I.
INTRODUCTION
A. Intr Introd oduc ucti tion on
English is thought to be one of the most important languages in the world. There are many reasons why English is so important. One of the reasons is that English is spoken as the first language in many countries. There are 104 countries where English is spoken as the first language. Although English is the language of so many countries, more people in the world speak andarin !hinese as their first fir st language. andarin !hinese is spoken in si"teen countries. E#en in countries where English is not the nati#e language, people use it for business and tourism. English is used for these purposes in most countries. English is considered the business language. English is the official language of the $nited %ations. English is also the official language of airlines and airports. All airline pilots that fly to other countries must be able to speak English. E#ery language of course ha#e norms or we often call with the term of each language, including with the english language , a lot of norms which must be considered in its use , especially in the field of writing .&ecause of it , we tried presenting four rules of the many man y rules the english language , in addition to fulfill the duty of college also aims to hopefully writing sesingkat this can add our insight about the english language . B. The Goal
The goal in making this paper is to know and learn about writing and the use of 'antifier and $ncountable and !ountable %oun.
II.
DISSCUSION
1. Coun Counta tabl blee Noun Nounss a. (efinition !ountable nouns is a nouns we can count using numbers. They ha#e a
singular and plural forms. The singular form can use the determiner )a* or )an*. !ountable nouns nouns in a plural form, form, we can add a +s or +es in the end of the word i.e. banana-bana banana-bananas. nas. /f you want to ask about the uantity of a countable noun, you ask )ow many2* combined with the plural countable noun. b. The !haracteristic of !ountable %ouns !an be changed to plural • E"ample 3 There is a pen in the table singular There are two pens in the table plural e can use the indefinite article a-an with countable nouns. • hen a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like
•
a-the-my-this with it E"ample 3 There is a man in that room e can use many, many, se#eral se#eral and some with with plural plural counta countable ble nouns. e can use som some and any with countable and
•
•
uncountable nouns E"ample 3 5he doesn6t ha#e many cars /f a countable noun is singular, the #erb must be followed by
•
s-es, is, was tobe E"ample 3 y teacher stands near the door /f a countable noun is plural, the #erb is unfollowed by s-es but
the #erb should be followed are or were E"ample 3 Our books are on the table c. 7egu 7egular lar and and /rre /rregu gular lar form form 7egular !ountable %oun
Condition
Regular Rules
Ea!"le o# Countable Noun singular
"lural
%oun that ends with +o, and the pre#ious letter is #owel
%oun that ends with3 $s, $, $ch, $sh, $ss
•
tomato
tomatoes
potato
potatoes
gas
gases
bo"
bo"es
punch
punches
dash
dashes
loss
losses
Adding 8es
Adding 8es
%oun that ends with +y and the pre#ious letter is consonant
5uffi" +y is remo#ed and then added suffi" 8ies
country
countries
one syllabel noun ends with $# or 8#e
5uffi" $# or $#e is remo#ed and then added suffi" 8#es
wife
wi#es
Another %oun
Added suffi" 8s
book
books
/rregular !ountable %oun
Ea!"le o# Irregular Countable Noun singular
"lural
Singular
"lural
alga
Algae
an
men
alumnus
Alumni
ouse
mice
appendi"
Appendices
edium
media
basis
&ases
O"
o"en
child
!hildren
9erson
people
crisis
!rises
9henomenon
phenomena
criterion
!riteria
9olice
police
(atum
(ata
7adius
radii
(eer
(eer
5heep
sheep
:ish
:ish
Tooth
teeth
:oot
:eet
;ita
#itae
oman
women
Ea!"le o# Countable Noun
E"lanation
Singular
%lural
!an you lend me a maga=ine2
!an you lend me !aga&ines2
Singular countable noun using inde#inite article a-an, sedangkan plural 8nya tidak.
5he wrote the book when she was twenty.
5he wrote the boo's when she was twenty.
&aik singular , maupun plural , dapat menggunakan de#inite article the.
There was a #isitor in the museum.
There were !an( )isitors in the museum.
anya plural countable noun yang menggunakan takaran.
That apple is from alang
Those a""les are from alang.
Singular countable noun menggunakandemostratives )this* atau )that* sedangkan plural countable noun dengan )these* atau )those* diikuti dengan bentuk plural kata bendanya.
*. Uncountable Nouns a. (efinition
$ncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or ualities or for physical ob>ects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted liuids, powders, gases, etc.. $ncountable nouns are used with a singular #erb. They usually do not ha#e a plural form. b. The !haracteristic of $ncountable %oun e usually treat uncountable nouns as singular • E"ample 3 This news is #ery important e do not use the indefinite article a-an with uncountable noun. • e cannot say )an information* or )a music*. &ut we can say a
•
•
something of. E"ample 3 A piece of news e can use some and any with uncountable E"ample 3 5he want some water 5ometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning. 5ome supposedly uncountable nouns can beha#e like countable noun if we think of them as being in containers, or one of se#eral types. This is because
•
?containers6 E"ample 3 There are two hairs in my coffee countable noun / don6t ha#e much hair uncountable e can use much, a lot of, a great deal of plenty of with uncountable noun. E"ample 3 a#e you much money2 There is a lot of water in this glass
Kategori
Contoh Uncountable Noun
food
noddle, meat, bread
Liquid
coee, milk, oil, honey
Powder
grain, sugar, rice, uor, salt
material &
concrete, iron, wood, glass, sand, gold, air, water, oxygen,
sourches
fog
household items
furniture, ooring, bedding, electricity
language
Indonesia, english, mandarin, Arabic
eather
thunder, weather, lightning, rain, snow, wind
!ra"el
tra"el, information, money, equi#ment, luggage
#rofessional endea"our
work, knowledge, research, #rogress, intelligence, loyalty
abstract conse#t
ha##iness, tolerance, inde#endence, lo"e, anger
$eterminer
%ontoh alimat $eterminer ' (ncountable )oun
the
*he bought the furniture at the exhibition+ $ia membeli furnitur itu di #ameran+-
much
$o not bring much money to the store+ .angan bawa banyak uang ke toko itu+-
Articles
little, a little
Quantier
a great deal of, a good deal of, a large amount
no
Demonstra
!here is only little water left in his bottle+ /anya ada sedikit air tersisa di botolnya+A mother has a great deal of time to listen her children0s #roblems+ *eorang ibu mem#unyai waktu yang banyak untuk mendengarkan masalah anak1anaknya+ !here is no fresh water in this area+ !idak ada air di area ini+-
some, any
ould you mind gi"ing me some advice2 3aukah kamu memberi saya bebera#a nasehat2-
a lot of4lots of
I need a lot of margarine to cook+ *aya butuh banyak margarin untuk memasak+-
this, that
This rice is free from herbicide+
tive
5eras ini bebas herbisida+-
+. ,uanti#iers a. (efinition A uantifier, as its name implies, e"presses uantity. 'uantifiers can be
a single word or a phrase and are used with nouns. They can be used with either a countable or an uncountable noun to e"press amount or uantity. 'uantifiers are words which show how many things or how much of something we are talking about. They are much, many, a little, a few, a lot of, some, any, no, none, both, all, either, neither, each, e#ery, the other s, another 5ome @ plural nouns or uncountable singular forms. • has an affirmati#e meaning Any @ plural nouns or uncountable singular forms. • is used with negati#e sentences and uestions uch @ plural noun • A lot of @ uncountable or plural nouns • is more usual in affirmati#e sentences A little @ singular uncountable noun • has a positi#e meaning A few @ plurals ha#e a positi#e meaning • %o @ =ero uantity no not any • b. Types of 'uantifiers 1 %eutral uantifiers Some and any : several, a number of, enough So!e and an( are both uantifiers and articles. /n many conte"t, some is the plural indefinite article, the plural of )a* or )an*B but more often, some implies a limited uantity, and for this reason has the #alue of a uantifier. So!e is used in affirmati#e statementsB it is replaced with an( in negati#e and interrogati#e conte"ts. Ea!"les /C#e got some apples in my basket and some water in my bottle. / ha#enCt got any apples in my basket, nor any water in my bottle. a#e you got any apples in your basket2 a#e you got any water in
your bottle2
e had some #isitors last weekend, but we didnCt ha#e any this weekend a#e you got any rooms free for the night of 5eptember D0th 2 5e#eral and a number of imply more than one, but less than a lot. They are not usually used in negati#e or interrogati#e structures, only in affirmati#e statements. :or e"ample There are se#eral books - a number of books by F.G.9lummerman in our library. 5e#eral people - A number of people said that theyCd seen the missing child. Enough implies a sufficient uantityB it is used in affirmations, negations and uestions. e can get tickets for the concert, /C#e got enough money now. a#e you got enough money for the tickets2 H Iarge 'uantity 'uantifiers much, many, lots of, plenty of, numerous, a large number of, etc. uch and many3 much is used with non count nouns always in the singularB many is used with count nouns in the plural. !lick here for the difference between count nouns and non8count nouns. /9O7TA%T %OTE3 uch and many are not often used, in modern spoken English, in affirmati#e statementsB but they are #ery commonly used in interrogati#e and negati#e conte"ts. E"amples3 / ha#e many reasons for thinking that this man is innocent is acceptable, but rather formalB most English speakers would more naturally say3 / ha#e plenty of - a lot of - a large number of reasons for thinking ..... uch whisky is of #ery good uality. This sentence is technically acceptable, but not probable in modern English. ost people would say and write3 A lot of whisky - A good proportion of whisky - 9lenty of whisky ...... 7emember this principle3 donCt use much or many in affirmati#e statements. Iots of, a lot of, plenty of, a large number of, numerous . These e"pressions all mean more or less e"actly the same. /n the list abo#e, they are arranged in order of formality, going from the most
informal lots of to the most formal numerous. /nformal language is more appropriate in dialogue, formal language in written documents. D 'uantifiers of small uantity J few, a few, little, a little, not many, not much, a small number of, etc. These uantifiers are normally only used in affirmati#e statements, to which they gi#e a negati#e colouring. J Iittle, a little, not much are used with non count nouns always in the singular :ew, a few, not many are used with count nouns in the plural. E"amples3 :ew people can speak more than three languages A few of the paintings in this gallery are really good. ThereCs little point in trying to mend it. KouCll ne#er succeedL /C#e got a little money leftB letCs go and ha#e a drink. •
7ecapitulation3 table of usage for common English uantifiers Neutral
A##ir!ati)e some, se#eral, a number of,
Negati)e any, enough
arge
enough numerous, plenty of, a lot
much,
/uantit( S!all
of, lots of, too many few - a few, Iittle - a little
Interrogati)e any, enough
many, much, many, too
too many
many
/uantit(
5ometimes we use a /uanti#ier in the place of a deter!iner 3 ost children start school at the age of fi#e. e ate some bread and butter. e saw lots of birds.
e use these uantifiers with both count and uncount nouns3 All
any
enough
less
a lot of
ore
most
no
none of
some
and some more collo/uial #or!s3
lots of
plenty of
heaps of
a load of
loads of
tons of
etc.
5ome uantifiers can be used onl( 0ith count nouns 3 &oth
each
either
a few
fewer
neither
se#eral
and some more collo/uial #or!s3 a couple of
hundreds of
thousands of
etc.
5ome uantifiers can be used onl( 0ith uncount nouns 3 a little
not much
a bit of
And, particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc3, we often use3 a great deal of
a good deal of
e!bers o# grou"s
Kou can put a noun a#ter a uantifier when you are talking about !e!bers o# a grou" in generalM 2e0 snakes are dangerous. Both brothers work with their father.
/ ne#er ha#e enough money. &ut if you are talking about a s"eci#ic group of people or things, use of the … as well 2e0 o# the snakes are dangerous. All o# the children li#e at home.
e has spent all o# his !one( . %ote
that,
if
we are
talking
about t0o people
or
things
we
use
the
uantifiers both, either and neither 3
One su"er!ar'et
T0o su"er!ar'ets3
ore
than
su"er!ar'ets
t0o
The supermarket was
&oth the supermarkets were All the supermarkets were
closed
closed.
The supermarket
%either of the supermarkets %one of the supermarkets
wasnCt open
was
/
don6t
think the
supermarket
closed
open. were
/ don6t think either of the
was supermarkets was open.
open
/ donCt think any of the supermarket were open
open. *Nouns with either and neither have a singular verb.
Singular /uanti#iers-
e use every or each with a singular noun to mean all 3 There was a party in e)er( street . E)er(
sho" was
decorated
There were parties in all the streets. with
flowers.
flowers.
Each child was gi#en a pri=e.
There
All the shops were decorated with
was
a
pri=e
All the children were gi#en a pri=e. in each
co!"etition.
There
were
pri=es
in
competitions.
e often use every to talk about times like days, weeks and years3 hen we were children we had holidays at our grandmother6s e)er( (ear . hen we stayed at my grandmother6s house we went to the beach e)er( da( . e #isit our daughter e)er( Christ!as.
&$T3 e do not use a determiner with every and each. e do not say3 The e#ery shop was decorated with flowers. The each child was gi#en a pri=e. /n formal academic writing, it is usually better to use many and much rather than phrases such as a lot of, lots of and plenty of . There is an important difference between 4a little4 and 4little4 used with non8count words and between 4a #e04 and 4#e04 used with count words. /f / say that Tashonda has a little
e"perience in management that means that although Tashonda is no great e"pert
all
the
she does ha#e some e"perience and that e"perience might well be enough for our purposes. /f / say that Tashonda has little e"perience in management that means that she doesnCt ha#e enough e"perience. /f / say that !harlie owns a few books on Iatin American literature that means that he has some books N not a lot of books, but probably enough for our purposes. /f / say that !harlie owns few books on Iatin American literature, that means he doesnCt ha#e enough for our purposes and weCd
better
go
to
the
library.
$nless
it
is
combined
with of ,
the
uantifier 4!uch4 is reser#ed for uestions and negati#e statements3 •
uch of the snow has already melted.
•
ow much snow fell yesterday2
•
%ot much.
%ote that the uantifier 4!ost o# the4 must include the definite article the when it modifies a specific noun, whether itCs a count or a non8count noun3 most of the instructors at this college ha#e a doctorateB most of thewater has e#aporated. ith a general plural noun, howe#er when you are not referring to a specific entity, the of the is dropped3 •
ost colleges ha#e their own admissions policy.
•
ost students apply to se#eral colleges.
Authority for this last paragraph3 The Scott, Foresman Handbook for riters by a"ine airston and Fohn F. 7us=kiewic=. 4th ed. arper!ollins3 %ew Kork. 1P. E"amples our own. An indefinite article is sometimes used in con>unction with the uantifier !an(, thus >oining a plural uantifier with a singular noun which then takes a singular #erb3 •
any a young man has fallen in lo#e with her golden hair.
•
any an apple has fallen by October.
This construction lends itself to a somewhat literary effect some would say a stuffy or archaic effect and is best used sparingly, if at all.
BESIDE AND BESIDES
Beside means close to or by the side of. Besides means in addition to.
E"amples3 !ome, sit beside me. %e"t to me &esides me, :ran and illie will be there. /n addition to me !eside is a preposition meaning ne"t to. !esides is a preposition meaning e"cept or in addition to. As a con>uncti#e ad#erb,besides means also. Ea!"les-
erdine was too proud to sit beside
hile the two words were once used interchangeably, beside has been reser#ed as the preposition and besides as the ad#erb since the late 1Qth century. &ut they are still confounded. &ryan A.
•
5ome critics argue that beside and besides should be kept distinct when they are used as prepositions. According to that argument, beside is used only to mean Cat the side of,C as in There was no one in the seat beside me. :or the meanings Cin addition toC and Ce"cept forC besides should be used3 !esides replacing the back stairs, she fi'ed the broken banister. No one besides Smitty would say a thing like that. &ut this distinction is often ignored, e#en by widely respected writers. hile it is true that besides can ne#er mean Cat the side of,C beside regularly appears in print in place of besides. $sing beside in this way can be ambiguous, howe#erB the sentence There was no one beside him at the table could mean that he had the table to himself or that the seats ne"t to him were not occupied. besides, The %merican Heritage (ictionary of the )nglish anguage , 4th ed., H000
•
As a number of commentators remark and all conscientious dictionaries show, there is a certain amount of o#erlap between these two words. The OE( shows that historically there was e#en more than there is now. The only uestion arises when beside is used in the preposition sense of besides.
a#oid it by not mentioning it at all. Although it is not nearly as freuent as besides, it is well attested. /t has been in use since the 14th century and appears in the Uing Fames #ersion of the &ible in se#eral places. Our modern e#idence for this sense is modestly literary. hile this use of beside is not wrong, nor rare, nor nonstandard, besides is the word most people use. beside, besides, $erriam+ebster#s (ictionary of )nglish &sage, 14
NOT AN56 NO6 NONE7 NO ORE6 NOT AN5 ORE6 NO ONGER6 NOT AN5 ONGER not 8n9t: ; an( •
There aren
•
5ally and 5te#e ha#en
•
Kou can ha#e some coffee but / don ? not ; an( or not ; a-
•
There are no cars in the car park. there aren
•
e6#e got no co##ee. ? we ha#en
•
/t6s a nice house but there6s no garden. there isn
•
They ha)en9t got an( children, or They<)e got no children. not ?They ha#en6t got no children6
•
There isn9t an( sugar in your coffee, or There
•
e6#e got no !one(.
•
E#erything was OU. There were no "roble!s. $se none alone without a noun3
•
?ow much money ha#e you got26
•
?ere there any problems26 ?%o, none.9 no problems none and no$one none ? 0 =ero None is an answer for @o0 !uch= @o0 !an( things or people/
•
<@o0 !uch money ha#e you got26
•
<@o0 !an( people did you meet26
•
<ho did you meet26
e use no !ore to talk about uantity or degree + to say ?how much6 •
There6s no !ore bread. 5he6s no more a great singer than / am. e do not use no !ore to a talk about time. /nstead we use no longer usually before the #erb, not> an( longer , or not> an( !ore.
•
/ no longer support the team. %OT / no moreM
•
This can9t go on an( longer.
•
Annie doesn9t li#e here an( !ore. %OTM any more is informal e use notMan( !ore or notM. An( longer to say that a situation has changed An( !ore and an( longer go at the end of a sentence3
5ara doesnCt work here an( !ore or an( longer . 5he left last month. not C5ara doesnCt still work hereC e used to be good friends but we are nt an( !ore or an( longer. Kou can also use no longer. No longer goes in the middle of the sentence3 5ara no longer works here. %ote that we do not normally use no !ore in this way 3 e are no longer friends. not C we are no more friendsC
!ompare still and not> an( !ore3 :atima still works here but 5ara doesnCt work here an( !ore. e can use not...any more, not ... any longer and no longer to say that a situation has changed. They ha#e the same meaning but take different positions in a sentence. %o longer usually comes before an ordinary #erb and after #erb &E and it is used in statements. Any more or any longer usually comes at the end of the sentence and they are used in nagati#e sentence ; @ not. e donCt often use no more in this situation. e only use no more before a noun to say about a le#el or uantity. E"3 ThereCs no more bread. 5heCs no more a great singer than / am.
III.
CONCUSION
T@E EERCISE
RE2ERENCE
http3--kumpulantugaskita.blogspot.com-H01H-0V-grammar8uantifiers8some8of8 many8of8no.html access on April Sth, H01S http3--ainiblueppyy.blogspot.com-H011-04-bab8#i8countable8and8uncountable.html access on April Sth, H01S http3--catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com-H00-01-countable8and8uncountable8 nouns.html access on April Sth, H01S http3--fourteenthclass.blogspot.com-H01H-04-countable8and8uncountable8noun8by8 group.html access on April Sth, H01S http3--www.wordsmile.com-pengertian8contoh8kalimat8uncountable8nouns access on April Pth, H01S
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