Makalah Pembaharuan Islam di Timur Tengah

UJIGDADWZDN H[BDI LH \HIZW \JNFDA LDN UJIHMHWDN JIUD\ \OMOA

Lo{jn Ujnfdiuz 3 Lw{. @dlhb [C" I.Df. I.Df.

Obja 3

[h|h @dlahbd|zb Izndvvdwoa

!44745578(

Sdhnzb Zidi

!447455;5(

Dmaidl @dwhs

!447455;4(

[h|h Nzwzb @d|hida \

!447455;7(

@DMZB\D[ [XDWH‘DA

CZWZ[DN DB)DAVDB D[X)[XDMA[HXDA ZNHPJW[H\D[ H[BDI NJFJWH IDZBDND IDBHM HGWDAHI IDBDNF 7544

MD\D UJNFDN\DW [jfdbd uzch {xzmzw mjadlhwd| Dbbda [V\" xdnf |jbda ijbhiudamdn {jfdbd wdaid|NXD {jahnffd mdih gh{d ijnxjbj{dhmdn |zfd{ idmdbda hnh ljnfdn {jgjndw)gjndwnxd. [aobdvd| ldn {dbdi {jiofd |j|du |jwkzwda bhiudamdn mjudld idmabzm xdnf udbhnf {jiuzwnd xdmnh Ndgh gj{dw Izadiidl [DV. mjudld mdih {jizd" mjudld {jbzwza |jidn)|jidn xdnf |jbda gjwud|h{hud{h ldbdi ijnxjbj{dhmdn |zfd{ hnh. Mdih |dm bzuz| ldwh mj{dbdadn {jahnffd dudghbd |jwldud| mjmzwdnfdn mjmzwdnfdn ldn mj{dbdadn ldwh idmdbda hnh adwdu idmbzih ldn mdih |znffz {dwdn ldn mwh|hm  ldwh {dzldwd){dzldwd {jmdbhdn. Dmahw md|d Halhnd{ [ahwoo|aob Iz{|dthhi |{ziid{ {dbdiz‘dbdhmzi vw. vg

Idbdnf" 75 Om|ogjw 7544

Ujnzbh{

4

LD@\DW H[H

GDG H UJNLDAZBZDN 4.4 Bd|dw gjbdmdnf†††††††††††††††††††††† gjbdmdnf†††††††††††††††††††††† .††††††††††† ; 4.7 Hljn|h`hmd{d ldn Lj{mwhu{h ogcjm†††††††††††† ogcjm††††††††††††††††††††††† †††††††††††... ... ;

GDG HH UJIGDAD[DN 7.4 Fznd ldn Kh|wd†††††††††††††††††††††..†††††††††††... Kh|wd†††††††††††††††††††††..†††††††††††... < 7.7 Ujnfobdadn gjn|zm††††††††††††††..††† gjn|zm††††††††††††††..††††† †† .††††††††††† < 7.; [|wd|jfh `h{zdb=Uwouow{h"hwdid"gdbdn `h{zdb=Uwouow{h"hwdid"gdbdnkj†††††† kj†††††††††††††† †††††††††††††...†< †††††...†< 7.< \d|dndn Wzdnf††††††††.††††††††††††††††† Wzdnf††††††††. ††††††††††††††††††††††††.. †††††††.. < 7.: Nhbdh nhbdh h{bdi ldbdi wdnkdnfdn ogcjm††††† ogc jm††††††††††††††††† ††††††††††††††.. ††.. :

GDG HHH UJNZ\ZU ;.4 Mj{hiuzbdn ††.†††††††††††††††††††.††† .................................. .................................. 47 ;.7

[dwdn†††††††† [dwdn††††††††..†††††††††††††††††††† ................................. ................................. 47

LD@\DW UZ[\DMD.††††††††††††††††††††........4;

7

GDG H UJNLDAZBZDN

D. BD\DW GJBDMDNF Ujigdwzdn H{bdi |jwid{zm ldbdi {dbda {d|z id|jwh ldbdi ujwmzbhdadn {jcdwda ujwdldgdn H{bdi xdnf ijwzudmdn {jgzda hbiz xdnf gh{d ijncdlh ujbdcdwdn ldn ujwgdnlhnfdn gjwgdfdh

idkdi lhijn{h mjahlzudn. Mjidczdn" mjiznlzwdn" {jw|d ujnxjgdg ldwh {jizd  ujwmjigdnfdn |jw{jgz|. [jgdfdhidnd {jigoxdn ‒Cd{ Ijwda’ xdnf lhmodwmdn obja Gznf Mdwno zn|zm |hldm ijbzudmdn {jcdwda. Bdxdmnxd Bdxdmnxd `hb{d`d| wold xdnf gjwuz|dw" gjfh|z uzbd {jcdwda xdnf |jwcdlh udld mjcdxddn H{bdi. Dvdb xdnf ijnkhu|dmdn {jgzda mjcdxddn uzn ijnfdbdih {zd|z ujnzwzndn d|dzuzn mjiznlzwdn xdnf cdza ldwh ujwmhwddn.

Fjcobdm ujigdwzdn ujw|did gjwizbd lh dgdl 41)48 lh \hizw \jnfda" xdnf lh{jgdgmdn obja mjdlddn h{bdi xdnf cdza ldbdi mjiznlzwdn ldn ijnxdbdadw|hmdn ijnxdbdadw| hmdn tdlad ldn tdldw. Zid| H{bdi |dazn h|z czfd gjwdld cdza lh gjbdmdnf mjcdxddn Jwoud xdnf ijncdcda njfdwd) njfdwd H{bdi udld {dd| h|z.

Udwd |omoa ujigdwz uzn iznkzb ljnfdn ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdn xdnf bzdw ghd{d. [jw|d bdigd| bdzn ijnffhwhnf mjiznlzwdn H{bdi zn|zm mjigdbh gdnfmh| ijnzcz mjcdxddn xdnf ahbdnf. G. WZIZ[DN ID[DBDA

4.

Dud ujigdwzdn h|z?.

7.

Dud {jgdg |jwcdlhnxd ujigdwzdn lh \hizw \jnfda?.

;.

[hdud |omoa)|omoa ujigdwz {jw|d gdfdhidnd ujihmhwdn ijwjmd?.

K. \ZCZDN

4.

Ujnfjw|hdn ldwh ujigdwzdn.

7.

Ujnxjgdg |jwcdlhnxd ujigdwzdn lh \hizw \jnfda

;.

[hdud {dcd |omoa)|omoa ujigdwz {jw|d gdfdhidnd ujihmhwdn ijwjmd

;

GDG HH UJIGDAD[DN

D. IDMND UJIGDWZDN

Ujigdwzdn" ldbdi mdiz{ gj{dw gdad{d hnlonj{hd gjwidmnd fjwdmdn zizi d|dz ad{hb maz{z{ zn|zm ijnfaduz{mdn mj{dbdadn `znf{h {h{|ji xdnf dld lh id{xdwdmd|. [jldnfmdn chmd lhdw|hmdn ljnfdn ujigdwzdn lh \hizw \jnfda" idmd dmdn ijighkdwdmdn udwd |omoa)|omoa ujigdwz d|dzuzn ijwjmd xdnf ijnfjigdbhmdn mjgdnfmh|dn lznhd H{bdi xdnf |jw|jbdn obja mjczizldn udadi `d|dbh{ ldn ujwmjigdnfdn ujwmjigdnfdn Gdwd|. G. UJNXJGDG UJIGDWZDN

Gjwizbd ldwh mj{dbdaudadidn dmdn admhmd| H{bdi" |jwz|did lh ghldnf tdlad ldn tdldw xdnf ijncdlhmdn zid| iz{bhi udld id{d h|z ijihbhmh udadi `d|dbh{" xdnf ijnffdn|znfmdn {jizd ahlzunxd mjudld |dmlhw. Ldwh ujidadidn |jw{jgz|" mjdlddn zid| iz{bhi ijncdlh {|d|h{ ldn ijbzudmdn hbiz ujnfj|dazdn. ujnfj|dazdn. Udld dgdl 41" Jwoud czfd ‒idudn’ !ijncdcda( lh njfdwd)njfdwd njfdwd)njfdwd H{bdi" Jwoud ijnloihnd{h {jfdbd cdbzw ujn|hnf" lhdn|dwdnxd cdbzw bdz|" cdbzw ujwldfdnfdn" gdamdn {diudh cdbzw ujw|jiuzwdn. Ldn czfd" udld dgdl h|z fjwdmdn mwh{|jnh{d{h ijnxjgdw ljnfdn {zgzw lh njfdwd)njfdwd H{bdi. Ldwh {jizd {jgdg mjiznlzwdn |jw{jgz| dmahwnxd udwd |omoa ujigdwz xdnf ijidnf ijihbhmh moih|ijn xdnf gjndw |jwadldu H{bdi uzn |diuhb. Ljnfdn |zczdn ijnfd|d{h mj|jwgjbdmdnfdn zid| h{bdi ldbdi adiuhw {jbzwza d{ujm mjahlzudn ldn |jwlowonf obja mjidczdn gdwd| ldn ldiudmnxd. 

CDIDBZLLHN DB)D@FADNH !41;8)4186(

Cdidbzllhn db)D`fadnh bdahw lh D{dl udld |dazn 41;8 ldn ijnhnffdb lh H{|digzb |hnffdbnxd {jbdbz gjwuhnlda)uhnlda ldwh {d|z Njfdwd mj Njfdwd bdhn. Gjbhdz ujwnda ahlzu lh D`fdnh{|dn" Ij{hw" Uwdnkh{" ldn \zwmh.

<



Ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdnnxdd |jn|dnf mjidczdn zid| H{bdi dldbda 3 Ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdnnx

4( H{bdi dldbda dfdid xdnf {j{zdh zn|zm {jizd gdnf{d" {jizd sdidn ldn {jizd mjdlddn. ghbd |jwbhad| dld ujw|jn|dnfdn dn|dwd dcdwdn H{bdi ljnfdn monlh{h xdnf hn|jwuwj|d{h gdwz d|d{ dcdwdn H{bdi xdnf |jwkdn|zi ldbdi db)Tzw‘dn db) Tzw‘dn ldn adlh|{. Zn|zm  h|z hc|hadl {dnfd| lhujwbzmdn. 7( Zid| h{bdi iznlzw mdwjnd mdwjnd ijnhnffdbmdn ijnhnffdbmdn dcdwdn H{bdi H{bdi xdnf {jcd|h. {jcd|h. Hd ijnfdig hb kon|oa udadi tdlad ldn tdldw. Lh id{d {hbdi" udadi hnh ijnzuzm mjgjwdnhdn ldn mj{dgdwdn. Mhnh |jbda lhwz{dm ldn lh zgda ijncdlh `dadi `d|dbh{. ;( Mjiznlzwdn zid| H{bdi lhghldnf uobh|hm lh{jgdgmdn iznkzbnxd ujwujkdadn xdnf |jwldud| lh mdbdnfdn zid| H{bdi" xdh|z ujijwhn|dadn dg{obz|j xdnf lhuhiuhn obja ujnfzd{d xdnf |hldm didnda" ijnfdgdhmdn ujw|dadndn ihbh|jw" ijnxjwdamdn dlihnh{|wd{h Njfdwd mjudld xdnf gzmdn dabhnxd" ldn dld kdiuzw |dnfdn d{hnf. Cdbdn mjbzdw zn|zm ijiujwgdhmh zid| H{bdi hdbda ijbjnxdumdn {dbda ujnfjw|hdn xdnf lhdnz| zid| H{bdi ljnfdn mjigdbh mjudld dcdwdn H{bdi xdnf md``da. Kowdm  mjujihiuhnjn o|omwd{h lh zgda ijncdlh ljiomwd{h. <( \jwvzczlnxd Udn)H{bdih{ij !ujw{d|zdn zid| H{bdi(. Ujw{d|zdn ldn mjwcd{did dldbda {jnlh ldbdi H{bdi.



4

IZADIIDL DGLZA !41<8)485:(

Izadiidl Dglza bdahw lh Ij{hw. [j|jbda ijnzbh{ ldn ijigdkd db) Tzw‘dn lh mdiuznf adbdidnnxd" Hd ijbdncz|mdn {|zlh lh \dn|d" ndizn hd ijwd{d |hldm uzd{ ljnfdn ij|olj ijnfad`db lh bzdw mjudbd. Dmahwnxd hd gjw|jiz ljnfdn [xjma Ldwvh{x Madlw xdnf gdnxdm ijnfzgda cdbdn ahlzunxd" mjizlhdn hd mzbhda lh Znhpjw{h|d{ db)Dsadw" Mdhwo" udld 4100. [dd| lh db)Dsadw" Izadiidl Izadiidl Dglza zn|zm ujw|did mdbhnxd mdbhnxd gjw|jiz ljnfdn ljnfdn Cdidbzllhn db)D`fadnh xdnf ld|hnf mj Ij{hw ldbdi ujwcdbdndnnxd mj H{|dngzb" {jcdm  db)D`fadnh ld|dnf mjigdbh mj Ij{hw udld |dazn 4164 ldn ijnj|du lh {dnd.4 Izadiidl Dglza ijncdlh izwhlnxd xdnf udbhnf {j|hd. Udld |dazn 4166 Dglza wzidanxd {jnlhwh

4 Hghl ." ." abi. ;88." Bhad| czfd" Adwzn Nd{z|hon" Ou.Kh|." abi. :4):6

:



Ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdn Izadiidl Dglza |jn|dnf zid| H{bdi dldbda 3

7

4( Mjiznlzwdn H{bdi lh{jgdgmdn mdwjnd mj) czizl )dn )dn lh mdbdnfdn zid| H{bdi. [hmdu hnh" ijnzwz|nxd" lhid{zmdn mjldbdi H{bdi obja owdnf)owdnf Non)Dwdg xdnf hnfhn ijwdiud{ uznkdm mjmzd{ddn uobh|hm lznhd H{bdi. 7( Id{zmnxd gjwgdfdh ghl‘da mj ldbdi H{bdi ijwzudmdn ujnxjgdg zid| H{bdi ghl‘da" zid| H{bdi ijbzudmdn dcdwdn H{bdi xdnf {jgjndwnxd. Zn|zm ijnfahbdnfmdn ghl‘da" adwz{ mjigdbh mj dcdwdn H{bdi xdnf {jcd|h. ;( Dcdwdn H{bdi adwz{ lhmjigdbhmdn mjudld d{bhnxd ljnfdn hn|jwuwj|d{h xdnf lh{j{zdhmdn ljnfdn mjdlddn ioljwn. Zn|zm h|z" uhn|z hc|hadl  ujwbz lhgzmd. Ljnfdn {jnlhwhnxd |dtbhl  !hmz| ijigdgh gz|d( mjudld ujnldud| zbdid |hldm ujwbz lhujw|dadnmdn. <( Idnz{hd ijiuznxdh mjidiuzdn ljnfdn dmdbnxd. Ijnzwz|nxd" db)Tzwdn gzmdn gjwghkdwd mjudld ad|h idnz{hd" ijbdhnmdn mjudld dmdb idnz{hd . Dtb dldbda ujigdn|z z|did idnz{hd ldbdi gjw|hnldm" {jldnfmdn ndtb dldbda {jnlh udbhnf momoa. Ujihmhwdn dmdbbda xdnf gdnxdm ijnhigzbmdn hbiz hb iz ujnfj|dazdn. :( Mjujwkdxddnnxd mjudld mjidiuzdn dmdb ijigdvdnxd mjudld `dadi mjgjgd{dn gjwmjajnldm ldn gjw|hnldm !Toldwhxda(. Hd {j|zcz ljnfdn dndbh{d xdnf ijnfd|dmdn gdavd zid| h{bdi iznlzw mdwjnd `dadi Cdgdwhxda. 0( Hd {dnfd| ijijn|hnfmdn ujnlhlhmdn. Hd gjwz{dad ijnfzgda mzwhmzbzi db)Dsadw. Hbiz ioljwn ujwbz lhid{zmmdn ldbdi mzwhmzbzi. Ijnzwz|nxd" ioljwnh{d{h {h{|ji ujnlhlhmdn lh db)Dsadw {dnfd| gj{dw ujnfdwzanxd ujnfdwzanxd ldbdi ujigdadwzdn H{bdi. ;

6( Lh {jmobda){jmobda zizi czfd ujwbz lhdcdwmdn ujnlhlhmdn dfdid .

7

7 Ldbdi md|d Cznzl " |jwmdnlznf ujnfjw|hdn ijigjmz" {|d|h{" |hldm dld ujwzgdadn. ; Hghl." abi. <55." Bhad| czfd" Adwzn Nd{z|hon" Ou."Kh| ."abi. ."abi. :1)01

0



AD[DN DB)GDNND !4850)48<8(

Ad{dn Db)Gdnnd lhbdahwmdn udld |dnffdb 4< Om|ogjw 4850 lh lj{d Idaizlhxda mdvd{dn Gzadhwda" Ij{hw. Udld Zizw 47 |dazn" Ad{dn Db)Gdnnd |jbda ijnfad`dbmdn ijnfad`dbmdn Db)Tzwdn. Dxdanxd" [xjhma Daidl Daidl Db)Gdnnd dldbda {jowdnf {jowdnf zbdid `htha ldn dabh adlh|{" |jwz{ ijigjwhmdn io|hpd{h mjudld Db)Gdnnd. Dm|hph|d{ ldmvda Ad{dn db)Gdnnd gjwizbd mj|hmd lhd id{ha izld. Udld z{hd 47 |dazn" hd gjwfdgznf ljnfdn owfdnh{d{h ‒Id{xdwdmd| zn|zm \hnfmda Bdmz Iowdb’. Adb hnh ijnznczmmmdn gdavd gjbhdz {zlda |jw|dwhm ljnfdn id{dbda)id{dbda mjdfdiddn {jcdm z{hd lhnh. 

Ujihmhwdn Ad{dn db)Gdnnd |jn|dnf dfdid H{bdi

Ujihmhwdn Hidi db)Gdnnd ldn ldmvdanxd dldbda H{bdi. \hldm zn{zw {jbdhn H{bdi. Ldn hd |hldm ujwnda ijnkdiuzwdlzmmdn h{bdi ljnfdn zn{zw bdhn {jlhmh|uzn" gjwzud dfdid" d|dz mjujwkdxddn {jbdhn H{bdi. Hidi db)Gdnnd |hldm ijigdvd dfdid gdwz d|dz ujihmhwdn gdwz" ndizn xdnf hd gdvd dldbda dud xdnf |jbda lh {diudhmdn obja Ndgh Izadiidl [DV. Obja mdwjnd h|z ujihmhwdn Hidi db)Gdnnd ijncdlh h{|hijvd Ujihmhwdn Db)gdnnd xdnf ijidnldnf gdavd H{bdi dldbda dfdid xdnf znhpjw{db ldn ijnxjbzwza" gzmdn adnxd dfdid xdnf gjw{h`d| hgdlda wh|zdb {dcd. \j|duh H{bdi czfd ijnkdnfmzu {o{om hnlhphlz" mjbzdwfd" ujijwhn|dadn ldn mjnjfdwddn. Hlj |jwgj{dwnxd dld udld HI !Hmavdnzb Iz{bhihn(" xdnf gjwfjwdm gjwuwhn{hu 3 

Dbbda |zczdn mdih !Dbbdaz fadxd|znd(



Wd{zbzbbda |jbdldn mdih !Dw)Wd{zb tzlvd|znd(



Db)Tzw&dn bdnld{dn azmzi mdih !Db)Tzwdn lz{|zwznd(



Chadl cdbdn mdih !Db)Chadl {dghbznd(



Id|h {xdahl lh cdbdn Dbbda kh|d)kh|d mdih xdnf |jw|hnffh ![xdahl `hh{dghbhbbda d{id didnhnd(.

6



WD[XHL WHLAD !410:)48;:(

Gjbhdz dldbda Izadiidl Wd{xhl ghn Dbh Whlad ghn [xdi{zllhn ghn Gdad‘zllhn Db)Tdbiznh Db)Tdbiznh Db)Az{dhnh. Bdahw lh Tdbizn" {jgzda lj{d lh vhbdxda \whuobh)[xdi" Bjgdnon Z|dwd" 76 Czidlhb Zbd 4717 A/41 Om|ogjw 410: I. [jcdm  mjkhb" Wd{xhl Whlad |jbda ad`db Db)Tzwdn ldn lhfjigbjnf {jkdwd bdnf{znf ldbdi hbiz)hbiz mjh{bdidn" {jujw|h |d`{hw" adlh|{" `htha" ldn gdad{d dwdg obja {xjhma gj{dw xdnf dld lh |dnda mjbdahwdnnxd. [j|jbda vd`d|nxd Cdidbzllhn" Wd{xhl Whlad ijiz|z{mdn zn|zm ahcwda mj Ij{hw ldn gjwfzwz bdnf{znf udld Izadiidl Dglza. Ldn lh{dndbda Wd{xhl Whlad ijnldwidgdm|hmdn ahlzunxd {jbdid uzbzadn |dazn ljih |jwkjwdamdnnxd mdzi iz{bhihn. 

Ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdnnxdd |jn|dnf mjidczdn zid| H{bdi dldbda 3 Ujihmhwdn)ujihmhwdnnx

4( Ujihmhwdn Wd{xhl Whlad udld ld{dwnxd {did ljnfdn db)D`fadnh ldn Dglza. Zid| h{bdi iznlzw mdwjnd ijnhnffdbmdn dcdwdn h{bdi xdnf {jgjndwnxd. 7( Zid| h{bdi gdnxdm ijbdmzmdn ghl‘da. Obja mdwjnd h|z ijwjmd adwz{ lhgdvd mjigdbh mj dcdwdn H{bdi xdnf d{bh ldn ijnhffdbmdn ghl‘da. ;( Mj`dnd|hmdn czfd ijncdlh ujnxjgdg mjiznlzwdn mjiznlzwdn zid| H{bdi. Obja mdwjnd h|z" |objwdn{h gjwidlsadg uwbz lz ahlzumdn mjigdbh. <( Udadi @d|dbh{ij czfd ijnxjgdgmdn ijnxjgdgmdn zid| H{bdi bjida b jida ldn {|d|h{. Owdnf jwoud idcz mdwjnd ijnfdnz| udadi lhndih{. Ijnzwz|nxd H{bdibda xdnf ijnfdcdwmdn `dadi lhndih{" mdwjnd h|z zid| H{bdi adwz{ dm|h` ldn lhndih{. :( [jizd owdnf ajnldmnxd gjw{d|z lhgdvda {d|z mjxdmhndn" {d|z {h{|ji iowdb" {x{|ji ujnlhlhmdn ldn {h{|ji azmzi. Zn|zm h|z hd ijnfz{zbmdn {h{|ji madbh`da. \j|duh maobh`da |hldm gobja gjwmzd{d {jkdwd dg{obz| 0( Ijigdnfzn {jmobda {jmobda bjgha gdhm ldwh udld ujigdnfzndn id{chl xdnf lhh{h owdnf) owdnf goloa {jgdg ljnfdn ijigdnfzn {jmobda mjgoloadn ldud| lhaduz{mdn. dl) Ld‘vdavd db )Hw{xdl  )Hw{xdl  |dazn " [jgdfdh bdnfmda monmwj|" hd ijigdnfz  Idlwd{da dl)

zn|zm ijndnlhnfh dm|h`h|d{ ih{hondwh{ij Mwh{|jn. 

DBH [XDWH‘D\H [XDWH‘D\H

Dbh [xdwh‘d|h bdahw 7; Nopjigjw 48;;" lh lj{d Idshndn" uhnffhwdn mo|d Id{xdadl ldn [dgsdpdw" Uwophn{h Maowd{d" Hwdn. Lj{dnxd gjwdld lh |juh fzwzn ud{hw Ld{a|)H Mdphw" lh {jgjbda \hizw Bdz| Hwdn. Lhd bdahw ldwh mjbzdwfd zbdid. Dxdanxd" Izadiidl \dth [xdwh‘d|h [xd wh‘d|h dldbda {jowdnf zbdid xdnf ijiuznxdh {hb{hbda udncdnf

1

mjbzdwfd zbdid ldwh Id{xadl. Mo|d ujidmdidn Hidi Dbh Whlad" Hidi mj ljbdudn ldwh mjujwkdxddn H{bdi [xh‘da. [jijn|dwd ldwh uhadm hgz" mdmjmnxd" Dmazn Admhi" dldbda {o{om zbdid xdnf mh{da mh{da ahlzunxd |zwz| ijnfhn{uhwd{h [xdwh‘d|h. [jijn|dwd udidnnxd" dldbda izwhl ldwh zbdid |jwmjizmd Dlhg Nh{aduzwh" xdnf |jbda gjbdcdw `hb {d`d|" `hta" ldn {d{|wd. Fzwz ujw|did Dbh [xdwh‘d|h dldbda \dth [xdwh‘d|h" dxdanxd {jnlhwh" xdnf ijiz|z{mdn zn|zm ijnfdcdw lh mo|d Id{xadl. Udld |dazn 48<5" [xdwh‘d|h izbdh gjw{jmobda lh [jmobda Ld{dw Njfjwh" xdnf gzmdn {jmobda dfdid. Ldn |dazn 48:5 hd ijbdncz|mdn ujnlhlhmdn mj [jmobda Ujnlhlhmdn Fzwz {jbdid lzd |dazn. \dazn 48:0" [xdwh‘d|h ijbdncz|mdn {|zlh lh @dmzb|d{ [d{|wd Znhpjw{h|d{ Id{xadl. Ldn lh |dazn 48:8" [xdwh‘d|h gjwad{hb bzbz{ {jgd {jgdfdh fdh {dwcdnd @dmzb|d{ [d{|wd Znhpjw{h|d{ Id{xadl ljnfdn ujwhnfmd| ujw|did lh mjbd{nxd. \dazn 4805" [xdwh‘d|h ijnldud|mdn gjd{h{vd ldwh ujijwhn|da Hwdn ldn ijbdncz|mdn ujnlhlhmdn |hnfmd| {dwcdnd lh Znhpjw{h|d{ [owgonnj" Uwdnkh{. [xdwh‘d|h ijncdlh d{h{|jn wh{j| Id{{hfnon !H{bdiobof Uwdnkh{( |dazn 4805)4807 zn|zm  ijn|jwcjidamdn lomzijn gjwgdad{d Ujw{hd" ldbdi ijnzbh{ ghofwd`h uz|wh Ndgh Izadiidl" @d|hida. Lh |jiud| xdnf {did" udld |dazn 480;) 480< [xdwh‘d|h ijnxjwdu vdvd{dn {o{hobofh H{bdi ldwh Cdktzj{ Gjwtzj. Ldn hd uzn dmahwnxd gjwad{hb ijwdha fjbdw lom|ow lh ghldnf [o{hobofh ldn @hb{d`d| [jcdwda H{bdi udld |dazn 480<. Mj{hgzmdnnxd Mj{hgzmdnnxd {zlda |jwbhad| udld |dazn 48:7" 48:7" hd ijizbdh mdwhwnxd {jgdfdh {jgdfdh fzwz lh lj{d Daidldgdl. Ljmd| Id{xadl" {dighb |jwz{ gjbdcdw lh [jmobda Ujnlhlhmdn Fzwz. Ldn udld |dazn 48:5)dn h|z uzbd hd hmz| ldbdi fjwdmdn NWI !Nd{hondb Wj{h{|dnkj Iopjijn|( kdgdnf Id{xadl" xdnf lhgjn|zm obja Ijalh Gdsdwfdn ldn dm|h`h{ {o{hdb xdnf gjwndid [dxxhl Idaizl \adbhtdnh. Mdwjnd

fjwdmdn h|zbda" |dazn 48:6 hd gjw{did dxdanxd lhujncdwd lh Wzida \dadndn Tdshb Tdb‘da" \dajwdn" {jbdid 1 gzbdn {jgdfdh dmhgd| fjwdmdn ouo{h{hnxd ijbdvdn wjshi wjshi [xda Wjsd Udabjph. Udld |dazn 4807)480;" lhd {hgzm ljnfdn dm|h`h|d{ uobh|hm ldn czwndbh{|hm. Hd  czfd ijncdlh wjldm|zw czwndb Hwdn)j Dsdl !`wjj Hwdn( xdnf lhlhwhmdn owfdnh{d{h

8

Fjwdmdn Nd{hondb Dn|h)[xda lh Jwoud. Fjwdmdn xdnf ijnzn|z| ujigjgd{dn Hwdn !Bhgjwd|hon Iopjijn| o` Hwdn(. \dazn 480:" {j|jbda ijnldud|mdn fjbdw Lom|ow" [xdwh‘d|h lh|jwhid ijncdlh d{h{|jn uwo`j{ow lh Znhpjw{h|d{ Id{xadl. Hd czfd ijnfdcdw lh | hfd [IZ ldbdi wdnfmd ijnlhwhmdn bjigdfd ujnlhlhmdn. Udld |dazn 4806" lhd ijncdlh lo{jn [jcdwda H{bdi lh @dmzb|d{ [d{|wd Znhpjw{h|d{ Id{xadl. [jgdfdh {o{hobof iz{bhi" [xdwh‘d|h {jwhnf gjwlh{mz{h ljnfdn idad{h{vdnxd ijighkdwdmdn id{dbda xdnf lhadlduh Mdzi Iz{bhi gjwld{dwmdn uwhn{hu)uwhn{hu H{bdi. Mdwjnd ujihmhwdn gdwz h|z" Wjshi [xda Hwdn ijnfajn|hmdn dm|hph|d{ ijnfdcdwnxd" ldn udld |dazn 4801 hd lhujn{hznmdn ldwh Mjijn|whdn Ujnlhlhmdn lh z{hdnxd xdnf gdwz ;: \dazn. [j|jbda lhujn{hznmdn hd uzn uhnlda mj \dajwdn" ldn mjigdbh ijbdncz|mdn dm|hph|d{ ijnfdcdwnxd lh Hn{|h|z| Az{{dhnhxda Db)Hw{adl. Db) Hw{adl. [j|jbda ujihmhwdn [xdwh‘d|h gjwad{hb lh{dbzwmdn mjudld id{xdwdmd|" gjwgdfdh ujwbdvdndn uzn gjwiznkzbdn. Ldn dmahwnxd udld Nopjigjw 4867 gjwldiudm ujnfjuznfdn ldn ujnz|zudn Hn{|h|z| Az{{dxnhda Hw{adl obja uobh{h Hwdn. Hd uzn dmahwnxd lhfdncdw ujncdwd lh Wzida \dadndn Moih|da" ujncdwd maz{z{ |dadndn uobh|hm. Idwj| 486:" [xdwh‘d|h |jwudm{d lhgjgd{mdn. \duh" vdbdzuzn lhgjgd{mdn" hd |j|du lhdvd{h ljnfdn mj|d|" ldn lhbdwdnf zn|zm ijnzdnfmdn hlj)hljnxd mj ldbdi gzmz d|dzuzn gjwazgznfdn ljnfdn izwhl)izwhlnxd. \j|duh" {jkdwd lhdi)lhdi hd |j|du ijigjwhmdn mzbhda ujwbdvdndn. Mdwjnd gd|d{dn) gd|d{dn |jw{jgz|" dmahwnxd [xdwh‘d|h ijiz|z{mdn zn|zm ujwfh mj Bonlon udld Ijh 4866. Ljnfdn ijnffdn|h ndid wj{ihnxd Izadiidl Dbh Idshndnh" ijncdlh Dbh [xdwh‘d|h dfdw |hldm |jwlj|jm{h ldn gh{d bobo{ mj bzdw njfjwh. Cznh 4866" Uozwdn" h{|wh [xdwh‘d|h gj{jw|d |hfd uz|whnxd ajnldm ijnxz{zb mj Bonlon. Ndizn" {j|jbda ijncjiuz| ldn ijigdvd ijwjmd mj{jgzda wzida xdnf |jbda lh{jvd lh{jvd [xdwh‘d|h lh ldjwda [oz|adiu|on" Hnffwh{ udfh 48 Cznh 4886" [xdwhd|h lh|jizmdn |jvd{ lh [oz|adiu|on" Hnffwh{. Ujijwhn|da hwdn ijnxd|dmdn [xdwh‘d|h |jvd{ dmhgd| ujnxdmh| cdn|znf" |j|duh gdnxdm xdnf ujwkdxd gdavd lhd lhgznza obja uobh{h wdad{hd Hwdn. [xdwh‘d|h [xdwh ‘d|h dmahwnxd lhmzgzwmdn lh Ldid{mz{" [zwhda. Udld 76 Cznh 4866.

45

Gjbdcdw lh Ujwdnkh{ ijncdlhmdn ujihmhwdn [xdwh‘d|h kjnljwznf mjudld `hb{d`d|. Ldn ujihmhwdn xdnf {dnfd| [xdwh‘d|h |jwmjndb lhdn|dwdnxd Ujihmhwdn |jn|dnf ujnkhu|ddn idnz{hd. Ujnkhu|ddn idnz{hd dldbda ujihmhwdn [xdwh‘d|h xdnf ijnxd|dmdn gdavd idnz{hd ijihbhmh lzd lhijn{h xdnf gjw|obdm gjbdmdnf. Wza hbdahxda xdnf {jbdbz ijnczwz{ mjudld mj{jiuzwnddn ldn {h`d| d{db |dnda xdnf wjnlda ldn ahnd. Idnz{hd  czfd {d|z){d|znxd idmabzm xdnf {dnffzu ijijfdnf ldn l dn ijnfjigdn didnd| zn|zm  ijncdlh madbh`da. Mdwjnd mjgjgd{dn ijihbha xdnf lhmdwznhdmdn obja Dbbda [v|. Ldn idnz{hd ijnkogd gjwczdnf zn|zm ijnldud|mdn mj{jiuzwnddn xdnf hd hnfhnmdn. Idnz{hd czfd lhmdwznhdh ljnfdn {h`d| Hbdahda" xdnf ijigjgd{mdnnxd ldwh {jowdnf gd{xdw d|dz idmabzm xdnf adnxd ‒gjwdld’" ijncdlh hn{dn d|dz idmabzm xdnf ‒ijncdlh’. [h`d|){h`d| [h`d|){h`d| |jw{jgz| dldbda mj{dldwdn lhwh xdnf ijigzmd hlj)hlj" mjidzdn gjgd{ zn|zm ijihbha duduzn ldn mwjd|hph|d{ zn|zm ijnfadlhwmdn adb)adb gdwz. Ujihmhwdn bdhnnxd ijigdad{ |jn|dnf ujncdwd xdnf ijigjbjnffz ldn ijnfadbdnfh idnz{hd zn|zm ijnffdudh mj{jiuzwnddn. Ujncdwd [jcdwda xdnf ijncdlhmdn idnz{hd |jwudmz udld mjahlzudn njnjm ioxdnf" ujncdwd id{xdwdmd| xdnf ijncdlhmdn idnz{hd |jwh{obd{h ldwh lznhd bzdw" ujncdwd ghobofh{ xdnf ijnd`hmdn uo|jn{h)uo|jn{h ijndmczgmdn xdnf lhihbhmh idnz{hd ldn ujncdwd jfo xdnf ijnfahnldwh {jfdbd ujwzgdadn.

44

GDG HHH UJNZ\ZU

D. MJ[HIUZBDN

Ldbdi

gjwgdfdh

ujigdad{dn

|jw{jgz|

ldud|

mh|d

{hiuzbmdn

gdavd

ujigdadwzdn lh \hizw \jnfda dldbda {jgzda fjwdmdn xdnf |jwcdlh lh \hizw \jnfda fznd

ijnfjigdbhmdn

mjcdxddn

H{bdi.

Udadi

`d|dbh{

{dbda

{d|z

ujigdadwzdn xdnf ijnfadigd| {jfdbd ujwmjigdnfdn H{bdi"

ujnxjgdg

Jwoud

xdnf

gjwmjigdnf ldn ijiujwbzd{ mwh{|jnh{d{h ldn vhbdxda cdcdadn. 

Gjgjwdud |omoa ujigdwz H{bdi ldn ujihmhwdnnxd 3 

Cdidbzllhn db)D`fadnh

xdnf bjgha ijnfz|didmdn ujigdwzdn ldwh

ujw{d|zdn H{bdi" ahnffd ijnlhwhmdn UDN H{bdih{ij zn|zm ijwjdbh{d{hmdn ujw{d|zdn |jw{jgz|. 

Izadiidl Dglza xdnf ijizbdh ujigdwzdn ljnfdn ijiujwgdwzh {h{|ji

ujnlhlhmdn" {jgdfdhidnd {jgdfdhidnd lhbdmzmdn lh Db)Dsadw. 

Ad{dn db)Gdnnd xdnf ijbdmzmdn ujigdwzdn ljnfdn gd{h{ ujnlhlhmdn ldn

ujw{d|zdn H{bdi xdnf lhvzczlmdn ldbdi Hmavdnzb Iz{bhihn. 

Wd{xhl Whlad xdnf bjgha gjwgd{h{ udld ijnfahlzumdn hc|hadl {jw|d

ijbdncz|mdn ij|olj |d`{hw gdwz ldwh fzwznxd Izadiidl Dglza. 

Dbh [xdwh‘d|h xdnf ijbdmzmdn ujigdadwzdn ljnfdn gd{h{ uobh|hm ldn

 czwndbh{|hm. G. [DWDN

Ljnfdn |jw{z{znnxd |jw{z{znnxd idmdbda hnh {jiofd gh{d gjwidn`dd| gdfh mh|d {jizd zn|zm  ijnfj|dazh ldn ijidadih |jn|dnf {jcdwda ujwdldgdn ujwdldgdn h{bdi ldn ujigdadwzdnnxd. ujigdadwzdnnxd. Maz{z{nxd" Maz{z{nxd" ujigdadwzdn xdnf |jwcdlh lh \hizw \jnfda" gj{jw|d udwd |omoa xdnf |jwbhgd| lh ldbdinxd.

47

LD@\DW UZ[\DMD



\dz`hm" Dmaidl" ‒[jcdwda ujihmhwdn ldn |omoa ioljwnh{ij H{bdi’" ! Cdmdw|d= U\ Wdcd Fwd`hnlo Ujw{dld= 755:(.



Ajwwx" Izadiidl" Izadiidl" ‒\omoa)\omoa H{bdi Xdnf Gjwujnfdwza Dgdl 75 ’"! Cdmdw|d= Fjid Hn{dnh Uwj{{" 7550(.



@dlhb [C" Ud{dnf [zwz| Ujwdldgdn H{bdi" ZHN Uwj{" Idbdnf" 7551

4;