E&TTS E&TTS E&TTS The Technical English Company
Level 1
Without technological boundaries in the knowledge age! Total Solutions For our eeds "n Technical English!
# $E%&' &(") Chairman and CE' o* E+TTS 'ctober ,- ./10 Lima$eru 22/3441,. prui56thebest7yahoo8com
Technical Dictionaries. Technical English Texts. Teaching of Technical English. Translations. Diccionarios Técnicos. Textos de Inglés Técnico. Enseñanza de Inglés Técnico. Traducciones.
# $E%&' &(") Chairman and CE' o* E+TTS 'ctober ,- ./10 Lima$eru 22/3441,. prui56thebest7yahoo8com
Technical Dictionaries. Technical English Texts. Teaching of Technical English. Translations. Diccionarios Técnicos. Textos de Inglés Técnico. Enseñanza de Inglés Técnico. Traducciones.
$re*ace Section 1 9rie* English English :rammar &eview applied applied to ;ining Engineering8 Engineering8
1. 2. !. '. *.
Morphology Morphology.. Root Root and derivative derivative words. words. Formation Formation of Technic Technical al Words. Words. Using suffixe suffixes s prefixes prefixes and affixes affixes.. Modifiers" Modifiers" #ndefinite #ndefinite $rticles" $rticles" $%$n. &efinite &efinite article" article" The. The. Modifiers" Modifiers" $d(ectiv $d(ectives es and $dver)s. $dver)s. $d(ective $d(ective and adver) adver) compari comparison. son. +entence. +entence. ,oun ,oun or or -ronoun. -ronoun. er) er) +tudy. +tudy. /omple /omplement. ment.
Section . "ntroduction to Technical Translations8
1. -resent -resent Tense. Tense. #nfinitive. #nfinitive. +imple +imple -resent -resent Tense. Tense. -resent -resent /ontinuous /ontinuous Tense. #mperative. 2. -ast Tense. Tense. +imple +imple -ast -ast Tense. Tense. -assive -assive oice Tense. Tense. -erfect -erfect Tense. Tense. !. Future Future Tens Tense. e. +impl +imple e Future Future Tense Tense.. '. Modals Modals 0/an 0/an /ould /ould May May Might Might Must Must +hould +hould and and Would. Would.
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This )oo is intended to mining engineers or students of Mining 3ngineering who have already mastered the elements of 3nglish and who now want to use their nowledge of the 3nglish language in order to read%write a thesis a)stracts technical )oos and papers on their own su)(ects. 4owever all of us should understand that the purpose of the )oo is to teach 3nglish language not to teach mining engineering. 3ste texto se dirige a los ingenieros mineros o estudiantes de ingenier5a minera 6uienes ya han dominado los elementos del #ngl7s y 6ue ahora desean usar su conocimiento del idioma #ngl7s con el o)(eto de leer%escri)ir una tesis extractos. 8i)ros y art5culos t7cnicos de su propio inter7s. +in em)argo todos de)er5amos entender 6ue el prop9sito de este texto es ense:ar el idioma #ngl7s y no ense:ar ingenier5a minera. The 3nglish language is a glo)al language in which scientific engineering and technical facts are expressed certainly not a different 3nglish language from that of everyday life )ut all the same it presents the glo)al student with a lot of special features. The most features are related with the definitions or nouns of a phenomenon or phenomena created or achieved )y original e6uipment manufacturers 0;3Ms spread into the entire world. Then it is necessary to use a good technical dictionary due to these definitions reflect the state o
n relacionadas con las definiciones o sustantivos de un fen9meno o fen9menos creados o logrados por los fa)ricantes de e6uipos originales dispersos en todo el mundo. 3ntonces es necesario usar un )uen diccionario t7cnico de)ido a 6ue estas definiciones refle(an el avance en este momento. -ala)ras t7cnicas tales como terceri=aci9n inter< conectividad de redes sistema microelectromec>nico relo(es inteligentes etc. son definiciones nuevas en el voca)ulario t7cnico.
$nd there also is another ind of words which are important" the ver)s ad(ectives and adver)s which are not specifically technical )ut which participate usually into sciences engineerings and technologies. Words such as increasingly )road entire counterclocwise and so forth )elong to this grouping. ? tam)i7n hay otro tipo de pala)ras los cuales son importantes" los ver)os ad(etivos y adver)ios 6ue no son espec5ficamente t7cnicas sino 6ue participan generalmente en ciencias ingenier5as y tecnolog5as. -ala)ras tales como cada ve= m>s ancho completo sentido antitica #nglesa aplicada a la industria de los minerales. +e revisa el origen de las pala)ras ra5ces prefi(os sufi(os y afi(os y se aplican a hechos reales acerca de exploraci9n explotaci9n producci9n transporte y comerciali=aci9n de estos minerales Dtiles. 8a +ecci9n 2 est> programada para e(ecutar traducciones t7cnicas reales con datos e informaci9n procedente de los fa)ricantes de e6uipos originales 0;3Ms en el campo minero. ;cto)er G 2H1! #n 8ima<-erD. $E%&' ;8 &(") Chairman and CE' o* E+TTS
Section 18 < 9rie* English :rammar &eview applied to ;ining Engineering
18 ;'&$='L':
+tudy of origin of the words.
Root W;R& &erivative Root words are ;pen pit mines Finance Ris 3xplore The si=e of the aluminum particles The roc mass The si=e of the ore deposit 8and la)or and capital ;verall depth +urface mine design Mine water For copper gold and uranium wastes The entire pit $n optimum pit limit design 4igh gold prices The roc surface &emand for copper -ermanent roc mass support /oncentrate Marets /ommodity prices The mineEs life +lot raises for stopes Waste dumps 8each dumps
E+TTS Sel*Testing %ivision =omework 18 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8
,ame"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<< 1. Mine si=e 2. The ore reserve pro)lem !. -it dimensions and geometry '. Water rights *. +trong marets I. 8ong
&ate"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
DERIVATIVE PREPOSITION, and so on &erivative words are Mine property 3xploration activities Minerals industry World silver
=omework .8 =ighlight the derivative words and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:-------------------------------------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
Date:------------------
3xploration expenses -roduction technology -hysical plant Mine closures The mining and processing of mineral commodities 3nvironmental regulations The closing of mining operations -recious and )ase metal producers $ mining property for production Mine location and ocurrence Mine evaluation process +uccessful exploration and property ac6uisition The glo)al mining economy @lo)al silver tin =inc and lead copper and gold production The $ntamina copper<=inc operation Roc reinforcement systems $ competent and dura)le reinforcement system &ifficulties with resin cartridges in underground environment #nsufficient reinforcement of the shotcrete ;pen pit mining
Mine -roper Regard alue $rrange Tax Finance 3nvironment #nvest Mine @eology /ontinuous 8ocate /limate Ton &istri)ute /lass +ample +afe 36uip +hip +pecify $vaila)le ;wn /oncentrate Tail &rain Treat +ill +tore 4old &istur) Thic Re6uire -rocess Metallurgy 4ard ;perate -repare
Mine
Mining
E>amples o* $hrases (sing Su**i>es in ;ining Engineering $=&
Where ,12L are called ,oun
;re extraction Se!"Tes#$n% D$$s$on =omework 08 =ighlight the su**i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:---------------------------------------------------- Date:-----------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
@eologic structure -hysical properties /limatic conditions &irect shipping ore 3lectric power ,atural gas /oncentrator site Waste dump location Tailings pond location &rainage method +illed in mining -roposed and pending mining legislation lending re6uirements +urface distur)ance -roduction re6uirements -rocessing methods /hemical properties of ore Metallurgical properties of ore ;re hardness ;perating costs
#nfra< #n< #n< ,on< ;ut< #n< Under< ;n< -ost< ac< 3m< &is< 3x< ;ut< -re< #n< #n< ,on< &i< Multi< &is< ;ver< y< &own< 3n< Re< ,on< ,on< &is< ;ver< ;ver< Multi< Un< -re< #m< Re< Un< ;ff< &e< Re< y< -re<
structure come direct cash lay pit ground site concentrate fill )an charge change side set tae solu)le car)on oxide component integrate flow pass stream large load standard metal advantage )urden si=e stage saturate install prove cover sta)le highway water agent product treat
#nfrastructure #ncome #ndirect ,oncash ;utlay #n
Re<
sale
Resale
The precipitation of multivalent ions #n
+ilver output in Mexico the worldEs largest produce
=omework 38 =ighlight the pre*i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:----------------------------------------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
Underground operating costs #ndirect costs ,oncash costs $ctual monetary outlays The income tax lia)ility ;n
Date:----------------------
Un< /ontra< Mis< Re< ,on< ,on< Uni< Trans< Un< Re< Un< -re< Re< ,on< Under< Re< Re< &is< -oly< Un< Re< ,on< -er< Un< &e< ,on< Un< /ounter< #n< ,on< Re< Re< Re< &e< &e< -re< Un< -re< &is< Un<
profit act understand place deduct metal form port sill cover product produce move profit press move introduce solve phosphor success compress corrode manganese attain rate associate certain product sta)le metal place act assess water press exist economy product cover explore
Unprofita)le /ontractual Misunderstanding Replacement ,ondeducti)le ,onmetallic Uniformity Transportation Unsilled Recovery Unproductive -reproduction Remova)le ,onprofita)le Underpressure Removal Reintroduction &issolved -olyphosphates Unsuccessful Recompression ,oncorrosiveness -ermanganate Unattaina)le &erating ,onassociated Uncertainty /ounterproductive #nsta)ility ,onmetallic Replacement Reactive Reassessment &ewatering &epressuri=ation -reexisting Uneconomic -reproduction &iscovery Unexplored
-oly<
metal
-olymetallic
Some e>amples phrases using <**i>es
Ma(or nonmetallic open pit mines /ounterproductive economic decisions ,onmetallic products Uneconomic mineral resources ,oncar)on constituents $ domestic mining operation with no nonmining costs $ pre
=omework 8 =ighlight the a**i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:-----------------------------------------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
Date:------------------------
Replacement value ,onmetallic commodity -roduct transportation Unsilled in mining Recovery grade -reproduction development Metallurgical recoveries -reproduction period Reserves and percent remova)le ,onprofita)le concentrations -reproduction stripping -reexisting high
.
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$ 2H
$ production of 1'2HHH tpd 012KHHH t%d for the next 2* years
=omework D8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:------------------------------------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
Date:-------------
$ specific deposit $ very large custom smelting industry $ concentrate producer $ disseminated deposit $ shallower woring slope $ porphyry deposit $ complex mon=onitic stoc $ pit limit $ large ore )ody $ minimum towards the end of the mineEs life $ large num)er of staced narrow )enches $ low waste
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$n 11 increase in production at -eruEs foremost gold operation $n expected *H increase to 1''HHHt. $n aggressive expansion programme $n immediate support action after installation +u)se6uent )lasting or drilling in an ad(acent area $n expansion shell anchored roc)olt of 2 m 0I.* ft length $n ad(acent waste em)anment $n ade6uate return $n actual operating mine $n existing operating mine $n economically marginal deposit $n engineering%economic evaluation of a mining property $n international classification system for mineral resources $n accessi)le roc face $n accurate appraisal of that reserve $n essential element of any mine investment analysis $n important mareting mechanism in the metals )usiness $n electric shovel $n open pit mine $n ore )ody $n ore discovery $n impact on metal demand
$n exploration group E&TTS Se!"Tes#$n% D$$s$on !ome"or# $. Translate into S%anish the follo"ing exam%les. Name:--------------------------------------------------------
Date:---------------
1< $n unsafe condition 2< $n alternative stripping method !< $n inclined presplit line '< $n outside curve *< $n initial pit I< $n approximate dipper si=e G< $n approximate allowance of G to 12 J< $n increase in dragline productivity K< $n operating cost item 1H<$n opening dipper )ullclam 11<$n alternative to conventional push
MODIFIER NOUN
A3#$5e Ad8. No*n A3#$5e Ad. Ad8. No*n A3#$5e Ad. Ad8. N9,':,N
The gold sector The expansion at +outhern -eru /opper /orp.Es 0+-// /ua(one mine The main production increase The Mahr Tunnel%+an /risto)al assets The )ac of mining expansion programmes at uenaventuraEs Uchucchacua operation at olcan The unrelia)ility of the -eruvian road infrastructure The availa)ility of silled la)our good energy supplies The tax system The installation and the effectiveness of the )olt The re6uired level of ore production lower in the pit The ac6uisition of mineral properties The potential of the mineral deposit The type of mineral property The drilling pro(ect The existence of minerali=ation The mining e6uipment industry The well<nown sensitivity of profits to metal prices in the metal mining )usiness The removal of facilities and restoration of the land The mine investment decision The attractiveness of a mining investment The mineral commodity 0metallic nonmetallic fuel The magnitude and 6uality of the ore reserves The timing and magnitude of mining revenues The operating environment of mining properties The cyclic ore reserve pro)lem The fundamental nature of mineral occurrence The analysis of mineral investments The 6uantity of ore reserves The ore
=omework 48 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:--------------------------------------------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
Date:---------------
The future price of mineral products The tonnage of ore produced The mining schedule The grade of the ore mined The estimate of ore grade The unusual conditions of direct
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ery low operating costs N approximately OK*%o= at ?anacocha and (ust O*H%o= at -ierina 3xtensive exploratory pro(ects #ts flagship +an icente mine +outh $merican mining operations ;verland haulage of concentrates Mechanically anchored roc)olts @routed< and ca)le)olts Friction anchored roc)olts #n mining and civil engineering applications ,ormal milling operations '.* million tons of ore 3xploration costs $d(acent mineral<)earing lands For domestic copper mining Many ma(or metals producers 4igh profita)ility in the mining industry 8ow
E&TTS Se!"Tes#$n% D$$s$on =omework 28
=ighlight the adAectives and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8
Full ame:-------------------------------------------------------- %ateG---------------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
The financial analysis of mining pro(ects $n important and essential component in the analysis of normal mine investment ,ew mining properties or ventures aluation studies for mineral properties Feasi)ility studies on mining properties 3nvironmental and other regulatory re6uirements Mining pro(ect valuation Massive low
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Ad8. No*n
The worldEs most impressive and am)itious mine developments and expansions The worldEs largest mining pro(ect The seventh largest copper mine 02GHHHHt%y The third largest =inc producer 01I!HHH t%y -eruEs largest single export copperEs fortunes More modest levels $ more diverse group of producers 4igher levels of output The )iggest increase in production -eruEs sole producer Minsur the worldEs second largest ti n producer 3ven more important to the countryEs economy The upper levels @reater depths @reater participation in mining pro(ects The most uni6ue aspect of the minerals industry The greatest amount of misunderstanding in mine valuation studies 4igher grade =ones #ts highest
=omework 1/8 =ighlight the adAectives and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Full ame:------------------------------------------------ %ate:---------------
1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H.
8ower operating costs +maller maintenance and operating personnel re6uirements The lower installation and operating costs @reater energy losses The upper part of the mine +maller si=e 8ower installation cost Ma(or metaliferous open pit mines The most common sulfide gangue mineral The upper )enches The highest relative profit margin The smaller si=ed hole The larger electric drills 4igher productivity and lower maintenance costs The upper structurally controlled main ore =one The lower stratiform
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#t They E&9 ST(%8 ector Representation. The Rui=E Method
'ESENT TENSE
INFINITIVE SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
IMPERATIVE
To concentrate It concentrates They concentrate
It is concentrating They are concentrating Concentrate it Concentrate them
(ST TENSE
SIMPLE PAST It concentrated They concentrated
)*T*'E TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE It is concentrated They are concentrated It has concentrated They ha!e concentrated
+,D(S
It can concentrate They may concentrate It co"d concentrate They might concentrate It m"st concentrate They sho"d concentrate It wo"d concentrate
SIMPLE FUTURE It wi concentrate They wi concentrate
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1.
&ecisions pertaining to a firmEs proposed capital investments can have vital short< and long
2.
#n recent years a new generation of heavytend their applica)ility to cut harder materials than was possi)le )efore.
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To survive- mining operations must maintain a high level of mining
efficiency. To that end much attention has )een given to drilling and )lasting procedure where direct cost savings can )e o)tained and where downstream costs can )e reduced through improved fragmentation. The use of aluminum in explosive products can play a ma(or role in reducing drilling and )lasting costs. =omework 118 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8
a #nitial wor in the use of aluminum in explosives to optimi=e drilling and )lasting costs and improve fragmentation was conducted in the late 1KIHs at iron ore properties in -eru and later in $ustralia. #n -eru significant cost savings were reali=ed through increased drill
18.
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1.
;ne of the )asic considerations to )e ept in mind when developing a ventilation networ is that the planned system remains valid until there is an important change in airway conditions. $t that point the networ must )e checed and recalculated which is a long and tedious process especially if as is the case at Ta=are the networ is extremely complicated.
2.
Resource and reserve figures of various minerals are estimates derived from mineral occurrence data using different methods. The financial constraints on data ac6uisition at least in the initial stages make it rarely possi)le to get an accurate picture of the total extent and distri)ution of the minerals. +everal methods are availa)le to extrapolate the interpolate the sampled data for estimation purposes. The results of these methods are approximate i.e. they have an unnown error component.
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3xpected value is the average value that exploration will yield in the long term when the successes and failures associated with a very large 0theoretically infinite num)er of discoveries are considered. The expected value of exploration may )e assessed from an average time distri)ution of cash flows fro an economic discovery within an environment of interest. From the viewpoint of a mining company costs and returns should )e placed on an after
=omework 1.8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8
a $ mining company has O2H million to invest in mineral exploration. The average cost associated with discovering a mineral occurrence is O1HH.HHH. The average return given an economic discovery is O2H million for a small economic discovery and O2HH million for a large economic discovery. The pro)a)ilities of economic discoveries are .HH' for a small economic discovery and .HH1 for a large economic discovery. #t is assumed that the mining company would reinvest *H of the returns resulting from economic discoveries in exploration. ) The allowa)le mining cost category includes" sorting concentrating sintering loading and su)stantially e6uivalent operations. 4owever for those minerals where there is su)stantial trade in crude ore these costs must )e deducted in determining gross income from mining. -rocesses which are designated as non
180
$&ESET C'T"('(S TESE
1.
2.
!.
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We )elieve that we are the lowest cost 0gold mine in the world. $nd we are the largest producer in +outh $merica )esting #nti Raymi )y a couple hundred thousand ounces. While last yearEs )udget was '*HP o= this yearEs )udget is GHHP o= so we are taking a gradual clim)s up. We do not now what the ultimate level will )e. We are looking at several scenarios from G*HP to 1M o=%yr. The geologic potential for the district is very good. ;ver the next couple years we expect to significantly add to reserves. We have 1' anomalies. Right now Ma6ui Ma6ui and /arachugo are being mined and we have )egun +an Qose. The +an Qose pit has had to )e redesigned due to discovery of an additional 2HH P o= in an area thought to )e )arren. #t runs a)out ! g%mt and leaches lie cra=y as it is lie sand yielding KH of the gold in a couple of days. Fluor has )een awarded the expansion contract. The grade for +an Qose runs 1.1g%mt with a top of 2g%mt. The AlightB =one runs a)out 1.Imt%m! N with a 2
=omework 108 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8
a
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;n the safety side we certainly find that a clean mine is a safe mine. They have pride are environmentally aware and are taking to the time to examine the area. #t helps prevent maintenance pro)lems too. ;ur safety incidence rate for 1KK' 0)ased on the U.+. computation per 2HHP employeeperiencing nothing less than an industrial revolution in underground mining technology. +ince no producer can control the prices received for metals on world exchanges the only means of remaining competitive in the glo)al maretplace is to improve productivity and there)y to reduce the unit costs of production.
183
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1.
region of /anada. $ssuming that exploration is funded on a )efore
environmental permits and current and past environmental performances. This will include a review of current environmental audit reports and reports on the monitoring of effluence and the water 6uality in surrounding rivers.
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1. ;ver recent years planning and operating considerations for surface mining imposed )y environmental re6uirements have increased maredly. There have at the same time )een enormous advances made in the design aids availa)le to the mine planner. /omputer simulation of the various options whether it )e for mine design or e6uipment selection provides detailed information for decision maing in real time. 2. -ersons closely associated with open pit mines have coined terms or phrases for certain operations or for defining commonly occurring geometric parameters in open pit mining. !. 3xpected values assessed on the )asis of overall environmental parameters reflect the average performance of all organi=ations which have undertaen exploration there. ;)viously there are )enefits to )e gained from the application of superior sills and selectivity in explorationC )enefits in terms of increasing the pro)a)ility of economic discovery lowering the average discovery costs and improving the return characteristics of economic discoveries. =omework 18 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8
1. The ris associated with commodity price varia)ility of return of an economic discovery and the high discovery ris should )e considered in exploration planning. These riss individually and collectively present challenges to the long
.8.
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1. +tandard unit operations 0drilling )lasting excavating and haulage are generally employed in removing )oth waste and ore. The type of drills most commonly used include rotary and downcavated using electric shovels hydraulic shovels )achoes front
1. /rawlers are widely used in moving heavy e6uipment such as mine shovels and do=ers. +ingle sets of crawlers have moved up to 1HHH tons 0KHHt and can )e teamed to move even heavier loads. /rawlers are also a)le to move at relatively high speeds 0up to 'H fpm or 12 m%min loaded. 2. 4aul roads are reKuired in )ucet wheel excavator%conveyor mines for access )y service vehicles traveling at modest speeds. $part from the need for )ridges to cross conveyors at ey points haul road re6uirements are not a ma(or consideration. @enerally such mines are e>cavated in relatively unconsolidated formations 0e.g. lignite and )auxite mines and materials suita)le for haul road construction may not )e availa)le.
.80
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1. The cyanideamples8
1. The preparation of the charge )efore reducing heat treatment has been considered an important factor and the 3$F& is agglomerated in the form of pellets in order to prevent dragging phenomena. -arameters such as the temperature and time of reducing heat treatment have also been studiedas well as the composition profile of hot gasses the nature of the pellets inserted in the furnace with and without reducing agent in their morphological composition and the effect of the reducing agents. 2. This research wor refers to new alternatives which will facilitate the o)tainment of ultradepurated Sn; from electric arc furnace dust 03$&F minimi=ing a large part of secondary )y
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F(T(&E TESE
.81
S";$LE F(T(&E
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1. $ll of this will *acilitate and make more attractive the alternative of constructing the )oric acid production plant in the -una locating all the processes for the technological harnessing of the )orate deposit close to their origin. The first development mentioned a)ove will permit the taing of the necessary energy from the high voltage line. The second development will make it possi)le to produce the re6uired steam )y )urning natural gas which is the least pollutant fuel. 2. Many surface mines have depleted reserves of shallow hightend the range of application of lin converters. =omework 14 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8
1. #n addition to increasing power capacity improvements in controller performance can also )e anticipated with faster responses improved relia)ility extensive condition monitoring and self
