Project 1
: Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies
MENARA MESINIAGA Architect : Ken Yeang
MALAYSIA
TITLE
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION
1-4
FACTOR NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FACTOR
5-8
ANALYSIS YSIS CLIMATE ANAL
9 - 11
ANALYSIS YSIS SUN ANAL
12 - 17
ANALYSIS YSIS WIND ANAL
18 - 21
ANALYSIS YSIS THERMAL ANAL
22 - 27
ANALYSIS YSIS CONCEPT ANAL
28 - 30
REFERENCE LIST
31 - 34
INTRODUCTION INTRO DUCTION :
The Building
“The building that took benets from natural renewable sources”
Project:
Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies
Location:
Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Building:
Menara Mesiniaga
Architect: Architec t:
Ken Yeang
“we’ll see green buildings long before 2020 — I think the movement is intensifying. Within the next 5-10 years we’ll see a lot more green buildings being built. Not just buildings but green cities, green environment, green master plans, green products, green lifestyles, green transportation. I’m very optimistic.” Ken Yeang, Quote
Introduction The futuristic bio-climatic tower, tower, Menara
West coast. Most urban and agricultural
Mesiniaga, also known as IBM tower was
land is on the West coast and,
built in Subang Jaya, Malaysia in 1992. The
consequently,, so is most of the consequently
tower which belongs to MesiniagaBerhad,
population. Due to its position relative to
was designed and built by the architect
the equator, equator, the country has no distinct
Kenneth Yeang Yeang using his 10 years research
winter or summer and temperatures are
into bio-climatic design principle.
consistently somewhere between 20c
According to the case study done by Bill
and 40c with humidity level between 60
Chan “ The bioclimatic high-rise is a tall
and 70 percent.
building with passive low energy benets, achieved through design responses to the
Green Certifcation
climate of the place and a nd through optimizing
Menara Mesiniaga received the Aga
the use of the locality’s locality’s ambient energies,
Khan Award for Architecture. This is
to enhance the quality of life and comfort
possible due to Kenneth Yeang’s
for its occupants”.
ten-year research into bio-climatic principles for the design of medum-to-
Climate
tall buildings. These concepts can be
Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia
applied to many-storied structures in
are a hot and humid country;The city of
tropical climates
Kuala Lumpur is situated 3° North of the
(The Aga Khan Development Network,
equator.According equator .According to the report by
2007).
Safamanesh (1995), rainfall in Malaysia is heavier along the East coast than the 1
Title Image 1 & 2 : Mesiniaga Logo and Aga Kahn Award Award Logo Top Image 3: View 3: View of the building from the main entrance Bottom Image 4: View 4: View of the building from its surrounding greenery. The sloped berm can be seen on the left side of the image.
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Top Image 5: Site Plan of Menara Mesiniaga
SITE LOCATION The building sits beside a highway towering above a mixture of unplanned structure and environment; a lake which can be seen from every level of the building, some residential complexes and townhouses, ofce buildings, and a mosque. There is also a medical centre which is within w ithin view of the building. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low budget adaptations of older houses. The natural landscaping catches the eye’ eye ’s attention with a substantial amount of growth within the area, in respect to community development. The trafc ranges from moderate to congested at certain hours of the day, day, due to the existence of the federal highway nearby. nearby.
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Plans, Sections , drawings
Image 6 Ground Floor Plan of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 7 East Elevation of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 8 South West Elevation of Menara Mesiniaga
Image 9 Section of Menara Mesiniaga 4
NATURAL AND
MAN- MADE FACTOR
“How is the thermal environment of Menara Mesiniaga affected by natural and man-made factors?”
Top Image 10: Part of Elevation on Menara Mesiniaga
Built Form Mesiniaga’s Mesiniaga’ s verticality allows exposure to the full extent of heat, weather and temperatures. Mesiniaga’s Mesiniaga’s exoskeleton which are the exposed steel and reinreinforced concrete structure helps to reect the sun, and the entirely exposed colcol umns and beams are open to cross ventilated cooling. This single core services are built on the hot side which is on the east.
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Top Image 11: Sky Garden in Menara Mesiniaga
Planting and Sky a Garden In order to shelter and insulate the lowest three levels from the morning sun, articial sloping landscape was created to connect the land to the verticality of the building. Moreover, Moreover, its circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts that helps cools, ventilates and provide a space for occupants to relief.
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Top Image 12: Part of Elevation on Menara Mesiniaga that shows cantilevering roof top pool
Solar orientation and shading devices Curtain wall glazing which are the garden insets provided on the north and south side helps reduce solar gain and provide thermal comfort for the occupants while the recessed and shaded windows are on the east and west side as a response to the tropical sun path. Moreover Moreover,, cantilevering rooftop pool and a gym with curvilinear roof on the south facade helps provide thermal comfort for users of the facilities especially during the high-angled afternoon sun. Furthermore, the pool insulates and reects the overhead sun.
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Top Image 13: The lobby entrance which is the half open to the surrounding land
Ventilation V entilation Large multi-storey transitional spaces provides airow in between the zones and provide better circulation of hot and cool air in and out of the building. b uilding. Moreover,, the permeable external walls of the building provides Moreover p rovides cross ventilation even in air conditioned spaces. Air movement is encouraged underneath the building, specically at the lobby entrance as it is half open to the surrounding land while the other half is circled by the sloped berm.
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS “The basic analysis to understand the character of the site, Climate”
Climate Data Climate Location Malaysia
Figure 1: Annual Relative Humidity for Kuala Lumpur
Temperature Location Malaysia
Figure 2: Annual Maximum Temperature for Kuala Lumpur
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Figure 3: Annual Minimum Temperature for Kuala Lumpur
Figure 4: Annual Average Temperature for Kuala Lumpur
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Humidity
The Figure 1 shows that Kuala Lumpur has
a high relative humidity in the range of 80% - 85%. Malaysia has a tropical wet climate with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist due to year-round year-r ound rainfall. With relations to building design, it is better
Image 14 On-site Perspective sketch of Menara Mesiniaga
to include passive ventilation by having windows w indows open on opposite sides of the building b uilding to maintain a good cross air ow and eliminate interior humidity build up. Temperature Based on the Temperature’s graph
(Figure 2, 3 and 4) the annual average temperature is around 26.6 degrees Celsius. On average, the warmest month is in April while the coolest is September. April would be also be the wettest month and June would be the driest month. For high rise building in high temperature locations, proper HVAC or adequate passive ventilation is necessary to maintain a cool temperature inside the building.
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SUN ANALYSIS “Building that took benet from renewable sources, the Sun”
Sunpath Case Studies Project Location Menara Mesiniaga, Malaysia
Image 15 January 1st 1200
Image 16 May 15th 1315
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Image 17 1415 August 29th 1415
Image 18 November 1st 0915
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Mesiniaga.
The Advantages In the design of Menara Mesiniaga, the architect purposely take advantage of
all the sun light to penetrate inside the building. He intended to build the building in such a way to benet b enet natural sunlight Top Image 19 Lobby of Menara Mesiniaga that been shaded by the oor on top of it
and environment. (Safamanesh. K). When we went for a site visit to Menara Mesiniaga, we could feel the architect’s architect’s intention through every inner facade and
It is proving that the architect’s intention is to benet the natural sunlight from every direction into the Menara Mesiniaga. In addition, from the Image 18, 19 and 20 , it is proven that more shading elements been inin sert on East and West Elevation rathrath er than North and South Elevation. Moreover,, the lobby of the building is Moreover inserted further inside to be shaded
spaces. Next, the enclosed rooms does not need much light and are located near the central core, which allows workstaworksta tions to be located on the outside edge where natural lighting and high quality views are available.
Annual and Daily Daily Sun Pathway Image 15, 16, 17, and 18 is a proof of the annual and daily sun path of Menara 14
by the second oor’ oor’s s balcony of the menara. Lastly, the natural sunlight also enter through the sun roof of the basement parking to reduce the light’s man made source.
Design Profle Building Profle
Building Name Architect
Solar Design Profle
Menara Mesiniaga Ken Yeang
Location
Subang Jaya, Selangor Selangor,, Malaysia
Building Type
IT Ofces
Site Areas
6503 square meters
Latitude
latitude (3.0827 degrees) 3° 4’ 57” North of the Equator
Heating Degree Days mean ambient temperatures of around 26-27°C year around Cooling Degree Days N/A Conservation Strategies
ecological principles into high-rise architecture
Passive Solar Strategies
exterior shading, direct gain passive pa ssive solar, solar, open able windows, Thermal mass placed in the service core
Active Solar Strategies
Other renewable
Sun Roof System
None
energy strategies High Performance Strategies
High Performance glazing and envelope, Innovative performance in green building strategies
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Sunshade Details LOUVRE
A louvre that shade the offices and an an uppermost floors that houses recreational areas, a swimming pool, and sun roof.
Top Image 20 Model of Menara Mesiniaga to show Louvres and Sun Roof
SUN ROOF
The sunroof is the skeletal provision for panel space for the possible future placing of solar-cells to provide back-up energy source. BAS (Building Automation System) is an active Intelligent Building feature used in the building for energy-saving.
Image 21 On the north and south facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain highlighted green colour
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Image 22 On the east and west facades, external aluminium ns and louvers provide sun shading highlighted green colour
Image 23 Model massing that shows the Glazing and Shading of Menara Mesiniaga higlighted green colour
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WIND ANALYSIS “The Ventilation”
Ventilations Ve ntilations Due to various wind directions, the winds
(Picture 31) Since the energy
are nearly transferred equally.(Figure equally.(Figure 5)
consumption is reduced, the
Menara Mesiniaga main ventilation is by
electricity costing of Menara
air conditioning and natural ventilation.The
Mesiniaga is maintained in certain
air conditioning systems for the counter
amount which is cheaper compared
area, ofces, meeting rooms, cafeteria
to other building. Morevoer, Morevoer, the air of
and few other areas are divided into two
the site surroundings is also fresher
types. One of the air conditioning systems
due to the greener site context and
is the Energy Saving System which is
also the ow of the wind.
used around the counter area and ofces, as shown by the yellow ellipse, and the staying period in these areas are longer. longer. (Image 21 & in Picture 33) Another one is called the Split Air Conditioner which is usually used in houses as it cools one or two rooms. For this building, Split AC are used in the meeting rooms and cafeteria for only a certain period of time. Moving on to natural ventilation¬¬, winds, the escape stairs are unenclosed and pushed to the edge of the building to allow wind to take part. The elevator lobby and washroom spaces have shaded window openings that gives in view and natural ventilation (Architectural review.V. 192 1993 Jan-June).The sliding doors on the terraces could be open up for natural ventilation to ow throughout the ofce areas. (Picture 32) Besides that, part of highest oor which is an opened space swimming pool area allows for natural ventilation. Moreover, Moreover, tiny gap to allow the wind to ventilate into the gymnasium under the overhang-curved roong is provided. Lastly,the Lastly,the basement parking area is also ventilated as the entrance and exit are opened. 18
Wind & weather statistics Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport
Figure 5 Table T able and WInd Rose of Wind and Weather statistic of Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport
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Image 24 The air ows(green arrows) and air conditioning conditioning air ows (yellow ellipse) throughout the building.
Bottom Image 25 The basement parking area of Menara Mesiniaga
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Top Image 26 Air Conditioning in the ofce spaces in Menara Mesiniaga
Bottom Image 27 Terraces T erraces found at each levels.
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THERMAL ANALYSIS “Comforbality in the site”
The evident building features of the
Thermal Comfort A large part of the building, from stairways and lift lobbies to the toilet areas, was regarded as a penetrable membrane to enable natural aeration. The building is tted out with an Energy Saving System which controls energy features including air-cooling system, elevators and other mechanical systems and it is used to monitor and reduce Left Image 28 Primary Shading Louvres Right Image 29 Secondary Shading Louvres
energy consumption in equipment. So, the main ofce areas are air-conditioned but the use of this system and the natural ventilation throughout the building, help to reduce its use to negligible levels, saving
IBM tower not only visually express the high-tech style of the company and its conceptual organic character, character, but also dene it as a bioclimatic highrise. Firstly, the building’s overall form, structural methodology, methodology, module cores, glazed surfaces, is oriented for maximaximum environmental efciency shading against direct heat but allowing for natural daylight. Second, where the main components of the building and its orientation cannot shade the buildbuild ing, inventively calculated shading devices are tted on the building face for passive cooling. Lastly, the extenexten -
energy.
sion of the land that starts at 22
the sloped berm spirals up the height of
The core uses extensive passive heatheat-
the building with planted terraces that nn -
ing and cooling strategies and has
ishes at the inhabited rooftop. These terter-
no mechanical supportv because it’ it’s s
races not only provide for vertical gardens
programmed functions of circulation
and transitional spaces, but also shades
and washrooms involve low useperiuseperi -
and ventilates the building.
od. Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of the building faces
The simple extension of the
the outside and is located on the east
tower’s tower’ s base produces several positive
side of the tower tower.. This orientation
environmental effects. The sloped berm
allows the core to shade the building
circles around half the circumference
from direct sun rays and its material
of the building, the other half opens the
construction allows it to become a
mezzanine oors to the surrounding land.
heat sink that will reradiate absorbed
This allows for a functional
heat into the insides at night. The
connection with the site, avoiding how
escape stairs are unenclosed and the
typical conned lobbies separate the
elevator lobby and washroom spaces
building from its landscape. As well, it
have shaded window openings that
inspires air movement beneath the
give in view and natural ventilation
building, producing a lobby entrance that
(Architectural review. V. 192 1993).
is shaded as well as ventilated without
The majority of the building’s building’s doudou-
mechanical effort(Balfour A. & Yeang Yeang K.
ble-glazed, operable curtain walls lie
1994). The program that is in the entresol
ush to the facade only on the north
requires slight daylight; therefore, by
and south side. Most of the west half
building the hollow berm up to these
of the building, external solar shades
levels it increases the surface area for
are installed. The southwest and
planting and provides a chance for the
northwest are protected by alumialumi -
building to involve the nearby vegetation.
num ns offset approximately 40cm away from the building face (Powell
The visible steel and reinforced
R. 1999). These devices are utilized
concrete structure can be regarded as an
where high-angled rays may hit the
exoskeleton that is suspending the
curtain walls. But for more far reaching
differently shaped ofce oors with each
direct light, deeper, single panel alualu-
oor’s oor’ s main girders connecting to the
minum louvers offset from the building
concrete core for shear resistance. Where
twice as far as the ns is xed.(Powell
the general rule of thumb for f or buildings in
R. 1999)
colder regions is ‘skin outside, structure
Where extensive west-side shading
inside’, the tropical climate may have
is concerned, the alternately shaped
an exposed structure without contrary
oor plates partners with terraces to
temperature effects. In fact, the structure
create indentations in the building
that wraps around the curtain wall shields
form that help it shade itself. The landland-
the sun off the building face and act as a
scaped terraces that appear on every
heat sink. (Balfour A. & Yeang Yeang K. 1994)Of 1994)Of
ofce level also allows for full height
course, in a tropical climate where winter
sliding glass doors that let in fresh
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not overuse. Furthermore, studies have shown greater occupancy happihappi ness and employee output where the building can offer a connection with external spaces whether it is natural daylight or sky gardens that let work air and greened intermediate spaces
ers relax and feel as if they belong to
for a break from computer screens. The
a whole (Space Design. 9401-9403
stepped terraces can be traced spiraling
1994).
back down to the berm and the surroundsurround ing landscape, generating a hall where
The major visible architectural eleele-
employees may feel part of a progressive
ments topping off the ofce levels inin -
organization that has strong environmenenvironmen -
clude a cantilevering rooftop pool and
tal awareness. Inside, enclosed rooms are
a gym with a curvilinear roof; these
placed as a central core rather than being
facilities are open to employees. The
situated at the edge. This ensures good
pool ‘greens’ the rooftop by insulatinsulat -
natural lighting and views out for the pe -
ing and reecting the overhead sun.
ripherally located workspaces. Because
The overhang of the curvilinear roof
the building is circular in plan, there are
is enough to shade most of the entire e ntire
no dark corners.(Balfour corners.(Balfour A. & Yeang Yeang K.
south facade from the high angled
1994)
afternoon sun. Crowning the building is a tubular steel trellis that shades the Thermal comfort in this building is
top oor amenities and is designed
more than effectively achieved by these
to accommodate solar panels in the
specic features, where mechanical coolcool -
future that will further increase the
ing system is put to optimum use,
building’s ecological efciency.
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Image 30 Cross section showing main green features
Bottom Image 31 Sun Shaders and Garden Insets
25
Top Image 32 cross section showing natural ventilation thru building
Bottom Image 33 heat map thru section-red is warmest, green is coolest
26
Image 34 basic air ow. Allowing for natural ventilation to interact with the internal cooling system cuts down on cooling costs. 27
CONCEPT ANALYSIS “The Conclusion of Our Analysis”
Passive Solar Design Menara Mesiniaga maximizes the passive solar design into their building. It plays with the sunlight that penetrates through the building and controlling it by using appropriate shading devices to reduce overheating and providing comfort
( Image 32 ). The circular exterior shape of the building and orientation affects the amount of sunlight passing through as it accepts sunlight from all angles ( Image 33 ). Glazing and shading of glass windows are incorporated into the design to minimize the solar gain and heat load in the morning. Glazed curtain walling is applied throughout the building to enhance natural lighting and also reduce temperature of the building and avoid overheating. Shad ing devices are also strategically placed at locations with high sunlight intensity ( Image 34 ). This is to give thermal comfort for users inside the building and reduce glaring as well. Natural lighting is also found in the basement of the building which illuminates the parking lot, toilets and air-conditioning generator. generator. Window openings are placed on the ground directly above these spaces in order to provide sufcient lighting ( Image 35 ) . This helps reduce cost of electricity. Thermal Comfort Open spaces and well planned ventilated areas can be found throughout the MenaraMesiniaga building. Spaces like garden terraces, rooftops, service core and stairs located in the building helps enen hances thermal comfort for the users of the area by providing natural sunlight and ventilation
( Image 36 ). The core uses extensive passive heating and cooling strategies and has no mechanical support because it’s it’s programmed functions of circulation and washrooms involve low use period. Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of the building f aces the outside and is located on the east side of the tower. tower. This orientation allows the core to shade the building from direct sun rays and its material construction allows it to become a heat sink that will reradiate absorbed heat into the insides at night. The escape stairs are unenclosed and the elevator lobby and washroom spaces have shaded window openings that give in view and natural ventilation. Thermal comfort in this building is more than effectively achieved by these specic features, where mechanical cooling system system is put to optimum use, not overuse. Furthermore, studies have have shown greater occupancy happiness and employee output w here the building can offer a connection with external spaces whether it is natural daylight or sky gardens that let workers relax and feel as if they belong to a whole ( Image 37 ). The major visible architectural elements topping off off the ofce levels include a cantilevering rooftop pool and a curvilinear roof. The pool on the rooftop helps by insulating and reecting the overhead sun
( Image 38 ). The overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most most of the entire south facade from the high angled afternoon sun. 28
Drawing of our Concept Analysis
Top Image 35 Sketch on different types of shading design used to reduce overheating.
Middle Image 36 Sketch of sunlight direction due to circular exterior exterior..
Bottom Image 37 Sketch of glazed curtain walling and shading devices
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Top Image 38 Sketch of window placement on ground level
Middle Image 39 Sketch of natural sunlight and ventilation through spaces.
Middle Image 40 Sketch of natural daylight for garden terraces
Bottom Image 41 Sketch of reection and absorption of sunlight.
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REFERENCE LIST Architectural review. review. V. V. 192 1993 Jan-June Space Design. 9401-9403 9401-9403 1994 Jan-Mar Balfour A. &Y &Yeang eang K.Bioclimatic Skyscrapers – Ken Yeang, 1994 retrieved from http://www ht tp://www.world .world cat.org/title/bioclimatic-skysc cat.org/title/biocl imatic-skyscrapers/oclc/154770 rapers/oclc/154770772 772 Bill Chan, M. F. ARCH 366: Environmental Design Case Study.
Ching, D.K. (2014) Green Building Illustrated, pg 32. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Google Maps. (n.d.). ( n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com.my/maps/@3.0302815,101.58521 https://www.google.com.my/maps/@3.0302815,101.5852174 74 ,13z?hl=en
Law J.H.Y. J.H.Y. The Bioclimatic Approach to High-rise Building Design: An Evaluation of Ken Yeang’ eang’s s Bioclimatic Principles and Responses in Practice to Energy Saving and Human Well-being, De cember 2001.
Powell R.Rethinking the Skyscraper: The Complete Architecture of Ken Yeang, 1999re trieved from http://www.worl http://www.worldcat.org/title/rethinking-the-skyscraper dcat.org/title/rethinking-the-skyscraper-the-complete-architec -the-complete-architecture-of-ken-yeang/oclc/43097372
Principles of Passive Solar Design. (2008, January 1). Green Building. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http://www http://www.greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base .greenbuilding.com/knowledge-base/principles-passive-solar /principles-passive-solar-design -design Passive Design. (1994, January 1). . Retrieved April, 2014, from http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/ http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/ wiki/Passive_Design What is thermal comfort?.(n.d.).HSE. Retrieved May , 2014, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/tempera http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm
Safamanesh, K. (1995). Technical Technical Reviw Summary Summary.. The Aga Khan Development Network. (2007). Menara Mesiniaga. Retrieved from Aga Khan Award for Architecture: http://www.ak http://www.akdn.org/architecture/pr dn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1356 oject.asp?id=1356 Wind Finder (n.d.). Wind & weather statistics Morib/Kuala Lumpur Airport (near Putrajaya Lake) - Windnder Windnder.. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.wind http://www.windnder nder.com/windstatistics/morib_kua .com/windstatistics/morib_kua la_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake Webkey (2008). Solaripedia | Green Architecture And Green Building. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3414 .solaripedia.com/images/large/3414.jpg .jpg Yeang Y eang K. & Hamzah T. T. R. Menara Menara Mesiniaga Mesiniaga Features Features Bioclimatic, Bioclimatic, 2010 retrieved retrieved from from
http://www.solaripedia.com/13/302/3419/me http://www.solarip edia.com/13/302/3419/menara_mesiniaga_sun_roof.html nara_mesiniaga_sun_roof.html
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IMAGE REFERENCE Image 1 : retrieved : retrieved by http://mssb.mesiniaga.com.my/asset/scms/image/public/mesiniaga.jpg Image 2 : retrieved : retrieved by http://www.akdn.org/assets/7/1573.JPG http://www.akdn.org/assets/7/1573.JPG
https://farm9.staticickr.com/8046/8085414 .com/8046/8085414843_4f4e66e12c 843_4f4e66e12c.jpg .jpg Image 3 : retrived : retrived by https://farm9.staticickr http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/62479721.jpg .jpg Image 4 : retrieved : retrieved by http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/62479721 Image 5 : retrieved : retrieved by Google Map
http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3411.jpg edia.com/images/large/3411.jpg Image 6 : retrieved : retrieved by http://www.solarip Image 7 : retrieved by http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/134430345.png
http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3413.jpg edia.com/images/large/3413.jpg Image 8 : retrieved : retrieved by http://www.solarip Image 9 : retreived : retreived by http://www.archilibra.com/thesis/case_studies/menara_mesiniaga/east-west-section.jpg Image 10 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 11 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 12 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 13 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 14 : Sketch by Zhafri Azman Image 15 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman Image 16 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman Image 17 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman Image 18 : Ecotech Analysis by Zhafri Azman Image 19 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Image 20 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS Image 21 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS Image 22 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS Image 23 : Massing Model edited by Adila ZAAS
Image 24 : Retrieved by http://myweb.wit.edu/oakess/Catalog/MM_ventilation.html Image 25 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting Image 26 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting 32
Image 27 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting Image 28 : Photograph and Edited by Trevor Nico Image 29 : Photograph and Edited by Trevor Nico Image 30 : Edited by Trevor Nico Image 31 : Edited by Trevor Nico Image 32 : Edited by Trevor Nico Image 33 : Edited by Trevor Nico Image 34 : Edited and sketched by Trevor Nico
Image 35 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 36 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 37 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 38 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 39 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 40 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana Image 41 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana
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FIGURE REFERENCE Figure 1 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman Figure 2 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman Figure 3 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman Figure 4 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman http://www.windnder.com/windstatistics/morib_kuala_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake .com/windstatistics/morib_kuala_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake Figure 5 : Retrieved by http://www.windnder
COVER PAGE PAGE REFERENCE REFER ENCE Cover page 1 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Cover page 2 : Introduction : The Building Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Cover page 3 : Natural and Man Made Factor Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS Cover page 4 : Climate Analysis Retrieved by http://pws.yeesiang.com/upload/wy http://pws.yeesiang.com/upload/wysiwyg/image/b siwyg/image/blank_ lank_ malaysia_map/blank_malaysia_map.png
http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3419.jpg edia.com/images/large/3419.jpg Cover page 5 : Sun Analysis Retrieved by http://www.solarip Cover page 6 : Wind Analysis Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting Cover page 7 : Thermal Analysis Photograph taken by Trevor Nico Cover page 8 : Concept Analysis Photograph taken by Nur Adila ZAAS
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