MAKALAH PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF DAN BAHASA UNTUK MEMENUHI TUGAS PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN
Kelompok 3 : 1. Roza M!"#o$a M!"#o$a L!#$% L!#$% &'()1*13)*(+ (. L!kma,!l Hak%m &-1)1*131(-+ 3. Ula H%ma/a#% &-1)1*1333*+
UNI0ERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG ()1* PENDAHULUAN
Kemamp!a, Kemamp!a, a2a"a me!paka, me!paka, "ala2 "a#! %,4%ka#o %,4%ka#o pekema,5a pekema,5a, , ko5,%#%$ ko5,%#%$ a,ak. De#e De#ek" k"%% 4%,% 4%,% ma"al ma"ala2 a2 pek pekem ema a,5 ,5a, a, a,ak a,ak "a,5a "a,5a## me,e me,e,# ,#!k !ka, a, kee kee2a 2a"%l "%la, a, 4alam 4alam memak"%malka, pla"#%"%#a" o#ak pa4a kompe,"a"% pe,%mpa,5a, pekema,5a,. Apa Apa a,5 a,5 4%ma 4%mak" k"!4 !4ka ka, , ole2 ole2 paa paa p"%k p"%kol olo5 o5 ke#% ke#%ka ka meek meekaa e e%6a %6aa a #e,# #e,#a, a,5 5 pekema,5a, "e"eoa,57 Pekema,5a, a4ala2 pola pe!a2a, %olo5%"8 ko5,%#%$8 4a, "o"%oemo"%o,al a,5 4%m!la% "e9ak la2% 4a, #e!" ela,9!# 4% "epa,9a,5 2aa#. Kea,aka, pekema,5a, a4ala2 pe#!m!2a,8 me"k%p!, pa4a ak2%,a %a me,5alam% pe,!!,a, &kema#%a,+. Pe,4%4%ka, 2a!" "e"!a% 4e,5a, pekema,5a, %,%. A#%,a8 pe,5a9aa, !,#!k a,aka,ak 2a!" 4%lak!ka, pa4a #%,5ka# a,5 #%4ak #elal! "!l%# 4a, #elal! me,e5a,5ka, a#a! #elal! m!4a2 4a, me,9em!ka,. Pola pekema,5a, a,ak a4ala2 pola a,5 komplek" kae,a me!paka, 2a"%l 4a% eeaa po"e": po"e" %olo5%"8 ko5,%#%$8 4a, "o"%oemo"%o,al. Pekema,5a, 9!5a 4apa# 4%4e 4%4e"k "k%p %p"%k "%ka, a,
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PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF DAN BAHASA PIAGNET TENTANG PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF Ko,"ep K!,6% P%a5,e# me,5a9!ka, empa# ko,"ep a,5 me,9ela"ka, #e,#a,5 pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ a%#! "kema8 a"%m%la"%8 akomo4a"%8 4a, ek!%l%%!m. Skema Skema me,55amaka, #%,4aka, me,#al 4a, $%"%k 4alam me,5e#a2!% 4a, mema2am% o9ek. Skema me!paka, ka#e5o% pe,5e#a2!a, a,5 mema,#! "e"eoa,5 4alam mema2am% 4a, me,a$"%ka, 4!,%a,a. Me,!!# P%a5e#8 "kema mel%p!#% ka#e5o#% pe,5e#a2!a, 4a, po"e" mempeole2 pe,5e#a2!a,. Dalam ke2%4!pa, "e"eoa,5 4%a "elal! me,5alam% 4a, me,4apa#ka, %,$oma"% a,5 4%peole2,a melal!% pe,5alama, 4a, 4%5!,aka, !,#!k memo4%$%ka"%8 me,ama2ka,8 a#a! me,5!a2 "kema a,5 4%m%l%k% "eel!m,a. M%"al a,ak mem%l%k% "kema me,5e,a% 9e,%" %,a#a,5 "epe#% kam%,58 %la "a,5 a,ak mem%l%k% pe,5alama, a2/a kam%,5 %#! ke6%l maka 4%a aka, me,55e,eal%"a"%ka, a2/a "em!a kam%,5 a4ala2 %,a#a,5 ke6%l. Nam!, 9%ka "a,5 a,ak mel%2a# kam%,5 e"a maka 4%a aka, mema"!kka, %,$oma"% a! 4a, memo4%$%ka"% "kema a,5 lama a2/a kam%,5 %#! a4a a,5 e"a 4a, a4a a,5 ke6%l. A"%m%la"% A"%m%la"% me!paka, po"e" mema"!kka, %,$oma"% ke 4alam "kema a,5 #ela2 4%m%l%k%. Po"e" %,% e"%$a# "!9ek#%$ ka,a 6e,4e!,5 memo4%$%ka"% pe,5alama, a#a! %,$oma"% a,5 "e"!a% 4e,5a, keak%,a, a,5 4%m%l%k% "eel!m,a. De,5a, mel%2a# 6o,#o2 4%a#a" maka "e#ela2 a,ak #e"e!# mel%2a# kam%,5 kem!4%a, %a aka, me,amaka,,a kam%,5 ka,a a,ak %#! #ela2 me,5a"%m%la"%ka, %,a#a,5 #e"e!# ke4alam "kema kam%,5. Akomo4a"% Akomo4a"% me!paka, po"e" me,5!a2 "kema a,5 #ela2 4%m%l%k% 4e,5a, %,$oma"% a!. I,% mel%a#ka, ke5%a#a, pe!a2a, "kema a#a! 5a5a"a, a,5 4%m%l%k% ka,a %,$oma"% a#a! pe,5alama, a! 4a, "kema a! %#! aka, #e!" 4%kema,5ka, "elama 4alam po"e" akomo4a"%. Ek!%l%%!m P%a5,e# pe6aa a2/a "e#%ap a,ak me,6oa mempeole2 ke"e%ma,5a, a,#aa a"%m%la"% 4a, akomo4a"% 4e,5a, 6aa me,eapka, meka,%"me ek!%l%%!m. Ka,a a,ak me,5alam% kema9!a, ka,a a4a,a pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ maka pe,#%,5 !,#!k
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mempe#a2a,ka, ke"e%ma,5a, a,#aa me,eapka, pe,5e#a2!a, a,5 4%m%l%k% "eel!m,a &a"%m%la"%+ 4a, me,5!a2 pe%lak! ka,a pe,5e#a2!a, a! &akomo4a"%+. Ek!%l%%!m me,9ela"ka, a5a%ma,a a,ak mamp! ep%,4a2 4a% #a2apa, ep%k% ke #a2ap ep%k% e%k!#,a. Ta2ap#a2ap pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ Dalam #a2ap pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ #eo% P%5,e# me,6ak!p #a2ap "e,"o%mo#o8 peopea"o,al8 4a, opea"%o,al. Ta2ap "e,"o%o#o%k. &)( #a2!,+ Pa4a #a2ap %,% a% me,!"!, pema2ama, 4!,%a 4e,5a, me,5o4%,a"%ka, pe,5alama, %,4ea &"e,"o%+ meeka "epe#% mel%2a# 4a, me,4e,5a 4e,5a, 5eaka, mo#o%k &o#o#+ meeka "epe#% me,55apa% 4a, me,e,#!2. Pa4a #a2ap %,% a% 2a,a aka, mempel%2a#ka, pola e$lek#%$ !,#!k ea4ap#a"% 4e,5a, 4!,%a 4a, me,9ela,5 ak2% #a2ap %,% a% me,!,9!kka, pola "e,"o%mo#o%k a,5 le%2 komplek". Selama 4alam #a2ao %,% pe,5e#a2!a, a% #e,#a,5 4!,%a #ea#a" pa4a pe"ep"% a,5 4%peole2 4a% pe,5%,4a,a 4a, ke5%a#a, mo#o%k,a "a9a ka,a pe%lak! a,5 4%m%l%k%,a ma"%2 #ea#a". Paopea"%o,al &(- #a2!,+ Ta2ap pem%k% %,% le%2 e"%$a# "%mol%"8 e5o%"e,#%e" 4a, %,#!%#%$ "e2%,55a #%4ak mel%a#ka, pem%k%a, opea"%o,al. Pem%k%a, pa4a #a2ap %,% #ea5% me,9a4% 4!a "! #a2ap a%#! S! #a2ap "%mol%" &(* #a2!,+ A,ak "e6aa me,#al "!4a2 mamp! mempe"e,#a"%ka, oek a,5 #%4ak ,ampak 4a, pe,55!,aa, a2a"a m!la% ekema,5 a,5 4%#!,9!kka, ole2 "%kap ema%,8 "e2%,55a m!,6!l e5o%"me 4a, a,%m%"me. E5o%"e,#%" #e9a4% ke#%ka a,ak #%4ak mamp! meme4aka, a,#aa pe"pek#%$ a,5 4%m%l%k% 4e,5a, pe"pek#%$ a,5 4%m%l%k% ole2 oa,5 la%,. A,%m%"me me!paka, keak%,a, a2/a o9ek a,5 #%4ak e,a/a a4ala2 mamp! e#%,4ak 4a, mem%l%k% k!al%#a" "epe#% ke2%4!pa,. S! #a2ap %,#!%#%$ &*- #a2!,+ A,ak m!la% me,55!,aka, pe,alaa, p%m%#%$ 4a, %,5%, #a2! 9a/aa, 4a% "em!a pe#a,aa,,a 4%"e!# %,#!%#%$ kae,a a,ak mea"a ak%, aka, pe,5e#a2!a, 4a, pema2ama,,a8 ,am!, #%4ak me,a4a% a2/a meeka %"a me,5e#a2!% 6aa6aa a,5 meeka %,5%, ke#a2!%8 meeka me,5e#a2!% #ap% #a,pa me,55!,aka, pem%k%a, a"%o,al. Ta2ap Opea"%o,al ko,5k%# &-11 #a2!,+ Pa4a #a2ap %,% a,ak mamp! me,5opea"%ka, ea5a% lo5%ka ,am!, ma"%2 4alam e,#!k e,4a ko,5k%#. Pe,alaa, lo5%ka, me,55a,#%ka, pe,alaa, %,#!%#%$ ,am!, 2a,a pa4a "%#!a"% ko,k%# 4a, kemamp!a, !,#!k me,55olo,55olo,5ka, "!4a2 a4a ,am!, el!m %"a meme6a2ka, ma"ala2 a"#ak. Ta2ap Opea"%o,al $omal Pa4a #a2ap %,% a,ak "!4a2 mamp! e$%k% a"#ak8 %4eal%" 4a, lo5%". Pem%k%a, pa4a #a2ap %,% #ampak le%2 9ela" 4alam peme6a2a, polem ;eal "epe#% a,ak 4apa# meme6a2ka, polem /ala! 4%"a9%ka, "e6aa ;eal &A
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Pema2ama, 4alam #a2ap ko5,%#%$ a,ak 4apa# mema,#! 5!! !,#!k mem!4a2ka, 4alam melak!ka, pemela9aa, 4% 4alam kela". Te4apa# eeapa 2al a,5 4apa# 4%ma,$aa#ka, !,#!k 4a"a pe#%ma,5a, #a#kala me,5a9a : Ta#kala 5!! me,5a9a 2e,4ak,a me,a4a% a2/a a,ak "%"/a ema9a a,5 el!m 4apa# me,6apa% #a2ap ep%k% opea"%o,al $omal "e6aa "emp!,a. Ko,4%"% pemela9aa, 4%6%p#aka, 4e,5a, ,!a,"a ek"ploa"% 4a, pe,em!a, "e2%,55a "%"/a memp!,a% ke"empa#a, !,#!k me,5ema,5ka, m%,a# ela9a,a "e"!a% 4e,5a, kemamp!a, %,#elek#!al,a. Me#o4e pemela9aa, a,5 4%5!,aka, le%2 me,5aa2 pa4a ko,"#!k#%;%"me a%#! "%"/a le%2 a,ak 4%2a4apka pa4a polem "ol;%,5 a,5 le%2 me,eka,ka, pa4a pe"oala, pe"oala, ak#!al a,5 4eka# 4e,5a, ke2%4!pa, meeka 4a, me,!"!, 2%po#e"%" #e,#a,5 me,6a% "ol!"%,a. Se#%ap ak2% pemela9aa, 4alam "a#! pokok a2a"a,8 "%"/a 4%m%,#a !,#!k mem!a# pe#a p%k%a, &m%,4 map%,5+. BRUNER TENTANG PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF >eome !,e 4alam me,!"!, #eo% pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ mempe2%#!,5ka, e,am 2al "ea5a% ek!#: Pekema,5,a %,#elek#!al 4%#a,4a% ole2 me,%,5ka#,a ;a%a"% e"po, #e2a4ap "#%m!l!". Ke#%ka a,ak %#! mempeole2 ""#em a2a"a8 meeka ela9a meme4%a"% 2!!,5a, a,#aa "#%m!l!" 4e,5a, e"po,. De,5a, me4%a"% %#!8 a,ak ela9a meme4aka, 5a#%$%ka"%8 memo4%$%ka"% e"po,8 4a, mem%l%k% e"po, a,5 "ama /ala!p!, "#%m!l!",a ee4ae4a. Pe#!m!2a, #e5a,#!,5 pa4a pe#!m!2a, %,#elek#!al 4a, ""#em pe,5ola2a, %,$oma"% a,5 4apa# me,55amaka, eal%#a. A,ak a,ak #%4ak pe,a2 4apa# memepe4%k"%ka, a#a!p!, me,5ek"#apola"% 2a"%l a,5 aka, 4%6apa% apa%la meeka #%4ak ela9a ""#em "mol a,5 me,6em%,ka, 4!,%a. Ole2 kae,a %#! !,#!k mema2am% pe,5alama, a,5 a4a 4%l!a 4%%,a8 a,ak memel!ka, epe"e,#a"% me,#al #e,#a,5 4!,%a 4%"ek%#a,a. Pekema,5a, %,#elek#!al memel!ka, pe,%,5ka#a, ke6akapa, !,#!k me,5a#aka, pa4a 4%%,a "e,4%% 4a, oa,5 la%,8 melal!% ka#aka#a a#a! "mol8 me,5e,a% apa a,5 #ela2 4%ke9aka, 4a, apa a,5 aka, 4%ke9aka,,a. Hal %,% me,9ela"ka, a4a,a ke"a4aa, 4%%. Ta,pa pekema,5a, kemamp!a, !,#!k me,55amaka, ke5%a#a, ma"a lal! 4a, ma"a 4epa,8 maka #%4ak aka, #e9a4% pe%lak! a,al%#%k a,5 4%aa2ka, pa4a 4%%,a "e,4%% a#a! #e2a4ap l%,5k!,5a,,a. I,#eak"% a,#aa 5!! 4e,5a, "%"/a a4ala2 pe,#%,5 a5% pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$. Oa,5 #!a8 5!!8 4a, a,55o#a ma"aaka# 2a!" me,4%4%k a,aka,ak. Ke!4aaa, a,5 a4a 4%ma"aaka# #%4ak 6!k!p mamp! me,5ema,5ka, pekema,5a, %,#elek#!al a,ak8 "e2%,55a 5!! 2a!" me,a$"%ka, 4a, ea5% ke!4aaa, 4e,5a, a,ak a5a meeka me,5alam% pekema,5a, %,#elek#!al. Ba2a"a me,9a4% k!,6% ko5,%#%$. Se#%ap %,4%;%4! ela9a me,55!,aka, a2a"a !,#!k me4%a"% pe%"#%/a a,5 #e9a4% 4% 4!,%a. Kemamp!a, ea2a"a %,% me,9a4% "aa,a !,#!k me,5a%#ka, ea5a% pe%"#%/a 4alam e,#!k "ea ak%a#. Pe#!m!2a, ko5,%#%$ 4%#a,4a% ole2 "emak%, me,%,5ka#,a kemamp!a, me,ele"a%ka, ea5a% al#e,a#%;e "e6aa "%m!l#a,8 melak!ka, ea5a% ke5%a#a, "e6aa e"amaa,8 4a, me,5aloka"%ka, pe2a#%a, "e6aa !,#!# pa4a ea5a% %#!a"% #e#e,#!.
Tahap-Tahap Perkembangan Bee4a 4e,5a, p%a5e#8 !,e 4alam mema2am% kaak#e%"#%k pekemma,5a, ko5,%#%$ #%4ak 4%4a"aka, pa4a !"%a #e#e,#!. Kem!4%a, e4a"aka, pe,5ama#a,,a #e2a4ap pe%lak! a,ak8 !,e pa4a ak2%,a mem%l%k% keak%,a, a2/a a4a #%5a #a2ap pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$. Ke#%5a #a2ap pekema,5a, a,5 4%mak"!# a%#! #a2ap e,ak#%$8 #a2ap %ko,%k8 4a, #a2ap "%mol%k.
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Tahap enaktif . Pa4a #a2ap %,% a,ak mema2am% l%,5k!,5a,,a. M%"al,a8 #%4ak a4a a,5 mema,#! oa,5 4e/aa ke#%ka me,5a9a a,ak ela#%2 ,a%k "epe4a. Bela9a ,a%k epe4a ea#% le%2 me,5!#amaka, ke6akapa, mo#o%k. Pa4a #a2ap %,% a,ak mema2am% o9ek "epe4a e4a"aka, apa a,5 4%lak!ka,,8 m%"al,a 4e,5a, meme5a,58 me,55eakka,8 mem!k!l8 me,e,#!28 4a, "ea5a%,a. . Ta2ap %ko,%k. Pa4a #a2ap %,% %,$oma"% 4%a/a a,ak melal!% %ma5e%. A,ak me,9a4% #a2a,a, a#a" 4!,%a pe"ep#!al,a8 a,ak 4%pe,5a!2% ole26a2aa a,5 #a9am8 5a,55!a, "!aa8 4a, 5eaka,. Kaak#e%"#%k #!,55al pa4a o9ek a,5 4%ama#%4%9a4%ka, "ea5a% pe5a,5a,8 4a, pa4a ak2%,a a,ak me,5ema,5ka, memo% ;%"!al. 6. Ta2ap "%mol%k. Pa4a #a2ap %,% #%,4aka, #a,pa pem%k%a, #ele%2 4a2!l! 4a, pema2ama, pe"ep#!al"!4a2 ekema,5. Ba2a"a8 lo5%ka8 4a, ma#ema#%ka meme5a,5 pea, pe,#%,5. Ta2ap "%mol%k %,% meme%ka, pel!a,5 a,ak !,#!k me,!"!, 5a5a"a,,a "e6aa pa4a#8 m%"al,a me,55!,aka, 5ama a,5 "al%,5 e2!!,5a, a#a!p!, me,55!,aka, e,#!k e,#!k !m!" #e#e,#!. Me,!!# !,e8 pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ "e"eoa,5 ekema,5 4a% #a2ap e,ak#%$ ke %ko,%k 4a, pa4a ak2%,a ke "%mol%k. ?ala!p!, 4em%k%a,8 !ka, ea#% oa,5 4e/a"a #%4ak la5% me,5ko4eka, pe,5alama,,amelal!% ""#em e,ak#%$ 4a, %ko,%k8 ,am!, kae,a a4a,a a,ak pe,5alama,8 oa,5 4e/a"a le%2 a,ak me,55!,aka, 6aa e$%k% "%mol%k 4%a,4%,5ka, 4e,5a, %,ak#%$ 4a, %ko,%k.
Implikasi Terhadap Pembelajaran Teo% a,5 4%kem!kaka, ole2 !,e #e"e!# mem%l%k% %mpl%ka"% #e2a4ap pemela9aa,. Pe!a2a, e$%k% a,ak kae,a $ak#o !"%a aka, mempe,5a!2% $ak#o m,5a9a meeka. Be%k!# 4%"ampa%ka, eeapa %mpl%ka"% pemela9aa, a,5 4%peole2 4a% #em!a, #e,#a,5 pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$. a. A,ak mem%l%k% 6aa ep%k% a,5 ee4a 4e,5a, oa,5 4/a"a. G!! pel! mempel%2a#ka, $e,ome,a a#a! ma"ala2 kepa4a a,ak. Hal %,% 4apa# 4%lak!ka, melal!% ke5%a#a, /a/a,6aa a#a! pe,5ama#a, #e2a4ap o9ek. . A,ak8 #e!#ama pa4a pe,4%4%ka, a,ak !"%a 4%,% 4a, a,ak SD kela" e,4a28 aka, ela9a 4e,5a, a%k apa%la meeka mema,%p!la"% o9ek a,5 4%pela9a%8 m%"al,a 4e,5a, mel%2a#8 mea"a9a,8 me,6%!m 4a, "ea5a%,a. Pe,4eka#a, pemela9aa, 4%"ko;e% a#a! pe,4eka#a, pemela9aa, %,4!k#%$ la%,,a aka, le%2 e$ek#%$ 4alam po"e" pemela9aa, a,ak. 6. Pe,5alama, a! a,5 e%,#eak"% 4e,5a, "#!k#! ko5,%#%$ 4apa# me,a%k m%,a 4a, me,5ema,5ka, pema2ama, a,ak. Ole2 kae,a %#! p,5alama, a! a,5 4%pela9a% a,ak 2a!" "e"!a% e,5a, pe,5e#a2!a, a,5 #ela2 4%m%l%k% a,ak. III.
0@GOTSK@ TENTANG PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF 1. Pa,4a,5a, #e,#a,5 Pekema,5a, Ko5,%#%$ A4a #%5a ko,"ep a,5 4%kema,5ka, 4alam #eo% 05o#"k &Tappa,81+: &1+ kea2l%a, ko5,%#%$ a,ak 4apa# 4%pa2am% apa%la 4%a,al%"%" 4a, 4%%,#epe"#a"%ka, "e6aa 4e;elopme,#alC &(+ kemamp!a, ko5,%#%$ 4%me4%a"% 4e,5a, ka#a8 a2a"a8 4a, e,#!k 4%"k!"!" a,5 e$!,5"% "ea5a% ala# p"%kolo5%" !,#!k mema,#! 4a, me,#a$oma"% ak#%;%#a" me,#alC 4a, &3+ kemamp!a, ko5,%#%$ ea"al 4a% ela"% "o6%al 4a, 4%pe,5a!2% ole2 la#a elaka,5 "o"%ok!l#!al. Pe,55!,aa, pe,4eka#a, 4e;elopme,#al ea#% mema2am% $!,5"% ko5,%#%$ a,ak 4e,5a, meme%k"a a"al !"!l,a 4a, #a,"$oma"%,a 4a% e,#!k a/al ke e,#!k "ela,9!#,a. >a4%8 #%,4aka, me,#al #e#e,#! "epe#% me,55!,aka, !6apa, a#%, &%,,e "pee62+ #%4ak 4%l%2a# 4e,5a, #epa# "e6aa #e"e,4%% #e#ap% 2a!" 4%e;al!a"% "ea5a% "a#! la,5ka2 4alam po"e" pekema,5a, e#a2ap.
Pema2ama, #e2a4ap $!,5"%$!,5"% ko5,%#%$ 4e,5a, 6aa meme%k"a ala# a,5 mempea,#aa% 4a, meme,#!k,a mem!a# ;5o#"k pe6aa a2/a a2a"a a4ala2 ala# pal%,5 pe,#%,5 &o%,8())1+ ;5o#" epe,4apa# a2/a pa4a ma"a ka,akka,ak a,5 mema,#! a,ak !,#!k mea,6aa,5 ak#%;%#a" 4a, meme6a2ka, polem. 0%5o#"k pe6aa a2/a kemamp!a, ko5,%#%$ ea"al 4a% 2!!,5a, "o6%al 4a, ke!4aaa,. Ole2 kae,a %#! pekema,5a, a,ak #%4ak 4apa# 4%p%"a2ka, 4a% ke5%a#a, "o6%al k!l#!al &Holla,484kk.8())1+.D%a pe6aa a2/a perkembangan motori8 pe2a#%a, 4a, ,ala8 mel%a#ka, pemela9aa, !,#!k me,55!,aka, ala# a,5 a4a 4alam ma"aaka#8 "epe#% a2a"a8 ""#em ma#ema#%ka8 4a, "#a#e5% memo%. Pa4a "a#! k!l#!8 ko,"ep ke#%5a %,% 4% mak"!4ka, m!,5k%, e!pa pemela9aa, e2%#!,5 4e,5a, me,55!,aka, 6omp!#e8 ,am!, pa4a k!l#! a,5 ee4a8 pemela9aa, "epe#% %,% m!,5k%, e!pa pemela9aa, e2%#!,5 me,55!,aka, a#! 4a, 9a%. Teo% 0%5o#"k me,5a,4!,5 pa,4a,5a, a2/a pe,5e#a22!a, %#! 4% pe,5a!2% "%#!a"% 4a, e""%$a# kolaoa#%$8 a#%,a pe,5e#a2!,a, 4%4%"#%!"%ka, 4% a,#aa oa,5 4a, l%,5k!,5a, ,a5 me,6ak!p o9ek8 a#%$ak8 !k! 4a, kom!,%#a" #empa# oa,5 e%,#eak"% 4e,5a, oa,5 la%,. Se2%,55a 4apa# 4%ka#aka, a2/a $!,5"% ko5,%#%$ ea"al 4a% "%#!a"% "o"%al. 0%5o#"k me,5em!kaka, eeapa %4e #e,#a,5 zo,e o$ po%mal 44e;elopme,#al. &PD+ PD a4ala2 "ea,5ka%a,a #!5a" a,5 #elal! "!l%# 4%k!a"a% a,ak "e6aa "e,4%%a,8 #e#ap% 4apa# 4% pela9a% 4e,5a, a,#!a, oa,5 4ea/a"a a#a! a,ak a,5 le%2 mamp!. U,#!k mema2am% a#a"a, PD a,ak8 a%#! 4e,5a, 6aa mema2am% #%,5ka# #a,55!,5 9a/a a#a! #!5a" #ama2a, a,5 4apa# 4%ke9aka, a,ak 4e,5a, a,#!a, %,"#!k#! ,5 mamp!. D% 2aapka, pa"6a a,#!a, %,% a,ak #a#klala melak!ka, #!5a" "!4a2 mamp! melak!ka,,a #a,pa a,#!a, oa,5 la%,. PD me,!!# ;5o#"k me,!,9!ka, aka, pe,#%,5,a pe,5a!2 "o6%al8 #e!#ama pe,5a!2 pemela9aa, #e2a4ap pekema,5a, ko5,%#%$ a,ak &2a""e8 ())1+. S6a$$ol4%,5 ea# ka%#a,a 4e,5a, PD8 a%#! #ek,%k !,#!k me,5!a2 #%,5ka# 4!k!,5a,. Selama "e"% pe,5a9aa,8 oa,5 a,5 le%%2 a2l% &5!! a#a! "%"/a a,5 le%2 mamp!+ me,e"!a%ka, 9!mla2 %m%,5a,,a 4e,5a, le;el k%,e9a "%"/a a,5 #ela2 4% 6apa%. Dalam 2al %,% 05o#"k me,5a,55ap a,ak memp!,a% ko,"ep a,5 ,aak8 ,am!, #%4ak "%"#ema#%" 8 #%4ak #ea#! 4a, "po,#a,. Ta#kala a,ak a,5 me,4apa# %m%,5a, 4a% paa a2l%8 meeka mema2a" ko,"ep a,5 le%2 "%"#ema#%"8 lo5%" 4a, a"%o,al. Ba2a"a 4a, Pem%k%a,. 05o#"k ekeak%,a, a2/a a,ak me,55!,aka, a2a"a !,#!k ekom!,%ka"% "a9a8 mela%,ka, 9!5a mee,6a,aka, 4a, memo,%#o pe%lak! meeka 4e,5a, 6aa,a " a#a! e%6aa "e,4%% &p%;a#e "pee62+. Me,!!# P%a5e#8 %#! e"%$a# e5o"e,#%e" 4a, #%4ak 4e/a"a8 #e#ap% me,!!# 0%5o#"k a4ala2 ala# pe,#%,5 a5% pem%k%a, "elama ma"a ka,akka,ak. Ta#kala a,ak "e%,5 melak!ka, pem%6aaa, 4alam 2a#% %a 9!"#! le%2 kompe#e, "e6aa "o6%al. Kae,a a,ak me,2%,#e,al%"a"%ka, pem%6aaa, e5o"e,#%e",a 4alam e,#!k pem%6aaa, 4alam 2a#% kem!4%a, pem%6aaa, 4alam 2a#% me,9a4% pem%k%a, meeka. Ole2 kae,a %#! pem%6aaa, 4alam 2a#% 4apa# meepe"e,#a"%ka, #a,"%"% a/al !,#!k me,9a4% kom!,%ka#%$ "e6aa "o6%al. (. Impl%ka"% 4alam pemela9aa, Pemela9aa, aka, le%2 e$ek#%$ #a#kala "eoa,5 5!! me,5a9a 4e,5a, me,55!,aka, #eo% 05o#"k "ea5a% la,4a",8 e,#!k pemela9aa, a,5 4%mak"!4 a4ala2: a. Seel!m me,5a9a8 5!! 2e,4ak,a mema2am% PD "%"/a a#a" a/a2 "e2%,55a ema,$aa# !,#!k me,!"!, "#!k#! ma#e% pemela9aa,. Impl%ka"%,a 5!! le%2 ak!a# #a#kala me,!"!, "#a#e5% me,5a9a8 "e2%,55a #%4ak #elal! meme%ka, %m%,5a, pa4a "%"/a. Dampak pe,5%%,5,a a4ala2 "%"/a 4apa# ela9a "ampa #%,5ka# kea2l%a, a,5 4% 2aapka, 4a, me,6apa% PD pa4a a#a" a#a".
. U,#!k me,5ema,5ka, pemela9aa, a,5 ekom!,%#a"8 "eoa,5 5!! pel! mema,$aa#ka, #!#o "eaa 4% 4alam kela". 6. Dalam pemela9aa,8 "eoa,5 5!! 2e,4ak,a me,55!,aka, #ek,%k "6a$$ol4%,5 4e,5a, #!9!a, "%"/a 4apa# ela9a a#a" %,%"%a#%$ "e,4%%8 "e2%,55a meeka 4apa# me,6apa% kea2l%a, a#a" PD I0.
PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA 1. Pe,5e#%a, Pekema,5a, a2a"a 4alam p"%kol%,5!%"#%k 4%a#%ka, "ea5a% po"e" !,#!k mempeole2 a2a"a8 me,!"!, #a#a a2a"a 4a% !6apa,!6apa,8 mem%l%2 !k!a, pe,%la%a, #a#aa2a"a a,5 pal%,5 #epa# 4a, pal%,5 "e4e2a,a 4a% a2a"a #e"e!# &Ta%5a,8 1:(*3+. Se"!a% 4e,5a, $!,5"%,a8 a2a"a me!paka, ala# kom!,%ka"% a,5 4%5!,aka, ole2 "eoa,5 4alam pe5a!la,,a a#a! 2!!,5a,,a 4e,5a, oa,5 la%,. Se9ak "eoa,5 a% m!la% ekom!,%ka"% 4e,5a, oa,5 la%,8 "e9ak %#! p!la a2a"a 4%pel!ka,. Se9ala, 4e,5a, pekema,5a, 2!!,5a, "o"%al8 maka pekema,5a, a2a"a "eoa,5 &a%a,ak+ 4%m!la% 4e,5a, meaa &"!aa a#a! !,% #a,pa a#%+ 4a, 4%%k!#% 4e,5a, a2a"a "a#! "!k! ka#a8 4!a "!k! ka#a8 me,!"!, kal%ma# "e4e2a,a 4a, "e#e!",a melak!ka, "o"%al%"a"% 4e,5a, me,55!,aka, a2a"a a,5 komplek" "e"!a% 4e,5a, #%,5ka# pe%lak! "o"%al. Pekema,5a, a2a"a 4%pe,5a!2% ole2 l%,5k!,5a,8 kae,a a2a"a pa4a 4a"a,a me!paka, 2a"%l ela9a 4a% l%,5k!,5a,. A,ak &a%+ ela9a a2a"a "epe#% 2al,a ela9a 2al a,5 la%,8 me,%! 4a, me,5!la,5 2a"%l a,5 #ela2 4%4apa#ka, me!paka, 6aa ela9a a2a"a a/al. Ba% e"!aa8 mmm mmm8 %!,a #e"e,!m8 me,5!la,5 me,%!ka, 4e,5a, mempe9ela" 4a, meme% a#% "!aa %#! me,9a4% maem maem. Ba% ela9a me,ama2 ka#aka#a 4e,5a, me,%! !,% a,5 4%4e,5a,a. Ma,!"%a 4e/a"a &#e!#ama %!,a+ 4%"ekel%l%%,5,a meme#!lka, 4a, mempe9ela". Bela9a a2a"a a,5 "ee,a,a a! 4%lak!ka, ole2 a,ak e!"%a - T2,8 4%"aa# a,ak m!la% e"ekola2. >a4% pekema,5a, a2a"a a4ala2 me,%,5ka#,a kemamp!a, pe,5!a"aa, ala# ekom!,%ka"%8 a%k ala# kom!,%ka"% 4e,5a, 6aa l%"a,8 #e#!l%"8 ma!p!, me,55!,aka, #a,4a#a,4a 4a, %"aa#8 mamp! me,5!a"a% ala# kom!,ka"% 4%"%,% 4%a#%ka, "ea5a% !paa "e"eoa,5 !,#!k 4apa# mema2am% 4a, 4%pa2am% oa,5 la%,. Po"e" pekema,5a, a2a"a 4apa# 4apa# 4%9ela"ka, melal!% 4!a pe,4eka#a,8 a%#!: &1+. ,a;%"#%k a#a! o5a,%"m%6 %,,a#e,6e" 2po#2e"%"8 4a, &(+. Emp%%"#%k a#a! e2a;%o%"# 2po#2e"%". Me,!!# ka!m emp%%"8 a,5 4%pelopo% ole2 ka!m e2a;%o%"8 kemamp!a, ea2a"a me!paka, 2a"%l ela9a %,4%;%4! 4alam e%,#eak"%,a 4e,5a, l%,5k!,5a,.
(. Ta2ap#a2a, pekema,5a,
Tahap Pralinguistik atau Meraban !"# - $ tahun%
Ta2apa, %,% me!paka, pem!laa, pekema,5a, a2a"a8 a,5 4%m!la% pa4a !"%a "ek%#a #%5a !la,. A,ak me,5el!aka, !,% !9aa, e,#!k o6e2a, &Mo,k"8 1:13-+. Tahap Hal&frastik atau 'alimat (atu 'ata $ ) $"* tahun%
Pa4a !"%a "ek%#a "a#! #a2!, a,ak m!la% me,5!6apka, ka#aka#a,a pe#ama. Sepe#% ka#a k!"%8 a#%,a a,ak #e"e!# %,5%, 4!4!k 4% k!"% a#a! m%,#a 4%am%lka, k!"%. Tahap 'alimat Dua 'ata $"* ) + tahun%
A,ak m!la% le%2 a,ak kem!,5%,a, !,#!k me,a#aka, mak"!4 4a, ekom!,%ka"% 4e,5a, me,55!,aka, kal%ma# 4!a ka#a8 m%"al,a a,ak me,5!6apka, k!6%,5 papa8 a#a! e#a,a %#! k!6%,5 m%l%k papa7 4a, "ea5a%,a. Tahap Perkembangan Tata ,ahasa + ) tahun%
A,ak m!la% me,5ema,5ka, "e9!mla2 "aa,a #a#a a2a"a8 pa,9a,5 kal%ma# e#ama28 !6apa,!6apa, a,5 4%2a"%lka, "emak%, komplek"8 4a, m!la% me,55!,aka, ka#a 9amak 4a, #!5a". Tehap Perkembangan Tata ,ahasa menjelang De.asa ) $! Tahun%
A,ak m!la% me,5ema,5ka, "#!k#! #a#a a2a"a a,5 le%2 !m%#8 mel%a#ka, 5a!,5a, kal%ma# "e4e2a,a 4e,5a, kompleme,#a"%8 ela#%;a"%8 4a, ko,9!,5"%. Tahap '&mpetensi Lengkap $$ Tahun (ampai De.asa%
Pa4a ma"a ak2% ka,akka,ak peme,4a2aaa, ka#a #e!" me,%,5ka#8 5aa a2a"a "e"eoa,5 me,5alam% pe!a2a,8 4a, "e"eoa,5 "emak%, la,6a 4a, $a"%2 4alam ekom!,%ka"% 4e,5a, a2a"a.
#/ 'emampuan ,erbahasa dan ,erpikir
Bep%k% me!paka, a,5ka%a, po"e" ko5,%"% a,5 e"%$a# p%a4% a,5 ela,5"!,5 "elama #e9a4%,a "#%m!l!" "ampa% 4e,5a, m!,6!l,a e"po," &Mo5a,8 1:((+. U,#!k ep%k% 4%5!,aka, "%mol"%mol a,5 mem%l%k% mak,a #e#e,#! a5% %,4%;%4!. Dalam ka%#a, %,% kaak#e%"#%k p%k%a, ma,!"%a eke,aa, 4e,5a, a2a"a &Glo;e8 1-:1*)+. Oa,5 eak#%;%#a" ep%k% me,55!,aka, "%mol"%mol ;eal &ka#a+ 4a, 2!k!m 2!k!m #a#a a2a"a &5amme+ !,#!k me,55a!,5ka, ka#aka#a 4alam "!a#! kal% ma# &Mo5a,8 1:1*)+. M%"al,a8 ke#%ka k%#a 4%#a,a alama# !ma2 "e"eoa,58 maka k%#a pa"#% aka, memaa,5ka, me,5e,a% le#ak 4a, e,#!k a,5!,a, 4a% !ma2 a,5 4%#a,aka,8 kem!4%a, k%#a aka, me,9ela"ka, 4e,5a, a2a"a me,5e,a% le#ak 4a, e,#!k a,5!,a, 4a% !ma2 #e"e!#.
Dalam ak#%;%#a" ep%k% 4% 4alam,a mel%a#ka, a2a"a. Bep%k% me!paka, pe6akapa, 4alam 2a#% %,,e "pee62 &Mo5a,8 1:(31+. Bep%k% 4a, ea2a"a me!paka, 4!a ak#%;%#a" a,5 "al%,5 mele,5kap% 4a, #e9a4% 4alam /ak#! a,5 ela#%$ e"amaa,. 0/ 'arakteristik Perkembangan ,ahasa
Pem!laa, pekema,5a, a2a"a 4%m!la% pa4a #a2ap pal%,5!%"#%k "ampa% 4e/a"a. K2!"!" pa4a ma"a ema9a8 mem%l%k% a2a"a a,5 ela#%$ ee4a 4e,5a, #a2ap#a2ap "eel!m,a a#a! ma"a !"%a la,9!#. Ba2a"a a,5 4%5!,aka, ole2 ema9a8 ka4a,5ka4a,5 me,%mpa,5 4a% ,oma,oma !m!m8 "epe#% m!,6!l,a %"#%la2%"#%la2 k2!"!"8 a2a"a 5a!l 4% kala,5a, ema9a. Hal %,% me!paka, kaak#e%"#%k pekema,5a, a2a"a ema9a "e9ala, 4e,5a, pekema,5a, ko5,%"%,a. / 1akt&r-fakt&r 2ang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan ,ahasa
a. Fak#o B%olo5%" Se#%ap %,4%;%4! 4%ekal% kemamp!a, ko4a#% a#a! alam% a,5 mem!,5k%,ka,,a 4apa# me,5!a"a% a2a"a. Po#e,"% alam% %,% eke9a "e6aa o#oma#%" a,5 "e%,5 4%"e!# 4e,5a, p%a,#% pemeole2a, a2a"a &La,5!a5e A6!%"%#%o, De;%6e"+ . Fak#o L%,5k!,5a, L%,5k!,5a, a,5 kaa 4e,5a, kemamp!a, a2a"a,a8 aka, meme%ka, ke"empa#a, a,5 le%2 e"a a5% ekema,5,a a2a"a %,4%;%4! a,5 #%,55al 4% 4alam,a. 3/ Perbedaan Indi4idual dalam Perkembangan ,ahasa
A4a,a pee4aa, %,4%;%4!al "e6aa %olo5%"8 5e,e#%"8 pe#!m!2a,8 pekema,5a,8 4a, l%,5k!,5a,,a8 maka ee4a p!la kemamp!a, 4a, pekema,5a, a2a"a %,4%;%4!. Pee4aa, %,4%;%4! 4alam pekema,5a, a2a"a %,%8 me!paka, $ak#a !,%;e"al8 "!a#! ke,a#aa, 4alam p"%kolo5% pekema,5a, &H!lo6k8 1:-+ 5/ Implikasi dalam Pembelajaran
Upaa a,5 4apa# 4%lak!ka, !,#!k me,5ema,5ka, kemamp!a, ea2a"a8 4%a,#aa,a a4ala2: a.
Me,5!paaka, l%,5k!,5a, a,5 4apa# meme%ka, ke"empa#a, "el!a"l!a",a
a5% pekema,5a, a2a"a "e6aa op#%mal. . Pe,5e,ala, "e9ak 4%,% #e2a4ap l%,5k!,5a, a,5 mem%l%k% ;a%a"% kemamp!a, a2a"a pa4a a,ak "a,5a# 4%pel!ka, !,#!k mema6! pekema,5a, a2a"a,a 6. Me,5ema,5ka, "#a#e5% !,#!k mempem!4a2 pe,5!a"aa, a2a"a8 a,#aa la%,: 6aa !,#!k mem!4a2ka, me,5%,5a#8 me,%!8 me,5alam% la ,5"!,58 ema%,.
