gilbert m. joseph and jürge jü rgen n buchen buchenau au
Mexico’s once and
Future revolution
S Uv Uv C f R L L N N Cy
Mexico’s once and Future revolution Soc Uhev d he Chee of Re ce he Le Neeeh Ce
Gilbert M. Joseph and JürGe Jü rGen n buchenau buch enau
D Uy P Dm L 2013
© 2013 D Uy P A g P U S Am - ♾ Dg y H Hy y A P y g Im Sym, I. Ly Cg Cgg-Cgg--P P D , . . ( ( ), 1947– x’ : g y / . g g B. g m I g x. isbn 978-0-8223-5517-5 ( : . ) isbn 978-0-8223-5532-8 (. : . ) 1. x—Hy—R, x—Hy—R, 1910–1920. 2. x— Hy—R, 1910–1920—I. 3. x— x— P P gm—20 gm—20 y. y. 4. x—P x—P gm—21 y. y. I. B, B, g, 1964– II. . . F1234.J835 2012 972.08′2—23 2013010104 published with the assistance oF the Frederick w. hilles publication Fund oF Yale universitY.
dedicated to the MeMorY oF patricia pessar
Coe
x acknowledGMents 1
1. I: R Ng R x
15
2. Pf Pf z I C
37
3. T R Cm ( ), 1910–1913
55 4. T V Cmx R, 1913–1920 87
5. gg gg Cg N N, 1920–1932
117 6. Rg Ig R, 1932–1940 141
7. T “P D,” D ,” 1940–1968
167
8. T Em R, 1968–2000
197
9. C: A R Lg
217 notes 227 227 biblioGraph bibli oGraphical ical essaY 239
inde
Ackowedme Ackowedme
W
e have ed may debts the eaato o ths volme. T g Em V C ggg m x Rlto ad ts oseqees, ad o eoagg the ojet ts omatve stages. Te sholash o may olleages the feld o mode exa hstoy, aoss seveal aadem geeatos, has sed what aeas these ages. Ideed o teahg ad wtg o the ogs, oess, ad legay o the evolto have bee ehed by deades de ades o egagemet wth eds who ote dobled as sodg boads ad debatg ates. We hoe they wll eogze the mat g . S g y mg : Kz, A Kg, D Ng, A y, B Bzy, Wm, Wm, m Hedeso, Alle Wells, Be Fallaw, ay Kay Vagha, Floe , S S, P V, S , P Pato, Alejada Gaía Qtalla, Daela Sese, Tomas Bejam, Lda Hall, ak Wassema, ajoe Beke, the late Bll Rosebey, g , E V V g, g, H, Rm ó, dego, Pal Ess, Bay Ca, E Zolov, Ae Rbeste, Jole Olott, Ray Cab, Rk Lóez, ak Ovemye Velázqez, Lose Walke, Bll S, gy C, , y m , H eédez Rodígez. Soes o stdets at Yale, unc Chael Hll, ad
x acknow ack nowle ledGM dGMen ents ts
unc C y kks the boade teetato ad dvdal hates that aea . P P g m , , my , . S y , m mmy. We ae also gateul to the anonymous anonymous eades at Duke Unvesty Pess my g mm. S g S Bhat ad ah Lada o the eseah assstae at motat j. A, g, V m ensable edto and end, helng ths oject along when le’s challenges m m . Fally, ths volme beefted om the geeos faal assstae N Em Hm, Uy, Uy N C C.
T gy R m my g m my g g g x jy m . —Martín luis GuMán, El águi ág ui la y la sErp sE rpiE iEnt nt E
Iodco
revolution and the neGotiation oF rule in Modern Meico
t
x R fg m x x y. y. T g, y, y, gg g Nm 20, 1910, as a ebello agast Pesdet Pofo Díaz, the ato’s atho 1876, gy y . g y. I 1908, Dz , g g g, x y my , gy, he would not seek a sxth sx th esdental tem. But when Fancsco I. adeo, the scon o a wealthy notheasten excan amly, took the dctato at hs g mg mg m , D Pf fxg. fx g. T T m, , Dz y mcalculated. Radcal Radca l actvsts had been stng u ooston to hs alteng j mz y. A m , m1910, m ’ g x m gm. T, Nm Nm 1910, y x x y, g mm ’ gg m g , g-g g- g . By m-1911 m- 1911 D Pf’ my -g - g g gg . B , m y my x’ “A
1
2 chapter 1
Dmy, Dm y,”” qy , y y m y . A g y teests lashed. Ts tmltos oess—dbbed a “festa o bllets” by oe o ts atats—fally set ts y, at a t a demogah ost m m g m ’ ’ m f m . T y y toalzed a ew oltal egme, whose atly amed oal aty, the I Ry Py (pri), x x , m y L Am g . T m m m m. L C, g x x R, , “L ó ó,” g m “,” y “ g , m, xg m j .” A , y g g, q y gm m “j” y . E evoma tte o some dsute. We We have chosen lowecase to dstngush lution s a matte what bega as a mltaeted, dsttly loal oess om the stttoal egme’s sbseqet aoato, smlfato, ad mythfaton o that ocess—ate whch whch the pri pr i always endeed revolution n the ease—la Revolución—o “the Revolto.” Bt as we wll also see, - - g g; , m gm tnued to clam and negotate the meanng o exco’s socal uheaval and gy. T y gm j gm m. W W y y ad exblty o “evoltoay” tadtos ad symbols, thogh whh both the state ad ts ooets have soght to legtmate themselves, x R m -y - y mm. Mexico’s Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution taes the omg, oess, osoldato, ad oseqees o the exa Revolto om a aay , g , , ; g L Rg; m m ; -, -, , m ; m m. A m m, xz x z
introduction 3
g , x’ “g y,” m g Pf Dz’ g gm 1876 g m y. y y g, , mx m x x gm x’ x ’ mz y. T mg m , g gated by the centennal celebatons o the ec evoluton o 1910. Toughout exco and ntenatonally, the centennal tggeed a vetable cottage y mmm g g y f y y q . Lg beoe the hge dgtal loks stategally laed the ato’s ato’s majo tow sqaes bega the damat otdow to the evolto’s centeo—Nm 20, 2010— L Am gy g mg m y x R. Cy o bah o exa hstoogahy has moe eetvely tlzed a eg y y m q q - - teetatons. Ove the ast seveal decades, hstoans have debated a host o “bg qestos” abot the ato’s evolto: Dd ts asato owe m gm xg ? D m g x “ ,” ,” m ? x U.S. m gg m? S to be sgled ot as the lmatg momet o hstoal stggle exa hstoy, o dd ts deoemet moe oely sgal a betayal y m m ( y) ? I , my m , A Kg x R “g, “ g,”” “,” “,” j “g ”— , , gy j y . Ad do the “hgh olts” o the atoalzed stggle (as tal as they wee establshg wes ad loses ad settg the tems o “ R’” ) y toy o the fst geat heaval o the tweteth ety? Do they eally
4 chapter 1
ma oto the messy loal eqatos o the exa evoltoay o, Kg “g ”? Sgfy, x m gg bo , j mg m my g , gg , g , . T g m y, g , my . W my xgg ola deto, t selly evokes a evolto that was a om the q m gg. I y, m gy y x x R m, g my . I y g, , m m m, y gy, y y m? x , , g “y ” g gy g m “mzg” y? A m, , gmy gy—y- gy—y- y —y I Ry Py ? D pri’ z L Am’ “ ” ( P N Vg L) owe mostly to the egme’s aaty to omote—at least tl the la O 1968— mg g my gg , m g 6 y m z ( - - eoom male)? O does t moe oely dex the oal aty’s g m ( pri’ ccqmo evocoo), , “ m” m ç y , m ? y, x R— gy , ym, x—fy “z,” “dead,” o “ove”? o what extet does t stll “have legs”—a qes mz g pri’ -y -y j g
introduction 5
ola evoltoay symbols ad soal memoy o dvese segmets o soety that wee shaed by that ojet bt took sse wth the am ? I m x’ y mm - - oltal ss that may also egad as dsttly postnational postnational , , does the y gf? I , mg x wth the oty o esdg aoss teatoal bodes eove ad m ? T g my the sae o the ast ad eset vtalty that dstgshes exa evoltoay stdes. Mexico’s Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution s steeed ths ovoatve lteate ad, wth the aametes o a shot ad aessble teetve volme, egages ethe exltly o mltly wth m “g q.” g m mq x y: the contnung tenson between gassoots oltcal ocesses and cultues ad the ogog (ad atoally ad teatoally odtoed) oess o ato-state ato-state omato. Tty yeas ago Fedh Katz thoghty m x m . x y y Am “y mj m m xy x y [my] .” I m y, gy 1810, L m 1850 1860, g 1910 — , g x’ m “y ”— mm mg y xg m my m, my. NN, y, g y y mm my woght wee athe modest. Ames that bega as lagely ameso based oes soo beame the gaatos o a easgly oessve , , m, g y . Fo examle, the devastatg Was o Ideedee sheed a weak g y o easat-based ames. Fst ad oemost amog these walods was the o eteeth-ety eteeth- ety adllo, Atoo Lóez de Sata Aa, who goveed exo wth a ombato o deee ad btalty
6 chapter 1
g f y U S m xg y g yday (1828–53). Lkewse both the Lbeal Reoma ad ts Cosevatve eemes dew o ameso sot ad the ted to elte alles: the L U.S. gm gg g, C C y Em N III . T m m y y-- y y Pf Dz. Why have exo’s embattled owe holdes eeatedly alled o amesos ad othe sbodate gos, ad why have the latte so ote ollowed? Pehas moe motat, what have bee the oltal m ggm m nate classes, and how wee they negotated? Tese, Katz suggested, eman mg m g zg q x g— y m. I 1986, m f y m g toas to ode “mohstoes” o mode exo, Ls Gozález y zz, ’ ’ m g -y - y , old take satsato the state o the ew gee. Pattoes wee lego, ad the vale o a egoal o sbatoal aoah to exa ( L Am) . O D L, “W o loge have to ove the tth o the toge-twstg toge-twstg muchos Méxicos. . . . It s a dametal tth.” Mexico’s Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution g g mg N S. I yz ggm mm m m g y q j, g tme— othe wods, beoe, dg, ad ate “the Revolto.” Itegg m m, g g y g x’ g y, y g g ad oltal tasomato. By teetg otbtos om eet m x , y m g j m m g m . I oe motat eset, o volme otbtes to a emegg
introduction 7
f: y excan Revoluton. As Alan Knght has oweully agued, exco’ ex co’ss ec “ y y m y .” A m m, “ y ée ‘’” ( “g ”) 1920 1930, x . I, gg y omse—and the commtment o a new state (at some junctues moe ntensely than othes) to socal well- beng well- beng and bettement—ueled bettement—ueled the deas deas ad atos o may ogessve teatoal taveles. Begg wth the mltay stggle ad gatheg mometm the 1920s ad 1930s, these tasatoal atvsts, wtes, ad atsts ote layed the ole o “z m,” m,” g mg y , y m. Ag y qy m , yg y x “ cal” ole n the manne o the Sovets o, late, the Chnese and the Cubans, the exa Revolto stll had ood teatoal oseqees. N y g ’ g cal and oulst actons an out to othe egons, thee to ceate ntgung y m (.g., m Z C P ), m , g P V Hy Ng Ag Cé S, m gz g g . O - - j, j, I’ I’ . N. Ry, y x g x m U S y P W W W. H x Cmm Py mg E A the Td Communst Intenatonal. Intenatonal. Stll othe adcal ntellectuals, atsts, x y m . Best kow, o ose, s the malst Dego Rvea, who oeeed exessve oms o ublc and lastc at that would w ould galvanze oula mobz y x (g A Am - g - g U S g N D ). Althogh the deology o the et evoltoay state bldes (eseally the so-alled so- alled Sooa Dyasty, headed by Alvao Obegó ad Pltao Elías Calles, om 1920 to 1934) was athe modeate,
8 chapter 1
the evoltoay stggle—odfed the hghly atoalst Costt 1917 qf y — U.S. . Tg 1920 1930, Wg’ Wg’ oste towad exo alteated betwee theat ad aommodato, y mg m gm. A m m, g m g y Lz C (1934–40), ’ ’ , g, m m m U S xy m m y g y y g my L Am. R j m mm m U.S. q y x Cty and New Yok. Such tansnatonal subjects nvolved themselves n the y ’ , j A B, B, y y m m g g ’ m (mexcdd), mm mx- mx- y (mezje). O ublc ntellectuals and ogessve scholas, such as Caleton Beals, Fank m, E g, g , m ctques o vate oety and Amecan nteventonsm. In the ocess, -g - g z m ( “”) g g U.S. 1920 y 1930 , m g, x g N D. Othe scholaly contbutons smlaly undescoe the ntenatonal each x x R, mzg m L Am g ’ y ad soveegty oto the wold stage. Tey show that eve as bellose U.S. yg g gm m C 1917 C gm, P Cz m sve, chagng exco’s unocal envoy to the 1919 Pas Peace Coneence “ x C [g A 27’ 27’ g ‘ y’] atoal law.” I the mddle deades o the tweteth ety, tea j C g Aj Az x’ y m y
introduction 9
“Am ,” gy - - , , g g. y o these soal demoat les, whh halleged saosat U.S. assmtos dewtte by Lokea osttos o lbealsm, wee subsequently enshned enshned n the 1948 Unted Natons Declaaton o Human Rg. I m y y L Am m , m , x’ y . . I z, , m g m xx R’ m L Am , mg m C R y. I Am P Ry A (apra) P 1920, g S Ng 1920s and 1930s, o the Natonal Revolutonay ovement n Bolva n the y 1950 y m C R’ L Am N L gm mm m, Ng, E S, S Am . . N x C ’ ’ mg mg m m m L mm 1968. P x’ m y x g m y gm, g m 1920 1930. m A g C- indigenista ogesses, lke the oe Pátzao 1938, ad modeled g x m, Dm A Ig I N Ig. Fo all o the atealst ad ooatst shotomgs, these ex g mm , gy m. Ag y x’ - - demo y y m 1980, , g x m m-1990 m- 1990 m m Z mm C ( Ejcto Zaatsta de Lbeacón Naconal). o o a degee the pri p ri had neve conm, g g g, eln S-S S- S g g m g mm C S Am. T mgg y m
10 chapter 1
m’ m’ x g mx me whh the exteal ad teal wee tewove dg the e evolto ad the deades that ollowed. Utl eetly—ehas as y 1990— g, , essoal sholas alke dsssed the ltal aas o exo tems m y yy ad etomzed by amohos oets sh as lo mexicano (the exa way) o mexicanidad. Pat oal ostt, at ola aatve, these oets emeged the 1920s as ogazg mots o a soety y y m yg, m y. B m m, m gy g - - mxao o mexadad ad the lams o exetoalsm. Fo states, a m , m, ceded natonal boundaes shaed, essted, and ultmately negotated these con. y m m pri’ j.
the book ’ s structure Mexco’ Mexco’ Oce d Fe Fe Revoo Revoo gz q-
x x y y. g g to these eas, the oldg hate eses the volme’s oetal agmet ad bgs the evolto’s elevae ad legaes -to-date. Ey égm, 1 xm do o exo’s e evolto tems o the sttal ad tggeg ases embedded the dtatosh o Pofo Díaz. At the otset o the hate, we bey otextalze the Pofato the eale hstoy o md-nneteenthmd-nneteenth-centuy centuy exco. Secfcally Díaz’s Díaz’s egme was the m x Lm, f y wateshed o legslatve legslatve eoms eoms esded esded ove by the the Lbeal leade leade Bento Bento z 1850. T E Rm gg C , x W W Rm (1858–61) ad the Feh Iteveto (1862–67)—ad ltmately the wa to lb x m . Cy x’ y . W g that both Jáez’s Lbeal Reom ad the Feh-soted Feh- soted eme o xm Hg mzg -
introduction 11
y y Díaz’s “Ode ad Pogess” egme ate 1876. Whle ths egme fally gm y y, , g , mx mz ’ Nm 1910. C 2 x my y q m o Fancsco adeo’s adeo’s unweldy evolutonay coalton. oe boadly, the yz x’ f xm my g f-m f-m m P g y L Rg. T ’ -y -y Lm y V H’ H’ -P -Pf . I t, ths dtatosh leashed the evolto’s bloodest hase, f g H H , , ad devastated the ato. Chate 3 evokes the haos o ths “festa o ” m m V Cz Alvao Obegón’ Obegón’ss mddlemddle-class class Consttutonalst acton ove Pancho Vlla Em Z’ Z ’ m m g C. T mg ’ m g , 1917, Cz’ g m y (1917–20) m y mmg m g g m . C 5 xm m ggg m . I g unde the Sonoan esdents Obegón and Calles as a negotated and con my y g mm y ggg solvng concts egadng educaton, health, and elgous actce. As the g z N Ry Py (pnr) 1929, my “y my,” my,” f my (, Z, V, Cz, Ogó) g te advesaes le. eatme, amd the gatheg Geat Deesso, C, 1928 gm’ m jefe mxmo , gy y m m y C 1917.
12 chapter 1
Chate 6 vleges the be evval o socal evoluton unde exco’s o olst esdet, Lázao Cádeas. It seeks to exla the hem Cm g m g C m j mxm. T C (.g., g m z g y) g mg m , g m g gy z m 1930. C’ g gy my ooatst oltal aagemet he set lae, whh eteed o the caacty o hs new Paty o the excan ex can Revoluton (prM), (prM ), establshed n 1938, y , gm, g g the naton’s naton’s easants, wokes, and othe oganzed sectos. In the oges m m m-1930, m- 1930, m C mz g m . B -g -g g m m mg 1940 ( C’ g), y mz g m gy m. I 7 xm alzato, fttgly maked by the eato o the eoymos (ad oxym) I Ry Py (1946). T y m pri eeseted a etoolg o Cádeas’s prM to bette seve the olgahy , , f, m P g Am (1946–52). W W pri’ y m gy “ R” mdate soal ot ts ame, whle alteately o-otg o- otg o shg g m. T pri’ — xgg—gmy y - - x , y gy g y m substtuton ndustalzaton that consstently oduced hgh annual ates m g. T mg x Cty as a ostwa megalools, a mea o mass osme lte that lded tasatoal deas ad lestyles deg the se o the x , , mm 1950 1960. W m m m ’ ’ x’ x ’ -
introduction 13
g 1968 Oym m, , g Sq g . T m mm m pri gm y. C 8 xm g x R m pri’ x 2000. I accountng o the geness and oltcal mact o the student massace, we analyze the neooulst—and excessvely cout—egmes o Lus Eche é Lóz P (1970–82), (1970– 82), m y’ y ’ m my . T m y 1982 , g iMF- iMF- y y g g nomc eoms that would soon abolsh the natonalst, agaan, and socal 1917 y . T g q z m- m- g x Cy 1985 pri . Less tha a deade late, o Jaay 1, 1994, the Zaatsta ebello Chaas, whch boke out on the vey day that the neolbeal Noth Ame Agm , g pr prii m my mg g y ym . Sx y , x dental electon, Vcente Fox and hs consevatve Patdo Accón Naconal (pan) pri m . I the volme’s olso, we exame the evolto’s legaes ad x mm. W g ’ 2010 g , g g g mm omea, sh as the pri’s et to owe the esdetal eleto 2012.
Notes
chapter 1: i ntroduction ntroduction 1. Mí L Gzmá, Te Eagle and the Serpent , . H Oí (1928; G Cy, N.Y.: Dbly, 1965), 163. 2. L Cb, “L vló l vló,” Obras Completas (1911; Mx Cy: E O, 1975), 274. 3. John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: Te Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Bkly: Uvy Cl P, 1987). 4. Al Kg, “T Mx Rvl: Bg? Nl? J ‘G Rebellion,’?” Bulletin of Latin American Research 4.2 (1985): 1–37. Te argument that the revolution was merely a “great rebellion” comes from Ramón Eduardo Rz, Te Great Rebellion: Mexico, 1905–1924 (Nw Yk: N, 1980). 5. Al Kg, Te Mexican Revolution , 2 vl. (Cmbg, U.K.: Cmbg U vy P, 1986), 15 m. 6. S, xml, l y ggl ggl by E l Rí, kw rius, La revolucioncita Mexicana (Mx Cy: El P, 1978), 163. 7. S, xml, Jly Ol, My Ky Vg, Vg, Gbl C, ., Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico (Dm: Dk U vy P, 2006). 8. M Vg Ll, “Méx l ,” El País (M), S. 1, 1990. 9. Pl Gllgm Bjm Sm, ., Dictablanda: Dictablanda: Soft Authoritarianism in in Mexico (Dm: Dk Uvy P, 2013), mg. 10. A vy mg, ll, ll , , my flm v xlly q. S, S , xml, Sly R, ., Is the Mexican
218 notes to chapter 1 Revolution Dead? (Nw Yk: K, 1966); Al Glly, La revolución interrum pida: México, México, 1910–1920 1910–1920 (Mx Cy: El Cbll, 1971), Egl ., Te Mexican Revolution (London: New Left Books, 1983); Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Ng, ., Everyday Forms of State Formation: Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico (Dm: Dk Uvy P, 1994); wl 1972 my by Rym Glyz, Glyz , México, la revolución congelada congelada (Mx,
z vl). 11. F Kz, Kz , “Rl Ug Mx,” Mx,” Sl S R Cl C Rl Ug Mx, Mx , Nw Yk, Yk, 1981; l see Katz’s contributions to his edited collection, Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution (P: P Uvy P, 1988). 12. L Gzálz y Gzálz, Invitación a la microhistoria microhistoria (Mx Cy: SS, 1973). 13. Luis González y González, “Microhistory, erruño , and the Social Sciences: A Py N,” Regional Impacts of U.S.- Mexican Mexican Relations , . I RlUy (L Jll, Cl.: C U.S.-Mx U.S.- Mx Rl, 1986), x. 14. Kg, Te Mexican Revolution , 1x. 15. T llwg w Glb M. J, “L Am’ Lg Cold War: A Century of Revolutionary Process and U.S. Power,” in A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence during Latin America’s Long Cold War , ed. Greg Grandin and Gilbert M. Joseph (Durham, N.C.: Duke Uni-
versity Press, 2010), 397–414; and Jaime Marroquín, Adela Pineda Franco, and Magdalena Mieri, eds., Open Borders to a Revolution: Culture, Politics, and Migration (Wg, (Wg, D.C.: Sm I I Slly P, 2013). 16. P Ig Ig b b II, I I, Four Hands , . L Dl (Nw Yk: S. M’ M’ P, 1994); Mauricio enorio-rillo, enorio-rillo, “Viejos gringos: Radicales norteamericanos en los años treinta y su visión de México,” Secuencia 21 (Sept.–Dec. 1991): 95–116; Helen Delpar, Te Enormous Vogue of Tings Mexican: Cultural Relations between the (l: Uvy Albm P, 1992); J A. United States and Mexico (l: B, “Fm Agm A: T Cvy v Mx Mx Rvl Pll Cl U S,” S,” Rk Lóz, “A B Jw R Mx’ Pvly Nl Iy,” b Mqí l., Open Borders to a Revolution. 17. Gg G, “T Lbl Am: Rg, Svgy, C Iml Em,” Em,” American Historical Review 117.1 (Fby 2012): 88; Christy Tornton, “Revolutionary Internationalism: Mexico and the C Mlll Sym, 1919–1948,” Yl Uvy, Al 2011. 18. I g, Glb M. J, A Rb, E Zlv, “Am blg Fgm: Wg Cll Hy H y Mx S 1940,” Fragments of a Golden Age: Te Politics of Culture in Mexico Since 1940 , . Glb M. Joseph, Anne Rubenstein, and Eric Zolov (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 3–22.
