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D ~jafllr jf kaf{|elr odfgjfh) Kjpjodfg xd{ pbl cjr{p pa jfpra`|kl krl`jp kdr`{) cak|{l` kaf{|elr ilf`jfh ~rahrde{ df` lilkprafjk odfgjfh jf Jf`jd& Pa`dz) pbl Kjpjodfg flpxarg kae~rj{l{ ac ;: odfg ordfkbl{ dkra{{ ?8 kjpjl{ df` aslr 0>> KjpjKdr` Odfgjfh klfplr{%xbjkb kaeojfl DPE{ df` {lic%{lrsjkl ~bafl df` Jfplrflp odfgjfh‐acclrjfh KjpjHai` xldipb edfdhlelfp) krl`jp kdr`{) earphdhl {lrsjkl{) D|pa Iadf{) ^lr{afdi Iadf{) [|sj`bd df` F_J [lrsjkl{& Pbra|hb KjpjCjfdfkjdi) Kjpjhra|~ acclr{ kaf{|elr cjfdfkl {lrsjkl{ jf pbl ka|fprz&
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Kjpjodfg bd{ d xlii%arhdfj}l` {z{ple ac Xldipb Edfdhlelfp {lrsjkl{ jf Jf`jd pbdp hjsl za| |f~drdiilil` d`sdfpdhl df` a~lf{ |~ pbl a~~arp|fjpz pa edjej}l za|r xldipb&Pbl Kjpjhai` Xldipb Edfdhlelfp j{ df jffasdpjsl cldp|rl pa kae~ilelfp Kjpjodfg df` pbljr rdfhl ac odfgjfh {lrsjkl{ jf Jf`jd& Pbl Kjpjhai` Xldipb Edfdhlelfp ~rakl{{ d{{|rl{ 40
pbdp Kjpjodfg({ odfgjfh {lrsjkl{ jf Jf`jd drl kae~rlblf{jsl df` bdsl ollf `l{jhfl` gll~jfh pbl iafh%plre olflcjp{ df` kafslfjlfkl ac pbl k|{paelr jf ejf`&
d* E|p|di C|f`{ Dp KjpjHai` za| kdf kbaa{l crae d rdfhl ac ~rl%{lilkpl` E|p|di C|f`{ edfdhl` oz {ael ac pbl ojhhl{p fdel{ jf c|f` edfdhlelfp {|kb d{ Diijdfkl Kd~jpdi) Crdfgijf Ple~ilpaf Jf`jd) Ojrid [|fIjcl) ]|rjkb Jf`jd) @[^ Elrrji Izfkb) B@CK) J@OJ ^rjfkj~di df` ^r|`lfpjdi % JKJKJ& Pbl c|f`{ af acclr drl crae d rjhara|{iz kae~jil` ij{p pbdp lf{|rl{ afiz pbl ol{p rldkbl{ za|&
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Pd D`sj{arz [lrsjkl{ [lrsjkl {
KjpjHai` bd{ pjl` |~ xjpb pbl ild`jfh pd d`sj{arz cjre % @liajppl) Bd{gjf{ # [lii{ pa bli~ pbl kijlfp{ xjpb pbljr pd edfdhlelfp& @liajppl) Bd{gjf{ # [lii{) d eleolr cjre ac @liajppl Pa|kbl Pabedp{| "@PP*) j{ deafh{p pbl ild`jfh hiaodi pddpjaf%kaf{|ipjfh cjre{& @PP a~lrdpl{ crae 4;> ka|fprjl{) bd{ earl pbdf 3)>>> ~drpflr{ df` aslr :>)>>> ~racl{{jafdi{ dra|f` pbl hiaol&
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_ldi L{pdpl D`sj{arz D`sj{ar z [lrsjkl{
Jf pa`dz({ edrglp) rldi l{pdpl ~rl{lfp{ df dpprdkpjsl rldi l{pdpl jfsl{pelfp a~pjaf& Pa d{{j{p pbl kijlfp{ xjpb d`sjkl af sdrja|{ rldi l{pdpl jfsl{pelfp{) ar pa bli~ pble jf ild{jfh) o|zjfh ar {liijfh ~ra~lrpjl{) KjpjHai` bd{ pjl` |~ xjpb d xari`%kid{{ rldi l{pdpl kaf{|ipjfh kaf{|ipjfh cjre % Kbl{plrpaf Elhbrdm ^ra~lrpz Kaf{|ipdfp{&
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Drp D`sj{arz [lrsjkl{ [lrsjkl {
Jf pa`dz({ edrglp) drp ~rl{lfp{ df dpprdkpjsl jfsl{pelfp a~pjaf& Pa d{{j{p pbl kijlfp{ xjpb d`sjkl af sdrja|{ drp jfsl{pelfp{) ar pa bli~ pble jf o|zjfh ar {liijfh drp) KjpjHai` bd{ pjl` |~ xjpb d rl~|pl` drp hdiilrz) D~~drda Hdiilrjl{&
l* Jf{|rdfkl [lrsjkl{
Jf pa`dz({ edrglp) jf{|rdfkl ~rl{lfp{ df dpprdkpjsl jfsl{pelfp a~pjaf& Pa d{{j{p pbl kijlfp{ xjpb d`sjkl af sdrja|{ jf{|rdfkl ~aijkjl{) ar pa bli~ pble jf ~|rkbd{jfh jf{|rdfkl) KjpjHai` bd{ pjl` |~ xjpb Ojrid& 4<
;&;* DRJ[ ODFG IP@ ;&;&4& Jfpra`|kpjaf
Dj{ Odfg xd{ pbl cjr{p ac pbl flx ~rjsdpl odfg{ pa bdsl olh|f a~lrdpjaf{ jf 4::0) dcplr pbl Haslrfelfp ac Jf`jd diiaxl` flx ~rjsdpl odfg{ pa ol l{pdoij{bl`& Pbl Odfg xd{ ~raeapl` majfpiz oz pbl D`ejfj{prdpar ac pbl {~lkjcjl` |f`lrpdgjfh ac pbl \fjp Pr|{p ac Jf`jd "\PJ % J*) Ijcl Jf{|rdfkl Kar~ardpjaf ac Jf`jd "IJK* df` Hlflrdi Jf{|rdfkl Kar~ardpjaf ac Jf`jd "HJK* df` apblr ca|r ^[\ jf{|rdfkl kae~dfjl{) j&l& Fdpjafdi Jf{|rdfkl Kae~dfz Ip`&) Pbl Flx Jf`jd D{{|rdfkl Kae~dfz Ip`&) Pbl Arjlfpdi Jf{|rdfkl Kae~dfz Ip`& df` \fjpl` Jf`jd Jf{|rdfkl Kae~dfz Ip`&
Pbl Odfg pa`dz j{ kd~jpdij}l` pa pbl lplfp ac _{& ;<2&<3 krarl{ xjpb pbl ~|oijk bai`jfh "apblr pbdf ~raeaplr{* dp <8&<8,&
Pbl Odfg({ _lhj{plrl` Accjkl j{ dp Dbel`dod` df` jp{ Klfprdi Accjkl j{ iakdpl` dp E|eodj& ^rl{lfpiz) pbl Odfg bd{ d slrz xj`l flpxarg ac earl pbdf 84; ordfkb accjkl{ df` Lplf{jaf Ka|fplr{& Pbl Odfg bd{ d flpxarg ac aslr ?:>0 DPE{ ~rasj`jfh ?0 br{ d `dz odfgjfh kafslfjlfkl pa jp{ k|{paelr{& Pbj{ j{ afl ac pbl idrhl{p DPE flpxarg{ jf pbl ka|fprz&
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DRJ[ a|p{a|rkl{ jp{ xldipb edfdhlelfp {lrsjkl{ crae Kd~jpdi Edrglp olkd|{l pbl kafplfp j{ DRJ[ xlo {jpl({ ijcl ijfl& Jf {|kb edpplr{ fa afl ijgl{ pa k|p karflr{) pdgl kbdfkl{& Pblz kbaa{l xxx&kd~jpdiedrglp&kae) xxx&kd~jpdiedrglp&kae) olkd|{l ac a c jp{=
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Kd~jpdi Edrglp bd{ ollf {|~~izjfh accijfl lilkprafjk `dpdod{l
kafplfp car pbl id{p 4< zldr{ pa earl pbdf 2>> kijlfp{) kae~rj{jfh CJ{) CJJ{) Odfg{) Oraglr{ df` Kar~ardpl& Jp j{ jf pbl o|{jfl{{ ac afijfl kafplfp {|~~iz pa xlo{jpl{ ~|p |~ oz ild`jfh cjfdfkjdi jf{pjp|pjaf{ ! oraglr{ ! ~arpdi{ car pbl id{p pbrll zldr{&
_lijdojijpz= Pbl {jhfjcjkdfkl ac `dpd dkk|rdkz kdf flslr ol aslr%le~bd{j}l`& Dii
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`dpd kaiilkpl` oz |{ |f`lrhal{ {prjkp d|`jp kblkg{&
Cd{p \~`dpjaf{= [~ll` j{ pbl l{{lfkl ac pbl xlo& A|r rlkar` jf {~ll`z |~`dpjaf ac
dff|di rl~arp{ ! kar~ardpl rl{|ip{ df` flx{ bd{ ldrfl` |{ d sd{p kijlfplil af pbl xlo&
Afl%{pa~ {ba~~jfh kafslfjlfkl= Xa|i` za| ijgl afl slf`ar car [pakg ^rjkl{)
dfapblr car Kar~ardpl ^racjil{) pbjr` car Edrglp Flx{ df` d ca|rpb car `dpd af E|p|di C|f`{1 Xlii) a|r {~lkjdipz j{) xl {|~~iz lslrzpbjfh |f`lr afl raac&
;&;&;& ;&;&;& [lrsjkl Acclrjfh{ oz Kd~jpdi Edrglp d* Lt|jpz Edrglp Kafplfp Kafplf p
Kd~jpdi Edrglp j{ ~jafllr jf acclr lt|jpz rlidpl` kafplfp car DRJ[ Odfg({ ~arpdi xbjkb jfki|`l{=
Lt|jpz Edrglp Kaeelfpdrz
[pakg ^rjkl @dpd
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^arpcaija Prdkglr
o* E|p|di C|f`{ Kafplfp
Jf`jdf E|p|di C|f` jf`|{prz bd{ ~jkgl` |~) Jp j{ cd{pl{p hraxjfh jf`|{prz) xjpb f|eolr ac hraxjfh jfsl{par) pa`dz) pblrl drl ;3 E|p|di C|f`{ df` aslr ?>> {kblel{ xjpb papdi d{{lp{ ac d~~rajedpliz _{& 24)>>> krarl{& [a jp bd{ olkael l{{lfpjdi car za| pa gll~ |~`dpl` jfcaredpjaf af za|r ~arpdi& Kd~jpdi Edrglp acclr{ za| rdfhl ac kafplfp {ai|pjaf d{ caiiax{=
E|p|di C|f` FDS
C|f` ^racjil [bllp
@jsj`lf` # Eaojij}dpjaf @lpdji{
E|p|di C|f` % Flx{ 48
E|p|di C|f` % FCA
E|p|di C|f` % Paai{
k* Kaeea`jpz Edrglp
Kaeea`jpjl{ Edrglp j{ hraxjfh jf Jf`jd df` Kd~jpdi Edrglp acclr{ caiiaxjfh {krllf{ ~lrpdjfjfh pa Kaeea`jpz Edrglp=
;&0& B[OK Odfg ;&0&4& Jfpra`|kpjaf
Pbl dfplkl`lfp{ ac pbl B[OK Hra|~ jf Jf`jd kdf ol prdkl` odkg pa Akpaolr 42<; xblf pbl Elrkdfpjil Odfg ac Jf`jd) Iaf`af df` Kbjfd xd{ ca|f`l` jf Oaeodz "fax E|eodj*& Pbl dkt|j{jpjaf jf 4:<: oz Pbl BafhGafh df` [bdfhbdj Odfgjfh Kar~ardpjaf Ijejpl` ac pbl Elrkdfpjil Odfg xd{ d `lkj{jsl cdkpar jf idzjfh pbl ca|f`dpj ca|f`dpjaf af car car pa`d pa`dz( z({{ B[OK Hra|~& B[OK jf Jf`jd j{ ~ra|` pa bdsl rlpdjfl` pbl Hra|~({ ~jafllrjfh {prldg oz oljfh df dkpjsl ~drpflr jf pbl `lslia~elfp ac pbl Jf`jdf odfgjfh jf`|{prz % lslf hjsjfh Jf`jd jp{ cjr{p DPE xdz odkg jf 4:28& Pbl arhdfj}dpjaf({ d`d~pdojijpz) rl{jijlfkl df` kaeejpelfp pa jp{ k|{paelr{ bdsl c|rpblr lfdoil` jp pa {|rsjsl pbra|hb p|ro|ilfp pjel{ df` ~ra{~lr pbra|hb haa` pjel{ aslr pbl ~d{p 4<> zldr{
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Cjfdfkjdi ^idffjfh [lrsjkl{
Jfcidpjaf) cdiijfh jfplrl{p rdpl{ df` ci|kp|dpjfh edrglp kaf`jpjaf{ rlt|jrl za| pa ~idf za|r cjfdfkl{ kdrlc|iiz& Klilordpl je~arpdfp akkd{jaf{ jf pbl c|p|rl oz edfdhjfh za|r xldipb xlii fax&
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E|p|di C|f`{
42
\{l pbl ~raslf l~lrpj{l df` jf{jhbp{ ac pbl xari`({ iakdi odfg car za|r jfsl{pelfp{& Xl acclr za| jfsl{pelfp a~pjaf{ jf c|f`{ pbdp ellp a|r {lilkpjaf krjplrjd df` cjp za|r rlt|jrlelfp{) bli~jfh za| krldpl df` jfkrld{l za|r xldipb ~aplfpjdi jf pbl iafh%plre {klfdrja {klfdrja&&
k* Jf{|rdfkl=
Za| bdsl ~raodoiz ~idffl` za|r ijcl xjpb hrldp kdrl) xargjfh {iaxiz df`
{pld`jiz paxdr`{ c|icjiijfh za|r `rlde{ df` deojpjaf{& \fcarp|fdpliz za| bdsl fa kafprai aslr klrpdjf fdp|rdi df` edf%ed`l lslfp{ pbdp edz aslrp|rf za|r ~idf{&
;&<* _lijhdrl Lfplr~rj{l{ Ijejpl` ;&<&4& Jfpra`|kpjaf
_lijhdrl Lfplr~rj{l{ Ijejpl` "D _dfodz ^raeaplr Hra|~ Kae~dfz* pbra|hb _lijhdrl [lk|rjpjl{ Ijejpl`) _lijhdrl Cjfsl{p Ijejpl`) _lijhdrl Kaeea`jpjl{ Ijejpl` df` _lijhdrl Jf{|rdfkl Oragjfh Ijejpl` ~rasj`l{ jfplhrdpl` cjfdfkjdi {ai|pjaf{ pa jp{ kar~ardpl) rlpdji df` xldipb edfdhlelfp kijlfp{& Pa`dz) xl ~rasj`l sdrja|{ cjfdfkjdi {lrsjkl{ xbjkb jfki|`l Jfsl{pelfp Odfgjfh) Kar~ardpl Cjfdfkl) ^arpcaija Edfdhlelfp [lrsjkl{) Lt|jpz # Kaeea`jpz Oragjfh) Jf{|rdfkl df` E|p|di C|f`{& ^i|{) pblrl({ d iap earl pa kael za|r xdz&
_lijhdrl j{ ~ra|` ac oljfh d pr|iz ~racl{{jafdi cjfdfkjdi {lrsjkl ~rasj`lr edfdhl` oz d bjhbiz {gjiil` plde) xba bdsl ~raslf prdkg rlkar` jf pbljr rl{~lkpjsl `aedjf{& _lijhdrl a~lrdpjaf{ drl edfdhl` oz earl pbdf ?>>> bjhbiz {gjiil` ~racl{{jafdi{ xba {|o{krjol pa _lijhdrl ~bjia{a~bz df` drl {~rld` dkra{{ jp{ ka|fprz xj`l ordfkbl{&
Pa`dz) xl bdsl d hraxjfh flpxarg ac earl pbdf 4<> ordfkbl{ df` earl pbdf ;>> o|{jfl{{ ~drpflr{ {~rld` dkra{{ earl pbdf 42> kjpjl{ jf Jf`jd df` d c|iiz a~lrdpjafdi jfplrfdpjafdi accjkl dp Iaf`af& Baxlslr) a|r pdrhlp j{ pa bdsl ;<> ordfkbl{ df` 4>>> o|{jfl{{ ~drpflr{ jf ;>> kjpjl{ ac Jf`jd df` earl pbdf 8 Jfplrfdpjafdi accjkl{ oz pbl lf` ac ?>>3&
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_lijhdrl j{ afl ac pbl bldszxljhbp lt|jpz ~idzlr{ jf Jf`jd xjpb eleolr{bj~ ac Fdpjafdi [pakg Lkbdfhl ac Jf`jd df` Oaeodz [pakg Lkbdfhl % oapb edmar lkbdfhl{ ac Jf`jd& Xl olijlsl jf jffasdpjsl {lrsjkl{ pbdp ka|i` kdplr d rdfhl ac k|{paelr{ dkkar`jfh pa pbljr rlt|jrlelfp{&
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Kaeea`jpjl{= _lijhdrl Kaeea`jpjl{ Ijejpl` j{ d eleolr ac oapb pbl lkbdfhl{
"EKR # FK@LR* pbdp diiax{ za| pa prd`l jf dii pbl kaeea`jpjl{ prd`l` dp oapb pbl lkbdfhl{& Dp ~rl{lfp) prd`jfh jf kaeea`jpjl{ j{ rl{prjkpl` pa c|p|rl{ kafprdkp{ afiz& _lijhdrl j{ k|rrlfpiz acclrjfh
{~lkjdi {lrsjkl{ pa a|r l{pllel` jfsl{par{ jf kaeea`jpjl{= kaeea`jpjl{=&&
^arpcaija ^arpca ija
D`sj{arz [lrsjkl{ "KAE^D[[* % Pbj{ diiax{ jfsl{par{ pa hlp pbl olflcjp ac a|r jf%`l~pb rl{ldrkb
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_lijhdrl j{ deafh pbl clx edmar @l~a{jparz ^drpjkj~dfp{ bai`jfh {lk|rjpjl{ xarpb earl pbdf _{&3>>> krarl |f`lr jp{ edfdhlelfp& _[I ~rasj`l{ `l~a{jparz {lrsjkl{ pa jfsl{par{ d{ d @l~a{jparz ^drpjkj~dfp xjpb F[@I df` K@[I&
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^arpcaija Edfdhlelfp Edfdhlelf p [lrsjkl{ [lrsjkl {
Pbl edjf j`ld olbjf` ^arpcaija Edfdhlelfp [lrsjkl{ j{ pa edfdhl a|r kijlfp({ xldipb earl lccjkjlfpiz) rl`|kl rj{g oz `jslr{jczjfh dkra{{ d{{lp{) {lkpar{ df` c|f`{) df` edjej}jfh rlp|rf{&
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KAE^DFZ ^_ACJIL Jfpra`|kpjaf
JF@JDO\II[ CJFDFKJDI [L_SJKL[ IP@ j{ ij{pl` af pbl Fdpjafdi [pakg Lkbdfhl) Oaeodz [pakg lkbdfhl) I|leoa|rh {pakg lkbdfhl df` Iaf`af {pakg lkbdfhl& Pbl edrglp kd~jpdij}dpjaf ac Jf`jdo|ii{ j{ dra|f` \[@ <:4> krarl "4>pb M|iz) ?>>2*) df` pbl kaf{aij`dpjaf flp xarpb ac pbl kae~dfz j{ dra|f` \[@ :<> ejiijaf ";>pb [l~pleolr ?>>8*&
Jf`jdo|ii{ df` jp{ hra|~ kae~dfjl{ bdsl dpprdkpl` \[@ 2>> ejiijaf ac lt|jpz kd~jpdi jf carljhf `jrlkp jfsl{pelfp "C@J* {jfkl edrkb ?>>> &{ael ac pbl idrhl {bdrlbai`lr{ ac Jf`jdo|ii{ drl pbl idrhl{p cjfdfkjdi jf{pjp|pjaf{ ac pbl xari` {|kb d{ Cj`lijpz C|f`{) Kd~jpdi Jfplrfdpjafdi) Hai`edf [dkb{)Elrrjii Izfkb) Hlarhl df` Cdrdiiaf Kd~jpdi& Jf`jd O|ii{ j{ Jf`jd‚{ ild`jfh rlpdji cjfdfkjdi {lrsjkl{ kae~dfz xjpb
aslr 30> iakdpjaf{
jf earl pbdf 44> kjpjl{& Dp Jf`jd O|ii{) jp acclr{ kijlfp{ d c|ii {|jpl ac cjfdfkjdi {lrsjkl{) fdeliz Lt|jpjl{) Kaeea`jpjl{) E|p|di C|f`{) Jf{|rdfkl # Iadf{ lpk& Jp{ aslr 0)0>> kijlfp
rlidpjaf{bj~ edfdhlr{ drl `l`jkdpl` pa {lrsjfh k|{paelr{ |fjt|l edfdhlelfp plde pbdp bd{ jfsl{pl` krarl{ ac r|~ll{ jfpa d xari` kid{{ jfcrd{pr|kp|rl pbdp ~rasj`l{ a|r kijlfp{ xjpb rldi pjel {lrsjkl # ?0!8 dkkl{{ pa dii jfcaredpjaf # ~ra`|kp{&
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34
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_ld{af{ car pbljr kbdfhjfh olbdsjar= 4* Earl dxdrlfl{{= fax pbl jfsl{par{ bdsl earl dxdrlfl{{ doa|p pbl olflcjp{ ac sdrja|{ jf{pr|elfp{ ijgl jf{|rdfkl olflcjp{) {a jfsl{par{ olbdsjar j{ kbdfhl` paxdr`{ jf{|rdfkl ?* Earl jfkael ilsli= Dcplr hiaodij}dpjaf pbl jfkael{ ac pbl ~la~il jf jf`jd bd{ rj{lf) {a pblz bdsl earl eaflz jf pbljr bdf`{& Pa xbjkb pblz xdfp pa jfsl{p xblrl pblz kdf hlp haa` rlp|rf{ df` pblz drl rld`z pa pdgl rj{g car pbdp& ;* Kbdfhjfh ejf` {lp= `|l pa earl jfkael ilsli pbljr ejf` {lp |~ j{ kbdfhl` d{ pblz drl rld`z pa pdgl bjhblr rj{g{ jf ar`lr pa hlp rlp|rf{& Fax pblz jfsl{p pbljr eaflz fap afiz pa gll~) di{a pblz xdfp haa` rlp|rf{ crae pbdp&
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KAFKI\[JAF D{ jp ka|i` ol {llf crae pbl doasl cdkpar{ pbdp jfsl{par{ drl bdsjfh iax {dsjfh ~aplfpjdi) hraxpb ac kd~jpdi dkp{ d{ d ~rjedrz aomlkpjsl olbjf` jfsl{pelfp{) jfsl{par{ pdgjfh cjfdfkjdi `lkj{jaf{ jf`l~lf`lfpiz) xbjkb `l~jkp{ pbdp pblrl j{ d fll` ac cjfdfkjdi ~idfflr{ pa d~~radkb pbl{l jfsl{par{ jf d ~ra~lr edfflr {a d{ pa ~rasj`l sdi|l d``jpjaf{ pa pbl {dsjfh ~aplfpjdi df` ~arpcaija&
30
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