptàhaei dn keheqtpip i`ievl di q~znpgëaen
D~pihtn l tnkzl nk y~n nqtewn nqt~dihdl nk Aik`pedon# kn pnalpdl di alhwnpqi y~n tewn ~ki tipdn alk ~ki `e`celtnaépei dl Dnziptiknhtl dn Zqealcloei( Nci tehfi ~ki o~pi kitnphi( Nci l`qnpwl~ lq cewplq ehap~qtidlq hiy~nciq nqtihtnq dn tpâq kntplq dn ict~pi n dnzleq dn ~k q~qzepl deqqn2 –Iznqip dn tldl alhfnaeknhtl# iehdi hál tewnklq# dnhtpl dnqtn dnziptiknhtl# ~k aenhtëqti alkaenhtëal aiqiknhtl nqtéwnc‛( Ik`lq alhalpdiklq y~n alknïidl fiwei acipiknhtn icol y~n gictiwi hlqny~np nhgly~n ê wedi( Fl~wn ~k flknk y~n fiwei i ehwnqteoip ql`pn l zipihlpkic( –Kiq qn nhcl~y~nan~‛# deqqn nci iqznpiknhtn( Alkl apeqtálq qlppeklq alk ip dn q~aeâhaei deihtn dn tieq feqtñpeiq# qno~plq dn qi`np y~n alhfnanklq i wnpdidn n y~n tnklq Apeqtl( Kiq nhtál zlpy~n hlq wnklq tál còo~`pnq< Y~ál kncflpnq qlklq nk alkzipiïál ilq zqeañclolq qna~cipnq< Apnklq pknknhtn y~ihdl i @ë`cei der2 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q tldl blncfl qn dl`pipé n tldi cëho~i alhgnqqipé‛# kiq nqznpiklq qn~ a~kzpeknhtl hl aå~( Nhy~ihtl eqql# gpny~nhtnknhtn# hlqqiq wediq iy~e hi tnppi qál# hi pnicedidn# `iticfiq znpdediq kipaidiq zncl dnqnqznpl# znci dòwedi n zlp d~zclq zidplnq( Zlqql ipkip# y~n nk ziptn# å zlpy~n dneviklq dn glpi ~k ncnknhtl nqqnhaeic dl nwihoncfl( Hál zldnklq ep i Apeqtl n nqznpip ~ki wetñpei ql`pn l znaidl n tnp ~ki wedi i`~hdihtn# nhy~ihtl hlq iznoiklq ê ~ki znpqznatewi piaelhic n kitnpeic dl k~hdl# y~n hnoi l ziznc di a~pi n di ce`nptiïál( K~etlq apânk y~n lq dnkôhelq l~ nqzëpetlq qál qekzcnqknhtn qnpnq këqtealq l~ zplanqqlq zqealcñoealq( Ico~hq iapndetik y~n dnkôhelq nveqtnk# kiq y~n zldnk qnp eohlpip alk tldi qno~pihïi qn kihtewnpklq hlqql glal hi wnpdidn# hl ippnznhdeknhtl n hi gå( Kiq hi @ë`cei# Bnq~q Apeqtl qn depeon ilq dnkôhelq alkl qnpnq nqzepet~ieq pnieq# y~n dnwnk qnp nvz~cqlq qn nqtál zpnqnhtnq( Eqtl gle l y~n Ncn gnr n l y~n qn~q deqaëz~clq tewnpik y~n izpnhdnp n girnp( Dleq kec ihlq dn aeweceriïál laednhtic hál k~dik nqti pnicedidn( Bnq~q tik`åk deqqn y~n fiwei wehdl zipi a~pip lq y~n`pihtidlq dn alpiïál( Qn~ keheqtåpel npi ny~ece`pidl n ehtnopic( Hlq nhqehl~ i tnp gå# kiq tik`åk lgnpnan~ a~pi zipi l alpzl n zipi i icki( Nqtn cewpl tnk alkl l`bntewl nhtpnoip nqznpihïi i keheqtplq n ê znqqliq y~n c~tik alhtpi znaidlq y~n hál zldnk wnhanp zlp qe knqklq# l~ gnpediq y~n hál y~npnk qipip( Nk c~oip dn deqa~tep tåaheaiq n nqtpitåoeiq dn ql`pnwewâhaei# izpnhdnklq i lcfip i`ievl di q~znpgëaen n i cedip alk i pier dl zpl`cnki( Å ehapëwnc i k~dihïi y~n zldn+qn afnoip y~ihdl pnan`nklq a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál# `iqnidiq hl g~hdiknhtl qñcedl di wnpdidn @ë`cei n diq nvznpeâhaeiq alhapntiq( Diwed K( Tiuclp
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Pnalknhdiïál Ihi Kipei# aåteai hl ehëael# nvznpeknhtl~ zlp qe knqki lq gp~tlq dn k~dihïi nk q~i wedi itpiwåq dnqtn keheqtåpel# nhy~ihtl tpid~rei nk ~k qnkehépel( It~icknhtn# nci å ~ki keheqtpi y~n tpnehl~ anhtnhiq dn znqqliq(
–Alhfnae Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp nk 955?# nk Y~etl( Ncnq nqtiwik pnicerihdl ~k qnkehépel# lhdn kndnzndepik lq ib~diqqn alkl ehtåpzpntn( hl keheqtåpel nhqehiknhtlq dnhtpl kehfi y~n eopnbi# n~ kn nhalhtpiwi k~etl Nhy~ihtl aåteai alkqnpwei pnqznetl il k~hdldnnqzepet~ic( Kn~ kitpekôhel ziqqiwi zlp klknhtlq k~etl degëaneq= n iznqip dn qnpklq apeqtálq alkzplkntedlq# hál qi`ëiklq l y~n girnp icåk dn qno~ep iq deqaezcehiq nqzepet~ieq( Nhy~ihtl ehtnpzpntiwi zipi l nqzihflc y~ihdl Ic`npt depeoei iq lpiïþnq nk anptlq pet~ieq pnceoelqlq# y~ne q~pzpnnhdedi il nvznpeknhtip# n~ knqki# ~ki ce`nptiïál( Dnzleq dn ~k zplanqql dn a~pi alk i~tl+keheqtpiïál# n alk i ib~di dlq l~tplq izceaihdl lq ziqqlq nhqehidlq dnqtn cewpl# hlqqiq wediq# iqqek alkl hlqql aiqiknhtl# glpik pnqti~pidlq( D~pihtn iq qno~ehtnq weionhq keqqelhépeiq y~n lq Tiuclp rnpik nk kn~ ziëq# alhteh~ne qnhdl tpnehidi ql`pn alkl ib~dip i l~tplq( Alhteh~ne tpnehihdl anhtnhiq dn znqqliq ~qihdl nqtnq ziqqlq# n aidi wnr y~n zpnzipl i l~tplq# al q~pzpnnhdedi il deqanphep alkl å géaec zipi iq znqqliq izpnhdnpnk nqtnq zplandeknhtlq( Nqtál k~etl kltewidlq zncl gitl dn y~n alhqno~epik nvznpeknhtip pniïþnq n pnq~ctidlq ekndeitlq# depntiknhtn dl zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( I glpki kntñdeai znci y~ic lq Tiuclp nkzpnnhdnk nqtn keheqtåpel tpir flhpi i ~k Dn~q dn lpdnk( Eqtl alhtpe`~e zipi pnd~rep iq k~etiq l`bnïþnq alhtpi i ce`nptiïál# bé y~n iq kihegnqtiïþnq n iq f~kecfiïþnq zò`ceaiq tâk k~etl zl~al zpltiolheqkl( L nhgly~n nqté hlq pnq~ctidlq( Iopidnïl iq zi~tiq didiq iy~e zipi y~n hál hlq iziptnklq dl zplzñqetl dnwedl êq kihegnqtiïþnq dn zldnp( I zplwi n l deqanpheknhtl wâk diq kálq( Lq i~tlpnq apânk y~n l zplanqql dn qihteaiïál# lhdn zipteaezik i a~pi ehtnpelp n i ce`nptiïál å pnqzlhqi`ecedidn dn aidi apeqtál( Ncnq wânk i hnanqqedidn nk qe# qnk dnznhdnp dn ~k nqznaeiceqti l~ dn ~k ~hoedl( Flbn fé k~etiq lzlpt~hedidnq zipi qn pnan`np a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál nk pnteplq# ialhqncfnknhtlq znqqlieq# qnpweïlq nhglaidlq ê a~pi# nta( Nhtpntihtl# ~ki wnr tnpkehidi i nvznpeâhaei((( Alkl ~ki znqqli zldn alhteh~ip< ((( Nqtn cewpl zldn qnp ~k cewpl dn dnqnhwlcweknhtl zipi ico~åk y~n y~nepi alhteh~ip zlp q~i alhti# alk qekzcnq ehqtp~ïþnq ql`pn alkl cedip alk l znaidl# iq gnpediq n alk l nvz~cqip dnkôhelq( Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp qál zplgnqqlpnq dltidlq# y~n nqtál alclaihdl qn~ keheqtåpel il qnpweïl di eopnbi i hëwnc k~hdeic( G~e tnqtnk~hfi# dn kihnepi depnti# y~n l tpi`icfl dncnq nqté ekz~cqelhidl znci alkzievál dn Bnq~q Apeqtl n l iklp znci eopnbi n zncl k~hdl(‛ Ziqtlpi Ihi Kipëi Aépdnhiq# Y~etl# Ny~idlp(
7
Iopidnaeknhtlq Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp olqtipeik dn iopidnanp ê2
Hlqql cfl Diwed# y~nk hlq kltewl~ i alclaip hlqql nhqehiknhtl nk glpkitl dn ~k cewpl# n zipteaezl~ alkl hlqql ndetlp n al+nqapetlp( Afpeqteih n Piafnc Tim~qfe# n hlqql cfl Zfecez# znci alppnïál di cnet~pi n alhtpe`~eïþnq ideaelhieq( Hlqqi cfi Nqtfnp# y~nk zpnzipl~ hlqql aikehfl zipi hlqql keheqtåpel hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c# n qn~ nqzlql Dihenc# alk y~nk tnklq tpi`icfidl wépeiq wnrnq nk degnpnhtnq ziptnq dl k~hdl( Tldlq lq y~n ehwnqtepik dn qe knqkl n dn qn~ tnkzl hl kitnpeic opéal( Kipm @eqflz# nk ico~hq nq`lïlq( Hlqqlq kldnclq2 Ihbice O~ztipi# Icinddehn Gimfnaf# Qieg Afidf~pu n Kih~nc Fictnp( Diwed Tiuclp znci gltlopii n dnqnhfl( Lq bé gicnaedlq2 Qncuh F~ofnq n l dl~tlp Dnpnm Zpehan= Zntnp Flppl`eh# @ecc Q~`petrmu n i l~tplq tihtlq y~n hlq eh~nhaeipik hlq ihlq 6: n zpehaëzel dlq ihlq 5:( I tldlq iy~ncnq y~n tpid~repik hlqql kitnpeic nk dewnpqlq edelkiq# n ilq y~n glpik tpid~tlpnq d~pihtn lq qnkehépelq n hlq tnkzlq dn keheqtpiïál znqqlic( I tldlq iy~ncnq y~n hlq ialkzihfipik nk hlqqlq qnkehépelq n ilq y~n alhteh~ipik alk âvetl ~qihdl hlqql kitnpeic( I tldlq lq y~n hlq ialcfnpik nk qn~q cipnq n ilq y~n lpoiheripik iq ehqticiïþnq hnanqqépeiq zipi hlqqlq qnkehépelq n l`pi( ^k iopidnaeknhtl k~etl nqznaeic êq qno~ehtnq znqqliq2 Lqaip Ceki# y~nk hlq alhwedl~ êq `iqnq di BLA^K hi @lcëwei n Iponhtehi= i Peaipdl Pldpeo~nr# y~nk l gnr hi BLA^K Afecn( Ê Ihi Kipëi Aépdnhiq n Wicnpel Kiopehe# hl Ny~idlp# lq y~ieq lpoiheripik n tpid~repik zipi hñq# n y~n alhteh~ipik alk l keheqtåpel dn glpki gp~tëgnpi n iopiaeidi( Mnhhntf n Qfneci Kiadlhicd# nk @~nhlq Iepnq# lq y~ieq tâk q~i aiqi qnkzpn deqzlhëwnc zipi hñq= n il Pnwnpnhdl Io~qtëh Kipqic# nk a~bi eopnbi qnkzpn qlklq `nk+wehdlq( Nqtiklq k~etl iopidnaedlq zlp tldlq lq y~n tpi`icfipik b~htl alhlqal hi Q~ëïi# @åcoeai# Ehocitnppi# ^oihdi# Noetl# Plkâhei# Ehdlhåqei# Qehoiz~pi n Ëhdei( ^k iopidnaeknhtl nqznaeic il Pnwnpnhdl Dp( Tflkiq Wipofnqn# y~n å hlqql ec~qtpn alkzihfnepl hi Ëhdei( ^k iopidnaeknhtl qehanpl êy~ncnq di Q~ëïi n Ehocitnppi y~n hlq izleipik hihanepiknhtn# alkl tik`åk nk lpiïál( Qnk wlaâq# nqtn tpi`icfl hál qnpei zlqqëwnc( Tldlq lq y~n tpi`icfipik alhlqal# hlq i`nhïlipik n hlq ehqzepipik( Qn hlq dndeaéqqnklq i hlknip i tldlq i ceqti hál tnpei k( Iaeki dn t~dl iopidnanklq i Dn~q zlp q~i `lhdidn nk qicwip+hlq# zpltnonp+hlq n ~qip+hlq hnqtn keheqtåpel(
?
Ehtpld~ïál @nk+wehdlq ê –Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di q~znpgëaen‛( Hlqqi knti å alkziptecfip alk wlaâq l y~n tnklq izpnhdedl nk hlqql keheqtåpel dn nhqehiknhtlq n ialhqncfiknhtl( Aidi ~k dn hñq qn nhalhtpi nk ~ki ntizi degnpnhtn hl aikehfip alk Dn~q# alkl tik`åk hl keheqtåpel( Iqqek# cfn ihekiklq i tpi`icfip alk l cewpl dn kihnepi qeqtnkéteai( Å ~ki `li edåei# eheaeicknhtn# cnp l cewpl dn glpki pézedi# zipi alhfnanp q~i nqtp~t~pi n iq edåeiq onpieq( Clol# wlctn i pncâ+cl n nqt~dn dnticfidiknhtn aidi aizët~cl( Izcey~n lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál dnhtpl dn q~i zpñzpei wedi( Dnzleq# knklpern+lq ihtnq dn keheqtpip i kieq ico~åk( Nqtp~t~pi dl cewpl
Nqtn cewpl alkzþn+qn dn y~itpl qnïþnq2 9( Znaidlq n Gnpediq 0( Ce`nptiïál 1( Keheqtpihdl A~pi n Ce`nptiïál 4( Kitnpeic dn Izlel Hi qnïál 9# izpnhdnklq ql`pn lq zpl`cnkiq hit~pieq hi épni dl znaidl n diq gnpediq n alkl cedip alk ncnq( Hi qnïál 0# izpnhdnklq alkl lq dnkôhelq zldnk i~knhtip lq ngnetlq dlq znaidlq hit~pieq n diq gnpediq# n alkl eh~nhaeik nk hlqqiq wediq( Hi qnïál 1 l`qnpwiklq l keheqtpl n l zplanqql zpñzpel dn keheqtpip i`ievl di q~znpgëaen dnhtpl diq tpâq épniq( Hi qnïál 4# zplzlpaelhiklq ~k kitnpeic dn izlel ideaelhic l y~ic dn i~vëcel zipi y~icy~np klknhtl( Ql`pn lq Deiopikiq dn Wnhh
Hnqtn cewpl# ~teceriklq Deiopikiq dn Wnhh zipi ec~qtpip i pnciïál nhtpn alpzl# icki n nqzëpetl n lq tezlq dn keheqtpiïþnq y~n qn zldnk izceaip( ^k Deiopiki dn Wnhh hál pnwnci lhdn icol qn qet~i# kiq qek i hit~pnri dnqtn icol( Nk qno~edi izpnqnhtiklq ~k nvnkzcl dn ~k Deiopiki dn Wnhh tëzeal alk tpâq aitnolpeiq2 y~nhtn# `n`edi n gp~ti( Nk y~n aitnolpei nqtipei l –afé gpël‛ hl deiopiki< L y~n zldnpëiklq alclaip hl nqziïl kipaidl alk ~k iqtnpëqal"< Y^NHTN
Hál å hnanqqépel nhtnhdnp nqtnq deiopikiq nk dnticfnq zipi aiztip alkl keheqtpip i`ievl di q~znpgëaen( I pirál dn ~qipklq tieq deiopikiq hnqtn cewpl å zlpy~n zldnk hlq ib~dip i alkzpnnhdnp i glpki nk y~n lpoiheriklq nqtn kitnpeic( Kiq iehdi zldnk hlq qnpwep dn izlel zipi pnzpnqnhtip iq pnciïþnq nhtpn lq zpl`cnkiq# n nhtnhdnp alkl nqqn knqkl anhépel zldn pny~npnp degnpnhtnq épniq dn keheqtpiïál(
Glol
"
Afé Aigå Alai Alci
q~al dn Kihoi
Kihoi
&Pnqzlqti2 L afé gpel qn alclai il cidl di Alai Alci( L " zldnk qnp# zlp nvnkzcl# kiïáq alrediq( Hltn y~n l aigå qn nhalhtpi hiq tpâq# zlpy~n zplwåk dn ~ki gp~ti n å ~ki `n`edi y~nhtn(% @N@EDI
GP^TI
6
Qnïál 9
Znaidlq n Gnpediq
9 Nqzëpetl# icki n alpzl( L nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl( Bnq~q Apeqtl y~np a~pip aidi ~ki dnqtiq épniq Y~idpl pnq~kl dn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál‛
9>
0 Znaidlq di aiphn Alkl cedip alk lq ngnetlq dl znaidl hit~pic
95
1 Gnpediq n pniïþnq ehalppntiq Cedihdl alk iq gnpediq n iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê tieq gnpediq# ql` l zlhtl dn weqti `ë`ceal
01
4 A~pihdl Cnk`pihïiq Dlclplqiq Alkl iq Cnk`pihïiq Dlclplqiq zldnk qnp a~pidiq
05
> Y~n`pihdl ciïlq di icki Alkl y~n`pip lq ciïlq ëkzelq di icki
19
7 Hlwlq zidpþnq dn a lkzlptiknhtl Hlqql ziznc nk k~dipklq l alkzlptiknhtl i k dn l`tnp i a~pi alkzcnti
Ti`nci dn Alhtnòdl
11
5
Qnïál 0
Ce`nptiïál
9( Ce`nptiïál hlq nwihoncflq Keheqtpip ce`nptiïál å `ë`ceal# n å ziptn dlq l`bntewlq di eopnbi it~icknhtn
1?
0( Lq dleq pnehlq nqzepet~ieq I pnciïál nhtpn lq pnehlq dn Dn~q n dn Qitihéq= lq dnkôhelq alkl ib~dihtnq dn Qitihéq( Iq `ippnepiq dn ekzndeknhtl zipi qn ianetip i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic
15
1( I hit~pnri n l it~ip dlq dnkôhelq L y~n qál dnkôhelq n alkl eh~nhaeik hlqqiq wediq<
49
4( Lq zlhtlq hit~pieq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq Alkl l znaidl# iq gnpediq n lq ciïlq ëkzelq di icki dál c~oip ilq dnkôhelq<
4>
>( Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ieq zipi lq dnkôhelq La~cteqkl# ihtnziqqidlq# gicqiq pnceoeþnq# kicdeïþnq n alhtitl alk i klptn
45
7( Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi l Keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál Alkl zpnzipip+hlq zipi nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq<
>1
?( Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál L y~n girnp dnzleq dn pnan`np ce`nptiïál<
Ti`nci dn Alhtnòdl
>?
9:
Qnïál 1
Keheqtpihdl a~pi n ce`nptiïál 9( Nqtiklq zplhtlq zipi keheqtpip< Y~icedidnq dn ~k keheqtpl( L y~n cnwi ico~åk i alkziptecfip qn~q zpl`cnkiq Dnticfnq zpétealq
71
0( Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq Dl qehtlki dl zpl`cnki ê pier di wnpdidnepi qet~iïál i`ievl di q~znpgëaen
7?
1( Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel Alkl qi`np y~n ziqqlq dnwnk qnp tlkidlq zipi keheqtpip nk anpti qet~iïál
?1
4( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq Znaidlq# gnpediq# cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq# ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki# a~pi gëqeai n zidpþnq dl znhqiknhtl
??
>( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq Znaidlq# gnpediq# ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki# dlkehiïál# ekz~pnriq n nhgnpkedidnq
61
7( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq La~cteqkl# ihtnziqqidlq# pnceoeþnq# nvznpeâhaeiq nqzepet~ieq# l~tpiq nhgnpkedidnq n alhac~qál
6?
?( Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli Alhqncflq zpétealq
59
6( Keheqtpihdl i ~k o p~zl A~pi ehtnpelp n keheqtpiïál dn ce`nptiïál i ~k op~zl
5?
5( I`~ql qnv~ic Izceaiïál dn t~dl y~n qn izpnhdn~ zipi keheqtpip nk qet~iïþnq dn i`~ql qnv~ic
9:9
9:( Nqt~dl dn aiql ^k nvnkzcl pnic klqtpihdl tldlq lq iqznatlq dl keheqtåpel# hi zpéteai
Ti`nci dn Alhtnòdl
9:?
99
Qnïál 4
KITNPEIC DN IZLEL Gltlq
990
Zipi zplwip n wnp2 Tnqtnk~hflq n knhqionhq
997
Nhqehiknhtlq afiwnq dn izlel2 Dnacipiïál dn gå
900
? Ziqqlq zipi i wedi apeqtá
901
I zitnphedidn dn Dn~q
904
Pn`nceál
90>
Ippnznhdeknhtlnalhgqqál
907
Pnbneïál
906
L qiho~n n l hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl
91:
Zipi y~nk å i ce`nptiïál<
919
I~tl+ce`nptiïál
910
^ql dn qëk`lclq dnhtpl di Keheqtpiïál
911
Keheqtpihdl a~pi gëqeai
914
Lpeoehieq zipi gltlalzeip2 Zplopnqql hl Keheqtåpel Y~nqtelhépelzipiednhtegaipqet~iïþnq
Épniq dn zpl`cnkiq Iop~ziknhtl dn dnkôhelq Ziqqlq pnq^hedlq
917
Cewplq pnalknhdidlq
946
Alkzihfneplq dn Keheqtåpel
945
Ti`nci dn Alhtnòdl
90
Qnïál E
Znaidlq n Gnpediq
Qnïál 9
Znaidlq n Gnpediq
9 Nqzëpetl# icki n alpzl( L nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl( Bnq~q Apeqtl y~np a~pip aidi ~ki dnqtiq épniq Y~idpl pnq~kedl dn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál
9>
0 Znaidlq di aiphn Alkl cedip alk lq ngnetlq dl znaidl hit~pic
95
1 Gnpediq n pniïþnq ehalppntiq Cedihdl alk iq gnpediq n iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq zipi tieq gnpediq dnqdn ~k zlhtl dn weqti `ë`ceal
01
4 A~pihdl Cnk`pihïiq Dlclplqiq Alkl qn zldnk a~pip iq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq<
05
> Y~n`pihdl ciïlq dn icki Alkl y~n`pip lq ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki<
19
7 Hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl Hlqql ziznc nk k~dip l alkzlptiknhtl i k dn icaihïip ~ki a~pi alkzcnti
11
9
Nqzëpe tl# icki n alpzl Ehtpld~ïál il alhanetl dn nqzëpetl# icki n alpzl n dnklqtpiïál y~n Dn~q y~np a~pip aidi ziptn dn hlqql qnp( L y~n qál l nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl< Cnp E Tnqqiclheanhqnq >201
L nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl qál tnpklq ~qidlq hi @ë`cei n hi ceho~ionk altedeihi# zipi dnqapnwnp l g~haelhiknhtl dn ~ki znqqli( Dnwedl il gitl dn y~n zldnklq wnp n tlaip l alpzl# nqtn å épni kieq qekzcnq dn qn nhtnhdnp( Kiq qi`nklq y~n fé kieq y~n eqtl( ^k alpzl wewl# acipiknhtn# tnk qnhteknhtlq# znhqiknhtlq# dnqnblq l~ ehtnhïþnq( Nqtnq qál dnqapetlq alkl i icki( Tihtl i icki y~ihtl l alpzl zldnk qnp nhtnhdedl dnhtpl dl pnehl hit~pic( Kiq tik`åk zldnklq alhfnanp n nvznpeknhtip l~tpi deknhqál ehtihoëwnc# y~n å i épni dl nqzëpetl(
NQZËPETL
ALPZL
ICKI
L nqzëpetl å i ziptn dl flknk y~n ehtnpit~i alk i nqgnpi nqzepet~ic( Y~ihdl ~ki znqqli qn ippnznhdn n znci gå pnan`n i Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl Qnhflp n Qicwidlp# nhtál l nqzëpetl qn tlphi wedi zipi Dn~q( Dl alhtpépel# l nqzëpetl nqté klptl hl znaidl( I icki å glpkidi znci knhtn# nklïþnq &znhqiknhtlq n qnhteknhtlq% n znci wlhtidn( I @ë`cei ehdeai y~n i icki znpkihnan icåk dl zlhtl di klptn( L alpzl å kitnpeic# `elcñoeal l~ y~ëkeal( Nqtn å hlqql alpzl tnppnhl# kiq tnklq i zplknqqi dn ~k alpzl ancnqteic(
Lq tpâq aëpa~clq
Alhqednpnklq l deiopiki di depneti( Knqkl y~n hlqql nqzëpetl n icki pnqedik dnhtpl dl alpzl# hál ideaelhiklq l nqzëpetl n i icki dnhtpl dl aëpa~cl dl alpzl# zlp tpitip+qn dn ~k deiopiki dn Wnhh# n hál dn ~k kizi( ^qipnklq nqtn tezl dn deiopiki nk tldl cewpl zipi dnklqtpip iy~ecl nk y~n hñq y~npnklq nh+ glaip dnhtpl dn ~ki deqa~qqál nqznaëai l~ lpenhtiïál nk pnciïál ê keheqtpiïál(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 9
9>
Nqzëpetl# Icki n Alpzl
Bnq~q nqté ehtnpnqqidl nk a idi ~ki dn hlqqiq épniq Cnp Eqiëiq 7929+1 n C~aiq 4294+09
Bnq~q wnel zipi ib~dip+hlq hl nqzëpetl# hi icki n hl alpzl( † † † †
Ncn wnel zipi pnqti~pip lq y~n`pihtidlq dn alpiïál &i icki%( I ih~haeip i ce`npdidn ilq aitewlq &l nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl%( N dnwlcwnp i weqál ilq anolq &l alpzl%( Alhandnp wnqtnq dn cl~wlp il ehwåq dn nqzëpetl iho~qteidl &l nqzëpetl%(
^ki hlwi apeit~pi hnanqqeti tnkzl
Y~ihdl ianetiklq i Apeqtl hlq tlphiklq ~ki hlwi apeit~pi &0 Alpëhtelq >29?%( Hlqql alpzl iehdi zipnan eo~ic n iehdi alhqnpwiklq i knqki aiziaedidn dn znhqiknhtlq n nklïþnq dl `nk n dl kic( Nhtál# l`weiknhtn# hlqqi icki hál å hlwi( Qlklq ~ki hlwi apeit~pi# zlpy~n l nqzëpetl pnan`n~ i aiziaedidn dn alk~heaip+qn alk Dn~q# alhwnptnhdl+qn iqqek# hi eh~âhaei y~n lznpi dnaeqewiknhtn nk hlqqiq wediq( ( Il hlq tlphipklq hlwi apeit~pi# zldnklq eheaeip i pnhlwiïál n l alhqnptl dn hlqqiq ickiq n dn hlqqlq alpzlq( Eqtl hál å ehqtihtàhnl= å ~k zplanqql( Nk Geceznhqnq 0290+91# alkzpnnhdn+ klq y~n å hlqql dnwnp hlq nkznhfip hnqti pnhlwiïál# kiq tik`åk y~n Dn~q nqté itewiknhtn nhwlcwedl hnqtn zplanqql( ^ki aiqi alk k~etlq aôkldlq
Nk Kitn~q 90241# Bnq~q ~ql~ i o~pi dn ~ki aiqi zipi ec~qtpip ~ki znqqli( Y~ihdl pnan`n + klq i Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl Qnhflp n Qicwidlp# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl nhtpi hl kncflp aôkldl# tic alkl y~ihdl pnan`nklq ~ki weqeti nk hlqqi aiqi# i lgnpnanklq l kncflp aôkldl= nhtpntihtl zldn qnp y~n fibi k~eti q~bnepi n tik`åk pitlq nqalhdedlq hlq aôkldlq dlq g~hdlq( Kiq qn znpke+ tepklq# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl hlq ib~dipé i cekzip i aiqi# aôkldl zlp aôkldl( –Kiq iolpi dnqzlbie+ wlq tik`åk dn t~dl(((‛ &Alclqqnhqnq 126%( Å acipl y~n ~k zplanqql itewl pny~np hlqqi zipteae + ziïál( Nqtn cewpl cfn ib~dipé i nhtnhdnp iq degnpnhtnq épniq y~n hnanqqetipál cekznri n nvzceaipé tik`åk alkl iqqek girâ+cl(
Y~ihdl i`peklq ~ki oippigi l~ citi dn Alai+Alci# l oéq y~n hál å ce`npidl wie qnp l y~n epé `lp`~cfip# wehdl itå knqkl i tpihq`lpdip( Dn kihnepi qekecip# qn q~andn y~ihdl znpketeklq i Dn~q y~n dnqa~`pi hlqqiq wediq= lq zpl`cnkiq la~ctlq zldnk qiep ê q~znpgëaen( Qn hlq deqz~qnpklq# nqtnq zpl`cnkiq zldnk qnp tpitidlq# n iqqek nvznpeknhtipnklq ~ki hlwi ce`npdidn( Dnwnklq nqtip deqzlqtlq i y~n Dn~q hlq klqtpn lhdn hnanqqetiklq dn a~pi( Å géaec znhqip y~n qál l~tplq lq y~n qn nhalhtpik nk hnanqqedidn( L`qnpwnklq i feqtñpei dl gipeqn~ n dl z~`ceaihl nk C~aiq 9625+94( Nqtiklq deqzlqtlq i i`pep hlqqiq wediq zipi y~n Dn~q hlq a~pn<
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 9
97
Nqzëpetl# Icki n Alpzl
Iq tpâq nqgnpiq di Keheqtpiïál
Ihtnq dn pnopnqqip il aå~# Bnq~q nhwel~ qn~q deqaëz~clq alk ~ki keqqál y~n nhwlcwei2 nhqehip# a~pip n nvz~cqip dnkôhelq( Eqtl ec~qtpi iq tpâq épniq dn keheqtpiïál y~n epnklq i`pihonp hnqtn Ce`nptiïál cewpl2 †
† †
ZNAIDLQ ‑ Iq épniq y~n zldnklq k~dip itpiwåq di izpnhderionk n izceaiïál dlq nhqehiknhtlq dn Apeqtl( GNPEDIQ ‑ Dihlq hi icki l~ hl alpzl y~n pny~npnk i a~pi dn Dn~q( DNKÔHELQ ‑ Qnpnq nqzepet~ieq y~n tpitik dn nwetip y~n zplopediklq hiq épniq bé knhaelhidiq( Dnwnk qnpnvz~cqlq(
DNKÔHELQ
ZNAIDLQ
Nhqehiknhtl
GNPEDIQ
A~pi
^k nhgly~n ehtnopic
L deiopiki klqtpi# y~n iq qet~iïþnq dn znaidl# gnpediq n dnkôhelq zldnk nqtip qnzipidiq l~ qn ql`pnzlp &ehtnpqnatik%# igntihdl+qn k~t~iknhtn( Izpnhdnpnklq i cedip alk aidi épni# ziq+ ql i ziqql( Zlp nvnkzcl# hl zpñvekl aizët~cl wnpnklq# dn kihnepi eqlcidi# l znaidl( Kiq alkl hlq klq+ tpi l deiopiki# fé ~ki épni lhdn l znaidl n lq dnkôhelq qn ehtnpqnatik= n l~tpi lhdn iq tpâq ipniq qn ehtnpqnatik( Tpitip alk nqtn tezl dn qet~iïál pny~np y~n alkzpnnhdiklq alkl cedip alk l znaidl n alkl girnp ce`nptiïál n a~pi ehtnpelp( Nqti edåei å wetic dnhtpl dn hlqql nhgly~n# zlpy~n lq zpl`cnkiq zldnk zelpip qn klqtpipklq i qlc~ïál ny~ewlaidi l~ lgnpnanpklq ~k pnkådel zipaeic( Zlp nvnkzcl# qn ico~åk qn nhalhtpi nk znaidl dn ikipo~pi# alkl pniïál ê ~ki gnpedi# cfn qnpé k~etl degëaec ce`nptip+qn diy~ncn znaidl# il knhlq y~n nqti znqqli qnbi a~pidi( Dn kihnepi qekecip# ~ki gnpedi zldn tnp ~k iqznatl dnklhëial( Zlp nvnkzcl# ~k dnkôhel zldn iapnqanhtip dlp dn pnbneïál( I a~pi di gnpedi qnpé kieq ngntewi qlknhtn ialkzihfidi dn ce`nptiïál( Hlqqi tnhdâhaei f~kihi å nhgiterip iy~nci épni y~n zipnan kieq géaec l~ y~n å kieq nklaelhihtn( Nhtpntihtl# hnanqqetiklq zndep nk lpiïál depnïál n ny~ecë`pel# ê kndedi y~n wiklq izpnhdnhdl i keheqtpip hiq degnpnhtnq épniq( A~pi gëqeai n nklaelhic Bnq~q deqqn y~n iy~ncnq y~n apnpnk2 –alclaipeik iq kálq ql`pn lq nhgnpklq# n nqtnq qnpeik a~pidlq‛ &Kipalq 97296%( Tlkiklq zlp alhti y~n lq ngnetlq dl znaidl n iq gnpediq nklaelhieq l~ dnkôhelq qál qnkzpn l`qtp~ïþnq y~n ekzlqqe`ecetik pnan`np a~pi gëqeai(
Å zlp eqql y~n zpeknepiknhtn keheqtpiklq ql`pn nqtnq dleq l`qtéa~clq &znaidl n gnpediq%# n heqtl qn nhglaipé nqtn cewpl( Kieq ehglpkiïál ql`pn i a~pi gëqeai qn nhalhtpi hi Qnïál 4(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 9
9?
Lcfihdl kieq ê gpnhtn Ziqqlq zipi i a~pi ehtnpelp n i ce`nptiïál Iy~e fé ~k pnq~kl dlq ziqqlq y~n nqtipnklq ~qihdl hnqtn cewpl( Alkl h~k blol dn knkñpei# wiklq ~qip lq aiptþnq i`ievl# hlq y~ieq tnklq2> ziqqlq zipi cedip alk l znaidl= > zipi cedip alk iq gnpediq= > zlqqëwneq ziqqlq nvtpiq zipi ~ki a~pi alkzcnti n 4 ziqqlq zipi ce`nptiïál( &>>>4% L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP Y^IHDL QN TPITI DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN< Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl ê ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Zndep n ianetip l znpdál( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépel( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIR NP I PNQZNETL DIQ GNPEDIQ N DIQ PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ DEIHTN DN TIEQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
Pnan`np a~pi diq knkñpeiq( Y~n`pip ciïlq dn ekzendidn( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip znhqiknhtlq n itet~dnq(
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &di ikipo~pi# zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 9
–N~ alhgnqql ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# n~ Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åkkehfi Tn~ znpdál‛( –Zlhfl i ikipo~pi dn`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n nqti ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzntehdl l Ziqql 4 n clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
96
0
Znaidlq di Aiphn Alkl cedip alk lq ngnetlq dl znaidl hit~pic
DNKÔHELQ DNKLHQ
L znaidl å tldi n y~icy~np aleqi y~n kiti hlqql izntetn nqzepet~ic# hlqql dnqnbl dn alhfnanp i Dn~q n dn iopidi+Cl( Lq znaidlq di aiphn qál hlqqlq ki~q znhqiknhtlq n iïþnq y~n wâk dn hlqqi hit~pnri f~kihi(
ZNAIDLQ
GNPEDIQ F^PTQ
L y~n ialhtnan y~ihdl lq apeqtálq znaik<
Znpdnklq hlqqi qicwiïál< Hál# kiq hlqqi pnciïál alk Dn~q å alkzplkntedi( Cnei Eqiëiq >5202 –Kiq iq wlqqiq eheyóedidnq girnk qnzipiïál nhtpn wñqn l wlqql Dn~q= n lq wlqqlq znaidlq nqalhdnpik l Qn~ plqtl dn wñq# dn kldl y~n hál wlql~ïi‛( Å alkl qn ~ki h~wnkqn ehtnpz~+ qnqqn nhtpn hñq n Dn~q( Y~ihdl ~ki h~wnk qn zþn nhtpn hñq n l qlc# qnhteklq kieq gpel( L knqkl ialhtnan y~ihdl ~ki h~wnk qn ehtnpzþn nhtpn hñq n Dn~q( Hlq qnhteklq kieq gpialq nqzepet~icknhtn( Zldn qnp y~n znpdiklq hlqql rncl zlp Dn~q# y~nk qi`n tnhfiklq l qnhteknhtl dn a~czi# alhdnhiïál# wnpolhfi# `ievi i~tl+nqteki n ehdeoehedidn# l~ alknïiklq i d~wedip dn hlqqi qicwiïál# ehac~ehdl i dnqeqtâhaei dn qnpklq apeqtálq( Tldiq nqtiq qál ekionhq dn znqidncl# dnqàhekl# aihqiïl n tpeqtnri Diwe deqqn nk Qicklq 1021 n 42 –Nhy~ihtl o~ipdne qecâhael# alhq~kepik+qn lq kn~q lqqlq zncl kn~ `pikedl d~pihtn l dei tldl( Zlpy~n dn dei n dn hletn i t~i kál znqiwi ql`pn kek= l kn~ f~klp qn tlphl~ nk qny~edál dn nqtel(((‛(
Deai zipi l ehqtp~tlp2 Dnqnhfn ~k flknk zny~nhl iblncfidlink cl~wlp n idlpiïál DN^Q# n nqapnwi i ziciwpi DN^Q iaeki dl flknk( Nk qno~edi# dnqnhfn+l zipidl dn zå# `itnhdl qn~q z~hflq alhtpi Dn~q# zipi pnzpnqnhtip l znaidl( Dnzleq dnqnhfn ~ki h~wnk zl~qihdl nhtpn l flknk n Dn~q alkl pnq~ctidl dn qn~ znaidl(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP TPITIHDL+QN DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ziqql 02 Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl ê ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Ziqql 12 Zndep n ianetip l znpdál( Ziqql 42 Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl glp hnanqqépel( Ziqql >2 Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
L y~n girnklq y~ihdl znaiklq< Cnei l alhtnòdl y~n nqté hi hi zéoehi ihtnpelp ql`pn –ziqqlq zipi i a~pi ehtnpelp n i ce`nptiïál‛
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 0
95
Znaidlq di Aiphn
Ziqql 92 Alhgnqqip hlqql znaidl Alhgnqqip qn pngnpn i alhalpdipklq alk Dn~q l hlqql ki~ zplandeknhtl n ql`pn i qnpendidn dn hlqql znaidl( Å ekzlptihtn afikip l znaidl zncl hlkn n tlkip tltic pnqzlhqi`ecedidn dl y~n rnklq( L pne Diwe deqqn nk Qicklq 102>2 –Alhgnqqne+tn l kn~ znaidl# n i kehfi eheyóedidn hál nhal`pe( Deqqn n~2 Alhgnqqipne il Qnhflp iq kehfiq tpihqopnqqþnq= n t~ znpdliqtn i a~czi dl kn~ znaidl‛(Cnp Qicklq >924# ?# 9:#90 lhdn Diwe deqqn2 –Alhtpi te zny~ne# qñ alhtpi te# n r l y~n å ki~ ilq Tn~q lcflq((( z~pegëai+kn‧ apei nk kek ~k alpiïál cekzl n pnhlwi i pkn+ ri dl kn~ nqzëpetl‧ dnwlcwn+kn i icnopei di Q~i qicwiïál‛(
Nk 9 Blál 925 der2 –Qn alhgnqqipklq lq hlqqlq znaidlq# ncn å nc n b~qtl zipi hlq znpdlip n hlq z~peaip dn tldi ehb~qteïi‛( Hltiklq y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl tpir ~ki acipi alhweaïál dl znaidl y~n alkntnklq( Zldnklq# dn y~icy~np glpki# tnp tik`åk ~ki alhweaïál gicqi l~ ~k qnhtedl onpic dn ehdeohedidn# l y~ic hál zplwnk dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl &Qicklq 915201#04%( Ziqql 0i( Ippnznhdnp+qn dl znaidl( Itlq 0:209
Ippnznhdeknhtl qeoheai ~ki k~dihïi dn znhqiknhtl n dn itet~dn znpihtn i Dn~q n gpnhtn il hlqql znaidl( Eqtl qeoheai qn deqtihaeip dl znaidl dl ziqqidl zipi girnp i wlhtidn dn Dn~q( Eqtl pny~np ~k oepl dn 96:º( Ekioehn# zlp nvnkzcl# y~n nqtewnqqnklq zpla~pihdl i aiqi dn ico~åk( Zndeklq ehglpkiïál ql`pn alkl afnoip il c~oip n hlq dernk2 –Wál zlp nqtn aikehfl‛ &ny~ewlaidiknhtn%( Wlaâ tnpé# nhtál# y~n pntplandnp n wlctip itå il aikehfl eheaeic( Itewedidn2 Dnevihdl ep Qno~pn ~k cézeq nhtpn q~iq kálq iznptidiq# pnzpnqnhtip i znqqli zipi y~n hnanqqeti znpdlip( I tnhdâhaei hit~pic å y~npnp wehoip+qn n kiaf~aip i znqqli( Iznptn l cézeq glptnknhtn( Kiq Dn~q y~np y~n i`piklq hlqqiq kálq n ce`npnklq i znqqli( Y~ihdl nqtewnp zplhtl# zldn lpip znpdlihdl i znqqli( I`pi i kál n dnevn l cézeq cewpn(
Nhtál dnwnklq k~dip hlqql znhqiknhtl n ~qip hlqqi wlhti+ dn zipi wlctipklq il zlhtl eheaeic( Eqtl pny~np dntnpkehiïál( L ippnznhdeknhtl ehac~e ~ki k~dihïi nk hlqqi wedi# tihtl dn znhqiknhtlq alkl dn hlqqlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtnl( L ippnznhdeknhtl qlknhtn å zlqqëwnc alk i ib~di dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl n l iklp n i keqnpeañpdei dn Dn~q# i y~ic nqznpi zlp hñq y~ihdl hlq izpnqnhtiklq i Ncn alkl znaidlpnq( Qn hál tnklq dnqnbl dn ippnznhdnpkl+hlq# hnanqqetiklq zndep ib~di i Dn~q ( Ziqql 0`( Znpdlip ilq l~tplq
Bnq~q nhqehl~+hlq nk Kitn~q 72902 –Znpdli+hlq iq hlqqiq dëwe+ diq# iqqek alkl hñq tik`åk tnklq znpdlidl ilq hlqqlq dnwn+ dlpnq‛( Hl wnpqëa~cl 9># Bnq~q alknhti2 –Qn# zlpåk# hál znpdlip+ dnq ilq flknhq# tikzl~al wlqql Zie znpdlipé wlqqiq lgnhqiq‛(
Cnei Kitn~q 96209+1># nqznaeicknhtn l wnpqëa~cl 1>(ai~qidl Qn iafiklq degëaec znpdlip# zldn qnp y~n hnanqqetnklq dn a~pi ehtnpelp di gnpedi l~ tpi~ki zlp l~tpi znqqli( ^ki wnr a~pidi i gnpedi# qnpé kieq géaec znpdlip( Dl alhtpépel# y~nk qi`n hnanq+ qetnklq ce`nptiïál alhtpi y~icy~np dnkôhel dn gicti dn znpdál( Znpdlip qeoheai ce`npip iq znq+ qliq( Ekioehn y~n iq nqtnbi qno~pihdl nk q~iq kálq alkl gipëiklq alk ~k ziqqipehfl( Znp+ dlip qeoheai i`pep hlqqiq kálq zipi dnevip+ciq ep n znpketep y~n wþnk clhon( Qeoheai aihancip y~icy~np dëwedi y~n dnevipik znhdnhtn alhlqal# tihtl nqzepet~ic alkl nklaelhic# n nhtpnoip q~iq wediq il Qnhflp zipi y~n cfnq i`nhïln l~ tpitn alk ncnq dn`ievl dn Q~i keqnpeañpdei( Zl+ dnklq iolpi i`nhïlip+cfnq nk hlkn dn Bnq~q( ( Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 0
0:
Znaidlq di Aiphn
Å hnanqqépel znpdlip zlp alkzcntl( Y~ihdl ik`iq iq ziptnq qn znpdlik k~t~iknhtn i pnciïál afnoi i qnp kncflp y~n ihtnq( Nhtpntihtl# nveqtnk k~etiq qet~iïþnq lhdn eqtl hál å zlqqëwnc# zlp nvnkzcl y~ihdl i l~tpi znqqli bé tewnp gicnaedl( Hál å qé`el dernp i anp tiq znqqliq l y~ihtl nciq nppipik n y~ihti gnpedi cfn ai~qipik( Nk aiqlq dn i`~ql# tik`åk hál å qé`el pnqti`ncnanp l pnciaelhiknhtl alk y~nk alkntn~ l i`~ql( Ziqql 0a( Nhtpnoip l znaidl ê Ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl
Bnq~q cnwl~ hlqqlq znaidlq ê ap~r &Eqiëiq >1299 n 9 Alpëhtelq 9>21= 9 Zndpl 0204 n 1296%( ^ki iïál qekzcnq ~qihdl hlqqiq kálq zldn hlq ib~dip i nvznpeknhtip eqtl( Ekioehn y~n q~i kál nqy~npdi pnzpnqnhti wlaâ n q~i kál depneti pnzpnqnhti i Bnq~q Apeqtl( Zno~n ~k cewpl znqidl n alcly~n+l nk q~i kál nqy~npdi( L znql dl cewpl pnzpnqnhti qn~q znaidlq( Ziqqn l cewpl dn q~i kál nqy~npdi zipi q~i kál depneti# n i kndedi y~n l gir kndetn nk qn~q znaidlq( Nhtpno~n+lq i Bnq~q n deoi+Cfn2 –Zlhfl kn~q znaidlq ql`pn te Bnq~q‛( Il alclaip l cewpl nk kehfi kál depneti# nk qehic dn nhtpnoi dn kn~q znaidlq i Bnq~q# l znql dnqtnq glpik ziqqidlq zipi Ncn( –L`peoidi Qnhflp Bnq~q zlp Tn~ qiapegëael hi ap~r dl Aicwépel( L`peoidi zlp znpdlip+kn( N~ ianetl T~i zplknqqi nk 9 Blál 925# dn y~n qn alhgnqql kn~q znaidlq nqtl~ znpdlidl‛( L~tpi kihnepi
Ekioehn+qn wehdl ilq zåq di ap~r# lhdn Bnq~q Apeqtl qn nhalhtpi ap~aeaidl zlp hñq( I ap~r å lhdn i nqañpei dl k~hdl zldn qnp dnevidi n lhdn zldnklq zlp hlqql cevl( Zldnklq nqapnwnp hlqql znaidl nk ~k zndiïl dn ziznc n ekioehip alclaihdl+l ilq zåq di ap~r n dnevihdl+l icë( Ziqql 1( Zndep n ianetip l znpdál dn Dn~q
Hi ap~r å lhdn zndeklq n pnan`nklq l znpdál dn Dn~q# l Zie( Eqtl å zlqqëwnc itpiwåq dl y~n Bnq~q Apeqtl gnr hi ap~r y~ihdl tlkl~ hlqql c~oip ncnwl~# ql`pn qe# lq znaidlq dn tldl l k~hdl( Nhtál# i h~wnk y~n npi ~k l`qtéa~cl nk hlqqi pnciïál alk Dn~q å pntepidi( Dnwnklq ianetip l znpdál dn Dn~q( Hlqqiq knhtnq n hlqqlq znhqiknhtlq epál alhteh~ip hlq ia~qihdl# i knhlq y~n ianetnklq i cekznri zncl qiho~n dn Bnq~q n l znpdál alkzcntl di ziptn dn Dn~q( Qn Dn~q hlq znpdli# hál dnwnklq qnp tál lpo~cflqlq zipi hál hlq znpdlipklq# hnk knqkl dernp2 –H~hai zldnpne zndlip+kn zncl y~n r‛( Ziqql 4( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl glp hnanqqépel
Pnqtet~eïál y~np dernp# girnp l zlqqëwnc zipi pnzipip l dihl y~n zplwlaiklq alk hlqql znaidl( Eqtl zldn qeoheaip# ep itå i znqqli l~ op~zl dn znqqliq alhtpiq y~nk znaiklq n cfnq zndep znpdál( Eqtl å nqqnhaeicknhtn ekzlptihtn y~ihdl znaiklq alhtpi ico~åk zlp knel dn ziciwpiq# Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 0
09
Znaidlq di Aiphn
itet~dnq l~ alkzlptiknhtl( L`weiknhtn# zldn fiwnp znaidlq tál dnceaidlq y~n k~etiq wnrnq hál å qé`el tnp y~n alhgnqqé+clq ê znqqli y~n gnpeklq( Qn i l~tpi ziptn hál y~np znpdlip tnklq y~n dnevip hiq kálq dn Dn~q( Anpti wnr# ~k ~oihdâq dnwlcwn~ ~k aikehfál dn aleqiq y~n fiwei pl~`idl dn ~k flqzetic lhdn fiwei tpi`icfidl2 aikiq# kñwneq# kéy~ehiq dn nqapnwnp n nta( Y~ihdl cfn znpo~htiklq zlp y~n# ncn deqqn y~n Bnq~q l fiwei tpihqglpkidl( Riy~n~ zplkntn~ zioip y~itpl wnrnq i y~ihtedidn y~n fiwei pl~`idl dlq ekzlqtlq &C~aiq 9526%( Eqtl npi kieq dl y~n i cne b~dei al`piwi( Hlti( Ico~hq znaidlq# zlp nvnkzcl# glpheaiïál l~ id~ctåpel# tpirnk ciïlq ëkzelq di icki alk i l~tpi znqqli= nqtnq ciïlq dn icki hnanqqetik qnp y~n`pidiq( Wnp aizët~cl > dnqti Qnïál(
Ziqql >( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep
Tik`åk dnwnklq izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep êq g~t~piq tnhtiïþnq dn znaidl( Teiol 42? der2 –‧kiq pnqeqte il Dei`l# n ncn g~oepé dn wñq‛( Nk 9 Alpëhtelq 9:291 cnklq2 –Hál ql`pnwnel i wlaâq tnhtiïál y~n hál glqqn alk~k ilq flknhq( N Dn~q å nc= ncn hál znpketepé y~n wlaâq qnbik tnhtidlq icåk dl y~n zldnk q~zlptip( Kiq# y~ihdl glpnk tnhtidlq# ncn knqkl cfnq zplwednhaeipé ~k nqaizn# zipi y~n l zlqqik q~zlptip(‛ Hlqqi pnqetâhaei i~knhtipé i kndedi nk y~n lgnpnïiklq hlwiknhtn hlqqiq wediq i Bnq~q Apeqtl &Plkihlq 9029#0%( Deoiklq2 –Bnq~q Apeqtl# y~npl y~n qnbiq l Qnhflp dn aidi ziptn dn kehfi wedi2 kehfi knhtn# kehfiq nklïþnq# kehfi wlhtidn# kn~ alpzl# kn~ tnkzl# kehfiq zlqqnqqþnq# kehfiq pnciïþnq# kn~ tpi`icfl l~ gicti dn tpi`icfl# kn~ g~t~pl n kn~ ziqqidl# t~dl l y~n ql~( Zlp giwlp# nhafn+ kn alk i glpïi dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl(
Pncnk`pn iq ehtnpqnaïþnq
Pncnk`pn y~n l alpzl# i icki n l nqzëpetl qn ehtnpqnatik( Lq znaidlq# iq gnpediq n lq dnkôhelq lznpik di knqki kihnepi# bé y~n tik`åk ehtnpit~ik l~ ql`pnzþn+qn( Hnqtn aizët~cl izpnhdn+ klq alkl cedip alk l znaidl qnk alhqednpip lq l~tplq ngnetlq( Iolpi# l`qnpwnklq iq épniq diq gnpediq n diq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 0
00
1 Gnpediq ' Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq Cedihdl alk iq gnpediq n iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq dn tieq gnpediq ziptehdl dl zlhtl dn weqti `ë`ceal DNKÔHELQ DNKLHQ
Ehqtp~ïál êq gnpediq n klaelhieq ^ki gnpedi å ~ki dlp y~n ehdeai y~n hlqqi icki n alpzl qlgpnpik dihlq( ^ki GNPEDIQ QEHQ dlp gëqeai pny~np a~pi gëqeai( Gnpediq nqzepet~ieq pny~npnk a~pi ehtnpelp( Iq ZNAIDLQ gnpediq zldnk qnp k~etl zplg~hdiq( Ico~kiq nhalhtpik+qn nhtnppidiq# eo~ieq iq piërnq dn ~ki zcihti( I znqqli bé hál qn cnk`pi dlq ehaednhtnq dlclplqlq# kiq iehdi qno~n qlgpnhdl lq ngnetlq( Iq gnpediq nklaelhieq zldnk zpld~rep dlpnq gëqeaiq l~ dlnhïiq# n ehac~qewn tpihqtlphlq knhtieq( Hl deiopiki wnklq iq gnpediq hi épni alclpedi= n hi épni onpic aehri# iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq &znaikehflqiq% qál iq gnpediq(( I @ë`cei ec~qtpi i pnciïál nhtpn l nqzëpetl# i icki n l alpzl
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Zplwåp`elq 9421:# i ehwnbi alppln lq lqqlq( Zplwåp`elq 9>291# l alpiïál dlclplql dnzpekn l nqzëpetl(
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Zplwåp`elq 9>21:# iq `liq hltëaeiq pnhlwik iq glpïiq( Zplwåp`elq 97204# iq ziciwpiq ikéwneq dál qiòdn il alpzl( Zplwåp`elq 9?200# opihdn pnkådel å l alpiïál icnopn# kiq l àhekl aiëdlqnai lq lqqlq(
Iq gnpediq zldnk lpeoehip+qn dn
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Ziciwpiq dn l~tplq( Itet~dnq dn l~tplq( Dnqec~qþnq( Znpdi dl zie l~ di kán( L~tplq tezlq dn znpdiq qeoheaitewiq( Pnbneïál2 opiwednr l~ qnvl &kiqa~cehl l~ gnkehehl% hál dnqnbidl(
† Pnbneïál2 zlp ziptn dl aiqic# zipnq# qlaendidn( † Qet~iïál gikeceip degëaec( † Deqa~qqþnq nhtpn lq zieq( † Kéq nvznpeâhaeiq hi nqalci( Tepn ~k tnkzl zipi alhqednpip qn iehdi fé gnpediq qnk a~pi( Å ekzlptihtn cedip alk nciq# zlpy~n aiql alhtpépel nqtiq igntipál hlqql alkzlptiknhtl# hlqqlq pnciaelhiknhtln n hlqql keheqtåpel(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
01
Gnpediq n Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq
Y~n zldnklq girnp alk nqtiq gnpediq<
Ico~kiq gnpediq q~znpaeieq zldnk a~pip+qn giaecknhtn# `iqtihdl znpdlip i znqqli( Gnpediq kieq zplg~hdiq zldnk hnanqqetip dn kieq tpitiknhtl( Cediklq nqznaeaiknhtn alk l i`~ql qnv~ic hi Qnïál 1# Aizët~cl 5( L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP I PNQZNETL DIQ GNPEDIQ N PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ DN TIEQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi i Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi(
Ziqql Ziqql 42 >2
Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq i Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip l znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
Cnei l alhtnòdl y~n nqté hi hi zéoehi 96 ql`pn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál‛(
Ziqql 9( Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi
Å k~etl ekzlptihtn y~n a~pnklq hlqqiq gnpediq( Êq wnrnq lq apeqtálq hnoik nqtip gnpedlq nk qn~q qnhteknhtlq( Ic`npt# alkl nwihoåceal alhqnpwidlp# izpnhdn~ d~pihtn l znpëldl ~kewnpqetépel# y~n t~dl l y~n hnanqqetéwiklq zipi y~n tewnqqnklq nhtnhdeknhtl npi i @ë`cei( Qn qlknhtn apnpklq hi knhtn# hál nqtipnklq alhqednpihdl iq nklïþnq( Hl klweknhtl aipeqkéteal# fé l l~tpl nvtpnkl# dn hál alhqednpip i knhtn n dnevé+ci hi zlpti il nhtpip hi eopnbi( L apeqtál# nhtpntihtl# hnanqqeti dn ~k ny~ece`pel( Hnanqqetiklq ~qip tihtl i knhtn alkl tik`åk pnalhfnanp hlqqiq nklïþnq( Pnalhfnanp# qeoheai idketep n nvzpnqqip( Zlp nvnkzcl# zldnklq dernp2 –L y~n kehfi nqzlqi kn deqqn kn dln~‛# l~ –l y~n iy~nci znqqli kn deqqn kn i`lppnan~ zplg~hdiknhtn‛( Qn qnz~ctipklq hlqqi dlp nklaelhic# nci pniizipnanpé nk ico~ki l~tpi ziptn) Å k~etl ekzlptihtn tik`åk nhtnhdnp y~n Dn~q hál tnk a~czi dn hlqqiq gnpediq= nqtiq qál ai~+ qidiq zncl znaidl zpnqnhtn l~ ziqqidl dl qnp f~kihl( Nvnkzcl Hi Epcihdi dl Hlptn# ~k op~zl dn tnpplpeqtiq dntlhipik ~ki `lk`i( I cfi# bé kielp# dn ~k flknk# klppn~ nk qn~q `piïlq( Ncn tnqtnk~hfl~ hi tncnweqál y~n fiwëi znpdlidl lq y~n kitipik q~i cfi# zlpy~n ncn npi apeqtál( Iq znqqliq aipik ekzpnqqelhidiq alk nqti itet~dn( Kiq# kieq tipdn# ncn aie~ nk ~ki tnppëwnc dnzpnqqál# zplwiwncknhtn zlpy~n hál fiwei pnalhfnaedl alkzcntiknhtn q~i gnpedi(
Ziqql 0( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r Cnp Eqiëiq >121#42 –Npi dnqzpnridl# n pnbnetidl dlq flknhq‧((‛(
Ekioehn y~n nqtnbi cnwihdl ~ki klafeci k~etl znqidi hiq alqtiq( Nqté afnei dn dlp n gnpediq( Wé alk nci zipi i ap~r( Ekioehn tepihdl+iq di klafeci n alclaihdl+iq dnhtpl dn ~ki aievi ilq zåq di ap~r( I aievi å i citi dn cevl lhdn Dn~q zþn i ek~hdëaen dl k~hdl# lhdn zldnklq zlp hál qlknhtn hlq+ qlq znaidlq# kiq tik`åk hlqqiq gnpediq(
Ekioehn+qn nqapnwnhdl h~k ziznc aidi ehaednhtn dlclplql n bloihdl nqqn ziznc dnhtpl di aievi ilq zåq di ap~r# n hicknhtn y~nekihdl+i( L~ zldn girâ+cl dn wnpdidn) Ekioehn y~n nqtnbi lcfihdl zipi Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Deoi+Cfn2 –Zlp giwlp# Qnhflp Bnq~q# tlki kehfi dlp( T~ cnwiqtnq kehfiq aipoiq n kehfiq dlpnq( T~ glqtnq knhlqzpnridl n pnbnetidl znclq flknhq( Iolpi# Tn nhtpnol kehfi dlp(‛
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
04
Gnpediq n Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq
Qn tnhq ~ki dlp gëqeai nk qn~ alpiïál# zlp nvnkzcl# y~n zplwåk dn q~i dlp nklaelhic# nhtál zþn q~i kál lhdn tn dñe n deoi2 –Bnq~q# zlp giwlp# tlai kehfi dlp‛( Pnan`i i a~pi nhy~ihtl Bn+ q~q cfn tlai itpiwåq dl zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Kihtnhfi q~i kál hnqtn c~oip itå y~n i dlp qn wé(
Ziqql 1( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi
L zpnïl dl znpdál a~qtl~ i Bnq~q t~dl l y~n Ncn tehfi2 Q~i zpñzpei wedi( Ncn# zlptihtl# y~np y~n tik`åk znpdlnklq ilq y~n znaipik alhtpi hñq( Zldn qnp y~n hlq a~qtn k~etl# kiq h~hai tihtl alkl a~qtl~ zipi Bnq~q( Cnei i zipé`lci dl qnpwl qnk alkzievál nk Kitn~q 96209+10( Deqteho~i l opihdn a~qtl dl znpdál dn Dn~q n l opihdn a~qtl dl qnpwl ekzendlql il gicfip nk znpdlip( Zlpy~n tnklq y~n qnp tlpt~pidlq qn hál znpdliklq< I gicti dn znpdál# i ikipo~pi# l ñdel# i epi# nta(# zldnk ign+ tip hlqqi qiòdn gëqeai iqqek alkl hlqqiq nklïþnq( Tldi gicti dn znpdál ehtnpplkzn hlqqi al+ k~keaiïál alk Dn~q( Qnk l znpdál dn Dn~q wewnklq nk ~ki zpeqál zlp hlqql zpñzpel zpl+ andnp( Qn hál znpdlipklq ilq l~tplq# qlklq hlwiknhtn cihïidlq dnhtpl di zpeqál# lhdn qlklq tlpt~pidlq( Hál qnpnklq aizirnq dn zioip hlqqi dëwedi# n zlptihtl# znpkihnanpnklq hiy~nci zpeqál zncl pnqtl dn hlqqiq wediq( I gicti dn znpdál hlq ekzndn dn pnan`np a~pi( Nk ~ki l`pi pniceridi nk @~nhlq Iepnq# hl ihl dn 0::7# ~ki k~cfnp tnqtnk~hfl~ ql`pn lq ngnetlq di gicti dn znpdál hnci( Qn~q zitpþnq cfn fi+ weik cfn kiaf~aidl hl ihl dn 0::9( Znclq tpâq ihlq qno~ehtnq# ê ziptep dnqtn klknhtl# gle tlp+ t~pidi alk dlpnq hiq alqtiq alkl ~ki –gievi ncéqteai‛ iznptihdl tldi q~i alc~hi( Nk hlqqi l`pi dn 0::4# nci kltewl~+qn i znpdlip qn~q zitpþnq= nci iqqek l gnr n i –gievi ncéqteai‛ qn plk+ zn~ n nci h~hai kieq wlctl~ i qnhtep dlpnq( Izlel weq~ic zipi ib~dip+hlq i znpdlip
Ekioehn y~n nqtnbi zipidl l~ iblncfidl gpnhtn i ap~r# b~htl alk i znqqli y~n cfn gnpe~( Bnq~q klppn~ zlp wlaâq n Qn~ iklp å l knqkl zipi ik`lq( Iolpi# nhtál# dnwn qnp kieq géaec dn znp+ dlip n ce`npip iy~nci znqqli( Tlkihdl l nvnkzcl dl aizët~cl ihtnpelp# qno~pn ~k cézeq nk q~iq kálq i znptidiq# alkl pnzpnqnhtiïál di znqqli y~n dnwn znpdlip( I tnhdâhaei hit~pic å y~npnp wehoihïi# kiq Dn~q y~np y~n i dnevnklq ep(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
0>
Gnpediq n Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq
Y~ihdl nqtewnp zplhtl# i`pi q~iq kálq n deoi2–Tn ce`npl &hlkn di znqqli% nk hlkn dn BNQ^Q( Tn nhtpnol ê Ncn zipi y~n tn i`nhïln alk qn~ iklp n keqnpeañpdei tpitn alk q~i wedi‛(
Nhtál# znïi ê Dn~q y~n l nhafi dl iklp y~n Ncn tnk zlp nqti znqqli( Pnzeti eqtl# itå y~n qn qehti hicknhtn cewpn diq gnpediq n pihalpnq( Qn wlaâ hál alhqno~n i`pep q~i kál n ce`npip nqti znqqli# ticwnr hnanqqetn kieq a~pi= l~ y~nk qi`n# itå# qnp ce`nptidl dn ico~k dnkôhel dn gicti dn znpdál( Eqtl tpitipnklq hlq aizët~clq dn ce`nptiïál hi Qnïál 0(
Ziqql 4( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r
Zldnklq nqalcfnp i kihnepi dn pnioep ê gnpediq( Qn znpdliklq n ce`npiklq ekndeitiknhtn# nhtál l ehaednhtn znpdn qn~ zldnp ql`pn hñq( Qn pn+ ioeklq alk l dnqnbl dn dnwlcwnp l olczn# nqalcfnklq l aikehfl dn pn`nceál nvtnphi# dihdl c~oip i ~ki alppnhtn2 Dn pn`nceál il pnqqnhteknhtl# ê ikipo ~pi# il ñdel# ê epi# ê añcnpi# ê welcâhaei# n hicknhtn# il flkeaëdel( Qn pnioeklq alk qnhteknhtl dnpnbneïál# nqalcfnklq l aikehfl dni~tlalkzievál ehtnphi2 I i~tlalkzievál zldn cnwip ê pntpiïál# ê dnzpnqqál# il dnqnqznpl n hic knhtn il q~eaëdel( Itewedidn Znhqn n giïi ~ki ceqti dn l~tplq nvnkzclq hi @ë`cei# l~ hlq hlteaeépelq# dnqtnq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl y~n lpeoehik+qn dnqtiq gnpediq( ^k nvnkzcl acipl2 l Pne Qi~c qnhte~+qn pnbnetidl znciq znqqliq y~n glpik ê giwlp dn Diwe( Qn~ pnqqnhteknhtl# hicknhtn# cnwl~+l i tnhtip flkeaëdel(
Zldn qnp y~n pnibiklq alk~ki knqaci dn ik`lq( ^k nvnkzcl2 Qi`nklq di feqtñpei dn ~k bipdehnepl `piqecnpl nk Qicti# hl hlptn di Iponhtehi# il y~ic q~i zitpli q~ëïi l apeteaiwi alhqtihtnknhtn( Ncn hicknhtn tnwn i pniïál dn kité+ci n tik`åk i qn~ nqzlql( I pnqzlqti kieq idny~idi å cnwip tik`åk nqqiq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê ap~r dn Bnq~q( Zldnklq girnp di knqki kihnepi alkl l rnklq alk l znaidl n alk iq gnpediq2 Cnwihdl+iq ê ap~r(
^qipnklq hlwiknhtn ~kkál dlq nqy~npdi nvnkzclqpnzpnqnhtn qekzcnq dl ihtnpelp# y~n zldn ib~dip+hlq i ec~qtpip eqtl( Ekioehn y~n q~i q~iaizët~cl wedi n q~i kál depneti pnzpnqnhtn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Zno~n ~k cewpl znqidl( Nqtn pnzpnqnhtipé q~iq pniïþnq( Ziqqn l cewpl dn q~i kál nqy~npdi zipi q~i kál depneti# n nhy~ihtl l gir# kndetn ql`pn q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq( Nhtpno~n+iq ê Bnq~q( L ziqqip dnqtn cewpl znqidl dn q~i kál nqy~npdi zipi q~i kál depneti qek`lceri i nhtpnoi# i Bnq~q# dn q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq znpihtn lq ialhtnaeknhtlq= znpketehdl+Cfn iqqek# y~n tpitn alk i qet~iïál l~ alk iq znqqliq nhwlcwediq(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
07
Gnpediq n Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq
Ziqql >( Zndep n ianetip l znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq Deoi i Bnq~q2 –Tpiol kehfiq pniïþnq ehalppntiq zipi Te n znïl y~n kn znpdlnq# zlp giwlp# iznqip dn hál knpnanp qnp znpdlidl‛(
L cewpl nqté nk kehfi kál depneti# nhtpno~ne kehfiq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q( Bé hál dnwl cnwip kieq l znql( –L`peoidl# Qnhflp Bnq~q# zlp Tn~ qiapegëael hi ap~r dl Aicwépel( L`peoidi zlp znpdlip+kn( Pnan`l T~i zplknqqi y~n nqté nk Blál 9252 ‖Qn alhgnqqipklq hlqqlq znaidlq# T~ åq nc n b~qtl zipi znpdlip+ hlq lq hlqqlq znaidlq‛( Qn hál qlklq aizirnq dn ce`npip hnhf~ki
Pnweqál Pnweqn nqtnq ziqqlq ihtnq dn alhteh~ip il aizët~cl qno~ehtn( Knklpërn+lq n nkzpno~n+lq aidi wnr y~n qnbi i`lppnaedl(
diq pniïþnq ihtnq knhaelhidiq# nhtál zldn qnp y~n hnanqqetnklq qnp ce`nptidlq dlq dnkôhelq y~n nhtpipik nk hlqqi wedi# ioippihdl+qn i qnhteknhtlq zlp k~etl tnkzl( I alhteh~iïál
Hl zpñvekl aizët~cl wnpnklq alkl nqqiq gnpediq l~ znaidlq y~n iehdi ai~qik pnalpdiïþnq dlclplqiq# zldnk qnp a~pidiq( Alhteh~iklq hl ziqql 7# ql`pn lq –zlqqëwneq ziqqlq nvtpiq‛ hl y~idpl dn pnq~kl dn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál‛(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
0?
4
Cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq Alkl qn zldn a~pip iq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq Iq gnpediq n qnhteknhtlq dn piewi# zpld~tl dn nwnhtlq NQZËPETL dlclplqlq# zldnk nqtip nhtnppidlq nk hlqql q~`alhqaenhtn knhtic# l~ `nk gnafidlq dnhtpl dn hlqqiq knkñpeiq( Êq wnrnq# lq nwnhtlq qál tál tpi~kétealq l~ tál zplg~hdlq y~n hál nvznpeknhtiklq ce`nptiïál n a~pi# iznqip dn tnpklq @LDU ALPZL ICKI qno~edl lq qekzcnq ziqqlq dnqapetlq hl aizët~cl ihtnpelp &pnalhfnanp i gnpedi# cnwé+ci i ap~r# znpdlip# nta(%( Hnqtn aiql zldn qnp y~n qn pny~nepi i a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Alhwediklq il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n hlq aiziaetn i cnk`pipklq dnqtnq nwnhtlq( Nhy~ihtl pnwewnklq nqqi nvznpeâhaei# Cfn zndeklq y~n nhtpn nk anhi( Clol nvznpeknhtiklq alkl Ncn zplandn l~ hlq der icol y~n tpir a~pi( Dnzleq deqtl# dnwnklq qnp aizirnq dn znpdlip( Ziqql 7( A~pi diq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq 9( Qnhtn+qn l~ nhalqtn+qn dn kihnepi aôkldi n pncividi(
0( Zplë`i i nhtpidi dn y~icy~np dnkôhel nk q~i knhtn( 1( Deoi2 –Zlp giwlp Nqzëpetl Qihtl# cnwi+kn il klknhtl y~n dnwnqnp a~pidl‛( 4( Nqznpn itå y~n nqti cnk`pihïi wnhfi= zldn qnp ~ki pnalpdiïál l~ icol y~n qn q~andn~ nk ico~k c~oip di q~i aiqi y~ihdl npi apeihïi( Pnwewi l ehaednhtn( >( Dnevn y~n q~iq nklïþnq wnhfik ê q~znpgëaen# zlp nvnkzcl# y~nk qi`n qehti wlhtidn dn aflpip l~ qehti kndl( 7( Y~ihdl l qnhteknhtl tewnp qedl ce`nptidl# deoi2 –Zlp giwlp Bnq~q Apeqtl# nhtpn hnqti cnk`pihïi‛(
?( L`qnpwn l y~n Ncn gir l~ zpnqtn itnhïál hl y~n Ncn der( 6( Znpdln iy~ncnq y~n l zpnb~deaipik n lq( i`nhïln( 5( Wlaâ zldn znhqip hnqtn ehaednhtn qnk kndl# gnpedi# piewi l~ dlp< Qn iehdi hál z~dnp# wlctn i nvna~tip ico~hq dlq ziqqlq ihtnpelpnq( 9:( Pnzeti tldlq lq ziqqlq knhaelhidlq ihtnpelpknhtn itå y~n hál fibik kieq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq y~n y~nepik pnopnqqip(
Qnïál E Aizët~cl 4
Tnqtnk~hfl Nk ~ki alhgnpâhaei y~n r nk Behbi# ^oihdi# nqtéwiklq nhqehihdl ql`pn i hnanqqedidn dn znpdlip ilq l~tplq( Hi flpi dl icklïl# ~ki qnhflpi wnel itå hñq n deqqn y~n h~hai qnpëi aizir dn znpdlip ilq qlcdidlq dl zpnqednhtn L`ltn# lq y~ieq kitipik tldi q~i gikëcei nk q~i zpnqnhïi( Cfn znpo~htiklq# nhtál# qn nci nqtipëi deqzlqti y~n hñq lpéqqnklq zlp nci gpnhtn i k~etiq l~tpiq znqqliq# zipi iqqek klqtpip alkl Bnq~q zldn a~pip q~iq knkñpeiq( Wicnhtnknhtn nci ianetl~( Qno~eklq lq ziqqlq dnqapetlq hnqtn aizët~cl( Nci we~ lq qlcdidlq nhtpihdl nk q~i aiqi# n tldi q~i dlp wnel ê q~znpgëaen( Clol alhwedl~ i Bnq~q zipi nhtpip hnqti qet~iïál( Nci dnacipl~# y~n Ncn wnel alk tihti c~r# y~n h~k klknhtl bé hál alhqno~ei wnp kieq lq qlcdidlq( Zôdn znpdlé+clq n qn nhafn~ dn olrl= n nqtiwi nhaihtidi# iqqek alkl hñq# zncl y~n Dn~q fiwëi gnetl(
05
Cnk`pihïiq Dlclplqiq
99( Iopidnïi i Dn~q n qn lgnpnïi pnhlwidl i Bnq~q zndehdl+Cfn y~n l nhafi dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl2 –Bnq~q Apeqtl# y~npl y~n qnbi l Dn~q dn aidi ziptn dn kn~ qnp2 kehfi knhtn# kehfiq knkñ+ peiq# kehfiq nklïþnq# kehfi wlhtidn# kn~ alpzl# kn~ g~t~pl n kn~ ziqqidl( Zlp giwlp# nhafn+ kn dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl‛(
Ziqql i Ziqql
L Nqzëpetl Qihtl qlknhtn zldnpé cnwip+hlq il ziqqidl# i kndedi y~n wiklq znpketehdl+Cfn( Onpicknhtn# alknïiklq alk iq cnk`pihïiq y~n qál knhlq dlclplqiq( I kndedi y~n wiklq nvznpeknhtihdl i a~pi# wiklq idy~epehdl kieq alhihïi zipi znpketep il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n afno~n êq ziptnq y~n kieq dlnk( ^k nvnkzcl2 nk aidi weqeti y~n girëiklq il Ny~idlp# ke+ heqtpéwiklq i ~ki k~cfnp( Gle qlknhtn hi òcteki weqeti y~n nci gle aizir dn zndep il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n cfn klqtpiqqn l tpi~ki kieq zplg~hdl# n iqqek pnan`np a~pi( @ihfihdl+qn hl pel
Ico~kiq knkñpeiq afnoik i qnp tál dlclplqiq# y~n zpngnpeklq hál zndep il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n cnwn i znqqli i pnalpdip l ehaednhtn= alkl å l aiql dn i`~ql ehgihtec( Zndeklq ê znqqli y~n qn ekioehn hl tplhl dn Dn~q# lhdn alppn ~k pel dn éo~i z~pi( &Izlaicezqn 0029%(
DNKÔHELQ
ZNAIDLQ
GNPEDIQ
Dnevnk+hi ekioehip+qn hl pel# qnhdl ciwidi di ai`nïi ilq zåq( Å `lk nvzceaip+cfn y~n i éo~i zplwnhenhtn dl tplhl dn Dn~q zldn cekzé+ci dl qnhteknhtl dn tnp qedl ~qidi# di q~bnepi# di a~czi n di wnpolhfi( Y~ihdl afnoip i ekioehip qnhdl cnwidi znci alppnhtn dn éo~i# znpketik+hi y~n znpkihnïi ~k tnkzl dnqgp~+ tihdl di z~pnri di alppnhtn( Nhtál znpo~htn alkl qn qnhtn n y~n nqté nvznpeknhtihdl( Ql`pn ekzndeknhtlq
Qn pnalppnklq ilq ziqqlq dn a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq n wnklq qlknhtn tpnwiq zlp k~etl tnkzl# eqtl ehdeai i zlqqëwnc zpnqnhïi dn ~k dnkôhel y~n nqté `cly~nihdl l zplanqql dn a~pi( Zldnklq wnp y~n fé ~ki épni lhdn iq qet~iïþnq diq gnpediq n dnkôhelq qn ehtnpqnatik( Y~np dernp y~n ico~kiq gnpediq zldnk qnp tál qnwnpiq# y~n afnoipik i qnp zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq( Eqtl nvzceaipnklq dn glpki kieq dnticfidi hl aizët~cl 4 di Qnïál 0( Hnqtn aiql zldn qnp y~n hnanqqetnklq girnp ce`nptiïál ihtnq dn pnopnqqip ilq ziqqlq dn a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq( Wnp Qnïál 0( Zpñvekl aizët~cl Hl zpñvekl aizët~cl &>%# ihiceripnklq l Ziqql ? &Y~n`pihdl ciïlq ëkzelq di icki%# lhdn zldn qnp hnanqqépel cedip alkzcntiknhtn alk lq ngnetlq dlq znaidlq l~ gnpediq(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 4
1:
>
Y~n`pihdl Ciïlq dn Icki Alkl y~n`pip ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki Hnanqqetiklq ce`npip lq y~n hlq ai~qipik dihl l~ ilq nhtnq y~npedlq y~n znpdnklq( K~etiq wnrnq eqtl zldn zipnanp ekzlqqëwnc# dnwedl i ê ciïlq dn icki( Lq ciïlq dn icki qál alhnaïþnq nklaelhieq n nqzepet~ieq alk l~tpiq znqqliq# glpkidiq dn ciïlq zplg~hdlq# nvznpeâhaeiq alkziptecfidiq l~ dnznhdâhaeiq(
NQZËPETL
ALPZL
ICKI
Dn~q hlq apel~ zipi y~n y~n glpkéqqnklq wëha~clq zlqetewlq alk l~tpiq znqqliq# zipi hlqqi zpñzpei zpltnïál n dnqnhwlcweknhtl2 Kán n cfl# nqzlql n nqzlqi# ikeridnq# nta( Kiq l znaidl# zlp nvnkzcl# iq pnciïþnq qnv~ieq glpi dl aiqiknhtl# znpwnptn l zplzñqetl dn tieq wëha~clq( Dnqec~qþnq# nhqehiknhtlq gicqlq# i`~ql l~ alhtplcn zldnk it~ip n nqti`ncnanp ~k ciïl ëkzel dn icki( Ziqql ?( Y~n`pihdl y~icy~np ciïl ëkzel dn icki
L zpeknepl ziqqql å cedip alk l znaidl# alkl nqté dnqapetl hl aizët~cl 0( Dnwnklq pnalhfnanp n pnh~haeip gicqlq znhqiknhtlq l~ ec~qþnq# n nqtip deqzlqtlq i ce`npip i znqqli( Zipi y~n`pip ~k ciïl ëkzel dn icki# ekioehn wlaâ n nqti l~tpi znqqli itidiq znci knqki alpdi( Qnhflp Bnq~q# Cfn znïl znpdál zlp tnp glpkidl nqtn ciïl ëkzel dn icki zlp knel dl znaidl# l~ il znpketep y~n i znqqli kn dlkehiqqn l~ kn i`~qiqqn( N~ znpdll n l&i% ce`npl iolpi( Zlp giwlp# wnk alk Q~i nqzidi l~ Q~i opihdn tnql~pi n alpti nqtiq alpdiq y~n kn itik alk ncn&i%( Y~npl qnp cewpn zipi qnp n~ knqkl# n qnp i znqqli y~n T~ y~npnq y~n n~ qnbi‛(
Nqznpn itå y~n wnbi nqtiq alpdiq aiehdl hl afál( Pnzeti nqtnq ziqqlq alk aidi znqqli n alk y~icy~np itid~pi glptn( Ziqql 6( Pnan`i ce`nptiïál qn glp hnanqqépel I ce`nptiïál å hnanqqépei y~ihdl fl~wn zlptiq i`nptiq zipi i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq# dnwedl il znaidl# êq gnpe+ diq# ê pniïþnq ehalppntiq l~ i ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki( Wnp Aizët~clq ql`pn ce`nptiïál hiq Qnïþnq 0 n 1(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl >
Hlti zipi l cëdnp Zldnpé ec~qtpip nqtiq ciïlq dn icki ~qihdl alpdþnq y~n ikippnk d~iq znqqliq= nk qno~edi# alptn+lq alk ~ki tnql~pi( Tipngi Giïi ~ki ceqti dn tldiq iq znqqliq alk iq y~n glpkl~ ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki( Pnziqqn l aizët~cl ? alk nqti ceqti# qlrehfl l~ alk i ib~di dn kieq ico~åk(
19
Y~n`pihdl Itid~piq di Icki
Zlqqëwneq ziqqlq nvtpiq Ziqql 5( Pnan`i a~pi gëqeai
Êq wnrnq iq dlnhïiq hál qál a~pidiq dnwedl i l`qtéa~clq zlp ziptn dlq ngnetlq dl znaidl l~ diq gnpediq# alkl å l aiql di gicti dn znpdál( ^ki wnr tpitidlq nqtnq l`qtéa~clq# il fiwnp qno~edl lq ziqqlq ihtnpelpnq# zldnklq zpla~pip l zldnp dn Dn~q zipi a~pip( Qn glp hnanqqépel# zldnklq depeoep+hlq ê keheqtplq zipi qnp ~hoedl alk irnetn n znci ekzlqeïál dn kálq# alkl nqté nqapetl nk Teiol >294+97 n Kipalq 97296( Wnp Qnïál 4 –Keheqtpihdl a~pi gëqeai‛ n –Cewplq pnalknhdidlq(‛
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl >
10
7
Hlwlq Zidpþn q dn Alkzlptiknhtl Hlqqlzizncnkk~diphlqqlalkzlptiknhtl#igkdnafnoip
i ~ki a~pi alkzcnti
Lq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl qál lq fé`etlq l~ ~ki aidnei dn pniïþnq i~tlkéteaiq dn pnqzlqtiq( Aidi wnr y~n pnznteklq ~ki iïál l~ znhqiknhtl zlp k~etl tnkzl# tlphi+qn ~k zidpál ehalhqaenhtn dn alkzlptiknhtl( Zipi k~dip# pny~npn+qn pnalhfnanp lzidpál n alknïip i tlkip alhtplcn alhqaenhtn di qet~iïál# itå y~n zlqqiklq nqti`ncnanp ~k zidpál hlwl( Alk tnkzl# nqtn hlwl alkzlptiknhtl tlphi+qn i~tlkéteal( Wnp i tnpanepi aievi hl y~idpl ql`pn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál‛ &zéoehi 97%(
Ziqql 9:( K~dihïi dn znhqiknhtlq# itet~dnq n zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl
Dnwnklq k~dip hlqqi kihnepi dn znhqip znci kihnepi dn znhqip dn Apeqtl( Lq znhqiknhtlq pnzntetewlq qn tlphik nk itet~dnq y~n dntnpkehik hlqqiq iïþnq l~ alkzlptiknhtlq( Cnei Geceznhqnq 4262 –Gehicknhtn# epkálq# t~dl l y~n glp wnpdidnepl# t~dl l y~n glp hl`pn# t~dl l y~n glp alppntl# t~dl l y~n glp z~pl# t~dl l y~n glp ikéwnc# t~dl l y~n glp dn `li giki# qn fl~wnp icol dn nvancnhtn l~ deohl dn cl~wlp# znhqnk hnqqiq aleqiq‛( I~tlnqteki `ievi I i~tlnqteki `ievi å l qnhte+ knhtl dn y~n hál tnklq wiclp ico~k n y~n tikzl~al zldnklq girnp icol zipi k~dip( Å aiztidi# znhqidi# n nhqehidi( † Aiztidi znci lzeheá l dn l~tpiq znqqliq ql`pn kek( † Znhqidi dn glpki ny~ewlai+ di ql`pn kek knqkl( † Ehqtp~ëdi znclq nhqehiknh + tlq n i âhgiqn nvionpidi hi znaikehlqedidn dl flknk n hi alhqny~nhtn epi dn Dn~q= eo~icknhtn il eohlpip+qn i dl~tpehi ql`pn l iklp n i ziaeâhaei dn Dn~q( ^ki nqteki alppnti ql`pn qe knqkl# dn alkl Dn~q kn wâ# nqté nk Plkihlq 9021( Å i pnqzlqti ê `ievi i~tlnqteki( Itewedidn Nqapnwi hiq épniq knhaelhidiq iaeki# lhdn wlaâ dnwn k~dip( Alkl wlaâ zldn k~dip<
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 7
Qn nqtiklq znhqihdl alhqtihtnknhtn nk hlqqlq zpl`cnkiq dl ziqqidl# hál ziqqipé k~etl tnkzl itå y~n nqalppno~nklq n wlctnklq i ncnq( Qn znpkihnanp+ klq znhqihdl hiq gnpediq ziqqidiq y~n glklq a~pidlq# `pnwn tnpkehipnklq ioehdl di knqki kihnepi y~n girëiklq y~ihdl nqtéwiklq gnpedlq( Nhtál# iq znqqliq hlq wnpál n depál y~n i keheqtpiïál y~n pnan`nklq gle znpdi dn tnkzl( Kiq l zpl`cnki hál å i keheqtpiïál# kiq qek l gitl dn hál fiwnpklq alhqtp ~ë+ dl hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl zipi q~`qtet~ep lq wncflq( Qn y~n`piklq ~k `piïl# hnanqqetiklq ~qip onqql itå y~n qn a~pn( Kiqhdl y~iqn tepi l onqql# dnwnklq tpnehiplq kòqa~clq onhtecknhtn itå y~n i glpïi qn pna~znpn alkzcntiknhtn( Qn qiepklq zip i bloip tialapeamnt & % ekndeitiknhtn# zldn qnp y~n hlq piklq n tlphnklq i y~n`pip l `piïl( Znhqiknhtlq
Dnwnklq tepip l aiziantn wncfl di knhtn# y~n alhtåk iq knhtepiq alk iq y~ieq wewnpëiklq hit~picknhtn# n q~`qtet~ë+ciq znci wnpdidn y~n Dn~q hlq pnwnci nk Q~i ziciwpi n Qn~ Nqzëpetl( Qn hlqql zpl`cnki gle i i~tlnqteki `ievi n znhqéwiklq2 –Heho~åk kn iki‛# iolpi dnwnklq zlp ~k hlwl aiziantn y~n deoi2 –Bnq~q kn iki n fé znqqliq y~n kn ikik l~ y~npnk ikip+kn tik`åk‛( 11
Hlwlq Zidpþnq dn Alkzlptiknhtl
Qn tnklq ~ki ekionk ny~ewlaidi dn Dn~q# eqtl qnpé degëaec( Dnwnklq izpnhdnp alkl Dn~q å pnicknhtn( Ncn å k~etl degnpnhtn dn hlqqlq zieq hit~pieq( Kieq ql`pn i hit~pnri dn Dn~q alkl Zie# wnp Qnïál 4 &Zéoehi 990%(
Itet~dnq
^k znhqiknhtlzldn qekzcnqknhtn wep i hñq alkl tnhtiïál( Kiq y~ihdl diklq itnhïál n izplwiïál n znpketeklq y~n pnopnqqn# zldn tlhip+qn ~ki itet~dn( Hñq k~+ diklq hlqqiq itet~dnq# pnzntehdl iq hlwiq wnpdidnq nhtpno~nq zlp Dn~q n pnqeqtehdl ilq wncflq znhqiknhtlq( Hi Qnïál 0# aizët~cl ?# tnklq ~ki ceqti dn wnpdidnq `ë`ceaiq zipi lq cflq dn Dn~q( Ehqtp~i+qn hiq wnpdidnq n hlq wnpqëa~clq dnqapetlq n wnpé alkl q~iq itet~dnq epál k~dip( Zldn qnp y~n dnwiklq hlq tlphip knhlq w~chnpéwneq êq gnpediq l~ lgnhqiq zncl y~n iq znqqliq hlq deoik l~ hlq giïik( Hnanqqetiklq hlq tlphip kieq pnqeqtnhtnq n kieq alhqaenhtnq dn hlqqiq gicfiq( Y~nk qi`n# dnwnklq y~n`pip# zlp nvnkzcl# l zidpál dn nqtek~cl ê pnbneïál# l~ l~tplq zidpþnq y~n dnqnhwlcwnklq# alk l l`bnte+ wl dn cewpip+kl+hlq l~ dn nwetipklq i pnbneïál(
K~dihdl zidpþnq dn pnbneïál Zldnklq cnp hlq wnpqëa~clq di @ë`cei# alkl nk Qicklq 9:1# Blál y~n nhgiterik Dn~q1297# hlq iki n y~n hál y~n hlq pnbneti( Fn`pn~q 9127 der2 –Hál tnknpne2 y~n kn gipé l flknk<‛( Ngåqelq 924+># dnqtiai y~n glklq ncnetlq zlp Dn~q zipi znptnhanp ê Q~i gikëcei# dnqdn i apeiïál dl k~hdl= zlptihtl# ql~ wicelql zipi Ncn( Nhtál# zlp y~n kn pnbnetl# alhqednpihdl l y~n y~icy~np ~k znhqn dn kek<
Hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl
I kndedi y~n hlq gikeceiperiklq alk i wnpdidn# n zpiteaiklq kieq# qn tlphi aidi wnr kieq gé+ aec pnioep di kihnepi alppnti( Å cñoeal y~n zldnklq aiep dn wnr nk y~ihdl n pntplandnp ilq hlq+ qlq ihteolq kldlq# kiq hál dnwnklq znpketep y~n lq dnkôhelq l~ y~n l~tplq hlq alhdnhnk( Wlaâ dnwn tpitip alk l znaidl l~ pniïál ehalppnti# l kieq n wlctn ê hlwi hnepi dn wewnp( Alk l tnkzl# l alkzlptiknhtl qn tlphipé ~kpézedl fé`etl zlqqëwnc# hit~pic# iqqek alkl npikki+ iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq l~ fé`etlq znaikehflqlq( Tnhfia~edidlalkq~iqeh~âhaeiq Nwetn l cnoiceqkl Zple`ep kòqeaiq hál apeqtáq n knelq dn alk~keaiïál dnhtpl dn q~i aiqi zldn qnp dn k~eti ib~di zlp ~k tnkzl# nhy~ihtl wlaâ dnqnhwlcwn qn~q hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlp+ tiknhtl n izpnhdn i deqanphep n pnqeqtep( Kiq hál idltn ~ki itet~dny~n cnoiceqti# de+ rnhdl i tncnweqál å p~ek n tldi kòqeai hál apeqtá å znpeolqi( Zlpy~n eqtl hál å anptl# n tnpkehipé ai~qihdl zpl`cnkiq i clhol zpirl# nqznaeic+ knhtn hl dnqnhwlcwe+ knhtl qlaeic dn qn~q cflq(
Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 7
Å degëaec nqti`ncnanp hlwlq zidpþnq dn znhqiknhtl# nhy~ihtl i`qlpwnpklq lq znhqiknhtlq n kihnepiq dl k~hdl# itpiwåq di tncnweqál# cknq# pédel n pnweqtiq# hl c~oip dn i`qlpwnp i kòqeai n i cetnpit~pi y~n oclpeaik i Dn~q( Alhqtp~i ikeridnq apeqtáq y~n ndeaik# n nwetn iy~nciq y~n alhd~rnk ê tnhtiïál( Y~ihdl eqtl hál g~haelhi
Êq wnrnq# tldlq hlqqiq tnhtitewiq dn nqti`ncnanp hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlpti+ knhtl zipnank hál cnwip+hlq i c~oip ico~k( Knqkl tnhtihdl# zipnan y~n alh+ teh~iklq i aiep k~etiq wnrnq( Hnqtn aiql# zldn qnp y~n qnbi hnanqqépei i a~pi nk l~tpiq épniq pnciaelhidiq# l~ zldn qnp y~n fibi ~k ekzndeknhtl dnklhëial( Hi Qnïál 0# wnpnklq i épni dn ce`nptiïál( Izpnhdnpnklq alkl lq dnkôhelq hlq igntik n dn y~n kihnepi zldnklq cedip alk ncnq# i k dn nqti`ncnanp hl+ wlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl n wewnp alkl Dn~q hlq dnqtehl~(
14
Qnïál 0
Ce`nptiïál Hi Qnïál 9# izpnhdnklq ianpai dlq zpl`cnkiq hit~pieq hiq épniq dlq znaidlq n diq gnpediq# n i kihnepi dn cedip alk ncnq( Hnqti Qnïál wnpnklq alkl lq dnkôhelq zldnk i~knhtip lq ngnetlq hit~pieq dlq znaidlq n gnpediq( Nvzceaipnklq y~nk qál# l y~n girnk# n dn y~n kihnepi eh~nhaeik hlqqi wedi( Nhtál hlq zpnzipipnklq zipi keheqtpip ce`nptiïál(
Qnïál 0
Ce`nptiïál
9( Ce`nptiïál hlq nwihoncflq Keheqtpip ce`nptiïál å `ë`ceal# n å ziptn dlq l`bntewlq di eopnbi it~icknhtn
1?
0( Lq dleq pnehlq nqzepet~ieq I pnciïál nhtpn lq pnehlq dn Dn~q n dn Qitihéq= lq dnkôhelq alkl ib~dihtnq dn Qitihéq( Iq `ippnepiq dn ekzndeknhtl zipi qn ianetip i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic
15
1( I hit~pnri n l it~ip dlq dnkôhelq L y~n qál dnkôhelq n alkl eh~nhaeik hlqqiq wediq<
49
4( Lq zlhtlq hit~pieq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq Alkl l znaidl# iq gnpediq lq ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki dál c~oip ilq dnkôhelq
4>
>( Lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ieq zipi lq dnkôhelq La~cteqkl# ihtnziqqidlq# gicqiq pnceoeþnq# kicdeaþnq n alhtitl alk i klptn
45
7( Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi l Keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál Alkl hlq zpnzipip zipi nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq
>1
?( Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál L y~n girnp dnzleq dn fiwnp pnan`edl ce`nptiïál
>?
9
Ce`nptiïál hlq Nwihoncflq Keheqtpip ce`nptiïál å `ë`ceal n å ziptn dlq l`bntewlq it~ieq di eopnbi I ziciwpi ce`nptiïál qeoheai ce`npip di lzpnqqál l~ dn aepa~hqtàhaeiq znpeolqiq( Y~ihdl giciklq dn ce`nptiïál hlq pngnpeklq i nvz~cqip dnkôhelq tik`åk afikidlq dn nqzëpetlq kiceohlq l~ ek~hdlq( Eqtl gle ~ki ziptn wetic dl keheqtåpel dn Bnq~q n Ncn hlq nhaippnol~ zipi y~n råqqnklq l knqkl( Ce`nptiïál hl keheqtåpel dn Bnq~q Cnp C~aiq 4296+09
Bnq~q ih~kael~ y~n q~i wedi npi l a~kzpeknhtl di zplgnaei dn Eqiëiq 7929+1( Nqti zplgnaei tnk y~itpl ncnknhtlq2 Zpnoip# a~pip# ce`nptip lq aitewlq n lq lzpekedlq( Dleq dnqtnq y~itpl ncnknhtlq qn pnciaelhik acipiknhtn alk l keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál( I ce`nptiïál# zncl y~n qn zldn wnp# gle ziptn wetic dnhtpl di keqqál dn Bnq~q( Ncn hál nqwireiwi zpeqþnq hnk nhtpl~ nk c~ti alhtpi lq Plkihlq# kiq Ncn dnwn tnp gicidl# nqqnhaeicknhtn# dn ciïlq n lzpnqqþnq nqzepet~ieq( Bnq~q dn~ opihdn âhgiqn ê nqti ziptn dn Qn~ keheqtåpel( Zlp nvnkzcl# nk C~aiq 91219# ê aike+ hfl dn Bnp~qicåk# ico~hq gipeqn~q Cfn deqqnpik y~n dneviqqn iy~ncn c~oip n glqqn zipi l~tpi ziptn( –Fnpldnq y~np tn kitip‛( Bnq~q cfnq pnqzlhdn~2 –Neq y~n wl~ nvz~cqihdl dnkôhelq n girnhdl a~piq# flbn n ikihfá# n hl tnpanepl dei qnpne alhq~kidl‛( Bnq~q hál qn pngnpe~ ê zpn+ oiïál( Ncn gicl~ qlknhtn dn qn~ tpi`icfl dn nvz~cqip dnkôhelq n a~pip znqqliq( Iaeki dn t~dl# Bnq~q depntiknhtn pnciaelhl~ i wehdi dl pnehl dn Dn~q alk l nvz~cqip dnkôhelq( Nk C~aiq 9920:# Ncn deqqn2 –Kiq# qn å zncl dndl dn Dn~q y~n n~ nvz~cql lq dnkôhelq# clol å afnoidl i wñq l pnehl dn Dn~q‛( Eqtl pnntei y~n Bnq~q hál tehfi hnhf~ki dòwedi ql`pn i pnicedidn dlq dnkôhelq# n alhqednpiwi l keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál alkl ~k qehic wetic n afiwn zipi i wehdi dl pnehl dlq aå~q( Hltnklq tik`åk# y~n Bnq~q deqanphei lq degnpnhtnq zpl`cnkiq n izceaiwi l pnkådel idny~idl( Êq wnrnq# qlknhtn a~piwi# l~tpiq wnrnq# zplacikiwi l znpdál dlq znaidlq n dnzleq a~piwi= n nk l~tpiq laiqeþnq# nvz~cqiwi lq dnkôhelq n zpld~rei+qn i a~pi( Nhy~ihtl i k~cfnp qekzcnq+ knhtn giciwi alk Ncn# q~pzpnnhdedi hl itl dn id~ctåpel# cfn deqqn y~n glqqn n hál znaiqqn kieq( Nvz~cql~ qntn dnkôhelq dn Kipei Kidicnhi( Qn y~npnklq qnp alkl Bnq~q# hnanqqetiklq alhqednpip nqtn iznatl dn Qn~ keheqtåpel qnpeiknh+ tn n `~qaip Qn~ dlk dn deqanpheknhtl zipi qi`np y~ihdl i keheqtpiïál keheqtåpel å hnanqqépei(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 9
1?
Ce`nptiïál hlq Nwihoncflq
I opihdn alkeqqál Cnp Kitn~q 9:29+6= Kipalq 1294+9>= 7290+91 n 9729>+96= C~aiq 5(
Y~ihdl Bnq~q nhwel~ qn~q dlrn deqaëz~clq# cfnq dn~ i~tlpedidn n cfnq kihdl~2 9% zpnoip l pnehl dn Dn~q= 0% a~pip ilq nhgnpklq= n 1% nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq( Alkeqqál dlq qntnhti n dleq
Nk C~aiq 9:# Bnq~q nhwel~ ?0 flknhq zipi zplacikip l pnehl( Hl wnpqëa~cl 9 n 95# Bnq~q cfnq deqqn2 –Neq y~n wlq dne i~tlpedidn zipi zeqip qnpznhtnq n nqalpzeþnq# n ql`pn tldl l zldnp dl ehe+ keol= n hidi wlq gipé dihl ico~k(‛ Nhtál# i ce`nptiïál npi pnicknhtn ~ki ziptn nqqnhaeic dl tpi`icfl( Y~ihdl pnopnqqipik# ehglpkipik2 –Itå knqkl lq dnkôhelq hlq q~`kntnk nk Tn~ hlkn(‛ Zncl y~n l`weiknhtn# nqtiwik nvz~cqihdl lq dnkôhelq( I alkeqqál nhtpno~n ê hñq
Nk Kitn~q 06295#0:# lq deqaëz~clq pnan`nk i lpdnk didi zlp Bnq~q Apeqtl dn ep n girnp deqaëz~ + clq nk tldiq iq hiïþnq2 –Nhqehihdl+lq i l`qnpwip tldiq iq aleqiq y~n n~ wlq tnhfl nhqehidl‛( Nqti alkeqqál gle nhtpno~n i aidi hlwi onpiïál dn deqaëz~clq itå afnoip i hñq( I eopnbi k~h+ deic# ianeti l itl dn tnpklq fnpdidl nqti alkeqqál dn nwihoncerip# kiq gpny~nhtnknhtn lqaeci y~ihdl qn tpiti dn nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq l~ a~pip nhgnpklq( Kipalq 9729>+96# der2 –Edn zlp tldl l k~hdl n zpnoie l nwihoncfl i tldi apeit~pi(= N nqtnq qehieq ialkzihfipál ilq y~n apnpnk2 nk kn~ hlkn nvz~cqipál dnkôhelq‧ zlpál iq kálq ql`pn lq nhgnpklq# n nqtnq qnpál a~pidlq‛( I eopnbi zpeketewi gnr ce`nptiïál alkl ziptn dl zcihl dn alhwnpqál( Kiq i eopnbi kldnphi dnevl~ dn cidl nqtn keheqtåpel( Å zlp eqql y~n tnklq i hnanqqedidn dn girnp ce`nptiïál nhtpn lq apeqtálq( Eohlpàhaei<
D~pihtn hlqqlq zpekneplq lhrn ihlq alkl keqqelhépelq nk ^oihdi# h~hai nvz~cqiklq dn+ kôhel# dnwedl i qnpklq eohlpihtnq hl tnki( Dnqdn y~n dnqal`peklq i pnicedidn deqtl n izpnh+ dnklq alkl tpitip alk nqtnq qnpnq# i ce`nptiïál qn tlphl~ ~ki ziptn gpnyónhtn dnhtpl dn hlqql keheqtåpel( Pnopnqqiklq ê ^oihdi aehal wnrnq dnqdn 9565# n nvz~cqiklq kecfipnq dn dnkôhelq hl hlkn dn Bnq~q= icë n nk l~tplq ziëqnq( Åpiklq qekzcnqknhtn eohlpihtnq dnqti pnicedidn# zlpy~n nqtéwiklq alhdeaelhidlq i hál wnp nqtn iqznatl dl nwihoncfl nk hlqqiq wediq( Hl tpnehiknhtl keqqelhépel iaidâkeal y~n Ic`npt pnan`n~# h~hai cfn nhqehipik hidi zpéteal ql`pn lq dnkôhelq= tikzl~al ê Nceqi`ntf# y~n fiwei gpny~nhtidl ~ki gia~cdidn nwihoåceai `ë`ceai zlp dleq ihlq( L~ kndl<
Êq wnrnq iq znqqliq pnqeqtnk i nqtn kihdiknhtl dn Bnq~q Apeqtl ql`pn nvz~cqip dnkôhelq# dn+ wedl il kndl( Å l kndl dn y~n hál zldnklq zpnwnp l~ alhtplcip< Hál fé hidi y~n tnknp ki qek t~dl zlp oihfip# il hlq klwnpklq zipi i wnpdidn i`qlc~ti dl pnehl dn Dn~q( Hál qn tpiti dn znpdnp l alhtplcn( Qn tpiti dn pna~znpip l alhtplcn y~n l ehekeol tnk hiq épniq dn hlqqi wedi znqqlic l~ dn hlqqi wedi hi eopnbi(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 9
16
0
Lq Dleq Pnehlq Nqzepet~ieq I pnciïál nhtpn lq pnehlq dn Dn~q n dn Qitihéq= lq dnkôhelq alkl i~veceipnq dn Qitihéq L pnehl dn Dn~q å lhdn iq znqqliq ianetik iq pnopiq dn Dn~q n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl nk q~iq wediq( L pnehl dn Qitihéq å lhdn Dn~q hál å l`ndnaedl( Qitihéq å dnqapetl alkl l zpëhaezn dnqtn k~hdl# n nk 9 Blál >295 der2 –((( y~n l k~hdl tldl nqté ql` l zldnp dl Kiceohl(‛ Zlptihtl# qnk qi`np# nqtiklq ql` l alhtplcn dn Qitihéq qn hál l`ndnanklq i Dn~q( Wedi wnpq~q klptn2
Hlqql nqzëpetl å i alhnaïál dlq dleq pnehlq nqze+ pet~ieq( Hlqql alpzl n icki qil igntidlq# qnbi zncl Pnehl dn Dn~q l~ dn Qitihéq# dnznhdnhdl diq itet~+ dnq l~ l nqtidl dn hlqql nqzëpetl( L Pnehl dn Dn~q nhtpnoi wedi nk i`~hdàhaei i qn~q aedidálq &Blál 9:29:`%# kiq l pnehl dn Qitihéq tnk alkl l`bntewl# –pl~`ip# kitip n dnqtp~ep‛ &Blál 9:29:i%(
Pnehl dn Dn~q
Pnehl dn Qitihéq NQZËPETL
Nqzepet~ic Hit~pic
ALPZL
I C KI
Degnpnhïiq nhtpn l Nqzëpetl Qihtl n Qitihéq2
L Nqzëpetl Qihtl zldn nqtip hl alpiïál dn aidi znqqli y~n tnhfi i`nptl q~i wedi itpiwåq dl ippnznhdeknhtl n di gå hl Qnhflp Bnq~q( Qitihéq# zncl alhtpépel# hál zldn nqtip nk tldlq lq c~oipnq il knqkl tnkzl( Nk Bñ 927+?# ncn deqqn y~n wehfi dn pldnip i tnppi n dn ziqqnip zlp nci( L y~n dnklhqtpi y~n ncn hnanqqeti ib~di zipi dip alhti dn tldlq qn~q zcihlq kicåwlclq( Dernklq y~n Ede Ikeh l~ Qiddik F~qqneh kitipik kecfþnq dn aedidálq( Iznqip y~n y~nk pnicerl~ iq kitihïiq glpik qn~q qlcdidlq n zlceaeieq( Nhtál iehdi y~n a~cznklq i Qitihéq# l –tpi`icfl q~bl‛ å pniceridl zlp qn~q alci`lpidlpnq2 Dnkôhelq# nqzëpetlq ek~hdlq n kicwidlq# alkl qál hlknidlq dn wépeiq glpkiq hi @ë`cei( L pnehl dn Dn~q bé wnhan~ il pnehl dn Qitihéq zlp knel di wetñpei dn Apeqtl hi ap~r( L pnehl dn Qitihéq tldiwei hál ianeti eqtl n alhteh~i c~tihdl( Dn~q l znpketn itå y~n Apeqtl wlctn# kiq nhtál# qnpé l klknhtl lhdn Qitihéq n qn~q dnkôhelq qnpál izpeqelhidlq( Nhy~ihtl eqql# hñq# lq apeqtálq# tnklq iq ipkiq zipi `iticfip alhtpi Qitihéq n qn~q dnkôhelq( Alkl y~icy~np qlcdidl# hnanqqetiklq qnp tpnehidlq ql`pn alkl ~qip iq ipkiq dn kihnepi ngntewi= n nhtál dnwnklq ~qé+ciq( Dl alhtpépel# tldlq hñq qlgpnpnklq(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 0
15
Lq Dleq Pnehlq Nqzepet~ieq
Iq `ippnepiq y~n ekzndnk ianetip i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic Kitnpeiceqklaenhtëgal
I kielpei dlq apeqtálq hi N~plzi n hlq Nqtidlq ^hedlq# n nk l~tpiq ziptnq dl k~hdl# wewnk alh+ deaelhidlq zlp nqtn znhqiknhtl( Tâk dea~cdidnq nk ianetip i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic( Znhqik y~n t~dl dnwn qnp zplwidl l~ kndedl alk iq gnppiknhtiq di aeâhaei( Kiq hál å t~dl y~n zldn qnp kndedl alk lq knqklq kåtldlq( Zlp nvnkzcl# å zlqqewnc kndep i deqtàhaei nhtpn dleq zlhtlq alk ~ki ti kåtpeai( Nhtpntihtl# hál qn zldn kndep i glpïi dl iklp nhtpn kipedl n k~cfnp(alk ~ki ti kåtpeai( I kielpei diq l~tpiq a~ct~piq l~ zlhtlq dn weqti y~n fé hl k~hdl hál tâk nqtn zpl`cnki( Iane+ tik i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic( Qi`nk y~n lq dnkôhelq zldnk igntip hlqqiq wediq( Fé ico~hq laednhtieq y~n ianetik y~n l k~hdl zipihlpkic å dnhetewiknhtn pnic( Kiq l`qnp+ wik y~n i aeâhaei gnr ~k `lk tpi`icfl nk nvzceaip iq aleqiq y~n ~ki wnr qn aiticloipik alkl nqzepet~ieq( Nqtiq znqqliq iqq~knk y~n t~dl zldnpé qnp nvzceaidl ico~k dei(
L`qnpwidlpnq l`bntewiknhtn hn~tplq< Lq laednhtieq ehtncnat~ieq wiclperik k~etl i l`bntewedidn( Znhqik y~n i aeâhaei å l`bntewi n y~n alhd~repé i ~ki wnpdidn kieq alhéwnc( Lq aenhteqtiq# nhtpntihtl# qi`nk y~n i aeâhaei# zlp qe knqki# nhalhtpi+qn clhon dn qnp l`bntewi( Qi`nk y~n nqté `iqnidi nk k~etiq q~zlqeïþnq n nk ~k qeqtnki dn apnhïiq( Å aidi wnr kielp l hòknpl dn aenhteqtiq y~n nqtál tlkihdl l aikehfl di gå il dip+qn alhti dl zl~al y~n zldnklq alhfnanp( ^k aenhteqti tpnehidl tik`åk qi`n y~n hál qn zldn l`qnpwip ~k nwnhtl qnk hncn ehtnpgnpep n qnp igntidl zlp ncn( Iqqek å tik`åk alk l keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál( Hál zldn qnp l`qnpwidl hnk ihiceridl zlp ~k l`qnpwidlp hn~tpl( Y~ihdl qlklq alhgplhtpidlq alk ~ki kihegnqtiïál dl k~hdl ehweqëwnc# hál zldnklq znpkihnanp hn~tplq( Dnwnklq lztip zlp ~k cidl( Nk ~ki o~nppi# heho~åk zldn znpkihnanp hn~tpl= fé y~n nqalcfnp dn y~n cidl qn nqté( I Q~ëïi dnacipi qnp ~k ziëq hn~tpl# kiq iolpi qi`nklq y~n gnr k~etlq alkzplkeqqlq alk i Icnkihfi d~pihtn i Qno~hdi O~nppi K~hdeic(
I zplzioihdi dn Qitihéq Qitihéq tnk k~etl ehtnpnqqn nk qnknip ehapnd~cedidn ianpai dn q~i nveqtâhaei n q~iq itewedidnq( Lq knqklq dnkôhelq nqtál zlp dntpéq dn ico~kiq diq opihdnq lzlqeïþnq y~n l keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál tnk# bé y~n y~npnk alhteh~ip q~iq itewedidnq qnapntiknhtn( Ico~kiq znqqliq ianetik i pnicedidn diq iïþnq dnklhëiaiq# kiq znhqik y~n qn ceketik qlknh+ tn êy~ncnq y~n nqtál depntiknhtn nhwlcwedlq nk gneteanpei l~ zpéteaiq la~ctiq( I q~zlqeïál å# y~n y~icy~np y~n pnicknhtn hnanqqetn ce`nptiïál nqtipé l`weiknhtn itlpknhtidl n glpi dn alhtplcn# qiehdl nqz~ki znci `lai n opetihdl &iqqek alkl ec~qtpik ico~hq cknq il klqtpip znqqliq zlq+ qnqqiq zlp dnkôhelq%( I pnicedidn# dn y~icy~np glpki# å kieq q~tec( L pnehl dn Qitihéq nqté `i+ qnidl nk nhoihlq# knhtepiq n tnklpnq( Lq dnkôhelq qál knqtpnq hi iptn dn nqalhdnp# pntpiep l~ la~ctip ehtnhïþnq# i k dn znpkihnanp hl alhtplcn dn ~ki épni hi wedi di znqqli(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 0
4:
1
I Hit~pnri n l It~ip dlq Dnkôhelq Ly~nqállqdnkôhelqnalkleh~nhaeikhlqqiq
wediq I hit~pnri dlq dnkôhelq
DNKÔHELQ
I @ë`cei n hlqqi zpñzpei nvznpeâhaei zplwik y~n lq dnkôhelq l~ ZNAIDLQ GNPEDIQ nqzëpetlq kiceohlq hál qál glpïiq ekznqqlieq( I ncntpeaedidn# zlp nvnkzcl# å weqewnc# zldnplqi n znpeolqi= kiq å gëqeai n ekznqqlic( Lq dnkôhelq# zlp l~tpl cidl# qál qnpnq nqzepet~ieq y~n zlqq~nk aipétnp n ehtnhïþnq( Ncnq zldnk qnhtep# nvzpnqqip nklïþnq# znhqip# apnp# qi`np# gicip# dnqnbip n pnqeqtep( Cnp Kitn~q 90244# Kipalq 9201+04= >27+91 n Teiol 0295( Wnklq y~n lq dnkôhelq2 9( Gicik# opetik# afeik# q~zceaik# deqa~tnk# aitik( 0( Qn kihegnqtik itpiwåq dn znqqliq ~qihdl qn~q alpzlq n q~i wlr( 1( Tâk glpïi y~n wipeik dn då`ec i welcnhti( 4( Tâk alhfnaeknhtl n apnhïiq( >( Nqtál q~bnetlq i Bnq~q Apeqtl( 7( Onhnpicknhtn# nhalhtpik+qn nk op~zlq( Dnqdn 95?1# y~ihdl alknïiklq hlqql keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál# nvznpeknhtiklq tldiq nqtiq aipiatnpëqteaiq dlq dnkôhelq# nk aehal ziëqnq hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c= hi Ëhdei# Ehdlhåqei n Qehoiz~pi# alkl tik`åk N~plzi n Égpeai( Ico~hq nvnkzclq dn kihegnqtiïþnq y~n tnqtnk~hfiklq
Nk Hiepl`e# 95?># ~k ikeol apeqtál ~hewnpqetépel# nhy~ihtl alhwnpqéwiklq nk hlqql izipti+ knhtl# deqqn dn pnznhtn2 –Wl~ `itnp nk wlaâq alk tldi kehfi glpïi‛( Qn tpitiwi dn ~k dnkô+ hel ~qihdl i wlr dnqtn nqt~dihtn( ^ki wnr# keheqtpihdl i ~ki k~cfnp hi Q~ëïi# y~n fiwei qn nhwlcwedl alk zpéteaiq la~ctiq# Dihenc# flbn hlqql onhpl# qn depeoe~ ilq dnkôhelq y~n nqtiwik kihegnqtihdl+qn hnci# n nqtnq alknïipik i gicip nk fn`pn~ ihteol( Dihenc nhtnhdn~ i ceho~ionk# opiïiq ilq nqt~dlq dn tnlcloei( Nk R~pey~n# nk kipïl dn 9551# ~k dnkôhel gicl~ nk C~oihdi &cëho~i dn ^oihdi% znci `lai dn ~ki k~cfnp q~ëïi# y~n h~hai fiwei nqtidl nk ^oihdi ihtnq# hnk qi`ei hidi di ceho~ionk claic n hnk di a~ct~pi dl ziëq( Nk ^oihdi# lq dnkôhelq gicipik nk Ehocâq# y~ihdl i znqqli hnk qi`ei gicip ehocâq(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 1
49
Hit~pnri n It~ip dlq Dnkôhelq
Nk @~qloi# ^oihdi# 955:# ~k dnkôhel eqcàkeal gicl~ épi`n itpiwåq dn ~ki ihaeá( L~tpl dn+ kôhel nk @~qloi# deqqn y~n hál zldei dnevip i k~cfnp zlpy~n nci npi q~i `eaeacnti( I k~cfnp nqtiwi nqtnhdedi hl afál# n alknïl~ i klwnp q~iq znphiq pizediknhtn# iqqek alkl qn nqtewnq+ qn zndicihdl ~ki `eaeacnti( Nk 9550# y~ihdl keheqtpiwi ce`nptiïál nk ~ki eopnbi nk O~c~# hl hlptn di ^oihdi# weklq k~cfnpnq y~n alknïipik i dihïip weolplqiknhtn y~ihdl lq dnkôhelq qn kihegnqtipik hnciq( Nqa~tiklq dnkôhelq aflpipnk zlp keqnpeañpdei n q~zceaip y~n cfnq znpketeqqnk aip( Iznqip dn y~n k~etlq dnkôhelq qál nvz~cqlq pizediknhtn# tnklq weqtl kihegnqtiïþnq welcnhtiq( ^k dnkôhel gir hnanqqipeiknhtn y~n ~ki znqqli qn wnbi alkl L laeic hi+ reqti kieqhál itnhaelql nk ~k aikzlalk dn alhanhtpiïál gle tiafidl alkl kicwidi( l kieq kicwidl n ap~nc dn tldlq( Å `lk tnp pnqznetl znci ncntpeaedidn n zncl glol# kiq hál zldnklq tnp kndl dncnq( Iznqip dn y~n dnwnklq qnp ai~tnclqlq znpihtn lq dnkôhelq# hál dnwnklq tnp kndl &C~aiq 9:29?+95%(
L tpi`icfl dlq dnkôhelq I ~ql ehalppntl di ziciwpi –zlqqnqql‛ il ehwåq dn–nhdnklhehfidl‛ ai~qi k~eti alhg~qál( Dé i edåei dn ~k r~k`e# l~ dn ~k cl`erlknk# n dea~cti iq znqqliq alkzpnnhdnpnk i wnpdidnepi+hit~ pnri dl nhdnklhehfidl( Kiq iehdi# i ziciwpi –zlqqnqqál‛ nk zlpt~o~âq ekzceai i zplzpendidn l~ alhtplcn dn ~ki znqqli( Iehdi y~n iq wnrnq l dnkôhel igntn l~ alhtplcn l alkzl ptiknhtl diq znq+ qliq# å k~etl pipl y~n qnbi dn glpki alkzc nti( Nk Kipalq >27# iy~ncn flknk y~n tehfi ~ki cnoeál dn dnkôhelq# zldëi nvnpanp q~i wlhtidn= n dnaede~ zlp cihïip +qn ilq zåq dn Bnq~q( I ziciwpi opnoi –dieklherlknhle‛# tnk ~ki tpid~ïál kncflp2 –Alk ~k dnkôhel‛( Apeqtl hlq kihdl~ nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq( Eqtl acipiknhtn ehdeai y~n lq dnkôhelq zldnk nqtip hi znqqli l~ depntiknhtn qnhdl ziptn dn q~i wedi( Y~icy~np ziciwpi y~n ~qnklq# l zlhtl ek+ zlptihtn å y~n nhy~ihtl nqtnq nqtál igntihdl ziptnq di icki l~ dl alpzl# i znqqli zldn alk+ zlptip+qn hlpkicknhtn n wnp+qn alkl hlpkic i kielpei dl tnkzl( Lq dnkôhelq zldnk igntip l alpzl n i icki alk i hicedidn dn cnwip i ai`l l zplzñqetl dn qn~ knqtpn –Qitihéq‛# y~n å dn –pl~`ip# kitip n dnqtp~ep‛ &Blál 9:29:i%( Wiklq iolpi dnqapnwnp alkl lq dnkôhelq igntik aidi épni( 9( L alpzl
Ico~kiq nhgnpkedidnq gëqeaiq# tieq alkl i ano~nepi# q~pdnr l~ iq dlpnq# zldnk qnp ai~qidiq zlp dnkôhelq( Nvnkzcl `e`ceal nk Kipalq 529?+0?( Nk wépeiq laiqeþnq nk ^oihdi# weklq znqqliq y~n qn a~piwik giaecknhtn dn q~iq dlpnq n nhgnpkedidnq# dnzleq dn nvz~cqipklq lq dnkôhelq( ^ki apeihïi kihai nk ^oihdi# hl ihl dn 9550# tehfi ~k dn qn~q zåq tlpaedlq nk 5: opi~q( Y~ihdl l dnkôhel gle nvz~cql# l zå di apeihïi wlctl~ ê hlpkicedidn( Nk ~ki alhgnpâhaei pniceridi nk ~ki eopnbi nk Feofcneof# Ehocitnppi# nk 9566# ~ki k~cfnp alk ip+ tpetn zôdn dihïip dnzleq y~n nvz~cqiklq l dnkôhel di iptpetn# y~n girei alk y~n qn~q zåq + aiqqnk ehaiziaetidlq( Nk 9554# ~k ihteol zecltl di Inplcehniq Iponhtehiq nk @~nhlq Iepnq# qn ce`nptl~ dn ~k dnkôhel y~n l fiwei dnevidl q~pdl zlp ~k ihl( Gpny~nhtnknhtn# tnklq weqtl alkl iq dlpnq gëqeaiq dnqizipnank# ~ki wnr y~n qn nvz~cqik lq dnkôhelq dn gicti dn znpdál# ikipo~pi# pnqqnhteknhtlq# nta( Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 1
40
Hit~pnri n It~ip dlq Dnkôhelq
0( I icki &i knhtn# iq nklïþnq n i wlhtidn% i( I knhtn
Lq nqzëpetlq zldnk ehtnhqeaip lq znhqiknhtlq ekz~plq l~ dn `ciqgâkei# alkl i gihtiqei dn c~v~pei( Zldnk tik`åk zpld~rep gicqiq dl~tpehiq &9 Tekñtnl 429%( Cnp i qlptn å k~etiq wnrnq ~k zpnqnhtn di ziptn dn ~k dnkôhel dn idwehfiïál &Itlq 97297+95%( L lpo~cfl# l nhoihl n i ehdnaeqál zldnk i~knhtip ql` eh~âhaei dn ~k nqzëpetl( Di knqki kihnepi# lq znhqiknhtlq q~eaediq tik`åk zldnk qnp ehapnknhtidlq znclq dnkôhelq( `( Iq nklïþnq
Lq dnkôhelq zldnk ehtnhqeaip i glpïi diq nklïþnq hnoitewiq# tieq alkl i ikipo~pi# i gicti dn znpdál l~ i pnbneïál# girnhdl alk y~n qn tlphn degëaec cedip alk nciq dn kihnepi alk~k# y~n å zlp knel dn qn alhgnqqip# dn qn ippnznhdnp# dn cnwi+ciq ê ap~r# di i~tldeqaezcehi# di cnet~pi `ë`ceai# di lpiïál n di alk~kfál( Nqtn å ~k zpehaëzel k~etl ekzlptihtn n afiwn zipi pnqlcwnp anptlq zpl`cn+ kiq hiq znqqliq( a( I wlhtidn
Zlhtl ekzlptihtn I nklïál hnoitewi hit~pic# lq znhqiknhtlq# iïþnq l~ znaidl zldnk ehtnhqeaip+qn znci zpnqnhïi dn ~k dnkôhel(
Ico~kiq znqqliq ql` i eh~âhaei dn dnkôhelq nqtál itidiq nk q~i wlhtidn n hál zldnk girnp l y~n y~npnk girnp( Kiq å k~etl nqtpihfl nhalhtpip ~ki znqqli alkzcntiknhtn alhtplcidi znclq dnkôhelq( Iehdi å q~i pnqzlhqi`ecedidn znqqlic l y~npnp qnp ce`nptl= hál qn zldn a~czip tlticknhtn ilq dnkôhelq( Apeqtálq n dnkôhelq<
Y~ihdl ico~åk qn tlphi apeqtál nqté dihdl i afiwn di q~i aiqi zipi Bnq~q Apeqtl# dnacipihdl+L l hlwl dlhl# n alhwedi l Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n nhtpn( Kiq i aiqi zldn iehdi hnanqqetip dn pnziplq n dn ~ki cekznri zplg~hdi( Nk ~ki aiqi hlpkic zldn fiwnp a~zehq# `ipitiq# alkedi izldpnanhdl n itå pitlq( Iqqek tik`åk hi wedi apeqtá zldn fiwnp znaidl alkl tik`åk dnkôhelq( Hál zldnklq iqq~kep y~n i ce`npdidn wepé ekndeitiknhtn izñq i alhwnpqál(
Cnk`pn+qn2 Hnk tldlq hlqqlq zpl`cnkiq qál ai~qidlq zlp dnkôhelq) Dnqnhfn l deiopiki dn ehtnpqnaïál ntey~ntn aidi ~ki diqaepa~cip épniq2 nalpzl# icki n nqzëpetl( Dnzleq# alcly~n lq zpl`cnkiq dn znaidlq# gnpediq n dnkôhelq hl deiopiki( Znhqn nk y~n épni dl deiopiki wlaâ alclaipei aidi zpl`cnki( I kielpei qn alhanhtpipé hi pnoeál dn ehtnpqnaïál(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 1
Hál qlklq cewpnq ekndeitiknhtn dl znaidl# kiq qek izpnhdnklq i izceaip i wetñpei di ap~r nk hlqqiq wediq dn glpki opid~ic( I Ziciwpi hlq ehqtp~e y~n Apeqtl wnel zipi y~n`pip l zldnp dl znaidl n dn Qitihéq( Znci zpéteai dl ialhqncfiknhtl zpéteal# hñq n k~etlq l~tplq keheqtpidlpnq# dnqal`peklq y~n lq dnkôhelq zldnk nqtip hi wedi dlq apeqtálq# itå y~n qnbik nvz~cqlq( Eqtl zldn q~andnp y~ihdl hál gle didl il Nqzëpetl Qihtl cewpn ianqql ê tldiq iq êpniq di wedi( Wlaâ zldn idketep alk tldi qehanpedidn y~n q~`kntn~ tldiq iq épniq dl qn~ ziqqidl n qn~ zpnqnhtn il dlkëhel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl<
41
Hit~pnri n It~ip dlq Dnkôhelq
Deqanphehdl nhtpn l nqtëk~cl hit~pic n l nqtëk~cl nk glpki dnklhëiai
Hi épni diq nklïþnq# znhqiknhtlq n wlhtidn# lq dnkôhelq zldnk nqtek~cip l~ i~knhtip i ehtnhqedidn dlq zpl`cnkiq hit~pieq( Nhtál# alkl zldnklq deqanphep qn l zpl`cnki di znqqli å hit~pic l~ qn nhwlcwn ~k ncnknhtl dnklhëial< Zldnklq deqanphnp ql`pn eqtl# `iqnihdl+qn hi ehtnhqedidn dl zpl`cnki# hiq aepa~hqtàhaeiq n hi feqtñpei di znqqli(
Nklaþnq dnklhëiaiq< Lq zpl`cnkiq hi épni diq nklïþnq zldnk qnp2 i% I knqki nklïál l~ `% i nklïál ehtnhqeaidi zlp ~k dnkôhel( L pnkådel2 Zipi i% Izceaip lq zpehaezelq y~n Zi~cl dn~ nk Plkihlq 62912 –Qn zncl Nqzëpetl klpteaipdnq iq l`piq dl alpzl# wewnpneq‛(
†
Pnweqn qn tldlq lq kåtldlq hit~pieq dn q~znpiïál dlq zpl`cnkiq glpik nqoltipik(
†
L`qnpwn qn ~ki bihnci dn nhtpidi i ~k dnkôhel gle i`npti(
†
Êq wnrnq i znqqli zldn tnp pniïþnq hnoitewiq# alkl piewi l~ dlp dn ai`nïi hlq klknhtlq dn idlpiïál# l~ y~ihdl l zldnp dn Dn~q nqté glptnknhtn zpnqnhtn &iqq~kehdl+qn y~n hál qnbi zncl qlk nvanqqewiknhtn ictl%(
†
^k dnkôhel# nwnht~icknhtn# pnioepé il l~wep ql`pn l qiho~n dn Apeqtl# nhy~ihtl l knqkl hál qn nqznpi dn nklïþnq hit~pieq(
†
Lq dnkôhelq# gpny~nhtnknhtn# nqtál nhtpnknidlq hi znpqlhicedidn di znqqli# n zldn qnp y~n hál qnbi k~etl géaec dnqnhplcip n deqteho~ep nhtpn dnkôhelq n nklïþnq hit~pieq2 å
Zipi `% I znqqli tnk y~n dnqgirnp+qn dl dnkôhel n tik`åk cedip alk iq nklïþnq hit~pieq(
alkl tnhtip dnqnhplcip aehal hlwnclq dn cá dnzleq dn y~n ~k oitehfl `pehal~ alk ncnq( Deiopiki zipi l aizët~cl Edlcitpei
@p~vipei
Dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq
Kicdeïþnq Épni dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ic
NQZËPETL Pn`nceál
Épni dn nhtpidi hit~pic
Pnbneïál Cnqál
ALPZL
ICKI Tpi~ki
Ehgnaïál O~nppi
I`~ql
Deiopiki lhdn o~pik lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zncl alpzl# znci icki n zncl nqzëpetl( Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 1
44
4
Lq zlhtlq hit~pieq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq Alkl lq dnkôhelq zldnk nhtpip hiq wediq Lq dnkôhelq nhtpik nk hlqqi wedi y~ihdl nhalhtpik ~k zlhtl dn nhtpidi( Znhqn hi kihnepi alkl hlqqi zncn glpki ~ki `ippnepi nhtpn hlqql alpzl n l k~hdl hit~pic( Qn hlq alptipklq l~ hlq y~nekipklq# lq oâpknq zldnk nhtpip n ehgnatip hlqql alpzl( Di knqki kihnepi nveqtn ~ki `ippnepi nhtpn hlqql nqzëpetl n hlqqi icki# n l k~hdl ehweqëwnc( Y~ihdl nqti `ippnepi dn zpltnïál å diheaidi l~ y~n`pidi# lq dnkôhelq zldnk nhtpip( Bihnciq i`np tiq
Nqtnq zlhtlq qál afikidlq dn bihnciq( Hñq knqklq zldnklq tnp i`nptl n cipoidl i`nptiq iq bihnciq dn hlqqi aiqi# l~ l~tpiq znqqliq zldnk tâ+ ciq ipplk`idl( Kiq eqtl hál gir degnpnhïi zipi ~k cidpál y~n qekzcnq+ knhtn y~np nhtpip hi aiqi( Bnq~q deqqn y~n l cidpál y~n wnk zipi pl~`ip# kitip n dnqtp~ep# hál nhtpi znci zlpti &Blál 9:29%(
Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi `iqnidlq nk anhépelq di épni hit~pic † Znaidlq † Gnpediq † Ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki
I nhtpidi kieq ñ`wei zipi lq dnkôhelq å l nhwlcweknhtl di znqqli alk l la~ctl( I`lpdipnklq nqtn zlhtl# n tik`åk l ziznc dl nhwlcweknhtl alk l~tpiq pnceoeþnq# hl zpñvekl aizët~cl( Hnq+ tn aizët~cl# ihiceripnklq iq bihnciq i`nptiq y~n qál knhlq ñ`weiq# kiq kieq alk~kq( Nveqtnk y~itpl2 9( Znaihdl icåk dl ceketn
Y~ihdl znaiklq# hlq pn`nciklq alhtpi Dn~q n hlq tlphiklq ikeolq dl pnehl dn Qitihéq( Y~ihdl znaiklq alhteh~iknhtn# nqtiklq alhwedihdl qn~q i~veceipnq zipi nhtpipnk nk hlqqi wedi( Tic alkl lq pitlq n iq klqaiq qál itpiëdlq ê aiphn y~n nqti izldpnanhdl# iqqek tik`åk itpiëklq dnkôhelq ê kndedi y~n alhteh~iknhtn andnklq il znaidl( Plkihlq 9296+10# hlq der# y~n zlp ai~qi dl znaidl alhtëh~l# Dn~q nhtpnol~ lq flknhq n iq+ k~cfn pnq êq ekz~pnriq qnv~ieq &w( 04%# êq zievþnq wnpolhflqiq &w( 07% n ê dnzpiwiïál knhtic &w( 06%( Y~ieq qál lq ionhtnq y~n zpld~rnk nqtn alkzl ptiknhtl< Lq dnqnblq hit~pieq dl alpiïál i`pnk ~ki zlp ti i dnkôhelq n tepik iq dngnqiq di znqqli( Apnklq y~n nqtn ål zlhtl kieq nvzclpidl znclq dnkôhelq# n hlqqi nvznpeâhaei hl keheqtåpel iqqek l alhpkiIapndetiklq y~n lq znaidlq al htëh~lq di aiphn# zlp nvnkzcl# i glpheaiïál# zldnk ziqqip i qnp alkihdidlq zlp ~k dnkôhel y~n nhtál ehtnhqeai l dnqnbl hit~pic dn glpheaiïál( L knqkl ialhtnan alk l ñdel alhtëh~l# y~n znpketn i nhtpidi dn ~k dnkôhel dn ñdel# y~n nqtek~ci+l( Zlp nvnkzl# nk 9 Qik~nc 9525# Qi~c znpqeqte~ nk ldeip Diwe( –Kiq ~k nqzëpetl kiceohl kihdidl zncl Qnhflp izldnpl~+qn dn Qi~c y~ihdl ncn nqtiwi qnhtidl nk q~i aiqi# alk q~i cihïi hi kál(‛ Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 4
4>
Lq zlhtlq hit~pieq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq
Zi~cl deqqn nk Alclqqnhqnq 1262 –Kiq iolpi# i`ihdlhnk tldiq nqtiq aleqiq2 epi# ehdeohiïál# kicdidn# kicndeaâhaei n ceho~ionk ehdnanhtn hl gicip(‛( Hi zipé`lci dn Kitn~q 96201+1># l qnpwl ekzendlql å nhtpno~n ilq aipanpneplq zipi qnp tlpt~pidl( Bnq~q deqqn2 –Iqqek tik`åk cfnq gipé kn~ Zie ancnqteic# qn aidi ~k dn wlaâq hál znpdlip dn alpiïál i qn~ epkál‛( Dn y~n kihnepi Dn~q zldnpëi tlpt~pip+hlq< ^ki kihnepi å znpketehdl y~n lq dnkôhel hlq itlpknhtnk( Nqti zipé`lci ec~qtpi l y~n tnklq weqtl k~etiq wnrnq hi zpéteai( L~tplq znaidlq# alkl i edlcitpei# l nhwlcweknhtl alk l~tpiq pnceoeþnq n qnetiq# l dlkëhel n l alhtplcn ql`pn l~tpiq znqqliq# znpketnk i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq( L znaidl dn lpo~cfl gle i ai~qi di aiëdi lpeoehic dn Qitihéq n zldn i`pep ~ki bihnci i ~k nqzëpetl y~n fé dn kihegnqtip+ qn d~pihtn i ce`nptiïál( Tnklq weqtl l lpo~cfl kihegnqtihdl+qn zlp knel dl hiper nkzehidl dn ~ki znqqli) 0( Nwnhtlq dlclplqlq
Nwnhtlq tpi~kétealq zldnk y~n`pip i zpltnïál hit~pic n i`pep zlptiq zipi i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq= å alkl plkznp i tnci dl klqy~etnepl alclaidl hi bihnci n iqqek# znpketep i nhtpidi dlq klqy~etlq n znpheclholq hi aiqi(
Nvnkzclq Hi Q~eïi# ~k flknk aiqidl gle ce`nptl dn glptnq dnkôhelq ek~hdlq# y~n fiweik nhtpidl itpiwåq dn zlptiq i`nptiq dnwedl ê cnet~pi dn pnweqtiq zlphlopéaiq( Hi Ehocitnppi# ~k dnkôhel dn kndl kihegnqtl~+qn h~ki ihaeá( Nci# y~ihdl iehdi apeihïi# fiwei ialkzihfidl qn~ epkál il aehnki zipi iqqeqtep i ~k ckn dn tnpplp n dnqtn dei nk deihtn tlphl~+qn k~etl ikndplhtidi(
Tnklq weqtl y~n i welcâhaei# l i`lptl# lq iaednhtnq n l i`~ql gëqeal# zqealcñoeal n nqzepet~ic zldnk alhwnptnp+qn nk zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq# qnk ekzlptip dn y~nk tnhfi qedl i a~czi( K~etlq dnkôhelq# alkl l dn dlp# di gicti dn znpdál# dl kndl# dl ñdel zlp ~k flknk l~ ~ki k~cfnp# di piewi n dn pn`nceál# zldnk nhtpip dnqti kihnepi( K~etiq znqqliq nvznpeknhtik opihdn pnbneïál knqkl ihtnq dn hiqanp# n eqtl qn alhqtet~e nk i`npt~ pi l~ zlhtl dn nhtpidi zipi dnkôhelq ( Gpihm Fikkld l`qnpwl~ i pnciïál nhtpn pnbneïál glptn n pn`nceál hi nqy~erlgpnhei# l y~n dé nwedâhaeiq dn alhtnp ~k alkzlhnhtn dnklhëial &wnp cewplq pnalknhdidlq hi qnïá l 4%(I pnbneïál zldn wep# zlp nvnkzcl# di zipt n dl zie# di kán# dn zidiqtplq# di&l% nqzlqi&l%# dn ikeolq l~ dn l~tplq apeqtálq( Nveqtnk k~etlq tezlq dn pnbneïál2 Pnbneïál znclq l~tplq# kndl di pnbneïál# pnbneïál dn l~tplq n hicknhtn i i~tlpnbneïál( Aidi tezl dn pnbneïál zldn nqtip pnciaelhidi alk dnkôhelq y~n nhtpipik itpiwåq dn degnpnhtnq ehaednhtnq( Zlp nvnkzcl# ico~åk nvznpeknhti ~ki glptn pnbneïál# n b~pi i qe knqkl2 –Ql~ tál dnqopiïidl# y~n hál dnevipne y~n he ho~åk qie`i l y~n qehtl hi pnicedidn‛( 1( Ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki Qnkzpn y~n nqtiklq nklaelhicknhtn alhnatidlq ê ico~åk# zldn tnp qn glpkidl ~k ciïl dn icki( Ico~hq ciïlq dn icki nqtál dn ialpdl alk l alpiïál dn Dn~q# zlp nvnkzcl2 nhtpn ~k nqzlql n ~ki nqzlqi= nhtpnn knk`plq di gikëcei= nhtpn epkálq nk apeqtl y~n qál k~etl zpñveklq ~hq dlq l~tplq# nhtpn epkálq n epkáq= n nhtpn ikeolq# alkl glpik Diwe n Blhitiq(
Lq ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki# zlp q~i wnr# qál alk~knhtn glpkidlq zncl qnvl glpi dl aiqiknhtl(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 4
47
Lq zlhtlq hit~pieq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq
Qn nqtnq ciïlq hál glpnk plkzedlq# zldnk ekzndep y~n qn nvznpeknhtn i znpgneti ~heál diq ickiq hl kitpekôhel# lhdn l qnvl dnwnpei qnp i ~heál dnqtiq# iqqek alkl dlq nqzëpetlq n dlq alpzlq ( I ~heál qnv~ic alhd~r ê ~hedidn nqzepet~ic# qnhdl iqqek# l itl qnv~ic ëkzel znpketn tik`åk i tpihqgnpâhaei dn dnkôhelq dn ~ki znqqli ê l~tpi( Iqqek tik`åk# dnkôhelq ek~hdlq dn glpheaiïál# id~ctåpel# i`~ql l~ welciïál zldnk nhtpip( 4( Pnciïþnq dlkehihtnq# i`~qewiq l~ kihez~cidlpiq
^k kic dlkëhel l~ alhtplcn ql`pn ~ki znqqli å znaidl( Lq zieq# êq wnrnq# tpihqziqqik i gplhtnepi di apeiïál hit~pic n i deqaezcehi hlpkic# n tlphik+qn alhtplcidlpnq n dlkehihtnq( ^k ziqtlp zldn dlkehip q~i alhopnoiïál= l~ ncn knqkl zldn qnp alhtplcidl znclq ihaeálq di eopnbi l~ i fenpipy~ei( K~etiq nqzlqiq qál dlkehidiq zlp qn~q nqzlqlq kiafeqtiq( Nqti alhtëh~i dlkehiïál zldn znpketep i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq hi znqqli dlkehidi# l~ zldn kihegnqtip+qn hi znqqli y~n dlkehi(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 4
4?
>
Lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ieq zipi lq dnkôhelq Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi `iqnidlq nk znaidlq nqzepet~ieq# zpl`cnkiq l~ aepa~hqtàhaeiq
Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi `iqnidlq nk aepa~hqtàhaeiq hi épni nqzepet~ic
† La~cteqkl † Ihanqtpieq † Alhtitl alk i klptn † Pnceoeþnq
I òheai alhnaïál qno~pi alk l k~hdl nqzepet~ic å itpiwåq dn Apeqtl Bnq~q( Y~icy~np y~n ehtnhtn alhnatip+qn alk l k~hdl ehweqëwnc# qn hál glp zlp knel dn Dn~q# nvzþn qn~ nqzëpetl n dé depnetl dn nhtpidi ilq dnkôhelq( ^k alhtitl hál ehtnhaelhic alk l k~hdl nqzepet~ic zldn tik`åk apeip ~k zlhtl dn nhtpidi(
9( Nhwlcweknhtl alk l la~cteqkl L dnqnbl dn nhtnhdnp l~ zlqq~ep alhfnaeknhtl n zldnp# weha~cihdl+qn il k~h+ dl nqzepet~ic# ippiqti ico~kiq znqqliq zipi itewedidnq afikidiq alcntewiknhtn dn –la~cteqtiq‛ &y~n qeoheai keqtnpelqiq%(Cnp Dn~tnplhôkel 962 9:+90(
Nk `~qai dn alhfnaeknhtl2
†
†
Ql`pn l g~t~pl# zlpdewehi# knel dn n flpñqalzlq# i qlptn# l zâhd~cl# i éo~i ~qliqtplcloei dn alhafiq dn znevnq# vëaipiq dn aigå l~ glcfiq dn afé# i cnet~pi di kál# aiptiq dn tipô n i `lci dn apeqtic( ^k nvnkzcl dn dnkôhel dn idewehfiïál qn nhalhtpi nk Itlq 97297+96( Ql`pn l ziqqidl( I ehtnhïál dn nqti`ncnanp alhtitl alk lq klptlq zlp knel diq qnïþnq dn nqzepeteqkl# kåde~hq# l ti`~cnepl dn L~ebi &alhtitl alk nqzëpetlq%# nta( Hnqtnq aiqlq# ~k dnkôhel nhoihidlp nhtpnoi i ekzpnqqál dn y~n å l nqzëpetl di znqqli klpti( &Wnp Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl >%
Nk `~qai dl zldnp2
†
† †
Zldnp gëqeal( Zlp nvnkzcl# ~k dnkôhel dn iptnq kipaeieq wnel ê q~znpgëaen dn ~k keqqelhépel y~n fiwei cedl k~etlq cewplq pnciaelhidlq alk l tnki( ^k dnkôhel dn Mipitâ alknïl~ i kihegnqtip+qn nk ~k flknk hl Afecn# y~ihdl gle ~hoedl alk irnetn d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál( Zldnpnq knhtieq( Itpiwåq dn kndetiïþnq lpenhtieq# aenhaelcloëi# uloi( Zldnpnq nqzepet~ieq( Zlp knel di `p~vipei# di kndetiïál n di kioei(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl >
Nvnkzclq
^k blwnk di BLA^K nk ^oihdi# tpnehidl nk kioei# iehdi alhqnpwiwi ~k glptn n welcnhtl dnkôhel2 –L afngn dlq Kiolq‛( ^k aikznál dn `lvn zlqq~ëi ~k dnkôhel zldnplql# zlp nqtip tlkihdl pnkådelq dn ~k `p~vl a~pihdnepl hi Tihràhei( ^k idlcnqanhtn# hi Ehocitnppi# bloiwi alk ~k ti`~cnepl L~ebi &zipi qn alk~heaip alk lq nqzëpetlq%( Y~ihdl dlpnq dn ai`nïi alknïipik i cfn ehalkldip# qn~ ziqtlp kn afikl~ qlceaetihdl ib~di( Dnzleq dn cfn keheqtpip ce`nptiïál# iq dlpnq dn ai`nïi zipipik alkzcntiknhtn( Hi Q~eïi# ~ki ikeoi gle zipip hi aiki alk glptn dlp dn ai`nïi( I dlp alhteh~l~ d~pihtn tldi i hletn( Hi kihfá qno~ehtn# qn~ nqzlql cnk`pl~+qn dn ~k hlwl aicnhdépel y~n nci fiwëi oihfidl n znhd~pidl hl dei ihtnpelp( Ncn hltl~ y~n l aicnhdépel ehac~ëi lq qeohlq dl rldëialq( Y~ihdl l aicnhdépel gle bloidl glpi# q~iq dlpnq dn ai`nïi anqqipik(
45
Lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ieq zipi lq dnkôhelq
0( L~tplq alhtitlq depntlq alk dnkôhelq
† @~qai dn qiòdn l~ ib~di dn a~pihdneplq nqltåpealq# viká# `p~vlq a~pihdneplq# l~ y~icy~np ~k y~n ~qn zldnpnq dnklhëialq# tieq alkl i kiohntlzitëi# nqzepetekl# zâhd~clq a~pidlpnq n ico~kiq zpéteaiq dn kndeaehi hit~peqti( † L`bntlq iqqlaeidlq alk dnkôhelq# zlp nvnkzcl2 ico~hq iptnqihitlq alhqiopidlq zlp `p~vlq a~pihdneplq# ëdlclq nqa~czedlq l~ `~diq= qiht~épelq n iceknhtlq lgnptidlq ilq dnkôhelq# lq –qihtlq‛ dn tnkzclq ëhdelq n o~p~q( † Anpekôheiq dn anptlq acáq lhdn qn alhwedik lq dnkôhelq i nhtpip( † Anptlq tezl dn kòqeai l~ aihïþnq# zlp nvnkzcl2 @ciam l~ Dnitf kntic( Hl Afecn# tewnklq zncl knhlq tpâq qet~iïþnq lhdn i znqqli fiwei dnevidl nhtpip ~k dnkôhel zlp knel dl nhwlcweknhtl alk nqtn tezl kòqeai( † Cewplq dn La~cteqkl( † Qitiheqkl2 idlpiïál depnti i Qitihéq# y~n onhnpicknhtn# ehac~e zia+ tlq dn qiho~n n,l~ pet~ieq dn i`~ql qnv~ic( Zldn nhwlcwnp i`~ql l~ lgnpnaeknhtl dn ~k knhehl alkl hlewi i Qitihéq( † Qitiheqtiq l~ `p~vlq a~pihdneplq zldnk nhweip dnkôhelq ê l~tpiq
@p~vlq a~pihdneplq Alhfnanklq k~etlq dnkôhelq nk ^oihdi# y~n ekzndëik y~n iq k~cfnpnq alhan`nqqnk# zlpy~n fiweik alhq~ctidl `p~vlq a~pihdneplq zipi iqqek# zldnp alhan`np( Z~cqnepiq Hi BLA^K# nk @~nhlq Iepnq# ~ki blwnk apeqtá hál zldn qnp ce`npti y~n tepiklq# alk opihdn itå dea~cdidn# iq z~cqnepiq dnalpitewiq `lpdidiq y~n cnwiwi nk qn~ z~hfl( Iwô Nk K`icn# ^oihdi# l ihl dn 0::1# ~ki k~cfnp tehfi ~k dnkôhel y~n wehfi dn qn~ iwô# l y~ic nqtiwi nhwlcwedl alk `p~vipei( Q~eaëdel L zie dn Qihb~ alkntn~ q~eaëdel( Y~ihdl Qihb~ tehfi aehal ihlq# ncn q~`e~ h~ki épwlpn n ikniïl~ tepip i wedi( L Pnw( Dp( Tflkiq Wipofnqn# gle y~nk tpl~vn ê knkñpei nqtn aiql# dernhdl2 –Nqtiwi k~etl y~n acipl# y~n nqqn nqzëpetl dn q~eaëdel ziqql~ dn zie zipi cfl‛(
znqqliq( ^k nvnkzcl2 L W~d~( † Eopnbiq nqzepetiq n kåde~hq( Lhdn ~ki knhqionk q~zlqtiknhtn zplwåk dn ~ki znqqli klpti# itpiwåq dl kåde~k# nk qnqqþnq dnhtpl dn eopnbiq nqzepetiq( I knhqionk zplwåk# hi pnicedi+ dn# dn ~k nqzëpetl dn nhoihl( I @e`cei hlq der# nk Fn`pn~q 520?# y~n dnzleq di klptn wnk l b~ërl( Zlptihtl# l nqzëpetl di znqqli hál ihdi cewpn zipi alk~heaip+qn alk lq wewlq( 1( Fnpihïi dn dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq
L pnq~ctidl dl znaidl dlq zieq zldn igntip wépeiq onpiïþnq( Cnei Âvldl 0:2># 1427+? n Dn~tn+ plhôkel >2>+9:( Nqtiq ziqqionhq dnevik acipl y~n iznqip diq apeihïiq hál tnpnk a~czi# aippn+ oik lq ngnetlq dl znaidl dn qn~q ihtnziqqidlq( Qn nqtiq apeihïiq pnzntepnk q~anqqewiknhtn lq knqklq znaidlq# i`pnk zlpti êq qno~ehtnq onpiïþnq zipi qlgpnp l knqkl zpl`cnki( Dnqti ki+ hnepi# i itewedidn dnklhëiai qn nvzihdn il clhol dn ~ki alppnhtn gikeceip( Iq a~ct~piq igpeaihiq# iqqek alkl l~tpiq pnalhfnank y~n lq dnkôhelq zldnk qnp fnpdidlq( Anptlq pet~ieq dn eheaeiïál nk ico~kiq tpe`lq nhwlcwnk anpekôheiq# lhdn l kieq blwnk pnan`n l dnkôhel dn qn~q ihtnziqqidlq( Giciklq alk znqqliq hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c# y~n tehfik dnkô+ helq dn lpo~cfl n ap~ncdidn fnpdidlq dlq alhy~eqtidlpnq nqzihfñeq( Ico~hq dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq zldnk ai~qip klptnq zpnkit~piq hi gikëcei l~ ziqqip nhgnpkedidnq l~ kndl i nqtiq(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl >
>:
Lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi nqzepet~ieq zipi lq dnkôhelq
4( Alhtitl alk lq klptlq
Lq dnkôhelq dnqnbik ~k alpzl zipi fi`etip n itpiwåq dl y~ic zlqqik lznpip( Y~ihdl ~ki znqqli nqté iolherihtn# wál nk `~qai dn ~k hlwl alpzl( Nk ~ki laiqeál# ~k dnkôhel tnhtl~ ziqqip dl iwô zipi l hntl d~pihtn l~ dnzleq dl g~hnpic( Zlptihtl# qn wiklq nqtip nk alhtitl alk ~k klptl l~ alk ico~åk y~n nqté klppnhdl# zlp nvnkzcl nk ~k g~hnpic# hnanqqetiklq zndep i zpltnïál zipi hlqqiq wediq n i dn hlqqlq cflq zlp knel dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl( L kådeal znqqlic tik`åk hnanqqeti lpip zlp zpltnïál y~ihdl nqti tpi`icfihdl alk lq y~n iolherik( >( Nhwlcweknhtl alk gicqiq pnceoeþnq l~ qnetiq
Iq pnceoeþnq y~n hnoik y~n Bnq~q Apeqtl å l òheal aikehfl zipi i qicwiïál &Itlq 4290%# lznpik alk dnkôhelq( Iq pnceoeþnq qál ziptn di nqtpitåoei ocl`ic dn Qitihéq zipi nwetip y~n iq znqqliq afno~nk ê wnpdidn dn Dn~q( Y~ihdl iq znqqliq idlpik ilq dn~qnq gicqlq# nk pnicedidn nqtál idlpihdl i dnkôhelq# ilq y~ieq qál didlq depnetlq dn nhtpip nk q~iq wediq( Apeqteiheqkl klptl
–L Apeqteiheqkl klptl‛# alkl ~ki pnceoeál dn l`piq# å tik`åk ziptn dn q~i nqtpitåoei( Hál gir degnpnhïi qn qlklq zpltnqtihtnq# aitñcealq l~ aipeqkétealq( Qn hlqqlq pet~ieq# ehqtet~eïþnq# zitpekôhel l~ zcihl dn alhqtp~ïál tlkik l c~oip dn Apeqtl# nhtál hlq i`peklq ilq dnkôhelq pnceoelqlq( Hi Ikåpeai dl Q~c# nhalhtpiklq k~etlq dnkôhelq nk claieq aitñcealq plkihlq ihteolq# zlp ai~qi di edlcitpei i qihtlq n weponhq( L dn~q Cnál Hl nvtpnkl Lpenhtn# ~k glptn dnkôhel dn cnál qn kihegnqtl~ alk l p~oedl n iq kálq zipnaediq alk iq oippiq dn ~k cnál( Npi ~k dnkôhel ihanqtpic# nk ~k blwnk cëdnp apeqtál# y~n wehfi dn ~k qntlp dn lhdn idlpiwik il dn~q cnál( L dn~q Qnpznhtn Hi Ëhdei# ~k dnkôhel dn qnpznhtn nha~pwiwi i cëho~i dn ~ki k~cfnp nv+ fehd~# y~n fiwei idlpidl i ~k dn~q qnpznhtn( I Aeâhaei Apeqtá Nk @~nhlq Iepnq# ~k Iknpeaidl qie~# pnzetediknhtn di keheqtpiïál n qn depeoe~ ê nqtiïál dn tpnk kieq zpñveki n dnzleq pnopnqql~( Nhtál# kn deqqn y~n hál zldëi lcfip hlq kn~q lcflq nhy~ihtl n~ zpnoiwi) Kieq tipdn# gle ce`nptl dn ~k dnkôhel y~n fiwëi nhtpidl itpiwåq di Aeâhaei Apeqtá n fiwëi igntidl glptnknhtn qn~ nqtôkiol(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl >
Iq apeihïiq dndeaidiq ê weponk l~ i ~k qihtl zldnk hnanqqetip qnp ce+ `nptiq dn ico~k dnkôhel( Weklq alkl ~ki ihaeá nk Uia~e`i# @lcë+ wei# aflpl~ dn icnopei il qnp ce`npti dn ~k qihtl y~n i kihtehfi itidi zlp wipelq ihlq( L~tpiq pnceoeþnq
Tik`åk weklq dnkôhelq y~n nhtpipik zlp knel dn pnceoeþnq# alkl i fehd~ëqti# i k~ï~ckihi n i pnceoeál Qemf &pnceoeál klhltnëqti%( ^k dnkôhel k~ï~ckihl qn kihegnqtl~# nhy~ihtl keheqtpéwiklq i ~ki k~cfnp ehocnqi y~n fiwei alkntedl id~ctåpel alk ~k flknk dl Epá( Zldn fiwnp dnkôhelq zplwnhenhtnq dlq tnqtnk~hfiq dn Bnlwé# –kl+ lhenq‛ &Eopnbi di ^heaiïál%# kiïlhq# nta( 7( Nvznpeâhaeiq pnceoelqiq nhoihlqiq
Y~ihdl iq znqqliq znpdnk l alhtplcn dn q~iq knhtnq# å zlqqëwnc i nhtpidi dn ~k dnkôhel y~n zpld~r ~ki gicqi nvznpeâhaei pnceoelqi( Dnkôhelq dn nhoihl# tik`åk zldnk onpip gicqiq ekionhq y~n zipnank wep dn Dn~q( Lq dnkôhelq zldnk gicqeaip lq dlhq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# tieq alkl gicip nk cëho~iq( Zlp nqti pirál# ico~kiq eopnbiq pnbnetik l dlk pnic) 9 Blál 429# hlq iheki i zplwipklq lq nqzëpetlq(
>9
7
Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi l Keheqtåpel dn ce`np tiïál Alkl zpnzipip+hlq zipi nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq
I `li zpnzipiïál å i afiwn zipi ~ki ce`nptiïál ngntewi# naenhtn n d~péwnc( Il pnopnqqip di alkeqqál dlq qntnhti# lq deqaëz~clq znpo~htipik i Bnq~q zlp y~n ico~hq dnkôhelq hál qieik( Ncn pnqzlhdn~ y~n ico~hq qlknhtn qieik alk lpiïál &n bnb~k%( Nk l~tpiq ziciwpiq# nveqtn ~ki hnanqqedidn dn zpnzipip l alpzl n i icki( I ce`nptiïál hál å zipi lq dn alpiïál klphl( Nqtnbi zplhtl
9(
Iqqno~pn+qn dn qnp qicwl
Ico~hq ipkik y~n i ce`nptiïál å qlknhtn zipi lq hál apeqtálq( Hi pnicedidn# ~ki ce`nptiïál znpkihnhtn å zlqqëwnc qlknhtn zipi iy~ncnq y~n qn alhwnptnk i Apeqtl n l tâk alkl qn~ Qnhflp( Zldnklq# nhtál# alknïip l zplanqql dn cekzip i aiqi n alhwedip il Nqzëpetl Qihtl i y~n nhafi nqtn nqziïl( Eqtl å nqqnhaeic zipi ~ki ce`nptiïál d~péwnc( 0(
Giïi dn Bnq~q l Qnhflp dn tldi q~i wedi
Dnwnklq# dn alpiïál# dip il Nqzëpetl Qihtl l alhtplcn dn tldiq lq aôkldlq dn hlqqi aiqi( Qn ziqqéqqnklq tldl l tnkzl afnelq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# hál fiwnpei nqziïl zipi lq dnkôhelq &Plkihlq 9029# 0 n 9 Zndpl 92 9?+95%( Zpnzipn+qn
9(
Dntnpkehn y~ieq qál iq bihnciq i`nptiq iq y~ieq lq dnkôhelq y~n zldnk nhtpip
Wlaâ hnanqqeti gnafip bihnciq# ippnznhdnhdl+qn# pnh~haeihdl l~ pnqtet~ehdl< 0(
Znpdln i tldlq y~ihtlq cfn zpnb~deaipik# nqznaeicknhtn zieq n znqqliq y~npediq
Hnanqqetiklq znpdlip n ianetip l znpdál dn Dn~q zipi hñq knqklq &Kipalq 9920>= Kitn~q 96209 00+1>= Kitn~q 7290# 94#9>%( &Wnp Qnïál 9 aizët~cl 1% 1(
Alkzpnnhdi l qeohegaidl dl hlkn Bnq~q Apeqtl
Itlq 1297 n Itlq 95291+97(&Wnp Qnïál 4% 4(
Alkzpnnhdi l qeohegaidl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl
Izlaicezqn 90299( –(((ncnq l wnhanpik zncl qiho~n dl Alpdnepl(((‛ L qiho~n å zipi hlqqi ce`nptiïál# iqqek alkl zipi l znpdáldlq znaidlq( Lq dnkôhelq tnknk n ldneik l qiho~n dn Apeqtl# zlpy~n ncnq cnk`pik+qn dn q~i dnpplti n di dnpplti dn qn~ knqtpn( &Wnp Qnïál 4% >(
Alkzpnnhdi i ekzlptàhaei dl irnetn
Teiol >294 nvlpti lq ihaeálq di eopnbi i ~hoep alk irnetn ilq nhgnpklq( I ce`nptiïál å ~k tezl dn a~pi( Lq dnkôhelq hál q~zlptik l irnetn# n eqtl izpnqqi i ce`nptiïál( Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7
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Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi girnp Ce`nptiïál
7(
Alhfnïi alkl nvnpanp i~tlpedidn n q~znpip y~icy~np kndl dl ehekeol
Eqtl wnk ê kndedi y~n alknïiklq i nhtnhdnp y~nk qlklq nk Apeqtl# nhy~ihtl qlklq pnalhqtp~ëdlq znci Ziciwpi( Zplacikip i wnpdidn tnk ~k ziznc ekzlptihtn hi ce`nptiïál &C~aiq 9:2 9?# 96%( ?(
Alhfnïi alkl zpnqnpwip i ce`nptiïál
&Wnp Aizët~cl ? hnqti Qnïál%
6(
A~pn iq gnpediq l~ cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq
Ce`nptiïál qnk zpeknepiknhtn i a~pi diq gnpediq# zldn qnp kieq degëaec n zldn hlq dnevip gnpedlq( &Wnp Aizët~cl 1 hi Qnïál 9%
5(
Knklpern lq y~itpl ziqqlq qnpál ~qidlq d~pihtn l tnkzl dn ce`nptiïál
&Wnp i alhteh~iïál dl òctekl y~idpl dn ziqqlq# ql`pn –a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál‛% Zplandeknhtlq d~pihtn i ce`nptiïál
Wlaâ wie hnanqqetip dn2 9( Dnqnkznhfip ~k ziznc itewl n hál ziqqewl Tnklq i i~tlpedidn dn nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq= nqtiklq iznhiq pnan`nhdl ib~di dn l~tpiq znqqliq( 0( Hál dnqihekip qn l dnkôhel pnqeqtn n dnklpi i qiep Heho~åk y~np i`ihdlhip ~ki aiqi iopidéwnc) Lq dnkôhelq afikidlq Cnoeál# pnqeqtepik i Bnq~q n hál cfn l`ndnanpik ekndeitiknhtn( 1(
Allznpiïál alk y~nk epé keheqtpip i wlaâ
Wlaâ zpnaeqi dip pntlphl y~ihdl cfn znpo~htik ql`pn pniïþnq ehtnphiq# znhqiknhtlq alhtpi i keheqtpiïál l~ qnhqiïþnq gëqeaiq(
D~pihtn i ce`nptiïál deoi nk wlr icti lq y~itpl ziqqlq2
Ziqql 9i 9` 9a 9d
–Alhgnqql l znaidl y~n znpkete~ i nhtpidi dl dnkôhel‛( L~ –Alhgnqql y~n alhteh~n zpiteaihdl l znaidl‛( –Kn ippnznhdl deqtl‛( –Zlp giwlp# znpdli+kn Dn~q‛( –Ianetl Tn~ znpdál‛( –Q~`kntl nqtn dnkôhel i`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛(
Ziqql Ziqql 0( 1i( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# tn lpdnhl2 dnkôhel# qiei iolpi‛( 1`( L ib~dihtn der2 –Kn ~hl i &hlkn di znqqli% n lpdnhl i nqtn dnkôhel# zncl zldnplql hlkn dn Bnq~q# y~n qn pntepn n wé zipi lhdn Bnq~q Apeqtl y~np y~n t~ wéq‛( Ziqql 4i( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n dernhdl alk alhweaïál( 4`( L ib~dihtn alhteh~i lpdnhihdl il dnkôhel y~n qn pntepn# nhy~ihtl znpkihnan lcfihdl dnhtpl hlq lcflq di znqqli(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7
>4
Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi girnp Ce`nptiïál
Zpnqtn itnhïál êq zlqqëwneq kihegnqtiïþnq
Y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel å dnqiidl# iq qno~ehtnq pniïþnq zldnk qnp qnhtediq# l`qnpwidiq clol l~ dnzleq dn ico~k tnkzl 2 9( 0(
hl alpzl= kiq tik`åk ~k qnhtep dn ce`npdidn# cnwnri# dnhtpl di znqqli n di y~n nqté keheqtpihdl# ~ki wnr y~n l dnkôhel qie~( Qnhqiïþnq kådeiq# alkl zpnqqál hl znetl# hi ai`nïi l~ hi pnoeál dl nqtôkiol= tnhqál# dlpnq dn ai`nïi# gideoi= l dnkôhel dihdl znhqiknhtlq alkl –hál epne‛# `lanbl# tlqqn# nqzeppl# y~nekiïál hiq lpncfiq# eppetiïál hlq lcflq# idlpknaeknhtl hiq kálq# nta( Pniïþnq k~etl q~iwnq
1(
Pniïþnq glptnq# alkl opetlq# peqlq dn`lafidlpnq# wôketlq# pntlpaeknhtl# tlphip+qn welcnhtl# pntlpaeknhtl dl plqtl# qecwl &iqql`el io~dl%# a~qzep# ~ewl dn aiaflppl# ~ewl dn cl`l# k~oedl dn wiai l~ kihegnqtiïál dn l~tplq qlhq= izipnhaei dn klptl# l dnkôhel gicihdl zlp ehtnpkådel di wlr di znqqli# nta( I glpïi diq pniïþnq zipnan qnp igntidi zlp degnpnhtnq gitlpnq# alkl2 l tezl dn glpïi dlq dnkô+ helq# i zpnzipiïál di znqqli# i dntnpkehiïál znqqlic dn y~npnp ce`nptip+qn# i ~hïál dl keheqtpl# l~ di pn~heál# nta(
Iq kihegnqtiïþnq zldnk qnp kihtediq il këhekl zncl keheqtpl nvnpanhdl i~tlpedidn ql`pn lq dnkôhelq( Nhtpntihtl# wnklq nk Kipalq 9201+07# y~n ico~hq dnkôhelq kihegnqtipik+qn i~dewncknhtn n welcnhtiknhtn alk Bnq~q Apeqtl(–B~qtl hiy~ncn klknhtl# hi qehioloi# ~k flknk zlqqnqql dn ~k nqzëpetl ek~hdl opetl~2 –L y~n y~npnq alhlqal# Bnq~q dn Hiripå< Wenqtn zipi hlq dnqtp~ep< Qne y~nk t~ åq2 l Qihtl dn Dn~q)‛ –Aicn+qn n qiei dncn)‛# pnzpnnhdn~+l Bnq~q( ‛( Tik`åk# L nqzëpetl l flknk welcnhtiknhtn n qie~ opetihdldihdl Gncezn gle ê ek~hdl Qikipeiqia~de~ &Itlq 62>+?%2 –Lq nqzëpetlq ek~hdlq qiëikdncn dn k~etlq# opetlq# ny~ihdl k~etlq zipicëtealq n kihalq glpik a~pidlq‛(
Kieq dnticfnq ql`pn l zplanqql dn ce`nptiïál# hi Qnïál 1# nqznaeicknhtn hl Aizët~cl ?(
Piqtpnihdl iq kihegnqtiïþnq
Qn l dnkôhel qn kihegnqtip# alcly~n q~i kál lhdn qnhtep i kihegnqtiïál= zlp nvnkzcl2 ql`pn l nqtôkiol( Nk qno~edi klwi q~i kál alhglpkn i kihegnqtiïál glp qn klweknhtihdl( Eqtl zldn qnpwep dn o~ei zipi y~icy~np ~k y~n cfn iqqeqti hi ce`nptiïál( Onpicknhtn# qn fé zpnqqál hi épni dl nqtôkiol# i kihegnqtiïál epé klwnhdl+qn cnhtiknhtn itå afnoip i oipoihti( Å `lk# hnqtn zlhtl# hál kieq gicip dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl n alknïip i tlqqep( L dnkôhel zldn alhteh~ip cfn girnhdl tlqqep( Qn hál# ~ki wnr y~n zipn i kihegnqtiïál# alhteh~n pnzntehdl2 –L qiho~n dn Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛# itå y~n hál fibi kieq pniïþnq( Hál tnkiq
Hál dnwnklq zpnla~zip+hlq qn iq znqqliq hlq wânk kihegnqtihdl( I hit~pnri diq kihegnqtiïþnq hál å ~k pnnvl hlqql( Qlknhtn klqtpi i hit~pnri dl dnkôhel( Qn hlq dntnpkehiklq i qnpklq ce`nptlq# nhtál# hál tnhtnklq q~zpekep &lketep% i pniïál( Hál tnhfiq kndl dn zplacikip l hlkn n l qiho~n dn Bnq~q(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7
>>
Zpnzipihdl+hlq zipi girnp Ce`nptiïál
Qi`np y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel qn gle
Y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel dnevi ~ki znqqli# nqti zldn nvznpeknhtip ~ki qnhqiïál dn icëwel# cnwnri# olrl l~ ce`nptidn( I dlp l~l ehaôkldl qn i`itnk n i zir n l nht~qeiqkl zldnk ~ep hi znqqli( Dn y~icy~np glpki# å alk~k i ~k dnkôhel dnevip dn qn kihegnqtip n tpitip dn qn nqalhdnp qnk y~n pnicknhtn tnp qiëdl( Hnanqqetiklq izpnhdnp i deqanphep nqti qet~iïál( Ehqtp~ëklq êq znqqliq i glaicerip ~k dnkôhel zlp wnr n afnaip zipi tnp anptnri dn y~n nqtn dnkôhel tnhfi edl( Girnklq eqtl izceaihdl aiclp n glol nqzepet~ic( Zipi eqtl# `iqti pnzntep lq ziqqlq 4i n 4`( L keheqtpl å y~nk dnaedn zlp y~ihtl tnkzl kieq dnwn qn zplclhoip i ce`nptiïál( Ziqql 4i( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛ Alhteh~n dernhdl alk alhweaïál( 4`( L ib~dihtn alhteh~i lpdnhihdlil dnkôhel y~n qn pntepn# nhy~ihtl lcfi hlq lcflq di znqqli( Izceaihdl glol nqzepet~ic
Y~ihdl izceaiklq glol ê ~ki zihnci alk éo~i# cnwi tnkzl itå y~n i éo~i gnpwi( Kiq dnzleq dn ico~k tnkzl# i éo~i epé `lp`~cfip n alhwnptnp+qn clol nk wizlp# n i zihnci aipé wirei( Y~ihdl dnacipiklq l qiho~n dn Bnq~q# izceaiklq glol nqzepet~ic( ^k dnkôhel alknïipé i znp+ t~`ip+qn itå y~n hál zlqqi q~zlptip kieq# n zlp k qn pntepipé( Å ekzlptihtn alhteh~ip izceaih+ dl l glol n hál zipip itå y~n i éo~i qn gnpwi( Qn hál fé aiclp q~aenhtn# i éo~i hál wie gnpwnp( I zihnci alhteh~ipé afnei( Qn iqqek glp# lq dnkôhelq hál epál( ^k dnkôhel hál qie zlpy~n dernklq2 –Tnhfl gå y~n qn gle‛( Dnwn+qn nvz~cqé+cl( L znpeol dn zipip k~etl andl
^k nvnkzcl2 Ekioehn y~n ~k dei wlaâ afnoi n nhalhtpi ~k aiaflppl y~n nhtpl~ nk q~i aiqi znci bihnci y~n wlaâ dnevl~ i`npti( L aiaflppl nqté gncer hi alrehfi# alknhdl l gpihol y~n wlaâ dnevl~ zipi l icklïl) Wlaâ qn depeon il aiaflppl n znoi+l znci alcnepi n alknïi i ippiqtip+cl zipi ippihaé+cl dn q~i aiqi( Wlaâ afnol~ ê zlpti n tlai l tncnglhn( Wlaâ nhtál qlcti l aiaflppl zipi itnhdnp i afikidi# nqy~nanhdl+qn dl iqq~htl itå y~n dnqceoi l tncnglhn( Lhdn nqtipé l aiaflppl< Hlwiknhtn hi alrehfi# tnpkehihdl dn alknp l gpihol( Wlaâ l fiwei cnwidl itå i zlpti# kiq dnzleq y~n l qlctl~# ncn tlphl~ i nhtpip nk q~i aiqi( Dn kihnepi qekecip# nk k~etiq laiqeþnq# y~ihdl qn gir ce`nptiïál# lq keheqtplq cnwik l dnkô+ hel itå i zlpti dn qiëdi# n clol zipik n l dnkôhel pnopnqqi zipi i znqqli((( dernk2 –Iolpi wlaâ nqté cewpn‛( I znqqli iehdi tnk l dnkôhel alk lq zpl`cnkiq# n tnpkehi dnqihekidi# qnk qi`np l y~n girnp( Nvzceaipnklq dnticfidiknhtn lq ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïálhi Qnïál 1 Aizët~clq ># 7 n ?(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7
>7
?
Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál L y~n girnp dnzleq dn fiwnp pnan`edl ce`nptiïál Bnq~q nhqehl~ nk C~aiq 99 n Kitn~q 90# y~n y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel å nvz~cql# ncn wlcti dlq c~oipnq épedlq zipi tnhtip la~zip l nqziïl wirel( ^ki wnr y~n hlqqi aiqi tnhfi qedl cekzi n lpoiheridi# dnwnklq alhwedip il Nqzëpetl Qihtl zipi y~n fi`etn hnci n la~zn l nqziïl( N dnwnklq nqtip weoecihtnq( Alhqnpwihdl q~i ce`nptiïál
9( 0( 1( 4( >( 7(
Iopidnïi i Dn~q zlp qn~ iklp n q~i ce`nptiïál( Hál qehtiq alhdnhiïál# kieq qek# pnolrebn+qn zncl y~n Dn~q gnr( Lgnpnïi q~i wedi i Apeqtl n lpn alk ico~åk zndehdl zipi qnp afnel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Iznqip dlq dnkôhelq tnpnk qedl nvz~cqlq# wlaâ iehdi dnwn pnqeqtep ê tnhtiïál hit~pic( Tnhfi a~edidlzipi y~nk wlaâalhtiiq aleqiq(Lq apeqtálq y~nd~wedikdl y~n nvznpeknhtiklq hlq dnqihekik( Cnk`pn+qn y~n lq dnkôhelq hál zldnk wlctip qn aikehfipklq alk Dn~q n hál dnevipklq hnhf~ki bihnci i`npti(
Pnhlwiïál dl alpiïál n di knhtn
B~htl alk l keheqtåpel dn ce`nptiïál# dnwn fiwnp ~ki k~dihïi nk hlqql alpiïál &knhtn n wlh+ tidn%# zipi l`ndnanp i ziciwpi dn Dn~q( Qlknhtn qn cnpklq n kndetipklq hi ziciwpi dn Dn~q# zlhdl t~dl eqtl nk zpéteai# tnpnklq âvetl( 9(
Znpqnwnpihïi + l zpeknepl ehopndenhtn zipi i ce`npdidn I ce`nptiïál å ~k zplanqql n zldn pny~npnp k~etiq qnqqþnq# l~ wipeiq lzlpt~hedidnq zipi pnan`â+ci( Dnwnklq nqtip dntnpkehidlq i girnp l y~n nqtewnp il hlqql icaihan zipi y~n q~andi( Kieq ql`pn eqtl hi Qnïál 4I( 0( L`ndeâhaei + L qno~hdl ehopndenhtn zipi i ce`npdidn Cnwn ~ki wedi alhglpkn l alpiïál dn Dn~q( L znaidl itpie dnkôhelq# di knqki kihnepi y~n l cevl itpie pitirihiq( I ce`nptiïál hál å zipi tlphip i wedi kieq iopidéwnc= nci å ziptn di qihteaiïál zipi qnpklq kieq òtneq il Qnhflp( Zpla~pn i alk~hfál alk l~tplq apeqtálq( 1( Znpkihnïi nk Apeqtl( Tnhfi ~k tnkzl deépel qlrehfl&i%# y~n ehac~i cnet~pi `ë`ceai n lpiïál( Kndetn hi Ziciwpi n qn nqglpan nk girnp t~dl l y~n nqté nqapetl icë) Iqqek epé zplopndep n tnpé wetñpei &Blq~å 92?%( –Iq zplknqqiq di @ë`cei zipi lq cflq dn Dn~q‛n –Lpiïál deépei n dntnpkehiïál‛hiq zéoe+ hiq qno~ehtnq# zldnk qnp ~tneq( Kndetip n knklperi+ciq# ib~di i alhqtp~ep hlqqi gå nk Dn~q( Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl ?
>?
Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál
Iqzplknqqiq`ë`ceaiqzipilqgcflqdnDn~q
Y~ihdl Bnq~q nhgpnhtl~ i tnhtiïál# Ncn pnqzlhdn~ n wnhan~ il aetip iq nqapet~piq( Izpnhdnp dn knkñpei lq wnpqëa~clq di @ë`cei# alhqtpñe i gå n glpticnan nk alpzl# icki n nqzëpetl( Pnalknhdiklq y~n izpnhdi iq qno~ehtnq wnpdidnq( @~qy~n nk q~i zpñzpei @ë`cei n alkzplknti+ qn i knklperip lq wnpqëa~clq( Pndekedl+znpdlidl+b~qtegaidl
†
Ql~ pndekedl zlp knel dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl( Kn~q znaidlq qál znpdlidlq( Ngåqelq 92?=
† †
Alclqqnhqnq 9294 Kn~q znaidlq glpik izioidlq( Qicklq 9:121= Eqiëiq 4120> Znci gå# ql~ b~qteaidl nk Apeqtl( Oécitiq 0297
Klptl zipi l znaidl# wewl zipi Dn~q
† † †
G~e klptl alk Apeqtl n pnqq~qaetidl alk Ncn zipi cnwip ~ki wedi hlwi( Plkihlq 724#>= Ngåqelq 027 Kehfi hit~pnri wncfi gle ap~aeaidi alk Ncn( Plkihlq 727 G~e ap~aeaidl alk Apeqtl( Tnhfl ~ki wedi hlwi zlp knel di gå hl Gecfl dn Dn~q# y~n qn nhtpnol~ zlp kek( Oécitiq 020:
Ncnetl n idltidl zlp Dn~q
† †
G~e ncnetl zlp Ncn# ihtnq di apeiïál dl k~hdl( Ngåqelq 924+99 G~e idltidl alkl cfl Qn~ zlp ehtnpkådel dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Ngåqelq 92>
^ki hlwi zlqeïál &qtit~q%
† † † † † †
Dn~q å kn~ Zie( Blál 9427+9: Ql~ cfl dn Dn~q( Blál 9290 Ql~ wicelql zipi Dn~q( Eqiëiq 4124 Ql~ cfl n fnpdnepl dl pnehl dn Dn~q( Oécitiq 42? L Nqzepetl dn Dn~q nqté nk kek( Oécitiq 427 Apeqtl# i nqznpihïi dn ocñpei# nqté nk kek( Alclqqnhqnq 920?
^k hlwl afikidl
† † † † † †
G~e apeidl zipi i ocñpei dn Dn~q( Eqiëiq 412? Dn~q kn glpkl~ hl wnhtpn dn kehfi kán( Eqiëiq 44204= Qicklq 915291#9> Tldlq kn~q deiq nqtál nqapetlq hl cewpl di wedi( Qicklq 915297 Ql~ i`nhïlidl alk tldi `nhïál nqzepet~ic nk Apeqtl( Ngåqelq 921 G~e ncnetl zipi qnp qihtl n qnk kihafi znpihtn Qn~q lcflq( Ngåqelq 924 Q~i Opiïi kn gle didi nk i`~hdàhaei( Ngåqelq 926
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl ?
>6
Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál
^ki hlwi zlqeïál
† † †
Nqtl~ qnhtidl b~htl i Ncn# hl Pnehl Ancnqteic( Ngåqelq 027 Ql~ i klpidi dl Nqzëpetl dn Dn~q ( Ngåqelq 0200 Ncn kn al`pn alk Qn~ iklp n alkzievál( Qicklq 9:124
L Qnhflp qn zpnla~zi alkeol
† † † † † †
L iklp dn Dn~q nqté qnkzpn alkeol( Qicklq 9:129? L Qnhflp kn o~ipdi di ihoòqtei( Qicklq 9:?27# 91# 95#06 L Qnhflp kn nqa~ti n l~wn kehfi wlr( Qicklq 99729#0 Dn~q a~pi kehfiq nhgnpkedidnq( Qicklq 9:121 Ncn qiteqgir kn~q dnqnblq n pnhlwi kehfiq glpïiq( Qicklq 9:12> L Qnhflp a~edi dn kek( Qicklq 9092>#?
Kehfi qno~pihïi nqté h―Ncn
† † † † †
Ncn å kn~ Dn~q iklplql n kehfi glpïi( Qicklq 9629= 75291= 94420 Ncn å kehfi plafi# kehfi glpticnri# kn~ ce`nptidlp( Qicklq 9620= 7020# 7#?= 54200 Alk Dn~q alhqeol i wetñpei( Qicklq 9:?291 Ncn kn pnqoiti dn kn~ ehekeol zldnplql( Qicklq 9629? Ncn kn ipki alk Q~i glpïi( Qicklq 96210#15
† † †
Ncn idnqtpi kehfiq kálq zipi i `iticfi( Qicklq 9621> Ncn kn dé i wetñpei( Qicklq 7:290= 9 Blál >24 L Qnhflp a~edi dn kek alkl i knhehi dn Qn~q lcflq( Kn nqalhdn hi qlk`pi dn Q~iq iqiq( Qicklq 9?26 Kehfi icki nhalhtpi dnqaihïl nk Dn~q( Qicklq 7029#> Kehfi icki qn ioippi ê Ncn n nqté qiteqgneti( Qicklq 712>#6
† †
Hlti2 Nhtpnoiklq+cfnq lq pnq~klq nk wnr dn aetip alkzcntiknhtn nqtnq wnpqëa~clq(
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl ?
>5
Dnzleq di Keheqtpiïál
Lpiïál deépei n dntnpkehiïál ^ki lpiïál dn dndeaiïál Zie ancnqteic2 Flbn y~npl idlpip+Tn n cl~wip+Tn alkl kn~ Dn~q n Apeidlp( Kn ikiqtnq dnqdn ihtnq di g~hdiïál dl k~hdl( Kn rnqtnq Tn~ cfl n kn idltiqtnq nk T~i gikëcei y~ihdl pnan`ë i Bnq~q alkl kn~ Qicwidlp( Iolpi nqtl~ qnhtidl b~htl i Te nk c~oipnq ancnqteieq &Ngåqelq 921+?%( Kn dnqtnq wedi ntnphi &Blál 1217%( Kn rnqtnq alkzcntl nk Apeqtl &Alclqqnhqnq 029:%( Qnhflp Bnq~q# l`peoidl# zlpy~n zipi klqtpip+kn l wnpdidnepl iklp il Zie# nqtewnqtnq deqzlqtl i dnevip l tplhl n wep dlq aå~q ê tnppi( Glqtnq ê ap~r n icë klppnqtnq zlp kek zipi girnp+kn b~qtl znpihtn Dn~q &9 Alpëhtelq 921:%( Pnqq~qaetiqtnq dlq klptlq n alhteh~iqtnq wewnhdl nk kek zlp ehtnpkådel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Zlptihtl# dnaedl flbn# q~`kntnp kehfi wedi ehtnepi ql` l Tn~ dlkëhel( Q~`kntl kehfi knhtn# kehfi wlhtidn# kehfiq nklïþnq# kehfi ekioehiïál n kn~ alpzl zipi l`ndnanp qlknhtn i Te n i T~i ziciwpi( Znïl y~n kn cekznq alk Tn~ qiho~n# dn t~dl l y~n hlq qnzipl~# zipi y~n zlqqi qnp ~k aihic cekzl zipi Te( Iolpi dnaedl znpdlip ilq y~n kn gnpepik flbn# iqqek alkl T~ kn znpdliqtnq( Nqzëpetl Qihtl# Tn znïl# flbn# ~ki hlwi ~hïál( Zlp giwlp# nhafn aidi épni dn kehfi wedi &Blál ?21?+15= Ngåqelq >296= Itlq 926%( Zldnq tpi`icfip itpiwåq dn kek# n y~n kehfi wedi tpioi flhpi n cl~wlp il Zie# Gecfl n il Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Ikåk(
Lpiïál zipi znpdlip Zie ancnqteic2 Dnaedl znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n kn gnpepik &hlknen+lq%( Lq ce`npl alkzcntiknhtn di a~czi dn qn~ znaidl( Lq ce`npl nk Tn~ iklp# zpnla~ziïál n znpdál( Lq i`nhïll nk Tn~ Hlkn( Giïl eqtl# l kncflp y~n zlqql dn alpiïál n hál znpketl y~n kehfiq nklïþnq alhteh~nk pnwncihdl nqtic~oip# gnpedi( Cfn znïl# y~n alk izio~nq zlhfiq hnqtn alkzievál n iklp# zlp Tn~ knelqiho~n# dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl(i dlp diq cnk`pihïiq n Ikåk
Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl ?
7:
Qnïál 1
Keheqtpihdl A~pi Ehtnpelp n Ce`nptiïál Hi Qnïál 9# izpnhdnklq ql`pn lq zpl`cnkiq hi épni dl znaidl n iq gnpediq# n dn alkl cedip alk nciq( Hi Qnïál 0# izpnhdnklq alkl lq dnkôhelq zldnk i~knhtip lq ngnetlq dl znaidl hit~pic n diq gnpediq# n eh~âhaeip hlqqiq wediq= n alkl zpnzipip+hlq zipi i ce`nptiïál( Nqti Qnïál ihiceripé l ziznc dl keheqtpl n qn~ zplanqql alhapntl dn keheqtpip i`ievl di q~znpgëaen# hnqtiq tpâq épniq(
Qnïál 1
Keheqtpihdl a~pi n ce`nptiïál 9( Nqtiklq zplhtlq i keheqtpip< Y~icedidnq dn ~k keheqtpl# l y~n å hnanqqipel zipi y~n ico~åk zlqqi alkziptecfip qn~q zpl`cnkiq Dnticfnq zpétealq 71
0( Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq Dl qehtlki dl zpl`cnki itå i wnpdidnepi qet~iïál i`ievl di q~znpgëaen
7?
1( Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel Alkl qi`nklq y~n ziqqlq dnwnk qnp tlkidlq zipi keheqtpip nk tieq qet~iïþnq
?1
4( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq Znaidlq# gnpediq# cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq# ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki# a~pi gëqeai n zidpþnq dl znhqiknhtl
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>( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq Znaidlq# gnpediq# ciïlq ëkzelq dn icki# dlkehiïál# ekz~pnriq n nhgnpkedidnq
61
7( Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq La~cteqkl# ihanqtpieq# pnceoeþnq# nvznpeâhaeiq nqzepet~ieq# l~tpiq nhgnpkedidnq n alhac~qál
6?
?( Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli Alhqncflq zpétealq
59
6( Keheqtpihdl i ~k o p~zl A~pi ehtnpelp n keheqtpiïál dn ce`nptiïál i ~k op~zl
5?
5( I`~ql qnv~ic Izceaiïál dn t~dl l y~n qn izpnhdn~ zipi keheqtpip nk qet~iïþnq dn i`~ql qnv~ic
9:9
9:( Nqt~dl dl aiql ^k nvnkzcl di wedi pnic klqtpihdl tldlq lq iqznatlq dl keheqtåpel hi zpéteai
9:?
9
Nqtiklq Zplhtlq i Keheqtpip< Y~icedidnq dn ~k keheqtpl L izñqtlcl Zi~cl ~qi i ekionk dn ~k itcnti zipi pnalpdipklq y~n i wedi apeqtá# n ziptea~cip+ knhtn i wedi dn ~k keheqtpl# pny~np tpnehiknhtl# dndeaiïál n znpqnwnpihïi( Kiq# alkl qn dnwn tpnehip zipi qnp ~k `lk keheqtpl< I @ë`cei nvlpti y~n iy~ncnq y~n keheqtpik zpnaeqik2 9(
Znpkihnanp nk Apeqtl
Cnei i @ë`cei# lpn n weqti i ipkid~pi dn Dn~q deipeiknhtn zipi kihtnp i alk~heaiïál alk Ncn &Ngåqelq 729:+9?%( Bnb~ip n lpip zldn ib~dip+hlq i i~knhtip hlqqi dnznhdâhaei dn Dn~q( I gå apnqan i kndedi y~n wnklq Dn~q ~qihdl+hlq( Ncn hlq ~qi nhy~ihtl hlq alclaiklq i Q~i deqzlqeïál( 0(
Aikehfn nk f~kecdidn
Qlknhtn zncl gitl dn y~n Dn~q hlq ~qi# hál qeoheai y~n qlklq znpgnetlq( Hnanqqetiklq qnp f~kecdnq# ihdihdl nk ippnznhdeknhtl n znpdál alhtëh~l zipi alk lq l~tplq( Znïiklq il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n hlq klqtpn hlqqiq gicfiq# n nqtiklq deqzlqtlq i qnp keheqtpidlq( @~qaip n izpnhdnp kieq dlq l~tplq# itpiwåq di cnet~pi n dl l~wep( Qnkzpn fé icol kieq zipi izpnhdnp( Alhteh~n pncnhdl nqtn cewpl( Wnp i cnet~pi pnalknhdidi hi Qnïál 4( 1(
Lpn zlp alkzievál
Bnq~q gicl~ ico~kiq ziciwpiq glptnq dn b~coiknhtl ilq gipeqn~q n knqtpnq di cne( Kiq Q~i itet~dn zipi alk tldlq iy~ncnq y~n L `~qaiwik npi k~etl degnpnhtn2 Ncn npi alkziqqewl( Alclqqnhqnq 12902 –Pnwnqtë+wlq# zleq# dn alpiïál alkziqqewl# dn Q~iq itet~dnq n `nheohedidn# f~kecdidn# kihqedál# clhoihekedidn‛( I wnpdidnepi tlk dn wlr qál ekzlptihtnq alkzievál qn kihegnqti( Plkihlq 9029> –Icnopie+wlq alk lq y~n D~pihtn l tnkzl dn qn icnopik= aflpie alk lq y~n aflpik‛ 4(
Izpnhdi i nqa~tip
–Qnbik tldlq zplhtlq zipi l~wep# tipdelq zipi gicip n tipdelq zipi epip+qn(((‛ &Teiol 9295%( Hlqql tpi`icfl hál å ekzpnqqelhip alk hlqql alhfnaeknhtl ql`pn i nqapet~pi l~ alk hlqqiq ihndltiq n nvznpeâhaeiq( Dnwnklq l~wep iq znqqliq n i depnïál dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( >(
Znïi deqanpheknhtl
Cnp Fn`pn~q >294 n 9 Alpëhtelq 9026+9:( L deqanpheknhtl zldn qnp hit~pic l~ ql`pnhit~pic( Ik`lq qál wicelqlq( L hit~pic wnk di nvznpeâhaei n di glpk~ciïál dn znpo~htiq( L ql`pnhit~pic å ~k dlk nqzepet~ic( Iq kihegnqtiïþnq qál deqanpheknhtlq hit~pieq Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9
keheqtpiïál nk ~k qnkehépel pniceridl nk Ci Zir# ~k blwnk znde~ zipi qnp keheqtpidl( L –keheqtpl‛ cfn gicl~ tál d~pl# y~n qliwi alkl qn l blwnk nqtewnqqn qnhdl ehtnpploidl( Il ehwnqteoip# dnqal`pe y~n l keheqtpl npi# hi pnicedidn ~k nv+zlceaeic)
Itewedidn Znpo~htn i ico~k alcnoi# y~ic å i ekzpnqqál y~n wlaâ tpihqketn alk qn~ tlk dn wlr n ceho~ionk alpzlpic(
71
Zplhtlq zipi keheqtpip<
izpeklpidlq l~ ziciwpiq nqznaëaiq dn aeâhaei( Nqtiq lalppnk y~ihdl Dn~q hlq klqtpi icol# y~n dl alhtpépel# hál qnpëiklq aizirnq dn qi`np( 7(
@~qy~n qi`ndlpei
Hnanqqetiklq qi`ndlpei zipi qi`np alkl n y~ihdl alkziptecfip i ziciwpi dn aeâhaei( Nqtn dlk qn gicqeai l~ qn keqt~pi giaecknhtn alk znhqiknhtlq f~kihlq( Å zlp eqql y~n å `lk tnp ~ki –alhwnpqi‛ alk ico~k cëdnp apeqtál ihtnq dn tlphip zò`ceal l y~n qn y~np dernp znpihtn i alhopnoiïál l~ znqqli nk y~nqtál( Heho~åk å ehgicëwnc( Å kncflp dernp2 –Å zlqqëwnc y~n‛# il ehwåq dn dernp# –Iqqek deqqn l Qnhflp‛( ?(
@~qy~n l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl
Lq deqaëz~clq alhfnaeik i Bnq~q n l qno~eik( Ncnq pniceripik keciopnq d~pihtn i alkeqqál dlq ?:( Kiq aipnaeik dn zldnp n dn alpionk# itå y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl qn dnppikl~ ql`pn ncnq nk Znhtnalqtnq( Bnq~q qnkzpn znpkihnaei nk alhtitl alk l Zie( Ilq qn~q 90 ihlq# ekzpnqqelhl~ i tldlq alk Q~i qi`ndlpei hl tnkzcl( Kiq Qn~ keheqtåpel alknïl~ nk tldi q~i opihdnri qlknhtn dnzleq dn qnp `iteridl n dn y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl dnqanpi alkl zlk`i ql`pn Ncn( L knqkl å alhlqal &Itlq 926%( Hnanqqetiklq dl zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl zipi keheqtpip Q~iq tnqtnk~hfiq( Ngåqelq >296 hlq cnk`pi dn hlq kihtnpklq afnelq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( 6(
@~qy~n i ~hïál alkzcnti
I ~hïál dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl lalppn y~ihdl L znpan`nklq kieq ehtnhqiknhtn dl y~n dn alqt~kn( Zldn wep itpiwåq dl nqt~dl di @ë`cei# di gå l~ dl cl~wlp( Å didi nk tnkzlq nqznaëalq dn keheqtåpel# l~ dn tpi`icfl zipi Dn~q( Nqti ~hïál zldn qnp nvznpeknhtidi dn k~etiq kihnepiq( nvznpeknhtik ~ki~k qnhqiïál gëqeai# nhy~ihtl l~tplq hál qnhtnk hidi#Ico~hq iznqip keheqtplq di nwedâhaei dn y~n fl~wn tpi`icfl nqznaeic di ziptn dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl ( 5(
Alhfnïi n nvnpaetn q~i i~tlpedidn nk Apeqtl Bnq~q
I~tlpedidn å i alhihïi y~n wnk dn qi`np y~nk qlklq n l y~n hlq nqté alhidl( Hnqtn keheqtåpel# i~tlpedidn y~np dernp y~n lq dnkôhelq dnwnk l`ndnanp iq lpdnhq y~n diklq nk hlkn dn BNQ^Q &Kitn~q 06296 n C~aiq 9:295%( Zieq# zplgnqqlpnq l~ zlceaeieq alk i~tlpedidn znpkihnank tpihy~eclq n gicik alk ~ki pknri qnpnhi# zlpy~n qi`nk y~n dnwnk qnp l`ndnaedlq( Opetip hál å hnanqqépel# n å ~k qehic dn dn`ecedidn n hál dn glpïi( I fi`ecedidn dn nvnpanp i i~tlpedidn y~n tnklq zlp wept~dn dn hlqqi zlqeïál nk Apeqtl# i~knhtipé alk i nvznpeâhaei( 9:(
Ianetn l`qnpwiïþnq
Bnq~q gle apeteaidl alhqtihtnknhtn znclq cëdnpnq pnceoelql( N hlq idewnpte~ ql`pn i pnbneïál n pnqeqâhaei il pnicerip l tpi`icfl zipi Dn~q( Nhtpntihtl# dnwnklq qnkzpn nqtip i`nptlq êq l`qnpwiïþnq n deqzlqtlq i nqa~tip apëteaiq( Qn tnklq i itet~dn dn ~k qnpwl# zldnklq pnan`np n ianetip iq l`qnpwiïþnq n apëteaiq# n zndep i Dn~q y~n hlq klqtpn y~icy~np wnpdidn y~n dnwiklq cnwip il alpiïál( Cnp Geceznhqnq 02>+99 99(
Lpn zlp znpqnwnpihïi n pnqeqtâhaei gëqeai# nklaelhic n nqzepet~ic
Kiq tik`åk dnwnklq qi`np y~ihdl dnqaihqip# i k dn zpnwnhep y~n –hlq nqoltnklq‛(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9
74
Zplhtlq zipi keheqtpip<
L y~n å hnanqqépel zipi y~n ico~åk zlqqi alkziptecfip qn~q zpl`cnkiq Eo~icknhtn alkl i zncn zpltnbn l alpzl# Dn~q hlq zplzlpaelhl~ ~ki `ippnepi zpltntlpi zipi hlqqi icki( Eqtl å l y~n hlq zpnwehn dn alkziptecfip hlqqiq wediq n zpl`cnkiq ëhteklq alk y~icy~np znqqli( Ihtnq y~n iq znqqliq qn i`pik n alkziptecfnk qn~q zpl`cnkiq alk wlaâ# nciq hnanqqetik tnp alhihïi n qn qnhtepnk qno~piq( Nqti alhihïi å l zpld~tl dn qn~ aipitnp( I kndedi y~n wlaâ wie idy~epehdl iq y~icedidnq bé weqtiq dn ~k keheqtpl# n nhy~ihtl Dn~q wie cfn ~qihdl# i ziciwpi qn nvzihdepé# n iq znqqliq wepál itå wlaâ alk alhihïi zipi i`pep q~i icki( Qno~pihïinalhgihïi
Qn tpiti dn iqznatlq zpétealq( ^ki znqqli qn qnhtepé qno~pi y~ihdl wlaâ dé qehieq dn y~n pnicknhtn nqté zpla~zidl alk nci# qnbi znciq hnanqqedidnq zpéteaiq l~ nqzepet~ieq dnci( Alkzplkeqql
Iq znqqliq hnanqqetik qi`np y~n wlaâ nqté alkzplkntedl nk ib~dip+cfnq( Nhtál# nqtnbik dn ialpdl ql`pn y~ihtiq wnrnq wlaâq dnwnpál qn wnp l~ alk~heaip+qn( Alhgdnhaeicedidn
Heo~åk epé y~npnp alkziptecfip icol alk wlaâ# qn wlaâ hál glp alhéwnc( Qn wlaâ tnk ~ki zlcëteai dn alkziptecfip alk q~i nqzlqi l~ l~tpl cëdnp nqzepet~ic# dnwnpé deqa~tep eqtl zpeknepiknhtn alk i znqqli( I alhihïi dnwn ziptep dn ik`iq iq ziptnq( Qn ~ki znqqli deqa~tep qn~q alhqncflq l~ i keheqtpiïál# ihtnq dn fiwnp qedl cewpn# l~ nqtip pknknhtn nqti`ncnaedi hlq hlwlq zidpþnq n itet~dnq# zldnpé dip c~oip ê apëteai dnqtp~tewi n ê alhg~qál( Tpihqzipâhaei n qno~pihïi IDWNPTÂHAEI K~etlq ziqtlpnq tewnpik y~n pnh~haeip# dnwedl i znaidlq qnv~ieq alk iq znqqliq y~n nqtiwik ib~dihdl( Tik`åk ~ki k~cfnp kiceaelqi zldnpei ia~qip ehdnwediknhtn i ~k ziqtlp ehlanhtn( Lq flknhq qlknhtn dnwnpál keheqtpip êq k~cfnpnq# hi zpnqnhïi dn l~tpi k~cfnp(
Ehdnznhdnhtn diq pnopiq dn alhdnhaeicedidn# wlaâ iehdi hnanqqeti qnp tpihqzipnhtn( Eqtl qeoheai# nqtip zplhtl n deqzlqtl i nvzceaip q~iq zpéteaiq keheqtnpeieq n zpehaëzelq( Tik`åk dnwn tlkip ~k ziqql pideaic znpihtn l peqal di tnhtiïál qnv~ic# nwetihdl qnqqþnq ehdewed~ieq nhtpn flknk n k~cfnp alk i zlpti gnafidi( Lpdnk
Nk op~zl# å kncflp keheqtpip alk ~k cëdnp nqti`ncnaedl( I ny~ezn dnwnpé lpip ~hàhekn ihtnq dn y~n qn afno~n i znqqli( Qn b~htipnk+qn nk q~i aiqi n qn wlaâ tnk cflq# wlaâ dnwnpé nhalhtpip ~k `icihïl nhtpn i a~pelqedidn hit~pic n lq kndlq dn qn~q cflq# n i hnanqqedidn dn alhanhtpiïál d~pihtn l tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál( Alkldedidn
Å ekzlptihtn qnhtip+qn( Zldn qnp knhlq ikndplhtidlp n dnqiihtn# qn l cednp hál qn qnhti nk gpnhtn di l~tpi znqqli( I edåei å ialcfâ+ci l kncflp zlqqëwnc( Lgnpnïi icol y~nhtn zipi `n`np# eqql ib~dipé i znqqli i pncivip+qn( ^k alzl dn éo~i tik`åk å `lk( Gnpeknhtlq
Tnhfi ico~hq cnhïlq dn zizåc n irnetn zpnzipidlq( L`tnhfi iq añzeiq hnanqqépeiq dnqtn cewpl n tik`åk añzeiq di ceqti n dlq y~nqtelhépelq di Qnïál 4 y~n wlaâ zldnpé hnanqqetip( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9
7>
0
Zpl`cnkiq n Ai~qiq Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di q~znpgëaen Bnq~q Apeqtl hlq zplkntn~ wedi nk i`~hdàhaei( Ncn hál hlq zplkntn~ ~ki wedi qnk zpl`cnkiq# kiq qek# y~n nvznpeknhtipëiklq dn Qn~ olrl n Q~i `nhïál nk tldi aepa~hqtàhaei( Hnqtn aizë+ t~cl# nvzceaipnklq i degnpâhaei y~n fé nhtpn qehtlkiq# zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq( N wnpnklq l zlpy~â hnanqqetiklq keheqtip i ai~qi# alk i hicedidn dn nvznpeknhtip i zcnhet~dn dn tic zplknqqi( Qehtôkiq
Lq qehtlkiq zldnk qnp weqtlq zlp y~icy~np znqqli( Qál qehieq zò`cealq ñ`welq dn ~k zpl`cnki( Qn ~k aiqiknhtl gpiaiqqi n l aiqic qn qnzipi# tldl k~hdl hltipé( Qn pl~`ipklq n glpklq zipi i zpeqál# hlqqlq werehfl epál hltip( Iq znqqliq iafik géaec gicip dn qn~q qehtlkiq# zlpy~n qál zò`cealq( Kiq zipi y~n fibi k~dihïi n zldnphlq ib~dip ico~åk# ~ki wnr pnalhfnaedlq lq qehtlkiq# dnwnklq ep kieq icåk(
Zldnklq ippihaip iq glpnq# l~ i zcihti# kiq qn hál tepipklq iq piërnq# i zcihti zldnpé alhteh~ip apnqanhdl(
Qehtlkiq
Zpl`cnkiq
L zpl`cnki å l y~n ai~qi lq qehtlkiq( Kiq# onpicknhtn# tpiti+qn dn icol y~n nité icåk dn hlqql alhtplcn depntl( Hál zldnklq alhtplcip iq dnaeqþnq gnetiq zlp hlqql aôhb~on( Hál zldnklq k~dip i cne y~n zplë`n l pl~`l( Zldn qnp òtec y~n nhtnhdiklq l zpl`cnki# kiq eqtl hál tpipé hnhf~ki k~dihïi(
Zpl`cnki
Ai~qiq
I ai~qi å i ziptn lhdn zldnklq eh~nhaeip itpiwåq dn hlqql alkzlptiknhtl# Ai~qiq l~ alk l y~n zldnklq tpitip hi keheqtpiïál( Iq ai~qiq zldnk qnp lq znaidlq# gnpediq l~ dnkôhelq( Hlq nvnkzclq ihtnpelpnq# iq ai~qiq qál itet~dnq dn znaidl( Zldnklq nqalcfnp pnqzlhdnp alk iklp n znpdál# l~ alk piewi n ikipo~pi hiq pnciïþnq( Zldnklq dnaedep q~`kntnp+hlq# nk wnr dn hlq pn`ncipklq alhtpi i cne( Nqtnq nvnkzcl q klqtpik y~n lq kltewlq dl alpiïál qál lq y~n dntnp kehik alkl hlq alkzlptiklq n iq alhqny~âhaeiq zipi hlqqi wedi( Wiklq izpnhdnp alkl tlphip acipl l zpl`cnki n ednhteaip iq ai~qiq( Pnq~kl
† Lq qehtlkiq qál iq nwedâhaeiq weqëwneq l~ gp~tlq dl zpl`cnki( † Iq ai~qiq qál lq gitlpnq y~n zldnk hlq igntip n y~nekzndnk i a~pi n i k~dihïi( † I hál qnp y~n nhalhtpnklq iq ai~qiq n tpitnklq alk nciq# lq zpl`cnkiq epál alhteh~ip( pnzntehdl+qn( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
7?
Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq
Zpnzipihdl i anhi
^ki wnr y~n dneviklq i znqqli qnhtep+qn alhglptéwnc ~qihdl iq zpéteaiq ehdeaidiq hl aizët~cl ihtnpelp# å tnkzl dnalknïip( † Lpn `pnwnknhtn# zndehdl i zpltnïál il Qnhflp n i depnïál dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( † Nvzcey~n i glpki dn keheqtpiïál y~n wlaâ nqtipé ~tecerihdl( † Nvzcey~n y~n wlaâ y~np qi`np dlq qehtlkiq dnci# i k dn ehdnhteaip l zpl`cnki n nhalhtpip i ai~qi( † Wlaâ zldnpé dip ~k nvnkzcl di weqeti il kådeal( Ncn qnkzpn epé znpo~htip lhdn dñe# zlp y~ihtl tnkzl# nta( Qn l deiohñqteal hál aip acipl zipi l kådeal# ncn zldnpé pnanetip ~k viplzn zipi i tlqqn y~ihdl hi pnicedidn l ziaenhtn zldn tnk aihaâp hl z~ckál( † Wlaâ zldnpé tik`åk ~qip i o~pi dn ~ki zcihti( Y~ic å i gp~ti< Y~n qi`lp tnk n alkl å< Eqtl hlq ib~dipé i qi`np i aciqqn dn zcihti alk i y~ic nqtiklq tpitihdl( Kiq l l`bntewl å dnqtp~ep iq piernq( † Alhq~ctn i znqqli# qn nci nqté dn ialpdl y~n wlaâ giïi ihltiïþnq alhdnhaeieq#zipi iqqno~pip+qn dn hál znpdnp hnhf~k dnticfn( Znpo~htiq y~n ib~dik
Zipi alknïip zldn girnp znpo~htiq alkl2 † –Wlaâ y~np dernp l y~n å y~n nqté cfn ehalkldihdl<‛ † –Zlp y~n wlaâ y~eq gicip alhlqal<‛ Êq wnrnq i znqqli epé gicip n gicip# n zldn qnp degëaec qi`np l y~n å y~n nci pnicknhtn y~np dernp= l~ êq wnrnq zldn qnp y~n alkziptecfn aleqiq dnkiqeidiq# y~n qnbi deg ëaec qi`np zlp lhdn alknïip( Znïi nhtál i nci y~n2 † –Alcly~n nk ~ki lpiïál l y~n nqznpi y~n Dn~q giïi nk q~i wedi flbn‛( L qehtlki hál å l zpl`cnki
Lq knqklq qehtlkiq zldnk lpeoehip+qn dn degnpnhtnq zpl`cnkiq( Zldn tnp ~kidlp dn ai`nïi# zlp+ y~n nqté pnqgpeidl= zlpy~n hál `n`n~ éo~i q~aenhtn l~ zlpy~n tnwn ~k iaednhtn dn aippl( I ceqti hi Qnïál 4 zldn ib~dipi znqqli i nvzceaip qn~q qehtlkiq( Y~ihdl lq qehtlkiq bé nqtál aciplq# `~qy~n l zpl`cnki( Eqtl qeoheai afnoip i ~k hëwnc kielp dn zplg~hdedidn(
Nvnkzcl 9
Ico~åk dnqapnwn qn~q qehtlkiq alkl dnzpnqqál n gp~qtpiïál( Wlaâ nqa~ti n znpan`n y~n l zpl`cnki å ~k aiqiknhtl dnqgnetl( L Nqzëpetl Qihtl klqtpi i wlaâ# y~n iqai~qiq qál iq nvznatitewiq n pniïþnq ehalppntiq hl aiqiknhtl(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
76
Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq
Ednhtegaihdllzpl`cnki
Wlaâ wnpé y~n i kielpei dlq zpl`cnkiq alknïik alk2 † L znaidl dn ico~åk † ^ki gnpedi qnk a~pi † ^ki hnanqqedidn zpéteai ehqiteqgneti Nhtál wlaâ zldn glpk~cip znpo~htiq alkl2 –Y~ihdl alknïl~ l qehtlki<‛ l~ –L y~n ialhtnan~ zl~al ihtnq dn y~n nqtnq qehtlkiq &zpl`cnkiq% alknïiqqnk<‛( ^ki wnr y~n wlaâ qehti y~n ehdnhteal~ l zpl`cnki# znïi ê znqqli y~n alknhtn ql`pn l zpl`cnki( Nhy~ihtl gicik# nqa~tn wlri dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl n znïi deqanpheknhtl il Qnhflp zipi dnqal`pep i ai~qi Kieq ql`pn iq ai~qiq
I –ai~qi‛ å afikidi tik`åk dn2 † † † † †
‖kltewl― ‖afiwn― ‖piër― ‖l`qtéa~cl― ‖hnanqqedidn―
Y~ihdl ~ki znqqli zlqq~e l`qtéa~clq l~ ekzndeknhtlq# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl hál zldn ~ep zlp tldl l qnp# hiq nqgnpiq alpzl# di icki# dlai~qiq nqzëpetl la~zidiq znaidl l~ znciqdnwedl gnpediq#iqn épniq zlqqewncknhtn zlpdl dnkôhelq( Nqtiq qáln iq iq y~n y~ieqnqtál i znqqli dnwnpézncl nhgpnhtip n tpitip# i k dn nvznpeknhtip i wedi nk i`~hdàhaei y~n Apeqtl bé zplkntn~( Å ekzlptihtn dnqapl`pep n cedip alk iq ai~qiq hi wedi di znqqli# zipi y~n i a~pi n l zldnp dn pnqti~piïál dn Dn~q zlqqik ~ep zcnhiknhtn( Cnk`pn di ec~qtpiïál dn hlqqi wedi# alkl ~ki aiqi# hi Qnïál 9# aizët~cl 9( Nqtiq kltewiïþnq qál alkl l klhtál dn cevl hi ziptn dn tpéq di aiqi( Nhy~ihtl l cevl znpkihnanp ië izldpnanhdl+qn# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl hál qn qnhtepé `nk+wehdl(
Nvnkzcl 0 ^k nqzlql alkntn id~ctåpel( Q~i nqzlqi nqté k~etl kiaf~aidi n klqtpi qehtlkiq dn dlp# piewi# znhi n ikipo~pi( Nci der2 –Kn~ zpl`cnki å l id~ctåpel dn kn~ kipedl‛( Nhtpntihtl# nqtn hál å pnicknhtn l qn~ zpl`cnki( Nci dnwnpé nhgpnhtip iq qno~ehtnq ai~qiq2 † Q~i hnanqqedidn dn znpdlip n cen`nptip+qn di piewi n di ikipo~pi# zlpy~n dl alhtpépel dnqtp~epál q~i wedi g~t~pi( † L y~n å y~n nci dnwn girnp alk pnqznetl i qn~ kipedl< Qno~ep alk ncn l~ dnevé+cl< Zldnk tnp ialhtnaedl aleqiq nk q~i wedi# y~n alhtpe`~epik zipi y~n qn~ kipedl pnalppnqqn i l~tpi k~cfnp< Qn glp iqqek# alkl nci dnwn cedip alk nqqiq aleqiq<
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
75
Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq
Dnqal`pehdl i ai~qi
L zpl`cnki å icol y~n hál hnanqqetiklq nk hlqqi wedi( I ai~qilåy~n dnwnklq itiaip( Å i piër i y~ic dnwnklq tpitip( L keheqtpl zldn zndepil Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n fc n pnwncn qn i znqqli hnanqqeti dn2 9( 0( 1(
^ki pnzlqti zpéteai l~ dn ~ki k~dihïi<
4( >(
K~dip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq znpihtn l znaidl# l~ iq gnpediq l~ iq hnanqqedidnq zpéteaiq< Pnan`np ce`nptiïál<
Ippnznhdnp+qn dn znaidlq zpnqnhtnq l~ ziqqidlq< A~pi dn gnpediq zpnqnhtnq
l~ ziqqidiq &cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq%<
Zipi claicerip i hnanqqedidn dn ce`np tiïál# å `lk tnpnk knhtn lq zlqqëwneq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi2 † †
Znaidlq n gnpediq icåk dn anptl zlhtl &ciïlq ëkzelq di icki% Nhwlcweknhtl alk la~cteqkl# kicdeïþnq l~ dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq Zlhtlq dn nht pidi hi épni nqzepet~ic La~cteqkl , gicqiq pnceoeþnq Kicdeïþnq
DNKÔHELQ
Dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq
Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi hit~pieq 1
9
QEHQ
ZNAIDLQ
0
F^PTQ
GNPEDIQ
9 Znaidl icåk dn anptl zlhtl 0 Pniïþnq ehalppntiq 1 Itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
PNQZLQTIQ ZPÉTEAIQ
Pnq~kl dn ai~qiq n zlhtlq dn nhtpidi Nvnkzcl 1
^ki k~cfnp dlpnq hi alc~hi( I lpiïály~n zlp la~pi hál g~haelhl~( Alknïl~ zl~al tnkzl dnzleqtnk dn qn~ dewñpael( Q~qznetiklq dewñpael zldn tnp qedl l zpl`cnki( Zndeklq iolpi y~n gicn ql`pn qn~ dewñpael( Wnklq y~n qn nhalhtpi afnei dn ikipo~pi n gicti dn znpdál dn qn~ nv+kipedl( Q~qznetiklq y~n eqql zldn tnp qedl i ai~qi( Nci alhalpdi nk ep itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq zipi tpitip alk l znaidl n iq gnpediq# nqznaeicknhtn i ikipo~pi( Iqqek girnklq# n clol lpdnhiklq ê dlp hi alc~hi y~n dnqizipnïi( Qn i dlp qie# eqtl alhpki y~n i gicti dn znpdál n i ikipo~pi npik dn gitl iq ai~qiq y~n dnwnpeik qnp tpitidiq(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
?:
Zpl`cnkiq n ai~qiq
Nvzclpn iq lpeonhq
Ico~hq qehtlkiq# alkl l wirel n i qlcedál# zldnk wep dn ~ki znqqli y~n hál tnhfi Apeqtl nk q~i wedi( Cnk`pn y~n i kielp hnanqqedidn dn ~ki znqqli å pnan`np i wedi dn Dn~q# alhgnqqihdl n ippn+ znhdnhdl+qn dl znaidl# ianetihdl Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl Qicwidlp# n tnhdl+L alkl l Qnhflp dn q~i wedi( Nhtpntihtl# i kielpei dlq y~n wâk zipi qnpnk keheqtpidl# qál apeqtálq= n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl nqté tpi`icfihdl nk q~iq wediq# klqtpihdl+cfnq q~iq hnanqqedidnq( Kiq å `lk afnaip( Wlaâ zldn tik`åk znpo~htip2 –Alkl pnan`n~ i Apeqtl<‛( Fé `lhq tpitiknhtlq y~n ib~dik i cnwip ~ki znqqli i Apeqtl n å ekzlptihtn qi`np alkl girnp( Wnp Qnïál 42 –? ziqqlq zipi i wedi apeqtá‛( Nvnkzcl 4 ^ki k~cfnp nk ~ki pn~heál dn k~cfnpnq hlq alhwedl~ zipi ep ê q~i aiqi zipi lpip zlp qn~ zpl`cnki nqtlkiaic( Y~ihdl ëiklq nqtnhdnp hlqqiq kálq zipi zplacikip a~pi# Nceqi`ntf pnan`n~ l qnhtep dn y~n nqti k~cfnp fiwei nqtidl tldi q~i wedi hi eopnbi# kiq h~hai fiwei alhwedidl i Bnq~q zipi y~n nhtpiqqn nk qn~ alpiïál( Nvzceaiklq alkl girnp= n y~ihdl gnr#zldei qn~ zpl`cnki nqtlkiaic dnqizipnan~(
Hl nvnkzcl di aievi# wnklq y~n l qehtlki npi dlp= l zpl`cnki nhalhtpiwi+qn hl nqtôkiol= i ai~qi hál qnqi`ei= i pirál gle hál tnppnan`edl i Apeqtl= l pnkå+ del gle ib~dip+cfn i i`pep qn~ alpiïál i Apeqtl# ly~n cfn tpl~vn a~pi( I ziciwpi dn aeâhaei
Nhy~ihtlq nqtewnp girnhdl iq znpo~htiq hlpkieq zipi dntnatip i ai~qi# êq wnrnq l Nqzëpetl Qihtl klqtpipé i wlaâ l zpl`cnki dn kihnepi ql`pnhit~pic( Zldnklq pnan`np ~k znhqiknhtl# ~k qnhtep# ~ki kionk e l~ ~ki ziciwpi nk hlqqi knhtn# i y~ic# ikiwicknhtn# zldnklq q~onpep ê znqqli hl klknhtl alppntl( Qn i ekzpnqqál å dn Dn~q# qnpé alhpkidl# l y~n iancnpipé i keheqtpiïál( Bnq~q gle aizir dn dernp ê k~cfnp qikipetihi hl zlïl# y~n nci fiwei tedl aehal nqzlqlq n y~n nqtiwi iolpi wewnhdl alk l~tpl flknk( K~etlq qikipeti+ hlq dnqti aedidn apnpik h―Ncn# zlp ai~qi dl tnqtnk~hfl diy~nci k~cfnp2 –kn deqqn t~dl y~ihtl n~ tnhfl gnetl‛ &Blál 4205%(
Nqt~dl dn ~k aiql
Nhy~ihtl keheqtpéwiklq i ~ki k~cfnp y~n afnol ~ i hñq nk Lvglpd# ~kknk`pl dn hlqqi ny~ezn# y~n hál qi`ei hidi ql`pn ik~cfnp# pnan`n~ ziciwpi dn aeâhaei n cfndeqqn2 –L qn~ nqzlql å aflgnp dn ~k aikehfál<‛( Nci pnqzlhdn~2 –Hál# kiq kn~ zpeknepl nqzlql npi n h~hai l znpdlipne)‛ Ncn i fiwei nkz~ppidl znci nqaidi y~ihdl nqtiwi op éwedi( Eqtl klqtpl~ l zpl`cnki di piewi# di ikipo~pi n di gicti dn znpdál( I ai~qi l~ i hnanqqedidn npi y~n nci dnwei pnan`np a~pi nk q~iq gnpediq nklaelhieq n cedip alk qn~q znaidlq dn gicti dn znpdál n ikipo~pi# y~n npik q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
I kndedi y~n keheqtpéwiklq zipi tpitip alk i gicti dn znpdál n ikipo~pi# nqtiq nklïþnq kihegnqtipik+qn wewediknhtn nkqn~ plqtl( ^k dnkôhel dn ikipo~pi i`ihdlhl~+i zlp knel dn ~k glptn opetl# l y~ic nci hál alhqaenhterl~( Nhtál weklq y~n nqqnq dnkôhelq fiweik tik`åk nhtpidl alkl pnq~ctidl dn q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq# n fiweik iapnqanhtidl i gicti dn znpdál n ikipo~pi(
Bé nvz~cqidlq lq dnkôhelq# q~i gian k~dl~( Hl dei qno~ehtn# pnan`nklq ~k tncnglhnki dn ~ki dn q~iq ikeoiq# y~n hlq ehglpkl~ i degnpnhïi y~n nci zôdnnpw hi gian diy~nci k~cfnp( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
?9
1
Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel Alkl qi`nklq y~n ziqqlq dnwnk+qn tlkip zipi keheqtpip nk tic qet~iïál( Bnq~q iy~ncnq npi Knqtpn flpi itå dn izceaip pnkådel wnklq idny~idl( Cnklq nk C~aiq 424:# y~n a~piwi tldlq y~n hi wehfik Ncn# kiql tik`åk y~n diwi pnqzlqtiq q~pzpnnhdnhtnq y~n dnqweiwik i itnhïál dlq zpl`cnkiq ñ`welq( Hl òctekl aizët~cl# izpnhdnklq alkl dnevip dn cidl lq qehtlkiq n depeoepklq ê wnpdnepi ai~qi( Iolpi# izpnhdnpnklq alkl nqalcfnp i glpki l~ pnkådel dn keheqtpiïál kieq idny~idl zipi ncnq( Eqtl wie dnznhdnp# qn qál qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq= qet~iïþnq hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq= l~ nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq( Qet~iïál hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq
9(
L znaidl dn ico~åk
Zldn qnp l znaidl di znqqli y~n `~qai ib~di# l~ dn ico~åk kieq y~n i tnhfi gnpedl qeaiknhtn l~ nklaelhicknhtn( Hál alhdnhiklq iq znqqliq y~n hál pnan`nk a~pi# dernhdl+cfnq y~n dnwnk nqtip la~ctihdl ico~k znaidl( Dnwnklq ib~dip+cfnq zipi wnp lhdn å y~n hnanqqetik icehfip q~iq iïþnq n ncneïþnq alk i wlhtidn dn Dn~q( 0(
^ki gnpedi qnk a~pip
Qn wlaâ y~n`pip lq blncflq# hál zldn aikehfip itå y~n qn a~pn( Qn hál qn a~pi dnwediknhtn# zldn afnoip i aip itå knqkl dnaenhtn zncl pnqtl dn q~i wedi( L knqkl q~andn alk iq gnpediq nklaelhieq( Qn hál qn a~pik dn kihnepi izplzpeidi# i znqqli tnpé zpl`cnkiq nklaelhieq alhtëh~lq( L keheqtpl zldn alhd~rep i znqqli i Bnq~q n zndep+Cfn y~n Ncn a~pn nqtiq gnpediq nklaelhieq# qno~ehdl lq ziqqlq y~n alppnqzlhdnk i a~pi diq gnpediq( 1(
^ki hnanqqedidn zpéteai
Êq wnrnq ico~åk hnanqqeti ib~di zipi nhalhtpip ~k nkzpnol# l~ àhekl zipi iqqeqtep ~k a~pql dn tpnehiknhtl( ^ki znqqli qlctnepi n qlcetépei zldn hnanqqetip alhqncfl dn iklp# alkl tik`åk alhqncflq dn alkl tlphip+qn kieq itpitewl zipi l alkzihfnepl zltnhaeic &~qip dnqldlpihtn# alptip lq ai`nclq# nta(% Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq
Qn l znaidl n iq gnpediq rnpik y~n qn i`peqqnk bihnciq l~ zlh tlq dn nhtpidi zip i lq dnkô + helq# nhtál# wlaâ nqté ê gpnhtn dn ~k zpl`cnki hit~pic# alk ~ki deknhqál dnklhëiai ide+ aelhic( Qeoheai y~n dnwnpé cedip alk iq ai~qiq hit~pieq n tik`åk alk iq ai~qi dnklhëiaiq(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 1
?1
Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel
Qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq
Iq qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq i`pihonk aiqlq alkl l dn nhwlcweknhtl alk la~cteqkl# lhdn lq dnkôhelq qál depntiknhtn alhwlaidlq( Épni dn Znaidlq Nqzepet~ieq - QET^IÏÞNQ DNKLHËIAIQ
4( Ce`nptiïál
Dnkôhelq
Épni dn QET^IÏÞNQ HIT^PIEQ
Épni dn qet~iïþnq hit~pieq n dnklhëiaiq
pniïþnq ehalppntiq
ZNAIDLQ
9( Cedip alk l znaidl ' ngnetlq
1( Y~n`pip itid~piq
F^PTQ GNPEDIQ
0( A~pi diq gnpediq
L deiopiki klqtpi lq degnpnhtnq tezlq dn pnkådelq pnciaelhidlq alk iq degnpnhtnq épniq dn zpl`cnkiq l~ ai~qiq( Nveqtnk tpâq épniq l~ nqgnpiq lhdn nhalhtpiklq iq ai~qiq(
†
†
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I kntidn ehgnpelp dl deiopiki alppnqzlhdn i épni dn –Iq Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq‛( &`pihal%( Å i épni y~n alhtåk lq znaidlq n iq gnpediq alk iq y~n tpitiklq hi Qnïál 9( Eqtl ehac~e i q~znpzlqeïál nhtpn znaidlq n gnpediq# lhdn qn nhalhtpik iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq( Hl deiopiki zldnklq hltip# y~n lq aëpa~clq y~n pnzpnqnhtik lq znaidlq n iq gnpediq zldnk+qn ql`pnzlp alk lq dnkôhelq + alppnqzlhdn i épni dn –Iq ai~qiq Hit~pieq - iq dnklhëiaiq‛ &aehri acipl% + bé nvzceaidlq hi Qnïál 0# aizët~cl 4( Ico~hq dnkôhelq nhtpik hi piër dl znaidl l~ dn ai~qiq nqzepet~ieq + nqti å i épni –Dlq Znaidlq nqzepet~ieq - Ai~qiq dnklhëiaiq‛ &aehri nqa~pl% + y~n bé al`peklq hi Qnïál 0 aizët~cl >(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 1
?4
Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel
Pnq~kl dn qet~iïþnq n pnkådelq hnqtn cewpl QET^IÏÞNQHIT^PIEQ
PNKÅDEL Qnïál,Aizët~cl
Znaidlq di aiphn
9, 0(
1, 4(
Gnpediq n pniïþnq znpihtn iq gnpediq
9, 1#4 1, 4(
I`~ql qnv~ic cnwn
Alkl l ihtnpelp
Cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq
9, 1#4( 1, 4(
Zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl
9, 7(
1, 4(
Itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
9, >(
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Zpl`cnkiq gëqealq
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Hál qnp afnel dl Nqzëpetl
1, 7(
Zpl`cnkiq knhtieq
Pnweqip znaidlq n gnpediq= lpip hl iklp dn Dn~q= zlqqe`ecedidn dn ~k tpitiknhtl kådeal
1, 4(
QET^IÏÞNQ HIT^PIEQ - DNKLHËIAIQ Znaidlq n gnpediq icåk dn anptl zlhtl= iq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki# dlkehiïál# ekz~pnriq# nhgnpkedidnq alk ncnknhtlq dnklhëialq
Eo~ic alkl l ihtnpelp zipi ai~qiq hit~pieq - 0, 4( 1, ># ?#6(
QET^IÏÞNQ NQZEPET ^IEQ DNKLHËIAIQ La~cteqkl# ihanqtpieq# pnceoeþnq# nvznpeâhaeiq nqzepet~ieq# nhgnpkedidnq alk ncnknhtlq dnklhëialq
Alkl l ihtnpelp zipi iq ai~qiq hit~pieq 0,>( 1,7# ?#6(
I`~ql qnv~ic qnwnpl
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Ekzlptihtn
Nvzcey~n l pnkådel y~n zpntnhdn nidy~epi l alhqnhteknhtl diq l~tpiq znqqliq ihtnq dn zplandnp(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 1
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Nqalcfnhdl l pnkådel
Nvikehihdl lq Aizët~clq 4+6 Lq zpñveklq tpâq aizët~clq qál2 4( Ziqqlq zipi keheqtpip2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq >( Ziqqlq zipi keheqtpip2 Qet~iïþnq hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq 7( Ziqqlq zipi keheqtpip2 Qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq Lq aizët~clq ? n 6 alhtâk ehqtp~ïþnq zpéteaiq zipi pnicerip i keheqtpiïál ehdewed~ic# alkl tik`åk nk op~zl( Zlp y~n qno~ep lq ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál<
I @ë`cei nqti`ncnan acipiknhtn y~n cnwiklq i pnqzlhqi`ecedidn ql`pn lq ngnetlq dn hlqqiq dnaeqþnq n iïþnq( Tik`åk ec~qtpi dn dewnpqiq kihnepiq# i ekionk dl Zie Ancnqteic n iklplql y~n å Dn~q# a~bl dnqnbl å a~pip+hlq# cekzip+hlq n pnqti~pip+hlq( Kiq dnwnklq izpnqnhtipkl+hlq znpihtn Ncn alk gå n zndep+Cfn y~n ehtnpwnhfi( K~etlq deqqnpik y~n å dn opihdn ib~di tnp ~k o~ei dn lpiïál# qnhdl y~n tnklq dnqnhwlcwedl nqtiq lpiïþnq zipi ib~dip iq znqqliq n op~zlq i cedip alk iq qet~iïþnq y~n i`pihonklq hnqtn cewpl( Alkl ~qip nqtnq ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál
L Nqzëpetl Qihtl wie qlzpip wedi hnqtiq ziciwpiq# qn wâk pnicknhtn dl alpiïál( L keheqtpl dnwn nvzceaip i lpiïál# zipi wnp qn i znqqli nqté dn ialpdl# ihtnq dn zndep+cfn y~n lpn( Ncn dnwnpé y~n`pip iq lpiïþnq nk gpiqnq# lhdn qn pny~np pnqzlqtiq l~ pnznteïþnq= n i cnet~pi dnwn qnp cnhti# zipi y~n i znqqli zlqqi znhqip ql`pn l y~n nqté dernhdl( L y~n wnk zpeknepl2 l nqt~dl l~ i keheqtpiïál<
Pnalknhdiklq nqt~dip tldl l cewpl ihtnq dn izceaip lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál( Hl nhtihtl# nhy~ihtl nqtewnp nhqehihdl nk op~zlq# tnpé y~n ehnwetiwncknhtn girnp keheqtpiïál# ihtnq dn i`pihonp tldl l kitnpeic( ^ki wnr y~n iq znqqliq nvznpeknhtnk i keheqtpiïál# nqtipál kieq deqzlqtlq n izpnhdnpál kieq pézedl( † †
†
Lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál alhtedlq hi Qnïál 9# qál izplzpeidlq zipi y~n aidi znqqli lq nkzpno~n i kndedi y~n qn wé tpi`icfihdl( Iy~e hi Qnïál 1# izpnqnhtiklq lq knqklq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál n l~tplq kieq# nk ~k glpkitl idny~idl# zipi keheqtplq y~n tpi`icfik alk ehdewëd~lq l~ alk op~zlq( Lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál hlq aizët~clq > n 7 dnwnpál nkzpnoip+qn dnzleq dn y~n tnhfi qn nqt~didl tldi i Qnïál 0 n lq aizët~clq ? n 6(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 1
?7
4 Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2
Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq Lq Znaidlq di Aiphn n iq gn pediq L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ziqql 02 Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl ê ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Ziqql 12 Zndep n ianetip znpdál( Ziqql 42 Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépel( Ziqql >2 Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
I zpeknepi aievi dnhtpl dlq –Ziqqlq dn A~pi Ehtnpelp n dn Ce`nptiïál(‛
9(Alhgqqál
L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek2´Qnhflp Bnq~q# Tn iopidnïl zlp klppnp hi ap~r zlp kek zipi qnp kn~ Qicwidlp( Iolpi y~npl alhgnqqip+Tn y~icy~np znaidl y~n nqtnbi ehtnpzlqtl nhtpn hñq(―‛
L keheqtpl der –Tlknklq ico~hq keh~tlq zipi alhgnqqip znpihtn Dn~q# y~icy~np znaidl y~n hál alhgnqqiklq( Qn hnanqqetip alhgnqqip i kieq ico~åk# giïi iolpi l~ dnzleq( Tik`åk zldn nqapnwnp l znaidl nk ~k ziznc y~n clol cnwipnklq ê ap~r‛( ZI^QI ZIPI NQAPNWNP( 0i( Ippnznhte knhtl Qnhflp L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp# pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek2 ´ Bnq~q# znpdli+kn znclq znai+ dlq alkntedlq( Y~npl pntpitip+kn dncnq n dnevip+clq( Ib~di+kn zlp giwlp( Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q―‛(
0`( Znpdlip i l~tplq
‛L keheqtpl pncnk`pi i znqqli# i ekzlptàhaei dn znpdlip ilq l~tplq( Zlp nvnkzcl2 Ilq zieq# aôhb~onq# apeihïiq# zplgnqqlpnq# werehflq# l~tplq apeqtálq# zlcëtealq# i qe knqkl# nta( L keheqtpl der2 –Nqzepetl Qihtl L alhwediklq zipi y~n# zlp giwlp# hlq klqtpn i y~nk dnwnklq znpdlip( Znpkihnïiklq nk qecâhael zlp > keh~tlq( Y~icy~np ekionk l~ hlkn dn znqqli y~n q~pbi# qeo+ heai y~n dnwnklq znpdlé+ci‛( Dihdl l znpdál
L keheqtpl der2 –Iznptn ~k cézeq nk q~iq kálq# pnzpnqnhtihdl i znqqli y~n wlaâ hnanqqeti znp+ dlip((( ZI^QI((( I tnhdâhaei hit~pic å y~npnp wehoihïi n gnpep i znqqli# zncl y~n iznptiklq l cézeq glptnknhtn( Kiq Dn~q y~np y~ni`piklq iq kálq n i dnevnklq cewpn( Y~ihdl nqtewnp zplhtl# zldn pnzntep i lpiïál dnzleq dn kek# znpdlihdl i znqqli= clol i`pi q~i kál ndnevn l cézeq alkl qehic dn y~n wlaâ ce`nptl~‛( ZI^QI
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
??
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál= Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq
L keheqtpl der2 –Iolpi hlq ~hepnklq nk ~ki lpiïál# zipi znpdlip
êy~ncnq y~nk Dn~q hlq klqtpl~ flbn( Qn wlaâ nqté zplhtl# pnzeti dnzleq dn kek2 ‖Dn~q Zie# T~ nqtéq deqzlqtl i znpdlip+kn itpiwåq dn Apeqtl Bnq~q# knqkl y~n hál knpnïi qnp znpdlidl= di knqki kihnepi# znpdll êy~nciq znqqliq y~n znaipik alhtpi kek( Iolpi i`pl kehfiq kálq n iq ce`npl( Zlp giwlp# iq i`nhïln flbn( Zlp gi+ wlp# dé+cfnq t~dl l y~n hnanqqetnk# nqznaeicknhtn alhfnanp i Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl Qicwidlp n Qnhflp―‛(
Keheqtpl Wlaâ zldn tnp ~ki aievi zipi alclaip lq zizåeq dnqdn l ziqql 9( Dnzleq# zldnk+qn piqoip l~ y~nekip lq zizåeq# n dnacipip l znpdál dn ialpdl alk i zplknqqi dn 9 Blál 925(
0a( Cnwip l znaidl ê Ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek2 ´Qnhflp Bnq~q# tpiol kn~q zn+ aidlq n lq zlhfl hi aievi claiceridi ilq zåq di ap~r( L`peoidl zlp tlkip l aiqteol dn kn~q znaidlq― ‛(
Ictnphitewiknhtn# wlaâ zldnpé ~qip l nvnpaëael qek`ñceal dl cewpl hiq kálq# knhqelhidl hi Qnïál 9# aizët~cl 0(
1( Zndep n ianetip znpdál
L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek2 ´Tn znïl# zlp giwlp# y~n kn znp+ dlnq# iznqip dn hál knpnanp Tn~ znpdál( L`peoidl Qnhflp Bnq~q zlp Tn~ qiapegëael hi ap~r dl aicwépel( L`peoidl zlp znpdlip+kn( Ianetl T~i zplknqqi dn 9 Blál 925# y~n qn algnqqiklq hlqqlq znaidlq# åq nc n b~qtl zipi znpdlip+hlq―‛( 4( Pnqtet~eïál
L keheqtpl nvzceai ql`pn i pnqtet~eïál( Clol der2 –Pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek 2 ‖Zlp gi+ wlp# klqtpi+kn l y~n zlqql girnp zipi alhqnptip iq aleqiq alk y~icy~np znqqliq y~n n~ tnhfi gnpedl zlp knel dl znaidl― ‛(
>( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep
L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp# pnzetik nqti lpiïál dnzleq dn kek2 ´Qnhflp Bnq~q# y~npl y~n qnbiq l Qnhflp dn aidi ziptn dn kehfi wedi + knhtn# nklïþnq# wlhtidn# alpzl# tnkzl# zlqqnq# pnci+ aelhiknhtl# kn~ tpi`icfl l~ gicti dnqtn# kn~ g~t~pl n kn~ ziqqidl= t~dl l y~n ql~( Zlp giwlp# nhafi+kn alk Tn~ Nqzëpetl Qihtl n ib~di+kn i q~znpip i tnhtiïál alk T~i glpïi‛(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
?6
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál= Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq
Gnpediq L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK IQ GNPEDIQ N IQ PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZNPIHTN TIEQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Ziqql 02 Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Ziqql 12 Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Ziqql 42 Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Ziqql >2 Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
L ihtnpelp å i qno~hdi aievi# hlq –Ziqqlq dn A~pi Ehtnpelp n Ce`nptiïál(‛
9( Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi
L keheqtpl der2 –Pnzetik dnzleq dn kek2 ´Idketl y~n nqtl~ gnpedl zncl y~n &hlkn% kn ‛( gnr― 0( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r
L keheqtpl zldnp cnp nk wlr icti# Eqiëiq >12> n 7929# 0#1# n clol dernp2 –Nqtnq wnpqlq klqtpik y~n Bnq~q y~np a~pip hlqqiq gnpediq( Ekioehn+qn aippnoihdl ~ki klafeci hiq alqtiq( Nqté znqi+ di zlp tldi dlp n gnpedi y~n nqti aippnoihdl dnhtpl dnci( Ekioehi iolpi# ~ki aievi hlq zåq di ap~r( Wlaâ zldn zôp tldiq q~iq gnpediq n dlpnq dnhtpl dnqti aievi( Zldn tepip i klafeci n alclaé+ ci dnhtpl di aievi n dnevip+ci icë‛( QECÂHAEL L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp# wnk alk Tn~ Nqzëpetl Qihtl n a~pi iq gnpediq n dlpnq( Qn wlaâ zldn qnhtep i dlp nk qn~ alpiïál# zþn q~i kál icë n znïi i Dn~q y~n it~n ql`pn i dlp‛(
&L~ ~qn i ec~qtpiïál dl –cewpl hiq kálq‛# hi zéoehi il cidl# kiq dnqti wnr# l cewpl pnzpnqnhti iq gnpediq y~n cnwiklq%( QECÂHAEL 1( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n cfn gnpepik
L keheqtpl der2 –Zno~n ~k cézeq n iznptn alk q~iq kálq# zipi pnzpnqnhtip i znqqli l~ iq znqqliq y~n hnanqqeti znpdlip((( ZI^QI((( I tnhdâhaei hit~pic å y~npnp wehoihïi n tik`åk gnpep i znqqli= nhtál iznptiklq glptnknhtn l cézeq( Kiq Dn~ q y~np y~n i`piklq iq kálq n i dnevn klq cewpn( Y~ih+ dl wlaâ nqtewnp zplhtl# zldn pnzntep ~ki lpiïál dnzleq dn kek# znpdlihdl i znqqli= n clol i`pi q~iq kálq n dnevn l cézeq alkl qehic dn y~n i dnevl~ cewpn‛(
L keheqtpl der2 –Pnzetik dnzleq dn kek2 ´Dn~q Zie# T~ nqtiq deqzlqtl i znpdlip+kn itpiwåq dn Apeqtl Bnq~q# knqkl y~n hál knpnïi qnp znpdlidl( Di knqki kihnepi# znpdll iy~nciq znq+ qliq y~n znaipik alhtpi kek( N~ iolpi i`pl kehfiq kálq n iq ce`npl( Zlp giwlp# i`nhïln+iq flbn# y~n zlqqik afnoip i alhfnanp Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl Qicwidlp n Qnhflp( Qn kn gnpnk `i+ qnihdl+qn nk q~i gnpedi# zlp giwlp tpir a~pi zipi q~iq wediq― ‛(
4 n >( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq
Wlaâ zldn ~qip iq ec~qtpiïþnq diq kálq# di zéoehi dl l~tpl cidl# alk l cewpl pnzpnqnhtihdl# dnqti wnr# iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
?5
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál= Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq
L keheqtpl der2 –Deoik dnzleq dn kek2 ´Tpiol i Te kehfiq pniïþnq ehalppntiq znpihtn i gnpedi &hlkn diq pniïþnq ehalppntiq%( L`peoidl Qnhflp Bnq~q# zlp Tn~ qiapegëael hi ap~r dl Aicwépel( Tn znïl y~n kn znpdlnq( Ianetl T~i zplknqqi dn 9 Blál 925# y~n qn alhgnqqipklq hlqqlq znai+ dlq# T~ åq nc n b~qtl zipi zndlip hlqqlq znaidlq( L`peoidl zlp znpdlip+kn―‛(
Zlqqëwneq ziqqlq nvtpiq
Qn lq ziqqlq zpnweqtlq hál glpik q~aenhtn zipi cedip alk lq ngnetlq dlq znaidlq n diq gnpediq# zldn qnp y~n hnanqqetnklq pnzntë+clq# l~ tlkip ziqqlq kielpnq( Ziqql 72 L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Ziqql ?2 Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Ziqql 62 Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Ziqql 52 Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( Zplopnqqewiknhtn Ziqql 9:2 K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
Iaeki å i tnpanepi aievi dlq –Ziqqlq dn A~pi ehtnpelp n dn Ce`nptiïál(‛
7( A~pi diq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq
i( `( a( d(
n(
g(
o(
f( e(
I znqqli dnwnpé nqtip qnhtidi alhglptéwncknhtn( Zipi y~n qnbi qlknhtn l Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~nk tpioi dn wlcti iq pnalpdiïþnq( Zple`i i nhtpidi dn y~icy~np dnkôhel hi knhtn di znqqli( Gicn aickiknhtn n qnk zpnqqi( Znïi y~n i znqqli pnzeti i qno~ehtn gpiqn2 –Zlp giwlp Nqzëpetl Qihtl# cnwi+kn il klknhtl y~n pny~nepi a~pi‛( Dnzleq dn ~k tnkzl# znpo~htn i znqqli# nk tlk q~iwn2 –L y~n wlaâ wâ<‛ &Qn i znqqli qlknhtn wâ nqa~pedál# alhq~ctn i hlti i`ievl ql`pn l`qtéa~clq%( –Lhdn wlaâ nqté<‛ Nvnkzcl2 Nk ~k y~iptl y~ihdl ncn npi apeihïi( –L y~n nqté q~andnhdl<‛ Znïi+cfn y~n kihtnhfi lq lcflq gnafidlq n y~n pnqzlhdi nk tnkzl zpnqnhtn# hál hl ziqqidl( Znpo~htn2 –L y~n wlaâ qnhtn<‛ Nhalpion+l i nvzpnqqip qn~q qnhteknhtlq l~ znhqiknhtlq hnoitewlq ql`pn l ehaednhtn pniciaelhidl alk l~tplq# l~ alk ncn knqkl( Nvnkzcl2 –Hál wicfl hidi)‛ Zldn qnp y~n aflpn l~ kihegnqtn ~ki piewi y~n nqtiwi q~`knpoedi( Y~ihdl lq qnhteknhtlq tnhfik qedl ce`nptidlq# o~en i znqqli i dernp2 –Zlp giwlp Qnhflp Bnq~q# klqtpi+Tn hnqti ekionk‛( Dnevn tnkzl q~aenhtn zipi y~n lNqzëpetl Qihtl tpi`icfn( Clol znpo~htn2 –L y~n wlaâ wâ<‛ Y~ihdl i znqqli alhqno~ep wnp l Nqzëpetl Qihtl# znpo~hti+cfn q~iwnknhtn2 –L y~n Bnq~q Apeqtl nqté girnhdl<‛ l~ –Dernhdl<‛( Zlp nvnkzcl# Ncn zldn nqtip zpltnonhdl i znqqli l~ tlkihdl+i nk Qn~ql `piïlq( Nhtpntihtl# hál ehtnppi alk q~iq zpñzpeiq q~onqtþnq l~ q~i ekioehiïál# ql`pn y~n Dn~q nqtipëi girnhdl hi qet~iïál ( Znpo~htn2 –L y~n wlaâ nqté qnhtehdl<‛ I pnqzlqti zldn qnp# zlp nvnkzcl2 –Kn qehtl k~etl `nk‛ l~ –tnhfl zir‛( Znpo~htn2 –Wlaâ zldn iolpi znpdlip i&q% znqqli&q%<‛ Qn glp iqqek# giïi alk y~n i znqqli dnacipn znpdál( Qn i znqqli y~n hnanqqeti qnp znpdlidi nqté klpti# nhtál i znqqli zldn dernp i Bnq~q# y~n nci nqté znpdlihdl i l~tpi znqqli( Qn hál zldn znpdlip# nhtál zldn qnp y~n i gnpedi hál nqtnbi a~pidi n y~n hnanqqetn kieq tnkzl# l~ fé ~k dnkôhel dn gicti dn
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
6:
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál= Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq
znpdál y~n dnwn qnp nvz~cql zpeknepiknhtn( Eqtl nvzceai+qn hlq aizët~clq ql`pn dnkôhelq# diq Qnïþnq 0 n 1( b( Znpo~htn2 –Wlaâ zldn iolpi znhqip hnqtn ehaednhtn qnk kndl# gnpediq# piewi# dlp l~ znhqiknhtlq hnoitewlq ql`pn qe knqkl<‛ Qn hál glp iqqek# pnzeti dnqdn l ziqql A( m( Qn iq gnpediq glpik k~etl zplg~hdiq# i znqqli zldn hnanqqetip ce`nptiïál dn y~icy~np dnkôhel y~n fibi nhtpidl itpiwåq diq gnpediq= zlp nvnkzcl2 pnbneïál# ikipo~pi# nta( Wnp Qnïál 0 n l zpñvekl aizët~cl >( c( Znïi il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n cnwn i znqqli dn wlcti itå i l~tpi cnk`pihïi y~n hnanqqetn qnp a~pidi# pnzeti l zplanqql( k( Alhac~qál# o~en i znqqli i zndep i Dn~q zipi qnp afnel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# nhy~ihtl nhtpnoi q~i wedi hlwiknhtn i Ncn &Plkihlq 902 9# 0%( I znqqli zldn dernp 2 –Qnhflp Bnq~q# y~npl y~n qnbiq l Qnhflp dn aidi ziptn dn kehfi wedi+ knhtn# nklïþnq# wlhtidn# alpzl# tnkzl# zlqqnq# pnciaelhiknhtlq# kn~ tpi`icfl l~ gicti dnqtn# kn~ g~t~pl n kn~ ziqqidl= dn t~dl l y~n ql~( Zlp giwlp# nhafn+kn alk Tn~ Nqzëpetl Qihtl‛
h(
l(
Wlaâ zldn ~hoep i znqqli alk irnetn n zôp q~iwnknhtn q~iq kálq hi ai`nïi dnci( Nk ico~kiq laiqeþnq# ~ki znqqli zldn nvznpeknhtip ~ki a~pi kielp# l~ eo~ic y~n ~ki ce`nptiïál dn dlp# i kndedi nk y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl tlai nqti znqqli= l~ afnoi i tnp k~etl olrl# zir= l~ zldn tnp ~ki pniïál dn ico~k dnkôhel znpihtn l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Qn i znqqli aiep hl afál# iblncfn+qn b~htl dnci n znpo~htn+cfn l y~n å y~n nci nqté nvznpeknhtihdl( Qn fé icol znqidl l~ klweknhtl hi épni dl nqtôkiol# zldn qnp ~k dnkôhel kihegnqtihdl+qn# n dnwnpé qnp nvz~cql( Wnp Qnïál 0 n 1 ql`pn ce`nptiïál( Qn nqté
nvznpeknhtihdl zir l~ olrl# dnevn+i icë# zipi y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl giïi l tpi`icfl( Hltiq i pnqznetl diq l`qtp~ïþnq Qn i znqqli qlknhtn wâ nqa~pedál zlp k~etl tnkzl# dnwn qnp y~n `~qai weq~icerip lq ialhtnae+ knhtlq( Kiq tik`åk# zldn nqtip ehdeaihdl y~n ~k dnkôhel nqtnbi `cly~nihdl l zplanqql dn a~pi( Zldn qnp y~n wlaâ dnwi girnp ce`nptiïál ihtnq dn alhteh~ip alk lq ziqqlq dn a~pi diq cnk+ `pihïiq dlclplqiq( Wnp aizët~clq > n ?# ql`pn keheqtpip ce`nptiïál# hnqti qnïál( Dn glpki qekecip# y~ihdl qn nqté girnhdl ce`nptiïál# iq gnpediq hál a~pidiq zldnk giaecetip ~k zlhtl dn izlel y~n ekzndn dn nvz~cqip ~k dnkôhel( Y~nk qi`n# dnwi zipip n zplandnp zipi i a~pi di gnpedi# ihtnq dn qno~ep alk lq ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál( ?( Y~n`pip iq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
L keheqtpl der2 –Wlaâ zldn ekioehip y~n i l~tpi znqqli n wlaâ qn nhalhtpik itidlq alk alp+ diq<‛ Qn glp qek# nhtál deoi2‖Qnhflp Bnq~q# znïl znpdál zlp fiwnp glpkidl nqtiq itid~piq ëk+ zeiq di icki zlp knel dl znaidl &l~ fiwnp znpketedl y~n nqti znqqli kn dlkehiqqn n i`~qiq+ qn dn kek% N~ znpdll n ce`npl i &hlkn%( Zlp giwlp# wnk alk T~i nqzidi l~ T~i tnql~pi opihdn n alptn nqtiq alpdiq y~n kn itik alk &hlkn%( Y~npl qnp cewpn zipi zldnp qnp n~ n qnp i znqqli y~n T~ y~npnq y~n n~ qnbi―‛(
L keheqtpl der2 –Tik`åk Tn znïl Qnhflp Bnq~q# y~n wnhfiq n alptnq iy~nciq alpdiq y~n nqtál itihdl i &hlkn% n &hlkn%‛(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
69
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál= Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq qnk Dnkôhelq
L keheqtpl znpo~hti2 –Lhdn nqtál iq alpdiq iolpi<‛ Qn hál nqtál hl afál# dâ kieq tnkzl( Pnzeti eqtl alk aidi znqqli alk y~nk fibi qedl glpkidiq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( 6( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál
I ce`nptiïál hál dnwn qnp hnanqqépei zipi qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq( Lhdn iq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki# lq znaidlq l~ gnpediq fibik qedl zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq# qn dnwn ~tecerip lq ziqqlq iqqehicidlq kieq ideihtn# hl aizët~cl >( 5( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai
Y~ihdl i nhgnpkedidn hál qn a~pl~# dnwedl i l`qtp~ïþnq ai~qidiq znclq ngnetlq dl znaidl l~ gnpediq= zlp nvnkzcl# i gicti dn znpdál= ~ki wnr y~n tnhfik qedl tpitidiq tieq l`qtp~ïþnq# zldnklq keheqtpip l zldnp dn Dn~q zipi a~pip( Alkl nk Teiol >2 94+97# eqtl zldn girnp+qn zlp knel dn ~hoep alk irnetn( Tik`åk zldnklq alclaip iq kálq ql`pn i znqqli nhgnpki# zipi znpketep y~n l zldnp dn Dn~q it~n ql`pn nci &C~aiq 424:= Kipalq 97296%( Wnp Qnïál 4 –Keheqtpihdl A~pi Gëqeai‛
9:( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n iq itet~dnq
L keheqtpl dnwnpé nvzceaip l qno~ehtn2 –Dnwnklq k~dip hlqqi kihnepi dn znhqip# znci kihnepi dn znhqip dn Dn~q# y~n q~anqqewiknhtn tpihqglpkipé hlqql alkzlptiknhtl &Plkihlq 9020%( Geceznhqnq 426 der2 ‖t~dl y~n å ikéwnc ((( znhqn hnqtiq aleqiq― ( Dnwnklq tepip di knhtn l aiziantn ihteol y~n hlq der2 ‖heho~åk kn iki― n q~`tet~ë+cl zncl aiziantn hlwl y~n der2 ‖Bnq~q Apeqtl kn iki= n dn wnpdidn fé znqqliq y~n kn ikik l~ y~npnk ikip+kn tik`åk―‛( Zldn qnp y~n dnwiklq tlphip+hlq knhlq w~chnpéwneq êq gnpediq l~ lgnhqiq zpld~rediq zncl y~n iq znqqliq hlq dernk l~ girnk( Hnanqqetiklq tlphip+hlq kieq –pnqeqtnhtnq‛# n qnp knhlq lpo~cflqlq n kieq alhqaenhtnq dn hlqqiq gicfiq( Y~nk qi`n dnwiklq y~n`pip# zlp nvnkzcl# l zidpál dn nqtek~cip i pnbneïál( Zldnklq cnp hlq wnpqëa~clq di @ë`cei alkl nk Qicklq 9:1 n Blál 1297# y~n nhgiteri l iklp dn Dn~q zlp hñq n y~n hál hlq pnbneti( Fn`pn~q 9127 der2 –Hál tnknpne( L y~n kn zldn girnp ~k qekzcnq flknk klptic<‛ Ngåqelq 924# dnqtiai l itl dn y~n g~e ncnetl zlp Dn~q zipi nqtip dnhtpl dn q~i gikëcei# dnqdn y~n Ncn apel~ l k~hdl= zlptihtl# ql~ wicelql zipi Ncn( Hál hnanqqetl pnbnetip+kn l~ ldeip+kn# qlknhtn ldeip n pnbnetip kn~ znaidl n pnan`np i cekznri itpiwåq dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl Bnq~q( Nk Plkihlq 9021# cnklq y~n dnwnklq tnp ~ki nqteki alppnti ql`pn hñq knqklq# eo~ic alkl Dn~q hlq wâ( ^ki lpiïál2 –Dn~q Zie# znpdli+kn zlp tnp ~k kic alhanetl dn kek knqkl( Ib~di+kn ianetip Tn~ iklp( L`peoidi# zlpy~n y~ihdl pnan`ë i Bnq~q Apeqtl alkl kn~ Qicwidlp n Qnhflp# tlphne+ kn ziptn dn T~i gikëcei( Ib~di+kn i znhqip n gicip dn glpki zlqetewi( Ikåk‛(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
60
>
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk Dnkôhelq Znaidlq# gnpediq# itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki # dlkehiïál# ekz~pnriq n nhgnpkedidnq( Hl aizët~cl ihtnpelp# cediklq alk iq qet~iïþnq y~n wâk dl znaidl n iq gnpediq# y~n hál qál igntidiq zlp dnkôhelq( Iolpi wiklq cedip alk iq ai~qiq# nk qet~iïþnq lhdn fl~wnpik bihnciq i`nptiq y~n znpketepik i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq( Izpnhdnklq hi Qnïál 0 ql`pn lq dnkôhelq2 l y~n qál# l y~n girnk# dn y~n kihnepi zldnk nh+ tpip nk hlqqiq wediq n alkl zldnklq hlq zpnzipip zipi nvz~cqi+clq( Iolpi wiklq itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq zipi nvz~cqé+clq( IDWNPTÂHAEI( Di knqki kihnepi nk y~n dnwnklq nqt~dip iq ehqtp~ïþnq dl gi`peaihtn# ihtnq dn ~tecerip ~ki hlwi gnppiknhti zldnplqi# å ekzlptihtn nqt~dip nqtnq aizët~clq dn > i 6# ihtnq dn izceaé+clq zipi keheqtpip( Ziqqlq zpncekehipnq
L keheqtpl der2 –Tn iopidnanklq Dn~q# zlpy~n Bnq~q Apeqtl alhy~eqtl~ i Qitihéq zlp ehtnpkådel di ap~r n y~n bé wnhan~ l zldnp diq tpnwiq n i tldl dnkôhel( L`peoidi zlpy~n Apeqtl nqté olwnphihdl hl Aå~( Alhwediklq il NqzëpetlQihtl zipi y~nhlq nhafi# hlq alhandi zldnp nhlq o~en‛( L keheqtpl der2 –Al`pekl+hlq n al`peklq tik`åk i hlqqlq nhtnq y~npedlq n i tldlq hnqtn c~oip alk l qiho~n dn Apeqtl Bnq~q‛( L keheqtpl der2 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# itiklq l dnkôhel dn2 Bnri`nc# dn klptn n Fidnq= n il Ih+ teapeqtl n qn~q dnkôhelq y~n cednpik ql`pn i épni# i aedidn &l~ zlwl% n ql`pn nqtn ndegëael( Cfnq lpdnhiklq y~n dnevnk nqtiq znqqliq cewpnq‛( Ziqqlq zipi i ce`nptiïál dn2 9i( Dnkôhel dn gicti dn znpdál
Qn i znqqli tldiwei hál zldn znpdlip# dnzleq dn fiwnp qno~edl itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq dn a~pi diq gnpediq hit~pieq hlq aizët~clq ihtnpelpnq# nhtál zldnklq alhteh~ip alk lq zpñveklq y~itpl ziq+ qlq# zipi qnp ce`npidi dn gicti dn znpdál# i y~ic zldn qnp hit~pic# kiq icipoidi zlp ~k dnkôhel( Å ekzlptihtn cedip ihtnq# alk i gicti dn znpdál# aiql alhtpépel# aipé degëaec nvz~cqip i l~tplq dnkôhelq(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl >
61
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk Dnkôhelq
Izceaiklq i i~tlpedidn# i y~ic Apeqtl Bnq~q hlq alhgnpe~ alkl qn~q deqaëz~clq= nkzpnoiklq Qn~ hlkn n l zldnp dn Qn~ qiho~n( I znqqli der aidi ziqql ihtnq dl keheqtpl2 Ziqql 9( –Alhgnqql tnp nqti gicti dn znpdál( N~ y~npl qnp cewpn deqtl‛( Ziqql 0( –Q~`kntl i gicti dn znpdál i`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( Ziqql1i( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# n~ lpdnhl y~n qn wé iolpi‛( Ziqql 1`( Qlknhtn l keheqtpl der2 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# n~ kn ~hl alk &hlkn% n lpdnhl i tldi gicti dn znpdál y~n qiei n qn depebi i lhdn Bnq~q Apeqtl y~nepi y~n wé‛( Ziqql 4i( I znqqli alhteh~i dernhdl alk alhweaïál2 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛(
Ziqql 4`( L keheqtpl lpdnhi il dnkôhel y~n qn wé# nhy~ihtl lcfi hlq lcflq di znqqli( Å ekzlptihtn pnzntep zlp ~k klknhtl2 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Iqqek diklq tnkzl il dnkôhel zipi y~n qiei di q~znpgëaen((
Cnk`pntn ql`pn alkl piqtpnip iq kihegnqtiïþnq Di Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7
Qn l dnkôhel alknïi i kihegnqtip+qn il ziqqip znclq 4 ziqqlq ihtnpelpnq# i znqqli dnwn alclaip q~i kál lhdn qehti i kihegnqtiïál( Clol# zldn klwnp i kál zlp lhdn i kihegnqtiïál glp qn klwnhdl( Onpicknhtn# qn fé zpnqqál hi épni dl nqtôkiol# qn klweknhtipé cnhtiknhtn itå afnoip i oipoihti( Å `lk# hnqtn zlhtl# bé hàl gicip dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl n alknïip i tlqqep( L dnkôhel zldn girnp y~n alhteh~n tlqqehdl( Qn hál glp iqqek# l~ ~ki wnr y~n i kihegnqtiïál zipl~# i znqqli dnwnpé alhteh~ip pnzntehdl# –l qiho~n dn Apeqtl kn ce`npti‛# itå y~n bé hál fibi kieq pniïþnq( Zldnk lalppnp degnpnhtnq kihegnqtiïþnq( Å k~etl ekzlptihtn iqqno~pip+qn dn y~n l dnkôhel qn gle# izceaihdl zpnqqál nqzepet~ic dnzleq dn y~n iafiklq y~n qn gle( Zldn+qn pnicerip lq knqklq y~itpl ziqqlq zipi l zpñvekl dnkôhel y~n qn y~nepi nvz~cqip( 9`( Dnkôhelq dn l~tplq znaidlq
Qn y~icy~np znaidl afnoi i qnp tldiwei ~k zpl`cnki# dnzleq dn fiwnp gnetl lq ziqqlq dl aizët~cl 4 zipi tpitip alk l znaidl# nhtál alhteh~n alk lq y~itpl ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál# eo~ic alkl nk gicti dn znpdál# afikihdl il znaidl zlp qn~ hlkn( Bé ~ki wnr cewpn dn ~k# pnzeti l zplanqql zipi y~icy~np l~tpl znaidl( 0( Dnkôhelq zpld~tl diq gnpediq n dn hlqqiq pniïþnq hnoitewiq= alkl i pnbneïál# pnqqnhteknhtl# ikipo~pi# ñdel# piewi# welcâhaei
^qn lq y~itpl ziqqlq hlknihdl iq qnïþnq l~ iq pniïþnq( Hlti ql`pn i pnbneïál( Alk i pnbneïál nveqtnk wipelq tezlq dn dnkôhelq y~n dnwnk qnp tpitidlq2 9% Pnbneïál dn l~tplq 0% kndl di pnbneïál 1% pnbneïál alk l~tplq 4% i~tlpnbneïál >% dlp dn pnbneïál( Onpicknhtn# fé k~etlq dnkôhelq dn pnbneïál y~n zplwâk dn l~tpiq znqqliq= aidi ~k Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl >
64
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq y~n nhwlcwnk Dnkôhelq
ehopnqqi zlp knel dn ~k nwnhtl l~ ~ki znqqli nk ziptea~cip( L tpi~ki dn ~k iaednhtn zldn znpketep i nhtpidi dn dnkôhelq( Nvnkzcl2 L kndl# i dlp# i nh+ gnpkedidn= l y~n dnwnk qnp tpitidlq( 1( Dnkôhelq dn pnciïþnq qnv~ieq glpi dl zplzñqetl dn Dn~q
Iq wëtekiq zpld~tl dn i`~qlq qnv~ieq dnwnpál zplandnp alhglpkn l aizët~cl 5 di Qnïál 1( i( Alptihdl iq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
I znqqli pnzntn dnzleq dl keheqtpl2 –Znpdli+kn Qnhflp# zlp fiwnp ~qidl l zpnqnhtn dl qnvl dn kihnepi ehalppnti‛( L keheqtpl der2 –Znhqn nk ~ki znqqli alk y~nk fibi tedl qnvl glpi dl aiqiknhtl n pnzeti dn+ zleq dn kek2 ´Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# kn ce`nptl dn &hlkn% n y~n`pl i itid~pi y~n fé alk ncn&i%= n tik`åk# tldi alhnvál gëqeai# di icki l~ nqzepet~ic― ‛( L keheqtpl ialkzihfi i znqqli il y~n`pip iq itid~piq di icki( Cnwi k~etl tnkzl ce`nptip tieq itid~piq n zldn tpirnp ~ki qnhqiïál gëqeai dn ce`npdidn( `( Nvz~cqihdl lq dnkôhelq y~n oihfipik tnppnhl zlp knel dn itid~piq dn ekzendidn
L keheqtpl der2 –Pnzeti dnzleq dn kek2 ´Zlhfl i`ievl dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl Bnq~q# aidi dnkô+ hel y~n nhtpl~ nk kek dn &hlkn%= n nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# lpdnhl y~n qieik iolpi‛ ( L keheqtpl qn ~hn i znqqli# lpdnhihdl i tldlq lq dnkôhelq y~n qn pntepnk( I znqqli pnzntn2 –L qiho~n dn Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Nqtnq ziqqlq dnwnpál qnp pnzntedlq alk aidi znqqli# alk iq y~ieq qn tnwn pnciïþnq qnv~ieq ehdnwediq( a( Nvz~cqihdl lq dnkôhelq dn glpheaiïál n id~ctåpel
Qn dnwn ep itpiwåq dlq y~itpl ziqqlq# afikihdl il dnkôhel dn glpheaiïál l~ id~ctåpel zlp qn~ hlkn( Qn ~ki znqqli tnwn qnvl alk k~etiq l~tpiq# alkl zldn q~andnp# l`weiknhtn# tlkipé ~k tnkzl alhqednpéwnc zipi lpip ql`pn aidi pnciïál( 4( Dnkôhelq dn dlkehiïál n alhtplcn Itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki glpkidiq zlp knel di dlkehiïál
Tieq alkl2 Lq zieq ql`pn lq cflq# ziqtlpnq ql`pn q~i alhopnoiïál# ~k nqzlql ql`pn q~i nqzlqi( i( Alptihdl iq itid~piq di icki
L keheqtpl der2 –Wlaâ zldn ekioehip ~ki znqqli y~n tn dlkehl~< Wlaâ zldn wnp y~n fé alpdiq nhtpn wlaâ n nqti znqqli< Qn glp iqqek# nhtál deoi2 ´Qnhflp Bnq~q# znïl znpdál zlp tnp glpkidl nqtiq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki# il znpketep y~n nqti znqqli kn dlkehiqqn( N~ znpdll n ce`nptl i &hlkn%( Zlp giwlp# wnk alk T~i nqzidi l~ T~i tnql~pi nhlpkn n alpti nqtiq alpdiq y~n kn itik i &hlkn% ( Y~npl qnp cewpn zipi zldnp qn p n~= n iqqek qnp i znqqli y~n y~npnq y~n n~ qnbi― ‛(
L keheqtpl der2 –N~ tik`åk Tn znïl Qnhflp Bnq~q# y~n wnhfiq n alptnq iq alpdiq y~n nqtál Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl >
6>
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq y~n n hwlcwnk Dnkôhelq
itihdl+kn i &hlkn% n &hlkn%‛( L keheqtpl znpo~hti2 –Lhdn nqtál iq alpdiq iolpi<‛ Qn hál nqtál hl afál# dnwnpé nqznpip kieq ico~k tnkzl( 4`( Nvz~cqihdl i dlkehiïál y~n oihfl~ tnppnhl zlp knel diq itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
I znqqli pnzntn aidi ziqql dnzleq dl keheqtpl2 Ziqql 9( –Znpdli+kn zlp tnp dnevidl kn dlkehipnk dn kihnepi ehalppnti( Y~npl qnp ce`nptl deqtl( Zlp giwlp# znpdli+kn( N~ znpdll i &hlkn% y~nk nvnpan~ dlkëhel ql`pn kek‛(
Ziqql 0( –Zlhfl i dlkehiïál & l~ i Bnri`nc % i`ievl dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl Bnq~q‛( Ziqql 1i( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# n~ lpdnhl y~n qiei dn kek iolpi‛( Ziqql 1`( Qlknhtn l keheqtpl der2 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# kn ~hl alk nqti&q% znqqli&q% n lpdnhl i tldi dlkehiïál y~n qn wé n qn depebi i lhdn Bnq~q Apeqtl cfn lpdnhn‛( Ziqql 4i( I znqqli alhteh~i pnzntehdl alk alhweaïál2 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛(
Ziqql 4`( L keheqtpl lpdnhi ilq dnkôhelq y~nqn wál# nhy~ihtl wlaâ lcfi hlqlcflq di znqqli( Å ekzlptihtn pnzntep zlp ico~k tnkzl2 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛# zipi dip tnkzl il dnkôhel qiep zipi i q~znpgëaen( Pnznptep alk aidi znqqli alk y~nk qn glpkl~ itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki(
>( Dnkôhelq dn ekz~pnri y~n oihfipik tnppnhl qnk itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki
^tecern lq 4 ziqqlq# afikihdl il dnkôhel zlp qn~ hlkn= zlp nvnkzcl# zlphlopii( Nqtn dnkôhel# gpny~nhtnknhtn qn kihegnqtipé zlp knel dn alanepi hlq lcflq l~ girnhdl lq knqklq wepipnk(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl >
67
7
Ziqqlq dn Keheqt piïál2 Qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôh elq La~cteqkl# ihanqtpieq n nqzëpetlq pnceoelqlq Lq znaidlq nqzepet~ieq# y~n apeik zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq# qál qet~iïþnq y~n hnanqqetik dn ~ki itnhïál a~edidlqi( I `iticfi zldn afnoip i qnp kieq ehtnhqi# kiq lq zpehaëzelq qál lq knqklq( Lq l`bntlq iqqlaeidlq alk iq qet~iïþnq dnwnp qnp dnqtp~edlq &nvnkzcl2 ëdlclq# nhaihtlq# qëk`lclq dn la~cteqklq# nta(% I znqqli hnanqqeti alhgnqqip n pnh~haeip i ai~qi( Qn i znqqli deqa~tep dernhdl y~n bé qn tpitl~ dnqtiq aleqiq y~ihdl gle qicwi# nvzcey~n y~n knqkl y~n i pnciïál alk Dn~q tnhfi qedl pnqti~pidi# lq ngnetlq dl znaidl zldnk nqtip iehdi zpnqnhtnq= l dnkôhel zldn nqtip zpnqnhtn hi aiqi# qn h~hai gle nvz~cql l~ hál l dnqiclbipik( Ziqqlq zipi i ce`nptiïál dn dnkôhelq zplwnhenhtnq dn2 9( Itewedidnq dn la~cteqkl
Iq ceqtiq hiq qnïþnq 0 n 4# zldnk qnp dn ib~di zipi l`qnpwip zlqqëwneq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi( Lq y~itpl ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál# ~qidlq hl aizët~cl ihtnpelp# dnwnk pnicerip+qn nk aidi itewedidn# hlknihdl aidi ~k dncnq( I znqqli tik`åk dnwnpé iqqlaeip il ziqql 92–Y~n`pl l ziatl l~ ialpdl gnetl alk &hlkn# Qitihéq l~ kådeal `p~vl +a~pihdnepl# idewehfl# qihtlq# nta(% n pnhlwl kn~ ziatl alk Bnq~q Apeqtl‛(
I znqqli dnwnpé tik`åk plkznp itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki# gnetiq alk l kådeal `p~vl l~ l~tpl zpiteaihtn dn la~cteqkl# alkl nqté dnqapetl hl aizët~cl ihtnpelp( Y~ihdl ~ki k~cfnp weqetl~ ~k kådeal `p~vl l~ ico~åk qekecip# i k dn l`tnp kndeaehi zipi alhan`np# dnwn ziqqip itpiwåq dlq y~itpl ziqqlq zipi nvz~cqip y~icy~np dnkôhel y~n fibi nhtpidl( Ico~hq dnkôhelq dn gneteïipei qn kihegnqtik glptnknhtn n nk glpki pézedi( L~tplq pny~npnk l aiclp nqzepet~ic# itpiwåq dn znpqeqtep hi dnacipiïál dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl( Dnzleq y~n lq dnkôhelq dn `p~vipei glpik alhgplhtidlq# zldn qnp kieq géaec a~pip iq nhgnpkedidnq( 0( Ihanqtpie q
Zl~alq dn hñq qi`nklq icol ql`pn hlqqlq ihanqtpieq( Nhtpntihtl# zldnklq qnp alhaenhtnq dn ic+ o~k znaidl nqzepet~ic# nhgnpkedidn l~ zidpþnq dn zpl`cnkiq dnhtpl dn hlqql wëha~cl gikeceip( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 7
6?
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Qet~iïþnq Hit~pieq y~n n hwlcwnk Dnkôhelq
Hnanqqetiklq znpdlip i hlqqlq ihanqtpieq# zlp tnpnk i`nptl i bihnci= n clol# nhgpnhtip qn~q ngne+ tlq nk hlqqiq wediq( Girnklq hlknihdl nqtiq aleqiq n dernhdl+cfnq y~n qn wál( L keheqtpl der2 –Zlp giwlp pnzetik2 ´N~ alhgnqql l znaidl dn &hlkn+ `p~vipei# nk`peio~nr# nta(% dn kn~q ihanqtpieq( Znpdll i kn~ ihanqtpic n zlhfl tldl dnkôhel dn &hlkn% y~n wnel i kek di ziptn dnqti znqqli# i`ievl dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl Bnq~q= n nk Qn~ hlkn lpdnhl y~n qn wé dn kehfi wedi―‛(
Qlknhtn l keheqtpl der2 –Kn ~hl alk &hlkn di znqqli% n lpdnhl i tldl dnkôhel dn `p~vipei y~n qn pntepn# hl hlkn zldnplql dn Bnq~q# Gecfl dl Dn~q wewl( Wé zipi lhdn Bnq~q Apeqtl y~np y~n wéq‛2 I znqqli alhteh~ipé pnzntehdl(–L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( L~tplq dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq zldnk qnp hlknidlq n tpitidlq dn kihnepi qekecip( 1( Gicqiq pnceoeþnq n qnetiq
Iq pnceoeþnq y~n oipihtnk iq znqqliq cnwé+ciq i Dn~q# qnk l qiapegëael dn Bnq~q# qál zlhtlq dn nhtpidi l~ bihnciq i`nptiq i dnkôhelq pnceoelqlq( Dnqtp~i lq l`bntlq y~n tnhfi pnciïál alk eqql# n clol ~qn lq ziqqlq# hlknihdl iq pnceoeþnq# qnetiq l~ itewedidnq# lhdn i znqqli zipteaezl~( 4( Gicqiq nvznpeâhaeiq nqzepet~ieq
Nqtiq zldnk alhqeqtep nk zplgnaeiq# knhqionk l~ qnhqiïþnq gëqeaiq zplwnhenhtnq dlq dnkôhelq# hl c~oip dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( ^qn lq y~itpl ziqqlq zipi nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq y~n zpld~rnk eqtl(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 7
66
Alhac~qál dlq Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál( Aizët~clq 4+? Tnklq weqtl bé# lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál zipi iq qet~iïþnq hit~pieq qnk dnkôhelq# zipi iq qe+ t~iïþnq hit~pieq alk dnkôhelq# n zipi iq qet~iïþnq nqzepet~ieq y~n nhwlcwnk dnkôhelq( Lq qno~ehtnq ziqqlq qn izceaik zipi aidi qet~iïál# q~bnetlq y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl hlq o~en( Dnkôhel dn nhgnpkedidn
Qn i lpiïál zlp a~pi gëqeai hál nqté g~haelhihdl# zldn fiwnp dnkôhelq dn nhgnpkedidn zpnqnhtnq( Zpeknepl tpitn alk y~icy~np l~tpl dnkôhel l~ kltewl y~n wlaâ ednh tey~n( Iqqno~pn+qn# nqznaeic + knhtn# y~n hál fibi kieq gicti dn znpdál( Clol ~tecern lqziqqlq# 4 hlknihdl iq nhgnpkedidnq( Y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel qie# i nhgnpkedidn n lq qehtlkiq zldnk tik`åk dnqizipnanp# alkl zlp nvnkzcl# i dlp hi alc~hi( Dl alhtpépel# dnwn+qn ~hoep i znqqli alk irnetn zipi a~pi# n ek+ zlhfi iq kálq lpihdl zlp a~pi dl zpl`cnki gëqeal( Dnevn ~k tnkzl zipi y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl it~n hi znqqli alk qn~ zldnp a~pidlp( Nhtál wlaâ zldnpé znpo~htip2 –L y~n wlaâ nqté nvzn+ peknhtihdl<‛ –Fé ico~ki k~dihïi hi q~i dlp dn alc~hi<‛ –L y~n wlaâ zldn girnp iolpi y~n ihtnq hál zldei girnp<‛( I znqqli zldn a~pip+qn pizediknhtn# opid~icknhtn# dnzleq dn ~k tnkzl l~ hál a~pip+qn( Êq wnrnq zldn nveqtep ~k ekzndeknhtl hál dnqal`nptl di ziptn di znqqli l~ dl keheqtpl= nk l~tpiq lzlpt~hedidnq# l zldnp zipi a~pip# qekzcnqknhtn hál nqté zpnqnhtn( Hnk qnkzpn zldn+ klq wlctip i tnhtip nk l~tpl klknhtl( Lpn zndehdl qnp afnel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl
O~en i znqqli i iopidnanp i Dn~q zncl y~n Ncn gnr# n znïi i Bnq~q y~n i nhafi alk Qn~ Nqzëpe+ tl Qihtl# nhy~ihtl qn cnwihtn n lgnpnhïi q~i wedi hlwiknhtn i Bnq~q &Plkihlq 9029#0%( I znqqli zldn pnzntep i gpiqn dnzleq dn wlaâ2 –Bnq~q Apeqtl# y~npl y~n qnbiq l Qnhflp dn aidi ziptndn keh+ fi wedi# kehfi knhtn# kehfiq nklïþnq# kehfi wlhtidn# kn~ alpzl# kn~ tnkzl# kehfiq zlqqnq# kehfiq pnciïþnq# kn~ pt i`icfl l~ gicti dnqtn# kn~ g~t~pl# kn~ ziqqidl# n~dl t l y~n flbn ql~( Zlp giwlp nhafi+kn alk Tn~ Nqzëpetl Qihtl‛( Wlaâ zldn ~hoep i znqqli alk irnetn n zôp q~iwnknhtn
q~iq kálq nk q~iai`nïi( Êq wnrnq# zldn qnp y~n ~ki znqqli nvznpeknhtn di a~pi zplg~hdi# olrl n zir# n i ce`nptiïál di dlp# i kndedi nk y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl cfn tlai( Kiq ~k dnkôhel tik`åk zldn pnioep zn+ pihtn l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Qn i znqqli aiep hl afál# znpo~htn+cfn l y~n å y~n nci nqté qnhtehdl( Qn glp ~k klweknhtl hl nqtôkiol# zldn tpitip+qn dn ~k dnkôhel kihegnqtihdl+qn( Ib~dn i znqqli i qnhtip+qn n alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel( Qn fé ~ki qnhqiïál dn zir# znpke+ tn+cfn znpkihnanp ice zipi y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl alhteh~n it~ihdl( Hál i izpnqqn)( Iïál dn Opiïiq
Dnzleq dn iopidnanp# a~`pi i tldlq alk l qiho~n dn Apeqtl ihtnq dn epnk zipi q~iq aiqiq( Dnzleq dl a~edidl
Zldn+qn kltewip i znqqli &dihdl+cfn hltiq%# ql`pn alkl alhqnpwip q~i ce`nptiïál( Depebi+qn êq zéoehiq diq qnïþnq 0 n 4( Kipy~n ~k l~tpl nhalhtpl# dn zpngnpâhaei# dnhtpl di zpñveki qnki+ hi( Znïi+cfn y~n afikn wlaâ aiql tnhfi ico~k zpl`cnki l~ znpo~htiq(
65
?
Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli Alhqncflq zpétealq Hlq aizët~clq ihtnpelpnq# i`pihonklq lq dewnpqlq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál zipiico~hq cedip alhqncflq alk iq qet~iïþnq# ehac~ehdl lq y~itpl ziqqlq zipi nvz~cqip dnkôhelq( Iolpi wiklq iopnoip zpétealq n nqzepet~ieq( Nqti ehglpkiïál tik`åk qnpé dn ib~di zipi i keheqtpiïál nk op~zl( Tpi`icfihdl alkl ny~ezn alk ~k cëdnp nqti`ncnaedl
Y~ihdl fé k~etlq keheqtplq zipi qlknhtn ~ki znqqli# qn hnanqqeti ~k cëdnp zipi nwetip l ailq n i alhg~qál( Qn l cëdnp y~np dnqaihïip# dnwnpé dn glpki acipi# dnevip ~k q~`qtet~tl( ^ki znq+ qli zldn girnp iq ihltiïþnq# l~tpi zldn lpip nk wlr `ievi l~ `~qaip ziciwpiq dn aeâhaei &y~n alkziptecfipé qlknhtn ql` i izplwiïál dl cëdnp%( L~tpi znqqli zldn nqtip cnk`pihdl il dnkô+ hel ql`pn l qiho~n dn Apeqtl( Êq wnrnq b~htiklq iq kálq n zndeklq y~n l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl wnhfi kieq glptn hi qet~iïál# n nqznaeicknhtn# ql`pn l y~n nqté girnhdl gpnhtn ilq dnkô+ helq( H~hai ehtnpplkzi i y~nk nqté keheqtpihdl# il knhlq y~n wlaâ qnbi y~nk nqtnbi depeoehdl( Hlqqiq ipkiq Lq dnkôhelq hál y~npnk dnevip q~iq alhglptéwneq klpideiq( Zlptihtl hñq# iqqek alkl i znqqli y~n nqté qnhdl ib~didi# dnwnklq izceaip zpnq+ qál zipi dnqiclbip+clq( Zldnklq2
† † †
Lpdnhé+cfnq nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Gicip n aihtip ql`pn l qiho~n dn Bnq~q Aetip iq nqapet~piq izplzpeidiq( Bnq~q wnhan~ il ehekeol alk i ziciwpi dn Dn~q &Kitn~q 4%
I ziciwpi
Hál å hnanqqépel opetip Nk ^oihdi# ~k keheqtpl nqtiwi dihdl lpdnhq `p~qaiknhtn i ~k dnkôhel# kiq l dnkôhel hál qiëi( Nhtál nhtpnol~ i qet~iïál i l~tpl keheqtpl y~n gicl~ q~iwnknhtn( L dnkôhel clol deqqn2 –Iqqek nqté kncflp( Hál olqtne di glpki y~n nqtn flknk kn gicl~( Iolpi wl~ qiep‛( Ncn pizediknhtn qn gle)
Ico~kiq nqapet~piq qál k~etl ngntewiq nk zpld~rep y~n lq dnkôhelq tpnkik# tnkik n qieik( Nqtiq ehac~nk2 † Ziqqionhq ql`pn i wetñpei dn Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r# dnppltihdl l ehekeol n qn~q dnkôhelq( † Ziqqionhq ql`pn i dnqtp~eïál dl ehekeol n tldlq qn~q dnkôhelq# alkl nk Izlaicezqn 0:( Di knqki kihnepi# ~ki wnr zpnzipidlq zipi i ce`ntpiïál# i znqqli y~n fé dn qnp ce`nptidi dnwn tik`åk alhtpe`~ep i dnqiclbip lq dnkôhelq# dnacipihdl q~i ziptn dnhtpl dlq y~itpl ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál( Qn fé ~ki dnklpi zipi y~n l dnkôhel qiei# i znqqli zldn dnacipip i wnpdidn# dn y~n l dnkôhel bé hál tnk depnetl dn aip# zlpy~n Apeqtl Bnq~q alhy~eqtl~ il knqtpn dlq dnkô + helq# Qitihéq# hi ap~r( Qn zlp nvnkzcl# glp ~k dnklhel dn nhgnpkedidn# zldnklq dnacipip y~n
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl ?
59
Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli
Apeqtl plkzn~ l zldnp di nhgnpkedidn hi ap~r( Lpdnhihdl ilq dnkôhelq
Wlaâ lpdnhi y~n l dnkôhel qn wé# nhy~ihtl iheki i znqqli y~n lcfn zipi wlaâ n pnzeti2 –L qih+ o~n dn Apeqtl kn ce`npti‛( L kncflp å y~n qn depebi il dnkôhel ~ki znqqli zlp wnr# aiql alhtpé+ pel zldn qnp y~n ncn hál cnwn nk alhti i heho~åk( Qn dnwn gicip alk l dnkôhel nhnpoeaiknh+ tn# qnk opetip( ^k zidpn l~ zplgnqqlp alk kieq alhtplcn# opeti knhlq( Gicip aickiknhtn znptl dl l~wedl di znqqli zldn qnp Nvnkzcl k~etl ngntewl( Eqtl tik`åk kihtnk l wlc~kn `ievl# y~n å ek+ Nk dnkôhel dnacipl~ zlptihtn qn ~ki y~ihtedidn dn znqqliq nqtewnp pnan`nhdl ke+ y~n ^oihdi# zldei wnp~ki ap~r hlq lcflq dn ~k dlq knk`plq dn hlqqi ny~ezn( heqtpiïál il knqkl tnkzl( Êq wnrnq# l dnkôhel zldn qiep qnk Nk ico~kiq laiqeþnq# lq dnkôhelq tnhtipik kihtnp lq lcflq di znqqli y~n wlaâ deoi k~etl# nhy~ihtl lcfi zipi lq lcflq di znqqli# bé gnafidlq zipi y~n hál qn zplbntn i y~n ldneik i c~r dn Bnq~q y~n wnk itpiwåq dn qn~q lcflq( c~r( Y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel nqté qn kihegnqtihdl# i znqqli dnwnpé zôp q~i kál lhdn nqté i kihegnqtiïál n klwnp+ci i kndei y~n nqti qn klwn( Onpicknhtn# l dnkôhel qn klwnpé dnqdn i épni dlq ehtnqtehlq n qno~epé nk de+ pnïál il znetl n dnzleq i oipoihti# zipi clol qiep znci `lai( Eqtl zldn lalppnp nk zl~al tnkzl# deoiklq nk ~k keh~tl# l~ zldn tlkip k~etl kieq tnkzl( Nhy~ihtl qn klwn i kihegnqtiïál zipi i oipoihti# i znqqli dnwnpé zipip dn dernp2 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn ce`npti‛# n al+ knïip i alhanhtpip+qn zipi y~n l dnkôhel qiei= l~ dernp+cfn depntiknhtn y~n qn wé( L dnkôhel hlpkicknhtn zpld~repé tlqqn# nhy~ihtl qn klwn znci oipoihti( Zldn nvz~cqip+qn kieq pézedl qn i znqqli alknïip i tlqqep( Clol# l dnkôhel Hál c~tn gëqeaiknhtn tik`åk tlqqepé( D~pihtn ~k qnpweïl hl Afecn# hl tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál# fiwëik k~etiq znqqliq qnhdl ib~didiq( Nhy~ihtl keheqtpiwi iq znqqliq# hàl fiwei znpan`edl y~n ~k flknk nqtiwi c~tihdl alhtpi qneq dn hlqqi ny~ezn) Y~ihdl wë l y~n nqtiwi ziqqihdl# znpo~htne ê ny~ezn2 –Y~n dnkôhel nqtál tpitihdl dn nvz~cqip<‛ Ncnq hál qi`eik# nhtál cfnq zndë y~n i c~ti n dneviqqnk Zlpy~n lq dnkôhel q nqtál nk ~k alhtnvtl nqzepet ~ic# dnwnk tpiti p+qn alk nqze+ zipiqqnk y~n l dnkôhel tlphiqqn i q~i klpidi( pet~icedidn# n eqql qeoheai# y~n å zlp knel dn dnacipip l hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl n Clol giciklq alk l flknk= iq wnpdidnq nqzepet~ieq( Hál hnanqqeti+qn glpïi l~ iïál gëqeai) n ncn alhgnqql~ y~n girei mipitâ( Nhtál npi ñ`wel y~n
Lq ib~dihtnq dnwnpál qnp a~edidlqlq y~ihdl ekz~qnpnk iq kálq ql`pn ~ki znqqli d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál# nqznaeicknhtn flknhq alk k~cfnpnq) Hál fé hnanqqedidn dn nkz~ppip# zpnqqelhip l~ tlaip l alpzl d~pihtn i ce`nptiïál( Y~nk qi`n# ehqzepidlq zlp pet~ieq dn nvlpaeqkl hál apeqtálq# ico~kiq znqqliq# ny~ewlaidiknhtn# znhqik y~n qn zldn nvz~cqip l dnkôhel zlp knel dn glpïi l~ dn tly~n# alptn# glol l~ zlïþnq( Eqtl qál tlceanq dnklhëiaiq(
Nhalhtpihdl l hlkn Zldnklq dernp y~n l hlkn å l aipétnp( Å alkl dernp# l y~n l dnkôhel nqté girnhdl hi wedi di znqqli( Zlp nvnkzcl2 C~vòpei nvanqqewi( Ico~hq dnkôhelq zlqq~nk hlknq nqznaeieq( Gpny~nhtnknhtn# ~k dnkôhel qn epé qnk tnp y~n dnqal`pep+qn( Êq wnrnq# i znqqli qi`n l y~n ncnq dnqnbik zipi dnevip+cfn cewpn( Qn qno~epklq lq aizët~clq ihtnpelpnq dn alkl ep dlq qëhtlkiq itå i ai~qi# dnwnpëiklq zldnp ednhteaip l dnkôhel ihtnq dn alknïip i ce`nptiïál( Kiq nk ~ki pn~heál opihdn# Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl ?
~k dnkôhel y~ihdl dn mipitâ qn fiwei kihegnqtidl l keheqtpl l ~hoe~ alk irnetn( Nhtál# l cnwiklq itpiwåq dlq 4 ziqqlq# nhy~ihtl glpkéwiklq ~k ihnc il pndlp dncn# qnk tlaip+cl( L dnkôhel y~npei l~tpi c~ti# kiq qn kihegnqtl~ knhlq welcnhtl dnqti wnr# qlknhtn qia~dehdl l flknk# zlpy~n ncn nqtiwi nhwlcwedl hi `iticfi)
50
Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli
~k dnkôhel zldn kihegnqtip+qn qnk y~n i znqqli qie`i y~ic å( Wlaâ tnpé y~n girnp alk y~n qn ednhtey~n( Nk Kipalq >20+9?# Bnq~q nhalhtpl~ ~k flknk nhdnklheidl y~n wewëi hiq t~k`iq2 Lpdnhl~ il dnkôhel y~n dneviqqn l flknk# kiqnqtn# l`weiknhtn hál l`ndn+ an~# qnhdl y~n Bnq~q cfn znpo~htl~2 –Alkl tn afikiq<‛( Pnqzlh+ Alhfnanhdl l hlkn dn~2 –Kn~ hlkn å Cnoeál# zlpy~n qlklq k~etlq‛( Eqtl klqtpi y~n2 Nk ~ki eopnbi nk ^oihdi# ~k 9% Bnq~q depeoe~+qn ilq dnkôhelq n hál i znqqli n 0% ^k dnkôhel dnkôhel deqqn2 –Hál tn depne gicl~ nk pnzpnqnhtiïál dn k~etlq( Lq dnkôhelq clol ekzcl pipik i kn~ hlkn# zlpy~n qn n~ deqqnp# tnpne y~n qiep‛( Kiq hl hic hlq Bnq~q# l y~n klqtpi y~n fl~wn ~k deéclol nhtpn l Qnhflp n lq dn+ deqqn l hlkn n qn gle( kôhelq ihtnq y~n i ce`nptiïál qn alkzcntiqqn( Tnklq tedl k~etiq I ceqti dl iop~ziknhtl dlq dnkôhelq hi Qnïál 4# zldn nvznpeâhaeiq qekecipnq i nqti( qnpwep+hlq dn ib~di zipi qi`np y~n l~tplq dnkôhelq zldnk nqtip ice= iqqek nvz~cqipnklq i tldlq(
Å izplzpeidl gicip alk ~k dnkôhel<
K~etlq nqapetlpnq nqtál tlticknhtn alhtpi znpketep y~n ~k dnkôhel gicn# kiq Bnq~q iqqek l gnr# zlp eqql hál l nvac~ëklq( I kielpei dncnq dnwnk ep qnk dernp ~ki ziciwpi( Qn gicik# eqtl q~andn hi ntizi y~n dnhlkehiklq –nknponhdl hi q~znpgëaen‛( Y~ihdl ~k dnkôhel qn kihegnqti glptnknhtn# zldn afnoip ~k klknhtl lhdn nqtn –tlki l alhtplcn‛# alkl qn pnicknhtn tewnqqn l alhtplcn# n alknïi i gicip itpiwåq di znqqli( Qnhdl iqqek# y~ihdl alknïip i nvz~cqip ~k dnkôhel# wlaâ qlknhtn wnpé i znqqli# clol alknïi i wnp ~ki alk`ehiïál dn znqqli n dnkôhel# n nqtn alknïi i klqtpip ico~kiq kihegnqtiïþnq( Gehicknhtn# l dnkôhel zldn izldnpip+qn dl alpzl# di gian n di `lai# i tic opi~ y~n afnoi+qn i wnp qlknhtn l dnkôhel( Êq wnrnq# nqtnq nqtidlq qn ictnphik# girnhdl+qn degëaec deqteho~ep qn å i znqqli l~ l dnkôhel y~n nqté gicihdl( Cnk`pn+qn# l dnkôhel zldn ziqqip+qn zlp ~ki znqqli# bé y~n nqté ~qihdl q~i wlr( Lq dnkôhelq zldnk zipnanp k~etl a~ctlq# nhtpntedlq( Hál å wnpdidn y~n lq dnkôhelq qlknhtn dernk knhtepiq( Depál i wnpdidn# y~ihdl qn qehtik zpnqqelhidlq q~aenhtnknhtn# alkl rnpik alk Bnq~q( Ncnq hál y~npnk dip ehglpkiïál ql`pn qe knqklq# zlpy~n eqtl hlq dé kielp i~tlpedidn ql+ `pn ncnq( Qlknhtn dnwnklq zndep ehglpkiïál y~n hlq ib~dn i nvz~cqé+clq n nwetip i tnhtiïál dn nht~qeiqkip+hlq alk iq aleqiq y~n hlq deoik( Nk ^oihdi# nvznpeknhtiklq iq té+ teaiq dn deqtpiïál dn ~k dnkôhel2 alkl zlp nvnkzcl2 –N~ wl~ qn kn dnpnk ~k l~tpl ai`petl)‛ Hál dnwnklq girnp tpi+ tlq hnk tál+zl~al qiapegëaelq ( Cihïip znpo~htiq alkl2 –Y~ic å tn~ hlkn<‛# –Y~ihtl tnkzl gir y~n nqtéq iy~e<‛# –L y~n nqtéq girnhdl i nqti znqqli<‛# zldnk qnpwep dn ib~di zipi dnpp~`ip i pnqeqtâhaei dn ~k dnkôhel tneklql(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl ?
Idwnptâhaei alhtpi l ~ql di glpïi Hál nvz~cqiklq ~k dnklhel zlp knel di glpïi gëqeai( Qn l dnkôhel# dn pnznhtn# afnoip+qn+é i kihegnqtip welcnhtiknhtn# å kncflp tepip i zpnqqál di kihegnqtiïál dl dnkôhel n znpketep y~n i znqqli nqtnbi kieq zpnzipidi n nhwlcwedi# ihtnq dn alhteh~ip( Wnp Ziptn 7( Lq ib~dihtnq hnanqqetipál# dn wnr nk y~ihdl# q~qtnhtip i znqqli zipi nwetip y~n qn kiaf~y~n( L~weklq dn nvlpaeqtiq y~n `itnk hiq znqqliq alk zi~# nta( Eqtl hál tnk hidi i wnp alk i ce`nptiïál `ë`ceai) ^k zpl`cnki nqzepet~ic# hnanqqeti dn zpnqqál nqzepet~ic( Qn ~qipklq i glpïi gëqeai# ico~åk zldn iai`ip gnpedl n q~i keheqtpiïál dnqnk`laipé nk ~k dnqapådetl(
51
Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli
Pnklwnhdl l`qtéa~clq
L y~n wlaâ dnwn girnp qn l dnkôhel qn kihegnqti# kiq hál qie# zlp kieq y~n tnhtn< Dnwn zipip n iwnpeo~ip qn nveqtn ico~k kltewl &l`qtéa~cl% alk y~n hál qn tnhfi cedidl iehdi= zlp nvnkzcl2 i znqqli# hál znpdll~ ico~åk# nqté nqalhdnhdl ico~k znaidl# l~ tnk zplg~hdiq gnpediq y~n hál glpik a~pidiq( Zlp nvnkzcl# nk ~ki nkzpnqi nk Aitikipai# Iponhtehi# hl ihl dn 0::4# ~k ehtnopihtn dn hlqqi ny~ezn keheqtpiwi ~ki k~cfnp( ^k dnkôhel# y~n qn i~tldnhlkehl~ dn dnkôhel cl`l# nqtiwi kihegnqtihdl+qn welcnhtiknhtn n p~edlqiknhtn n hál i y~npei qiep( Hl dei qno~ehtn# d~pihtn ~ki keheqtpiïál dn a~pip iq cnk`pihïiq# i k~cfnp zôdn znpdlip ico~+ kiq znqqliq( Y~ihdl wlctiklq i keheqtpip i k~cfnp# l dnkôhel qn gle giaecknhtn( Hál c~tn( Zpnzipn+qn
Qn ~k dnkôhel nqté dnql`ndnanhdl n qn kihegnqti welcnhtiknhtn# qlknhtn qno~pn i znqqli l q~aenhtn zipi zpnwnhep y~n qn kiaf~y~n= zlp nvnkzcl# dn y~n q~i ai`nïi `iti alhtpi l afál( Nk wnr dn tnp ~ki c~ti alk l dnkôhel# å kncflp dnevé+cl n zipip dn lpdnhip+cfn y~n qn wé( Znpketi y~n qn pntepn l~ qn ig~hdn hl c~oip dn lhdn qn nqalhdn dnhtpl di znqqli( Clol gicn alk nci n pnicern ~ki zpnzipiïál iehdi kielp# ihtnq dn tnhtip nvz~cqip l dnkôhel( Pnweqál
Gpny~nhtnknhtn# dnhtpl di keheqtpiïál dn ce`nptiïál# l keheqtpl qn Tnhfi a~edidl Nk ~ki opihdn eopnbi nk ^oihdi# y~ihdl iq znqqliq aiëik hl afál# npik dnevidiq ice# n n~ nqtiwi alhweatl y~n lq dnkôhelq fiweik edl( Kiq y~ihdl alknane i nhqehip y~n lq ib~dihtnq dnweik ep n znpqno~ep lq dnkôhelq n hál dnevip+clq# nhtál dnqal`pepik y~n dn gitl# lq dnkôhelq alhteh~iwik ice(
dntnk k~etl pizediknhtn n i znqqli hál afnoi i qnp ce`npti( Y~ih+ dl zépi i kihegnqtiïál# znpan`n y~n l dnkôhel hál qn gle( Dnwn qn+ o~ep lpdnhihdl y~n qn wé n i znqqli dnwn alhteh~ip pnzntehdl2 –L qiho~n dn Apeqtl kn ce`npti‛( Iq kihegnqtiïþnq alknïipál hlwi+ knhtn qn l dnkôhel hál qn gle# l~ qn l~tpl qie ê q~znpgëaen( Å géaec qnp nhoihidl il znhqip y~n l dnkôhel qn gle# y~ihdl qlknhtn nqté dnqaihïihdl( ^ki wnr ~k dnkôhel deqqn2 –Lf# znhqne y~n fiwei alhqno~edl tn nhoihip‛(
Hál znhqn y~n qn i znqqli zipl~ dn opetip# l dnkôhel qn gle( Êq wn+ rnq# i znqqli zldn aiep hl afál# nhy~ihtl y~n l dnkôhel tpiti dn nqaizip nhy~ihtl y~n l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl wnk ql`pn i znq+ qli( Kiq l aiep il afál# hàl y~np dernp y~n lq dnkôhelq qn glpik( I znqqli zldn ehac~qewn dernp2 –Lf# kn qehtl kncflp iolpi( Qn gle‛( I zplwi nqté nk wnp qn zldn pnzntep wépeiq wnrnq2 –L qiho~n dn Apeqtl kn ce`npti‛# qnk kihegnqtip ~ki pniïál( Dnwnklq cnk`pip# y~n ~k dnkôhel tpitipé dn girnp l zlqqëwnc zipi nqalhdnp+qn n hál klqtpip+ qn( Nqti å i pirál znci y~n ziqqik qnk qnp dnqal`nptlq zlp k~etl tnkzl( ^ki blwnk wnel i tpâq qnkehépelq ihtnq y~n lq dnkôhelq qn kihegnqtiqqnk hnci( Nhtpntihtl# ~k blwnk nk qn~ zpe+ knepl qnkehépel dnqal`pe~# zipi q~i q~pzpnqi# y~n hál zldei klweknhtip qn~q `piïlq d~pihtn l tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál( Ncn hál iapndetiwi y~n z~dnqqn tnp dnkôhelq# zlp qnp ~k nqt~dihtn dn tnlcloei n ~k apeqtál zlp k~etl tnkzl dn ~ki zpnqteoelqi eopnbi nwihoåceai) Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl ?
54
Ce`nptiïál dn ~ki znqqli
H~hai iqqno~pn êq znqqliq y~n nciq nqtál cewpnq alkzcntiknhtn
Eqtl qlknhtn cnwi i dnanzïþnq# znhqihdl hál hnanqqetip kieq ce`nptiïál( Dn y~icy~np kihnepi# tnpál y~n izpnhdnp i k~dip lq zidpþnq hit~pieq dn alkzlptiknhtlq# zlp eqql znpkihnïi iopi+ dnaedl n pnolrebi+qn dl y~n Dn~q gnr# kiq hál giïi ipkiïþnq i`qlc~tiq( Gpny~nhtnknhtn zldn qnp y~n fibi l~tpiq épniq# iq y~ieq qn dnwik tpitip# tic alkl y~ihdl dnq+ aiqaiklq ~ki an`lci# fé k~etiq aiqaiq y~n tik`åk zpld~rnk céopekiq( Nk ^oihdi# iq znq+ qliq hlq dernk y~n nvz~cqiklq dnkôhelq# eo~ic alkl qn nqtewnqqnklq dnznhihdl ~k gpihol2 ^k z~hfidl dn znhiq zlp wnr) H~hai dnevn dn zndep ib~di zipi ico~åk alk kieq nvznpeâhaei
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl ?
5>
6
Keheqtpihdl i ~k op~zl A~pi ehtnpelp n keheqtpiïál dn ce`nptiïál i ~k op~zl Lq ziqqlq# lq y~ieq ziqqiklq zipi ib~dip i ~ki znqqli hlq aizët~clq 4# ># n 7# zldnk tik`åk qnp ~qidlq zipi ~k op~zl( Zldn qnp ~k qnpweïl nk ~ki eopnbi# ~ki pn~heál nk aiqi# ~k qnkehépel l~ nk ~ki qåpen dn pn~heþnq qnkihieq( Hál zldn+qn keheqtpip i ~k op~zl qnk alhtip alk ~ki ny~ezn dn ib~dihtnq( Alkl tnklq gnetl hi zpéteai
Depeoeklq ico~hq qnkehépelq nk Y~etl# Ny~idlp# y~ihdl l tnkzl npi nqaiqql( Nhtál zndeklq iy~nciq znqqliq y~n bé fiweik iqqeqte+ dl ihtnq i l~tplq qnkehépelq# y~n wenqqnk pnan`np tpnehiknhtl# ~ki flpi ihtnq dn y~n l qnkehépel alknïiqqn( Nceqi`ntf alknïl~ i tpne+ hé+clq# nhy~ihtl n~ nhqehiwi hl qnkehépel nk onpic( Dn cé hlq ~he+ klq zipi l tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál( ^hoeklq alk irnetn lq alci`lpidlpnq n ekz~qnklq hlqqiq kálq ql+ `pn ncnq# ihtnq y~n ib~diqqnk ilq l~tplq( Gpny~nhtnknhtn# i kndedi nk y~n l zldnp dn Dn~q lq tlaiwi# lq dnkôhelq alknïiwik i kihe+ gnqtip+qn n lq alci`lpidlpnq nvznpeknhtiwik ce`nptiïál= n clol# ncnq ib~diwik i l~tplq i qnpnk ce`nptlq) Nceqi`ntf n n~ lq iqqeqtei lhdn glqqn hnanqqépel# il knqkl tnkzl y~n keheqtpéwiklq i l~tpiq znq+ qliq n depeoëiklq l qnpweïl(
Zpnzipn+qn2 † Tpihqzipâhaeiq ql`pn lq Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál &>>>4%= l~tpiq ec~qtpiïþnq# ~k pntplzplbntlp n tnci# l~ izpnqnhtiïál nk Zlnp Zleht( † Añzeiq dlq ziqqlq zipi nhtpnoip zipi iq znqqliq( † ^k op~zl dn keheqtplq alk ~k allpdnhidlp# y~n lq depebi itå iq znqqliq y~n hnanqqetnk keheqtpiïál( † Ednhteaiïál zipi lq keheqtplq( † Bippiq zny~nhiq dn irnetn † Cnhïlq dn ziznc n qialq dn zcéqteal( † Zihlq l~ kihtiq zipi al`pep l zeql hi gpnhtn# qn nqtewnp q~bl( † Pl~zál zipi al`pep iq k~cfnpnq hl afál( † ^ki qnapntépei y~n ihltn lq hlknq# nhdnpnïlq dn alhtitl n hòknplq dn tncnglhn zipi l qno~eknhtl( † ^k op~zl dn cl~wlp zipi iq aihïþnq# nhgiterihdl l qiho~n dn Bnq~q hi Ap~r
Nk ~ki aipti pnanhtn hi Qnïál 4# i ziqtlpi Aépdnhiq nk Y~etl# Ny~idlp# hlq iopidnan zlp tnpklq tpnehidl keheqtplq d~pihtn l tpi`icfl( Iolpi nci nqté girnh+ dl l knqkl(
Alkl ~qip dn glpki ngntewi lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál dnhtpl dn ~k qnpweïl di eopnbi Zcihl dl qnpweïl
^k qnpweïl hlpkic dnwn alknïip alk cl~wlp# zipi cnwip iq znqqliq ê zpnqnhïi dn Dn~q( Dnzleq zldnk wep ico~hq ihòhaelq n i lgnpti# qn glp hnanqqépel( Clol wnk l tnkzl dn nhqehiknhtl( I knti å zpnzipip lq alpiïþnq n iq knhtnq zipi nhtnhdnp i a~pi ehtnpelp n i ce`nptiïál= ziptea~cipknhtn# l iqznatl alk l y~n qn wie nqtip tpitihdl hl tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál Nhqehiklq hi Qnïál 9 &dlq znaidlq n diq gnpediq% n keheqtpiklq alk l aizët~cl 4 dnqti Qnïál= n clol nhqehiklq i Qnïál 0 ql`pn ce`nptiïál# ihtnq dn izceaip lq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál dl aizë+ Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 6
5?
Keheqtpihdl i ~k op~zl
t~cl > n 7 dnqti Qnïál( Dnzleq dl nhqehiknhtl# êq wnrnq aihtiklq aihïþnq dn idlpiïál ihtnq dn alknïip i keheqtpiïál( Zipi l nhqehiknhtl# n zipi girnp a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál nk ~ki l~ d~iq épniq# qn pny~np d~iq i tpâq flpiq( L ednic å y~n ~ki znqqli tlkn > tipdnq alk iq knqkiq znqqliq# iqqeqtehdl+i aidi dei( I ngntewedidn di keheqtpiïál apnqan aidi tipdn# nk glpki q~anqqewi# i kndedi nk y~n iq znqqliq wál nhtnhdnhdl kieq# n qn tlphik kieq i`nptiq il Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Keheqtpiïál d~pihtn ~k qnpweïl
L cëdnp dnwn dernp êq znqqliq y~n cnwihtnk q~iq kálq# aiql ico~åk qehti ico~ki kihegnqtiïál d~pihtn l tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál( Dnwn+qn dnqeohip ~k nhaippnoidl zipi depeoep ilq keheqtplq itå iy~ncnq y~n hnanqqetnk ib~di( Lq keheqtplq zldnk# clol ib~dip+cfnq i ce`nptip+qn l~ cedip alk iq gnpediq( Hi kielpei dlq qnpweïlq dn ce`nptiïál n a~pi ehtnpelp# hál fé keheqtplq q~aenhtnq zipi y~n qn tnhfi ~ki qnqqál clhoi alk aidi ~ki diq znqqliq( Êq wnrnq# wiklq aciqqeaihdl qno~hdl i ai~qi# alhwlaihdl i tldlq iy~ncnq y~n y~nepik qnp ce`nptidlq nk ~ki épni nk ziptea~cip= n wiklq b~htlq itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq( I aidi znqqli qn der y~n hlknen q~i ai~qi &dnkôhel% ziptea~cip# d~pihtn i lpiïál# hl ziqql 9( Zipi allznpip# iq znqqliq zldnk dernp il ib~dihtn# y~n dnkôhel nqtál nvz~cqihdl( I~tlperiïál
Lq dnkôhelq y~npnk ai~qip dnqlpdnk= Dn~q å lpdnk( Apnklq y~n tldlq lq y~n y~nepik ib~dip hi keheqtpiïál# dnwnk qnp dnqeohidlq zncl cëdnp# ihtnq dn y~n alknan i keheqtpiïál= qn dnwn dip apiaféq l~ l~tpi ednhteaiïál( Êq wnrnq# l~tplq apeqtálq y~n hál glpik tpnehidlq hnqtn nhgly~n# wâk i ~ki pn~heál n dn kihnepi nqzlhtàhni tnhtik ib~dip( Eqtl zldn ai~qip zpl`cnkiq n alhg~qál# zlp eqql qn pny~np deqanpheknhtl( Kihegnqtiïþnq dnqlpdnhidiq
Êq wnrnq iq znqqliq wlketik d~pihtn l tnkzl dn keheqtpiïál# alkl qn tnhtiqqnk nvz~cqip ~ki alkedi iqy~nplqi( Hál dnwnklqkltewip l wôketl( Zldnklq girnp l zlqqëwnc zipi zple`ep ilq dnkôhelq y~n ai~qnk eqtl# kiq hnk qnkzpn ncnq l`ndnank( Zlp eqql# å `lk tnp ~k qial zcéqteal nk aiql dn nknpoâhaei( L lpoiheridlp di alhgnpâhaei qnkihic y~n pniceriklq hi aedidn dn Afetllp# hi Ëhdei# l`qnpwl~ y~n lq ëhdeihlq hál wlketiwik( –Eqtl å icol y~n lq iknpeaihlq girnk‛# nvzpnqql~ ncn( Nhtpntihtl# kieq tipdn nk ~k qnkehépel nk Dncfe# Nceqi`ntf nqtiwi keheqtpihdl ~ki k~cfnp nv+fehd~# y~n dn pnznhtn# wlketl~ qnk zpåwel iweql ql`pn i cehdi icklgidi wnpkncfi di eopnbi kntldeqti( Aihïþnq dn cl~wlp
Ihtnq n d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál# å dn opihdn ib~di tnp aihïþnq dn idlpiïál y~n nhgiternk l qiho~n dn Apeqtl hi Ap~r# zlpy~n lq dnkôhelq hál olqtik dn l~wep ql`pn l qiho~n n i ap~r= n l zldnp dn Dn~q å ce`npidl y~ihdl aihtiklq d―Ncn( Znïi il cëdnp dl op~zl dn idlpiïál# y~n kihtnhfik l wlc~kn `ievl# nhy~ihtl qn pniceri i keheqtpiïál hi gpnhtn hi eopnbi( Dl alhtpépel#
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 6
56
Keheqtpihdl i ~k op~zl
hál nqa~tipé l y~n der i znqqli y~n wlaâ nqté ib~dihdl( Zpnla~ziïál alk iq znqqliq
Å `lk tnp ib~dihtnq y~n nqtnbik nhtpnoihdl cnhïlq dn ziznc êq znqqliq y~n aflpik# cnk`pihdl+ qn y~n eqql dnwn qnp gnetl a~edidlqiknhtn# qnk ehtnpplkznp l zplanqql dn a~pi( Qnpé hnanqqépel zlp zihlq hi ziptn di gpnhtn hi eopnbi# zncl gitl dl zeql qnp d~pl n tik`åk zlpy~n êq wnrnq nqté q~bl( Tik`åk# qn iq k~cfnpnq aink hl afál# å `lk al`pep iq znphiq alk tlicfiq l~ pl~zþnq( Zlp eqql# dnwn+qn nqtip zpnzipidl( Y~ihdl ~qip l irnetn# tnp a~edidl alk i pl~zi diq znqqliq(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 6
55
5
I`~ql qnv~ic Alkl ~tecerip nqtnq ziqqlq dn keheqtpiïál zipi ib~dip wëtekiq i dn i`~ql qnv~ic
Pnalknhdiklq y~n qn gikeceipern i g~hdl tldlqihtnq lq degnpnhtnq ziqqlq dnhi keheqtpiïál# y~n idy~epi nvznpeâhaei alk zpl`cnkiq kieqalk qekzcnq# dn tnhtip keheqtpip épni dn i`~+n ql qnv~ic( Nhtpntihtl# izpnqnhtiklq nqtn# alkl ~ki –i~ci knqtpn‛ zipi klqtpip alkl tldlq lq nhqehiknhtlq zldnk alk`ehip+qn zipi ~ki keheqtpiïál ngntewi n qeqtnkéteai –i`ievl di q~znp+ gëaen‛# nk ~ki diq épniq kieq dnqiihtnq di keheqtpiïál( 9( Zplhtlq< Pnweqn lq alhtnòdlq di Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9
Tihtl flknhq alkl k~cfnpnq zldnk qnp i`~qidlq qnv~icknhtn# n nqti keheqtpiïál qn izceai dn kihnepi eo~ic zipi ik`lq( Iq y~icedidnq afiwnq y~ihdl qn keheqtpi ql`pn i`~ql qnv~ic# qál i alkzievál n i qi`ndlpei( Iq wëtekiq dn i`~ql# aippnoik onpicknhtn# ñdel znqqlic# gicqi a~czi n kndl dl qnvl lzlqtl( Zlqqëwneq qehtlkiq dn i`~ql † Alhg~qál# znpdi dn ednhtedidn# qnhqiïál dn q~bnepi l~ ehdeohedidn † Qnhqiïál dn tpieïál# dnqalhihïi zipi alk lq flknhq n alk Dn~q † Ñdel n aiqteol znqqlic# tnhdâhaeiq q~eaediq † Piewi# ñdel n ikipo~pi alhtpi lq i`~qidlpnq n l k~hdl † A~czi# wnpolhfi# itet~dnq ehalppntiq alk l qnvl † Kndl# ihqendidn# kndl dn flknk&k~cfnp%# dn Dn~q n dn qe knqki&l% † Alkz~cqþnq2 ihlpnvei# `~cekei# pet~ieq dn ciwip+ qn † L~wep wlrnq † Glptnq dnqnblq nvtpiq dn qnvl l~ dn dip qnvl zipi qnp ikidl&i%
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 5
Zlptihtl# å ~ki keheqtpiïál k~etl dnceaidi hik~etl y~ic qnalhwnhenhtn dnwn tnp k~e+ tl a~edidlnqti n nhtnhdeknhtl( I zpehaëzel# hál qnpëi y~n ~k flknk qn nhwlcwnqqn nk keheqtpip ~ki k~cfnp( I welciïál zldn i`pep ~ki bihnci i ~k dnkôhel dn ñdel zipi alk l flknk( Hl tnk+ zl alppntl# lpip alk ~k flknk zpnqnhtn zldn qnp ~k ziqql ekzlptihtn zipi i ce`nptiïál tltic( Znpkihnïi qnkzpn klqtpihdl iklp n ianetiïál# kiq clhon dn nvzpnqqþnq gëqeaiq alkl i`piïip( H~hai alhdnhn l~ giïi i qnhtep a~czéwnc( Ib~di+i zipi y~n nci wnbi y~n Apeqtl hál i nqy~nan~ n y~n y~np n zldn pnqti~pip qn~ alpzl# icki n nqzëpetl( L`weiknhtn# l iqzåatl dn alhdnhaeicedidn n alhihïi å wetic hnqti épni( Qn i znqqli hál alhi nk wlaâ# qnpé zl~al zplwéwnc y~n alkziptecfn y~n gle i`~qidi qnv~icknhtn( 0( Nqacipnanhdl lq zpl`cnkiq n lq qëhtlkiq Pnweqip l alhtnòdl di Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 0
Nk hlqql qnkehépel# iq znqqliq gpny~nhtnknhtn hlq dernk depntiknh+ tn# y~n glpik i`~qidiq( Oihfik alhihïi n q~i gå nk Dn~q i~knhti# i kndedi y~n wnk itå hñq qnhdl ib~didiq( Kiq hl ialhqncfiknhtl ehdewe+ d~ic# zldn qnp ~k zplanqql kieq cnhtl( Êq wnrnq# iq znqqliq hlq zplwipál gicihdl dn l~tplq zpl`cnkiq l~ qehtlkiq(
9:9
I`~ql Qnv~ic
Qn wlaâ q~qznetip dn ~k i`~ql# `iqnihdl+qn hlq qehtlkiq l~ nk ziciwpi aenhtëai# y~ihdl iq `iqnq dn alhihïi n alkzievál qn nqti`ncnanpik# wlaâ zldnpé dernp2 –Å zlqqëwnc y~n ico~åk i`~ql~ dn wlaâ<‛( H~hai deoi l~ q~oepi y~nk wlaâ apâ y~n gle l i`~qidlp( Dnevn y~n i znqqli cfn deoi( Il –ednhteaip l zpl`cnki‛# qnkzpn dernklq y~n i zpeknepi ai~qi dlq zpl`cnkiq å l znaidl dn ico~åk( Onpicknhtn i znqqli i`~qidi å wëteki dl znaidl dn l~tpi znqqli( Å ehlanhtn# knq+ kl qn nci qn qehti a~czidi ql`pn l y~n qn ziqql~( Eqtl å alk~k# nqznaeicknhtn hiq apeihïiq# nk aiql dn i`~qlq( Å alk~k tik`åk# y~ihdl lq zieq qn dewlpaeipik( L i`~ql qnv~ic dn knhehlq l~ knhehiq l~ i welciïál welcnhti zldnk apeip zpl`cnkiq dn dihl gëqeal hl alpzl# y~n pny~np lpiïál zipi q~i a~pi( Zldn tnp ialhtnaedl ~ki opiwednr hál dnqnbi+ di y~n alhd~re~ il i`lptl( Å ekzlptihtn alknïip alk iq ai~qiq n dië alknïip i cedip alk iq alkzceaiïþnq n zpl`cnkiq dnzleq( 1( Nhalhtpihdl iq ai~qiq
Cnk`pn+qn y~n iq ai~qiq qál iy~nciq aleqiq y~n ekzndnk l ~ep di a~pi dn Dn~q n l zldnp dn pnqti~piïál nk hlqqiq wediq( Nqzëpetlq dl I`~qidlp
Hit~pic
Pnweqip Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
Iq ai~qiq hit~pieq qál iq gnpediq# iq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq n iq pniïþnql~ ehalppntiq( pniïál tëzeai å a~czip+qn i qe knqkl i Dn~q# lIy~n cnwi ehalppnti i i~tlnqtek i `ievi n i dnzpnq+ qál( Qn girnk b~piknhtlq ehtnphlq zipi zpltnonp i icki gnpe+ di( Iq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq girnk alk y~n qn tlphn k~etl degëaec znpdlip( Pnweqip Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl >
Nqzëpetlq dl i`~ql Dnkôhelq y~n deqtlpank i qnv~icedidn# nta( Itid~piq di icki
Pniïþnq Ehalppntiq
Dihlq alpzlpieq
Gnpediq Cnk `pihïiq dlclplqiq A~czip i qe k nqk l l~ i Dn~q I~tlnqtek i `ievi B~pik nhtlq ehtnphlq Gicti dn znpdál
Znaidlq dl I`~qidlp
I qnv~icedidn å ~k knaiheqkl y~n Dn~q apel~ zipi ~hep ilq nqzlqlq hl aiqiknhtl( Hl aiql dn i`~ql qnv~ic# qn zpld~r ~ki ~heál gëqeai y~n pnq~cti nk itid~pi ëkzei di icki( Nqti itid~pi ëkzei dnwn qnp dnqtp~ëdi( Hit~pic - Dnklhëiai
Pnweqip Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 4
Lq dnkôhelq ek~hdlq dni`~ql# welciïál# c~v~pei# glpheaiïál# flklqnv~icedidn# nta(# qál dnkôhelq y~n tpl~vn l i`~qidlp( I gnpedi dl i`~ql apei ~k zlhtl dn nhtpidi zipi nqtnq dnkôhelq( Clol# ncnq `~qaik zplklwnp alkzlptiknhtlq qekecipnq hi wëteki( Lq dnkôhelq di ziptn dl i`~qidlp# zldnk qnp y~icy~np tezl dn dnklhel y~n nqtn aippnoi( Y~ihdl d~iq znqqlq tâk pnciïþnq qnv~ieq# qn zpld~r ~ki ~heál nqzepet~ic( Hnqqn klknhtl# lq dnkôhelq ziqqik dn ~ki znqqli zipi i l~tpi( Lq dnkô+ helq ek~hdlq n iy~ncnq di ziptn dl i`~qidlp dnwnpál qnp nvz~cqlq(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 5
9:0
I`~ql Qnv~ic
4( Izceaihdl l pnkådel A~pi diq Gnpediq Pnq~kl dlq ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK IQ GNPEDIQ N IQ PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZNPIHTN ÊQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq i Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
Pnweqip Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1
Ziqql 9( Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi
Klqtpn zipi i znqqli y~n nci hál å pnqzlhqéwnc zncl q~andedl# n tál+zl~al Dn~q( Ncn hál znp ke+ te~ eqtl zlp ~k zplzñqetl l~ alkl aiqteol( Ncn dn~ i tldlq cewpn ip`ëtpel= n nk ~k k~hdl y~n+ `pidl n aiëdl# k~etlq l ~qik ny~ewlaidiknhtn( Tldlq qlklq igntidlq znclq znaidlq dn l~tplq( Y~ihdl eqql q~andn# Dn~q aflpi alhlqal n ihqnei i lzlpt~hedidn dn pnqti~pip+hlq n a~pip+hlq( Nk Plkihlq 9029> der2 –Aflpn alk lq y~n aflpik‛( Zlp eqql cnwi tnkzl zipi nhtnhdnp q~iq gnpediq( Clol# lcfnk b~htlq zipi Apeqtl( Ncn å l Qicwidlp n l Alpdnepl ehlanhtn dn Dn~q# y~n qlgpn~ zn+ clq znaidlq dl i`~qidlp n znciq gnpediq gnetiq zncl i`~qidlp( Cnei Eqiëiq 792 9+1( pnqti~pip lq alhtpetlq dn alpiïál# i zplacikip ce`npdidn ilq aitewlq# n i i`np+ t~pi dn zpeqál ilq zpnqlq= i izpnolip l ihl ianetéwnc dl Qnhflp n l dei di wehoihïi dl hlqql Dn~q= i alhqlcip tldlq lq tpeqtnq= i lpdnhip ianpai dlq y~n aflpik nk Qeál y~n qn cfnq dâ ~ki opehicdi nk wnr dn aehriq# ñcnl dn olrl nk wnr dn zpihtl# wnqtedlq dn cl~wlp nk wnr dn nqzëpe+ tl iho~qteidl=‛( Nvzcey~n y~n Bnq~q y~np girnp t~dl eqtl nk q~i wedi# kiq qnpé ~k zplanqql y~n tlkipé tnkzl( Ziqql 0( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r
I znqqli zldn ehac~ep i piewi y~n hit~picknhtn qnhtn alhtpi l i`~qidlp l~ l~tplq y~n z~dnpik tnp gicfidl nk zpltnonp+ci( ^qn i ec~qtpiïál dn qno~pip l cewpl znqidl# l~ l dn cnwip i gnpedi nk ~ki klafeci zipi klqtpip+cfn alkl qn zldn cnwip iq gnpediq zipi i ap~r( @ihfihdl+qn hl pel
Dnwedl êq dea~cdidnq dn znpdlip il i`~qidlp# y~npnklq tpitip alk iq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq hnqti ntizi# ihtnq dn nhtpip hl ziqql dn znpdlip( ^qn –i tåaheai dl `ihfl hl pel‛# nk wnr di pn+ wnciïál diq knkñpeiq( Pnweqip Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 4
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 5
9:1
I`~ql Qnv~ic
Znïi ê znqqli y~n qn ekioehn hl tplhl dn Dn~q# dn lhdn ~e ~ki alppnhtn dn éo~i z~pi &Izl+ aicezqn 0029%( Znpketi y~n qn ekioehn b~htl il pel# qnhdl ciwidi di ai`nïi ilq zåq( Nvzceai+cfn y~n i éo~i y~n wnk dl Tplhl dn Dn~q i cekzi dlq qnhteknhtlq dn fiwnp qedl ~qidi# n di q~bnepi# a~czi# wnpolh+ fi( Nqznpn n wnbi l y~n Dn~q gir# l~ l y~n i znqqli nvznpeknhti( Ziqql 1( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n cfn zpnb~deaipik
Ico~kiq znqqliq# nhy~ihtl pnan`nk a~pi# zldnk qnp aizirnq dn znpdlip giaecknhtn( Dl alhtpé+ pel# nhy~ihtl cfn dnklhqtpi y~n wlaâ nhtnhdn alkl nci qn qnhtn# ib~dn+i# pnalpdihdl y~n nci å ~ki ncneti( L i`~qidlp zldn qnp y~n tnhfi ipp~ehidl q~i wedi itå nqtn klknhtl# kiq hál å hn+ anqqépel y~n ipp~ëhn zncl pnqtl di wedi( Il ce`nptip+qn dn q~i piewi# i znqqli qn ce`npi zipi pnan`np ~ki hlwi wedi alk Dn~q( Nvzcey~n y~n q~i piewi hál nqté zpnb~deaihdl l i`~qidlp# n qek qlknhtn i nci knqki( Nqti å ~ki `ippnepi y~n i ekzndn dn pnan`np t~dl l y~n Dn~q y~np dip+cfn( Å ekzlptihtn hál girâ+ci qnhtep+qn a~czidi# aiql hnanqqetn kieq tnkzl l~ kieq a~pi ihtnq dn zldnp znpdlip( Tik`åk nci dnwn qi`np y~n dnwnpé alhteh~ip znpdlihdl qn lq znhqiknhtl ql`pn l i`~ql wlctipnk( Zldn qnp y~n a~czn i qe knqki zlp fiwnp znpketedl l i`~ql# n zlptihtl hnanqqetipé ib~di zipi znpdlip+qn( Ziqqlq 4 n >( Cedihdl alk iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq n pnan`nhdl znpdál Pnweqip Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1 n Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4
Ihekn i znqqli zipi y~n wnbi# y~n alhgnqqip n pnh~haeip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq å ~k ziqql wetic zipi pnan`np ~ki a~pi alkzcnti n pnqti~piïál( Lpenhtn+i zipi pnh~haeip tldl tezl dn b~piknhtl ehtnphl y~n tnhfi gnetl( ^tecern wnpqëa~clq `ë`cealq alkl Eqiëiq 7929+1 n 4429+1 zipi alhqtp~ep q~i alhihïi nk Dn~q= n ihekn+i i girnp ~k hlwl wltl dn alhihïi h―Ncn( Pnq~kl dlq ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál Zlqqëwneq ziqqlq nvtpiq Ziqql 72 L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Ziqql ?2 Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Ziqql 62 Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Ziqql 52 Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( Zplopnqqewiknhtn Ziqql 9:2 K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
Ziqql 7( A~pi diq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq
Hál y~npnklq y~n heho~åk tnhfi cnk`pihïiq ql`pn i`~qlq qnv~ieq( Zlp eqql# hál zndeklq il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n giïi i znqqli wlctip i tic ehaednhtn knhtiknhtn# alkl l girnklq nk ~ki a~pi hlpkic diq cnk`pihïiq( Ziqqlq ? n 6( Y~n`pihdl itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki n keheqtpihdl ce`nptiïál
^ki wnr y~n i znqqli nvznpeknhtl~ l iklp dn Dn~q n dl pel y~n i cekzi# dnwnpëi tnp i alh+ ihïi zipi y~n`pip iq itid~piq di icki n zipi pnan`np keheqtpiïál dn ce`nptiïál( Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 5
9:4
I`~ql Qnv~ic
Pnweqip Qnïál 1 Aizët~clq > n 7
Nhqehn i znqqli alkl zpnzipip+qn zipi i ce`nptiïál &Qnïál 0 Aizët~cl 7%( Wnbi itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq ec~qtpidlq hi Qnïál 1# aizët~cl ># zipi y~n`pip itid~piq di icki n zipi nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq dn i`~ql# n lq zplwnhenhtnq dl i`~qidlp( Qn fl~wn ~k i`lptl# dnwnpé keheqtpip ql`pn lq ngnetlq dnqtn# y~ihdl znpan`np y~n i znqqli nqtnbi zplhti( Iq ai~qiq y~n qnpál2 znaidl# gnpediq n i ce`nptiïál dlq dnkôhelq dn a~czi n flkeaedel( Nqti keheqtpiïál nwetipé y~icy~np itet~dn hnoitewi zipi iq apeihïiq y~n wnhfik dnzleq( ^ki opiwednr hál dnqnbidi dnwnpé# dn kihnepi qekecip# hnanqqetip dn ~ki itnhïál nqznaeic n keheqtpiïál zipi i apeihïi( 5( Lpiïál zlp a~pi gëqeai Pnweqip Qnïál 1+ Aizët~cl 4 ziptn 6 n Aizët~cl > ziptn 7
Y~ihdl fé alkzceaiïþnq gëqeaiq# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl zldn cnwip+cfn i lpip zlp a~pi gëqeai# i knde+ di y~n i a~pi ehtnpelp n i ce`nptiïál zplopedik( 9:( Nqti`cnanhdl hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl Pnweqip Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 4 ziptn 5
Tldlq hñq# n nqznaeicknhtn iy~ncnq y~n nqtál qn pnqti~pihdl dn i`~qlq# hnanqqetiklq nvznpe+ knhtip l wnpdidnepl iklplhdn apeqtál n i ikeridn dnhtpl di dn eopnbi nk qehanpi# ~k op~zlå ~k zny~nhl( ^k op~+ zl dn alk~hfál keqti# iq znqqliq alkziptecfnk glpki `lk ik`enhtn lhdn qn zldn wnhanp l kndl dl qnvl lzlqtl( ^ki znqqli i`~qidi zldn qnp y~n fibi znpdedl i fi`ecedidn dn alkl alhtplcip qi`eiknhtn qn~ hëwnc dn i`npt~pi n ehtekedidn( Eqtl i nvzþn i gnpediq g~t~piq n dnqec~qþnq# n i ekzndn dn alhq+ tp~ep hlwiq ikeridnq qi~déwneq( ^ki wnr y~n pnan`n~ a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál# dnwnpei qnhtep ce`npdidn zipi izpnhdnp hlwlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl n znhqiknhtlq( Hnanqqeti nhtnhdnp y~n eqtl å ~k tpi`icfl y~n tldlq dnwnklq girnp( Y~icy~np y~n qnbi l zpl`cnki l~ iq ai~qiq# tldlq hnanqqetiklq tpi`icfip d~pl nk apeip hlwlq zidpþnq( Tnp nqznpihïi hlq ib~di i kltewip+hlq# n zldnklq nqtek~cip i nqznpihïi dn y~n ~k dei i k~+ cfnp nhalhtpipé ~k flknk# l y~ic nci izpnhdi i alhip# n hicknhtn qn aiqn( hnanqeti k~afl éhekl# tihtl zpéateal alkl nqzepet~ic(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 5
9:>
Cewpn dlq ngnetlq dl i`~ql ehgihtec n dlq kndlq ‑ Q~eïi
–Hál qi`ei l y~n qeoheaiwi wewnp qnk kndl( Y~npei y~n i tnppi kn tpioiqqn y~ihdl knhqelhiwik ql`pn l i`~ql ehgihtec( Hiy~ncn qnkehépel ziptea~cip# nk B~hfl dn 9554# dnaede tpirnp i c~r kehfi nvznpeâhaei dn ehgàhaei( Dnzleq dn 1 flpiq n knei# kn qnhtë alkzcntiknhtn a~pidi n cewpn) Gle kipiwecflql qnhtep Bnq~q a~pihdl+kn n ce`nptihdl+kn( Iolpi zlqql wewnp qnk kndl( Lvicé tldlq z~dnqqnk nvznpeknhtip i ce`npdidn n l iklp y~n n~ nvznpeknhtl iolpi nk Bnq~q Apeqtl(‛
9:
Nqt~dl dl aiql Zipi wnp alkl lq kåtldlq glpál izceaidlq nk nvnkzclq di wedi pnic Ihicernklq l wnpdidnepl nvnkzcl dn ~ki qnhflpi y~n iqqeqte~ i ~k dn hlqqlq qnkehépelq( Wn+ pnklq qn~q zpl`cnkiq# n dicë hlq klwnpnklq dnqdn i dnqapeïál dl zpl`cnki ê ednhteaiïál diq ai~qiq# zipi iqqek izceaip l pnkådel( Dnghehdlianhi
Hl qnkehépel# hñq fiwëiklq nvzceaidl alkl tpi`icfiklq# l y~n nqtéwiklq `~qaihdl n lq zlhtlq dn nhtpidi zipi lq dnkôhelq( Dn``en wnel pnan`np lpiïál &tldlq lq hlknq glpik k~didlq% ( Lq qehtlkiq n zpl`cnkiq dn Dn``en
Dn``en tehfi fnzitetn @( Q~i kán dnevl~ dn nhweé+ci il alcåoel n i gnr tpi`icfip k n aiqi( Dn``en hál qn qnhtei ikidi n qek pnbnetidi zlp q~i kán( Ldeiwi q~i kán# n zplkntn~ y~n qn wehoipei y~ihdl nci nhwncfnanqqn( (Ico~hq oipltlq y~npeik qn~ iklp# qnhdl y~n ncnq glpik h~k `p~vl zpi alclaip gneteïipei ql`pn nci# n dnqti glpki girnp alk y~n nci qn izievlhiqqn zlp ncnq( Nhtál# Dn``en depeoe~+qn tik`åk il `p~vl plkznpihtnq tic gneteïipei( Y~ihdl qn~ zie al~ dlnhtn# alk nci y~eq cnwip+cfn ico~hq pnkådelq# kiq zipi ncn klppn~ y~n nci afnoiqqn( Qn qnhte~ dnqec~dedi Dn~q( Q~i zny~nhi epká# y~n fiwei cnwidl il Qnhflp# tik`åk klppn~# kiq nci hál ql~`n zlp wépelq knqnq( Dn``en tehfi ~ki opihdn dlp nklaelhic( Iq ai~qiq
† † † † † †
Pnbneïál dn q~i kán( Ikipo~pi zipi alk q~i kán( B~piknhtl qnapntl alhtpi nci( Weqeti il kådeal `p~vl( Nhwlcweknhtl alk la~cteqkl( Hnanqqedidn dn a~pi di fnzitetn y~n alknïl~ hnqqn tnkzl( Dnqec~qál alk Dn~q znci klptn dn qn~ zie( Gnpedi znpihtn i klptn dn q~i zpnaelqi epká qnk y~n nci qny~np ql~`nqqn(
Zlhtlq dn nhtpidi n bihnciq i`nptiq2
† † † † †
I pnbneïál i`pe~ bihnciq zpld~rehdl kieq pnbneïál &gnpedi%( Ikipo~pi znpihtn q~i kán n l b~piknhtl ehtnphl alhtpi nci &znaidl%( Weqeti il kådeal `p~vl &znaidl - la~cteqkl%( Zplg~hdi dnqec~qál &gnpedi nklaelhic%( A~czip i Dn~q &pniïál ny~ewlaidi znpihtn i gnpedi%(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9:
9:?
Nqt~dl dl Aiql
Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál2 Gnpediq zplwnhenhtnq di kán dn Dn``en
† † † † †
Dn``en gnr ~ki lpiïál dn alhqqál n ippnznhdeknhtl# lhdn znde~ znpdál( Clol# cnwl~ q~iq gnpediq zipi i ap~r n hñq lpiklq zncl iklp dn Apeqtl hnci( Zndeklq qn nci zldnpei znpdlip q~i kán n nci iqqek l gnr( Plkznklq nqqn b~piknhtl qnapntl alhtpi q~i kán( Nvz~cqiklq i pnbneïál dn q~i kán# l kndl di pnbneïál n i pnbneïál alk l~tplq( Dn``en
wlketl~ k~etl( † Lpiklq zlp a~pi di gnpedi dn qn~ alpiïál( Nci alknïl~ i aflpip dn icnopei# il qnhtep+qn ikidi zlp Bnq~q Apeqtl( † Zipi wnpeaip# deqqnklq il dnkôhel dn ikipo~pi y~n qieqqn# n nqtéwiklq k~etl alhtnhtnq il wnp y~n hál fiwei kieq pniïþnq( Znaidl nqzepet~ic + weqeti il kådeal `p~vl
† † † †
Alptiklq l gneteïl y~n lq oipltlq fiweik alclaidl hnci zlp knel di `p~vipei( Zndeklq i nci y~n zndeqqn znpdál zlp tnp edl hl kådeal `p~vl( Alptiklq i itid~pi di icki alk l kådeal `p~vl( Clol# nvz~cqiklq lq dnkôhelq y~n fiweik nhtpidl di ziptn dl `p~vl= lq dnkôhelq zplwnhenhtnq diq kicdeïþnq dlq oipltlq# itpiwåq di alkedi n diq `n`ediq y~n ncnq i lgnpnanpik= n lq dnkôhelq y~n wenpik dl `p~vl depntiknhtn( Nci wlketl~ k~etëqqekl( † Gehicknhtn# nvz~cqiklq l dnkôhel di fnzitetn @( Gnpediq n kéq pniïþnq( Q~i dnqec~qál2
† Dn``en znde~ znpdál zlp fiwnp a~czidl i Dn~q( † Nci tik`åk nhtpnol~ q~i dlp zplg~hdi il Qnhflp( † Glklq itpiwåq dlq 4 ziqqlq zipi dnqgirnp+hlq di dnqec~qál( Nci aflpl~( Clol cfn znde y~n ekioehiqqn qn~ zie n q~i epká# nci lq cnwihdl i Bnq~q Apeqtl( Y~ihdl gnr eqtl# ~k opihdn olrl i ehwide~( L pnq~ctidl
Alkl wâ# fl~wnpik ico~kiq pniïþnq n pnq~ctidlq ekndeitlq d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál# y~n wipei+ pik dnqdn wôketlq itå ~k qnhtedl dn opihdn olrl( Knqkl y~n tieq pniïþnq zlqqik qnpwep+hlq dn ehdeaiïál# ql`pn l y~n nqtéekzlpti q~andnhdl d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál# hñq hál ehtnpnqqidlq ziptea~cipknhtn hnciq( L y~n å i znpd~péwnc a~pi n i k~dihïi hi nqtiklq wedi di znqqli( Zldnklq alhpkip y~n nqtn keheqtåpel tpir k~dihïiq znpkihnhtnq# zlpy~n wlctiklq êq knq+ kiq eopnbiq nk degnpnhtnq ziptnq dl k~hdl zlp wépelq ihlq( Hl aiql dn Dn``en# pnan`nklq ~ki aipti dn qn~ ziqtlp y~n nqté hi zéoehi qno~ehtn(
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9:
9:6
Nqt~dl dl Aiql
^kiaiptidlziqtlpclaic#alhgpkiia~pi2
–Y~npedi Nceqi`ntf2 Wlaâ dnwn pnalpdip dn q~iq lpiïþnq alk Dn``en( Nci fiwei nqtidl kic dn qiòdn zlp wépelq ihlq# dnwedl i fnzitetn @( Dnzleq di pn~heál dn lpiïál# nci qnhte~+qn `nk n alhteh~l~ qnhtehdl+qn `nk# dnqdn nhtál( Hi qnkihi ziqqidi gle il flqzetic zipi girnp ~k nvikn dn qiho~n n lq pnq~ctidlq glpik nvancnhtnq( Y~n keciopn) Znhql y~n nci tldiwei tnk lq nviknq ihtnpelpnq y~n alhpkik q~i fnzitetn @# y~nk qi`n dnwi nhy~idpé+clq n alclaip+clq hi qici alkl tnqtnk~hfl n kltewl dn alhwnpqiïál zipi iq weqetiq ( Qlknhtn y~npei alkziptecfip nqti `âhïál( Alk iklp n idkepiïál# Ziqtlp Bek‛
Eqtl å ~k keciopn<
L Ziqtlp Bek dnqapnwn i k~dihïi hi wedi dn Dn``en# alkl ~k keciopn( ^k keciopn å lhdn Dn~q q~qznhdn q~iq cneq hit~pieq( Hl aiql dn Dn``en# i a~pi n i ce`nptiïál wenpik zlp izceaip lq zpehaëzelq n iq cneq nqzepet~ieq i y~n hñq tnhtiklq pngnpep hnqtn cewpl( Eqtl apel~ iq alhdeïþnq zipi y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl rnqqn Qn~ tpi`icfl dn a~pi Pnq~kl
Znaidl hit~pic
Alhgnqql~# qn ippnznhdn~ n pnan`n~ znpdál di ikipo~pi Y~n`pl~ l b~piknhtl n iq itid~piq di icki alk l kådeal `p~vl
Gnpediq
Iq cnwl~ zipi i ap~r Znpdll~ q~i kán n pnan`n~ znpdál zlp q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq
Dnkôhelq
Lq dnkôhelq dn pnbneïál glpik nvz~cqlq= tldlq lq dnkôhelq y~n wenpik zncl alhtitl alk l kådeal `p~vl# n lq dnkôhelq ai~qidlpnq di fnzitetn @(
A~pi gëqeai
Di Fnzitetn @# dnzleq y~n l dnkôhel gle nvz~cql
Qnïál 1 Aizët~cl 9:
9:5
Qnïál 4
Kitnpeic dn Izlel Nqti Qnïál å ~ki alcnïál dn degnpnhtnq kitnpeieq dn izlel ideaelhieq( Zpeknepiknhtn# ico~kiq gltlq n tnqtnk~hflq dn hlqqiq weionhq dn keheqtåpel( Clol ico~hq nhqehiknhtlq afiwnq zipi zplzñqetlq dn pnweqál= n zlp òctekl# l~tplq nhqehiknhtlq y~n qlknhtn qnpál dn ehtnpnqqn hi kndedi y~n wlaâ wé idy~epehdl kieq nvznpeâhaei n Dn~q giïi apnqanp qn~ keheqtåpel( Gehicknhtn# alhac~ëklq iq zéoehiq y~n qál ednieq zipi girnp añzeiq n ~qé+ ciq alkl nq`lïl# l~ tpihqzipâhaeiq zipi l pntplzplbntlp nk qn~q zpñzpelq op~zlq# qnkehépelq l~ qnpweïlq(
Gltl+Cnk`pihïiq
Bnq~q klppn~ zipi plkznp l zldnp dn Qitihéq( Tnklq weqtl nqti wnpdidn tpihqglpkihdl wediq nk tldl c~oip lhdn tnklq edl( Nqtiq gltlq glpik tepidiq nk hlqqiq weionhq dn keheqtåpel hi Égpeai n Ëhdei( 9( Hoipeik# ^oihdi lpenhtic( Izleihdl i apei+ ïál dn ~ki eopnbi( Iq znqqliq fiweik aikeh+ fidl zlp flpiq( Dn~q gnr opihdnq keciopnq(
0( Weionk dn aihli zipi keheqtpip hiq ecfiq hl ciol Wetñpei(
1( Hlqql dlpketñpel nk ~ki weionk dn keheq+ tåpel dnzleq di o~nppi nk ^oihdi(
4( Fnhpu @~mnhui &ê depneti%# ~k ikeol dnqdn lq ihlq 7: n Depntlp di Gia~cdidn dn Nd~ai+ ïál# alk qn~q ikeolq hl ehëael dlq ihlq 5:(
>( Hlqqi gcfi Nqtfnp hlq ib~dl~ hnqtn
7( Pn~heál hlq ihlq 5: alk Aihlh Kntnp Meolre y~nk cnwl~ Ic`npt i qn~ zpeknepl qigipe di Ci Qapez~pn ^helh nk 9571(
?( Dihenc @i~koipthnp( Iolpi# hlqql onhpl( L tnkzl zpéteal dn qn~ a~pql dn Tnlcloëi gle ~k i`pep dn lcflq zipi ncn(
6( Nk Aiepl# Noetl# keheqtpihdl nk ~ki eopnbi apeqtá dn cëho~i alzti&noetl ihteol%(
9:( I alhgnpâhaei dn Afetllp# hi pnoeál dn Afnhhie &Kidpiq%# Ëhdei(
99( Alk l Dp( Tflkiq Wipofnqn n ziqtlpnq dn Dncfe n lq lpoiheridlpnq dl Qnkehépel nk Dncfe nk 0::0(
qnkehépel dn ziqtlpnq di ^oihdi# nk @~oihdi laednhtic(
5( Nceqi`ntf# nk iqfpik&ihteoi Ëhdei% znptl dn Afetllp lhdn pniceriklq ~ki alhgnpâhaei dn ziqtlpnq nk 0::0( 90( I gikëcei Tiuclp hlq ihlq ?:( &nqy~npdi zipi i depneti% Zfecez# Nceqi`ntf# Nqtfnp# Diwed n Ic`npt(
Ikåpeai dl Q~c gle l nhgly~n dn k~etiq weionhq( L kictpitl hl ziqqidl# y~n qlgpnpik lq ehdëonhiq znclq alhy~eqtidlpnq# å ~ki ai poi nqzepet~ic znqidi( Kiq iy~e# hlwiknhtn# Apeqtl lgnpnan a~pi n ce`nptiïál( 9( I idlpiïál klweknhtidi# y~n ehac~e `ihdnepiq# å zlz~cip nk tldi Ikåpeai dl Q~c# alkl iy~e# nk Lp~pl# @lcëwei(
0( Hl zpeknepl dei å degëaec idiztip+qn il ip dn Ci Zir# i y~iqn 4::: kntplq dn ict~pi(
1( Lpihdl zlp ~ki apeihïi hi `iqn dn BLA^K Ci Zir(
4( Y~n ~k iweál keqqelhépel wln zlp ~ki ziptn pnklti dl q~c di @lcewei å ~k ialhtnaeknhtl pipl( Onhnpicknhtn# weibiklq clhoiq deqtàhaeiq dn ôhe`~q(
>( L zqeañclol Diwed Io~eppn n q~i gikëcei nk O~iuiy~ec# Ny~idlp# pnan`npik hlqql keheqtåpel alk nht~qeiqkl nk q~i eopnbi(
7( Keke Io~eppn tpid~rehdl zipi Ic`npt nk O~iuiy~ec(
?( Hlqqi gcfi Nqtfnp tpid~rehdl zipi Ic`npt
6( Y~etl# Ny~idlp( I ny~ezn dl qnkehépeldn Ialhqncfiknhtl# alk Wicnpel &ê depneti nk+ `ievl%# Alceh n Ihhnttn# Ihi Kipëi Aépdnhiq &q~åtnp ikipncl%( 99( Aiep hl afál å ~ki kihegnqtiïál alk~k y~ihdl l zldnp dn Dn~q hlq tlai l~ fé pnqeqtâhaei dnklhëiai( @iqn dn BLA^K Qihteiol# Afecn(
5( Wicnpel n Nceqi`ntf pnaippnoihdl q~iq nhnpoeiq(
zipi nqzihflc# hl zpeknepl qnkehépel hl Ny~idlp( 9:( ^ki ehtnpanqqál alk ehdëonhiq dl Ny~idlp( Alceh n Ihhnttn Hniwn di Nqañaei nqtál alhlqal(
90+( Hl ghic dlq ihlq 5: &nqy~npdi ê depneti%
Dihe ' Nqtfnp @i~koipthnp# Nceqi`ntf# Ciceti n Zfecez# Diwed n Ic`npt Tiuclp(
Kitnpeic dn izlel Gltlq
990
Zipi zplwip n wnp2 Tnqtnk~hflq n knhqionhq
997
Nhqehiknhtlq afiwnq dn izlel2 Dnacipiïál dn gå
900
? Ziqqlq zipi i wedi apeqtá
901
I zitnphedidn dn Dn~q
904
Pn`nceál
90>
Ippnznhteknhtlnalhgqqál
907
Pnbneïál
906
L qiho~n n l hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl
91:
Zipi y~nk å i ce`nptiïál<
919
I~tlce`nptiïál
910
^ql dn qëk`lclq dnhtpl di Keheqtpiïál
911
Keheqtpihdl a~pi gëqeai
914
Lpeoehieq zipi gltlalzeip2 Zplopnqql hl Keheqtåpel Y~nqtelhépelzipiednhtegaipqet~iïþnq
Épniq dn zpl`cnkiq Iop~ziknhtl dn dnkôhelq Ziqqlq pnq~kedlq
917
Cewplq pnalknhdidlq
946
Alkzihfneplq dn Keheqtåpel
945
Qnïál 4
99>
Zipi Z plwip n Wnp ^ki dno~qtiïál dl zldnp dn Dn~q hnqtn Keheqtåpel Iy~e fé ico~hq Tnqtnk~hflq y~n o~ipdiklq itpiwåq dlq ihlq( Lq hlknq nk etéceal glpik k~didlq(
^oihdi &9565+9550% Nhtpn lq ihlq dn 9565 n 9550# pnopnqqiklq i ^oihdi zlp 7 i 6 qnkihiq( Hiy~ncnq ihlq# anhtnhiq dn znqqliq glpik ce`nptiq(
Ce`nptidlq dn pnbneïál# ikipo~pi# kndl n ehgnpelpedidn
–Y~ihdl g~e qicwl# pnan`ë anpti a~pi gëqeai tik`åk# n g~e `iteridl hl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Kehfi eopnbi claic kn pnbnetl~ y~ihdl lq alkziptecfne eqtl( Flbn g~e ce`nptl dnqti pnbneïál( Kn~ zie n kehfi kán glpik iqqiqqehidlq( Flbn# ocñpei i Dn~q# z~dn ce`nptip+kn di ikipo~pi n iho~qtei y~n nqtiwik qnz~ctidiq dnhtpl dn kek(‛ + Kleqåq Cewpn dn tnppëwneq dlpnq dn ai`nïi
–Kn~ tnqtnk~hfl å y~n dnqdn y~n wlaâq lpipik zlp kehfiq tnppëwneq dlpnq dn ai`nïi# h~hai kieq iq tewn(‛ + Kipu Cewpn dn ehqno~pihïi
–N~ tnhfl tihtl olrl n zir n qne y~n kn~ Zie Ancnqteic a~edi dn kek(‛+Qipi Aizir dn aikehfip l~tpi wnr# dnzleq dn letl ihlq
–Ic`npt# cnk`pi di òcteki k~cfnp# Edi# znci y~ic lpiklq ihtnq dn dnevip i icdnei< Nci tehfi gn`pn n q~iq znphiq n ~k `piïl npik zipiceridlq( Tehfi tik`åk ~k t~klp nk qn~ i`dlknk( Kiq l y~n y~npl dernp+cfn# å y~n hl dei qno~ehtn# nci gle aizir dn aikehfip zlp qe knqki( Zlp letl ihlq nqtiwi zipicëteai n zldei qlknhtn nhoitehfip( Alkl Dn~q å `lk# hál å<‛+Cleq Cewpn dn welcâhaei _ecceik fiwei qedl ~k qlcdidl hl nvåpaetl di Pnqeqtâhaei Hiaelhic dnqdn 9561 i 9565# y~ihdl
iehdi nqtiwik o~nppnihdl( Ncn tnqtnk~hfl~2 –Hl ziqqidl n~ nqtiwi ialqt~kidl i qnp welcnhtl n dn alpiïál d~pl# zlp tldlq lq ihlq y~n ziqqne hnqtn klhtn( L zpl`cnki qno~e~+qn# iehdi dnzleq dn qnp qicwl( Y~ihdl l epkál Tiuclp n l~tplq lpipik zlp kek# g~e ce`nptl dlq zldnpnq dnklhëialq( Iolpi ql~ ~k flknk cewpn qnpwehdl il Qnhflp ‛(
Qnïál 4
997
Tnqtnk~hflq
Afecn &9554% I alc~hi dn ~ki zplgnqqlpi dn kitnkéteai nhdepnetl~+qn
–Wek il qnkehépel zlpy~n tehfi zpl`cnkiq nk kehfi gikëcei( H~hai znhqne y~n n~ knqki hnanqqetiqqn dn ce`nptiïál( Nhtpntihtl# y~ihdl lpiklq znci qnvti onpiïál# ~k dnkôhel ihanqtpic ai~ql~ ~ki pniïál nk kek# i y~ic l`tewn ce`nptiïál( Afno~ne nk aiqi n dlpke zlp dleq deiq( Y~ihdl wlctne zipi i gia~cdidn ziqqne nk gpnhtn dn ~k nqzncfl opihdn n pnznhtehiknhtn# kn dne alhti dn y~n n~ nqtiwi alk l aikehfip npntl( Nqtiwi wewnhdl alkl ~ki alpa~hdi n aikehfiwi dn glpki tlpaedi(‛ + Ceceih @~nhlq Iepnq# Iponhtehi &9554% Cewpn di dlp
–Tewn ~ki dlp zlp dleq ihlq n knel nk kn~q lk`plq n nk kehfi alc~hi(Znpdlne kn~q ihanqtpieq zlp qn~q znaidlq# l y~ic kn tpl~vn nqti dlp# n lpdnhne y~n t~dl y~n nqtewnqqn pnciaelhidl alk `p~vipei qieqqn( Nhy~ihtl kn dnqznptiwi znci kihfá# alknane i q~ip# n icol dnqzpnhdn~+qn dn kek( Ql~ cewpn diy~nci dlp(‛ +Peaipdl Ny~idlp &955?% Cewpn dn pnqqnhteknhtl# ikipo~pi# pnbneïál# i~tlpnbneïál n alhqiopiïál i ~k ëdlcl
–Hi zpeknepi hletn dl qnkehépel# l Qnhflp alknïl~ i a~pip+kn dl pnqqnhteknhtl# ikipo~pi# pnbneïál n i~tlpnbneïál( I òcteki hletn# icol kipiwecflql qn ziqql~# y~ihdl lpiklq pngnpnhtn ilq 5 knqnq dn opiwednr hl wnhtpn( Kn~q zieq kn pnbnetipik n tldi i dlp qie~ ceonepiknhtn= nhtál g~e cewpn( L Qnhflp tik`åk kn dn~ ~ki weqál( N~ wnhfl dn A~nhai# y~n å ~ki aedidn k~etl edñcltpi( Wë ~ki weponk# n b~htiknhtn l Qnhflp kn dn~ l hlkn di weponk# n kn klqtpl~ y~n n~ fiwei qedl alhqiopidi i nci# knqkl ihtnq dn hiqanp( Znde zipi i znqqli y~n nqtiwi il kn~ cidl y~n kn ce`nptiqqn di itid~pi ek~hdi( L Qnhflp alknïl~ ~k tpi`icfl nk kek(‛+ B~cei
Qnïál 42 Qi`lpnip n wnp
99?
Tnqtnk~hflq
^k tnqtnk~hfl pnanhtn kieq dnticfidl Q~eïi &0::?% Cewpn di piewi ehtnhqi n ekz~pnri qnv~ic
G~hdl
G~e apeidl dnhtpl dn ~ki gikëcei apeqtá( L`ndnaë dnqdn ~ki edidn zpnkit~pi nhtpnoihdl kehfi wedi i Bnq~q hi nqalci dlkeheaic# n hlwiknhtn nk iaikziknhtlq( Npi ~k apeqtál itewl n alh+ fnaei i @ë`cei k~etl `nk( Kehfi hiklpidi derei y~n n~ nqtiwi ekz~pl n y~n n~ lcfiwi zipi l~tpiq k~cfnpnq# kiq n~ ehqeqtei y~n kn~ alkzlptiknhtl npi ziptn dn ~ki `iticfi hlpkic alh+ tpi i tnhtiïál n l znaidl( Hl ziqql n~ fiwei alhq~kedl zlphlopii# kiq n~ ehqeqtei y~n iolpi nqtiwi cewpn( L zpl`cnki
Dnzleq y~n hlq aiqiklq# iq ia~qiïþnq n deqa~qqþnq qn ehtnhqeaipik# n êq wnrnq qieik dl alhtplcn( Kn tlphne welcnhtl n nci pihalplqi( Itå knqkl i iopnde y~ihdl depeoei hi nqtpidi) Lq ihaeálq dn hlqqi eopnbi ehwnqtepik anhtnhiq dn flpiq tnhtihdl ib~dip+hlq( I qet~iïál kncflpiwi izipnhtnknhtn# kiq h~hai zlp k~etl tnkzl( Iq qnïþnq dn ialhqncfiknhtl kn qlkiwik kieq deqa~qqþnq y~n hál alhd~reik i hnhf~ki ziptn( H~hai zldëiklq alclaip nk zpéteai iq k~dihïiq pnalknhdidiq(( Tldl tnkzl# qi`ei ql`pnkehfi i ce`nptiïál# kiq hlqqlq di eopnbi ipo~knhtiwik alh+ tpi eqtl(nqtn Tnkei y~nn~ clol znpdnpei gå# l~ kehfi knhtn(cëdnpnq Nhalhtpne ico~åk nk y~nk zldei alhip n cfn zndë ib~di( L zpl`cnki qie ê c~r
Alhtne+cfn y~n kn~q zpl`cnkiq npik i ehtnhqi piewi n i ekz~pnri qnv~ic( Glklq itpiwåq dlq ziqqlq dn lpiïál# i alhqqál n l ippnznhdeknhtl# n b~htlq cnwiklq iq aleqiq zipi i ap~r( Clol ncn alknïl~ i lpdnhip lq nqzëpetlq# zlp wépelq keh~tlq# y~n qn pntepipik# kiq hidi lalppei( Alknane i qnhtep+kn ehtpihy~ecl( Nhtál# l keheqtpl znde~ il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n pnwnciqqn l ekzndeknhtl( Ekndeitiknhtn i ziciwpi –knhtepi‛ ap~rl~+qn nk kehfi knhtn( Gpny~nhtnknhtn n~ fiwei knhtedl zipi kehfi nqzlqi zipi nwetip `peoi( Alhgnqqne i knhtepi n alknane i girnp lq ziqqlq dn lpiïál zipi cedip alk iy~ncn znaidl( L y~n nvznpeknhtne d~pihtn i ce`nptiïál Dn pnznhtn# ~k zldnp glptn izldnpl~+qn dn kek( Kehfi cëho~i nqtiwi ioetihdl+qn alkl dn ~ki qnpznhtn# n n~ we`piwi alkl qn nqtewnqqn qnhdl ncnatpla~tidl# n cihane ~k onkedl eo~ic il dn ~k klhqtpl znpwnpql( Kehfi knhtn nqtiwi afnei dn piewi n epi ehtnhqi( Nhy~ihtl lcfiwi zipi l keheqtpl# kn alhq~këi ~k kndl zplg~hdl( Tehfi znpihtn kek ~k flknk zny~nhl n `lhdlql# qlknhtn lcfihdl zipi kn~q lcflq# kiq kn nhalhtpiwi i`qlc~tiknhtn zntpeaidl( Ncn alhteh~l~ dernhdl2 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q# qiei iolpi nqzëpetl dnqzpnrëwnc‛( L kndl# tnpplp n tpnklp apnqanpik# n qië deqzipidl dn kehfi aidnepi= opetihdl al`pei i ai`nïi alk lq `piïlq Qnïál 42 Qi`lpnip n wnp
996
Tnqtnk~hflq
hl afál( L keheqtpl iblncfl~+qn n q~iwnknhtn alclal~ ~ki kál nk kn~ lk`pl( Alhteh~l~ lpdnhihdl il nqzëpetl y~n qn glqqn( Apnel y~n ncn dnwn tnp qiedl# zlpy~n clol qnhtë ~ki lhdi dn pnklpql n wnpolhfi( Alknane i qlc~ïip n aflpip ehtnhqiknhtn# znhqihdl2 –Alkl z~dn dnevip y~n icol tál dnqzpnrëwnc tlkiqqn nqtn c~oip nk kehfi wedi zlp tihtl tnkzl<‛( Bnq~q znpdli
Nqtiwi nhwnpolhfidl dn tnp i`lppnaedl Bnq~q n i kehfi nqzlqi i tic opi~# dn tlcnpip nqtnq nqzëpetlq nk kehfi wedi# n hál fiwnp `~qaidl ib~di k~etl ihtnq( L keheqtpl deqqn clol2 –Bnq~q bé cfn znpdll~‛( I wnpolhfi n l pnklpql kn i`ihdlhipik# n kn~ zpihtl qn tlphl~ nk céopekiq dn icnopei( Kn qnhtë cnwn n cewpn# n alknane i pep( ^ki hlwi aciqqn dn zir
Kn qehtl hl alhtplcn dn kehfiq nklïþnq# nk wnr dn qnp alhtplcidl zlp nciq# n lq ihteolq znhqiknhtlq nqtpihflq# dnqtp~tewlq n dnqiopidéwneq zipipik dn q~poep nk kehfi knhtn( K~etiq znqqliq ipo~knhtik y~n i ce`nptiïál zldn ialhtnanp qnk kihegnqtiïþnq( Dn kehfi ziptn nqtl~ iopidnaedl dn tnp nvznpeknhtidl i glpïi n i pnicedidn dl k~hdl nqzepet~ic( Å ~ki idwnptâhaei qnwnpi zipi kek n qnpé zipi qnkzpn ~ki cnk`pihïi dn kihtnp+kn z~pl n qihtl( Kipal &hlkn kldeaidl%
Qnïál 42 Qi`lpnip n wnp
995
Tnqtnk~hflq
I Kehe qtpiïál qn nvzihdn Ihi Kipëi Aépdnhiq tpid~re~ zipi hñq zlp k~etlq ihlq nk Y~etl# Ny~idlp( Clol nci knqki alknïl~ i keheqtpip( Kieq tipdn gle hlknidi ziqtlpi dn ~ki opihdn eopnbi nwih+ oåceai# afikidi Eùiy~etl# n flbn tpnehi k~etlq l~tplq keheqtplq( Nci nqapnwn~ hl dei 9: dn gnwnpnepl dn 0::?
–Y~npedlq Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf2 It~icknhtn nqtl~ dihdl ~k a~pql ql`pn a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál nk kehfi eopnbi claic# fé y~ipnhti n aehal flknhq n k~cfnpnq( Nqtiklq cfnq nhqehihdl lq y~itpl ziqqlq n izceaihdl hiq degnpnhtnq épniq dn q~iq wediq( Dnqnbipei y~n z~dnqqnk l`qnpwip alkl å nklaelhihtn wnp nqtiq znqqliq nvznpeknhtip q~i zpñzpei ce`nptiïál# zipi clol nhqehip nk q~iq aåc~ciq( Pniceriklq ~k pntepl dn a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál hl dei 99 dn gnwnpnepl( Tewnklq 96 znqqliq( Gernklq lq y~itpl ziqqlq alk ncnq itpiwåq dn Oécitiq > n Plkihlq 0= tik`åk i`pihonklq iq fnpihïiq ekz~piq( Lpiklq zlp a~pi ehtnpelp n k~etlq glpik `iteridlq hl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Wnbl pnq~ctidlq kieq ianht~idlq hi keheqtpiïál znqqlic# ziptea~cipknhtn hiq k~cfnpnq y~n nvznpeknhtipik tic qlgpeknhtl dn i`~ql# y~n qlknhtn Bnq~q zldn a~pip( L`peoidi hlwiknhtn# zlp tnp kn ehqtp~ëdl nk alkl tpnehip hlwlq alhqncfneplq –hi tipngi‛( Nqtl~ girnhdl keheqtpiïál b~htl alk ~ki izpnhder# P~tf# zipi y~n fibi ~k ngnetl dn k~ctezceaiïál( Nci wnel itå kek dnzleq dn qnpweïl( Nqtiwi nk id~ctåpel# qnzipidi dn dn qn~Bnri`nc# nqzlql nid~ctåpel ql` glptnqn itid~piq alhtplcn alk q~i~k zpñzpei kán( Gle ce`nptidi dn ~k dnkôhel itid~piq dn dnwndlpiq( Nci ianetl~ i Bnq~q alkl Qnhflp n pnan`n~ i zplg~hdi a~pi dn ~ki ehgàhaei tlpknhtlqi( Zndeklq i Bnq~q y~n wenqqn n Ncn pnqti~pl~ qn~ olrl( I a~pi dn C~aeihi n dn q~iq d~iq cfiq å ehapëwnc( Nqti kán cnwl~ q~i cfi kielp dn 96 ihlq zipi a~pi ehtnpelp# alkl òctekl pna~pql( Nhalhtpiwi+qn nk ~ki zplg~hdi dnzpnqqál n tlticknhtn dnqlpenhtidi# tldl zpld~tl dl dewñpael dn qn~q zieq n dn ~k cip opiwnknhtn deqg~haelhic( Hl knel di alhwnpqiïál# iq tpâq pnan`npik i Bnq~q alkl Qnhflp n tewnpik ~ki a~pi zldnplqi n ce`nptiïál( Clol qn pnalhaeceipik nhtpn nciq( I kieq blwnk &5%# dnzleq dn tnp pnan`edl i Bnq~q# gle `iteridi hl Nqzëpetl Qihtl n tnwn ~ki nvznpeâhaei ehapëwnc alk l Qnhflp# zlp ~ki flpi( Lpcihdl n n~ l`qnpwéwiklq n qlknhtn aflpéwiklq il wnp i kihnepi alkl nci idlpiwi il Qnhflp nk nqzëpetl( Fihhi# ~ki k~cfnp aitñceai# nhtpnol~+qn il Qnhflp n gle ce`npti dn zpéteaiq la~ctiq# dnzleq dn pnan`np a~pi zplg~hdi( Hi qnkihi ziqqidi tewnklq letl znqqliq y~n nhtpnoipik+qn i Bnq~q n glpik afneiq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Nqtiklq alkzplkntedlq i deqaez~cip nqtnq hlwlq apnhtnq( Tnklq weqtl tik`åk tpâq aiqiknhtlq pnqti~pidlq zlp knel dl ialhqncfiknhtl n a~pi ehtnpelp( Ihi Kipëi‛
Qnïál 42 Qi`lpnip n wnp
90:
Tnqtnk~hflq
Tnqtnk~hfl dn alhqncfneplq n keheqtplq Dn Dihe n Nqtfnp @i~koipthnp dn Qicti# Hlptn di Iponhtehi
–Q~qihi tehfi tpâq tezlq dn aàhanp2 hl lwépel# hiq tplkziq dn gicñzel n hl òtnpl( Nhy~ihtl gicéwiklq alk nci# dnqal`peklq y~n fiwei qedl i`~qidi qnv~icknhtn( L Nqzëpetl Qihtl cekzl~ qn~q qnhteknhtlq dn q~bnepi n a~czi# n iqqek y~n nci zôdn znpdlip l flknk y~n i i`~ql~( Tik`åk alhqno~e~ ianetip qn~ alpzl l~tpi wnr# l y~ic fiwei pnbnetidl zlp alhqny~nhaei dl i`~ql( Dnzleq di a~pi# lpiklq zlp ce`nptiïál ql`pn iq tpâq aciqqnq dn aàhanp y~n fiweik nhtpidl hnci( Hl dei qno~ehtn# tnwn ~ki alhq~cti kådeai# zpnzipihdl+qn zipi i lznpiïál lhdn qn~ òtnpl qnpei pnklwedl( Ehapewncknhtn# lq tpâq tezlq dn aàhanp dnqizipnanpik alkzcntiknhtn(‛ Diwed _im~kepn# hlqql alhtitl nk ^oihdi# nqapnwn~ hl dei 9: dn i`pec dn 0::?2
–Y~npedlq Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf2 Dnzleq y~n qn glpik nk b~cfl dn 0::1# l Pnw( Zitpeam Qet~~ki di Aitndpic dn K`icn n n~ nqtewnklq lpoiherihdl qnkehépelq dn a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál nk wépeiq eopnbiq( Iolpi ehtnopiklq nqtn nhqehiknhtl hiq alhgnpâhaeiq dn pnhlwiïálhiq pn~heþnq dn lpiïál( Eqtl å hnanqqépel hi eopnbi n hiq alk~hedidnq p~pieq# n iolpi tnklq k~etiq feqtñpeiq dn ce`nptiïál dn hlqqlq zpñzpelq keheqtplq( Kehfi nqzlqi Ndetf n n~ tnklq nhqehidl l tnki nk qnkehépelq kitpeklheieq ehtet~cidlq alkl2 ‖I gikëcei Igpeaihi―# lhdn i`lpdiklq alk alhtnòdl pncnwihtn2 ‖I A~ct~pi n iq Apnhïiq Igpeaihiq―( Ice nvzclpiklq i idlpiïál ilq dnkôhelq ihanqtpieq# i `p~vipei n kicdeïþnq n i o~nppi nqzepet~ic((( Znhql y~n lq alhtnòdlq dn qn~ kitnpeic qál ehalkzipéwneq((()‛
Zplwihdl l zldnp dn Dn~q zlp knel di cnet~pi dn hlqql kitnpeic ihtnpelp Dn Ipzfivid# l Weoépel di Aitndpic dn Qt( Ihdpn# K`icn# ^oihdi
–Y~npedl Ic`npt2 ‧Iopidnïl il Qnhflp zlp q~i zpnqnhïi nk K`icn nhtpn lq deiq 09 n 07 dn b~cfl dn 0::1( Dnwedl ê kicépei hál z~dn iqqeqtep i q~iq qnïþnq hl Anhtpl Alk~hetépel dn Qt( Ihdpn# kiq dnzleq l`tewn ~ki añzei dl Kih~ic dn Tnpizei Apeqtl+aâhtpeai nk A~pi Ehtnpelp n Ce`nptiïál((( N~ qlgpë zihaidiq itpéq dn zihaidiq# n itpiwåq dn qn~ cewpl pnan`ë k~eti a~pi dl Qnhflp( Tik`åk dnwl iopnoip# y~n q~i wehdi dnevl~ opihdn ekziatl hiq wediq dn hlqql znqqlic hi Aitndpic dn Qt( Ihdpn n apnel y~n epé qn nvzihdep i l~tplq( Qlknhtn lpl zipi y~n l Qnhflp cfn kihtnhfi zpltnoedl nk Qn~ Nqzëpetl( Qn wlaâ qn cnk`pip dl Weoépel dn Qt( Ihdpn# cnk`pn+qn tik`åk y~n cfn pniceriqtn ~ki diq kielpnq keheqtpiïþnq(‛
Qnïál 42 Qi`lpnip n wnp
909
Dnacipiïál dn Gå L g~hdiknhtl dn hlqqi apnhïi n nhqehiknhtl Apnklq nk ~k qñ Dn~q# Apeidlp dl aå~ n di tnppi# qnhdl Dn~q l Zie# Dn~q l Gecfl n Dn~q l Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Apnklq y~n tldi i Nqapet~pi nqté ehqzepidi zlp Dn~q n å òtec zipi nhqehip n tpnehip nk pntedál &0 Tekñtnl 1297%( Itpiwåq di aiëdi dn Idál# tldl flknk gle qnzipidl dn Dn~q &Plkihlq 1201%# n l k~hdl ehtne+ pl pnqedn ql` l zldnp dl kiceohl &9 Blál >295%( Dn~q# l Gecfl# wnel ê tnppi alkl qnp f~kihl znpgnetl# Bnq~q Apeqtl( Hiqan~ hnqtn k~hdl dn ~ki weponk# zlp knel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl &C~aiq 920?+19%( Qnkzpn gnr i wlhtidn dn Qn~ Zie il nqtip nk alhtitl alk Ncn &Blál >295 n 7216%( Dndeal~+qn i a~pip nhgnpklq n girnp l `nk &wnp lq Nwihoncflq%( Klppn~ nk hlqql c~oip# hi ap~r# zipi y~n`pip l zldnp dn Qitihéq# dl znaidl n di nhgnpkedidn( Cnwihtl~+qn dlq klptlq n nqté iqqnhtidl ê dnqtpi dn Dn~q# l Zie &9 Zndpl 1209+00%( Wepé hlwi+ knhtn zipi b~coip i tldl flknk( Å l it~ip dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n hlq alhd~r il ippnznhdeknhtl n ê gå nk Bnq~q Apeqtl( Ncn hlq gle didl zipi wewnp nk hñq# o~eip+hlq n depeoep+hlq( Nk Znhtnalqtn# l Nqzëpetl Qihtl gle dnppikidl zipi girnp dlq deqaëz~clq tnqtnk~hfiq ngntewiq( L knqkl Nqzëpetl Qihtl nqté deqzlhëwnc zipi aiziaetip+hlq# ik dn pnicerip l knqkl tpi`icfl y~n lq deqaëz~clq2 qnp tnqtnk~hfiq dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# a~pip lq nhgnpklq n nvz~cqip lq dnkôhelq( Dnznhdnklq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl zipi y~n tpi`icfn itpiwåq dn hñq( Apnklq y~n å i pnqzlhqi`ecedidn dl qnp f~kihl pnqzlhdnp il tpi`icfl dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl itpi+ wåq dn2 + wep i Bnq~q nk alhqqál# ippnznhdeknhtl n gå( + pnhdnp q~i wedi n q~`kntnp+ci ql` l olwnphl dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( + znpketep il Nqzëpetl Qihtl y~n wewi hncn n tpi`icfn itpiwåq dncn(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
900
? ziqqlq zipi i wedi Apeqtá
9 IANETN
Ianetn y~n wlaâ å znaidlp n y~n qn~ znaidl cfn qnzipi dn Dn~q(
0 APNEI
Apnei y~n Bnq~q tlkl~ l aiqteol zlp qn~q znaidlq hi ap~r n y~n qn cnwihtl~ dlq klptlq n wewn hl aå~(
1 ALHGNQQN ' K^DN
Alhgnqqn qn~q znaidlq# ippnznhdi+qn dncnq n znïi znpdál( Alhqednpn
4 ZNÏI I BNQ^Q
> ALKI ' NQZNPN 7 ALK^HFÁL
i ekzlptàhaei l`ndnanp i Bnq~q Apeqtl nk t~dl= å dernp# girnp+Cl l Qnhflp dn q~i dn wedi( Znïi i Bnq~q Apeqtl y~n qnbi qn~ Qicwidlp n Qnhflp( Alhwedn+L zipi nhtpip nk q~i wedi= cfn nhafi dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl n y~n pnwncn i Dn~q alkl qn~ Zie ancnqteic( Aidi dei cnei i @ë`cei n nqznpi y~n l Qnhflp tpi`icfn nk wlaâ(
Nhalhtpn l~tplq apeqtálq y~n apneik hi @ë`cei n cl~wnk n qepwik il Qnhflp(
? L@TNHFI N NHTPNO^N L`tnhfi a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál( Nhtpno~n+qn nqzepet~icknhtn n kitnpeicknhtn ib~dihdl i l~tplq(
9
Plkihlq 12012 –Zlpy~n tldlq znaipik n dnqtet~ëdlq nqtál di ocñpei dn Dn~q‛( Plkihlq 72012 –L qicépel dl znaidl å i klptn‛ &qnzipiïál dn Dn~q%(
0
9 Zndpl 02042 –Cnwihdl Ncn knqkl lq hlqqlq znaidlq nk Qn~ alpzl ql`pn l kidnepl(¦ 9 Zndpl 12962 –Zlpy~n tik`åk Apeqtl klppn~ ~ki qñ wnr znclq znaidlq# l b~qtl znclq ehb~qtlq# zipi cnwip+ hlq i Dn~q‛ 9 Zndpl 1209#00 –(((znci pnqq~ppneïál dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# y~n nqté ê dnqtpi dn Dn~q# tnhdl q~`edl il aå~‛(
1
C~aiq 9121 –Ihtnq# qn hál wlq ippnznhdnpdnq# tldlq dn eo~ic kldl znpnanpneq‛( Itlq 02162 –Ippnznhdne+wlq# n aidi ~k dn wñq qnbi `iteridl nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( Itlq 0:2092 –Cfnq pny~npe i alhwnptnp+qn i Dn~q n i apnp nk hlqql Qnhflp Bnq~q‛( 0 Alpëhtelq ?29:2 –I tpeqtnri qno~hdl Dn~q lznpi ippnznhdeknhtl zipi i qicwiïál‛( 9 Blál 9252 –Qn alhgnqqipklq lq hlqqlq znaidlq# ncn å nc n b~qtl zipi hlq znpdlip lq znaidlq n hlq z~peaip dn tldi ehb~qteïi¦(
4
Izlaicezqn 120:2 –Neq y~n nqtl~ á zlpti n `itl= qn ico~åk l~wep i kehfi wlr# n i`pep i zlpti# nhtpipne‛( Blál 92902 –Kiq# i tldlq y~ihtlq l pnan`npik# ilq y~n apânk hl qn~ hlkn# dn~+cfnq l zldnp dn qn tlphipnk cflq dn Dn~q¦(
>
Blál >2152 –N qál nciq &iq nqapet~piq% y~n dál tnqtnk~hfl dn kek)¦(
7
Fn`pn~q 9:204#0>2 –Alhqednpnkl+hlq ~hq ilq l~tplq# zipi hlq nqtek~cipklq il iklp n êq `liq l`piq( Hál dnevnklq dn alhopnoip+hlq‧ ihtnq iheknkl+hlq ~hq ilq l~tplq‛(
?
Eqiëiq 7929+4= C~aiq 4294+092 –(((pnqti~pip lq alhtpetlq dn alpiïál# i zplacikip ce`npdidn ilq aitewlq( Ngåqelq 420> i >2092 –dnevihdl‧(tldi ikipo~pi# epi n añcnpi –Itlq 0:21>2 –(((iq ziciwpiq dl Qnhflp Bnq~q2 –Aleqi kieq `nk+iwnht~pidi å dip dl y~n pnan`np‛(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
901
I Zitnphedidn dn Dn~q Ico~kiq ekionhq nppidiq dn Dn~q
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L Dn~q y~n nveon qiapegëaelq alhtëh~lq dn aleqiq kitnpeieq zipi alkzpip l znpdál( L Dn~q y~n nqznpi aiqteoip hlqqlq alpzlq zipi zioip zlp hlqqlq znaidlq( L Dn~q qnpwnhtn y~n nqté ice zipi hlqqi alhwnheâhaei( L Dn~q qnwnpl nqznpihdl b~coip+hlq n aiqteoip+hlq zlp aidi lgnhqi(
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L tepihl# l y~ic h~hai zldnklq qiteqgirnp alk hlqql tpi`icfl( L Dn~q y~n y~np tepip i gnceaedidn dn hlqqiq wediq( L Dn~q deqtihtn# i~qnhtn# y~n h~hai zldnklq alhfnanp( L Dn~q ehalhéwnc n wipeéwnc# l y~ic hlq gir qnhtepklq ehqno~plq( L Dn~q géaec dn cnwip# y~n hlq dnevi girnp t~dl y~n y~npnklq(
Nqtiq ekionhq dn Dn~q zldnk qnp pnnvlq dlq zieq tnppnhlq( I ekionk dn Dn~q didi zlp Bnq~q Apeqtl
Eqtl å degnpnhtn dn y~icy~np ~ki diq ekionhq ihtnpelpnq( Bnq~q Apeqtl hlq klqtpl~ y~n Dn~q q~znpi l kncflp zie tnppnhl y~n zndnpëiklq ekioehip( Nk C~aiq 9>299+10# wnklq ~k zie y~n tnk alkzievál zlp qn~ cfl y~n l gnpe~# wie itå ncn n l i`piïi n l `nebi( Clol gir ~ki gnqti zipi ancn`pip qn~ pnopnqql( Zlp q~i wnr# il epkál kielp y~n nqtiwi qnpwehdl i qn~ zie# y~nk qi`n# alk itet~dn ny~ewlaidi# kiq alkl ~k nqapiwl dl y~n alkl ~k cfl# ncn deqqn2 –((( t~dl l y~n tnhfl å qn~‛( Nk Oécitiq 427 n ? cnklq2 –N# zlpy~n qleq cflq# Dn~q nhwel~ ilq hlqqlq alpiïþnq l Nqzëpetl dn qn~ Gecfl# y~n aciki2 I`i# Zie( Zlptihtl bé hál åq kieq qnpwl# kiq cfl= n qn åq cfl# åq tik`åk fnpdnepl zlp Dn~q‛( Alhfnanp i wnpdidn dn Dn~q zldn k~dip hlqqlq znhqiknhtlq# itet~dnq n alkzlptiknhtlq( Bnq~q deqqn –Wñq qi`npneq i wnpdidn n i wnpdidn wlq ce`nptipé‛( Nqti wnpdidn hlq zldn ce`nptip zipi olrip dn ~ki pnciïál alk Dn~q# y~n å alkl i dn ~k zie alk qn~ cfl ikidl( Å ~ki pnciïál dn pnqznetl# qnk hnhf~k tezl dn tnklp ny~ewlaidl# qnpwehdl cewpnknhtn tnhdl alkl `iqn l iklp# hál i nqapiwedál= ~k qnhtedl dn qno~pihïi dn y~n hidi hlq zldn qnzipip dl iklp dn Dn~q n zlp qi`np y~n tnklq ~ki klpidi nqznpihdl+hlq hl aå~( Iy~ncnq y~n nvznpeknhtipik ~ki pnbneïál zplg~hdi l~ i`ihdlhl zlp ziptn dn qn~ zie# zldnk hnanqqetip dn keheqtpiïál zipi tepip lq l`qtéa~clq y~n lq ekznïik dn dnqgp~tip i pnciïál y~n Dn~q y~np tnp alk ncnq( Eqtl qn nhalhtpi nvzceaihdl hi Qnïál0(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
904
Pn`nceál Dngheïál2 I pn`nceál å nqtip nk lzlqeïál i ~ki i~tlpedidn kielp# tnp ~k alpiïál lpo~+ cflql# apnp y~n qi`n kieq# dnql`ndnanp# qnp tneklql l~ alpp~ztl(
Pn`nceál znpihtn Dn~q
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Afikidl dn Nqtpnci di kihfá# Qitihéq gle nvz~cql dl aå~ zipi i tnppi zlp qn~ lpo~cfl# qn~ dnqnbl dn nqtip hl kieq ictl n nqti`ncnanp qn~ tplhl ql`pn l dn Dn~q &Eqiëiq 94290+9>% Dnqdn Q~i nhtál# fl~wnn ~k Dn~q# apeiïál Qn~opihdn zlwl( zpl`cnki hl k~hdl# nhy~ihtl Qitihéq gir o~nppi alhtpi Lq zpekneplq i qlgpnp glpik Idál n Nwi# lq y~n dnql`ndnanpik l kihditl dn Dn~q n glpik tepidlq dn Q~i zpnqnhïi &Oâhnqeq 1%( Clol iq znqqliq di tnppi qn tlphipik k~etl kieq alpp~ztiq n klppnpik igloidiq hl decòwel# alk nvanzïál dn Hlå n q~i gikëcei y~n l`ndnanpik i Dn~q &Oâhnqeq 72> i 529?%( Lq noëzaelq# lq y~ieq qn lz~hfik ê Dn~q n i Qn~ zlwl# qn igloipik hl Kip Wnpkncfl &Âvldl 94201+19%( L zlwl dn Eqpinc qn y~nevl~ hl dnqnptl n k~etlq h~hai nhtpipik hi tnppi zplkntedi( Nk Hòknplq 97# Alpå n 0>: flknhq klppnpik zlp q~i pn`nceál# n dnzleq deqtl# hl knqkl aizët~cl# qn hlti y~n 94?:: flknhq klppnpik znci zpioi# zlpy~n qn pn`ncipik alhtpi Kleqåq# l cëdnp ncnetl zncl Qnhflp( Nk Hòknplq 0924+5# l zlwl dn Eqpinc qn y~nevl~ alhtpi Dn~q n Kleqåq( L Qnhflp kihdl~ qnpznhtnq wnhnhlqiq n k~etlq glpik klpdedlq n klppnpik( Znci eklpicedidn n i edlcitpei# 04::: kieq klppnpik zlp l~tpi zpioi &Hòknplq 0>29+5%( Kleqåq n Iipál# ik`lq qn pn`ncipik alhtpi Dn~q nk Knpe`i( Hnhf~k dncnq afnol~ ê tnppi zplkntedi &Hòknplq 0:200+05 n Dn~tnplhôkel 10246+>0%( Iaih dnql`ndnan~ i Dn~q n gle klptl b~htl i tldi q~i tpe`l &Blq~å ?295+07%( L pne Qi~c qn pn`ncl~ alhtpi Dn~q n znpdn~ qn~ pnehidl &9 Qik~nc 9>201%( Nqtnwál# nk qn~ deqa~pql# qn depeoe~ ilq cëdnpnq alkl –Flknhq dn d~pi anpwer# n ehaepa~haeqlq dn alpiïál n l~wedl# wñq qnkzpn pnqeqteq il Nqzëpetl Qihtl= alkl l rnpik lq wlqqlq zieq# iqqek tik`åk wñq‛ &Itlq ?2>9%( Tldlq znaiklq alhtpi Dn~q n knpnanklq klppnp &Plkihlq 1201# Plkihlq 7201%( Fn`pn~q 12? i 429 hlq idwnptn dn hál pn`ncip+hlq alhtpi Dn~q# nhd~pnanhdl hlqql alpiïál( I pn`nceál alhtpi Dn~q cnwi i pn`nceál alhtpi l~tplq( Qlklq pn`ncdnq alk lq l~tplq y~ihdl qnhteklq y~n hál hlq dál l pnqznetl y~n dnwnpeik dip+hlq# y~ihdl hál zldnklq girnp iq aleqiq dn hlqqi kihnepi( ^q~icknhtn# fé gnpediq iznoidiq ê pn`nceál(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
90>
Ippnznhdeknhtl n Alhgqqál †
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L wnpdidnepl ippnznhdeknhtl å nhtnhdnp y~n kn~q znhqiknhtlq# apnhïiq# itet~dnq n iïþnq# l~ itå knqkl ico~hq dnqtnq# glpik alhtpépelq diq kihnepiq dn Dn~q# n fé ~ki deqzlqeïál i k~dip n znpketep y~n Dn~q n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl tlknk i depnïál dn kehfi wedi zipi y~n n~ zlqqi wewnp nk l`ndeâhaei êq cneq dn Dn~q( Blál @iteqti n Bnq~q zpnoipik ql`pn l ippnznhdeknhtl –Ippnznhdik+qn n qnbik `iteridlq‛( L `iteqkl zlp eknpqál qeoheai ciwip+qn# l~ klppnp i wncfi hit~pnri n nknponp diq éo~iq alkl ~ki hlwi znqqli &Kitn~q 429?# Kipalq 9294#9>%( Zndpl alknïi nk Itlq 0216 alk i knqki knhqionk( Nk C~aiq 9>299+19# l cfl y~n gle k~etl clhon dn qn~ zie# dnaedn wlctip zipi aiqi( Ncn qn cnwihti# i`ihdlhi q~i kihnepi dn wewnp n pnopnqqi ê aiqi( Zlpy~n tldlq lq znaidlq tpirnk dlp il alpiïál dn Dn~q n diq znqqliq= l wnpdidnepl ippnznhdeknhtl wnk ialkzihfidl dn dlp &0 Alpehtelq ?25#9:%( Il nhtnhdnp y~n kn~q znaidlq apiwipik Bnq~q hi ap~r# y~npl ldeip iy~ncn znaidl n dntnpkehip nk kehfi knhtn dn dnevip+cl(
Ialhgqqálå~kiziptnweticdlippnznhdeknhtl
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Alhqqál å idketep kehfi a~czi alk tldi flhnqtedidn# qnk dnqa~cziq( I alhqqál dnwn qnp gneti zipi iy~nciq znqqliq y~n gicfiklq alk nciq(
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Hlqql kic å qnkzpn alhtpi Dn~q( I @ë`cei l afiki dn znaidl( Cnei Qicklq >924# Qicklq 1029+>( I alhqqál gir+qn zpeknepiknhtn znpihtn Dn~q( Y~ndiq hál alhgnqqidiql~ znaidlq nqtlpwik l tpi`icfl dn Dn~q nk hlqqiq wediq# n tik`åk `cly~neik hlqql alhtitl alk lq l~tplq( Nk Blq~å ?295# Iaih nqtiwi nqalhdnhdl qn~ znaidl dn Blq~å( Qlknhtn ~ki alhqqál flhnqti cnwi il znpdál dlq znaidlq &9 Blál 925%( Zldnklq alhgnqqip ~k znaidl# tál pézedl y~ihtl hlq diklq alhti deqql n acikiklq i zplknqqi dl znpdál( Wewnp nk znpdál å l qnapndl dn ~ki wedi apeqtá( Y~ihdl gicfiklq alk lq l~tplq# hnanqqetiklq ep itå ncnq n algnqqip( I alhqqál zò`ceai å qlknhtn izplzpeidi y~ihdl hlqqlq znaidlq dnpik+qn i alhfnanp i`nptiknhtn# l~ qn lgnhdnklq ~k op~zl dn znqqliq( Y~ihdl fé ~ki alhqqál alhqtihtn dn ~k knqkl znaidl# alkl hl aiql dn ~k Écallcitpi# zldn ehdeaip y~n l ippnznhdeknhtl hál gle onh~ehl l~ y~n fé ai~qiq q~`bianhtnq y~n hnanqqetik tpitip+qn# zlp nvnkzcl2 i znqqli zldn hnanqqetip dn a~pi ehtnpelp l~ ce`nptiïál dn ~k dnkôhel y~n i kihtåk itidi(
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Ippnznhdeknhtl n ce`nptiïál
@ecc Q~`petrmu# nk qn~ cewpl# –Dnkôhelq dnppltidlq‛# dnqtiai y~n l ippnznhdeknhtl å i afiwn zipi tldi ce`nptiïál( Lhdn fé gicti dn ippnznhdeknhtl# i ce`nptiïál qn tlphi kieq degëaec# l~ zldn ehac~qewn qnp nk wál(Zlptihtl# å ekzlptihtn# iqqno~pip+qn y~n tldi znqqli y~n `~qai ce`nptiïál# tnhfi qn ippnznhdedl dn tldlq qn~q znaidlq &n qn å hnanqqépel# dl znaidl dlq zieq n dlq ihtnziqidlq%# n fibi pnh~haeidl i ncnq nk hlkn dn Bnq~q( Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
907
Ippnznhdeknhtl n pnqtet~eïál
L wnpdidnepl ippnznhdeknhtl wie qno~edl di pnqtet~eïál( Nqti alhqeqtn nk girnp l y~n nqtnbi i hlqql icaihan zipi alppeoep l dihl y~n ai~qiklq alk hlqql znaidl( Riy~n~# l al`pidlp dn ekzlqtlq# å ~k `lk nvnkzcl &C~aiq 9526%( I céqteki# l pnklpql n l ippnznhdeknhtl
I céqteki å l qnhteknhtl dn hál tnp gnetl icol( L pnklpql å ~k qnhteknhtl glptn dn céqteki n a~czi ql`pn icol nppidl y~n rnklq alk l~tpi znqqli( I céqteki n l pnklpql# hál hnanqqipei+ knhtn alhd~rnk il ippnznhdeknhtl( B~diq qnhte~ pnklpql zlp fiwnp tpiedl Bnq~q# kiq dnzleq gle n qn nhglpal~ &Kitn~q 0?21+>%( Zndpl# zlp l~tpl cidl# qn ippnznhdn~ n wlctl~ il Qnhflp &Ki+ tn~q 072?>= Blál 0929>+96%( Ialhgqqálzldnqeohegaipzplacikiïál
I alhqqál tik`åk zldn qeoheaip tnqteaip ianpai dl y~n Dn~q gnr zlp hñq( I @ë`cei hlq ihe+ ki i girnp eqtl( Qicklq 9:?20 der2 –Y~n deoik+hl lq pnkedlq dl Qnhflp‧(‛( I alhqqál qnci + pé hlqqi qicwiïál( Plkihlq 9:29: der2 –Zleq å alk l alpiïál y~n qn apâ zipi i b~qteïi# n alk i `lai qn gir alhqqál zipi i qicwiïál‛( Hlqqi alhqqál å tik`åk ~ki dnacipiïál dn y~n Bnq~q Apeqtl å l Qnhflp# alkl nqté nqapetl nk Geceznhqnq 02992 –N tldi cëho~i alhgnqqn y~n Bnq~q Apeq+ tl å Qnhflp# zipi ocñpei dn Dn~q Zie‛(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
90?
Pnbneïál I pnbneïál å l qnhteknhtl dn hál qnpklq y~npedlq# hnanqqetidlq# hnk ikidlq( I pnbneïál afnoi i tldlq hñq( Tlki k~etiq glpkiq( Zldn wep zlp knel dn ziciwpiq y~n dlik# dn aiptiq dn pna~qi hi qlceaetiïál dn ~k tpi`icfl l~ itpiwåq dn itet~dnq dn pnbneïál# lhdn ico~åk zldn qn qnhtep nvac~ëdl l~ eohlpidl# l~ zlp knel dn iïþnq# alkl tnhtip ~k i`lptl# l~ y~n ~k nqzlql l~ nqzlqi qiei alk l~tpi &i%( I dlp di pnbneïál zpld~r degnpnhtnq pniïþnq nk hñq2 Pniïþnq glptnq
Pniïþnq gpiaiq
Pn`nceál Pnqqnhteknhtl Ikipo~pi Ñdel Welcâhaei n Piewi Iqqiqqehitl
Igiqtiknhtl I~tlalkzievál Qlcedál Dnzpnqqál Dnqnqznpl Q~eaëdel
Zldnklq tnp pniïþnq glptnq l~ pniïþnq gpiaiq# l~ ik`iq( Y~icy~np dnqtnq qnhteknhtlq zldnk i`pep ~ki zlpti i ~k dnkôhel y~n clol y~np hlq kihez~cip( Gpny~nhtnknhtn iq znqqliq alk`itnk nqqnq qnhteknhtlq itpiwåq dl écallc# dploiq# alknp alkz~cqewiknhtn# g~kip# qnvl n gihtiqeiq( Claicerihdl i pnbneïál
Tldl k~hdl qlgpn i pnbneïál dn degnpnhtnq kihnepiq( Nhtpntihtl# i pnbneïál zldn tlphip+qn ~ki diq gnpediq kieq qåpeiq hi wedi dn ~ki znqqli( Pnbneïþnq zplg~hdiq pnzntetewiq zldnk dnevip kipaiq dnwiqtidlpiq( i%Pnbneïál hl wnhtpn n hl hiqaeknhtl
Êq wnrnq ~k zie l~ ~ki kán pnbnetik ~ki opiwednr y~n wnel ehnqznpidiknhtn# l~ y~n nqté glpi dl aiqiknhtl( Qn l aiqic hál qn nhalhtpi nqtéwnc# l~ nqté itpiwnqqihdl ~k dewñpael d~pihtn i opiwednr# n qn fé ~ki tnhtitewi dn i`lptl# l `n`â# knqkl y~n iehdi hál tnhfi hiqaedl# zldn qnhtep i pnbneïál( `% Pnbneïál d~pihtn i ehgàhaei
Ico~hq `n`âq n apeihïiq zny~nhiq ziqqik k~etl tnkzl qnk q~i kán n qn~ zie( Ico~hq qál didlq zipi idlïál# l~tplq qál dnevidlq hiq p~iq( L gitl dn hál qnpnk i`piïidlq n ikidlq l~ qn~q zieq h~hai nqtipnk qiteqgnetlq alk l dnqnkznhfl dn qn~q cflq l~ alk qn~q dlhq# l~ i gicti dlq zieq# apeihïiq aiqteoidiq l~ apeteaidiq gpny~nhtnknhtn# qál glpkiq dn pnbneïál ( Lq zplgnqqlpnq zldnk pep dnqqiq apeihïiq l~ eohlpip+ciq( L gitl dn tnp qedl dnevidl nk gpnhtn di tncnweqàl zlp flpiq# l~ alk l~tpiq znpqqliq# y~ihdl hnanqqetiwi di kán# kihdidlq i ~ki aiqi zipi apeihïiq l~ lpgihitl l~ ehac~ql ê nqalci# zldnk tnp qåpeiq alhqny~âhaeiq( Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
906
a% Pnbneïál di ziptn dl aiqic l~ dlq ikeolq
I pnbneïál dn ~k hlewl l~ hlewi d~pihtn l hiklpl# l~ dn ~k nqzlql l~ nqzlqi ehdl+qn alk l~tpi znqqli# zldn alhd~rep i gnpediq k~etl zplg~hdiq ( d% Pnbneïál nk ~k tpi`icfl
K~etiq znqqliq qál pnbnetidiq y~ihdl qlceaetik ~k tpi`icfl# eqtl å hlpkic( Nhtpntihtl# qnp pnbne+ tidl hl tpi`icfl y~n ~ki znqqli nqté girnhdl# zldn qnp k~etl dlclplql ( n% Pnbneïál di ziptn di qlaendidn Y~icy~np op~zl dn znqqliq zldn tnp pnbneïál dn l~tpl op~zl( Y~itpl tezlq dn pnbneïál2
9( 0( 1( 4(
Pnbneïál dn l~tplq Kndl di pnbneïál Pnbneïál i l~tplq I~tlpnbneïál
Alkl cedip alk i pnbneïál
9( 0( 1( 4( >( 7(
Pnalhfnïi i gnpedi( Hál tpitn dn hnoé+ci( Nhtpno~n q~iq gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl &wnp ec~qtpiïál hi Qnïál 9 aizët~cl 1%( Znpdln iy~ncnq y~n cfn zpnb~deaipik( Znïi znpdál zlp q~iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq( I`nhïln i&q% znqqli&q% hl hlkn dn Bnq~q( L`tnhfi ce`nptiïál# qn i pnbneïál dn~ c~oip i dnkôhelq( &Wnp Qnïál 9 Aizët~cl 1 n Qnïál 0 zipi kieq dnticfnq%
I pnbneïál y~n Bnq~q qlgpn~
Bnq~q gle pnbnetidl znciq znqqliq pnceoelqiq nk aidi ehqtihtn dn Q~i wedi( Fnpldnq y~npei kité+ cl y~ihdl apeihïi n qn~q zieq tewnpik y~n g~oep zipi l Noetl( Aidi wnr y~n Bnq~q girei ~k ke+ ciopn# lq pnceoelqlq peik+qn l~ y~npeik kité+cl( Gle ap~aeaidl zlpy~n zplacikiwi qnp Gecfl dn Dn~q( Hi ap~r# l Zie l i`ihdlhl~ `pnwnknhtn# dnwedl il znaidl y~n Bnq~q Apeqtl aippnoiwi zlp hñq( Zipi kieq nqt~dlq2 Eqiëiq >129+90(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
905
L Qiho~n n l Hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl Zlp y~n ~qiklq l qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl hlq y~itpl ziqqlq dn ce`nptiïál< L tltic qeoheaidl dl qiho~n dn Apeqtl# qlknhtn zldn qnp nhtnhdedl zlp knel dn ~k nqt~dl alkzcntl dl Ihteol Tnqtiknhtl# l ziatl dn qiho~n y~n Dn~q gnr n l qeoheaidl dlq qiapegëaelq( Qnk dòwediq# fé iy~e ico~kiq pngnpâhaeiq `ë`ceaiq afiwnq( Nk Blál 9205# Bnq~q å l Alpdnepl dn Dn~q y~n tepi l znaidl dl k~hdl( Nk izlaicezqn >27# 5 nqtn alpdnepl gle qiapeaidl# kiq iolpi nhalhtpi+qn qnhtidl hl aå~( Izlaicezqn 90299# der y~n ncnq &lq pndekedlq% wnhanpik ilia~qidlp zncl qiho~n dl Alpdnepl( Lq dnkôhelq ldneik l qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl zlpy~n qeoheai i dnpplti zipi ncnq( Hi ap~r# Bnq~q Apeqtl dnppikl~ qn~ qiho~n zipi l znpdál dn hlqqlq znaidlq n zipi tpirnp+hlq i Qn~ pnehl( Zlp y~n ~qiklq l hlkn dn Bnq~q hnqtnq y~itpl ziqqlq< L qeohegaidl dn ~k hlkn
L hlkn pnzpnqnhti l aipétnp n i i~tlpedidn dn ~ki znqqli( ^ki znqqli# gpny~nhtnknhtn tet~ci qn~ hnoñael alk l qn~ hlkn( Dernklq y~n ~ki znqqli tnk ~k hlkn `lk l~ ~k hlkn ki~# l~ qnbi# ~k `lk l~ ki~ aipétnp( L hlkn dn Bnq~q
Dn~q dn~ i Qn~ Gecfl# l hlkn y~n nqté iaeki dn tldl n y~icy~np hlkn &Geceznhqnq 025%# zlp Q~i l`ndeâhaei itå i klptn( W(9:2 –Zipi y~n il hlkn dn Bnq~q qn dl`pn tldl blncfl dlq y~n nqtál hlq aå~q# n hi tnppi# n dn`ievl di tnppi‛( Eqtl qeoheai y~n t~dl nqtipé q~`kntedl ê Ncn( Iq k~ctedþnq# nk Izlaicezqn 95297# zplacikik2 –Qn~ hlkn å nvictidl hl ictl( Pne dlq pneq n Qnhflp dlq qnhflpnq‛( ^k hlkn zipi qicwip
L ihbl deqqn i Blqå# nk Kitn~q 9209# y~n zlhfi l hlkn dl `n`â dn Bnq~q2 –zlpy~n Ncn qicwipé i Qn~ zlwl dn qn~q znaidlq‛( Nk Itlq 4290# Zndpl der2 –N nk hnhf~k l~tpl fé qicwiïál= zlpy~n dn`ievl dl aå~ hnhf~k l~tpl hlkn fé# didl nhtpn lq flknhq# nk y~n dnwiklq qnp qicwlq‛( Zi~cl# nk Plkihlq 9:291# n Zndpl# nk Itlq 0209# dernk2 –Tldl iy~ncn y~n ehwlaip l hlkn dl Qnhflp qnpé qicwl‛( ^k hlkn dn zldnp
Zndpl deqqn il flknk ehwécedl# nk Itlq 1272 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# l hiripnhl# ihdi)‛# n l flknk alknïl~ i aikehfip( Nk Blál 9?299# Bnq~q lpi znclq deqaëz~clq2 –Zie Qihtl# zpltåon+ lq alk l zldnp dn Tn~ hlkn# l hlkn y~n kn dnqtn‧‛ ^k hlkn dn i~tlpedidn
Bnq~q deqqn nk Kipalq 9729?2 –Nk kn~ hlkn nvz~cqipál dnkôhelq‛( Blál 942942 –Qn kn zndepdnq ico~ki aleqi nk kn~ hlkn# n~ i gipne‛( Å alkl qn Bnq~q Apeqtl hlq tewnqqn nhtpno~n ~k afny~n iqqehidl alk Qn~ hlkn zipi ep al`pé+cl hl `ihal dl aå~= l~ Qn~ Kiqtnp Aipd alk l hòknpl dn ednhteaiïál zipi ~qip( Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
91:
Zipi y~nk å i ce`nptiïál< Zipi nvacipnanp y~ihdl i ce`nptiïál å izplzpeidi n t pi`icféwnc I ce`nptiïál å zipi lq y~n nqtál dnqnqznpidlq( Hnanqqetiklq hlq ippnznhdnp alk tldl hlqql alpiïál dl y~n znpkete~ y~n lq dnkôhelq nhtpiqqnk# n dnqnbip qnp cewpnq# a~qtn l y~n a~qtip( Nh+ tpntihtl i ce`nptiïál hál å i pnqzlqti zipi aidi iz~pl l~ zpl`cnki nk hlqqi wedi( I ce`nptiïál hál å dnqgirnp+qn dl y~n hlq ai~qi zpl`cnkiq# i k dn tnp ~ki wedi knhlq alkzceaidi l~ qnpklq `nk q~andedlq( Qn `~qaipklq zlp pirþnq nolëqtiq# hál epé g~haelhip( Hál g~haelhipé tál+zl~al# qn hál nqtiklq alhwnhaedlq# l~ qn hál fé hnanqqedidn di ce`nptiïál( Bnq~q knqkl deqqn# y~n iy~ncnq y~n tlkik l pnehl dn Dn~q# dnwnk tlké+cl znci glpïi( Hál aiepé nk hlqql alcl( I ce`nptiïál hál tnk k~etl i wnp alhlqal# alkl tnk y~n wnp alk Apeqtl( Eo~icknhtn alkl ~ki hlewi qn zpnzipi zipi l dei dn qn~ aiqiknhtl# zipi nhalhtpip+qn alk l hlewl# iqqek dnwnklq hlq zpnzipip zipi hlqql nhalhtpl alk Bnq~q Apeqtl( Nk Izlaicezqn 0925# cnklq ql`pn i hlewi# i nqzlqi dl Alpdnepl( Nqti hlewi å2 –Iy~ncnq y~n tâk q~iq wnqtnq ciwidiq‛ &Izlaicezqn 00294%# n –a~blq hlknq nqtál nqapetlq hl cewpl di wedi‛ &Izlaicezqn 0920?%( 0 Zndpl 1294 der2 –Zpla~pie deceonhtnknhtn y~n zlp Ncn qnbieq iafidlq ekia~cidlq n eppnzpnnh+ qëwnc nk zir‛( Zi~cl cfnq deqqn# nk Ngåqelq 42192 –Tldi i ikipo~pi# n añcnpi# n epi# n opetipei# n `ciqgâkei qnbik tepidiq dnhtpn wñq# `nk alkl tldi i kicëaei‛( N nqapnwn nk Geceznhqnq 02902 –Ngnt~ie i wlqqi qicwiïál alk tnklp n tpnklp‛( Bnq~q Apeqtl gnr t~dl zipi qicwip+hlq( Kiq å hlqqipnqzlhqi`ecedidn tlkip t~dl l y~n Ncn tnk zipi hñq( Å tik`åk hlqqi pnqzlhqi`ecedidn cnp i @ë`cei# lpip# ippnznhdnpklq n k~dip hlqqlq zidpþnq dn alkzlptiknhtl n znhqiknhtl( Qn zlp nqtnq knelq hál zldnklq afnoip i ~ki k~dihïi nk ~ki épni nqznaëai# zldn qnp y~n hnanqqetnklq dn ce`nptiïál( Å hlqqi pnqzlhqi`ecedidn `~qaip i ce`nptiïál zipi nqtipklq cekzlq n zpnzipidlq zipi l hlewl( Iq apeihïiq n i ce`nptiïál
Nk Kipalq 5294+0?# Bnq~q gnr ce`nptiïál nk ~ki apeihïi y~n tehfi dea~cdidnq dnqdn zny~nhi( Eqtl klqtpi y~n ico~kiq apeihïiq zldnk hnanqqetip n l`tnp ce`nptiïál( Nvznpeknhtiklq alkl iq apeihïiq tâk ce`nptiïál( Zldn qnp òtec hál gicip depntiknhtn dn dnkôhelq l~ dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q alk ~ki apeihïi k~etl zny~nhi( Nk wnr deqql znïi zipi i apeihïi qekzcnqknhtn dernp2 –Deol i nqti aleqi iqy~nplqi nk kehfi wedi y~n qn wé nk hlkn dn Bnq~q‛(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
919
I~tlce`nptiïál L o~ei ziqql i ziqql zipi a~pi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál dnwnpei giaecetip y~n qn nvznpeknhtn a~pi n ce`nptiïál nqtihdl qlrehflq alk l Qnhflp( Hál hlq ai`n dòwedi y~ihdl ~ki znqqli a~edidlqiknhtn `~qai il Qnhflp zipi y~n qn~ zpñzpel alpiïál qn pnwncn# zldnk afnoip i cekznri n a~pi# pnic deqanpheknhtl# c~r n ~k ippnznhdeknhtl zplg~hdl# n alhd~rep itå i a~pi n i ce`nptiïál( K~etiq znqqliq nhalhtpik+qn eqlcidiq dn l~tplq apeqtálq n qlknhtn tâk nqti lzïál( Kiq qn tewnp l~tplq apeqtálq deqzlhëwneq# dnwnpëiklq alhqednpip hlqqlq kltewlq2 Onpicknhtn hál y~npnklq heho~åk alhfnïi i wnpdidn ql`pnnkhlqqi ziqqidi l~ zpnqnhtn( Kiq ~ki znqqli afnei dly~n Nqzëpetl Qihtl# y~n tâk nvznpeâhaei a~piwedi ehtnpelp n ce`nptiïál# n å ~qidi zncl Qnhflp ql` l zldnp dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# zldn qnp dn opihdn ib~di nk deqanphep hlqqi hnanqqedidn n ce`nptip+hlq( K~etiq znqqliq tnqteaipik y~n alknïipik i qnp alhqaenhtnq dn aleqiq nk q~iq wediq y~n lq nqtiwik dntnhdl dn apnp nk Bnq~q Apeqtl qlknhtn y~ihdl wenpik i hlqql qnkehépel Zlqqëwneq l`qtéa~clq hi i~tlce`nptiïál 9( I glpïi dl dnkôhel
Qn fé ico~k ehdëael dn y~n l dnkôhel å dnkiqeidiknhtn glptn zipi y~n giïiklq i~tlce`nptiïál# dnwnklq znpdep ib~di ( 0( I gicqedidn n d~pnri dl alpiïál
†
† †
I @ë`cei der y~n hlqqlq alpiïþnq qál nhoihlqlq &Bnpnkeiq 9?25%( Zlptihtl zldnklq tnp ~ki ekionk ny~ewlaidi dn hñq knqklq( Zldn qnp y~n hál nqtnbiklq nhgpnhtihdl l wnpdidnepl zpl`cnki( Hlqql alpiïál qn nhd~pnan aidi wnr y~n l~weklq i wnpdidn n hál i alclaiklq nk zpéteai( Fn`pn~q 126+9:( Qlknhtn ~ki itet~dn dn ippnznhdeknhtl kihtnk hlqql alpiïál `pihdl(
1( I ikipo~pi# l pnqqnhteknhtl# l ñdel n i gicti dn znpdál
Zldnklq qnp giaecknhtn nhoihidlq nk znhqip y~n hál tnklq ikipo~pi( ^ki pier dn ikipo~pi zldn pnc~rep dn pnznhtn( Zlpy~n hál qn qnhtn ikipo~pi# zldn qnp y~n hál i pnalhfnïiklq( Znhqiknhtlq hnoitewlq# l~ alknhtépelq ql`pn l~tplq# l~ iïþnq n itet~dnq y~n aipnank dn iklp# ehdeaik i zpnqnhïi dn ~k nqzëpetl# qnbi gicti dn znpdál# piewi# ñdel l~ ikipo~pi( Eqtl alhtikehi q~anqqewiknhtn i l~tplq( Å alkl i npwi2 izipnan# zpld~r lpnq y~n clol qn tlphik qnknhtnq( Y~ihdl iq qnknhtnq aink hi tnppi# apnqank l~tpiq npwiq hlwiq( Zipi nqt~dip2 Ngåqelq 4219= 9 Blál 92>+9:= Teiol >297
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
910
^ql dn qëk`lclq dnhtpl di Keheqtpiïál I @ë`cei nqté afnei dn qëk`lclq( L`bntlq gëqealq dl dei i dei zldnk tnp ~k qeoheaidl nqzepet~ic l~ qek`lcerip ico~ki dnaeqál y~n tlkiklq( Zlp nvnkzcl# –i éo~i dl `iteqkl‛ l~ –i qihti al+ k~hfál‛( Hnqtn aiql# l wehfl l~ l q~al dn ~wi n l zál qál qëk`lclq dl qiho~n n alpzl dn Bnq~q( K~etlq apeqtálq tâk pnz~ohàhaei –qi~déwnc‛ il ~ql dn qëk`lclq dnhtpl di keheqtpiïál( Dnzleq dn ~kniqq~htl ~kidiqlc~ïál ce`nptiïál dnznhdn di zpnzi+ piïál dnaeqálnqzepet~ic di znqqlihnanqqeti+qn n di dnacipiïál l`pi dnnqzepet~ic( Apeqtl hiIap~r( Nhtpntihtl nveqtn ~k qëk`lcl `ë`ceal l~ qiapiknhtl y~n nqtiklq nqznaeicknhtn ehqtp~ëdlq zipi ~qip# y~ihdl lpiklq n a~piklq( Cnp Teiol >294( I ~hïál alk irnetn
Lq dnkôhelq nhtnhdnk l qek`lceqkl dl irnetn alkl nqté nqapetl nk Teiol >294# n l ldneik( Nhtpntihtl# hál dernklq y~n hál qn zldn nvz~cqip dnkôhel qnk irnetn( Y~ihdl ~hoep alk irne+ tn# tnhfi a~edidl zipi hál dnppikip hi pl~zi n dnevip alppnp hlq lcflq( Zldnklq tnp l irnetn nk ~ki zny~nhi bippi l~ oippigi( Wlaâ zldn dernp2 –N~ alhqiopl nqtn irnetn zipi a~pi n ce`nptiïál hl hlkn dn Dn~q Zie# Dn~q Gecfl n Dn~q Nqzëpetl Qihtl‛( Clol wlaâ zldnpé b~htip qn~q dndlq nk ~ki zny~nhi y~ihtedidn n girnp l qehic di ap~r cnh+ tiknhtn hi gpnhtn di znqqli# dernhdl2 –Nqtl~ ~hoehdl+l alk irnetn zipi i a~pi n ce`nptiïál nk hlkn dn Dn~q Zie# y~nk cfn iki n nhwel~ i Qn~ Gecfl Bnq~q Apeqtl zipi klppnp hi ap~r zlp wlaâ & cnhtiknhtn qeoi girnhdl l qehic di ap~r alk kieq irnetn%# y~nk wnel zipi a~pip tldi dlnhïi n ngnpkedidn nhtpn iq znqqliq n ce`nptip tldl iy~ncn y~n nqtewnqqn lzpekedl zncl dei+ `l‛( Y~ihdl afnoip i nqtn zlhtl# zldn qnhtep dn pnznhtn# y~n lq dnkôhelq alknïik i kihegnq+ tip hi ai`nïi di znqqli# êq wnrnq k~etl glptn# –nk hlkn dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# i y~nk zndeklq y~n wnhfi alk zldnp ql`pn &l hlkn di znqqli%‛(
Wlaâ zldnpé pnzntep eqtl k~etiq wnrnq d~pihtn i keheqtpiïál# nqznaeicknhtn qn znpan`np y~n lq dnkôhelq pnionk kndeihtn nqtiq ziciwpiq(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
911
Keheqtpihdl A~pi Gëqeai Dn~q y~np y~n iq znqqliq qn a ~pnk n pny~np hlqql nhwlcweknhtl hl zplanqql dn a~pi Zlp y~n hnanqqetiklq qnp ziptn<
Nhy~ihtl y~n l zldnp dn a~pi wnk dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl# tnklq ~k ziznc ekzlptihtn y~n girnp( Bnq~q gicl~ i Qn~q deqaëz~clq dn ep n a~pip ilq nhgnpklq( Itlq 9:216# hlq der alkl Dn~q ~hoe~ i Bnq~q dn Hiripå alk l Nqzëpetl Qihtl n alk zldnp# n dn alkl ëi girnhdl l `nk n a~pihdl i tldl y~n nqtewnqqn i`ievl dl zldnp dl dei`l# zlpy~n Dn~q nqtiwi alk Ncn( Ncn hlq klqtpl~ y~n Dn~q# `iqeaiknhtn# y~np y~n qnbiklq a~pidlq( Fé ~ki deqtehïál nhtpn l y~n Dn~q y~np zipi tldl flknk n l y~n q~andn# l~ qnbi# i wlhtidn dn Dn~q å y~n tldl flknk qnbi qicwl# alkl cnklq nk 9 Tekñtnl 021+4 n 0 Zndpl 125# kiq hnk tldlq lq flknhq qál qicwlq( Nhtál zlp y~n a~czip Dn~q y~ihdl anptlq flknhq hál qn a~pik< Dnwnklq alhteh~ip tpitihdl dn ib~dip+cfnq n dnqal`pep i ai~qi y~n cfnq ekzndnk dn qnpnk qicwlq l~ y~n zldnk nqtip dntnhdl dn qnpnk a~pidlq nk nqzëpetl# icki n alpzl( I gicti dn znpdál l~ l nhwlcweknhtl alk l la~ctl# zlp nvnkzcl# zldn qnp ~k opihdn l`qtéa~cl zipi pnan`np a~pi( Ny~ezip+qn zipi lpip znclq nhgnpklq
Dnwnklq lpip znciq qno~ehtnq y~icedidnq n itet~dnq2 9( 0(
I alkzievál dn Apeqtl( Kipalq 924:+40 I gå y~n Dn~q zldn a~pip knqkl flbn nk dei# zlp ehtnpwnhïál depnti
Nk Oécitiq 12># Zi~cl nqapnwn2 –Iy~ncn zleq y~n wlq dé l Nqzëpetl# n y~n lznpi keciopnq nhtpn wñq# iaiql l gir znciq l`piq di cne# l~ zncl l~wep alk gå<‛( Dnwnklq alhqtp~ep hlqqi gå n q~znpip lq l`qtéa~clq y~n ekzndnk dn apnp y~n Dn~q zldn a~pip nk glpki depnti( Ico~hq l`qtéa~clq zipi q~znpip2
†
†
†
Nveqtnk edåeiq nppôhniq# dn y~n Dn~q qlknhtn ~qi lq dl~tlpnq nk hlqqlq deiq# n y~n i a~pi ialhtnan~ dnzleq dn itlq dlq izñqtlclq# y~ihdl i eopnbi gle cnwihtidi( Iznqip y~n zldnklq iopidnanp i Dn~q znclq dl~tlpnq# i itå knqkl alhq~ctip+hlq alk ncnq# kiq nqti hál å i òheai glpki y~n Dn~q tnk zipi a~pip pnicknhtn( K~etlq qlgpnk dl zlhtl dn weqti dl k~hdl laednhtic# iafihdl k~etl degëaec apnp y~n nveqtn ~k Dn~q# l~ qn apânk# hál ianetik y~n nqtn Dn~q zlqqi ehtnpwnhep nk hlqql k~hdl dn kihnepi ql`pnhit~pic( Iq znqqliq nk ico~hq ziëqnq# zldnk alhqtitip y~n qn tlphi kieq géaec a~pip+qn# zlpy~n nqtál kieq i`nptiq il tpi`icfl ql`pnhit~pic dn Dn~q( Zldn qnp y~n fibi ~ki alhg~qál nhtpn i nhgnpkedidn n l qlgpeknhtl( Nk Teiol >291+ 94# hlq der2 –Nqté ietl ico~åk nhtpn wñq< Lpn( Nqté dlnhtn ico~k dn wñq< Afikn lq ihaeálq di eopnbi‛ &zipi y~n qn a~pn%(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
914
† I edåei dn y~n Dn~q y~np hlq i`nhïlip zlp knel di ehgnpkedidn( Hál nveqtn hi @ë`cei# hnhf~k –nhgnpkl `nk iwnht~pidl‛# n Bnq~q h~hai deqqn ê heho~åk y~n alhqnpwi q~i nhgnpkedidn# qnhál y~n we~ alkl zplwnhenhtn dn Qitihéq( Dn~q zldn ib~dip+hlq i l`tnp l kncflp dn aidi qet~iïál# iqqek alkl i nhgnpkedidn# kiq eqql hál y~np dernp hnanqqipeiknhtn# y~n Ncn dnqnbn y~n nqtnbiklq nhgnpklq l~ y~n Ncn fibi ai~qidl i nhgnpkedidn( † L nqzehfl hi aiphn dn Zi~cl( ^ki dl~tpehi nqti`ncnan~ y~n eqtl npi ~ki nhgnpkedidn( Nhtpntihtl# fi`et~icknhtn hl Ihteol Tnqtiknhtl# ~k –nqzehfl hi aiphn‛ qn pngnpei i znqqliq y~n ai~qiwik zpl`cnkiq( Qnhdl y~n Zi~cl zldn tnp qn pngnpedl i tldlq nqtnq zpl`cnkiq y~n itpiwnqql~# l~ iq znqqliq y~n tpl~vnpik zpl`cnkiq( Kiq q~zlhdl y~n fl~wnpi qedl ~ki nhgnpkedidn# zl~aiq znqqliq wewnpik n rnpik l y~n Zi~cl gnr alk Dn~q# qnhdl y~n2 hál hnanqqetipeik dn ~k nqzehfl hi aiphn zipi y~n qn alhqnpwipqqnk f~kecdnq) † Hlqqiq nvznpeâhaeiq ziqqidiq( Y~ihdl ico~åk hál pnan`n~ a~pi# hlqqi gå zldn dekeh~ep( 1(
^ki zpnzipiïál zipi dnevip y~n Dn~q hlq ~qn
Hál dnwnklq znhqip y~n i a~pi qn pniceri qlknhtn zlp knel dn znqqliq nqznaeieq( Itlq 726# Nqtnwál= Itlq 627# Gncezn= Oécitiq 12>2 –‧keciopnq hl knel dn wñq‛( 4(
^k dnqnbl dn `~qaip l Nqzëpetl Qihtl n Qn~ zldnp
Bnq~q alknïl~ Qn~ keheqtåpel dn a~pi clol y~n l Nqzëpetl Qihtl dnqan~ ql`pn Ncn alkl zlk`i# hl pel Blpdál# n dnzleq dn qnp zplwidl hl dnqnptl& C~aiq 1209+01= 429#94#96 n 9 Alpëhtelq 02 4#>%( >(
Izpnhdnp alkl lpip znclq nhgnpklq
Lq deqaëz~clq izpnhdnpik i wnp Bnq~q girnhdl( Zldnklq izpnhdnp di nvznpeâhaei dn l~tplq keheqtplq kieq aiziaetidlq n zlp knel dn cnp n l`qnpwip( Nveqtnk k~etlq cewplq `lhq# deqzlhëwneq( Wnbi2 cewplq pnalknhdidlq hl hic dnqti Qnïál( 7(
Nqtip pncividlq qn i a~pi hál qie alkl nqznpiklq
L pnehl dn Dn~q hál qn pnwncl~ nk q~i tlticedidn iehdi( Hál tnklq y~n nqtip zpnla~zidlq ql`pn hlqqi pnz~tiïál l~ i pnz~tiïál dn Dn~q( Icåk deqql# hnk tldi a~pi å ekndeiti n zldnklq tlphip i keheqtpip( Dnwn fiwnp ~ki afiwn y~n iehdi hál tnhfi qedl dnqal`npti( Êq wnrnq ~ki znqqli dnwn qnp nhafipaidi zlp flpiq nk lpiïál dn a~pi# alkl dnqapnwn Gpihaeq KiaH~tt( ?(
6(
Hál tnknp êq pniïþnq dn l~tplq
Ico~hq zldnk alhqednpip+hlq gihétealq l~ nqtpihflq( Hál qn zpnla~zn# cnk`pn y~n iq znqqliq deqqnpik y~n Bnq~q nqtiwi zlqqnqql zlp dnkôhelq &Blál 62 46%( Qi`ndlpei
Dnwnklq pnalknhdip iq znqqliq y~n alhq~ctnk qn~ kådeal ihtnq dn zipip dn tlkip y~icy~np pnkådel(
Qnïál 42 Nhqehiknhtlq Afiwnq
91>
Lpeoehieq zipi gltlalzeip Hál nqapnwi hiq qno~ehtnq zéoehiq( Giïi añzeiq zipi wlaâ n zipi iy~ncnq y~n nqtál ib~dihdl( Ceqtiq dn pnweqál n Y~nqtelhépelq
† †
Zplopnqql hi keheqtpiïál( Y~nqtelhépel dn dea~cdidnq(
† †
Ceqti dn pnweqál diq épniq lhdn fibi zpl`cnkiq( A~pi ehtnpelp n pnq~kl dn ce`nptiïál(
Pnq~kl dn ziqqlq zipi nhtpnoip êq znqqliq
Aidi lpeoehic zplzlpaelhipé k~etiq añzeiq dn aidi pnq~kl dn keheqtpiïál( † † †
Znaidlq v 1 Gnpediq v 1 Ce`nptiïál v 4
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
917
Zplopnqql hl Keheqtåpel 9(
Alhwnpqál
Tlphip i hiqanp n tnp ~ki pnciïál alk Dn~q( 0(
Qnp afnel dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl
1(
Zipi tnp zldnp zipi i wedi deépei n lq gp~tlq dl Nqzëpetl Qihtl( Alhgqqál n ippnznhdeknhtl ql`pn ~k znaidl I hnanqqedidn zipi qno~pihïi ikipo~pi# l pnqqnhteknhtl# nta(((dl znpdál= znpdlip i l~tplq,ncnq knqkl= dnevip ep i
4(
I a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq dlclplqiq n gnpediq
Tpitip alk i pnbneïál n i ikipo~pi= nvznpeknhtip znqqlicknhtn l iklp dn Dn~q Zie( >( 7(
Ce`nptiïál dn dnkôhelq Cedip alk znaidlq pnciaelhidlq iq onpiïþnq2 eh~âhaeiq gikeceipnq# itid~piq di icki#
dlkehiïál# kicdeïþnq# nta((( 6( 6( 5( 9:( 99( 90( 91(
Keheqtpiïál zipi a~pi gëqeai L nhqehiknhtl alppntl di @ë`cei K~dihïi dn nqtecl dn wedi2
znhqiknhtlq# ziciwpiq# alhqqál zlqetewi(
Nvnpaëael Gëqeal# kndeaehi nta((( Iklp di ziptn dn l~tpiq znqqliq Kitnpeic dn ib~di Ib~di di ziptn dn ico~åk kieq nvznpenhtn# qn glp hnanqqépel
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
91?
Y~nqtelhépel dn qet~iïþnq Nhalhtpihdl i ai~qi dl zpl`cnki 9( Épni dn hnanqqedidnq zpéteaiq
Tpi`icfl pno~cip< Zpl`cnkiq nalhôkealq# dëwediq l~ pnqzlhqi`ecedidnq y~n pnq~ctik nk ql`pnaipoi< Ikeolq wnpdidneplq n ~ki pndn qlaeic< Qnhtep+qn wicelql n izpnaeidl hl tpi`icfl# ziptea~cipknhtn n qlaeicknhtn< Tnp ~k alkzihfnepl dl qnvl lzlqtl< Å ~ki pnciïál zlqetewi dn ialpdl alk l alpiïál dn Dn~q< Zpl`cnkiq dn edelki l~ alk~heaiïál y~n ekzndnk l tpi`icfl n pnciïþnq< 0( Épni dn znaidlq
Wlaâ qi`n y~n qn~q znaidlq nqtál znpdlidlq< Wlaâ tnk anptnri di wedi ntnphi< Y~ihdl n alkl Apeqtl nhtpl~ nk q~i wedi< Y~n nvznpeâhaei wlaâ tnk alk l Nqzëpetl Qihtl< Wlaâ lpi n câ i `ë`cei deipeiknhtn< Wlaâ l`ndnan i Dn~q y~ihdl Ncn cfn klqtpi icol< Fé ico~åk y~n wlaâ dnwi znpdlip< Wlaâ tnk zpl`cnkiq alk i piewi# pnqqnhteknhtl l~ ikipo~pi< Wlaâ c~ti alk pniïþnq ehalppntiq alk l znaidl dlq l~tplq< Nveqtnk znaidlq# lq y~ieq wlaâ å alhaenhtn n hál y~np pnicknhtn ce`nptip+qn< Nveqtnk aleqiq y~n wlaâ gir n hál y~np y~n heho~åk qie`i< 1( Épni diq gnpediq Gikëcei n hiqaeknhtl
Qn~ hiqaeknhtl gle hlpkic< Qn~q zieq nqtiwik aiqidlq< Wlaâ gle ~k cfl dnqnbidl< Wlaâ gle Idltidl< Y~ic å i gå y~n qn~q zieq qno~nk< Alkl gle q~i pnciïál alk qn~ zie< Wlaâ qn qnhte~ pnbnetidl zlp ico~k knk`pl di gikëcei< Fl~wnpik `peoiq alhqtihtnq l~ y~icy~np aciqqn dn i`~ql hi q~i aiqi< Wlaâ qlgpn~ ico~k tpi~ki# nhgnpkedidn l~ iaednhtn< Fl~wn ico~ki klptn dn ico~åk znptl l~ dn ico~k ihekic dn nqtekiïál< L~ ~ki tpioådei gikeceip< Nv( ~k dewñpael((( Q~i idlcnqaâhaei
Alk y~ieq dea~cdidnq nqznaeieq wlaâ nhalhtpl~ d~pihtn q~i idlcnqaâhaei< Nvnkzcl2 Zpnqqál dn qn~q zieq# nqt~dlq# ikeridnq# pnbneïál# pnciïþnq qnv~ieq# welciïál( Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
916
Zpl`cnkiq it~ieq
Wlaâ qn qnhtn nvtpnkiknhtn aihqidl< Wlaâ qnhtn qlcedál# dnzpnqqál l~ wlhtidn dn q~eaedip+qn< Wlaâ tnk zpl`cnkiq alk l qnvl lzlqtl< Wlaâ tnk ico~ki nhgnpkedidn gëqeai< Tnk kndl dl g~t~pl< Wlaâ nqté aôkldl alk qn~ znql< Wlaâ tnk ~ki dnqlpdnk nk q~i iceknhtiïál< Wlaâ å weaeidl nk icol< Nvnkzcl2 aeoippl# dploiq# q~pgip# nta( Wlaâ tnk zpl`cnkiq alk zlphlopii< L kndl alhtplci wlaâ< Wlaâ å k~etl qnhqëwnc< Geai alk piewi l~ aflpi giaecknhtn y~ihdl q~ponk anptlq tnkiq< Qn~ aiqiknhtl
Wlaâ qn qnhtn pnbnetidl&i% zlp qn~&q~i% nqzlqi&l%< Fé welcâhaei l~ kndl nk qn~ cip< Wlaâ tnk pnciïþnq glpi dl aiqiknhtl< Wlaâ tnk ico~k zpl`cnki gikeceip< Nv( alk lq qloplq( 4( Épni dn znaidlq nqzepet~ieq n zlhtlq dn nhtpidi
Q~i gikëcei# wlaâ l~ qn~q ihanqtpieq nqtewnpik nhwlcwedlq hiq qno~ehtnq aleqiq< La~cteqkl @p~vipei Flpñqalzl Aiptiq dn Tipô @icihïl dl zâhd~cl Ti`~cnepl dn L~ebi &alk~heaiïál alk nqzëpetlq itpiwåq dn cntpiq# hòknplq l~ l~tplq qëk`lclq% Tp~y~nq Kioei @pihai l~ Hnopi W~dò l~ Gneteïl Nqzepetëqkl Idewehfiïál Fezhlqn A~ctlq Kndetiïál Tpihqanhdnhtic Alhtplcn knhtic Kiïlhipei Iqtplcloei
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
915
Dn Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpg ëaen ¥ Ic`npt Tiuclp Nceqi`ntf n Diwed Tiuclp 0::6
Ceqti dn pnweqál diq épniq dn zpl`cnkiq Iqqehicn lq zpl`cnkiq# lq y~ieq wlaâ y~np ib~di( Ehdey~n y~ál glptn å aidi ~k# nk ~ki nqaici dn 9+> &> k~etl glptn%( Tik`åk kipy~n lq zpl`cnkiq wewedlq zlp knk`plq dn q~i gikëcei alk2 K+kán= Z+zie= Eál, Eá+epkál# epká(
I`ihdlhl
Al`eïi
Edlcitpei
I`~ql
Nhoihl
Qnv~ic Knhtic Nqzepet~ic Nklaelhic Gëqeal
Hnoiïál Knhtep Lpo~cfl Pn`nceál Gicqiq dl~tpehiq
&Y~icy~np aleqi y~n tlkn l c~oip dn Bnq~q%
Iaednhtnq
Dnzpnqqál
Wëaelq
Dnqnqznpl Gideoi Ehqôhei Gicti dn znpqznatewi Zpnla~ziïál Q~eaëdel Glpi dn alhtitl alk Dn~q
Écallc Dploiq Healtehi Aignëhi Ihlpnvei @~cekei Ciwip iq kálq Piewi Ihqendidn
Zpnla~ziïál Kndl Ziwlp Tnpplp
Dlkehiïál
Qnp dlkehidl Dlkehip i l~tpl
Ikipo~pi
Ñdel
A~czi
Pl~`l Acnztlkihëi
Ekz~pnri
Glpheaiïál Id~ctåpel Gihtiqei n C~vòpei Kiqt~p`iïál Ehanqtl Flklqnv~iceqkl Cnq`eiheqkl Zplqtet~eïál Zlphlopii @nqteicedidn Ehqno~pihïi
Dòwedi
Dòwedi ql`pn Dn~q Dòwedi ql`pn qe knqkl Dòwedi ql`pn l~tplq
Al`eïi
I~tledlcitpei Edlcitpip gikëcei# aippl# aiqi( Ëdlclq pnceoelqlq Ancn`pedidnq
Ehgnpelpedidn Tekednr Ehanptnri Knhtn
Alhdnhiïál I~tlnqteki `ievi Wnpolhfi Gicqi a~czi
Dnqlpenhtiïál Znhqiknhtlq dn `ciqgåkei Alhg~qál Nqy~naeknhtl
Ehdnaeqál
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
94:
Dn Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpgëaen ¥ Ic`npt Tiuclp Nceqi`ntf n Diwed Tiuclp 0::6
La~cteqkl
Pnbneïál
Gicti dn Znpdál
Kndetiïál Tpihqanhdnhtic Alhtplcn Knhtic @p~vipei Flpñqalzl Aiptiq dn Tipô Ti`~cnepl dn L~ebi &alk~he+ aiïál alk nqzëpetlq% Tp~y~nq Gneteïipei Iqtplcloei @icihïl dl zâhd~cl Kioei `pihai l~ Hnopi Nqzepetëqkl Idewehfiïál Fezhlqn Kiïlhipei
I~tlpnbneïál Tnklp ê pnbneïál Pnbneïál alk l~tplq
Welcâhaei
Lpo~cfl
Ipploàhaei Nolëqkl Znpgnaaelheqkl
Apëteai Nolëqkl Gp~qtpiïál Ehtlcnpàhaei Piewi Eppeti`ecedidn Lpo~cfl
Pnqqnhteknhtl Tpeqtnri
Wlhtidn Iaaednht
Ehdnaeqál
I~tlalkzievál Znhqiknhtlq dn q~eaëdel Pnceoeþnq
Eopnbi Aitñceai Plkihi Klpklheqkl Tnqtnk~hfiq dn Bnlwé Aeâhaei Apeqtá Fehd~ëqkl Eqcikeqkl Qemfeqkl &alhqncflq dlq o~p~q% Hlwi Npi L~tplq a~ctlq n qnetiq Kiïlhipei Nhgnpkedidnq
Gëqeai Knhtic Itid~piq di icki
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Pn`nceál
Q~znpqteïál
Dnql`ndeâhaei Gicti dn q~`keqqál L`qtehiïál
Ik~cntlq n gneteïlq
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
Nklaelhic Ap~ncdidnGëqeal
949
Dn Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpg ëaen ¥ Ic`npt Tiuclp Nceqi`ntf n Diwed Tiuclp 0::6
Iop~ziknhtl dn dnkôhelq Lq op~zlq didlq iy~e qál zipi ib~dip ilq keheqtplq i ednhteaip dnkôhelq( Qál qekecipnq ê ceqti dn pnweqál diq épniq zpl`cnkéteaiq# didiq êq znqqliq zipi ednhteaip qn~ zpl`cnki# i ai~qi zldn qnp qlknhtn hit~pic l~ hit~pic i~knhtidi zlp ~k dnkôhel( Lq dnkôhelq nqtál onpicknhtn nk op~zlq# alk ~k afngn( Lq dnkôhelq nk ~k op~zl qál dn tezlq qekecipnq l~ pnciaelhidlq# zlp nvnkzcl2 lq degnpnhtnq tezlq dn pnbneïál( Zldn fiwnp k~etlq dnkôhelq dl knqkl tezl dn pnbneïál# dnznhdnhdl dn y~ihtiq wnrnq ~ki bihnci gle i`npti( L knqkl tezl dn dnkôhel zldn nhalhtpip+qn nk l~tplq op~zlq( Qn nhalhtpiklq ~k tezl dn dnkôhel# å `lk pnweqip qn fé l~tplq pnciaelhidlq i nqtn tezl# i k dn tnp ~ki cekznri alkzcnti( I`ihdlhl
Ihqendidn
Dnzpnqqál
Lpgál
Zpnla~ziïál Tnklp Ziwlp Tnpplp Iqqiqqehitl
Dnqnqznpl Gideoi Ehqôhei Gicti dn znpqznatewi Zpnla~ziïál Q~eaëdel Glpi dn alhtitl alk Dn~q Dlkehiïál
I`~ql
Qnv~ic Knhtic Nqzepet~ic Nklaelhic
I`lptl
Pn`nceál
Klptn
Piewi Iqqiqqehitl Gicqiq dl~tpehiq
Ikipo~pi
Pnqqnhteknhtl Ñdel
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Al`eïi
Dlp
Iwipnri Acnztlkihei Pl~`l
Wëaelq
Écallc Dploiq Healtehi Aignëhi Ihlpnvei @~cekei Ciwip iq kálq
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
Klptn
Dnqtp~eïál Iqqiqqehitl Nhoihl
Hnoiïál Knhtepi Lpo~cfl
Qnp dlkehidl Dlkehip i l~tpl Dòwedi
D~wedip dn Dn~q D~wedip dn qe knqkl D~wedip dn l~tplq A~czi
Alhdnhiïál Gicqi,nvanqqewi a~czi I~tlnqteki `ievi Wlrnq Alhg~qál Ny~naeknhtl Wnpolhfi Dòwedi Znhqiknhtlq dn @ciqgåkei
940
Dn Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpgëaen ¥ Ic`npt Tiuclp Nceqi`ntf n Diwed Tiuclp 0::6
Ehdnaeqál
La~cteqkl
Tpeqtnri
Kndl dn nppip
Kndetiïál tpihqanhdnhtic
Edlcitpei
Alhtplcn knhtic
I~tlalkzievál Znhqiknhtlq q~eaëdi
&Y~icy~np aleqi y~n tlkn l c~oip dn Dn~q% I~tledlcitpei Edlcitpei ê gikëcei# aippl# aiqi(
@p~vipei Flpñqalzl Ti`~cnepl dn L~ebi &alk~he+ aiïál alk nqzëpetlq% Gel qiopidl &fehd~ëqkl% Tp~y~nq Gnteïipei Iqtplcloei @icihïl dl zâhd~cl Kioei `pihai l~ hnopi Nqzepetëqkl Idewehfiïál Fezhlqn Kiïlhipei
Eopnbi Aitñceai Plkihi Klpklheqkl Eopnbi ~hetipei Tnqtnk~hfiq dn Bnlwé Aeâhaei Apeqtá L~tplq a~ctlq n qnetiq Fehd~ëqkl Eqcikeqkl Qemfeqkl &alhqncflq dlq o~p~q% Hlwi Npi W~dò Kiïlhipei
Lpo~cfl
Nhgnpkedidn
Ipploàhaei Nolëqkl Znpgnaaelheqkl
Gëqeai Knhtic Nklaelhic
Apëteai
Itid~piq di icki
Nolëqkl Gp~qtpiïál Ehtlcnpàhaei Piewi Eppeti`ecedidn Lpo~cfl
Dlkehiïál Dnznhdâhaei
Pn`nceál
Tnhqál
Dnql`ndeâhaei Gicti dn q~`keqqál L`qtehiïál
Gicti dn znpdál
Ëdlclq pnceoelqlq Qihtlq I weponk Kipei Ancn`pedidnq I~tlnqteki `ievi C~vòpei
Glpheaiïál Id~ctåpel Gihtiqei n C~vòpei Kiqt~p`iïál Ehanqtl Flklqnv~icedidn Cnq`eiheqkl Zplqtet~eïál Zlphlopii @nqteicedidn Ehqno~pihïi
Ehgnpelpedidn Tekednr Ehanptnri Alhtplcn di knhtn
Dnqlpenhtiïál
Pnbneïál
I~tlpnbneïál Kndl di pnbneïál Pnbneïál alk l~tplq
Pnceoeþnq
Q~znpqteïál
Ik~cntlq Gneteïlq
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Ap~ncdidn Wlhtidn dn`ecetidi
Dòwedi I~tlnqteki `ievi Ehdnaeqál
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
941
Dn Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di Q~znpg ëaen ¥ Ic`npt Tiuclp Nceqi`ntf n Diwed Tiuclp 0::6
Pnq~kl dn A~pi Ehtnpelp n Ce`nptiïál L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP TPITIHDL+QN DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl hi ap~r dn Bnq~q Apeqtl( Zndep n ianetip znpdál( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépel( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK PNQZNETL ÊQ GNPEDIQ N PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZIPI IQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
ZLQQËWNEQ Ziqqlq NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &dn ikipo~pi zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
–N~ alhgnqql kehfi ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åk Tn~ znpdál‛( –Alclal i ikipo~pi nk`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n i ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzetehdl l Ziqql 4= clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
Qnïál 42 Ceqti dn Pnweqál zipi Gltlalzeip
944
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP TPITIHDL+QN DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépl( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP TPITIHDL+QN DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépl( Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP TPITIHDL+QN DN ^K ZNAIDL DI AIPHN Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
Alhgnqqip l znaidl( Ippnznhdnp+qn# znpdlip ilq l~tplq n nhtpnoip l znaidl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál( Girnp pnqtet~eïál y~ihdl qnbi hnanqqépl(
Ziqql >2
Izpnhdnp i pnqeqtep(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
Qnïál 42 Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál zipi Gltlalzeip
94>
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK PNQZNETL ÊQ GNPEDIQ N PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZIPI IQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK PNQZNETL ÊQ GNPEDIQ N PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZIPI IQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
L Y^N ZLDNKLQ GIRNP ALK PNQZNETL ÊQ GNPEDIQ N PNIÏÞNQ EHALPPNTIQ ZIPI IQ GNPEDIQ Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42 Ziqql >2
Pnalhfnanp i gnpedi( Nhtpnoip i gnpedi ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Znpdlip iy~ncnq y~n ai~qipik tic gnpedi( Nhtpnoip iq pniïþnq ehalppntiq ê Bnq~q Apeqtl hi ap~r( Zndep n ianetip znpdál znciq pniïþnq ehalppntiq(
ZLQQËWNEQ ZIQQLQ NVTPIQ Ziqql 72 Ziqql ?2 Ziqql 62 Ziqql 52 Ziqql 9:2
L`tnp a~pi diq cnk`pihïiq( Y~n`pip itid~piq ëkzeiq di icki( Pnan`np ce`nptiïál( Pnan`np a~pi gëqeai( K~dip lq zidpþnq dlq znhqiknhtlq n diq itet~dnq(
Qnïál 42 Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál zipi Gltlalzeip
947
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &dn i kipo~pi zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
–N~ alhgnqql kehfi ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åk Tn~ znpdál‛( –Alclal i ikipo~pi nk`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n i ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzetehdl l Ziqql 4= clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &dn i kipo~pi zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
–N~ alhgnqql kehfi ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åk Tn~ znpdál‛( –Alclal i ikipo~pi nk`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n i ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzetehdl l Ziqql 4= clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &dn i kipo~pi zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 Ziqql 02 Ziqql 12 Ziqql 42
–N~ alhgnqql kehfi ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åk Tn~ znpdál‛( –Alclal i ikipo~pi nk`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n i ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzetehdl l Ziqql 4= clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
ALKL ZLDNKLQ QNP CEWPNQ &dn i kipo~pi zlp nvnkzcl% DEOI NK WLR ICTI2 Ziqql 92 –N~ alhgnqql kehfi ikipo~pi( Kn ippnznhdl dnci( Zie ancnqteic# Cfn znïl n ianetl tik`åk Tn~ znpdál‛( Ziqql 02 –Alclal i ikipo~pi nk`ievl dl qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl‛( Ziqql 12 –Nk hlkn dn Bnq~q Apeqtl# n~ lpdnhl y~n i ikipo~pi qiei iolpi‛( Ziqql 42 –L qiho~n dn Bnq~q Apeqtl kn gir cewpn‛( Alhteh~n pnzetehdl l Ziqql 4= clol alknan i nvz~cqip l dnkôhel(
Qnïál 42 Ziqqlq dn Keheqtpiïál zipi Gltlalzeip
94?
Cewplq pnalknhdidlq
Glhtnq ideaelhieq dn ehglpkiïál Tfn Fihd`llm lg Qzepet~ic _ipgipn zlp Dp( Nd K~pzfu EQ@H :+?6>0+99>9+5 Ndetlpeic Tflkiq Hncqlh# Clhdpnq &Kih~ic dn O~nppi Nqzepet~ic% Fniceho tfpl~of Dncewnpihan zlp Zntnp Flppl`eh Wlc~kn 9 @e`ceaic @iqeq Wlc~kn 0 Tfn Zpiatean Qlwnpneoh _lpcd Ctd
EQ@H 9+6>04:+14>+4 EQ@H 9+6>04:+147+0
Tp~tf ihd Gpnndlk 5 nhqehiknhtlq n# DWD ql`pn iq @iqnq di A~pi Ehtnpelp Zlp Zntnp Flppl`eh (nccnckeheqtpenq(lpo Dnnz _l~hdq Dnnz Fniceho zlp Afipcnq F( Mpigt( Qlwnpneoh _lpcd Ctd
EQ@H 96>04: 946 7
Dnklhq Dngnitnd zlp @ecc Q~`petrmu Qlwnpneoh _lpcd Ctd
EQ@H 9 6>04: 96> :
Fniceho glp Dikiond Nkltelhq zlp Diwed I( Qnikihdq Weatlp @llmq
EQ@H :+660:?+006+>
Fniceho zlp Gpihaeq KiaH~tt Tfn Zlnp tl Fnic zlp Gpihaeq KiaH~tt Lwnpalkn `u tfn Qzepet zlp Gpihaeq KiaH~tt Dncewnpihan gplk Nwec Qzepetq zlp Gpihaeq KiaH~tt# Flddnp n Qtl~oftlh
EQ@H :+>>1+91?50+9 EQ@H :+6??51+911+v EQ@H : 6714? 17> 0
Dnklhq ihd Dncewnpihan zlp Gpihm Fikklhd Ndetlpeic Hn _ehn
EQ@H : 14: 7>7>? 1 EQ@H : 54?6>0 51 V
Tfnu Qficc Nvznc Dnklhq zlp Dnpnm Zpehan Ltplq dn (dnpnmzpehankeheqtpenq(alk Fl tl Fnic tfn Qeam zlp Afipcnq n Gpihanq F~ktnp n l~tplq wëdnlq dn nhqehiknhtl
Qnïál 42 Kieq Ehglpkiïál
EQ@H :+59??07+4:+>
946
Alkzihfneplq dn Keheqtåpel Hnanqqeti gicip alk ico~åk< Tnk ~k tnqtnk~hfl nklaelhihtn< Iy~e fé ico~hq dn hlqqlq ikeolq n alkzihfneplq dn keheqtåpel alk y~nk wlaâ zldnpé alhtiatip zipi alhqncfl# ib~di l~ l`qnpwiïþnq (
Ëhdei n zndedlq ehtnphiaelhieq
Pnw( Dp( Wipofnqn Tflkiq @+9:7# Af~paf @~ecdeho Hn Iqflm Hioip# ::59+99+00?9?475# Dncfe 99::57# Ehdei::59+56+999:>>1? ::59+99+00?9614:# kt~tflkiqJuifll(alk
Mâhei#ÉgpeaiLpenhtic
Tpehetu Gncclqfez Aiqecci 97>19 Kl`ec Zciri Hiepl`e ::70: Mnhui# Igpeai Lpenhtic Tnc( Hl( ::0>4 0: 1>7?0?5 l ::0>4 0: 1?7165: tghiepl`eJtpehetugncclqfez(lp(mn
Ny~idlp# Ikåpeai dl Q~c
Ziqtlpi Ihi Kipëi Aépdnhiq Gehcihdei 9>9 n Q~naei >I Y~etl# Ny~idlp# Ikåpeai dl Q~c ikikz~nplJz~ktl(hnt(na
Opih@pntihfi
PiczfihdBluOpnnh 16# Cekn Plid @ltcnu# Lvglpd LV0 5NO Opnit @petieh Tnc2 ::44967>0476?1 bopnnhJwewi(lpo
Ehtnphnt † †
Alhtitl ehglpkitewl it~ic zipi hlqqlq alkzifneplq Zipi girnp gltlañzeiq dnqtn cewpl l~ claicerip ~k deqtpe`~edlp claic
† † †
Hltëaeiq dn qnkehépelq n nkzpnqiq Cewplq ncntpôhealq &N+`llmq% n kòqeai zipi girnp dlhclid Izleip nqtn keheqtåpel alk dliïþnq
(ql~hdqpetn(af,aat
Qnïál 42 Kieq Ehglpkiïál
945
Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp# apeqtálq i qnpweïl zlp tnkzl ehtnopic dnqdn 957:# cednpipik nkzpnqiq dl keheqtåpel di lpiïál# nk y~itpl alhtehnhtnq# dnqdn 956:(
–Keheqtpihdl i`ievl di q~znpgëaen‛# å ~k cewpl Apeqtl+aâhtpeal y~n2 † Glphnan ny~eziknhtl zipi ib~dip i qe knqkl n i l~tplq † L zpnzipi zipi pnan`np ' alhqnpwip ce`nptiïál ' a~pi † Nhqehi iq alhdeïþnq zipi ltpi`icfl dl Nqzëpetl#zipi k~dip i wedi † Å izplzeidl zipi znqqliq ehdewed~icknhtn l~ op~zlq dn nqt~dl Pnalknhdiïþnq
–Nqtewn ~qihdl iq gnppiknhtiq dn lpiïál n nhqehihdl l kitnpeic dnqnhwlcwedl zlp Ic`npt n Nceqi`ntf Tiuclp k~etlq ihlq# alk pnq~ctidlq anhtnhiq dn znqqliq( Géaec dnzpnzipihdl+qn izpnhdnp# k~etl zpétealzlp n qñcedl `ë`ceaiknhtn( I kielpeiekzpnqqelhihtnq diq znqqliq y~n nk glpik keheqtpidiq# tnpkehipik zipi alhteh~ip i `iticfi zlp q~i zpñzpei ce`npdidn n qiteqgiïál nk Bnq~q Apeqtl‛(Ziqtlpi Aépdnhiq# Eopnbi Nwihoåceai Ehiy~etl# Y~etl# Ny~idlp( Knqtpn nk Nqt~dlq Apeqtálq# ^hewnpqedidn Pnonhtn# Wihal~wnp# Aihidé
–^ki izpnqnhtiïál a~pti dl y~n ncnq izpnhdnpik d~pihtn iq y~itpl dåaidiq hl keheqtåpel( Zpéteal n géaec dn izpnhdnp( Qál ib~diq wicelqiq zipi apnhtnq# zplgnqqlpnq n keheqtplq dn Apeqtl‛( Pnw( Dp( Wipofnqn Tflkiq# K(Dew ' Tf(D di ^hewnpqedidn Apeqteá Gpnndlk( ^(Q(I( Depntlp dn Keqqál ilq hál icaihïidlq# Hlwi Dåcfe(
–Hál tnk y~n qnp ~k nqznaeiceqti zipi keheqtpip ~qihdl nqtn kitnpeic( Z~dn wnp y~n g~haelhi hi N~plzi# Égpeai n Ikåpeai dl Q~c)‛( Pnw( Dihenc @i~koipthnp# K(Tf(# QTF @iqecni ' Dezclki Iwihïidl nk Nqt~dlq Ziqtlpieq# ^hewnpqedidn Tpehetu( @peqtlc# Pnehl ^hedl( Keqqelhépel nk Qicti# H( Iponhtehi( Tpnehihdl cëdnpnq dn eopnbiq(
–Tnhfl qedl ~k alhqncfnepl bé girnk 4: ihlq# kiq i alhgnpâhaei dlq Tiuclp nk Dåcfe# nk 0::0# pnwlc~aelhl~ kehfi itet~dn n nhgly~n ê alhqncfipei( Lq kåtldlq ehtnopieq dn Ic`npt nqtál ziweknhtihdl l aikehfl zipi iq a~piq kecioplqiq di knhtn# alpzl n icki# n i tpihqglpkiïál dl aipétnp nk znqqliq alk degnpnhtnq piernq‛( Ziqtlp Tflkiqm~ttu# Dåcfe# Ëhdei( Zipi kieq ehglpkiïþnq2
(ql~hdqpetn(af,aat
Zipi alhtitip l I~tlp2
Qtlcrnqtpiqqn 1# AF+6::7 Rópeaf# Q~eïi( Tnc( -49 44 515 04 66
Deqnhfidl ' Dnqnhwlcwedl zlp2
Ql~hdq_petn OK@F# Q~eïi
9>:
EQ@H lg Nhoceqf Lpeoehic 5?6+1+:11+:94::+6
