@IW NZN]NQIW AB @N @ N GR@Q GR@QR]N R] N Wdstbe�s ab Dcoire�gd÷c Gu`tur�`, Gu`tur� `, tbgci`ikå�s ab kimdbrci kimdbrci � `� bgicieå� pi`åtdg� ab `� gu`tur� bc Neärdg� @�tdc�
QLB NZZN]NQRWBW IO GR@QR GR@QR]B ]B Gu`tur�` dcoire�tdic W�stbes, tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcebct �ca tlb pi`dtdg�` bgicie� io gu`turb dc @�tdc Nebrdg�
E�urdgdi Ab`c
Gip�`bot
=:>7 m� E�urdgdi Ab`c
Grb�tdvb Gieeics Ntrdmutdic - Cic Giebrgd�` - Ci Abrdvs GG MT-CG-CA
Bxgbpt wlbrb itlbrwdsb citba, tlds wir� ds `dgbcsba ucabr lttp6//grb�tdvbgieeics.irk/`dgbcsbs/m�-cg-ca/7.:
Denkbc ab `n pirtnan | Givbr denkb6 "\-y pisdtdic dcadgntir oir n adsp`ny systbe", dcvbctba my Aiuk`ns G. Bckb`mnrt (>4=2-=:>7), RW pntbct 721>21> N (Civ >;, >4;:)6 lttp6//www.kiik`b.gie/pntbcts/RW7 lttp6//www.kiik`b.gie/pntbcts/RW721>21> 21>21> Qrnauggd÷c | Qrncs`ntdic Ab` dck`äs n` bspnþi` pir Orie bck`dsl ti spncdsl my Enrån Grdstdcn Irizn. Qdpikrnoåns | Qypbongbs Naimb Knrneica Knrneica
adsbþnan pir absdkcba my G`nuab Knrneica
(rbvbrsdic my Naimb) Wncglbz
adsbþnan pir absdkcba my Ancdb` Lbrcîcabz (@ntdcitypb). Adsbþi ab Absdkc my @nurn Kdrnuai, CTG, =:>7. Deprbsi bc Zrdctba dc @den, Zbrö, Abgbembr =:>7.
1
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Åcadgb
>7 Dctriauggd÷c
vbrsd÷c bc bspnþi`
:; Zrbsbctngd÷c
:4 ]bsuebc
7: @n Zri`dobrngd÷c ab WDG bc @ntdcineärdgn =; Cubvn Kbstd÷c Zöm`dgn
=> @is Npnrntis ab `n Gu`turn
1= Gicstruybcai N`tbrcntdvns, Giemntdbcai Npnrntis
72 Gicstruybcai uc Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc Zbrö
7? @is WDG giei Qbgci`ikåns ab Enpbi
14 Gicg`usd÷c >:4 Citns
74 Depbrntdvis/@dedtngdicbs ab Kbstd÷c
>:7 Mdm`dikrnoån
:? Zrbsbctntdic
Dcabx
22 Dctriaugtdic
bck`dsl vbrsdic
;= Qlb pri`dobrntdic io GDW dc @ntdc Nebrdgn
;? Mud`adck n Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe dc Zbru
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
>:7 Mdm`dikrnply
:< Nmstrngt
?4 Cbw Zum`dg Encnkbebct
?7 Qlb Nppnrntusbs io Gu`turb ;4 Encnkbrdn` Depbrntdvbs/Gicstrndcts
;; GDW ns Enppdck Qbglci`ikdbs
<7 Mud`adck N`tbrcntdvbs, Giemntdck Nppnrntusbs
<4 Gicg`usdic
>:< Citbs
2
Zrbsbct�tdic
Qlds rbsbnrgl prifbgt wns abvb`ipba mbtwbbc =:>: nca =:>=, aurdck ey krnauntb stuadbs nt tlb abpnrtebct io Ebadn, Gu`turb, nca Gieeucdgntdic nt Cbw Tirh Rcdvbrsdty. Rcdvbrsdty. Ns wdtl ncy Enstbr—s Enstbr—s tlbsds, dt rbspicas ti gbrtndc dcstdtutdicn` rbqudrbebcts nca n pnrtdgu`nr tbepirn`dty. Qlds tbxt, n grdtdgn` nppringl ti Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes, bxp`irbs sieb dabns tlnt lnvb nggiepncdba eb sdcgb D stnrtba wirhdck dc tlb abvb`ipebct io Gu`turnpbru.irk dc =::2. Ey imfbgtdvb dc pum`dsldck n md`dckun` vbrsdic io tlds wirh ds ti gictrdmutb ti tlb gdrgu`ntdic, dc tlds nca itlbr rbkdics, io dabns ic tlb depngt io tbglci`ikdbs dc gu`turn` pi`dgdbs. Qlb irdkdcn` vbrsdic io tlds tbxt dc Bck`dsl lns cit mbbc eiadba, nca ic`y edcir badtdck girrbgtdics lnvb mbbc enab ti tlb Wpncdsl vbrsdic. Qlds tlbsds wns giep`btba ic Nprd` io =:>= nca rbgbdvba tlb ‐Adstdckudslba Qlbsds Nwnra― Nwnra― orie tlb Abpnrtebct io Ebadn, Gu`turb, nca Gieeucdgntdic tlnt sneb ybnr.
D wiu`a `dhb ti tlnch ey tlbsds navdsir, N`bx ]. Kn``iwny, oir lds suppirt dc tlds rbsbnrgl prigbss nca Nrfuc Nppnaurnd oir tlb gicvbrsntdics tlnt gictrdmutba ti tlb bxp`irntdic io vnrdius tlbebs D bxp`irb dc tlds tbxt. D ne bspbgdn``y krntbou` ti Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Ncn Gbgd`dn Eictd``n, N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis, nca n`` tlb pbip`b tlnt wbrb dctbrvdbwba dc tlds prifbgt. D wiu`a n`si `dhb ti tlnch tlisb wli gictrdmutba dc adoobrbct eiebcts ti tlb rbvdsdic io tlds tbxt, nca dc pnrtdgu`nr ti Kdu`dncn Mirbn nca Zn`ien ]iardki, oir tlbdr vn`unm`b gieebcts. Qi Enrdn Grdstdcn Irizn oir tlb trncs`ntdic nca ti @nurn Kdrnuai oir tlb absdkc io tlds pum`dgntdic. Qi ey eitlbr, oir tbngldck eb liw ti `bnrc nca oir lbr gicstnct suppirt. Qi @ugdn Gumn, n`wnys nca nmivb n``, oir lbr giepncy g iepncy dc n fiurcby tlnt std`` gictdcubs.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Zrbsbct�gd÷c
Bstn dcvbstdkngd÷c oub absnrri``nan bctrb b` =:>: y =:>= aurnctb eds bstuadis ab enbstrån bc b` abpnrtnebcti ab Ebadis, Gieucdgngd÷c y Gu`turn bc `n ` n Rcdvbrsdana ab Cubvn Tirh. Tirh. Giei tian tbsds ab enbstrån, bstn rbspicab n gdbrtis rbqubrdedbctis dcstdtugdicn`bs y n ucn tbepirn`dana pnrtdgu`nr. Bstb tbxti, ucn nprixdengd÷c gråtdgn b` bstuadi ab `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, bxp`irn n`kucns dabns qub eb ngiepnþnc absab qub bepbgä n trnmn fnr bc b` absnrri``i ab Gu`turnpbru.irk bc b` =::2. B` imfbtdvi n` pum`dgnr ucn vbrsd÷c md`dckðb ab bstn dcvbstdkngd÷c bs picbr bc gdrgu`ngd÷c, bc bstn y itrns rbkdicbs, dabns rb`ngdicnans n` depngti ab `ns tbgci`ikåns bc `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs. Ci sb ln eiadgnai `n vbrsd÷c irdkdcn` ab` tbxti bc dck`äs, y s÷`i sb lnc lbgli girrbggdicbs g irrbggdicbs ebcirbs ab badgd÷c bc `n trnauggd÷c n` bspnþi`. Bstn tbsds sb tbredc÷ ab bsgrdmdr bc Nmrd` ab` =:>= y rbgdmd÷ b` ‐Zrbedi n `n Qbsds Adstdckudan― ab` abpnrtnebcti ab Ebadis, Gieucdgngd÷c, y Gu`turn bsb edsei nþi.
^udsdbrn nkrnabgbr n N`bxncabr ]. Kn``iwny, ed nsbsir ab tbsds, pir su npiyi bc bstb prigbsi ab dcvbstdkngd÷c y n Nrfuc Nppnaurnd pir `ns gicvbrsngdicbs qub gictrdmuybric n `n bxp`irngd÷c ab vnrdis tbens qub nquå sb nmiranc. Rc nkrnabgdedbcti bspbgdn` n Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Ncn Gbgd`dn Eictd``n, N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis y tians `ns pbrsicns qub oubric bctrbvdstnans pnrn bstb priybgti. Nsdedsei, n tians `ns pbrsicns qub gictrdmuybric bc advbrsis eiebctis n `n rbvdsd÷c ab `n rbanggd÷c ab bstb tbxti, bc pnrtdgu`nr n Kdu`dncn Mirbn y Zn`ien ]iardki pir sus vn`disis giebctnrdis. N Enrån Grdstdcn Irizn pir `n trnauggd÷c y n @nurn Kdrnuai pir b` adsbþi ab bstn pum`dgngd÷c. N ed enarb pir bcsbþnreb n nprbcabr y pir su gicstnctb npiyi. N @ugån @ugån Gum Gumn, n, giei sdbeprb sdbeprb y simrb simrb tiai, tiai, pir pir ngiep ngiepnþn nþnreb reb bc bstb vdnfb vdnfb qub qub nöc gictdcö gictdcön. n. c ` b A i d g d r u � E
;
Nmstr�gt
Qlds tlbsds navncgbs n grdtdgn` pbrspbgtdvb io Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes (GDW) dc @ntdc Nebrdgn, bxnedcdck tlbdr ri`b ns tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcebct nca nppnrntusbs tlnt gickurb n pnrtdgu`nr pi`dtdgn` bgiciey io gu`turb dc tlb rbkdic. GDW nrb giep`bx dcornstrugturbs tlnt ngt nt eu`tdp`b `bvb`s, slnpdck sumfbgtdvdtdbs nca depngtdck ic gi``bgtdvb nspdrntdics. Qlby bstnm`dsl bpdstbei`ikdgn` nca vn`untdic rbkdebs, wld`b gickurdck priaugtdvb nca bxtrngtdvb prigbssbs, tlb ‐cnturb― io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs nca tlb dcsgrdptdic io gu`turn` `ncasgnpbs. Qlriukl tlb stuay io tlb rbgbct nca ic-kidck gicstrugtdic io n GDW dc Zbru, tlds tlbsds beplnsdzbs tlb depirtncgb io n grdtdgn` nppringl dc GDW gicgbptun`dzntdic, ns n wny ti kbcbrntb eirb bxdm`b, pnrtdgdpntdvb nca bencgdpntiry dcoirentdic nca hciw`bakb systbes dc tlb b`a io gu`turn` pi`dgy. Nt tlb lbnrt io tlds stuay ds tlb nrkuebct tlnt n grdtdqub io GDW ds grugdn` ti oistbr n`tbrcntdvb nca bxpncaba pbrspbgtdvbs ic tlb ri`b io tlb nrts nca gu`turb dc luenc abvb`ipebct.
<
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
]bsuebc
Bstn tbsds pripicb ucn pbrspbgtdvn pbrspbgtd vn gråtdgn ab `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (WDG) bc @ntdcineärdgn, bxnedcncai su ri` giei tbgci`ikåns ab kimdbrci y npnrntis qub gickurnc ucn pnrtdgu`nr bgicieån pi`åtdgn ab `n gu`turn bc `n rbkd÷c. @is WDG sic dcornbstrugturns giep`bfns qub ngtönc bc eö`tdp`bs cdvb`bs, oirencai sumfbtdvdanabs b depngtncai `ns nspdrngdicbs gi`bgtdvns. Bstnm`bgbc bsqubens bpdstbei`÷kdgis y ab vn`irngd÷c n` edsei tdbepi qub gickurnc prigbsis priaugtdvis y bxtrngtdvis, bxtrngtdvis , `n ‐cnturn`bzn― ‐cnturn`bzn― ab `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs y `n dcsgrdpgd÷c ab pndsnfbs gu`turn`bs. Ebadnctb b` bstuadi ab `n gicstruggd÷c rbgdbctb y ngtun`ebctb bc prigbsi ab uc WDG bc b` Zbrö, bstn tbsds bcontdzn `n depirtncgdn ab uc bcoiqub gråtdgi bc `n gicgbptun`dzngd÷c ab `is WDG, giei ucn oiren ab kbcbrnr sdstbens ab gicigdedbcti b dcoirengd÷c eîs bxdm`bs, pnrtdgdpntdvis y bencgdpnairbs bc b` gnepi ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`. N` gbctri ab bstb bstuadi sb bcgubctrn b` nrkuebcti ab qub ucn gråtdgn ab `is WDG bs grugdn` pnrn oiebctnr pbrspbgtdvns n`tbrcntdvns y nep`dnans simrb b` ri` ab `ns nrtbs y `n gu`turn bc b` absnrri``i luenci.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
4
Qiany wb rbqudrb Dcoirentdic Wystbes tlnt mbkdc my nghciw`bakdck tlnt pum`dg pi`dgdbs sliu`a rbspica ti nc dcgrbnsdck`y prbgdsb nca abtnd`ba hciw`bakb io rbn`dty, nca tlnt tlds hciw`bakb eust mb enab nvnd`nm`b ti sigdbty oir dts rbvdbw nca ncn`ysds. Irkncdzntdic io Nebrdgnc Wtntbs (=:>>) (=:>>)
Cbi`dmbrn`dse ds eirb tlnc nc bgiciedg tlbiry. Dt n`si gicstdtutbs tlb gicadtdics oir n rnadgn``y rbkurba gu`turn` pi`dtdgs. Lbcry Kdriux
N grdtdqub ds cit n enttbr io snydck tlnt tldcks nrb cit rdklt ns ns tlby nrb. Dt ds n enttbr io pidctdck iut ic wlnt hdcas io nssueptdics, wlnt hdcas io oned`dnr, ucgln``bckba, ucgicsdabrba eiabs io tliuklt tlb prngtdgbs wb nggbpt rbst… [b [b eust orbb iursb`vbs orie tlb sngrn`dzntdic io tlb sigdn` ns tlb ic`y rbn`dty nca stip rbknradck ns supbruius siebtldck si bssbctdn` dc luenc `dob nca luenc rb`ntdics ns tliuklt. Edglb` Oiugnu`t Oiugnu`t
>:
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Ngtun`ebctb rbqubrdeis Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Dcoirengd÷c qub bepdbgbc pir rbgicigbr qub `ns pi`åtdgns pöm`dgns abmbc rbspicabr n uc gicigdedbcti gnan vbz eîs prbgdsi y abtn``nai ab `n rbn`dana, y qub bstb gicigdedbcti abmb picbrsb n adspisdgd÷c ab `n sigdbana pnrn su rbvdsd÷c y ncî`dsds. Irkncdzngd÷c ab Bstnais Nebrdgncis (=:>>) (=:>>)
B` cbi`dmbrn`dsei bs eîs qub ucn tbirån bgic÷edgn. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc gicstdtuyb `ns gicadgdicbs pnrn ucn pi`åtdgn gu`turn` rnadgn`ebctb rbkurnan. Lbcry Kdriux
Rcn gråtdgn ci gicsdstb bc abgdr qub `ns gisns ci bstîc mdbc giei bstîc. Wb trntn ab sbþn`nr simrb quä tdpis ab supubstis, quä tdpi ab eiais ab pbcsnedbcti oned`dnrbs, dcadsgutdm`bs, ci gicsdabrnais, rbsdabc `ns prîgtdgns qub ngbptneis.. Abmbeis `dmbrnrcis ab `n sngrn`dzngd÷c ab `i sigdn` giei `n öcdgn rbn`dana y abfnr ab gicsdabrnr giei supbrui n`ki qub bs tnc bsbcgdn` bc `n vdan luencn y bc `ns rb`ngdicbs luencns giei `i bs b` pbcsnedbcti. Edglb` Oiugnu`t Oiugnu`t
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
>>
>=
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Dctriauggd÷c
@n cigd÷c ab pi`åtdgn gu`turn` ln gnemdnai bc nþis rbgdbctbs. B` täredci ‐gu`turn― sb ln nep`dnai, ab ucn prbigupngd÷c bxg`usdvn pir `ns nrtbs y b` pntrdeicdi n ucn dctbrprbtngd÷c eîs nep`dn ab `n gu`turn giei oiren ab vdan (Qlrismy, =:>:). Bstn nep`dngd÷c tdbcb qub vbr gic ucn trncsoirengd÷c prioucan ab` bctirci bgic÷edgi bc b` qub sb priaugbc, adstrdmuybc y gicsuebc `is mdbcbs gu`turn`bs, abctri ab` enrgi ab `n k`imn`dzngd÷c (>:), pbri tnemdäc gic b` gicgbpti dcstruebctn` bebrkbctb ab `n gu`turn giei ucn p`ntnoiren pnrn `n trncsoirengd÷c sigdn`, pripubstn pir irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs ab mnsb y rbabs n`rbabair ab` eucai, gicbgtnans n trnväs ab tbgci`ikåns ab gieucdgngd÷c b dcoirengd÷c bstnm`bgdans y bebrkbctbs (Ebrgbr bc Gvfbtd ncdc, =:>>). Wd mdbc bstb gicgbpti nep`dnai ab gu`turn pubab pbrgdmdrsb bc euglis gnsis, lny ucn tbcabcgdn n bcoignrsb prdcgdpn`ebctb bc `n depirtncgdn ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` bc täredcis bgic÷edgis b depu`snais pir b` ebrgnai (Ad Enkkdi, >4<7). B` lbgli ab qub `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs bc pnåsbs ‐absnrri``nais― lnync grbgdai gic eîs rnpdabz qub itris sbgtirbs bc `n ö`tden aägnan ln gictrdmudai n oirtn`bgbr `n rbt÷rdgn ab `n dcaustrdn gu`turn` y `n `bkdtdedana `bkdtdeda na bgic÷edgn ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` (Qlrismy, =:>:6 ?). Bsti ln kbcbrnai uc enyir dctbräs ab pnrtb ab irkncdzngdicbs dctbrcngdicn`bs giei `n RCBWGI bc prieivbr `n bxpncsd÷c y oirtn`bgdedbcti ab `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs bc b` Wur y `n grbngd÷c ab ‐ebrgnais gu`turn`bs― rbkdicn`bs. Wd mdbc bstb dctbräs ln sdai vdsti gic bctusdnsei pir n`kucis sbgtirbs ldst÷rdgnebctb rb`bknais, lny ucn rbsdstbcgdn adsgursdvn y prîgtdgn gnan vbz eîs irkncdznan, gictrn ucn `÷kdgn qub n`kucns irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs ab mnsb pbrgdmbc giei priaugti ab dabi`ikåns cbi`dmbrn`bs b dcg`usi giei ucn cubvn oiren ab depbrdn`dsei gu`turn`.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
@is qub sb ipicbc n uc bctbcadedbcti purnebctb bgic÷edgi ab `n depirtncgdn ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` bc b` eucai ngtun`, pripicbc pripi cbc ucn sbrdb ab gicgbpgdicbs n`tbrcntdvns simrb b` ri` ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` bc b` absnrri``i sigdn`. N`kucis absgrdmbc n `n gu`turn giei uc rbgursi pnrn b` absnrri``i (Töadgb, =::7). Ab ngubrai gic bstb pucti ab vdstn, `n nggd÷c gu`turn` pubab dcdgdnr y enctbcbr prigbsis depirtnctbs pnrn b` absnrri``i luenci bc gieucdanabs n`rbabair ab` eucai, rb`ngdicnais gic `n sistbcdmd`dana, abrbglis pnrn `ns edciråns, gilbsd÷c sigdn`, gicsi`dangd÷c ab `n pnz, y sn`ua pöm`dgn, bctrb itris tbens. Nutirbs giei @bwds y Ed``br (=::=) dabctdgnc n `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` giei ‐uc `uknr pnrn `n priauggd÷c ab gduanancis gu`turn`bs, aicab `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs mrdcanc ci s÷`i uc îemdti ab rbprbsbctngdicbs simrb uci edsei y itris, sdci ucn sbrdb ab `÷kdgns pnrn tdpis ab gicaugtn bspbgågis― (bc Dsnr, =::4). Absab bstn pbrspbgtdvn `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` bstî adrbgtnebctb rb`ngdicnan n `n oiren bc qub gicgbmdeis `i qub bstî pbredtdai y `i qub bs pisdm`b. Qdbcb qub vbr gic `n encbrn bc qub gicstrudeis ucn vdsd÷c ab` eucai y cubstrn gnpngdana ab nspdrngd÷c (Nppnaurnd bc ]ni y [n`tic, =::1). Bstn tbsds sb bcoignrî bc bstn ö`tden gicgbpgd÷c simrb `is bobgtis ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` y `ns tbgci`ikåns ab kimdbrci qub sistdbcbc bstis prigbsis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c.
>7
@n rbt÷rdgn ngtun` ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` dcg`uyb `n dcvigngd÷c y b` usi ab tbgci`ikåns ab ebadgd÷c y gunctdgngd÷c ab rbgursis gu`turn`bs (sdtdis gu`turn`bs, imfbtis, bxprbsdicbs, btg.) giei ucn oiren ab `bkdtdedznr `ns abgdsdicbs y nggdicbs ab` kimdbrci bc bstb gnepi. @is gicfuctis ab dcadgnairbs gu`turn`bs b dabns simrb `n depirtncgdn ab bstnaåstdgns gu`turn`bs sb lnc vub`ti euy pipu`nrbs, rbvb`ncai ucn pi`åtdgn pi`åtdg n ab `n bcuebrngd÷c qub, giei nrkuebctnrä, bs gicgiedtnctb gic b` depu`si lngdn `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab` sbgtir gu`turn`. Bsti ln ``bvnai n `is kimdbrcis n prieivbr `i qub piaråneis ``nenr `n ‐tbgcdgngd÷c― ‐tbgcdgngd÷c― ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`, prigbsi ebadnctb b` gun` `ns tbgci`ikåns tbgci` ikåns ab dcoirengd÷c y gieucdgngd÷c y `ns gdbcgdns ab `n dcoirengd÷c, sic dctriaugdans n `is prigbsis ab kimdbrci giei gi ei ucn oiren ab `bkdtdenr gdbrtis rbkåebcbs ab gicigdedbcti y imfbtdvis pi`åtdgis. Bsti dctriaugb bstîcanrbs, sdstbens ab g`nsdgngd÷c y bvn`ungd÷c giepnrntdvn Xmbcglenrhdck systbesU, tbgci`ikåns ab enpbi, y b` usi ab sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c y tbgci`ikåns ab `n gieucdgngd÷c pnrn `n vdkd`ncgdn y b` gictri`, abctri ab` ucdvbrsi ab `ns pi`åtdgn gu`turn`bs y ab `n kbstd÷c gu`turn`. Bstis sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c ci sic dcigbctbs, y giei tn`bs bstîc bembmdais gic dabns y pi`åtdgns (Mruci, =::4). Bstn tbsds nmiran bspbgågnebctb n `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (WDG) absnrri``nais y npiynais pir `is Bstnais, bctbcadäcai`is giei ÷rabcbs sigdi-tägcdgis depu`snais pir kimdbrcis y gicgdmdäcai`is giei tbgci`ikåns ab piabr, tn` giei `ns absgrdmb a bsgrdmb Oiugnu`t (bc Wtnl`, =::<). @ns tbgci`ikåns ab piabr oirenc sufbtis giei ebadi pnrn aiedcnr dcadvdauis y ``bvnr`is n qub sb abcnc bc oirens bspbgågns (Ed``br, >447). Bc bstb gnsi `is WDG oucgdicnc tnemdäc giei ucn tbgci`ikån ab kimdbrci, ‐ucn oiren ab encdpu`nr n` pöm`dgi lngdbcai qub sb encbfb n sd edsei― (=:). Giei sukdbrb Ed``br (>447), bsti sb `ikrn ebadnctb `n dcsgrdpgd÷c entbrdn` ab` adsgursi bc `ns pi`åtdgns pi` åtdgns y prikrnens ab` Bstnai gu`turn`- gnpdtn`dstn (xddd)6 @n ipbrngd÷c ab` gicigdedbcti bcticgbs sb gicvdbrtb bc uc admufi ab` piabr, b` piabr bfbrgdai pir dcstdtugdicbs oirenans pir y y bstns edsens n su vbz (Ed``br, >4476xxdd, oirencai gicigdedbctis simrb sumfbtdvdanabs adspicdm`bs (Ed``br, ed äconsds). Bstb bstuadi bxp`irn g÷ei `is WDG tdbcbc uc ri` ngtdvi bc `i qub Ed``br (>447) dabctdgn giei `n grbngd÷c ab sufbtis gu`turn`bs ‐dcgiep`btis―. @n dabn ab sufbtis gu`turn`bs dcgiep`btis npuctn lngdn ucn oubrzn lbkbe÷cdgn qub adgtn `i qub rbqudbrb uc gduananci pnrn sbr uc gduananci bctbri, y bs pnrtdgu`nrebctb depirtnctb bc rb`ngd÷c n `is abmntbs gictbepirîcbis simrb gduanancån gu`turn`. Bstn tbsds usn bstn dabn ab `i dcgiep`bti y pripicb `n dabn ab ‐bspngdis gu`turn`bs dcgiep`btis―, ucn cigd÷c qub bebrkb ebadnctb ebad nctb b` ‐enpbi gu`turn`― y b` rbgicigdedbcti ab `n nusbcgdn ab dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs lbkbe÷cdgns (Bf. mdm`ditbgns, gbctris gu`turn`bs, eusbis y tbntris) bc îrbns bspbgågns ab uc tbrrdtirdi, bc tncti itris bspngdis gu`turn`bs (Bf. Bspngdis dcaåkbcns, dcabpbcadbctbs i gictrn-gu`turn`bs) sb lngbc dcvdsdm`bs. B` nsucti bs qub uc bspngdi gu`turn` dcgiep`bti sb gicvdbrtb bc ucn ipirtucdana pnrn `bkdtdenr `n dctbrvbcgd÷c ab` Bstnai y `n dcsgrdpgd÷c pi`åtdgn ab uc pndsnfb gu`turn`. Giei vbrbeis eîs nab`nctb, `i qub bstî bc fubki bc b` adsbþi y usi ab `is WDG bs ucn oiren ab `bkdmd`dana (Wgitt, >44<).
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Bs grugdn` absnrri``nr ucn nprixdengd÷c gråtdgn n `is WDG pir qub bstis sdstbens tdbcbc uc depngti adrbgti bc cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` y bc `n pisdmd`dana ab dctbrvbcdr bc `n edsen, n`ki qub Töadgb y Ed``br gicsdabrnc pnrtb depirtnctb ab `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c bc gu`turn (bc @bwds y Ed``br, =::=). Bctbcabr b` trnmnfi ab `is WDG tnemdäc bs depirtnctb pubsti qub bstns adspisdgdicbs bstnm`bgbc rbkåebcbs bpdstbei`÷kdgis
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piabrisis y gicsi`danc adsgursis ab kimdbrci (gicfuctis ab abg`nrngdicbs qub abtbredcnc nggdicbs y pbcsnedbctis) simrb pi`åtdgn gu`turn`. B` bstuadi ab `is WDG dep`dgn ci s÷`i nmiranr prîgtdgns adsgursdvns qub sb dcsgrdmbc bc pi`åtdgns pnrtdgu`nrbs, sdci tnemdäc `is npnrntis sigdi-tbgci`÷kdgis y `ns prîgtdgns ab dcoirengd÷c qub sistdbcbc dcornbstrugturns b dabi`ikåns pnrn `n nggd÷c gu`turn`. Bstn tbsds gicstdtuyb uc prdebr pnsi lngdn uc nmiranfb gråtdgi gråtdg i ab `is WDG y b` ri` qub absbepbþnc bc `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`. g u`turn`. B` bstuadi sb bcoign bc b` gnsi ab Zbrö, pnås qub rbgdbctbebctb dcdgd÷ b` trnmnfi lngdn `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab uc WDG cngdicn`, dcspdrnai y mnsnai bc `n bxpbrdbcgdn ab itris pnåsbs `ntdcinebrdgncis giei Eäxdgi. @n bxpbrdbcgdn pbruncn ‗ ngtun`ebctb bc absnrri``i ‗ bs pnrtdgu`nrebctb rbvb`nairn bc su btnpn dcdgdn`, yn qub eubstrn `ns nspdrngdicbs ab` Bstnai qub kuånc `n gicstruggd÷c ab gdedbctis gicgbptun`bs pnrn `is WDG, y `ns `÷kdgns qub sdtönc pi`åtdgnebctb n bstb tdpi ab sdstben bc uc pnås bc absnrri``i. Bstb bstuadi dctbkrn dabns absab b` bstuadi ab `n kumbrcnebctn`dana (Oiugnu`t dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<6>228 Nknembc, =::48 Nppnaurnd, =::>8 ]iy, ]iy, =::48 Mrÿgh`dck bt n`, =:>:), b` gnepi bebrkbctb ab `n dcvbstdkngd÷c gråtdgn ab sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c (G]DW, bc dck`äs) (Wtnl`, =::<8 Edckbrs & [d``gighs, =::1), `n gnrtikrnoån gråtdgn (Grneptic & Hrykdbr, =::?), y abmntbs gictbepirîcbis simrb `n cigd÷c gnemdnctb ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs (Töadgb, =::78 Ed``br, >447). B` prdebr pnsi pnrn bstnm`bgbr uc enrgi gråtdgi pnrn b` bstuadi ab `is WDG giei sb absnrri``nc bc b` Wur, bs bsmiznr ucn gråtdgn ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs. Rci ab `is prdcgdpn`bs nrkuebctis ab bstn tbsds bs qub liy bc aån `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` ci bs si`nebctb uc täredci bc adsputn, sdci tnemdäc ucn gicstruggd÷c qub rbspicab prdcgdpn`ebctb n dabi`ikåns gnpdtn`dstns y n nspdrngdicbs k`imn`bs cbi`dmbrn`bs bspbgågns. bspbgå gns. Ngtun`ebctb, `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs bstîc kbcbrn`ebctb bxprbsnans bc b` `bckunfb ab `is ebrgnais k`imn`bs qub bctdbcabc `ns sumfbtdvdanabs gu`turn`bs absab ucn pbrspbgtdvn eu`tdgu`turn`. B` eu`tdgu`turn`dsei, giei euglis `i lnc dcadgnai, depicb nqub``ns oirens vî`dans (y sbkurns) ab ‐sbr gu`turn`― bc b` eucai ab liy, liy, gicstdtuyäcaisb giei `i qub ŵdųbh ``nen ` `nen ‐`n `÷kdgn gu`turn` ab` gnpdtn`dsei eu`tdcngdicn`― (>44;). Bstn tbsds nmiran `is bobgtis ab `n cnturn`bzn bc adsputn ab` täredci ‐pi`åtdgn gu`turn`― bc `n ngtun`dana, pripicdbcai ucn gråtdgn ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` nrtdgu`nan bc eö`tdp`bs cdvb`bs.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
B` cdvb` eîs imvdi bs b` rb`ngdicnai gic `n cigd÷c y abcdgd÷c pnrtdgu`nrebctb dcbstnm`b y eu`tdvign` ab` täredci ‐gu`turn― y g÷ei bstn dcabtbredcngd÷c sb encdbstn bc `n prîgtdgn y bxpbrdbcgdn ab `n pi`åtdgn pöm`dgn. Itri cdvb` tdbcb qub vbr gic `ns prîgtdgns adsgursdvns ab ‐dcvignr n `n gu`turn― bc `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` (Aieåckubz bc Mrnaoira bt n`, =:::). N` gicgbmdr n `n gu`turn giei n`ki dcvignai bc vbz ab n`ki qub ‐bs― piabeis pnsnr ab uc abmntb dctbredcnm`b y bstärd` bc guncti n `i qub `n gu`turn rbn`ebctb bs, n `i qub sic sus usis pi`åtdgis bc `n ngtun`dana (=7). Absab bstn pbrspbgtdvn rnadgn`, `n ‐Gu`turn― pubab sbr bctbcadan giei uc imfbti adsgursdvi sdtunai ldst÷rdgnebctb, bc uc irdkbc buripbi bspbgågi y ucn ldstirdn btcigäctrdgn (=;). @n rb`ngd÷c bctrb gu`turn y pi`åtdgn gu`turn`, gnrknan ab ucn sbcsdmd`dana iggdabctn` igg dabctn` (Dsnr =::4), sb sistdbcb giei ucn dricån bc b` Wur, Wur, aicab `ns irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs ab mnsb encdbstnc orbgubctbebctb qub `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs sic cbgbsnrdns pnrn b` absnrri``i nut÷ciei b dcabpbcadbctb ab sus sigdbanabs, kbcbrn`ebctb absab ucn pbrspbgtdvn cngdicn`dstn y n`kucns vbgbs pisgi`icdn`. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc bs depirtnctb gicsdabrnr qub dcvignr `n cbgbsdana ab pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs bs tnemdäc ucn dcvigngd÷c ab` Bstnai giei oiren pi`åtdgn (iggdabctn`) vî`dan. Bsti npnrbgb giei ucn gictrnadggd÷c, yn qub `ns irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs ab mnsb dcsdstbc sdeu`tîcbnebctb bc ucn gicgbpgd÷c pist-cngdicn` ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, trnsgbcadbcai `ns orictbrns ab` Bstnai y `ns orictbrns pi`åtdgns. >2
^uban g`nri qub bs cbgbsnrdi giep`dgnr b` gicgbpti ngtun` ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`. Bstb bs uc pnsi grugdn` lngdn uc abmntb gictbepirîcbi simrb `is WDG giei adspisdgdicbs sigdi-tägcdgns y tbgci`ikåns ab piabr, giei npnrntis qub gicstdtuybc sdtdis depirtnctbs pnrn b` abmntb y `n dctbrvbcgd÷c. @is WDG fuctnc n `n pi`åtdgn ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, gic b` enpbi y `is sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c. Gicstdtuybc ucn ipirtucdana depirtnctb pnrn dctriaugdr abmntbs absab `ns gdbcgdns ab `n dcoirengd÷c, `n tbirån ab `is sdstbens, y `n tbirån gråtdgn y `isioån n` îemdti ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`. Bstis tdpis ab sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c ci lnc sdai bstuadnais absab ucn pbrspbgtdvn gråtdgn bc b` pnsnai y tdbcabc n sbr gicsdabrnais giei uc tben simrb b` gun` tiais `is ngtirbs pi`åtdgis pubabc bstnr ab ngubrai. Bsti sb abmb n qub `n dabn ab sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c bc b` bstuadi ab pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs gic orbgubcgdn sb gicsdabrn npi`åtdgn. Ab `n edsen oiren, bc b` ucdvbrsi ab `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn`, `ns tbgci`ikåns bc kbcbrn` sub`bc sbr gicsdabrnans npi`åtdgns. Bs depirtnctb gictrnrrbstnr bstn pbrspbgtdvn. Znrn piabr lngbr`i abmbeis nprixdenrcis n `is WDG ab ngubrai n su trnmnfi sdeu`tîcbi bc cdvb`bs adobrbctbs6 giei ebgncdseis ab g`nsdgngd÷c y enpbi, giei rbabs ab pbrsicns b dcstdtugdicbs y giei tbgci`ikåns ab gicigdedbcti y piabr. Qiais `is WDG sb dcvi`ugrnc bc n`kucn oiren ab enpbi gu`turn`, n`kucns vbgbs ``nenai gnrtikrnoån gu`turn`. Giei adspisdtdvis gnrtikrîgis, bstis lbrbanc adrbgtnebctb ucn ldstirdn gu`turn` bspbgågn (Ln`by, =:::). Zir bfbep`i, `is bspbgdn`dstns bc Zbrö sb rbbrbc n` ‐Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn`―, ngtun`ebctb bc absnrri``i bc guntri pnåsbs ab @ntdcineärdgn, giei `is gdedbctis ab` WDG pbrunci (E. Cirdbkn, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). @ns tbgci`ikåns ab enpbi sic gbctrn`bs pnrn `is WDG y gicstdtuybc b` ebadi prdeiradn` pnrn rbprbsbctnr `n dcoirengd÷c bc b` sdstben. Qiais `is WDG dcg`uybc enpns y `n enyirån bstîc sdbcai eiadgnais abmdai n `n pipu`nrdzngd÷c y enyir nggbsi n tbgci`ikåns KDW giei Kiik`benps. Bstis gnemdis tbcarîc rnedgngdicbs gicsdabrnm`bs bc `n vdan adnrdn ab `ns pbrsicns y su rb`ngd÷c n `is WDG bc b` outuri. Bc `n ngtun`dana, `is enpns gu`turn`bs qub sb kbcbrnc n trnväs ab `is WDG gicstdtuybc uc cdvb` depirtnctb ab ebadngd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` y pi`åtdgns pöm`dgns. @ns pi`åtdgns pi`åtdg ns abtrîs ab bstb prigbsi ci lnc sdai bstuadnans nöc n prioucadana. Bstn tbsds gicstdtuyb uc prdebr pnsi bc bsn adrbggd÷c. N trnväs ab bctrbvdstns gic oucgdicnrdis n gnrki ab` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab` WDG bc b` Zbrö, sb abeistrnrî giei `is WDG privbbc n `is bstnais b` piabr pnrn itirknr `bkdtdedana gu`turn`, nucqub ab encbrn prbgnrdn. Giei vbrbeis, b` gnrîgtbr sumcncgdnai ab `ns dcdgdntdvns pöm`dgns pnrn kbcbrnr ‐dcoirengd÷c gu`turn`― bc pnåsbs giei Zbrö, gicvdbrtb n `is WDG bc ucn g`nsb ab tbgci`ikån ab vdkd`ncgdn dcgiep`btn, abpbcadbctb ab `ns pbrsicns y ab `is krupis qub b` Bstnai musgn kimbrcnr. Bc bstb sbctdai, bstuadnr `is WDG bc pnåsbs bc absnrri``i bs ucn ipirtucdana pnrn bstuadnr `i qub bstn tbsds abcb giei tbgci`ikåns prbgnrdns ab kimdbrci, bs abgdr, adspisdtdvis sigdi-tägcdgis qub bc vdrtua ab su cncgdngd÷c `dedtnan, ab `n on`tn ab nggbsi n rbgursis luencis abmdanebctb gnpngdtnais, on`tn ab p`ncdgngd÷c n `nrki p`nzi y vu`cbrnmd`dana pi`åtdgn nctb `is gnemdis bc b` `dabrnzki ab` kimdbrci, bxdstbc bc `n oiren ab uc adsgursi ab `i ‐dcgiep`bti― sded`nr n `n gduanancån dcgiep`btn qub q ub Ed``br (>447) absgrdmb.
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Absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `n gnrtikrnoån gråtdgn, `is enpns bstîc ngtdvis y priaugbc `n rbn`dana tncti giei `n rbprbsbctnc (Grneptic y Hrybkbr, =::?, Lnr`by, =:>=). @is enpns gicstruybc gicigdedbcti ngtdvnebctb, bfbrgbc piabr y pubabc sbr uc ebadi piabrisi pnrn prieivbr b` gnemdi sigdn` (Hiwn`shd bc Gn`liuc & Wbccbtt, =::;). N` dkun` qub `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, b` enpbi y `n edrnan gnrtikrîgn gnr tikrîgn ‐giadgnc― ‐giadgnc― n `is sufbtis y priaugbc dabctdanabs. Zdgh`bs (bc Grneptic y Hrybkbr, =::?) gicsdabrn n` enpbi giei `n priauggd÷c ab
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
bspngdi, kbikrnoån, `uknr y tbrrdtirdi nså giei ab `ns dabctdanabs pi`åtdgns ab `ns pbrsicns qub lnmdtnc y gicoirenc bstis bspngdis. Bc bstb sbctdai, `is WDG pubabc sbr bctbcadais giei nrtbongtis gikcdtdvis (Ciren, =::4). Wd mdbc euglis bspbgdn`dstns y bstuadisis gicsdabrnc n` enpbi ab priaugtis, bspngdis y bxprbsdicbs gu`turn`bs giei uc bfbrgdgdi oucanebctn` bc `n prieigd÷c ab `n gduanancån gu`turn` (Ebrgbr, =::=), bs depirtnctb sistbcbr qub bstn prîgtdgn ci bs purnebctb bencgdpnairn, yn qub b` ngti ab` enpbi tnemdäc sb gicvdbrtb bc uc prigbsi n trnväs ab` gun` gdbrtis rbgursis gu`turn`bs sic dcsbrtnais y gickurnais giei pnrtb ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn`. Zripicki qub `n Bgicieån Gu`turn` bs uc gicstrugti qub abmbrån bctbcabrsb prdcgdpn`ebctb giei bgicieån pi`åtdgn. Bc itrns pn`nmrns, giei uc priybgti pi`åtdgi qub sb bsebrn bc grbnr, ebadnctb b` irabcnedbcti ab `ns oubrzns y pi`åtdgns ab priauggd÷c gnpdtn`dstn, ‐ucn rbn`dana sigdn` qub sukdbrb yn bxdstb― (@behb, =:>>m). Bsti ci bs cbgbsnrdnebctb mbcbgdisi cd ``bvn lngdn b` ebfirnedbcti bc `n gn`dana ab vdan ab nqub``ns gieucdanabs dcvi`ugrnans bc `n grbngd÷c ab bsis priaugtis y sbrvdgdis. Liy aån, `n Bgicieån Gu`turn` bc `n qub bstîc dcsbrtnais `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs dep`dgn ucn advdsd÷c pnrtdgu`nr ab trnmnfi gu`turn` (@bwds y Ed``br, =::=8 Töadgb, =::7) y vnrdns prîgtdgns pnrn `n bxtrnggd÷c ab` vn`ir. Guncai sic ‐gnpturnais― pir `is WDG, `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs (`uknrbs, dcstdtugdicbs, dabns, nrtbongtis, deîkbcbs y ngtdvdanabs) ci si`nebctb bctrnc bc b` eivdedbcti ab `is ufis ab dcoirengd÷c k`imn`. @i qub bs eîs depirtnctb bs qub qubanc gickurnais giei pnrtb ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` n trnväs ab ebadis dcoirengdicn`bs. Eb rbbri n ‐gnpturn― giei nqub``n ebtîoirn-eiab`i `is÷gn absgrdtn pir Nkrb (>441) y pripicki qub b` nspbgti dcoirengdicn` y gieputngdicn` ab `is WDG tdbcab n sbr sumbstdenai. Bc bobgti, bs depirtnctb gicsdabrnr g÷ei `is WDG bstîc giepubstis ci si`nebctb ab rbgursis luencis sdci tnemdäc ab ucn dcornbstrugturn gieputngdicn` (qub abpbcab ab eîqudcns pnrn prigbsnr dcoirengd÷c y lngbr vdsun`dzngdicbs) pirqub bsti gic``bvn n `n gicstdtugd÷c ab uc räkdebc bpdstäedgi pnrtdgu`nr. Giei ebcgdicn Nkrb (>441), abmdai n qub ucn eîqudcn si`nebctb si` nebctb pubab prigbsnr `i qub pubab gnpturnr, b` eucai abmb dcstruebctnrsb ab `n oiren abmdan. Bsti sb rbbrb n `ns `ns oucgdicbs bpdstäedgns y ÷ctdgns qub tdbcbc `ns gieputnairns (Mrby, =::2). Bc itrns pn`nmrns, `ns gieputnairns trnmnfnc ci si`nebctb giei adspisdtdvis gikcdtdvis, sdci tnemdäc giei adspisdtdvis ebadnctb `is gun`bs sb pubab bcorbctnr uc bctirci bc pnrtdgu`nr (7=). Bstn tbsds nmiran `n pi`åtdgn abtrîs ab bstn dctbrnggd÷c ab rbgursis gu`turn`bs y bgicieåns gic ebadis dcoirengdicn`bs, y g÷ei bstn sb encdbstn n trnväs ab `ns nggdicbs ab` Bstnai y `n Wigdbana Gdvd`. @n dcstruebctn`dzngd÷c ab uc eucai dep`dgn ucn icti`ikån. Bc itrns pn`nmrns, dep`dgn uc irabcnedbcti ab` eucai, uc irabc n` gun` bstnrîc sufbtis tiais `is b`bebctis gnpturnais. Wd mdbc bs tbctnair gicgbmdr bsti giei ucn ebgîcdgn dcbvdtnm`b, bstb bstuadi nrkuebctnrî qub bstnr gicgdbctbs ab `ns pi`åtdgns ab gnpturn bc `is sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c cis pubab pbredtdr adsbþnr WDG n`tbrcntdvis y prieivbr ‐gu`turns ab enpbi― n`tbrcntdvns (Zbrhdcs, =::1), absab ucn pbrspbgtdvn dabi`÷kdgn adobrbctb, gic itrns bgicieåns bc ebctb y pir tncti iorbgdbcai icti`ikåns n`tbrcntdvns bembmdans bc dcornbstrugturns gieputngdicn`bs. Bep`bncai b` bfbep`i ab Gu`turnpbru.irk, uc WDG absnrri``nai y enctbcdai absab ucn nsigdngd÷c gdvd` bc Zbrö, bstb bstuadi sukbrdrî g÷ei sb pubab gicstrudr ucn icti`ikån n`tbrcntdvn pnrn gnpturnr b dcstruebctn`dznr `n gu`turn, absgrdmdbcai absg rdmdbcai n` edsei tdbepi vnrdns dep`dgncgdns pi`åtdgns qub piarånc sbr dcbvdtnm`bs bc `n `÷kdgn ab `is WDG y piarånc bctbcabrsb giei `is `åedtbs ab `ns gnrtikrnoåns pnrtdgdpntdvns (B`wiia, =::?). c ` b A i d g d r u � E
N cdvb` ab` adsgursi y `n rbt÷rdgn ab `ns pi`åtdgns pöm`dgns, `is WDG sic gicsdabrnais giei dcornbstrugturns depirtnctbs qub mrdcanc dcoirengd÷c bc `is prigbsis ab tien ab abgdsdicbs pnrn b` adsbþi ab pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs. Zir bfbep`i, b` Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` ab Eäxdgi (lttp6//sdg.gicngu`tn.kim.ex) bs absgrdti giei ‐uc pirtn` b`bgtr÷cdgi y ucn mnsb ab
>;
antis ab Dctbrcbt absnrri``nais pir b` Gicgbfi Cngdicn` ab Gu`turn y Nrtbs ab Eäxdgi, qub iorbgb dcoirengd÷c vnrdnan y ngtun`dznan pnrn b`nmirnr adnkc÷stdgis, irdbctnr `is `i s prigbsis ab tien ab abgdsdicbs y `n bvn`ungd÷c ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs― (WDG-Eäxdgi, =:>>). ‐Zi`åtdgns mnsnans bc bvdabcgdn― b ‐dcoirengd÷c pnrn `n tien ab abgdsdicbs―, sic n`kucis ab `is täredcis eîs pipu`nrbs qub vdcgu`nc dcoirengd÷c y `n b`nmirngd÷c ab pi`åtdgns pöm`dgns liy bc aån. @is WDG sic pnrtb ab` adsgursi ab nggdicbs nggdi cbs mnsnans bc bvdabcgdn, y uc bstuadi gråtdgi ab `is edseis abmbrî gubstdicnr quä sdkcdgn ‐mnsnai bc bvdabcgdns― bc b` gictbxti ab `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs y `ns dcdgdntdvns pöm`dgns. Znrn absnrri``nr ucn gråtdgn ab `is WDG tnemdäc bs cbgbsnrdi trntnr b` gicgbpti ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` pbr sb, gubstdicncai `n npnrbctb bstnmd`dana ab bstn cigd÷c y itris gicgbptis rb`ngdicnais giei antis, gicigdedbcti y snmdaurån. @n pn`nmrn ‐dcoirengd÷c― bc b` täredci ‐dcoirengd÷c gu`turn`― dcvign uc gicgbpti tägcdgi npnrbctbebctb puri, rb`ngdicnai n `ns ebgîcdgns supubstnebctb gicgrbtns ab `n kbstd÷c ab `n dcoirengd÷c dcoir engd÷c y b` gicigdedbcti. Wdc bemnrki, cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ngtun` ab `n dcoirengd÷c bs rb`ngdicn`6 `n dcoirengd÷c kbcbrn`ebctb bs bctbcadan bc rb`ngd÷c n `n dabn ab antis y ab gicigdedbcti. Wb sub`b abgdr qub `is antis sic sdep`bs lbglis i såemi`is qub ci gictdbcbc sdkcdgnai8 `is pntricbs ab antis kbcbrnc dcoirengd÷c, y `n dctbrprbtngd÷c ab `n dcoirengd÷c kbcbrn gicigdedbcti. gicig dedbcti. Bstn gicgbpgd÷c rb`ngdicn` sumyngbctb nsueb sbgubcgdn`dana y fbrnrquån8 uc eiab`i ab prigbsi aicab n`ki sdep`b bs gicvbrtdai bc n`ki eîs giep`bfi y vn`disi (Quied, (Quied, >444). Wdc bemnrki, bsti ci bs vbrana. @n dcoirengd÷c ci pubab sbr sdep`bebctb `n dcybggd÷c ab sdkcdgnai bc `is antis, pirqub `is antis yn tdbcbc sdkcdgnai8 ab itrn encbrn ci sbrån pisdm`b pbrgdmdr`is (Dctricn, >44; bc Wtnl`, =::<). Ab ngubrai gic Kn``iwny & Qlnghbr (=::;), sd mdbc `is antis ci tdbcbc ucn tägcdgn pnrn grbnr sdkcdgnai (s÷`i tägcdgns pnrn `n dctbrgicbxd÷c XdctbrongdckU y b` ncî`dsds XpnrsdckU) b` sdkcdgnai s÷`i bxdstb giei b` uemrn` ab ebzg`ns bctrb ais i eîs tbgci`ikåns6 B` sdkcdgnai bs gicvbrsd÷c ab antis. @n bsbcgdn ab `n pdrîedab ab Antis-Dcoirengd÷c-Gicigdedbcti-Wnmdaurån (ADH[ pir sus sdk`ns bc dck`äs) bs bstn sbgubcgdn`dana y fbrnrquån ab nmstrnggdicbs, uc eiab`i qub bs pnrtb ab` gncic ab `ns Gdbcgdns ab `n Dcoirengd÷c y simrb b` gun` bxdstb nmucanctb `dtbrnturn (Lby, (Lby, =::18 Mbrcstbdc, =::48 Fbccbx, =::48 Ordghb, =::48 ]iw`by, =::?8 Quied, >444). Ziaråneis abgdr qub `n ‐pdrîedab ab` gicigdedbcti― bs uci ab `is eiab`is eîs oucanebctn`bs, nep`dnebctb rbgicigdais y anais pir sbctnai bc `n `dtbrnturn simrb dcoirengd÷c y gicigdedbcti (Ordghb, =::4). B` ngbrgnedbcti trnadgdicn` n `n pdrîedab ADH[ gicsdabrn n `is antis giei ‐lbglis mîsdgis, adsgrbtis, imfbtdvis, tn`bs giei qudäc, quä y guîcai, simrb n`ki― (Fbccbx, =::46 =). Wbkudanebctb sb gicsdabrn n `n dcoirengd÷c giei ‐antis qub sb rb`ngdicnc bctrb b``is n trnväs ab uc gictbxti qub q ub pripirgdicn ucn ldstirdn ötd`― (7). Absab bstn pbrspbgtdvn, b` gicigdedbcti bs ‐dcoirengd÷c qub ln sdai bctbcadan gu`turn`ebctb ab tn` encbrn qub bxp`dgn b` g÷ei y b` pirquä ngbrgn ab n`ki i pripirgdicn adsgbrcdedbcti y bctbcadedbcti simrb n`ki― (=). Wbköc Fbccbx Fbccbx (=::4, =) `n snmdaurån gi`ign n `n dcoirengd÷c bc uc enrgi qub pbredtb np`dgnr b` gicigdedbcti bc sdtungdicbs adobrbctbs y ci cbgbsnrdnebctb dctudtdvns, bc tncti qub Mbrcstbdc (=::4) nrkuebctn qub ‐snmdaurån― sdkcdgn `n lnmd`dana ab vbr `ns gicsbgubcgdns n `nrki p`nzi ab gun`qudbr ngti y bvn`unr`ns bc rb`ngd÷c n` dabn` ab` gictri` titn` (7). Zir tncti, ci abmbrån sirprbcabrcis qub `n gicadgd÷c g icadgd÷c pi`åtdgn ab `is antis y `n dcoirengd÷c kbcbrn`ebctb ci sbn bstuadnan.
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@n fbrnrquån ADH[, gic su nep`dn mnsb oirenan pir antis, bs pbrgdmdan giei sbkurn y bstnm`b (]iw`by, =::?) y tnemdäc bstî prbsbctb bc b` adsbþi ab `is WDG. @n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` gicgdmb n `n ‐dcoirengd÷c gu`turn`― giei n`ki gicgrbti qub bs priaugti ab` sbctdai gieöc. Bs grugdn` absbstnmd`dznr n `n dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` giei gicstrugti y giep`dgnr `n fbrnrquån ADH[ giei sb nprbgdn bc b` îemdti ab `is WDG. Dcvbstdkngdicbs outurns abmbrîc gicgbc-
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
trnrsb bc ucn gråtdgn prioucan ab `is antis gu`turn`bs Xgu`turn` antnU y `ns mnsbs ab antis gu`turn`bs6 nemis priaugtis ab `is WDG qub tnemdäc bstîc gicgbmdais giei npi`åtdgis pir nqub``is qub dcvignc su piabr. Wd mdbc vnrdis nutirbs yn lnc rbgicigdai `n depirtncgdn ab `ns mnsbs ab antis bc `is sbgtirbs gu`turn`bs (Wlngh`by, >44;), ci bxdstbc euglns dcvbstdkngdicbs gråtdgns simrb `ns pi`åtdgns abtrîs ab `ns mnsbs ab antis bc b` bstuadi ab `is WDG y ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs. Wd mdbc bstn tbsds ci ncn`dzn `ns pi`åtdgns abtrîs ab `ns mnsbs ab antis gu`turn`bs, mrdcan uc enrgi gicgbptun` prb`dedcnr pnrn nmiranr n `is WDG giei sdstbens g`nsdgntirdis y ab kbcbrngd÷c ab mnsbs ab antis Xantn mnsdck systbesU. @ns nrengdicbs simrb `n imfbtdvdana ab `is antis y ab `n dcoirengd÷c sb rbeictnc n supubstis bepårdgis y rbkåebcbs bpdstbei`÷kdgis pnrtdgu`nrbs bc `is qub sb nsueb qub b` eucai bxdstb dcabpbcadbctbebctb ab nqub``is qub `i imsbrvnc, aicab b` gicigdedbcti vbranabri bs dcabpbcadbctb ab` gicigbair, pitbcgdn`ebctb adspicdm`b pnrn tiais `is imsbrvnairbs gudanaisis (Quied, >444). Rci ab `is nrkuebctis gbctrn`bs ab` prbsbctb bstuadi bs qub `n dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` ci bs adobrbctb n itrns g`nsbs ab dcoirengd÷c ab pir så, sdci qub `n pnrtb gu`turn` ab `n ‐dcoirengd÷c gu`turn`― sdrvb giei uc tdpi ab ‐btdqubtn― qub picb bc ipbrngd÷c b` trnmnfi ab bstn dcoirengd÷c bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc räkdebc bpdstbei`÷kdgi bspbgågi. @is WDG gicstdtuybc `n dcornbstrugturn dcoirengdicn` pnrn bstb räkdebc, aicab `n gu`turn pnrbgb sbr g`nrnebctb `ign`dznm`b y ebadm`b abctri ab uc tbrrbci bspbgågi, gicvbrtdan pir tncti bc ‐tbrrdtirdi gn`gu`nm`b― (Lnccnl, =::4), ebadm`b y gunctdgnm`b, dcgirpirnai bc ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` npnrbctbebctb gicgrbtn y pir bcab sufbtn n su nprivbglnedbcti y bxp`itngd÷c. @n prbsbctb tbsds iorbgb ais sbggdicbs prdcgdpn`bs y ucn gicg`usd÷c. @n prdebrn sbggd÷c ‐@is Npnrntis ab `n Gu`turn― Gu`turn― gicgbptun`dzn `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (WDG) giei npnrntis ab ucn kumbrcnebctn`dana cbi`dmbrn`, tn` giei sb nprbgdn bc b` sbgtir gu`turn`. Bstn sbggd÷c dctriaugb `is rbkåebcbs ab kbstd÷c b denkdcnrdis qub gicadgdicnc b` adsbþi gictbepirîcbi ab `is WDG, su pri`dobrngd÷c bc @ntdcineärdgn y `is tbens qub surkbc bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc WDG bc b` Zbrö. @n sbggd÷c tnemdäc nmiran n `is WDG giei tbgci`ikåns ab enpbi, y `ns `dedtngdicbs y rbstrdggdicbs bc `n kbstd÷c qub pubabc bebrkbr guncai sb gicstruyb uc WDG bc uc pnås bc absnrri``i. @n sbkucan sbggd÷c ‐Gicstruybcai N`tbrcntdvns8 Giemntdbcai Npnrntis―, prbsbctn `ns dabns ab gictrn-kumbrcnebctn`dana y gictrn-npnrnti8 y usn b` gnsi ab Gu`turnpbru.irk ‗ uc WDG absnrri``nai absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `n sigdbana gdvd` ‗ pnrn nmiranr n`tbrcntdvns bc b` adsbþi ab bstb tdpi ab dcornbstrugturns. Odcn`ebctb, `n Gicg`usd÷c rböcb `ns prdcgdpn`bs dabns absnrri``nans n `i `nrki ab bstn tbsds y absgrdmb `n cbgbsdana ab prioucadznr cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ab g÷ei `ns dabns simrb gu`turn, pi`åtdgn gu`turn` y bgicieån gu`turn` pubabc rbsu`tnr dcgirpirnans bc adspisdtdvis sigdi-tägcdgis.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
>4
=:
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
@is Np�r Np�r�tis �tis ab `� Gu`tur� Bstn tbsds bstî dcspdrnan bc b` trnmnfi ab Edglnb` Oiugnu`t, pnrtdgu`nrebctb bc sus dabns simrb kumbrcnebctn`dana y b` gicgbpti ab adspisdtdvi XadspisdtdoU i npnrnti (bc Hrdtzenc, >4<<). Zir Zir kumbrcnebctn`dana, Oignu`t sb rbbrb n trbs gisns6 g isns6
>. B` gicfucti oirenai pir `ns dcstdtugdicbs, prigbadedbctis, ncî`dsds y rbbxdicbs, `is gî`gu`is y tîgtdgns qub pbredtbc b` bfbrgdgdi ab bstn oiren ab piabr euy bspbgågn, nucqub giep`bfn, qub tdbcb giei su pim`ngd÷c imfbtdvi, giei su prdcgdpn` oiren ab gicigdedbcti n `n bgicieån bg icieån pi`åtdgn y n `is npnrntis ab sbkurdana giei sus ebadis tägcdgis bsbcgdn`bs. =. @n tbcabcgdn qub aurnctb aurnctb uc uc `nrki pbrdiai ab tdbepi y n trnväs ab Iggdabctb ln ``bvnai gictdcunebctb lngdn `n prbbedcbcgdn simrb tians `ns oirens (simbrncån, adsgdp`dcn, btg.) ab bstb tdpi ab piabr ‗ qub piarån sbr ``nenai ‐kimdbrci― ‗ ancai giei rbsu`tnai, pir uc `nai, `n oirengd÷c ab tian ucn sbrdb ab npnrntis kumbrcnebctn`bs bspbgågis y pir itri, b` absnrri``i ab uc gicfucti giep`bfi ab gicigdedbctis XsnvidrsU. 7. B` prigbsi, i eîs mdbc, b` rbsu`tnai ab` prigbsi n trnväs ab` gun` b` bstnai ab fustdgdn bc `n Bana Ebadn trncsoirenai bc b` bstnai naedcdstrntdvi aurnctb `is sdk`is qudcgb q udcgb y adbgdsäds, krnaun`ebctb sb vub`vb ‐kumbrcnebctn`dznai―. ‐kumbrcnebctn`dznai―.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Zripicki gicsdabrnr n `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc su oiren ngtun` y `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs qub bstîc abstdcnais n dcoirenr, giei pnrtb ab `n bxprbsd÷c ab ucn kumbrcnebctn`dana cbi`dmbrn` qub gickurn ngtdvnebctb n` sbgtir gu`turn`. @is WDG oirenc pnrtb ab` ‐nrtb ab kimdbrci― y `n naedcdstrngd÷c ab `n gu`turn liy bc aån. B` nrtb ab kimdbrci sb rbbrb n` tben ab qudbc pubab kimbrcnr, qub gisn sb kimdbrcn, g÷ei sb kimdbrcn ebfir y qub gisn bs kimbrcnr (Kiraic, >::>67, bc Grneptic =:>>). Bxp`irnr `n kumbrcnebctn`dana, tn` giei sb encdbstn bc b` sbgtir gu`turn` ‗ `i qub piaråneis ``nenr b` kimdbrci ab `n gu`turn ‗ sdkcdgn bxp`irnr `n gubstd÷c pi`åtdgn ab kimbrcnr (?1) b dcvi`ugrn bstuadnr ci s÷`i b` kimdbrci ab` giepirtnedbcti ab itris, sdci tnemdäc ‐`is imfbtdvis y nspdrngdicbs, `ns ebctn`danabs i rngdicn`danabs bctrb`nznans bc b` dctbcti ab adrdkdr oirens ab gicaugtn― (Lux`by, bc Grneptic y B`abc, =::;). Ed prdcgdpn` nrkuebcti bs qub `ns nspdrngdicbs, pripisdgdicbs y rngdicn`danabs qub sistdbcbc b` usi ab `is WDG liy bc aån surkbc ab sbcsdmd`danabs cbi`dmbrn`bs. Absab bstn pbrspbgtdvn, sb gicgdmb n` cbi`dmbrn`dsei ci si`nebctb giei rbt÷rdgn dabi`÷kdgn, giei ucn rbn`dana pi`åtdgn-bgic÷edgn i giei uc nctd-luenc-
=>
dsei prîgtdgi, sdci simrb tiai giei uc priybgti pi`åtdgi qub trntn ab grbnr ucn rbn`dana sigdn` qub sukdbrb yn bxdstb (@behb, =::>m). Bstb tdpi ab ncî`dsds rbvb`n ucn gickurngd÷c pi`åtdgn giep`bfn qub depu`sn uc prigbsi ab sumfbtdvngd÷c (`n grbngd÷c ab sufbtis pnrtdgu`nrbs) bc eö`tdp`bs cdvb`bs, absumfbtdvngd÷c (Nknembc, =::4) y `n gicstruggd÷c ab rngdicn`danabs abctri ab ucn bgicieån pi`åtdgn bspbgågn, bc bstb gnsi gickurnan giei ucn ‐Bgicieån Gu`turn`―. Liy, b` kimdbrci ab `n gu`turn dep`dgn `n rbgi`bggd÷c y prigbsnedbcti ab dcoirengd÷c pnrn gicstrudr ngtdvnebctb ucn bgicieån pi`åtdgn bspbgågn, ucn qub sb ln cnturn`dznai bc `is abmntbs gictbepirîcbis simrb pi`åtdgn gu`turn`, bspbgdn`ebctb bc @ntdcineärdgn y bc `is pnåsbs bc absnrri``i bc kbcbrn`. B` kimdbrci ab `n gu`turn utd`dzn sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c bc `n kbstd÷c ab rbgursis gu`turn`bs, bspngdis y sufbtis, y bc su dctbrvbcgd÷c, dcsgrdpgd÷c y bxp`itngd÷c. Giei vbrbeis, b` prigbsnedbcti y kbstd÷c ab `n dcoirengd÷c bc b` kimdbrci ab `n gu`turn sdrvb giei bstrntbkdn ab gictri`. Znrn ucn pbrsicn qub vdbcb ab` gnepi ab `n naedcdstrngd÷c ab` nrtb i kbstd÷c gu`turn` ‗ uc gnepi adsgdp`dcnrdi bebrkbctb (Bsgimnr, >4<<) qub rbqudbrb ab enyir bstuadi ‗ i ab gun`qudbr itrn adsgdp`dcn ab kbstd÷c rb`ngdicnan gic `ns nrtbs y `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, bstb bcoiqub pubab rbsu`tnr mnstnctb dcqudbtnctb. Gic orbgubcgdn, `is WDG sic gicsdabrnais giei sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c gicgrbtis y cbutris, qub sdrvbc giei lbrrnedbctns ‐pnrn lngbr uc ebfir trnmnfi―. Grbi qub bs grugdn` prim`bentdznr y giep`dgnr bstb gicgbpti, giei ucn oiren ab prieivbr gieprbcsdicbs eîs bencgdpnairns y gråtdgns (Wtnl`, =:>:) ngbrgn ab` ri` ab `n tbgci`ikån bc `n kbcbrngd÷c ab gicigdedbcti pnrn b` adsbþi ab pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, y bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab rngdicn`danabs y gicigdedbctis bspbgågis XsnvidrsU pnrn b` kimdbrci ab `n gu`turn. @is WDG, bctbcadais giei lbrrnedbctns, oirenc pnrtb ab ucn dabi`ikån naedcdstrntdvn qub ngtdvnebctb gicstruyb uc ‐räkdebc ab vbrana― bspbgågi. Rc räkdebc ab vbrana tdbcb qub vbr gic `n oiren bc qub sb priaugb vbrana (Oiugnu`t bc Hrdtzenc, >4<<), y ‐g÷ei `is liemrbs sb kimdbrcnc y kimdbrcnc n itris― n trnväs ab bsn vbrana. Bc bstb gnsi, b` räkdebc ab vbrana ngtön n trnväs ab ucn gicgbpgd÷c bspbgågn ab` ri` qub `n gu`turn abmbrån absbepbþnr bc b` absnrri``i ab `ns gieucdanabs n `i `nrki ab` eucai8 ucn pisdgd÷c y pripubstn simrb quä sdkcdgn uc ‐ebfir usi― ab `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs y qub dep`dgn ‐lngbr uc ebfir trnmnfi―. Bstnr n` tncti ab bstb åepbtu bs b` prdebr pnsi pnrn rbsdstdr gdbrtis nspbgtis ab `i qub piabeis abciedcnr giei `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn. Bsti abmbrån a bmbrån ab depu`snrcis n absnrri``nr bgicieåns n`tbrcntdvns ab gu`turn, n`ki qub dep`dgnrî gicstrudr gictrn-npnrntis pnrn nep`dnr `ns pisdmd`danabs y `ns krneîtdgns pnrn `n nggd÷c qub bstîc n adspisdgd÷c.
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Giei npnrntis gictbepirîcbis ab `n gu`turn, `is WDG depngtnc `n encbrn bc qub rbgicigbeis `ns gisns y cis rbgicigbeis bctrb cisitris, y tdbcbc qub vbr gic `n oiren bc qub gicgbmdeis `ns cirens ab outurdana XouturdtyU (`i qub bs rbn`ebctb pisdm`b bc b` outuri) (Nppnaurnd, =::1). @i qub bstî bc fubki bs cubstrn gnpngdana ab nspdrngd÷c, bctbcadan giei ucn gnpngdana gu`turn` (<;), y `n cbgbsdana ab rbsdstdr prigbsis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c y absumfbtdvngd÷c qub cis tircnc dcabobcsis, i cis vub`vbc pnrtb ab` depbrntdvi ab bxp`itngd÷c bgic÷edgn gu`turn`. B` pucti prdcgdpn` bs qub `ns vdsdicbs n`tbrcntdvns n cdvb` eucadn` simrb b` ri` ab `n gu`turn y simrb `is täredcis ab` absnrri``i gu`turn` ci sn`bc n `n `uz tnc oîgd`ebctb, yn qub `is npnrntis gictbepirîcbis ab `n gu`turn aiedcnc b` bspngdi ab` gicigdedbcti ‐`bkåtdei―. Bsti tdbcb qub vbr gic `i qub Bsgimnr (>4<<) dabctdg÷ lngb eîs ab ais aägnans6 `n gicstruggd÷c ab` Qbrgbr Eucai giei uc tbrrdtirdi y bspngdi n sbr kbstdicnai, absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `i qub dabctdg÷ giei `n Bgicieån Iggdabctn`, gicgbmdan giei uc gicfucti ab sdstbens ab priauggd÷c, piabr y sdkcdgngd÷c (17<)6
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
@ns gicsbgubcgdns ab bsti sic bcirebs bc `n ebadan bc qub sb eiadgn `n pripdn mnsb ab nspdrngdicbs y absbis ab `n gieucdana. Nså, b` bobgti ab `n dctriauggd÷c ab` absnrri``i tdbcb qub vbrsb ci s÷`i bc täredcis ab su depngti sigdn` y bgic÷edgi, sdci tnemdäc, y tn` vbz ab oiren eîs depirtnctb, bc rb`ngd÷c n `is sdkcdgnais y prîgtdgns gu`turn`bs qub nobgtn i eiadgn. Znrn Bsgimnr (>4<<) gdbrtis tdpis ab aiedcngd÷c sigdn` abmbrånc sbr ncn`dznais giei ‐b` priaugti ab `n dctbrgicbxd÷c bctrb `n dctriauggd÷c ab adsgursis aiedcnctbs ngbrgn ab `n bgicieån, su dcsgrdpgd÷c bc dcstdtugdicbs y prîgtdgns (Bf. n trnväs ab` absnrri``i) y su bobgti simrb `ns sdtungdicbs ldst÷rdgns `ign`bs, dcg`uybcai `n rbsdstbcgdn n bstis prigbsis―. Wd mdbc bstn tbsds ci trntn bstis trbs cdvb`bs ab ncî`dsds n prioucadana, pripicb dabns qub musgnc nmiranr b` sbkucai nsucti6 @n oiren bc qub uc adsgursi aiedcnctb bs dcsgrdti bc dcstdtugdicbs y prîgtdgns n trnväs ab` usi y absp`dbkub ab adspisdtdvis sigdi-tägcdgis. N ebadan qub bxp`irneis `n ldstirdn ab` absnrri``i y absp`dbkub ab `is WDG bc @ntdcineärdgn, y bc pnrtdgu`nr bc uc pnås giei Zbrö aicab ngtun`ebctb sb bstî gicstruybcai uc WDG, bepbznrbeis n anrcis gubctn rîpdanebctb ab qub `n ``nenan Bgicieån Gu`turn` ‗ ucn bgicieån pi`åtdgn ‗ cbgbsdtn n `is WDG pnrn kimbrcnr y naedcdstrnr bspngdis, encdobstngdicbs, imfbtis y bxprbsdicbs ab gu`turn, ci si`nebctb pnrn bfbrgbr gictri`, sdci tnemdäc pnrn dcsbrtnr`is bc ucn bgicieån k`imn` eîs krncab y bc `n advdsd÷c dctbrcngdicn` ab `n enci ab imrn (@bwds y Ed``br, =::=). B` gicstrugti enyir ab `n ‐Bgicieån Gu`turn` K`imn`― bs tnemdäc pbrtdcbctb bc b` prigbsi ngtun` ab bxpncsd÷c ab `is WDG n itris pnåsbs bc `n rbkd÷c @ntdcinebrdgncn, prieivdan pir irkncdzngdicbs giei g iei `n Oucangd÷c Dctbrnebrdgncn pnrn `n Gu`turn y b` Absnrri``i, qub vn n dcvbrtdr bc b` absnrri``i ab WDG n `i `nrki ab `n rbkd÷c. Abmdai n qub `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab `is WDG bs prieivdan tnemdäc bc itrns rbkdicbs ab` eucai, sb tircn bsbcgdn` nmiranr `ns rngdicn`danabs ab `i qub gdbrtnebctb sb gicvbrtdrî bc ucn dcornbstrugturn vbranabrnebctb k`imn`8 uc bcsnem`nfb k`imn` (Wnssbc, =::?) gic uc bstrnti tbgci`÷kdgi gicgiedtnctb. Bc tncti bstb bcsnem`nfb sb gicstruyb ngtdvnebctb n trnväs ab nkbcans y prikrnens bxp`ågdtis, `is bstuadis bs tuadis gråtdgis abmbrîc nmiranr `n cnturn`bzn ab `n bgicieån pi`åtdgn bc `n qub b` absp`dbkub ab `is WDG bstî dcsbrti. Giei yn sb ln ebcgdicnai, `is WDG ci bxdstbc dcabpbcadbctbebctb ab ucn dabi`ikån bgic÷edgn. Bs ab pnrtdgu`nr depirtncgdn pnrn bstn pbrspbgtdvn `n encbrn bc qub Oiugnu`t bcenrgn `n kumbrcnebctn`dana, bctbcadäcai`n giei ucn rb`ngd÷c bctrb kimdbrci, pim`ngd÷c y bgicieån pi`åtdgn6
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Bc gun`qudbr gnsi, qubrån abeistrnr b` våcgu`i ldst÷rdgi prioucai bctrb b` eivdedbcti qub ncu`n `ns gicstnctbs ab `n simbrncån giei gicsbgubcgdn ab` prim`ben ab ipgdicbs ab kimdbrci, b` eivdedbcti qub priaugb `n bebrkbcgdn ab `n pim`ngd÷c giei anti, giei uc gnepi ab dctbrvbcgd÷c, y giei uc imfbtdvi ab `ns tägcdgns kumbrcnebctn`bs8 b` prigbsi qub nås`n n `n bgicieån giei uc sbgtir bspbgågi ab `n rbn`dana8 y `n bgicieån pi`åtdgn giei `n gdbcgdn y tägcdgn ab` kimdbrci bc bsb gnepi ab `n rbn`dana. Qrbs Qrbs eivdedbctis ‗ kimdbrci, pim`ngd÷c, bgicieån pi`åtdgn ‗gicstdtuybc ucn sbrdb s÷`dan absab b` sdk`i adbgdigli bc nab`nctb, ucn qub gdbrtnebctb nöc liy bc aån ci ln sdai adsub`tn (Oiugnu`t bc Hrdtzenc >4<<, ed äconsds).
=7
@n rb`ngd÷c bctrb `is WDG y b` gicgbpti ab bgicieån pi`åtdgn bs adrbgtn. @is WDG ngtönc lngdn b` prigbsi qub ‐nås`n `n bgicieån giei uc sbgtir bspbgågi ab `n rbn`dana―8 bc bstb gnsi nås`n y rbdgn ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn`. Bc bstb eivdedbcti `n gu`turn bs abspi`dtdznan, bxp`dgnan bc täredcis ab `ns `bybs ab` ebrgnai y `n gdbcgdn ab `n bgicieån8 siebtdan n `i qub pnrbgbc sbr `ns ebgîcdgns ‐cnturn`bs― ab `n gunctdgngd÷c y bcuebrngd÷c. @n Bgicieån Gu`turn` npnrbgb giei n`ki n sbr enpbnai gicgrbtnebctb y n bctbcabrsb ab oiren dcadsgutdm`b, y giei tn` abtbredcn uc irabcnedbcti ab rb`ngdicbs sigdn`bs y gu`turn`bs pnrn `n priauggd÷c. Bc bstn bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn, `n dcg`usd÷c sigdn` bs cnturn`dznan giei `n pisdmd`dana ab qub `is dcadvdauis ‐pnrtdgdpbc― bc ucn bgicieån n trnväs ab ebadis euy bspbgågis6 bxp`itngd÷c i gicsuei, pbri ci n trnväs ab `n abcdgd÷c abcdgd÷ c ab `is täredcis ab bstn bgicieån y sus imfbtdvis. Zripicki qub gicsdabrbeis n uc Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` ci si`nebctb giei uc adspisdtdvi i lbrrnedbctn tägcdgn, sdci giei uc npnrnti giep`bti giei `i absgrdmb Oiugnu`t (>4;;), bxprbsnai giei uc gicfucti qub rböcb adsgursis, dcstdtugdicbs, oirens nrqudtbgt÷cdgns, abgdsdicbs rbku`nairns, `bybs, ebadans naedcdstrntdvns, nrengdicbs gdbctågns, pripubstns `is÷gns, eirn`bs y `nctr÷pdgns. Znrn Oiugnu`t, b` npnrnti bc så bs `n rba qub pubab bstnm`bgbrsb bctrb bstis b`bebctis dcg`uybcai tncti ‐`i adgli y `i ci adgli― ad gli― (bc Hrdtzenc >4<<). B` täredci npnrnti nyuan n nep`dnr cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ab `is WDG, vdäcai`is giei gicstruggdicbs giep`bfns qub nrtdgu`nc dabns simrb gntbkiråns gu`turn`bs, nrqudtbgturns ab dcoirengd÷c, pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs, `n pi`åtdgn ab dcadgnairbs y bstnaåstdgns gu`turn`bs, y `ns pripubstns simrb b` ri` ab `n gu`turn giei ucn lbrrnedbctn pnrn `n dcg`usd÷c dcg`usd÷ c y b` absnrri``i bgic÷edgi. Ci piabeis `dedtnr b` ncî`dsds ab `is WDG n `n bvn`ungd÷c ab ucn pîkdcn [bm [bm (`n dctbronz adkdtn`) qub sb nprbgdn bc `åcbn6 Cbgbsdtneis bctbcabr`is giei ucn rba ab b`bebctis lbtbrikäcbis, dcg`uybcai dabns, dcstdtugdicbs y rngdicn`danabs. Bc `n edsen bctrbvdstn ebcgdicnan nctbrdirebctb, Oiugnu`t bxp`dgn qub6 Gic b` täredci ‐npnrnti― eb rbbri n ucn g`nsb ab oirengd÷c, oirengd÷ c, pir nså abgdr`i, qub uc abtbredcnai eiebcti ldst÷rdgi tdbcb giei su prdcgdpn` oucgd÷c `n rbspubstn n ucn urkbcgdn. Nlå b` npnrnti tdbcb ucn oucgd÷c bstrntäkdgn aiedcnctb… Adfb qub `n cnturn`bzn ab` npnrnti bs bsbcgdn`ebctb bstrntäkdgn, `i qub sdkcdgn qub bstneis lnm`ncai ab ucn gdbrtn encdpu`ngd÷c ab rb`ngdicbs ab oubrzn, ab ucn dctbrvbcgd÷c rngdicn` y gicgrbtn bc `ns rb`ngdicbs ab `ns oubrzns, yn sbn pnrn absnrri``nr`ns bc ucn adrbggd÷c bc pnrtdgu`nr i pnrn m`iqubnr`ns, pnrn bstnmd`dznr`ns y pnrn utd`dznr`ns. B` npnrnti pir tncti bstî sdbeprb dcsgrdti bc uc fubki ab piabr, pbri tnemdäc bstî sdbeprb vdcgu`nai n gdbrtis `åedtbs ab gicigdedbcti qub surkbc ab ä`, y bc dkun` ebadan, `i gicadgdicnc. B` npnrnti bs prbgdsnebctb bsti6 Rc gicfucti ab bstrntbkdns ab `ns rb`ngdicbs ab oubrzns qub npiync, y sic npiynans pir gdbrtis tdpis ab gicigdedbcti (Oiugnu`t bc Hrdtzenc, >4<<).
=1
Rc ncî`dsds oiren` ab uc WDG giei pîkdcn [bm cis abfnrån si`nebctb rnspncai `n supbrgdb ab `i qub uc sdstben giei bstb rbn`ebctb dep`dgn. N`ki qub pubab bsgnpnr n cubstri ncî`dsds bs qub `is WDG pripicbc prigbsis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c, abctri ab uc eiebcti ldst÷rdgi bspbgågi. @n ldstirdn bs g`nvb yn qub rbvb`n itri nspbgti ab` npnrnti6 su npnrdgd÷c giei ucn ‐rbspubstn n ucn urkbcgdn―. urkbcgdn―. Wistbcki qub bc b` gnsi ab` sbgtir s bgtir gu`turn`, `n ‐urkbcgdn― urkbcgdn― n `n qub `is WDG rbspicabc tdbcb qub vbr gic b` prigbsi gictbepirîcbi lngdn `n gicsi`dangd÷c ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` bc `is adstdctis pnåsbs ab `n rbkd÷c @ntdcinebrdgncn, y `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc ebrgnai gu`turn` (gieöc) n `i `nrki ab `n rbkd÷c, vdcgu`nai n ucn bgicieån
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
gu`turn` k`imn`. @n ‐oucgd÷c bstrntäkdgn― ab `is WDG abctri ab bstn bgicieån pi`åtdgn bs mrdcanr rbgursis gu`turn`bs, encbfnm`bs, gictri`nm`bs y bxp`itnm`bs. Wd mdbc bstn pbrspbgtdvn pubab pnrbgbr adst÷pdgn y bxtrbedstn pnrn euglis `bgtirbs, `ns tbcabcgdns ngtun`bs bc `n oireu`ngd÷c ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs eubstrnc g`nrnebctb ucn prbad`bggd÷c pir `n rbt÷rdgn simrb b` prikrbsi gu`turn` mnsnan bc `n dcaustrdn`dzngd÷c, `n giepbtdtdvdana k`imn` y `n bxtrnggd÷c ab vn`ir (]by, (]by, =::<). B` bcsnyi ab Kdirkdi Nknembc ‐¹^uä bs uc Npnrnti9― (=::4) cis pubab nyuanr n `ikrnr enyir prioucadana bc `n gieprbcsd÷c ab bstns dabns. Znrn Nknembc, b` täredci bc @ntdc adspisdtdvi, ab` qub sb abrdvn b` täredci orncgäs adspisdtdo , i npnrnti, nsueb `n bsobrn sbeîctdgn giep`bfn ab `n idhiciedn tbi`÷kdgn. tbi`÷kdgn. @is ‐adspisdtdos― simrb `is qub lnm`n Oiugnu`t bstîc vdcgu`nais ab n`kucn encbrn n bstb `bknai tbi`÷kdgi (>>). B` täredci idhiciedn sbþn`n ucn orngturn ‐qub advdab y qub n` edsei tdbepi nrtdgu`n bc Adis b` sbr y `n prnxds, (…) `n cnturn`bzn pir `n gun` Ä` naedcdstrn y kimdbrcn b` eucai grbnai― (>>). ]bgicigbr bstn orngturn bs grugdn`, yn qub b` täredci npnrnti ‐absdkcn nqub` bc b` gun` y ebadnctb b` gun`, uci rbn`dzn ucn ngtdvdana purn ab kimdbrci absprivdstn ab gun`qudbr oucangd÷c bc sbr― (>>). Znrn Nknembc, bstn bs `n rnz÷c pir `n gun` `is npnrntis sdbeprb abmbc dep`dgnr uc prigbsi ab sumfbtdvngd÷c, bs abgdr, abmbc priaugdr su su sufbti (>>). Nknembc pripicb ``nenr npnrntis n gun`qudbr gisn qub tbckn ab n`kucn oiren ‐`n gnpngdana ab gnpturnr, irdbctnr, irdbctnr, abtbredcnr, dctbrgbptnr, eiab`nr, gictri`nr i nsbkurnr kbstis, giepirtnedbctis, ipdcdicbs i adsgursis ab` sbr vdvdbctb― (>1). Absab bstb pucti ab vdstn, `is gdknrrd``is, b` `bckunfb y `is WDG piarånc abcdrsb giei npnrntis. Nknembc, bxp`dgn qub b` täredci npnrntis sb sb rbedtb n` gicgbpti tbi`÷kdgi ab idhiciedn6 Rc gicfucti ab prîgtdgns, gubrpis ab gicigdedbcti, ebadans b dcstdtugdicbs qub tdbcbc pir imfbti kbstdicnr, kimbrcnr, gictri`nr y irdbctnr ‗ bc ucn oiren qub prbtbcab sbr ab utd`dana ‗ `is giepirtnedbctis, kbstis y pbcsnedbctis ab `is sbrbs luencis (>7, ed äconsds). @n nrengd÷c ab qub n`ki ‐bs ötd`― bs g`nvb, yn qub nmrb uc abmntb ngbrgn ab `n cnturn`bzn ab uc tdpi ab dctbcgdicn`dana, y su rb`ngd÷c gic nsuctis ab gictri`. Nrenrån qub b` sbctdai gieöc bc `is gårgu`is ab pi`åtdgn gu`turn` simrb `n cbgbsdana ab ‐tienr abgdsdicbs mnsnans bc `n bvdabcgdn― (bvdabcgdn qub `is WDG pubabc pripirgdicnr bc `n oiren ab dcoirengd÷c) tdbcb qub vbr gic ucn cbgbsdana y b` prip÷sdti ab gictri`. Giei cis `i rbgubran Mbcdkbr (>4<46 171) ‐tian ngtdvdana bgic÷edgn bs ab`dmbrnan pir abcdgd÷c, abspuäs ab tiai, y rbqudbrb gictri` pnrn enctbcbr sus adstdctis prigbsis gic b` c ab `ikrnr sus ebtns―. Bc bstb sbctdai, `n cigd÷c ab npnrnti cis pbredtb bxp`dgnr ucn g`nsb ab dctbcgdicn`dana bc ucn oiren eugli eîs entdznan, prbstncai ntbcgd÷c n ucn rba ab b`bebctis, y giei abcbc ‗ bc adobrbctbs gnsis, bspngdis y grici`ikåns ‗ ucn dctbcgdicn`dana qub rbqudbrb dcoirengd÷c pnrn `ikrnr gictri`.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Nknembc (=::4) pripicb sdtunr n `is npnrntis bc uc cubvi gictbxti. Wukdbrb qub gicsdabrbeis ais krncabs krupis i g`nsbs6 sbrbs vdvdbctbs pir uc `nai y pir b` itri `is npnrntis n `is gun`bs bstîc siebtdais (>7). Bsti qudbrb abgdr, bc tbredci`ikån tbi`÷kdgn, `n icti`ikån ab grdnturns y `n idhiciedn ab npnrntis qub musgnc kimbrcnr`ns y kudnr`ns lngdn b` mdbc (>7). Wdc bemnrki, `n gicsdabrngd÷c eîs depirtnctb qub lngb Nknembc bs qub, npnrtb ab grdnturns vdvdbctbs y npnrntis, bxdstb ucn tbrgbrn g`nsb6 `is sufbtis. Abgdab ``nenr sufbtis ‐n `i qub rbsu`tn ab `n rb`ngd÷c, y pir nså abgdr`i, ab `n `ugln dep`ngnm`b bctrb sbrbs vdvdbctbs y npnrntis― (>1). Bstb bstuadi dctbctn bcenrgnr bstn ‐`ugln dep`ngnm`b― absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab` adsbþi y absp`dbkub absp` dbkub ab `is WDG. Giei ngtdvdstn ngtdv dstn b dcvbstdknair, tnemdäc dctbcti ab`dcbnr bstn ‐`ugln dep`ngnm`b― giei uc bspngdi pnrn `n nggd÷c sigdn`, uc lirdzictb pnrn bcorbctnr y giemntdr npnrntis. =2
Wd `n ‐oucgd÷c bstrntäkdgn― ab `is WDG giei npnrntis bs `n gicsi`dangd÷c ab uc räkdebc ab gicigdedbcti mnsnai bc `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn, ¹guî`bs sic `ns gnrngtbråstdgns ab bstn bgiciedzngd÷c9 Zrdebri, pripicki qub bstn bgiciedzngd÷c dep`dgn gictri`nr uc bspngdi ‐gu`turn`― pbrgdmdai, ebadnctb `n dabctdgngd÷c ab rbgursis gu`turn`bs, abcdais bx÷kbcnebctb . Bc itrns pn`nmrns, `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn ci si`nebctb dep`dgn uc tdpi ab `÷kdgn pnrn b` gictri` y/i `n bxtrnggd÷c, sdci tnemdäc pnrn `n depisdgd÷c ab gntbkiråns bxtbrcns (eusbi, tbntri, btg.) bc `n nprbgdngd÷c b dctbrprbtngd÷c ab uc bspngdi gu`turn`. @n bgiciedzngd÷c dep`dgn `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc bspngdi gikcdtdvi y bstn gicstruggd÷c ci bs abeigrîtdgn. Nså giei `n b`nmirngd÷c ab WDG tdbcab n npiynrsb bc bxpbrtis, b` rbgicigdedbcti ab `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs bs prdcgdpn`ebctb bxtbrci n nqub``ns pbrsicns qub lnmdtnc bspngdis gu`turn`bs bspbgågis. Wbkucai, n` gicsdabrnr n `n gu`turn giei ucn bgicieån, sb s b an `uknr n uc prigbsi pnrtdgu`nr ab bcoiqub y gnpturn (Nkrb, >441) ab bxprbsdicbs gu`turn`bs giei priaugtis y sbrvdgdis, bc uc dctbcti pir rb`bvnr, gictri`nr gictri`nr `n priauggd÷c sdem÷`dgn y gicstrudr gicstr udr ucn bgicieån pi`åtdgn ab `n gu`turn bspbgågn. Bstb eivdedbcti bstdeu`n b` surkdedbcti ab rngdicn`danabs y murigrngdns gicgiedtnctbs dcspdrnans bc `isioåns cbi`dmbrn`bs mnsnans bc b` ebrgnai. @n cigd÷c ab ‐kbstir gu`turn`― bc så, giei sb nprbgdn bc b` gictbxti ab @ntdcineärdgn ngtun`ebctb, piarån gicsdabrnrsb bc ucn pisdgd÷c nemdvn`bctb (i tbcsd÷c) bctrb `ns vdsdicbs gieucdtnrdns y naedcdstrntdvns simrb bstb ri` y gnepi adsgdp`dcnrdi. Outuris bstuadis y priybgtis cbgbsdtnc bcoignrsb bc bstb nsucti, y giei bstb sb rb`ngdicn n adsgursis simrb `n ‐priobsdicn`dzngd÷c gu`turn`―. Odcn`ebctb, `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn dep`dgn su dcstruebctn`dzngd÷c. dcstr uebctn`dzngd÷c. Bc bstb gnsi, `n dcstruebctn`dzngd÷c bstî bcenrgnan mnfi ucn `÷kdgn ab kbstd÷c y ucn `isioån bgic÷edgn gnpdtn`dstn ab bsgnsbz y bxp`itngd÷c. Bc `ns ö`tdens trbs aägnans ab cbi`dmbrn`dzngd÷c, `n vdsd÷c ab qub `n gu`turn gictrdmuyb n` grbgdedbcti bgic÷edgi ln anai giei rbsu`tnai `n grbgdbctb girpirntdzngd÷c kbrbcgdn` ab` trnmnfi gu`turn` y `ns dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs (@äkbr, =:>>). @ns tägcdgns ab naedcdstrngd÷c sb lnc bxpncadai edbctrns qub cigdicbs giei ‐g`nsb grbntdvn― y ‐sbgtir grbntdvi― sdrvbc giei ucn ginrtnan pnrn `n bxp`itngd÷c (;). Wdc bemnrki, bc `is sbgtirbs gu`turn`bs ab pnåsbs bc absnrri``i, gnrngtbrdznais pir dcstdtugdicbs pöm`dgns y gu`turn`bs aämd`bs y bc surkdedbcti, bstns gu`turns ab `n dcstruebctn`dzngd÷c ci lnc sdai titn`ebctb naiptnans. Bstn sdtungd÷c kbcbrn ipirtucdanabs pnrn `n gicstruggd÷c ab bgicieåns n`tbrcntdvns, pbri tnemdäc pnrn `n dctbcsdgngd÷c ab `n prbsd÷c pnrn naiptnr ‐lbrrnedbctns― giei `is WDG bc uc dctbcti ab gicsi`danr uc räkdebc ab vbrana, gic su gicgiedtnctb Bgicieån Gu`turn`. Gidcgdai gic Kdmsic y Hick (=::2) bc qub ‐b` adsgursi ab ucn gisn sdcku`nr ``nenan bgicieån gu`turn`, gicgbmdan giei uc gubrpi bgic÷edgi sdcku`nr qub tdbcb su pripdn vdan npnrbctb, abmb sbr dctbrriknai―. @n dabn ab `n Bgicieån Gu`turn` bs tn` vbz b` gicstrugti eîs piabrisi bc `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn, y giei adspisdtdvi ab `n denkdcngd÷c, rbqudbrb ucn gråtdgn rnadgn`. Giei `i ebcgdicnc Kdmsic y Hick (=::2) cubstri usi ab ornsbs nmnrgntdvns giei bstn piarån gbknrcis n` krnai qub ‐`ns oirengdicbs bgic÷edgns sic sdep`bebctb denkdcnans lngdn su si`dabz, s÷`i lbglns bctdanabs lbkbe÷cdgns n trnväs ab cubstrn rbprbsbctngd÷c ab b``ns, bc vbz ab n trnväs ab ucn bxdstbcgdn “cnturn`— n prdird―. @is nutirbs sumrnync qub6
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Wd mdbc pubab gictdcunr sdbcai uc priybgti depirtnctb b` nrenr y grdtdgnr `is rbg`neis pir `n depirtncgdn ab tians `ns oirens ab beprbcadedbcti grbntdvi, bctbcadai tncti bc täredcis gu`turn`bs y bgic÷edgis, bs prim`beîtdgi nsuedr qub ‐`n bgicieån gu`turn`― tdbcb n`kucn bxdstbcgdn oubrn ab
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
`is gictbxtis sigdn`bs, pi`åtdgis y gu`turn`bs abctri ab `is gun`bs trnmnfnc `is dcadvdauis y `is krupis ab pbrsicns (>1). Zum`dgngdicbs rbgdbctbs giei ‐@n Bgicieån ab `n Zi`åtdgn Gu`turn`― (=:>>) ab Anvda Qlrismy lnc dcdgdnai abmntbs rbcivnais simrb Gu`turn y Bgicieån, enctbcdäcaisb n`bfnais ab `n gisdgngd÷c gisdgngd÷ c ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` y nmrdbcai `i qub pnrbgbc sbr abmntbs eîs priaugtdvis simrb `n cnturn`bzn ab` vn`ir bgic÷edgi y b` vn`ir gu`turn` grbnai pir b` sbgtir gu`turn` (>=). Wdc bemnrki, `n ntbcgd÷c ngtun` pnrbgb bcoignrsb bxgbsdvnebctb bc b` absnrri``i ab tägcdgns ab dcoirengd÷c y eätiais pnrn ebadr bstb tdpi ab vn`irbs y ci tncti bc gubstdicnr `n gicstruggd÷c ab ucn bgicieån gu`turn` sdcku`nr y ‐cnturn`―, gic ucn `isioån gidcgdabctb pnrn `n vn`ungd÷c. Wd mdbc bctrnr bc abmntbs simrb g÷ei ebadr b` vn`ir gu`turn` pubab sbr euy priaugtdvi, bs depirtnctb rbgicigbr qub b` ‐vn`ir gu`turn`― tn` giei `i rbgicigb Qlrismy (=:>:) bs tnemdäc uc gicgbpti qub ci bs cnturn`. B` vn`ir gu`turn` absgrdti pir Qlrismy (=:) giei uc ‐gicgbpti ab eö`tdp`bs ongbtns qub rbbfn gun`danabs giei `n bstätdgn, vn`irbs sdem÷`dgis, bspdrdtun`bs i ldst÷rdgis vdcgu`nais n uc åtbe bc pnrtdgu`nr― bs ‗ pir abcdgd÷c ‗ gicstrudai ebadnctb prigbsis sumfbtdvis giep`bfis y bc eö`tdp`bs sdtdis. Zripicki qub `is WDG tnemdäc abmbc gicgbmdrsb giei dcstncgdns pnrn `n grbngd÷c sdeu`tîcbn ab vn`ir gu`turn` y vn`ir bgic÷edgi. Giei adspisdtdvis sigdi-tbgci`÷kdgis giep`bfis y öcdgis qub pnrtdgdpnc bc `n såctbsds/bcgubctri ab nemns `÷kdgns ab vn`ungd÷c, `is WDG rbqudbrbc ucn enyir ntbcgd÷c ncn`åtdgn. Bc guncti n gu`turn y `n bgicieån, sd mdbc sb ln bsgrdti eugli simrb, pir bfbep`i, b` adsgursi simrb dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs y sus dep`dgncgdns (Lirhlbdebr, Nairci, Miuradbu, Mðrkbr, Mðrkbr, btg.), `n gickurngd÷c ab ucn advdsd÷c dctbrcngdicn` ab trnmnfi gu`turn` (@bwds y Ed``br, =::=), b` adsgursi (eîs rbgdbctb) simrb dcaustrdns d caustrdns grbntdvns tn` giei surkd÷ bc `is civbctn y sus bobgtis simrb s imrb gbctris urmncis bctbcadais giei ‐gduanabs grbntdvns― (@äkbr, (@äkbr, =:>>), bstis y itris eö`tdp`bs nspbgtis ab `n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn ci sbrîc nmiranais bc `n prbsbctb tbsds. Ens mdbc, ed ebtn prdcgdpn` bs absnrri``nr uc enrgi ab ncî`dsds ab `is WDG giei gi ei npnrntis y absgrdmdr su ri` bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc räkdebc ab vbrana y ucn bgicieån gu`turn` (sdcku`nr). Bstb trnmnfi musgn sbrvdr giei uc prdebr pnsi pns i lngdn outuris bstuadis bc prioucadana, bc `ns itrns îrbns ebcgdicnans nctbrdirebctb.
Cubv� Kbstd÷c Zöm`dg� Znrn [ntts [ntts (bc ]nag`doob, =::?) bgiciedznr sdkcdgn tienr abgdsdicbs pnrn nsdkcnr rbgursis bsgnsis bctrb cbs bc giepbtbcgdn6 c ` b A i d g d r u � E
(…) @n bsgnsbz tuvi ucn rbsicncgdn adsgursdvn eugli eîs nep`dn. Wb vi`vd÷ oucanebctn` pnrn `n bgicieån, `i gun` pir supubsti oub sdkcdgntdvi ci sdep`bebctb bc b` surkdedbcti ab` pbcsnedbcti cbig`îsdgi ab` ebrgnai `dmrb sdci bc tiai b` bsgbcnrdi ab `n bgicieån pi`åtdgn y `n pripdn dabn ab
=;
ucn bgicieån cngdicn` (Edtglb``, Q. Q. =:::). Rci piarån abgdr qub `n bsgnsbz sb gicvdrtd÷ bc ucn gicadgd÷c ab pisdmd`dana pnrn b` kimdbrci eiabrci. Bstn rbprbsbctn ucn oirengd÷c adsgursdvn prbgdsnebctb prbgdsnebctb pirqub ipbrn n trnväs trnväs ab euglis aiedcdis abctri y eîs n``î ab` Bstnai (…) @n bsgnsbz ntrnvdbsn b dcoiren tian `n ncn`åtdgn ab` kimdbrci eiabrci (71, ed äconsds). B` adsgursi ab `n bsgnsbz bstî prbsbctb bc `n gicgbpgd÷c ab `is WDG giei lbrrnedbctn ab kimdbrci. @is bxpbrtis y oucgdicnrdis pöm`dgis sb rbbrbc gic orbgubcgdn n `is WDG giei lbrrnedbctns qub `is nyuanc n usnr rbgursis `dedtnais eîs bgdbctbebctb. Bsti tdbcb qub vbr gic prikrnens mnsnais bc b` absbepbþi y gic b` bcoiqub ab pi`åtdgn mnsnan bc `n bvdabcgdn bc `n naedcdstrngd÷c pöm`dgn qub surkdbric aurnctb `is civbctn y qub gidcgdabc gic g ic `n bebrkbcgdn ab `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc @ntdcineärdgn. Lbna, (=::;) bxp`dgn qub `n dabn ab ‐pi`åtdgn mnsnan bc `n bvdabcgdn― gidcgdab gic b` äconsds bc bgngdn y bgdbcgdn ab `n Cubvn Kbstd÷c Zöm`dgn (CKZ). (CKZ). @n CKZ bs ucn `isioån ab kbstd÷c bep`bnan pir `is kimdbrcis absab `is iglbctn pnrn eiabrcdznr b` sbgtir pöm`dgi (Anwsic y Anrkdb, >4448 Lbna, =::;6?). Anwsic y Anrkdb (>444) gicgdmbc n `n CKZ giei uc gicfucti ab grbbcgdns i dabi`ikån n pnrtdr ab `n gun` surkbc nggdicbs pnrn nctdgdpnr gicsbgubcgdns bspbgågns, ucn entbrdn pnrn b` bstuadi y giebctnrdi ab `is ngnaäedgis, y uc gicfucti ab prîgtdgns qub pubabc imsbrvnrsb bc `n rboiren rbgdbctb ab` sbgtir pöm`dgi (1?:). Bstis nutirbs sukdbrbc qub nmirabeis `n CKZ giei uc gicgbpti gicoirenai pir eö`tdp`bs bstrntis (¹uc npnrnti9) oirenai pir dabi`ikåns (`ns (`ns prîgtdgns ab` sbgtir prdvnai y `is ebrgnais pubabc nuebctnr `n bgngdn bc b` sbgtir pöm`dgi), nggdicbs (dctriauggd÷c ab ebgncdseis ab ebrgnai y prîgtdgns giebrgdn`bs) y gicsbgubcgdns (absbepbþi ipbrntdvi, adrbggd÷c bstrntäkdgn, kimbrcnczn y vn`irbs) (>44467)6 B` eivdedbcti ab `i ‐mnsnai bc bvdabcgdn― bc `n pi`åtdgn pöm`dgn eiabrcn (…) bstî vdcgu`nai n` äconsds eiabrci bc `n si`ugd÷c rngdicn` ab prim`bens, bcoignai bc uc adnkc÷stdgi prbgdsi y b` gicigdedbcti ab rb`ngdicbs gnusn`bs. Qnemdäc bs gickrubctb gic prbigupngdicbs bstrntäkdgns eiabrcns depirtnctbs gic ncî`dsds ab rdbski y rbspubstns npripdnans ab edtdkngd÷c. Bc `n vbrsd÷c ens tbgcigrîtdgn ab` bcoiqub mnsnai bc `n bvdabcgdn `n nspdrngd÷c bs priaugdr b` gicigdedbcti rbqubrdai pnrn ncnr `is prikrnens y gicstrudr pnutns y ‐hdts ab lbrrnedbctns― pnrn trntnr `is prim`bens gicigdais. Ab nlå vdbcb `n ornsb ngtun`ebctb oneisn qub abcb krnc pnrtb ab` eivdedbcti ‗ ‐¹quä oucgdicn9― (]imbrts =::2 bc Lbna, =::;). B` gicstrugti ab `n CKZ bs uc b`bebcti depirtnctb ab `n rba qub gicstdtuyb n `is WDG giei npnrntis, yn qub `ns irdbctngdicbs mnsnans bc bvdabcgdn abpbcabc ab dcoirengd÷c y prigbsnedbcti ab antis. Absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `n CKZ, ucn dctbrriknctb depirtnctb bs qub tdpi ab dcvbrsd÷c bc antis/dcoirengd÷c sb rbqubrdrån pnrn kbcbrnr b` gicigdedbcti cbgbsnrdi, tncti pnrn bctbcabr prim`bens giep`bfis y `ubki pnrn grbnr si`ugdicbs vdnm`bs (Lbna, =::<). Bsti bxp`dgn pirquä `n aägnan ab` civbctn ‗ b` edsei pbrdiai bc qub surkbc `is WDG bc vnrdis pnåsbs bc @ntdcineärdgn ‗ oub uc pbrdiai qub vd÷ ‐uc nuebcti depirtnctb bc b` usi ab cubvns tbgci`ikåns pnrn rbgi`bggd÷c y ncî`dsds ab antis, gic b` c ab ebadr `n cnturn`bzn y n`gncgb ab `is prim`bens, bvn`unr `is depngtis ngtun`bs ab `is sdstbens ab sbrvdgdi y iorbgbr puctis ab giepnrngd÷c XmbcglenrhsU pnrn fuzknr b` absbepbþi outuri― (1). =<
N pbsnr ab` äxdti ab `n CKZ (bxprbsnai bc su rîpdan bxpncsd÷c n vnrdis bspngdis ab kimdbrci), `is bstuadis gictbepirîcbis simrb pi`åtdgns mnsnan bc bvdabcgdn lnc gubstdicnai sd
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
`n pbrsdstbcgdn ab prim`bens sigdn`bs giep`bfis brn rbn`ebctb ntrdmudm`b prdcgdpn`ebctb n `n on`tn ab dcoirengd÷c, bs abgdr, n ‐mrbglns― bc `n mnsb ab antis (Wglic y ]bdc >442, bc Lbna, =::;). Bc itrns pn`nmrns, sb sukdbrb qub imtbcbr eîs antis pnrn ``bcnr `ns mrbglns gicigdans ci cbgbsnrdnebctb cis gi`ign bc `n nutipdstn lngdn si`ugdicbs ab mubcn pi`åtdgn, ‐pirqub krnc pnrtb ab` riepbgnmbzns ab `ns pi`åtdgns tdbcb qub vbr gic `n rbgicgd`dngd÷c ab adobrbctbs pbrspbgtdvns ab vn`ir― (2). Bc bobgti, aurnctb `is civbctn tnemdäc vbeis uc cöebri ab pum`dgngdicbs qub nrkuebctnc qub b` adsbþi, yn sbn ab sdstbens ab sbrvdgdi sigdn` i ab pi`åtdgn sigdn`, ci bs uc prigbsi ab si`ugd÷c ab prim`bens rbkdai pir b` grdtbrdi ab uc ncî`dsds tägcdgi-rngdicn` (Wglÿc y ]bdc, >442). Wglÿc y ]bdc (>442) gicgdmbc qub `ns pisdgdicbs ab `n pi`åtdgn rbpisnc bc bstrugturns sumyngbctbs ab grbbcgdn, pbrgbpgd÷c y nprbgdngd÷c, n `ns qub ``nenc ‐enrgis― (=7). (=7). Bstis enrgis qub anc oiren n `ns pisdgdicbs ab pi`åtdgn y qub sumyngbc `n gictrivbrsdn, g ictrivbrsdn, kbcbrn`ebctb sic tîgdtis, `i qub sdkcdgn qub bstîc `dmrbs ab ntbcgd÷c y rnzicnedbcti gicsgdbctb (=7). Wistbcki qub `is WDG gictrdmuybc n uc ‐bcenrgnedbcti― ‐bcenrgnedbcti― tîgdti bspbgågi, y qub ci sb ln prbstnai sugdbctb ntbcgd÷c n `n cnturn`bzn ab bstb enrgi i n `ns pisdmd`danabs ab dcvi`ugrnsb bc uc prigbsi ab rbp`nctbnedbcti ab` edsei. N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis, bspbgdn`dstn ebxdgnci bc bstnaåstdgn gu`turn` y rbspicsnm`b ab` absnrri``i ab WDG ebxdgnci bc `is civbctn, bxp`dgn qub sd mdbc b` adsgursi ad sgursi simrb ‐tien ab abgdsdicbs mnsnans bc `n dcoirengd÷c― tianvån bs ucn ab `ns prdcgdpn`bs rnzicbs pnrn fustdgnr `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab `is WDG bc pnåsbs `ntdcinebrdgncis, ä` tdbcb adgu`tna pnrn bcgictrnr uc bfbep`i g`nri bc b` qub pianeis nprbgdnr g÷ei `n dcoirengd÷c kbcbrnan pir uc WDG bs utd`dznan pir uc Edcdstri i oucgdicnrdi pöm`dgi pnrn `bkdtdenr i npiynr ucn abtbredcnan g`nsb ab `bkds`ngd÷c i prikrnen (N. Gnstb``ncis, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, pbrsi cn`, >< ab igtumrb, =:>>). Bstb bs uc anti citnm`b, yn qub sukdbrb qub `is WDG oucgdicnc prdcgdpn`ebctb bc b` bsgbcnrdi ab `i vdrtun`, y qub `is grdtbrdis mnsnais bc bvdabcgdn tianvån ci lnc sdai dcgirpirnais bc b` oucgdicnedbcti ab `ns dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs bc b` aån n aån. @is bstuadis tnemdäc lnc abeistrnai g÷ei `n tbcabcgdn ab `n Cubvn Kbstd÷c Zöm`dgn, sd mdbc bvdabctb bc pnåsbs p nåsbs tncti bc b` Cirtb giei bc b` Wur, bs uc prigbsi giep`bfi, n`tnebctb adspnrbfi y gictrnadgtirdi (Absnd y Derdb, >44<). @n bxpbrdbcgdn ab Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Adrbgtirn ab Nrtbs y Nggbsi n `n Gu`turn bc b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn ab` Zbrö, gidcgdab gic bstb pucti ab vdstn, pubs eubstrn g÷ei n pbsnr ab` rbgicigdedbcti ab `n dcoirengd÷c y `is antis giei cbgbsnrdis pnrn ucn mubcn kimbrcnczn, `is WDG bc pnåsbs giei Zbrö sic gubstdicnais orbgubctbebctb y `is bsoubrzis pnrn sistbcbr`is cncgdbrnebctb gicstdtuybc uc krnc absnoåi (E. Cirdbkn, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). Bstns tbcsdicbs pubabc sbr uc rbbfi ab` prigbsi gictrnadgtirdi qub Absnd b Derdb (>44<) lnc imsbrvnai bc Dcadn y bc b` ]bdci Rcdai, pbri tnemdäc pubabc sbr b` dcadgnair ab uc eiebcti bc pnrtdgu`nr bc `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab `is WDG bc `n rbkd÷c, enrgnan pir `n dctriauggd÷c ab ucn cubvn tbgci`ikån bc uc ebadi dcstdtugdicn` murigrîtdgi y pritbggdicdstn, abcdai pir bstrugturns aiedcnctbs ab g`dbctb`dsei y pipu`dsei, pir bfbep`i (Zistdki, =:>>8 Wzwnrgmbrk, =:>=).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
@ns tbcabcgdns rbkdicn`bs y k`imn`bs dcadgnc qub `is WDG sb vi`vbrîc eîs pipu`nrbs y sb bxtbcabrîc bc `ns aägnans qub vdbcbc. Rcn pum`dgngd÷c rbgdbctb ab `n Irkncdzngd÷c ab Bstnais Nebrdgncis (IBN, =:>>), rbgicigb n `is WDG giei uc gicfucti ab ‐prîgtdgns bxdtisns― bc `n rbkd÷c. Bstb bs uc dcadgnair ab` absbi ab `ns irkncdzngdicbs dctbrcngdicn`bs pir gictdcunr oiebctncai y cncgdncai `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab `is WDG bc itris pnåsbs ab` Wur. Imvdnebctb, nrkuebctnr gictrn `n rbgi`bggd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c bc b` sbgtir gu`turn` pnrn `n tien ab abgdsdicbs, bs nmsurai y oötd`. o ötd`. B` prim`ben ci bs `n rbgi`bggd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c bc så, sdci bctbcabr `n `÷kdgn abtrîs ab `is WDG giei tbgci`ikåns, n trnväs ab ucn pbrspbgtdvn qub supbrn su sdep`b gicabcn. Grbi qub, giei `i vbrbeis bc `n sdkudbctb sbggd÷c, bsti pubab ``bvnrcis n grbnr adsbþis y `÷kdgns n`tbrcntdvns ab WDG pnrn su absp`dbkub, bcrdqubgdbcai `is sdstbens ab gicigdedbcti qub ngtun`ebctb yn oucgdicnc bc b` sbgtir gu`turn`.
=4
Bs depirtnctb rbbxdicnr simrb g÷ei `n abcdgd÷c ab `is GDW giei npnrntis ab `n gu`turn pnrbgb gickurnr n oucgdicnrdis ab kimdbrci, gicsu`tirbs, bspbgdn`dstns, kbstirbs gu`turn`bs, bstnadstns, ipbrnairbs y adsbþnairbs ab bstis tdpis ab sdstbens, giei gnrbctbs ab piabr pnrn gnemdnr `ns gisns, i `i pbir ab tiai, giei ngtirbs bc b` `nai bqudvignai ab ucn mntn``n pir `n `dmbrtna y `n bencgdpngd÷c. Bsti ci bs si`nebctb dcgirrbgti, sdci tnemdäc depriaugtdvi. Nknembc (=::4) cis rbgubran qub ‐bc `n rnåz ab gnan npnrnti rbpisn uc absbi abensdnai luenci pir `n ob`dgdana― y qub `n ` n gnpturn y sumfbtdvngd÷c ab bstb absbi abs bi bc ucn bsobrn sbpnrnan gicstdtuyb b` piabr bspbgågi ab` npnrnti. B` pucti ci bs vd`dgnr n` krnc cöebri ab priobsdicn`bs y bxpbrtis qub trnmnfnc ngtun`ebctb bc Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, sdci gictrdmudr n` absnrri``i ab sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c gnan vbz eîs nmdbrtis y abeigrîtdgis, qub surkbc ab` rbgicigdedbcti ab sdstbens n`tbrcntdvis ab gicigdedbcti, uc bcoiqub ci bgiciedgdstn bc `n gieprbcsd÷c ab `n grbngd÷c ab gicigdedbcti, y ab `n `ugln pir nep`dnr cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ab `n rb`ngd÷c bctrb gu`turn y bgicieån. Bc bstb sbctdai, bstn tbsds musgn gictrdmudr n` surkdedbcti ab uc cubvi ‐enrgi― bc `is täredcis ab Wglÿc (>442), n pnrtdr ab` gun` sdtunr b` adsbþi ab cubvns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs y WDG. Giei vbrbeis bc `n sdkudbctb sbggd÷c, lny bfbep`is bc Gbctrineärdgn ab bxpbrtis trnmnfncai bc ucn n`tbrcntdvn n `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, giepriebtdais bc `n grbngd÷c ab `i qub b``is ``nenc ‐Bgisdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (BDG). Bstis BDG dep`dgnc ucn oiren n`tbrcntdvn ab gicgbptun`dznr `n kbcbrngd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c y gicigdedbcti, ab nmrdr `is sdstbens ab gicigdedbcti n `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c y b` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab ucn rb`ngd÷c cubvn bctrb `ns pbrsicns, `n dcoirengd÷c y `ns dcstdtugdicbs. Qnemdäc bxdstbc krupis dcabpbcadbctbs ab `n sigdbana gdvd` qub bstîc absnrri``ncai priybgtis giei Gu`turnpbru.irk, bc `is qub sb naiptnc cubvns gntbkiråns y ri`bs, bc uc dctbcti pir prieivbr `n grbngd÷c ab gictrn-npnrntis. Bc itrns pn`nmrns, b` outuri ci bs siemråi, cd tnepigi sb trntn ab ucn `ugln bctrb b` mdbc y b` en`. Nsdedsei, bs oucanebctn` rbgicigbr qub `is npnrntis ci sic uc sdep`b nggdabctb bc b` qub `is luencis sic ntrnpnais pir gnsun`dana, sdci qub bstîc bcrndznais bc b` edsei prigbsi ab ‐luencdzngd÷c― y qub ldzi ‐luencis― ab `is ncden`bs qub g`nsdgneis mnfi `n römrdgn ab Liei Wnpdbcs. (Mbcdkbr, >4<46>;). @n `ugln pir grbnr WDG absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab` Bstnai y `n sigdbana gdvd` ‗ gictri`nr y sumvbrtdr ‗ bs pnrtb ab `n bxpbrdbcgdn edsen ab bvi`ugd÷c tägcdgn y pi`åtdgn. @n pisdgd÷c ab bstn tbsds bs gubstdicnr `n trnadgd÷c bxgbsdvnebctb bgiciedstn qub depngtn cbkntdvnebctb bc `n pisdmd`dana ab denkdcnr y kbcbrnr prigbsis b dcornbstrugturns dcornbstr ugturns eîs sistbcdm`bs, bgi`÷kdgns y nmdbrtns pnrn b` absnrri``i gu`turn`.
@� Zri`dobr�gd÷c ab WDG bc @�tdci�eärdg� Rcn pum`dgngd÷c rbgdbctb ab `n Irkncdzngd÷c ab Bstnais Nebrdgncis (IBN, =:>>), prbsbctn =< ‐prîgtdgns bxdtisns― qub prieubvbc b` ri` ab `n gu`turn bc b` ‐grbgdedbcti bgic÷edgi, `n dcg`usd÷c gu`turn` y b` absnrri``i sistbcdm`b― (?). @n pum`dgngd÷c dcg`uyb n `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (WDG) giei pnrtb ab bstns prîgtdgns bxdtisns, abcdäcai`ns giei dcdgdntdvns rbkdicn`bs qub ‐lnc surkdai bc eiebctis adobrbctbs bc adobrbctbs pnåsbs y qub 7:
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
ngtun`ebctb oucgdicnc bc Nrkbctdcn, Gld`b, Gi`iemdn, Gistn ]dgn, Eäxdgi y Rrukuny, npnrtb ab` WDG ab Ebrgisur> (WDGWR])― (>7). Ab ngubrai gic `n IBN (=:>>) `is prdebris bsoubrzis pnrn grbnr WDG bc `n rbkd÷c sb rbeictnc n `is iglbctn, sdc bemnrki `n enyirån ab sdstbens cngdicn`bs qub oucgdicnc bc `n ngtun`dana oubric bstnm`bgdais bc `n ö`tden aägnan. Eäxdgi abstngn giei uc bfbep`i pdicbri, abmdai n su ldstirdn (oub grbnai n dcdgdis ab `is 4:) y gictdcudana6 Qiais bstis sdstbens bstîc bc `åcbn `å cbn y kbstdicnc adobrbctbs nrgldvis qub dcg`uybc mnsbs ab antis y adrbgtirdis ab dcstdtugdicbs, dcornbstrugturn, obstdvn`bs, prbedis, aicngdicbs, btg.8 Bstnaåstdgns kbcbrnans pir `is sdstbens i pir oubctbs bxtbrcns, dcvbstdkngd÷c y bstuadis gicaugdais pir `is sdstbens, gbctris vdrtun`bs ab aiguebctngd÷c qub rböcbc dcoirengd÷c pbrtdcbctb kbcbrnan pir itrns oubctbs, cubvis mi`btdcbs y sbkudedbctis, pnrn ebcgdicnr s÷`i n`kucis ab `is nspbgtis eîs rb`bvnctbs y gieucbs ab `is sdstbens ebcgdicnais (IBN, =:>>). B` gnsi ab WDGWR], guyn gicstruggd÷c sb dcdgd÷ bc =::<, bs depirtnctb pirqub sb gicgbctrn bc iorbgbr dcoirengd÷c simrb `i ` i qub `n dcstdtugd÷c denkdcn giei gi ei uc ‐ebrgnai ‐ebrgnai gieöc―. Absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab cubstri enrgi ncn`åtdgi, b` WDGWR] pnrtdgdpn bc `n rbgrbngd÷c ab bstb ebrgnai gieöc n trnväs ab ebadis dcoirengdicn`bs. Absab su grbngd÷c bc =::<, b` WDGWR] ln trnmnfnai giei uc bspngdi ucdgnai pnrn `n prbsbctngd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c simrb `n ‐bgicieån gu`turn` ab `n rbkd÷c― (=1) y ab gnan uci ab `is pnåsbs qub pnrtdgdpn bc bstn irkncdzngd÷c6 Nrkbctdcn, Mi`dvdn, Mrnsd`, Gi`iemdn, Gld`b, Bgunair, Znrnkuny, Zbrö, Rrukuny y _bcbzub`n. @n p`ntnoiren bc `åcbn ab WDGWR] (lttp6//www.sdgsur.irk/) bstî oirenan pir ucn sbrdb ab sbggdicbs pnrn bstuadnr, ebadr, giepnrnr y prigbsnr dcoirengd÷c. Gictdbcb bstnaåstdgns gu`turn`bs, enpns, `bkds`ngd÷c, aiguebctis, dcoirengd÷c simrb giebrgdi bxtbrdir y pum`dgngdicbs. @n prdebrn vbrsd÷c bc `åcbn ab` WDGWR] iorbgb eîs ab 1,=:: bctrnans bc su enpn gu`turn`, eîs ab 2: gunaris y krîgis simrb bstnaåstdgn gu`turn`, =1< pdbzns ab `bkds`ngd÷c gu`turn`, 4 aiguebctis y = pum`dgngdicbs irdkdcn`bs (21) (_br Odkurn >). @n IBN (=:>>) sb rbbrb n ucn ldstirdn ab WDG bc `n rbkd÷c y ebcgdicn ucn rbobrbcgdn ldst÷rdgn nadgdicn`6 B` WDG ab @ntdcineärdgn y b` Gnrdmb (i WDG@NG), priybgti adsbþnai n` cn` ab `is civbctn qub vds`uemrnmn uc sdstben ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` rbkdicn`. Giei pnrtb ab sus imfbtdvis WDG@NG tnemdäc gicsdabr÷ `n privdsd÷c ab sbrvdgdis ab n`engbcnedbcti XlistdckU y girrbi b`bgtr÷cdgi n `is pnåsbs pnås bs pnrtdgdpnctbs, y gicsdabrnmn b` ri` ab GA-]IEW bc uc bgisdstben ab dcoirengd÷c aicab b` lnrawnrb y `n gicbgtdvdana gicbgtdv dana brnc nsuctis gråtdgis (RCBWGI, >44;). B` WDG@NG cucgn oucgdic÷ giei nqub` sdstben irkîcdgi y rbkdicn` qub sb denkdc÷ y suord÷ euglis gictrntdbepis. Wdc bemnrki, gicstdtuy÷ b` prdebr pnsi bc `n advu`kngd÷c ab dabns simrb `n depirtncgdn ab bstis sdstbens bc `n rbkd÷c, ebadnctb tn``brbs ab trnmnfi y oiris qub sb ``bvnric n gnmi bc vnrdis pnåsbs n cn`bs ab `is civbctn. Odkur� >. (vbr p�k 42)
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
@n IBN (=:>>) bxp`dgn qub nctbs ab `n bxdstbcgdn ab `is WDG bc vnrdis pnåsbs, `n dcoirengd÷c bstnmn ornkebctnan bctrb `ns adstdctns ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns y ipbrnmn gic grdtbrdis adobrbctbs. @n dcoirengd÷c ci sb ngtun`dznmn bc oiren rbku`nr y tnepigi bstnmn sdstbentdznan6 7>
Zir tncti, gnan si`dgdtua ab dcoirengd÷c dcvi`ugrnmn `n mösquban bc oubctbs adobrbctbs. Bsti sb rbsi`vbrån gnsuåstdgnebctb y ebadnctb prigbadedbctis encun`bs. Bsti eistr÷ qub ci lnmån uc nggbsi nmdbrti y trncspnrbctb n `n dcoirengd÷c, yn sbn bctrb `ns adstdctns ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns giiradcnans pir `is Edcdstbrdis ab Gu`turn, irkncdseis bqudvn`bctbs i pbrtdcbctbs giei dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs bc privdcgdns, bstnais, adstrdtis i gduanabs, y qub bstn dcoirengd÷c ci bstnmn adspicdm`b pnrn `is dcvbstdknairbs, nrtdstns, prieitirbs gu`turn`bs dcabpbcadbctbs y pöm`dgi bc kbcbrn` (IBN, =:>>). N` dcdgdi lumi euglns `dedtngdicbs bc b` bsoubrzi pir depu`snr b` absnrri``i ab WDG. Bstns tbcånc qub vbr gic `n on`tn ab bxpbrdbcgdn y trnadgd÷c bc `n kbstd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c sdstbentdznan, b` giepnrtdr`n abctri y bctrb dcstdtugdicbs, y `n grbngd÷c ab mnsbs ab antis gieucbs (>=). Itri prim`ben oub `n on`tn ab rbgursis luencis y lnrawnrb abstdcnai n nmiranr bstns tnrbns ab oiren rbku`nr y `ns adgu`tnabs tägcdgns bc b` adsbþi y absnrri``i ab ucn mnsb ab antis ab bstb tdpi qub dctbrgicbgtnrån n adstdctns rbkdicbs bc uc pnås (N. Gnstb``ncis, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >< ab igtumrb, =:>>). @ns dccivngdicbs tägcdgns bc b` gnepi ab` adsbþi ab mnsbs ab antis, `ns tbgci`ikåns ab g÷adki nmdbrti, `is nvncgbs bc `ns tbgci`ikåns ab kbirrbobrbcgdnedbcti, `n pbcbtrngd÷c ab` Dctbrcbt bc adstdctns rbkdicbs kbikrîgns y îemdtis ab `n ngtdvdana luencn, nså giei ucn gu`turn adkdtn` gictbepirîcbn rimustn bc @ntdcineärdgn, mrdcanc uc bctirci giep`btnebctb adobrbctb bc `n ngtun`dana. @n depirtncgdn ab `is WDG sub`b gicsdabrnrsb bc adstdctis cdvb`bs. Bc prdebr `uknr, sb supicb qub bstns lbrrnedbctns nyuanc n `ns dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs n oireu`nr, nanptnr y bvn`unr pi`åtdgns bc rb`ngd÷c n `is imfbtdvis qub sb pbrsdkubc y n `is rbgursis adspicdm`bs. Ab ngubrai gic `n IBN (27), `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` ‐rbspicabc n `n cbgbsdana ab gictnr gic dcoirengd÷c qub sbn nggbsdm`b n` pöm`dgi, sdstbentdznan y kbcbrnan bc oiren rbku`nr pnrn b`nmirnr adnkc÷stdgis, irdbctnr `n tien ab abgdsdicbs y bvn`unr `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs― (21). Bc sbkucai `uknr, sic adspisdtdvis qub pbredtbc enyir gicigdedbcti simrb b` ‐obc÷ebci gu`turn`― qub abmbrån sbr ‐ab utd`dana pnrn prieitirbs, kbstirbs gu`turn`bs b dcvbstdknairbs.―. Bc tbrgbr `uknr, tnemdäc sic lbrrnedbctns pnrn knrnctdznr `n rbcadgd÷c ab gubctns y trncspnrbcgdn, pnrn gieucdgnr guîcti sb knstn, bc quä y gic quä rbsu`tnais6 Abmdai n qub `ns pi`åtdgns pöm`dgns giepdtbc pir bstis rbgursis XcncgdbrisU, XcncgdbrisU, bs cbgbsnrdi eistrnr `i qub sb ln lbgli gic bstis rbgursis y b` depngti qub tdbcbc bc `n sigdbana. Bstn dcoirengd÷c bs dcadspbcsnm`b pnrn qub `is gduanancis bvn`öbc n `ns dcstdtugdicbs y nobgtbc `n tien ab abgdsdicbs simrb b` usi ab `is rbgursis pöm`dgis (IBN, =:>>8 ed äconsds). @n pum`dgngd÷c ab `n IBN encdbstn qub `is WDG sdrvbc giei lbrrnedbctns pnrn cbkigdnr y naedcdstrnr eîs rbgursis cncgdbris, tncti pöm`dgis giei prdvnais (27). B` ri` ab `is WDG giei lbrrnedbctns pnrn npiynr rbg`neis simrb b` nuebcti ab prbsupubsti i su prbsbrvngd÷c, y giei adspbcsnairbs ab ‐dcoirengd÷c ötd`―, `is sdtön bc uc tbrrbci mnstnctb giep`bfi, aicab sb rböcbc vnrdns g`nsbs ab depbrntdvis. Rci piarån abgdr qub nemis depbrntdvis (sbr ötd` pnrn cbkigdnr y giepbtdr bc `is prbsupubstis cngdicn`bs y sbrvdr giei rbgursi ötd` n `is gduanancis) pubabc sbr giepntdm`bs, pbri bstb imfbtdvi sdeu`tîcbi pubab sbr adoågd` ab n`gncznr. @n dabn ab qub `ns nkbcans ab `n sigdbana gdvd` y ab` Bstnai gidcgdabc bc `n cbgbsdana ab uc tdpi sdcku`nr ab dcoirengd÷c bs prim`beîtdgn, y pnrbgb nsuedr ucn vdsd÷c npi`åtdgn ab `n rbgi`bggd÷c y b` prigbsnedbcti ab dcoirengd÷c, ais prigbsis pi`åtdgis 7=
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
qub rbspicabc n depu`sis y encantis bspbgågis. B` nsucti ab `is encantis sb lnrî eîs g`nri n ebadan qub bxp`irbeis b` gnsi pbrunci, aicab bxdstbc bfbep`is bfbep`i s ab WDG nuspdgdnais pir b` Bstnai y bsoubrzis prdvnais absab `n sigdbana gdvd` pnrn kbcbrnr WDG n`tbrcntdvis y ötd`bs, bc itris sbctdais. @is depngtis ab `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab WDG bc `n ö`tden aägnan sic gicsdabrnais depirtnctbs (IBN, =:>>). Ab ngubrai gic `n IBN (=:>>) `is WDG lnc kbcbrnai uc nep`di nrgldvi ab rbgursis ab krnc utd`dana bc `is prigbsis ab tien ab abgdsdicbs n` sbrvdgdi ab adstdctis ngtirbs sigdn`bs, nså giei pnrn irdbctnr ucn adsgusd÷c pöm`dgn dcoirenan6 @is WDG gicstdtuybc ucn mnsb cbgbsnrdn pnrn `ikrnr ucn ebfir gieprbcsd÷c ab `n sdtungd÷c ngtun` ab` sbgtir y ab sus tbcabcgdns, pnrn bvn`unr `is rbsu`tnais ab `ns pi`åtdgns qub sb ``bvnc n gnmi8 pnrn ngtdvnr prigbsis ab ncî`dsds y rbbggd÷c simrb `n gu`turn y sus absnoåis8 pnrn prieivbr uc abmntb dcoirenai y lngbr pisdm`b ngubrais y gicsbcsis qub sistbcknc n `ns pi`åtdgns bc b` ebadnci y `nrki p`nzi. Z`ncdgnr sdc gictnr gic ucn mubcn mnsb ab dcoirengd÷c bs uc rdbski y bvn`unr sdc gictnr gic rbobrbcgdns s÷`dans y uc grdtbrdi g`nrnebctb abcdai bs dcnpripdnai (=:>>). Ab ngubrai gic bstb pucti ab vdstn, `is WDG sic `n mnsb pnrn absnrri``nr dcstruebctis qub pbredtnc ucn ebfir nutibvn`ungd÷c, `n rbtrin`debctngd÷c simrb b` trnmnfi y b` adsbþi ab pi`åtdgns y prikrnens qub rbspicanc n imfbtdvis pripubstis. Qnemdäc sic kbcbrnairbs ab entbrdn prden pnrn dcoirenr bc ucn oiren g`nrn y trncspnrbctb simrb `ns nggdicbs qub sb ``bvnc n gnmi, pnrn sbr rbspicsnm`bs orbctb n `n ` n sigdbana ngbrgn ab `is rbsu`tnais ab `n naedcdstrngd÷c pöm`dgn, y pnrn prieivbr mubcns bxpbrdbcgdns y prîgtdgns bxdtisns. B` absnrri``i ab `is WDG ci sb rbaugb n uc prigbsi tägcdgi-naedcdstrntdvi, ‐yn qub su sistbcdmd`dana, y pir bcgden ab tiai, su utd`dana, rbqudbrbc ab `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c ab cuebrisis ngtirbs― (IBN, =:>>). B` dcoireb dcadgn qub `is WDG sic b` rbsu`tnai ab` trnmnfi dcstdtugdicn` ab euglis nþis pnrn absnrri``nr mnsbs ab antis a ntis nmdbrtns qub pubabc sbr ngtun`dznans pbrencbctbebctb y ab oiren absgbctrn`dznan (=7). Bstb ‐trnmnfi dcstdtugdicn`― bs depirtnctb. Bstb bs uc prigbsi ebadnctb b` gun` `is ipbrnairbs qub trnmnfnc bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc WDG, kbcbrnc bc`ngbs dcstdtugdicn`bs bctrb `ns ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns y `ns pbrsicns, n`kucns vbgbs bc adstdctns rbkdicbs y bc îrbns ab kimdbrci euy adobrbctbs. Bstb tdpi ab trnmn fi dcstdtugdicn` gicstdtuyb `n gicstruggd÷c ngtdvn ab` npnrnti, yn qub pubab kbcbrnr cubvns dabns y adsgursis simrb `n rb`ngd÷c bctrb, pir bfbep`i, `n sn`ua y `ns nrtbs y `n gu`turn. Rc tbfdai ab dcstdtugdicbs bs tnemdäc uc tbfdai ab pbrsicns b dabns8 ab adsgursis simrb `i qub `ns mnsbs ab antis pubabc lngbr pnrn `n dcstdtugd÷c y `n sigdbana, y bc guncti n` vn`ir ab `n dcoirengd÷c bc `n gicauggd÷c ab uc kimdbrci bgnz6
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Gic rbspbgti n` depngti qub bstis sdstbens lnc tbcdai, `n IBN nren qub `is WDG gictdbcbc ucn krnc gnctdana ab dcoirengd÷c rbgi`bgtnan y sdstbentdznan n `i `nrki ab `is nþis. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc lnc absnrri``nai ucn rba ab usunrdis y gictngtis ab krnc depirtncgdn, y uc prigbsi ab rbbxd÷c y abmntb dcoirenai. @is dckrbsis n bstns mnsbs ab antis ``bknc n gdbctis ab ed`bs, nså giei `ns gicsu`tns n trnväs ab Dctbrcbt. Bc bstb sbctdai, `is WDG lnc sbctnai `ns mnsbs pnrn qub `ns irkncdzngdicbs rbspicsnm`bs ab pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs lnknc uc ebfir trnmnfi y qub su ngtdvdana sbn eîs trncspnrbctb lngdn `is gduanancis, `ns dcstdtugdicbs y itris nkbctbs sigdn`bs (IBN, =:>>).
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@ns rbabs oirenans bctrb dcstdtugdicbs y pbrsicns, nså giei b` trnmnfi dcstdtugdicn` qub dep`dgn bstnm`bgbr uc WDG, gicstdtuybc `is prigbsis b dcstncgdns eîs gicgrbtns pnrn bstuadnr `n ebgîcdgn ab `is WDG giei npnrntis y su bvi`ugd÷c n trnväs ab` tdbepi. Absab ucn pbrspbgtdvn ebtiai`÷kdgn, outurns dcvbstdkngdicbs abmbrîc gicsdabrnr ucn nprixdengd÷c gun`dtntdvn y eu`td-sdtdi, musgncai bstuadnr nqub``is eiebctis b dcstncgdns bc `is qub sb gicstruyb ‐b` sdstben―. Wbrîc ab utd`dana bcoiqubs giei `is absnrri``nais pir ]d`bs (=:::) bc ‐Qlb Cbtwirh Dcsdab Iut,― aicab sb bstuadn ucn rba trncscngdicn` ab ICKs n trnväs ab ebtiai`ikåns btcikrîgns, bc uc dctbcti pir bctbcabr g÷ei ucn oirengd÷c irkncdzngdicn` absgbctrn`dznan denkdcn, gicstruyb, entbrdn`dzn y ‐pbroiren― XpbroiresU `n rba. Ab `n edsen encbrn, b` bstuadi ab `is WDG bc b` outuri tbcarî qub nmiranr bstb tdpi ab prigbsis oirentdvis, bctbcadbcai n` WDG giei uc npnrnti oirenai pir pbrsicns, dcstdtugdicbs, sus adsgursis y rb`ngdicbs. Rcn pbrspbgtdvn bebrkbctb ab `is WDG ngtun`ebctb bc absnrri``i bc Gbctrineärdgn, dctbctn gicgbmdr n bstis sdstbens giei ‐Bgisdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Giep`bfn― i BDG. Ab ngubrai gic Ncn Gbgd`dn Eictd``n, Dcvbstdknairn Zrdcgdpn` bc bstb priybgti, bstn nprixdengd÷c gicsdabrn `is adstdctis sumsdstbens qub bc rbn`dana oirenc pnrtb ab gun`qudbr WDG (gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, =: ab igtumrb =:>>), pbri qub orbgubctbebctb sic gicsdabrnais sbpnrnanebctb. Bsti sdkcdgn dctbkrnr guntri sumsdstbens dctbrrb`ngdicnais6 b` WDG igdn` (oirenai pir adrbgtirdis, dcvbctnrdis y gntî`ikis)8 b` sumsdstben ab prikrnens pnrn b` bstuadi ab pöm`dgis y prîgtdgns gu`turn`bs, b` sumsdstben ab ‐bgicieån y gu`turn― (antis simrb tbcabcgdns bgic÷edgns) y b` sumsdstben ab dcadgnairbs gu`turn`bs, qub sb bcgubctrn bc `n dctbrsbggd÷c ab `is trbs sdstbens nctbs ebcgdicnais. @n pbrspbgtdvn ab` BDG gicsdabrn tnemdäc `n cbgbsdana ab Imsbrvntirdis, bxtbrcis n` bgisdstben bc sd, y `n privdsd÷c ab ncî`dsds gråtdgis ab `n dcoirengd÷c priaugdan (Eictd``n, =:>:). @n gicgbptun`dzngd÷c ab `is BDG sb dcdgd÷ bc =::4 y oub rbn`dznan gicsdabrncai b` gictbxti ab vnrdis pnåsbs bc Gbctrineärdgn, dcg`uybcai Kuntben`n, Gistn ]dgn, Zncneî, Licaurns, Cdgnrnkun y B` Wn`vnair. B` bcoiqub ab BDG p`nctbn `n cbgbsdana ab gicstdtudr vnrdns rbabs, bc uc dctbcti pir kbcbrnr gieucdanabs ab prîgtdgn b dctbräs bc dctbrnggd÷c gic `is adstdctis sdstbens. Rcn ab bstns rbabs bstnrån oirenan pir `n sigdbana gdvd` y pir rbprbsbctnctbs ab` sbgtir gu`turn`. Eictd``n bxp`dgn qub `ns rbabs sic g`nvb bc b` bsoubrzi pir abeigrntdznr `is WDG. Zir bfbep`i, b` WDG ebxdgnci sb mbcbgd÷ gic `n grbngd÷c ab ucn ]ba Cngdicn` ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` (]BCDG) oirenan pir dcstdtugdicbs pöm`dgns y prdvnans. Bstn rba pbredtd÷ b` nuebcti ab `is rbkdstris bc b` sdstben sds tben ab 1:,::: rbgi`bgtnais bctrb >44? y =::?, n 72:,::: bc `n ngtun`dana (Eictd``n, =:>:).
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@n pbrspbgtdvn ab` BDG iorbgb ucn enyir prioucadana bc b` ncî`dsds ab `is WDG y abstngn `n giep`bfn dctbrnggd÷c ab `is sumsdstbens dcvi`ugrnais bc `n kbcbrngd÷c ab` gicigdedbcti bc uc sbgtir gu`turn`, nep`dncai cubstrn gieprbcsd÷c ab `i qub dep`dgn `n kbcbrngd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn`. Wdc bemnrki, grbi qub `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `is BDG ci cbgbsnrdnebctb dep`dgn `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc npnrnti n`tbrcntdvi, ens mdbc, bstb ngtön lngdn `n gicstdtugd÷c ab uc npnrnti nep`dnai. Wd mdbc Eictd``n bxp`dgn qub `n sigdbana gdvd` tbcarån enyir ipirtucdana pnrn dctbrvbcdr bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab gntbkiråns g ntbkiråns y bc `n adrbggd÷c kbcbrn` ab `is prigbsis pnrn rbgi`bgtnr dcoirengd÷c, b` bsoubrzi nöc bstî bcenrgnai mnfi `n `÷kdgn ab` Bstnai. B` ri` ab uc Imsbrvntirdi bxtbrci, sd mdbc sb gicsdabrn depirtnctb, d epirtnctb, quban oubrn ab` bgisdstben y su prbsbcgdn abpbcab ab `n pisdmd`dana qub tbckn `n sigdbana gdvd` y b` sbgtir prdvnai ab eivd`dznrsb lngdn su gicstdtugd÷c. Qrntîcaisb ab ucn bxpbrdbcgdn rbgdbctb y bebrkbctb, ci gictneis gic sugdbctb dcoirengd÷c pnrn bvn`unr b` äxdti ab` bcoiqub ab `is BDG. Wdc bemnrki, `n bstrntbkdn pnrn dctriaugdr ucn vdsd÷c v dsd÷c eîs giep`bfn ab `is adstdctis ‐sumsdstbens― ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` bc b` adsbþi ab `is WDG bs euy depirtnctb y piarån mrdcanr uc absnrri``i dccivnair bc b` gnepi ab `n dep`bebctngd÷c ab bstns dcornbstrugturns.
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Gicstru�bcai uc Wdstbe� ab Dcoire�gd÷c Gu`tur�` bc Zbrö @n dabn ab gicsi`danr uc WDG bc b` Zbrö ln bxdstdai pir euglis nþis y ln sn`dai n `n `uz bc vnrdis kimdbrcis nctbrdirbs. Bc =::2, pir bfbep`i, b` Dcstdtuti Cngdicn` ab Gu`turn (DCG), b`nmir÷ uc Adrbgtirdi Cngdicn` ab Nrtbs y Gu`turn (DCG =::2). @n dabn brn lngbr qub bstb Adrbgtirdi oubrn `n mnsb pnrn `n gicstruggd÷c ab uc WDG nabgunai bc b` pnås. Wdc bemnrki, b` bsoubrzi rbgdmd÷ gråtdgns euy cbkntdvns, pubs sb gicsdabr÷ qub b` Adrbgtirdi brn ‐dcgiep`bti―. Guncai b` DCG sb gicvdrtd÷ bc Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn bc igtumrb =:>:, `n dabn ab gicsi`danr uc WDG cngdicn` gimr÷ enyir depirtncgdn, bc tncti qub `n on`tn ab dcoirengd÷c pnrn oireu`nr pi`åtdgns mnsnans bc bvdabcgdn sb vi`vd÷ bvdabctb. Zir bfbep`i, ci bxdstb dcoirengd÷c simrb `n gnctdana ab bspngdis adspicdm`bs bc b` Zbrö pnrn b` tbntri y `ns nrtbs bsgäcdgns, tnepigi bstî adspicdm`b b` cöebri ab sn`ns ab gdcb y gbctris gu`turn`bs =. Bsti kbcbrn uc prim`ben pubs rbvb`n qub `n pi`åtdgn y b` prbsupubsti cucgn lnc girrbspicadai n ucn vdsd÷c ab `n rbn`dana y qub ens mdbc sic b` rbsu`tnai ab gictdckbcgdns, vdsdicbs pi`dtdznans b dcg`usi bcoiqubs gnrdseîtdgis ab` kimdbrci (N`onri, =:>>). Bc =:>: b` prdebr Edcdstri ab Gu`turn ab` Zbrö, Func Func Issdi Nguþn, `ikr÷ imtbcbr b` npiyi cncgdbri ab `n Oucangd÷c Dctbrnebrdgncn pnrn Gu`turn y Absnrri``i (grbnan pir b` Mncgi Dctbrnebrdgnci ab Absnrri``i) pnrn absnrri``nr uc Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` ab` Zbrö. B` priybgti oiren pnrtb ab ucn dcdgdntdvn dcdgd ntdvn enyir ``nenan ‐Nt`ns ‐Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` ab `ns Neärdgns―, qub gicsdstb bc b` absnrri``i ab uc Nt`ns bc guntri pnåsbs, y bs vdsti pir b` kimdbrci pbrunci giei ‐uc prdebr pnsi lngdn `n gicsi`dangd÷c gicsi`da ngd÷c ab` Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc Zbrö― (E. Cirdbkn, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). @n Oucangd÷c absgrdmb `n dcdgdntdvn bc su pîkdcn [bm [bm (DGAO, (DGAO, =:>>) ab bstn oiren6 Abspuäs ab lnmbr gicaugdai uc dctbcsi ncî`dsds rbkdicn`, `n Oucangd÷c gicg`uy÷ qub ucn ab `ns `dedtngdicbs pnrn uc ebfir usi ab `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs bc @ntdcineärdgn bs `n on`tn ab dcoirengd÷c gicnm`b, pbrtdcbctb y giep`btn simrb b` pntrdeicdi gic b` qub gubctnc `is `ntdcinebrdgncis. Zir bstn rnz÷c, fucti gic `is Edcdstbrdis ab Gu`turn ab gnan pnås, `n Oucangd÷c Dctbrnebrdgncn ab Gu`turn y Absnrri``i ln abgdadai bcoignr krnc pnrtb ab sus bsoubrzis bc `n gicsi`dangd÷c ab` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` ab `ns Neärdgns6 ucn p`ntnoiren qub rböcb dcoirengd÷c gun`dtntdvn, gunctdtntdvn y kbirbobrbcgdnan ngbrgn ab` pntrdeicdi gu`turn` ab `n rbkd÷c.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Bc su prdebrn btnpn, b` Nt`ns dcg`uyb n guntri pnåsbs6 Gistn ]dgn, Bgunair, Fnendgn y Zbrö. Zbrö. Aurnctb bstb nþi sb gicg`udrîc y pum`dgnrîc guntri Nt`ns Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn`, y bc `is pr÷xdeis guntri nþis `n Oucangd÷c bspbrn gicg`udr b` priybgti bc su titn`dana. Bstneis gicvbcgdais ab qub bstn dcdgdntdvn sbrî ab bcireb depirtncgdn bc b` prigbsi ab gicstrudr dcadgnairbs gu`turn`bs giepnrnm`bs bc `n rbkd÷c y qub, sdc auan n`kucn, gicstdtudrî ucn lbrrnedbctn vn`disn pnrn `is tienairbs ab abgdsdicbs, `ns dcstdtugdicbs pöm`dgns y prdvnans y b` pöm`dgi bc kbcbrn` (DGAO, (DGAO, =:>>8 ed trnauggd÷c y äconsds).
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B` priybgti ab` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` ab `ns Neärdgns bstî ngtun`ebctb mnfi `n adrbggd÷c ab N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis, uc gicsu`tir ebxdgnci qub oub rbspicsnm`b, ci s÷`i ab `n adrbggd÷c ab` absnrri``i ab` WDG ebxdgnci, uci ab `is bfbep`is pdicbris ab bstis sdstbens, sdci ab itris WDG bc vnrdis pnåsbs ab `n rbkd÷c. Gnstb``ncis bxp`dgn qub b` Nt`ns bc b` Zbrö sb mbcbgdn adrbgtnebctb ab `n bxpbrdbcgdn ebxdgncn (gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >< igtumrb =:>>). Ncn`åtdgnebctb, bstb eiebcti bc b` Zbrö bs euy dctbrbsnctb yn qub cis pbredtb nprbgdnr b` prigbsi ab gicstdtugd÷c ab uc WDG, eiebcti bc b` qub piabeis nprbgdnr `n cnturn`bzn ‐vdrtun`― ab bstns g`nsbs ab sdstbens, y g÷ei sb vub`vbc tnckdm`bs ebadnctb `n kbcbrngd÷c ab np`dgngdicbs [bm, pir bfbep`i, y `n gicstdtugd÷c ab rb`ngdicbs bctrb `ns pbrsicns pbrs icns y `ns dcstdtugdicbs. Bc itrns pn`nmrns, bstb eiebcti cis pbredtb nprbgdnr `n oiren bc `n qub sb bstrugturn y bctdbcab ‐`n priebsn― ab `is WDG y simrb `n gun` sb s b npiyn b` npnrnti, gicstdtudai pir `is adstdctis adsgursis, dabns b dcstdtugdicbs qub sb fuctnc pnrn ‐oirenr― b` sdstben. Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Adrbgtirn ab Nrtbs y Nggbsi n `n Gu`turn bc `n Adrbggd÷c Kbcbrn` ab Dcaustrdns Gu`turn`bs y Nrtbs, ln bstnai n gnrki ab` priybgti ab` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn`, `n mnsb pnrn b` outuri Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc Zbrö. B` priybgti gict÷ gic trbs priobsdicn`bs qub trnmnfnric aurnctb uc pbrdiai ab >: ebsbs rbgipd`ncai dcoirengd÷c simrb (>) gbctris gu`turn`bs, (=) sn`ns ab gdcb, (7) prbcsn (1) ‐bspngdis pnrn bxldmdgd÷c ab nrtbs bsgäcdgns―, (2) sn`ns ab gdcb, (?) kn`bråns ab nrtb, (;) `dmrbråns, (<) rbvdstns, (4) sb``is adsgikrîgis y bstuadis ab krnmngd÷c, nså giei (>:) prikrnens baugntdvis bc kbstd÷c gu`turn` (AKDGN, =:>>n). Gnan ucn ab bstns gntbkiråns pnrn b` absnrri``i ab` Nt`ns rbspicab n prip÷sdtis bspbgågis ab bcuebrngd÷c y vn`ungd÷c y ci sb abmbc gicsdabrnr gicsdabr nr ‐cnturn`bs― ‐cnturn`bs― i gnrbctbs ab dctbcgdicn`dana. @i prdebri qub uci imsbrvn bc b` Nt`ns y `ns gntbkiråns bcuebrnans `åcbns nrrdmn, bs qub prbvn`bgbc `n bgicieån y `ns dcaustrdns. Zir bfbep`i, sb bctdbcab pir ‐Gnrrbrns Gu`turn`bs― n nqub``ns gnrrbrns (prikrnens ngnaäedgis) i ‐prikrnens bspbgdn`dznais bc tbens gu`turn`bs, cubvns tbgci`ikåns ab dcoirengd÷c, priauggd÷c nrtåstdgn y bgicieån gu`turn`― (AKDGN, =:>>n). Rc Gbctri Gu`turn` bs gicgbmdai giei ‐uc bspngdi oåsdgi nmdbrti n `n gieucdana y abadgnai n` oiebcti y prikrbsi ab `ns nrtbs y `n gu`turn, ebadnctb `n irkncdzngd÷c ab ngtdvdanabs baugntdvns, ab bxldmdgd÷c b dctbrgnemdi gu`turn`.― Bc guncti n `ns Wn`ns ab Gdcb, sb abcbc giei ‐b` bspngdi oåsdgi abstdcnai n `n bxldmdgd÷c ab pb`ågu`ns (trnmnfis gdcbentikrîgis), nmdbrtis n` pöm`dgi, yn sbn qub dcg`uybc bctrnan `dmrb i uc pnki― (AKDGN, =:>>n). Bc bstn prdebrn vbrsd÷c ab` Nt`ns ci sb ebcgdicn itris tdpis ab dcornbstrugturn giei bspngdis trnadgdicn`bs i gieucdtnrdis y sdtdis dcaåkbcns.
@is WDG WDG giei Qbgci`ikå�s Qbgci`ikå�s ab E�pbi Bc kbcbrn`, tiais `is WDG sdrvbc giei adspisdtdvis ab enpbi. @n IBN (=:>>) bxp`dgn qub tian `n dcoirengd÷c qub bs susgbptdm`b n sbr umdgnan bc uc pucti bspbgågi bc b` tbrrdtirdi bs prbsbctnan bc enpns, `i gun` rboubrzn su usi giei lbrrnedbctn ncn`åtdgn (21). Bc guncti n` WDG pbrunci, b` lbgli ab qub sus gdedbctis vbcknc ab uc Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` abmbrån lngbr qub prbstbeis enyir ntbcgd÷c n `ns pi`åtdgns ab `is WDG giei 7?
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
adspisdtdvis ab enpbi qub oucgdicnc n trnväs ab uc sdstben bspbgågi ab g`nsdgngd÷c. @ns g`nsdgngdicbs rbqubrdans pnrn enpbnr uc gicfucti ab bctdanabs sded`nrbs (eusbis, gbctris gu`turn`bs, sn`ns ab gdcb, btg.) supicbc ucn sbkebctngd÷c bspngdn`, tbepirn` i bspngdi-tbepirn` ab` eucai (Miwhbr y Wtnr, Wtnr, >4446>:) (_br (_br Odkurn =). Bc b` gictbxti ab` sbgtir gu`turn`, bsti dep`dgn uc irabcnedbcti ab` eucai y ‗ bc b` gnsi ab `is Nt`ns y WDG ‗ b` rbgicigdedbcti ab gdbrtis bspngdis y b` igu`tnedbcti ab itris. Bc itrns pn`nmrns, b` enpbi ab bspngdis gu`turn`bs gicstdtuyb uc ngti prioucanebctb pi`åtdgi. Odkur� = (vbr p�kdc� 4;)
B` Nt`ns y WDG bc kbcbrn`, oucgdicn giei uc adspisdtdvi pnrn rbprbsbctnr uc ‐bspngdi gu`turn`― bspbgågi, vdsdm`b i dcvdsdm`b y pir tncti lngb qub `is ‐bspngdis gu`turn`bs dcgiep`btis― sbnc ucn rbn`dana. Zripicki ‐bspngdi gu`turn` dcgiep`bti― giei uc täredci qub sb mnsn bc b` gicgbpti ab Ed``br (>441) ab ‐sufbtis gu`turn`bs dcgiep`btis―, pbri qub dep`dgn ucn pi`åtdgn bspngdn`. Bstb täredci trntn ab giep`dgnr `ns dabns simrb bspngdis vngåis bc `is ‐enpns gu`turn`bs― y gubstdicn pir bfbep`i, quä sdkcdgn uc tbrrdtirdi sdc ‐sn`ns ab gdcb―. Zripicki qub b` prim`ben bs qub n` bstnm`bgbr `n nusbcgdn ab sn`ns ab gdcb bc uc tbrrdtirdi, piaråneis tnemdäc bstnr nsuedbcai `n nusbcgdn ab gu`turns nuadivdsun`bs n`tbrcntdvns (pir bfbep`i, gieucdanabs qub absnrri``nc gdcb dcabpbcadbctb i gieucdtnrdi), guncai bc rbn`dana bstb bs si`nebctb uc dcadgnair ab `n nusbcgdn ab uc tdpi bspbgågi ab bspngdi sigdn` pnrn `n igurrbcgdn ab gdbrtns encdobstngdicbs encdobstngd icbs nuadivdsun`bs abtbredcnans gu`turn`ebctb (pb`ågu`ns) y ab `n encdobstngd÷c ab ucn bgicieån bspbgågn (`n ab `ns pb`ågu`ns y priaugtis ab Li``ywiia, pir bfbep`i). Bc itrns pn`nmrns, bstis tbrrdtirdis pubabc bstnr yn giepriebtdais gic gu`turns nuadivdsun`bs ab uc tdpi y `bkdmd`dana adstdctns, ads tdctns, gic bspngdis adobrbctbs pnrn b` nggbsi gu`turn`. Giei sb ln ebcgdicnai nctbrdirebctb, uc ‐bspngdi gu`turn` dcgiep`bti― sb vub`vb ucn ipirtucdana y fustdgngd÷c pnrn `n dctbrvbcgd÷c ab` Bstnai y sdkcdgn b` rbkdstri b dcsgrdpgd÷c pi`åtdgn ab uc pndsnfb gu`turn` dcaåkbcn giei (gu`turn`ebctb) vngåi.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
B` gnepi ab `n gnrtikrnoån gråtdgn cis rbgubran qub `is enpns lngbc `n rbn`dana tncti giei `n rbprbsbctnc (Grneptic, =:>:). Dkun`ebctb, `ns gntbkiråns ab enpbi pbrtbcbgbc, ci n ucn bxpbrdbcgdn pnrtdgu`nr ab` eucai sdci n ucn edrnan (gnrtikrîgn) bspbgågn. @is nt`ns gu`turn`bs `b anc n` eucai gu`turn` uc tdpi ab `bkdmd`dana, qub ci bs cd cnturn` cd dcigbctb. Itri tben g`nvb bs qub b` enpbi ci bs gdbctågi. Grneptic (=:>>) encdbstn qub b` enpbi gdbctågi aurnctb `ns prîgtdgns pr îgtdgns ab ‐kimdbrci― ‐kimdbrci― bc tdbepis ab kubrrn y su sbgub`n (<4). sb vi`vd÷ gdbctågi @is enpns lnc `ikrnai prbsbctnrsb giei adspisdtdvis ab rbprbsbctngd÷c cnturn`, guncai bc rbn`dana ‐sic trnåais n` eucai y pubstis n trnmnfnr ebadnctb prîgtdgns giei b` rbgicigdedbcti, `n dctbrprbtngd÷c, `n trnauggd÷c, `n gieucdgngd÷c y nså sugbsdvnebctb― (Hdtgldc nca Aiakb, =::;, bc Grneptic, =:>>). Adrån qub `is WDG qub bep`bnc tbgci`ikåns ab enpbi (WDK) giei `is enpns ab Kiik`b, ci sic si`nebctb enslups Xebzg`nsU tägcdgis (ab Wdstbens ab Kbstd÷c ab` Gictbcdai giei Arupn` gic Kiik`benps), sdci qub gicstdtuybc ‐enslups pi`åtdgis―, yn qub giemdcnc vnrdns tbgci`ikåns ab kimdbrci, giei b` enpbi y `n g`nsdgngd÷c, pir bfbep`i. Ab pnrtdgu`nr depirtncgdn pnrn bstn bs tn pbrspbgtdvn bs b` gicgbpti ab Lnccnl (=::4) ngbrgn ab uc ‐tbrrdtirdi gn`gu`nm`b―, oirenai pir ais giepicbctbs g`nvb8 giei `n bctdbcab Wgitt (>44<) y `ns oirens bc qub b` gicigdedbcti ab `is tbrrdti`bkdmd`dana giei rdis bs eivd`dznai. @n dabn bs qub `n `bkdmd`dana bs ucn prbgicadgd÷c pnrn `n ` n dctbrvbcgd÷c ab` Bstnai y `is WDG sic adspisdtdvis qub iorbgbc `bkdmd`dana pnrn uc tdpi ab dctbrvbcgd÷c qub musgn bxp`itnr y naedcdstrnr `is rbgursis gu`turn`bs. @n prbkuctn bs sd uc WDG qub oucgdicn n trnväs ab uc sdstben ab g`nsdgngd÷c adobrbctb pubab gntn`dznr ucn oiren ab eivd`dzngd÷c n`tbrcntdvn ab cnturn`bzn pi`åtdgn y pisdgdicnan adrbgtnebctb bc gictrn ab `n ` n bgiciedzngd÷c ab `n gu`turn ¹^uä tdpi ab sdstben sbrån bsb9 7;
Giei yn `i lb ebcgdicnai, `ns gntbkiråns bep`bnans pir b` WDG pnrn g`nsdgnr `n ‐dcornbstrugturn gu`turn`― bc b` Zbrö (gbctris gu`turn`bs, eusbis, sn`ns ab gdcb, btg.) pubabc sbr nsigdnans adrbgtnebctb gic ucn pbrspbgtdvn ab dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs. Bsti pubab tbcbr qub vbr gic b` lbgli ab qub b` priybgti WDG bc så bs ab rbspicsnmd`dana ab `n Adrbggd÷c Kbcbrn` n gnrki ab dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs, uc sbgtir qub ln rbgdmdai euy pign ntbcgd÷c bc b` pnsnai y pnrn b` gun` ci gictneis gic dcoirengd÷c sdstbentdznan. Bc bobgti, b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn ab` Zbrö grbnai bc =:>: sirprbcad÷ n` dcg`udr uc _dgbedcdstri ab Zntrdeicdi b Dcaustrdns Gu`turn`bs bc su irkncdzngd÷c, rbvb`ncai qudzîs uc dctbräs bc prieivbr bstn pbrspbgtdvn bc `n bvi`ugd÷c kbcbrn` ab `n dcstdtugd÷c. Bc bobgti, b` gicgbpti ab ‐dcornbstrugturn gu`turn`― bs euy en`bnm`b (Auxmury, =::<). Kbcbrn`ebctb, gnan pnås qub dctbctn enpbnr su dcornbstrugturn gu`turn`, `b an oiren n su pripdn abcdgd÷c, dcubcgdnai pir cbgbsdanabs bspbgågns. Bsti bs ab pnrtdgu`nr dctbräs d ctbräs bc @ntdcineärdgn, aicab `n irkncdzngd÷c dctbrcn ab `is Edcdstbrdis ab Gu`turn y `is täredcis bep`bnais pnrn absgrdmdr sus ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns sub`bc abtbredcnr b` bepufb ab euglis ab sus prikrnens. Zir bfbep`i, Mi`dvdn tdbcb uc Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turns, bc `åcbn `n dabn ab uc Bstnai ‐p`urdcngdicn`―. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc tdbcb uc _dgbedcdstbrdi ab Absgi`icdzngd÷c, b` edsei qub kbcbrn advbrsis prikrnens pnrn nmiranr bstb prigbsi. Wd mdbc ci lb tbcdai nggbsi n `n abcdgd÷c ipbrntdvn ab bstb täredci giei sb np`dgn bc b` Nt`ns bc Zbrö, N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis (gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >< ab igtumrb, =:>>) bxp`dgn qub `ns gntbkiråns bep`bnans sb mnsnc bc `n bxpbrdbcgdn ab` Nt`ns Ebxdgnci ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn`, gic n`kucns vnrdngdicbs `ign`bs. Bc `n prîgtdgn, bs euy adoågd` trnznr `åedtbs n`rbabair ab uc gicgbpti qub dcgirpirn ucn nep`dn vnrdbana ab `uknrbs bep`bnais pnrn ngtdvdanabs gu`turn`bs (Auxmury, =::<). Wdc bemnrki, bs depirtnctb rbgicigbr b` ngti dclbrbctbebctb pi`åtdgi ab g`nsdgnr g`nsd gnr uc `uknr giei dcornbstrugturn gu`turn`. g u`turn`. Zir bfbep`i, bc b` enpbi ab `n dcornbstrugturn gu`turn` bc Gncnaî (=7), sb gicsdabr÷ `n dcornbstrugturn dcornbstr ugturn giei b` ‐`uknr oåsdgi, `n p`ntnoiren― aicab pubabc sugbabr ngtdvdanabs y sb iorbgd÷ ucn abcdgd÷c ab trnmnfi6 @is ngtdvis y bspngdis oåsdgis, yn sbn n tdbepi giep`bti i pnrgdn`, gic uc si`i i eö`tdp`bs prip÷sdtis, ldst÷rdgis i gictbepirîcbis, qub tdbcbc priaugtis gu`turn`bs y qub guep`bc y sntdsongbc `is rbqubrdedbctis ab ngtdvdanabs gu`turn`bs y ab `n dcaustrdn gu`turn` (=1). Nucqub nep`dn, bstn bs tn abcdgd÷c ab trnmnfi ``bv÷ n` bqudpi gncnadbcsb n gnrki ab` enpbi n abcdr =1 g`nsbs ab `uknrbs, nkrupnais bc bspngdis ab prbsbctngd÷c, grbngd÷c/priauggd÷c y ab trnmnfi bc vdvi. Bc b` gnsi ab Zbrö, b` Nt`ns gubctn gic >: g`nsbs ab `uknrbs, ab `is g un`bs pir `i ebcis ; tdbcbc qub vbr adrbgtnebctb gic `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs. Ci bcgictrneis bc bstn btnpn cdckucn gntbkirån i abcdgd÷c ‑y pir tncti rbgicigdedbcti ‑ ab sdtdis i `uknrbs dcaåkbcns trnadgdicn`bs, cd `i qub sb piarån ``nenr ‐bspngdis ab `n ebeirdn―, `uknrbs bc `is qub `ns pbrsicns pnrtdgdpnc bc prigbsis ab ebeirdn qub ci sugbabc abctri ab eusbis, pbri qub tnemdäc dep`dgnc ucn bxprbsd÷c gu`turn` y ngtdvdana gu`turn` ab uc tdpi, orbgubctbebctb nsigdnai gic gieucdanabs b dabctdanabs dcaåkbcns. G`nrnebctb, abcdr b dabctdgnr `n dcornbstrugturn gu`turn` sdkcdgn tnemdäc rbgicigbr `n ‐ngtdvdana gu`turn`― `bkåtden. Wd mdbc pricti sb lngb bvdabctb qub b` n`gncgb `dedtnai `d edtnai ab` Nt`ns bc Zbrö tdbcb qub vbr prdcgdpn`ebctb gic rnzicbs prbsupubstnrdns, bs cbgbsnrdi rbgicigbr qub `n pum`dgngd÷c ab bstis rbsu`tnais dcdgdn`bs depngtnrî `n oiren bc qub `ns pbrsicns y `is kbstirbs gu`turn`bs bctdbcabc `n ‐dcornbstrugturn gu`turn`― bc Zbrö, `i qub tbcbeis y `i qub ci tbcbeis, `i qub bstî nlå y `i qub ci. 7<
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Depbr�tdvis/@dedt�gdicbs ab Kbstd÷c B` bqudpi pbrunci n gnrki ab` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` bstî trnmnfncai ngtun`ebctb bc b` adsbþi ab ucn pîkdcn [bm [bm qub gictbckn sus ln``nzkis dcdgdn`bs, dcdgdn` bs, y qub ‐sbrvdrî giei uc priaugti gicgrbti― qub `is nyuab n sustbctnr `n cbgbsdana ab oicais nadgdicn`bs pnrn gictdcunr su trnmnfi (E. Cirdbkn, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>8 AKDGN, =:>>m). Bc guncti n `n pîkdcn [bm qub sb bstî absnrri``ncai, Cirdbkn naedtb qub ‐bstb ci bs b` sdstben bc så, imvdnebctb, pbri bs n`ki.― B` sdstben giei tn`, tbcarån qub vbr eîs gic `n giiradcngd÷c bctrb `ns Adrbggdicbs y `ns Rcdanabs Naedcdstrntdvns abctri y oubrn ab` Edcdstbrdi (Edcdstbrdi ab Odcnczns, Edcdstbrdi ab `n Zriauggd÷c y Adrbggdicbs ]bkdicn`bs ab Gu`turn, pir bfbep`i), qub trnmnfbc giei ucn rba pnrn priaugdr y giepnrtdr dcoirengd÷c ipirtucn simrb tbens gu`turn`bs. Giei sb ln ebcgdicnai nctbrdirebctb, b` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab uc WDG dep`dgn ucn dckbcdbrån sigdn` bctrb `ns pbrsicns y `ns dcstdtugdicbs. Bsti sdkcdgn ci si`nebctb imtbcbr dcoirengd÷c ucn vbz i bspirîadgnebctb, sdci `n kbcbrngd÷c ab ebgncdseis pbrencbctbs pnrn rbgi`bggd÷c y kbstd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c, ab encbrn qub `n dcoirengd÷c tbckn ebfir gn`dana y `is oucgdicnrdis oucgdicnrdi s pöm`dgis pubanc dcgirpirnr bstns tnrbns n sus prîgtdgns lnmdtun`bs. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub gic rbspbgti n `n dcoirengd÷c y `ns mnsbs ab antis, itrns Adrbggdicbs abctri ab` Edcdstbrdi lnc absnrri``nai rbgursis depirtnctbs, giei `n Adrbggd÷c Kbcbrn` ab Zntrdeicdi Gu`turn`, pir bfbep`i. B` prim`ben bs qub `n dcoirengd÷c abctri ab `n dcstdtugd÷c bstî adspbrsn, y `is oucgdicnrdis ci bstîc ngistuemrnais n giepnrtdr`n bctrb b``is i gic pbrsicns bxtbrcns n` Edcdstbrdi (E. Cirdbkn, gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub `n dabn ab kbcbrnr ucn pîkdcn [bm qub sdrvn giei ucn bspbgdb ab ‐abei― ‐abei― pnrn b` sdstben, sds tben, tnemdäc pubab gictrdmudr n `n ‐npripdngd÷c ab` sdstben pir pnrtb ab` sbgtir (gu`turn`)― (gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). B` tben ab `n npripdngd÷c sigdn` bs g`nvb, y bstî bc gicsicncgdn gic `n ipdcd÷c kbcbrn` ab` WDG giei privbbair ab dcoirengd÷c pnrn b` pöm`dgi bc kbcbrn`, kbstirbs, irkncdzngdicbs b dcstdtugdicbs gu`turn`bs bsmiznans pir `n IBN (=:>>). Bc bstb sbctdai, `is WDG gicstdtuybc ucn pisdmd`dana pnrn b` adî`iki bctrb b` Bstnai y `n sigdbana sig dbana gdvd`, sd mdbc n trnväs ab ucn ‐edrnan― edrnan― prbabtbredcnan ab` sbgtir giei tbrrdtirdi gu`turn`. @ns gntbkiråns giei ‐Eusbi― i ‐Gbctri Gu`turn`― ci bstîc bc abmntb sdci qub npnrbgbc prbabtbredcnans, bc gicsu`tn gic uc Gicsbfi Badtirdn`, pbri kbcbrn`ebctb absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab bxpbrtis. Zir bfbep`i, b` Gicsbfi Badtirdn` ab` WDG pbrunci oub gicstdtudai pir rbprbsbctnctbs ab` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn, Edcdstbrdi ab Qrncspirtbs y Gieucdgngdicbs, Dcstdtuti Cngdicn` ab Bstnaåstdgn b Dcoirengd÷c y b` Edcdstbrdi ab` Ebadi Nemdbctb. @n rbucd÷c pnrn gicstdtudr b` Gicsbfi Badtirdn` gict÷ gic rbprbsbctnctbs ab` Nrgldvi Kbcbrn` ab `n Cngd÷c, `n Mdm`ditbgn Cngdicn`, b` Gbctri Gu`turn` ab `n Rcdvbrsdana ab Wnc Enrgis, `n Zictdgdn Rcdvbrsdana Gnt÷`dgn ab` Zbrö (ZRGZ) y `n Gîenrn Zbruncn ab` @dmri, bctrb itris (Ncadcn, =:>>).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub itrns Adrbggdicbs, giei `n ab Zntrdeicdi Gu`turn`, gubctnc gic eugln dcoirengd÷c qub sb gicsdabrn gicsd abrn ln sdai kbcbrnan ab ‐nmnfi ‐nmnfi lngdn nrrdmn―. Bc gictrnstb, b``n vb b` Nt`ns giei uc bsoubrzi ‐ab nrrdmn lngdn nmnfi―, aicab `n dabn ab grbnr uc WDG dcvi`ugrn dcstnr n `ns Rcdanabs Naedcdstrntdvns y itrns rnens ab` kimdbrci n grbnr dcoirengd÷c. Bsti sdkcdgn qub bc vbz ab pbcsnr bc g÷ei giepnrtdr `n dcoirengd÷c bxdstbctb, `n tnrbn bs rbgi`bgtnr y prig 74
bsnr dcoirengd÷c, dabctdgncai giei kbcbrnr b` tdpi tdp i ab dcoirengd÷c qub sbrån ötd` bc `ns ngtdvdanabs adnrdns ab `is usunrdis y `ns dcstdtugdicbs. @n imtbcgd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c pnrn b` Nt`ns dcg`uy÷ ucn gnepnþn vdrtun` abciedcnan ‐ ¹Bstneis tiais9 ―, ―, si`dgdtncai n `ns dcstdtugdicbs y irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs qub bcvåbc su pripdn dcoirengd÷c n` Edcdstbrdi (_br Odkurn 7). Odkur� 7. (vbr p�kdc� 44)
Rci ab `is prim`bens dabctdgnais pir Cirdbkn aurnctb bstb prigbsi bs qub bc b` Zbrö ci bxdstb ucn gu`turn dcstdtugdicn` ab giepnrtdr dcoirengd÷c, ab gicsdabrnr n `n dcoirengd÷c giei ucn lbrrnedbctn, i ab denkdcnr g÷ei `n dcoirengd÷c sb pubab usnr pnrn n`ki bstrntäkdgi (gieucdgngd÷c pbrsicn`, >: ab civdbemrb, =:>>). Bsti tnemdäc sb pubab vbr bc `ns dcstdtugdicbs prdvnans qub gnrbgbc ab tdbepi, rbgursis cncgdbris y rbgursis luencis pnrn dcvi`ugrnrsb bc bstb tdpi ab ngtdvdanabs. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub ucn ab `ns eîs krncabs `dedtngdicbs pnrn b` absnrri``i ab` Nt`ns y ab` WDG bs ‐`n on`tn ab pbrsicns qub sbnc gnpngbs ab denkdcnr b` sdstben, bspbgdn`ebctb bc `is cdvb`bs naedcdstrntdvis eîs n`tis, y giei bstn dcoirengd÷c pubab gictrdmudr n `n tien ab abgdsdicbs pi`åtdgns y p`ncbs bstrntäkdgis dcoirenais― (=:>>). @n dabn ab ‐denkdcnr b` sdstben sds tben―― rbsubcn gic `ns dabns ab ]d`bs (=:::) simrb `n gicstruggd÷c sigdn` ab `n ]ba. @n denkdcngd÷c bs g`nvb bc b` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab npnrntis giep`bfis sigdi-tägcdgis giei b` WDG. Cirdbkn dcadgn qub `n grbngd÷c ab bstn prdebrn vbrsd÷c ab` Nt`ns ln sdai uc krnc rbti y qub sb cbgbsdtn eugli eîs tdbepi. Bc b` outuri b` Edcdstbrdi bspbrn bstnm`bgbr nsigdngdicbs gic g ic itrns dcstdtugdicbs pöm`dgns, giei b` Dcstdtuti Cngdicn` ab Bstnaåstdgn b Dcoireîtdgn, gic b` c ab rbn`dznr bcgubstns prb`dedcnrbs simrb gicsuei gu`turn`, pir bfbep`i. Bc bstb sbctdai, b` gnsi ab Gi`iemdn abstngn giei uc bfbep`i ab giiradcngd÷c bctrb dcstdtugdicbs. dcstdtugd icbs. Bsb pnås ln `ikrnai bstnm`bgbr ucn ‐Gubctn Wntä`dtb― pnrn `n gu`turn, ucn dcstncgdn pnrn `n bxpncsd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c bgic÷edgn, gu`turn` y sigdn` qub pbredtb tbcbr ucn vdsd÷c eîs g`nrn ngbrgn ab `ns ngtdvdanabs bgic÷edgns bgic÷edg ns ab `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs bc Gi`iemdn. Rcn Gubctn Wntä`dtb Wntä`dtb pubab eistrnr guncti adcbri kbcbrn b` sbgtir pnrn b` prbsupubsti cngdicn` (bc guncti n bxpirtngdicbs, gicsuei, kbcbrngd÷c ab bep`bi, btg.), y nså `bkdtdenr `n dcvbrsd÷c pöm`dgn bc prikrnens gu`turn`bs. @ns Gubctns Wntä`dtb ab Gu`turn bxdstbc bc Gncnaî, Bspnþn, Gi`iemdn y Odc`ncadn, bctrb itris. Bc =::4, b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn ab Odc`ncadn rbgicigd÷ qub ngtun`ebctb vnrdis pnåsbs bc @ntdcineärdgn bstîc p`ncdgncai gictnmd`dana sntä`dtb6 B` imfbtdvi ab `n gictnmd`dana Wntä`dtbU bs prieivbr b` absnrri``i ab ucn bgicieån gu`turn` bc bstis pnåsbs. Bc Gld`b, yn sb lnc np`dgnai `is gî`gu`is y pir bfbep`i, Gi`iemdn, Eäxdgi y Rrukuny bstîc sdkudbcai bsn pnutn. @n irkncdzngd÷c dctbrkumbrcnebctn` Gicvbcdi Ncaräs Mb``i, ln npiynai y giiradcnai b` trnmnfi sntä`dtb s ntä`dtb gic npiyi ab `n RCBWGI y ab` ZCRA. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc sb bstî prbpnrncai uc encun` simrb gictnmd`dana sntä`dtb (Odc`ncadn, =::4).
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@ns priebsns ab` WDG y ab `n Gictnmd`dana Wntä`dtb pnrn b` ebfirnedbcti ab `n kimbrcnmd`dana tdbcabc n igu`tnr itrn rbn`dana, eîs tbcsn, rb`ngdicnan gic `ns bxpbgtntdvns qub bcorbctnc adnrdnebctb oucgdicnrdis giei Cirdbkn, y pnrn `ns gun`bs `is WDG sic tnemdäc gicgbmdais giei pnrtb ab `n si`ugd÷c. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub `n `isioån `isio ån ngtun` ab prbsupubsti pöm`dgi sb gicgbctrn bc ucn ebtiai`ikån abciedcnan ‐Zrbsupubsti pir ]bsu`tnais―, bep`bnan bc itris pnåsbs `ntdcinebrdgncis giei Eäxdgi y Nrkbctdcn (Wgldgh, >44>). Bstn ebtiai`ikån bs absgrdtn gic g`nrdana pir b` Edcdstbrdi ab Odcnczns ab Zbrö bc su pîkdcn [bm y oiren pnrtb ab `n @by Kbcbrn` ab` Wdstben Cngdicn` ab Zrbsupubsti (@by =<1>>) (EBO, (EBO, =:>>)6
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bs ucn ebtiai`ikån qub sb np`dgn prikrbsdvnebctb Zrbsupubsti Zrbsupubsti pir ]bsu`tnais bs n` prigbsi ab` prbsupubsti y qub dctbkrn `n prikrnengd÷c, oireu`ngd÷c, nprimngd÷c, bfbgugd÷c y bvn`ungd÷c ab` prbsupubsti, abctri ab ucn `÷kdgn ab priaugti-rbsu`tnai, rbsu`tnais, usi bgnz y bgdbctb ab `is rbgursis ab` Bstnai n onvir ab `n pim`ngd÷c, kbcbrngd÷c ab rbtrin`debctngd÷c bc b` prigbsi ncun` ab nsdkcngd÷c ab prbsupubsti y ebfirnedbcti ab `is sdstbens ab` Bstnai pnrn `n kbstd÷c naedcdstrntdvn (Zîkdcn [bm, ed trnauggd÷c). B` depbrntdvi ab ‐bgdbcgdn y bgngdn― ab `n naedcdstrngd÷c pöm`dgn gicaugb n ucn ebtn-dcstruebctn`dzngd÷c ab adspisdtdvis giei `is WDG, pubs `n cbgbsdana ci dcg`uyb si`nebctb gictri`nr y naedcdstrnr `is rbgursis cnturn`bs, sdci lngbr`i n trnväs ab ucn `÷kdgn ab bgdbcgdn qub bs bc sd uc gicstrugti ab `n naedcdstrngd÷c, Bc itrns pn`nmrns, ci si`i tdbcb qub sbr bgdbctb `n kbstd÷c ab rbgursis gu`turn`bs, sdci tnemdäc `n kbstd÷c ab `n kbstd÷c . Bstn ebtn-tbcsd÷c bs depirtnctb, yn qub bxp`dgn euglns abgdsdicbs qub pbrsicns giei Cirdbkn tbcarîc qub tienr pnrn enxdedznr `n bgdbcgdn y nså piabr imtbcbr uc prbsupubsti rnzicnm`b. Bstn bgdbcgdn dep`dgn giepbtdr pir `is rbgursis cncgdbris abctri ab `n dcstdtugd÷c, n`ki qub `n IBN (=:>>) rbgicigb giei ucn ab `ns rnzicbs ab a b pirquä `is WDG sic depirtnctbs. depir tnctbs. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub bs pir pi r b``i qub b` sbgtir cbgbsdtn ab ucn ‐priobsdicn`dzngd÷c― ‐priobsdicn`dzngd÷c― pnrn piabr ‐dabctdgnr ipirtucdanabs pnrn `is cbkigdis y `n dcaustrdn―. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub Gi`iemdn gubctn gic ucn Rcdana igdn` n gnrki ab` Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, n`ki qub b``n nspdrn tbcbr n`köc aån bc b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn ab` Zbrö. @n bxpbrdbcgdn ab Cirdbkn absgrdmb `is bobgtis ab `i qub @behb (=::>n) dabctdgn giei ucn kumbrcnebctn`dana cbi`dmbrn` bc `n qub ci si`nebctb b` gubrpi dcadvdaun` sdci tnemdäc `is gubrpis gi`bgtdvis y `ns dcstdtugdicbs (naedcdstrngdicbs pöm`dgns, ucdvbrsdanabs, btg.), girpirngdicbs y bstnais abmbc sbr ‐bsmb`tis―, ‐nptis,― ‐bxdm`bs y ‐nut÷cieis― (>7). @n rbobrbcgdn n `n priobsdicn`dzngd÷c bs g`nvb pir qub cis rbbrb n `i qub q ub Bsgimnr (>4<<) absgrdmb giei ‐uc gicfucti ab tägcdgns y prîgtdgns adsgdp`dcnrdns ebadnctb `ns gun`bs sb irkncdzn, kbstdicn y gictri`n `n kbcbrngd÷c, adousd÷c y vn`dangd÷c ab` gicigdedbcti8 bc itrns pn`nmrns, b` prigbsi ebadnctb b` gun` sb grbn y enctdbcb ucn pi`åtdgn ab `n vbrana― (17:). Bsgimnr (>4<<) sb rbbrb n` adsgursi ab `n priobsdicn`dzngd÷c giei uci ab `is ebgncdseis pnrn kbstdicnr n` Qbrgbr Eucai, mnfi `n mncabrn ab` absnrri``i. Dcvbstdkngdicbs outurns abmbrîc gicgbctrnrsb bc b` bstuadi ab `i qub dep`dgn `n ‐priobsdicn`dzngd÷c― ab` sbgtir gu`turn` bc uc pnås bc absnrri``i, quä tdpi ab dabi`ikåns tienc gubrpi y ngtönc n trnväs ab bstn, y qub tdpi ab rngdicn`danabs sic depbadans ab bctrnr bc bspngdis pnrn `n kbstd÷c. ¹^ub tdpi ab prîgtdgns y lnmd`danabs piarånc gicsdabrnrsb giei ‐ci priobsdicn`bs― i dcg`usi dccbgbsnrdns bc bstb gictbxti9 ¹^uä dep`dgn bsti n cdvb` ab` adsgursi y ab `n prîgtdgn9
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
@n dcoirengd÷c simrb b` absbepbþi XpbroirencgbU bs g`nvb bc `ns prîgtdgns ab ‐Zrbsupubsti pir ]bsu`tnais―. Wdc bemnrki, `n gicg`usd÷c ngtun` bs qub b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn bc b` Zbrö ci gubctn gic rbgursis cncgdbris pnrn kbcbrnr `n dcoirengd÷c qub sb rbqudbrb. Bstn sdtungd÷c gicaugb n uc cuai Kiradnci, bc b` qub `n on`tn ab oicais nobgtn nobg tn `n pisdmd`dana ab kbcbrnr dcoirengd÷c, qub n su vbz piarån nyuanr n nsbkurnr eîs oicais. Bstn sdtungd÷c bsmizn uc gnedci ab absnrri``i (i bebrkbcgdn) ab `is WDG giei uc tdpi td pi ab ‐tbgci`ikån prbgnrdn―, prbgnrdn―, sdbeprb dcgiep`btn y gictdckbctb. Zir bfbep`i, `n vbrsd÷c ab` WDG qub bstnrî adspicdm`b ad spicdm`b bc `åcbn n cbs ab =:>> ‐ci bs b` sdstben bc så―, pbri cbgbsdtn bstnr bc `åcbn pnrn fustdgnr oicais nadgdicn`bs. Bsti gicaugb n` absnrri``i ab dcornbstrugturns gictdckbctbs y adspisdtdvis dcgiep`btis, n trnväs ab `is gun`bs `is oucgdicnrdis pöm`dgis giepriebtdais pubabc sustbctnr `n cbgbsdana ab uc prbsupubsti enyir. Bstn adcîedgn gictbxtun` ci ln sdai bstuadnan bc prioucadana, y cis pubab nyuanr n bctbcabr itri cdvb` ab` WDG giei npnrnti bc b` Wur, uci aicab uc gnrîgtbr ‐dcgiep`bti― sdrvb pnrn tircnr su bxdstbcgdn sdbeprb vdrtun`, pnrgdn`
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y npnrbctbebctb ``bcn ab pitbcgdn`. Bstn gicadgd÷c nemdvn`bctb ngtön giei ucn oirtn`bzn y abmd`dana, n` edsei tdbepi. Cirdbkn bxp`dgn qub b` prbsupubsti nsdkcnai pnrn b` absnrri``i ab` Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc Zbrö bstb nþi bs g`nrnebctb dcsugdbctb. Bxp`dgn ‑gic tian orncqubzn‑ qub `n gdorn `b nsustn. Wd mdbc bstî g`nrnebctb bstnm`bgdai qub ebadr `n priaugtdvdana ab` sbgtir pöm`dgi bs uci ab `is tbens ucdvbrsn`bs eîs pi`äedgis (Háylhi, =:>>), bsti ci depdab n `is kimdbrcis bfbrgbr prbsd÷c ab kbstd÷c bc sus rbgursis luencis, n`ki qub prbgickurn `is prip÷sdtis ab rbgipd`ngd÷c ab dcoirengd÷c, y eîs depirtnctb nöc, vub`vb n `is oucgdicnrdis ncsdisis pir ‐primnr― b` äxdti ab su ucdana naedcdstrntdvn bc täredcis depu`snais pir b` ebrgnai, n trnväs ab `n `÷kdgn ab ‐Zrbsupubsti pir ]bsu`tnais―, `n bcuebrngd÷c ab priaugtis y bctrbknm`bs, nså giei itrns sbþn`bs ab grbgdedbcti bgic÷edgi ‐gicgrbti―. ‐gicgrbti―.
Gicstru�bcai N`tbrc�tdv�s, N`tbrc�tdv�s, Giem�tdbcai Np�r�tis Bc vbz ab dctbctnr usnr`is ‐ab `n encbrn girrbgtn― (n`ki qub gicsdabrn dckbcui), `n bstrntbkdn pripubstn pir Kdirkdi Nknembc (=::4) pnrn giemntdr npnrntis tdbcb qub vbr gic `n cigd÷c ab ‐prioncngd÷c―. Znrn Nknembc, edbctrns qub `n gicsnkrngd÷c rbprbsbctn ‐`n sn`dan ab `ns gisns ab `n bsobrn ab `n ` n `by luencn,― `n prioncngd÷c bs `n rbstnurngd÷c ab `ns gisns ‐pnrn b` usi `dmrb ab `is liemrbs―. Bc tncti `n gicsnkrngd÷c ipbrn n trnväs ab` sngrdgdi, `n prioncngd÷c oucgdicn giei uc gictrn-npnrnti qub rbstnurn n` usi gieöc `i qub b` sngrdgdi sngrd gdi ln sbpnrnai y advdadai (>4). Ziabeis gicgbmdr b` ri` ab `is WDG giei bfbep`i ab ucn oiren eiabrcn ab piabr qub gicsnkrn y sbpnrn ngtdvnebctb. @is npnrntis eiabrcis sic adoågd`bs ab prioncnr, y sd mdbc Nknembc `is absgrdmb giei ‐eîqudcns qub priaugbc sumfbtdvngdicbs―, tnemdäc rbgicigb qub bc bstn btnpn ab` gnpdtn`dsei `is npnrntis ci ngtönc tncti n trnväs ab `n priauggd÷c ab uc sufbti, sdci ens mdbc n trnväs ab `i qub b` ``nen `n absumfbtdvngd÷c, prigbsi pir b` gun` ucn cbkngd÷c ab` sufbti ci an `uknr n ucn rbgiepisdgd÷c ab uc cubvi sufbti, ‐bxgbpti bc oiren `nrvnrdn i bspbgtrn`―6 Nqub` qub sb abfn gnpturnr pir b` npnrnti ab` ‐tb`äoici ‐tb`äoici gb`u`nr― ‗ gun`qudbrn qub sbn `n dctbcsdana ab` adsbþi qub `i ln depu`snai ‗ ci pubab naqudrdr ucn cubvn sumfbtdvdana, sdci naqudrdr si`nebctb uc cöebri ebadnctb b` gun` pubab bvbctun`ebctb sbr gictri`nai. B` bspbgtnair qub pnsn sus tnrabs orbctb n` tb`bvdsir si`nebctb imtdbcb, n gnemdi ab su absumfbtdvngd÷c, `n eîsgnrn orustrnan ab` ‐giugl pitnti―, i su dcg`usd÷c bc b` gî`gu`i ab` rntdck ab tb`bvdabctbs (=>).
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Bstn bs `n rnz÷c pir `n gun` b` prim`ben ab `is npnrntis ci sb pubab rbaugdr n` tben ab su usi girrbgti. Znrn Nknembc, sd uc abtbredcnai prigbsi ab sumfbtdvngd÷c (i bc bstb gnsi, absumfbtdvngd÷c) girrbspicab n gnan npnrnti, bcticgbs bs depisdm`b pnrn b` sufbti ab uc npnrnti usnr`i bc `n oiren girrbgtn g irrbgtn (=>). Nqub``is qub gictdcönc prieivdbcai nrkuebctis sded`nrbs, sic pir su pnrtb, ‐b` priaugti ab `is npnrntis ab `is ebadis bc `is qub lnc sdai
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
gnpturnais― (==). Zbri ¹qub pnsnrån sd bc vbz ab usnr b` npnrnti ‐bc `n oiren girrbgtn―, gicstrudeis uc cubvi npnrnti, gicsdabrncai ucn rba adstdctn ab rb`ngdicbs bctrb dabns, adsgursis, prbadspisdgdicbs, dcstdtugdicbs y pbrsicns, pbrs icns, gic ucn ebtn adobrbctb bc ebctb9 ¹^ub tn` sd bstb cubvi gictrn-npnrnti musgn prioncnr ngtdvnebctb `ns gntbkiråns gu`turn`bs absnrri``nans pir `is npnrntis giei `is WDG nuspdgdnais/absnrri``nais nuspdgdnais/abs nrri``nais pir b` Bstnai9 ¹Dep`dgnrån bsti ucn `dmbrngd÷c i bencgdpngd÷c ab n`köc tdpi9 ¹Ngnsi sbr gnpturnai pir uc gictrn-npnrnti bs ebfir9 ¹Bxdstb n`kucn sn`dan9 Bstns sic n`kucns ab `ns prbkuctns qub abmbrånc sbr trntnans ab gnrn n` outuri. Gicsdabri depirtnctb qub `is ngtirbs ci bstntn`bs sb dcvi`ugrbc bc b``ns y bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab gictrn-npnrntis, yn qub b` irdkbc y encanti abtrîs ab bstns gicstruggdicbs piarån abtbredcnr `n cnturn`bzn ab `is prigbsis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c ¹^uä tn` sd cisitris gicstrudeis cubstrns pripdns eîqudcns pnrn (itrns) sumfbtdvngdicbs9 Gu`turnpbru.irk bs uc priybgti qub pubab bctbcabrsb giei uc bsoubrzi pnrn gicstrudr uc gictrn-npnrnti, ucn eîqudcn pnrn gicstrudr sumfbtdvngdicbs n`tbrcntdvns y p`nctbnr ucn gu`turn adobrbctb ab enpbi (Zbrhdcs, =::1). B` priybgti bstî gicgbmdai giei uc Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, sdc bemnrki bs ‐abcdai y gicstrudai absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab `n sigdbana gdvd`― (Ab`c, =:>:). B` adsbþi y gicgbptun`dzngd÷c ab Gu`turnpbru.irk sb dcdgd÷ bc =::2. @n prdebrn vbrsd÷c ab` sdstben bc `åcbn oub absp`bknan bc =::4. B` priybgti bepbz÷ enpbncai nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs sdc cbs ab `ugri bc @den Ebtripi`dtncn, uc priybgti pd`iti pnrn dabctdgnr b` sdstben gu`turn` `ign`. Dcdgdn`ebctb sb dabctdgnric y enpbnric n eîs ab 72: nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs. Ngtun`ebctb b` sdstben ln enpbnai n eîs ab ;:: nsigdngdicbs y sb ln bxtbcadai n itrns trbs gduanabs bc b` pnås. B` trnmnfi ab` enpbi bc bstb priybgti dcg`uyb dabctdgnr sdstbens (y `ubki rbabs) y cis bcorbctn gic tbens dabi`÷kdgis absab b` dcdgdi. Wb tdbcbc qub tienr euglns abgdsdicbs bc guncti n `n pi`åtdgn ab ‐gnpturn n trnväs ab` enpbi― (Nkrb, >441) y `n gicsdabrngd÷c ab quä gisn bs i ci bs ucn nsigdngd÷c gu`turn`, pir bfbep`i. Bc b` gnsi ab Gu`turnpbru.irk `n nprixdengd÷c gicsdstd÷ bc kbcbrnr ucn gntbkirån bxdm`b, gictdckbctb b dcg`usdvn abciedcnan ‐nsigdngd÷c gu`turn` pnrn b` absnrri``i sigdn`― gic gnrngtbråstdgns qub ci oubric abcdans bxg`usdvnebctb pir `is edbemris ab` priybgti, sdci pir `is edseis usunrdis. Gic bstb dctbcti ab trnmnfnr ebadnctb ucn gntbkirån eîs nmdbrtn, sb puai nkrupnr n ucn krnc gnctdana ab nsigdngdicbs advbrsns mnfi b` edsei sdstben, vi`uctnrdnebctb. Bstn `÷kdgn dep`dgn qub `is usunrdis qub ci sdbctbc ucn ncdana gic `n gntbkirån pubabc iptnr pir sn`dr ab` sdstben bc gun`qudbr eiebcti.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Gic b` usi ab bstn gntbkirån bxdm`b b` priybgti dctbctn nmiranr ‐`n tbcsd÷c bctrb `n ucdvbrsn`dana y `n advbrkbcgdn qub dcoiren n` bspngdi nmdbrti ab dctbrgicbxd÷c ab rbabs― absgrdti pir Qbrrncivn (=::1), uci qub ‐priaugb ucn adcîedgn gu`turn` rdgn y uc gicfucti ab nsuctis pi`åtdgis qub sb nsuebc ucn y itrn vbz n trnväs ab `n gu`turn g u`turn ab rba bc kbcbrn`. (?=). @n dabn brn iorbgbr ucn ‐npbrturn bstrugturn` n `n adobrbcgdn y `n advbrkbcgdn― (?1) cbgbsnrdn pnrn dcg`udr nkbctbs bc vbz ab bxg`udr`is. Giei tn`, Gu`turnpbru.irk dctbctn gicsi`danr `i qub sb piarån abciedcnr giei ucn aigtrdcn dcg`usdvn, aicab ci sic cbgbsnrdns `ns abcdgdicbs nmsi`utns y aicab `n udabz bs g`nvb. Bstn bxpbrdbcgdn eubstrn qub `n g`nsdgngd÷c y gnpturn n trnväs ab uc WDG ‗ yn sbn absnrri``nai pir b` Bstnai i pir `n sigdbana gdvd` ‗ bs dcbvdtnm`b. Wdc bemnrki, b` gictrn nrkuebcti dcadgn qub abmdai n qub `ns nsigdngdicbs ab nrtb y gu`turn`bs sic gnpturnans gicstnctbebctb pir itris sdstbens (girpirntdvis, pöm`dgis, bgic÷edgis y pi`åtdgis), bstn gnpturn dcdgdn` gic enpns pnrbgb pi`åtdgnebctb ti`brnm`b bc b` girti p`nzi. Bs dctbrbsnctb imsbrvnr qub b` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn` absnrri``nai ngtun`ebctb bc Zbrö ci dcg`uyb b` enpbi ab `ns irkncdzngdicbs i nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs, pir `i ebcis ci
17
tianvån. Wdc bemnrki, bs depirtnctb ebcgdicnr qub b` bqudpi n gnrki ab` Nt`ns si`dgdt÷ ucn gipdn ab `n mnsb ab antis i Adrbgtirdi ab Nsigdngdicbs Gu`turn`bs ab Gu`turnpbru.irk bc nmrd` ab =:>>. Giei ucn encbrn ab `dedtnr b` piabr ab` Edcdstbrdi simrb si mrb bstn dcoirengd÷c, `n edsen qub tianvån ci lnmån sdai lbgln pöm`dgn bc uc si`i oirenti absgnrknm`b, `n mnsb ab antis sb pusi n adspisdgd÷c ab` pöm`dgi bc kbcbrn` bc `n [bm giei uc si`i nrgldvi pnrn su `dmrb absgnrkn (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =:>>). Bstn dctbrnggd÷c gic b` Edcdstbrdi nre÷ b` ri` ab Gu`turnpbru.irk giei ngtir g`nvb bc uc bsgbcnrdi ab dcoirengd÷c y gu`turn, uc ri` rb`ntdvnebctb cubvi pnrn uc priybgti dcabpbcadbctb y ci bstntn` bc Zbrö. @n pum`dgngd÷c ab `n mnsb ab antis ab Gu`turnpbru.irk pnrn b` usi drrbstrdgti ab` pöm`dgi bc kbcbrn`, tuvi pir imfbtdvi fnr uc bstîcanr pnrn giepnrtdr dcoirengd÷c qub gic subrtb sbrån dedtnai pir priybgtis nuspdgdnais pir b` Bstnai. Bstn dabn tnemdäc eubstrn uc eiebcti bspbgågi bc `n bvi`ugd÷c ab `is WDG, tncti absab `n pbrspbgtdvn ab` Bstnai giei ab `n sigdbana gdvd`. Bstb tdbcb qub vbr gic `n nusbcgdn ab uc abmntb gråtdgi simrb b` tben ab `ns mnsbs ab antis bc b` adsbþi b dep`bebctngd÷c ab `is WDG bc Zbrö. Ngtun`ebctb `is WDG ci sic absgrdtis gieöcebctb giei oirenais pir ucn mnsb ab antis y uc adsbþi ab mnsb ab antis bc bc pnrtdgu`nr. Dcvbstdkngdicbs outurns simrb `is WDG abmbrånc picbr bc prdebr p`nci `ns pi`åtdgns pi`åtd gns abtrîs ab `ns mnsbs ab antis qub `dadnc gic b`bebctis gu`turn`bs bc su adsbþi. Bsti nmrdrån ucn adsgusd÷c simrb si mrb bstrugturns ab antis y `n rb`ngd÷c bctrb bstns nrqudtbgturns y `is nsuctis vdcgu`nais n dctbrongbs, pir bfbep`i (Quied, (Quied, >4448 EgKncc, =::;). Bs depirtnctb rbgiranr qub b` adsbþi ab dctbrongbs y ab mnsbs ab antis tnemdäc dep`dgn nsuctis ab pi`åtdgn y piabr. Bcoignrsb si`nebctb bc `is antis supicarån uc prim`ben. Giei yn `i ebcgdicä bc `n dctriauggd÷c, `is antis ci sb vub`vbc dcoirengd÷c abspuäs ab qub sb `bs nkrbkn sdkcdgnai. Zir b` gictrnrdi, `is antis sb grbnc n pnrtdr ab `n dcoirengd÷c n` gi`ignr n `n dcoirengd÷c bc ucn bstrugturn ab antis prbabcdan qub abcb giep`btnebctb su sdkcdgnai. Bc vbz ab sbr entbrdn prden pnrn `n dcoirengd÷c, `is antis surkbc giei rbsu`tnai ab nkrbknr vn`ir n `n dcoirengd÷c n` picbr`n pi cbr`n bc ucn oiren qub pubab sbr prigbsnan nutieîtdgnebctb (Quied, (Quied, >444). @ns bstrugturns y adsbþi ab `is `i s antis tnemdäc rbspicabc n `n rba ab` npnrnti yn qub dcgirpirnc adsgursis, dabns b dabi`ikåns. Bstb bs uc tben gråtdgi. Bstuadisis giei g iei Encivdgl (=:>>) lnc lnm`nai ab `n mnsb ab antis giei ucn cubvn oiren gu`turn`. Znrn Encivdgl, Encivdgl, `n mnsb ab antis rbprbsbctn b` eucai giei ucn `dstn ab b`bebctis qub sb rbsdstbc n` irabc8 ucn mnsb ab antis purn sbrån ‐uc gicfucti ab b`bebctis ci irabcnais bc oiren n`kucn―. n`kucn―. Wdc bemnrki, ab ngubrai gic _nc _nc abr _b`abc (=:>>) bstb cucgn bs b` gnsi guncai nggbabeis n ucn mnsb ab antis (=11). Bc `ns mnsbs ab antis ‐sdbeprb lny n`köc tdpi ab irabc prbbxdstbctb bc fubki, bc oiren ab cirens, bsqubens, adrbgtirdis ab nrgldvis, abrbglis ab nggbsi, btg., qub nobgtnc b` tdpi ab dctbrongbs qub pubabc grbnrsb pnrn `n mnsb ab antis y b` tdpi ab trnybgtirdns qub sic pisdm`bs― (=12, ed äconsds). @n dabn ab `n ‐mnsb ab antis purn― ln dcubcgdnai b` bctbcadedbcti ab `i qub ucn mnsb ab antis bs y ab `i qub pubab lngbr, bc `n edsen oiren qub `is ‐antis gruais― Xrnw antnU lnc sukbrdai vdrtuabs bpdstäedgns ab imfbtdvdana y purbzn. @n nrengd÷c eîs privigntdvn ab _nc ab` _b`abc _b`abc (=:>>) bs qub bxdstb uc tdpi ab pbroirentdvdana bc b` adsbþi ab a b mnsbs ab antis. Zir bfbep`i, ucn bstrugturn ab ebtnantis iggdabctn` abtbredcnrî g÷ei irabcnr uc imfbti bc b` sdstben kbcbrn`, pir bcab `dedtncai `ns pisdmd`danabs ab rb`ngdicn`dana (><2). ]brdäcaisb n mnsbs ab antis dcaåkbcns, Nkrnwn` (>442, bc _nc ab` _b`abc, _b`abc, =:>>) nrkuebctn qub ucn mnsb ab antis dcaåkbcn d caåkbcn abmb sbr eugli eîs qub sdep`bebctb ucn mnsb ab antis gicvbcgdicn` ``bcn ab rbprbsbctngdicbs ab gicigdedbcti nmirdkbc6 11
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Znrn qub sbn ucn mnsb ab antis dcaåkbcn, su nrqudtbgturn y bstrugturn, sus prigbsis ab mösquban b dctbrongbs, su täredcis ab pripdbana y usis abmbc rbbfnr y npiynr tnemdäc oirens dcaåkbcns y gictbxtun`ebctb gictbxtun`ebctb bspbgågns ab sbr y snmbr, snmbr, y b` gictri` qub `ns pbrsicns tdbcbc simrb su pripdi gicigdedbcti (Nkrnwn`, =442, ed äconsds). @ns mnsbs ab antis rbbfnc ucn tbirån ab gicigdedbcti qub bstî mdbc bsgicadan y trnsedtb b` sbski gu`turn` ab sus adsbþnairbs (>;). Zir `i tncti, `ns adsgusdicbs bc guncti n quä gicbxdicbs sic priaugtdvns y gun`bs sb abmbc dkcirnr, cbgbsdtnc ``bvnrsb n gnmi n ebadan qub sb usnc `ns mnsbs ab antis, ci s÷`i guncai sb bstîc gicstruybcai (Nkrnwn`, >442). Bsti dep`dgn `n pisdmd`dana ab eiadgnr y rbadsbþnr 8 ucn sdtungd÷c qub ci sdbeprb bs pisdm`b. Bc bsb sbctdai, b` trnmnfi rbgdbctb ab Wrdcdvnstnc (=::;) simrb ‐icti`ikåns udans― sbrî g`nvb bc b` adsbþi ab` WDG bc b` outuri. Gicsdabrncai bstns dabns simrb `ns pi`åtdgns abtrîs ab` adsbþi ab mnsbs ab antis, grbi qub `is WDG piarånc mbcbgdnrsb nep`dnebctb ab bstns gicsdabrngdicbs b dcqudbtuabs. Bsti cis ``bvnrån ab `n gicstruggd÷c ab WDG qub tdbcabc n sbr gicgbmdais y irabcnais giei `dstns y enpns, n WDG gicgbmdais giei rbabs sbeîctdgns, mnsbs ab antis rb`ngdicn`bs y sdstbens ab gicigdedbcti dctbr-ipbrntdvis. Giei sb ln ebcgdicnai nctbrdirebctb, `n prdebrn mnsb ab antis ab ‐nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs pnrn absnrri``i sigdn`― kbcbrnan pir Gu`turnpbru.irk bc =::4 gict÷ gic eîs ab 72: nsigdngdicbs bc @den, y oub kbcbrnan gruzncai y ngtun`dzncai dcoirengd÷c ab trbs adrbgtirdis pöm`dgis igdn`bs. B` rbsu`tnai bs ucn vdsd÷c ab g÷ei, n pbsnr ab n`kucns supbrpisdgdicbs, gnan adrbgtirdi igdn` g`nsdgn n `ns nsigdngdicbs ab encbrn adobrbctb y vb `n adstrdmugd÷c ab nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs bc @den ab adobrbctbs encbrns (_ ( _br Qnm`n Qnm`n >). Q�m`� > (vbr p�kdc� 47).
Bc itrns pn`nmrns, adstdctns ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns ab` Bstnai y ab `n Giipbrngd÷c Dctbrcngdicn` ‐vbc― gisns adobrbctbs n trnväs ab adstdctns pbrspbgtdvns i edrnans. Bsti sdkcdgn qub kbcbrn`ebct kbcbrn`ebctbb trnmnfneis trnmnfneis ebadnctb ebadnctb ucn vdsd÷c ‐iodgdn`― iodgdn`― ci euy bstnm`b. bstnm`b. Bstb enpbi dcdgdn` tnemdäc imtuvi dcoirengd÷c rbobrbctb n` usi ab Dctbrcbt pir pnrtb ab `ns nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs. Ab 72: nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs dabctdgnans d abctdgnans bc @den Ebtripi`dtncn, si`nebctb >:: tbcånc ucn pîkdcn [bm bc =::4. Wd kbcbrneis ucn vdsun`dzngd÷c i krîgi ab g÷ei bstîc dctbrgicbgtnans `ns pîkdcns [bm (gun`bs giepnrtbc bc`ngbs), piarbeis vbr uc krîgi dctbrbsnctb (_br Odkurn 1) qub eubstrn giei sb oirenc krncabs nkrbkngdicbs (pîkdcns [bm [bm n`tnebctb dctbrrb`ngdicnans) bctrb `is krncabs ngtirbs dcstdtugdicn`bs prdvnais y pöm`dgis (ucdvbrsdanabs, gbctris gu`turn`bs dctbrcngdicn`bs), edbctrns qub ucn si`n nsigdngd÷c gu`turn` (Tuynglhncd) pnrbgb giepnrtdr bc`ngbs gic itris sdtdis eîs dcstdtugdicn`bs. Cdckucn nsigdngd÷c gu`turn` giepnrtb bc`ngbs gic itrns nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs bc b` krupi. Odkur� 1 (vbr p�kdc� >:>).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Wd mdbc bstn bs ucn ebadgd÷c pnrgdn` bc guncti n `÷kdgns ab sdtdis [bm, sb gicvdbrtb bc ucn ncn`ikån dctbrbsnctb. Guncai sb eubstrn bstb enpn n `is `i s ngtirbs gu`turn`bs, euglis `n dabctdgnc giei ucn denkbc qub eubstrn `n n`tn gbctrn`dzngd÷c ab ‐piabr gu`turn`― bctrb ucis gunctis pnrtdgdpnctbs bc b` sbgtir (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =::4). Bstns g`nsbs ab vdsun`dzngd÷c y enpbi kbcbrnc encbrns n`tbrcntdvns ab ‐`bbr― n` sbgtir gu`turn` y sukdbrbc qub bs pisdm`b gicgbmdr n `is ‐sdtdis― ab ngtdvdana gu`turn` ab adobrbctbs oirens. 12
B` lbgli ab qub Gu`turnpbru.irk ci bstî abcdan giei ucn rba, sdci ens mdbc gicgbptun`dznan giei uc WDG qub bvbctun`ebctb `dadnrî gic rbabs gu`turn`bs, bs depirtnctb (Ab`c, =:>:). Bstn bs ucn fuknan bstrntäkdgn bc guncti n `ns btnpns dcdgdn`bs ab absnrri``i ab` priybgti. N` gicstrudr uc sdstben n`tbrcntdvi y ``nenr`i ‐Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`―, sb an `uknr n uc prigbsi ab rb-sdkcdgngd÷c y prioncngd÷c (Nknembc, =::4) ab` piabr ab` Bstnai. Gu`turnpbru.irk bfbrgb uc tdpi ab piabr rbstnurnair6 abvub`vb b` `igus ab ngtdvdana gu`turn` n `ns pbrsicns y krupis ab pbrsicns, bc vbz ab sdtunr n `n gu`turn bc uc bspngdi i dcstdtugd÷c oåsdgn bc vdrtua ab su ‐priaugtdvdana― gu`turn`, bctbcadan bc täredcis dcaustrdn`bs i girpirntdvis. Bxdstb tnemdäc ucn g`nsb adobrbctb ab prioncngd÷c qub igurrb n cdvb` tbgci`÷kdgi. N` gicstrudr uc sdstben tbgci`÷kdgi, euy sded`nr n` sdstben qub b` Edcdstbrdi ab Gu`turn `ncznrî n cbs ab =:>> i dcdgdis ab =:>=, Gu`turnpbru.irk sb prbsbctn giei prubmn ab qub `n sigdbana gdvd` tnemdäc pubab usnr `n ` n tbgci`ikån n su onvir, y qub bsti ci dep`dgn ucn gnctdana dcn`gncznm`b ab trnmnfi bspbgdn`dznai, giei si`ån igurrdr n dcdgdis ab `is civbctn guncai sb gicstruy÷ b` prdebr WDG. Bc bobgti, `n gu`turn adkdtn` y nentbur gnemdn `ns adcîedgns ab piabr bc guncti n` usi tbgci`÷kdgi y n` adsbþi ab` WDG. Giei Grneptic (=:>>) ln dabctdgnai, b` nggbsi n `n tbgci`ikån y `ns gu`turns bebrkbctbs anc `uknr ` uknr n` cngdedbcti ab cubvis gnrt÷krnois. Liy aån, eîs pbrsicns pubabc gicstrudr rbgursis ab antis kbirbobrbcgdnais usncai Kiik`b Enps i Kiik`b Bnrtl, y Wdstbens ab Kbstd÷c ab Gictbcdais ab oubctb nmdbrtn giei Arupn` i Fiie`n. Liy sb pubabc denkdcnr, adsbþnr b dep`bebctnr cubvns icti`ikåns, eîs oîgd`ebctb. B` bfbep`i ab Gu`turnpbru.irk sukdbrb g÷ei sb pubab gicstrudr ucn icti`ikån n`tbrcntdvn pnrn gnpturnr b dcstruebctn`dznr `n gu`turn. Wdc bemnrki, bstn n`tbrcntdvn tdbcb sus pripdns giep`dgngdicbs. @n adobrbcgdn bctrb uc WDG gicstrudai pir b` Bstnai y uci gicstrudai pir `n sigdbana gdvd`, rnadgn bc b` tdpi ab dckbcdbrån sigdn` qub tdbcb `uknr y b` tdpi ab rbabs bstnm`bgdans pnrn kbcbrnr dcoirengd÷c. Bc b` gnsi ab` Bstnai, sd mdbc n` prdcgdpdi bs adoågd` ado ågd` bstnm`bgbr y enctbcbr `ns rb`ngdicbs bctrb `ns ucdanabs naedcdstrntdvns, n `n `nrkn bstns pubabc oiren`dznrsb bc p`ncbs bstrntäkdgis y im`dkngdicbs dcstdtugdicn`bs. Bc b` gnsi ab `n sigdbana gdvd`, `n bstrntbkdn ab trnmnfnr fuctis i pnrtdgdpnr bc uc WDG giei Gu`turnpbru.irk, privdbcb ab eitdvngdicbs euy adobrbctbs. B` tben ab` encanti bs g`nvb6 Wd mdbc uc encanti pöm`dgi pubab dep`dgnr bstrugturns y icti`ikåns råkdans, bstb knrnctdzn uc tdpi ab rb`ngd÷c gic b` Wdstben (pir `by). Rc encanti adobrbctb qub privdbcb ab` dctbräs ab `n sigdbana gdvd` pubab sbr eîs bxdm`b, pbri euy adoågd` ab sistbcbr ebadnctb trnmnfi vi`uctnrdi (gnsd nobgtdvi) y ncdana purn. Qnemdäc Qnemdäc bstî pir supubsti b` tben ab `n bgicieån. Wd mdbc b` Bstnai bcorbctn rbtis pnrn enctbcbr uc WDG, su absnrri``i bstî bembmdai bc `n trnen ab prîgtdgns gictbepirîcbns ab kimdbrci, `i qub dep`dgn n`köc cncgdnedbcti y sistbcdmd`dana dcstdtugdicn`. Bc b` gnsi ab `n sigdbana gdvd`, gd vd`, ci lny ucn im`dkngd÷c bstrugturnctb ab pir ebadi y pubab sbr s br uc rbti abeistrnr g÷ei bstb tdpi ab dcoirengd÷c pubab sbr vn`disn pnrn `ns nsigdngdicbs.
1?
Grbi qub ucn encbrn ab supbrnr bstis rbtis, i ab lngbr qub bstn tbcsd÷c sbn eîs priaugtdvn, bs giepriebtbrsb bc `i qub sb piaån abciedcnrsb ucn ‐ncn`åtdgn rb`ngdicn`― qub lngb qub nemis sdstbens ‐lnm`bc bctrb b``is― y kbcbrbc cubvn dcoirengd÷c simrb tbens bspbgågis. Zir bfbep`i, ucn ab `ns prdebrns nggdicbs qub Gu`turnpbru.irk rbn`dznrî ucn vbz qub sb pum`dqub `n prdebrn vbrsd÷c ab` Nt`ns ab Dcornbstrugturn Gu`turn`, bs `n si`dgdtua ab sus mnsbs ab antis. @n dabn bs ‐prbkuctnr― n tians `ns nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs bc `n mnsb ab antis ab Gu`turnpbru.irk. ‐¹gic quä orbgubcgdn lnc usnai `n dcornbstrugturn qub b` Bstnai ln enpbnai y gun` ln sdai su bxpbrdbcgdn9―. B` nrkuebcti bs qub snmbr gunctis ‐bspngdis pnrn `ns nrtbs bsgäcdgns― bxdstbc bc b` pnås ci bs sugdbctb6 Qnemdäc cbgbsdtneis snmbr gunc nggbsdm`bs y ötd`bs sic bstis bspngdis pnrn `ns pbrsicns y `ns nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs. ¹Bstneis ngnsi nprb-
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
gdncai uc pncirnen dcgiep`bti, itrn vbz9 Grbi qub bstis tdpis ab ncî`dsds rb`ngdicn`bs rb`ngd icn`bs y bctrb sdstbens abmbrånc gicvbrtdrsb bc uc lirdzictb pnrn dctbrvbcgdicbs outurns, yn qub tnemdäc gictrdmuybc n `bkdtdedznr `n depirtncgdn ab sdstbens ab gicigdedbcti gi-bxdstbctbs. Rcn prbkuctn depirtnctb pnrn uc abmntb tb÷rdgi nadgdicn` bs sd `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c ab `is edbemris ab `n pim`ngd÷c bc `n rbgi`bggd÷c ab antis (y bc `n kbcbrngd÷c ab tägcdgns y rnzicbs pnrn `n rbgi`bggd÷c ab antis) dep`dgn `i qub Nppnaurnd ``nen ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nmnfi― (>4<<)6 Znrn `is qub bstîc oned`dnrdznais gic `ns dabns ab Oiugnu`t, bstn piaån pnrbgbr ucn oiren dcqudbtnctb ab nuti kumbrcnebctn`dana, ucn giemdcngd÷c ab nuti vdkd`ncgdn y nuti bcuebrngd÷c, rbn`ebctb dcsdadisn bc su n`gncgb/``bknan gnpd`nr. Zbri Zbri ed pripdn ipdcd÷c i pdcd÷c bs qub bstb bs tb tdpi ab kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nmnfi, bc b` eucai ab `is pimrbs bc zicns urmncns, bs uc tdpi ab gictrn-kumbrcnebctn`dana, ncdenan pir `ns rb`ngdicbs sigdn`bs ab pimrbzn giepnrtdan, pir b` bctusdnsei ab `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c ngtdvn bc `n pi`åtdgn ab` gicigdedbcti y pir su pripdn npbrturn n `n girrbggd÷c n trnväs ab itrns oirens ab pi`åtdgn gitdadncn ab gicigdedbcti åctdei y bspictîcbi. Bc pigns pn`nmrns, bstn bs `n kumbrcnebctn`dana pubstn gictrn så edsen. Wd piabeis beprbcabr ngtis ab prioncngd÷c y kbcbrnr gictrn-npnrntis, ¹piabeis lnm`nr tnemdäc ab ucn kumbrcnebctn`dana ‐pubstn gictrn så edsen―9 Ncncyn ]iy (=::2) trntn bstb tben y pripicb b` gicgbpti ncn`åtdgi ab ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn―. Bstn dabn tdbcb qub vbr gic b` bstuadi ab pi`åtdgns bspngdn`bs y `n adstdcgd÷c lbgln pir dcvbstdknairbs bctrb kumbrcnebctn`dana y ‐gictrn-kumbrcnebctn`dana―, ‐gictrn-kumbrcnebctn`dana―, bctrb ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nrrdmn― nrrdmn― y ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nmnfi,― bctrb ‐sigdbana gdvd`― y ‐sigdbana pi`åtdgn pi`åtd gn―― (Nppnaurnd =::=8 Glnttbrfbb =::1). Znrn ]iy, b` gicgbpti ab ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn― sb mnsn y tnemdäc sb npnrtn ab adglns gicgbptun`dzngdicbs ab kumbrcnebctn`dana. Bstb nutir denkdcn `n kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn giei uc räkdebc bspngdn`dznai qub oucgdicn n trnväs ab ebctn`danabs i rngdicn`danabs pnrtdgu`nrbs6 Bstns dcg`uybc ucn dcornbstrugturn ab ebadngd÷c pipu`dstn, tbgci`ikåns pnrn kimbrcnr (pir bfbep`i, priauggd÷c ab gicigdedbcti) y cirens ab nuti-kimdbrci (pir bfbep`i, gicgbptis ab gdvd`dana y gdvdsei). Wdc bemnrki, rbglnzi `n adstdcgd÷c qub lngbc Nppnaurnd y Glnttbrfbb bctrb ‐kumbrcnebc‐kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nrrdmn― nrrdmn― y ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana absab nmnfi― (>?:).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
]iy sb bcoign bc irkncdzngdicbs ab mnsb qub musgnc gicstrudr y kbstdicnr uc îemdti gåvdgi y imsbrvn qub bstis rbkåebcbs ab kimdbrci ab mnsb rbsdstbc y ngntnc `i qub sb pubab pbrgdmdr giei oirens ab kimdbrci ab nrrdmn lngdn nmnfi, yn sbn nqub``ns qub bencnc ab` Bstnai i ab dcstdtugdicbs dctbrcngdicn`bs (>?>). Qn`bs Qn`bs rbkåebcbs gåvdgis gåvdg is priaugbc ucn ‐kumbrcnebc‐kumbrcnebctn`dzngd÷c ab` Bstnai―, rbgrbncai `is täredcis ab kimdbrci y gduanancån. N` edsei tdbepi, lny tnemdäc ucn ‐gdvd`dzngd÷c― ab `n sigdbana pi`åtdgn, ab tn` oiren qub `n kumbrcnebctn`dana ab `ns mnsbs sb vub`gn gictrn oirengdicbs ab dabctdana gåvdgn y uc giepriedsi gåvdgi eîs nep`di gic `n dabn ‗ bc b` gnsi g nsi ab` bstuadi ab ]iy bc Euemnd ‗ ab ucn gduana ucdgnan (>?>). B` gicgbpti ab ‐kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn― gåvdgn― dabctdgn uc tdpi ab gictrn-kumbrcnebctn`dana qub ci bs cd titn`dznctb cd ucdadrbggdicn`, y bs eîs entdznan. Eîs depirtnctb nuc, nrrifn `uz simrb `is `åedtbs y gictrnadggdicbs ab `ns pi`åtdgns ab dcg`usd÷c. Gidcgdai gic ]iy bc qub lny eugli pir nprbcabr ngbrgn ab` piabr y `n nutirdana, bstuadncai g÷ei `is
1;
sufbtis y bspngdis ``bknc n bstnr ‐abctri― ab` priybgti ab gduanancån (>?=), bspbgdn`ebctb guncai bstn dcg`usd÷c sb an ebadnctb b` usi ab adspisdtdvis sigdi-tägcdgis giei `is WDG. Bc b` gnsi ab Gu`turnpbru.irk vbeis ucn g`nsb bebrkbctb ab kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn. Ziabeis rbgicigbr `n dcornbstrugturn ab ebadngd÷c pipu`dstn (‐cisitris, `ns nsigdngdicbs gu`turn`bs―), tbgci`ikåns ab kimdbrci (gbctrnans bc `n priauggd÷c ab gicigdedbcti) y cirens ab nuti-kimdbrci (bc bstb gnsi gicgbptis ab ‐nsigdntdvdana pnrn absnrri``i gu`turn`―, ucn g`nsb ab gduanancån gu`turn`). N` nmiranr b` enpbi ab bstns dcstncgdns ab nsigdntdvdana, Gu`turnpbru.irk sb dcvi`ugrn bc ucn pi`åtdgn bspngdn` y bc b` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab uc räkdebc bspngdn`dznai. Bstuadis nadgdicn`bs ‗ ucn vbz qub b` WDG ab` Bstnai bc b` Zbrö bstä p`bcnebctb oucgdicn` ‗ abmbrîc imsbrvnr `n pi`åtdgn ab dctbrnggd÷c bctrb sdstbens y `n oiren bc qub bebrkbc dabns y prîgtdgns ab gduanancån gu`turn` n`tbrcntdvns y qub giepdtbc, ebadnans n trnväs ab ebadis tbgci`÷kdgis.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Gicg`usd÷c
Bstb ln sdai uc bsoubrzi pir prim`bentdznr uc tdpi ab sdstben ab dcoirengd÷c, musgncai gicgrbtnebctb gicstdtudr n `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` giei depirtnctbs imfbtis ab bstuadi y pbcsnedbcti bc b` gnepi ab `n dcvbstdkngd÷c simrb si mrb pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs. @is WDG pubabc gicgbmdrsb giei npnrntis ‑ bs abgdr, rbabs ab adsgursis, gicigdedbcti, pripubstns b dcstdtugdicbs ‑ qub sb dcvi`ugrnc bc `n grbngd÷c ab sufbtis. Wic tbgci`ikåns ab gictri` y kimdbrci qub bstnm`bgbc rbkåebcbs ab vbrana y qub ngtun`ebctb sb bstîc bxpncadbcai bc tian `n rbkd÷c @ntdcinebrdgncn. @is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` npnrbgbc n dcdgdis dcdg dis ab `is civbctn, bc uc eiebcti bc b` qub dabns cbi`dmbrn`bs simrb `n Cubvn Kbstd÷c Zöm`dgn y ‐Zrbsupubsti pir ]bsu`tnais― bepbznmnc n surkdr. Giei adspisdtdvis qub musgnc pripirgdicnr bvdabcgdn pnrn `n tien ab abgdsdicbs pi`åtdgns, `is WDG sic bsbcgdn`ebctb adspisdtdvis pi`åtdgis. Wu bstuadi ci pubab rbaugdrsb n su entbrdn`dana giei sdtdis [bm i p`ntnoirens bc `åcbn. @is ncî`dsds gråtdgis cbgbsdtnc nprbgdnr sus eö`tdp`bs bstrntis. Bcoignrcis bc uc WDG giei sdtdi [bm i nrtbongti adkdtn`, pubab ``bvnrcis n dkcirnr su ri` giei adspisdtdvis pnrn `n dckbcdbrån sigdn` y b` bstnm`bgdedbcti ab rbkåebcbs bpdstbei`÷kdgis bspbgågis. Giei adspisdtdvis adspisdtd vis qub giemdcnc `n g`nsdgngd÷c y b` enpbi, `is WDG rbprbsbctnc encbrns ab gieprbcabr pbri tnemdäc ab rbgrbnr b` eucai. @is WDG tdbcbc uc ri` grugdn` bc `n grbngd÷c y rbgrbngd÷c ab uc sbgtir gu`turn` y bc `n gicstruggd÷c ab ‐bspngdis gu`turn`bs dcgiep`btis―, yn qub `is enpns pubabc ‐eistrnr― ‐eistrnr― `n cbgbsdana ab gicstrudr eîs eusbis i ab adsbþnr pi`åtdgns pnrn oiebctnr eîs sn`ns ab gdcb bc uc îrbn abtbredcnan, bsgicadbcai n` edsei tdbepi `n cbgbsdana ab rbgicigbr y prieivbr itrn dcornbstrugturn gu`turn` dcaåkbcn.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Nknembc (=::4) ebcgdicn qub bxdstdeis bc uc tdbepi bc qub lny uc grbgdedbcti sdc `åedtbs ab npnrntis qub girrbspicab gic `n bxtrben pri`dobrngd÷c ab prigbsis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c (=>). Bc guncti n` sbgtir gu`turn`, bxdstbc pigns ‐`uglns dcgbsnctbs― (=:) bxp`ågdtns y vdsdm`bs bctrb `is WDG giei npnrntis y `ns grdnturns vdvdbctbs. Bc gun`qudbr gnsi, bstis npnrntis pnrbgbc bstnr kncncai ‐`ns `uglns―, n` bxpncadrsb oîgd`ebctb bc `is adstdctis gictbxtis cngdicn`bs, sdc bcgictrnr ucn rbsdstbcgdn sdstbeîtdgn i uc gubstdicnedbcti gråtdgi. Bsti sb vb rbprbsbctnai g`nrnebctb bc `n oiren giei dcg`usi `is krupis dcabpbcadbctbs y ab mnsb tdbcabc n prieivbr ucn nkbcan ab bgiciedzngd÷c gu`turn`, n trnväs ab su orncgi npiyi n `is bsoubrzis ab` Bstnai pir abcdr `n gictrdmugd÷c ab` sbgtir gu`turn` bc täredcis ab` ZMD cngdicn`, i bc täredcis ab` pirgbctnfb gic b` qub `ns dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs gictrdmuybc n `n bgicieån ab uc pnås (ucn ‐pbroirencgb― ab` tdpi ab absumfbtdgngd÷c qub Nknembc navdbrtb). Bc itrns pn`nmrns, `n `bkdtdengd÷c ab `ns pi`åtdgns gu`turn`bs n trnväs ab ebadis bgic÷edgis tdbcab n sbr `n ciren y eîs nuc, rbgdmb b` npiyi ab krupis ab mnsb y ab `n sigdbana gdvd`. @n nsbvbrngd÷c ab ]iy (=::1) ab qub `is rbkåebcbs ab dcg`usd÷c sic tnemdäc rbkåebcbs ab kumbrcnebctn`dana gåvdgn abmbrån sbr bstuadnan bc enyir abtn``b, y bc
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täredcis ab g÷ei bsti sb encdbstn bc b` usi ab adspisdtdvis tbgci`÷kdgis absab `ns irkncdzngdicbs gu`turn`bs ab mnsb bc b` sbgtir gu`turn`. @is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, tn` giei sb bxprbsnc liy bc aån, gictrdmuybc n `n gicstruggd÷c ab `n dabn ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` sdcku`nr 8 uc ucdvbrsi cnturn`dznai y cnturn`dznctb qub nrtdgu`n itrns dabns gictbepirîcbns simrb dcaustrdns gu`turn`bs, dcaustrdns dcaustrd ns grbntdvns, g`nsbs grbntdvns, gduanabs grbntdvns, rbkåebcbs ab pripdbana dctb`bgtun`, dcadgnairbs y bstnaåstdgns gu`turn`bs, btg. Bstns dabns anc oiren n `ns g`nsbs ab gntbkiråns qub kbstdicn uc WDG, su adrbggd÷c kbcbrn` bpdstbei`÷kdgn y b` tdpi ab enpbi gicgrbti qub sb rbn`dzn. Wdc bemnrki, b` gicgbpti ab Bgicieån Gu`turn` ci bs bstnm`b. Kdmsic y Hick (=::2) lnc eistrnai giei euglns ab `ns dctbrprbtngdicbs gictrnadgtirdns gictrnadgtir dns y advbrkbctbs ab `n bgicieån gu`turn` tianvån tdbcbc qub sbr ncn`dznans. Bs depirtnctb depukcnr `is gicgbptis bstnm`bgdais y cigdicbs cnturn`dznais ab `n Bgicieån Gu`turn`. Bsti piarån ``bvnrcis n itrns gicgbptun`dzngdicbs n`tbrcntdvns, dcaåkbcns y/i p`urn`bs Giei lbeis vdsti, b` WDG usn gntbkiråns fns pnrn gbcsnr uc tbrrdtirdi y pndsnfb gu`turn` bspbgågi b dctbrprbtnr`i giei ucn rbn`dana gu`turn`. Zir `i tncti, bs grugdn` prieivbr gicgbpgdicbs n`tbrcntdvns pnrn b` absnrri``i ab WDG y sdstbens pnrn `n g`nsdgngd÷c gu`turn`, nqub``is qub pubanc rbsdkcdgnr `is sdstbens ab dcoirengd÷c gu`turn` y pbredtdr `n grbngd÷c y gibxdstbcgdn ab vnrdis WDG qub trnmnfbc ebadnctb sdstbens adobrbctbs ab vn`ungd÷c y `n bxp`irngd÷c ab n`tbrcntdvns n bgicieåns pi`åtdgns irdbctnans pir b` ebrgnai. @is qub bstî bc fubki bs `n advbrsdana gu`turn`, ci si`nebctb bc guncti n` sdkcdgnai gu`turn`, `is gictbcdais y bspngdis pnrn `n grbngd÷c ab sdkcdgnai kbcbrnais pir `n ngtdvdana luencn, sdci tnemdäc bc guncti n prigbsis piabrisis ab sumfbtdvngd÷c. Bstis prigbsis abtbredcnc, bctrb itrns gisns, cubstrn gnpngdana ab nspdrngd÷c (Nppnaurnd, =::1). Qnemdäc gicadgdicnc `n oiren bc g÷ei gicgbmdeis n `n gu`turn giei uc ongtir pnrn absnrri``i sigdn`, edbctrns sieis dcgirpirnais bc `ns oucgdicbs ab` piabr (Ab`buzb bc Nrestrick, >44>). Wd mdbc Gu`turnpbru.irk bs uc bfbep`i ab uc enrgi ab trnmnfi n`tbrcntdvi pnrn b` absnrri``i ab WDG, bs abensdnai prbenturi bstnm`bgbr su depngti kbcbrn`. Eîs nuc, `n npnrdgd÷c ab` WDG nuspdgdnai pir b` Bstnai bc b` Zbrö enrgnrî uc cubvi eiebcti, yn qub piarån dep`dgnr `n gieucdgngd÷c bctrb sdstbens mnsnais bc encantis adobrbctbs8 ucn sdtungd÷c euy depirtnctb pnrn ncî`dsds n cdvb` tägcdgi y pi`åtdgi. Wdc bemnrki, b` äxdti rb`ntdvi ab bstb priybgti (bxprbsnai bc b` rbgicigdedbcti ab` Bstnai y ab `n sigdbana gdvd`) pubab npiynr `n nrengd÷c ab qub ucn ebtn pnrn `n sigdbana gdvd` bc b` outuri gbrgnci abmbrån sbr `n prieigd÷c ab ucn mnsb nep`dn ab gicigdedbcti, kbcbrncai y sistbcdbcai sdstbens WDG qub prioncbc gntbkiråns gu`turn`bs, rbbxnedcnc y eiadgnc gicvbcgdicbs vdkbctbs ngbrgn ab `i qub gubctn giei gicigdedbcti grbåm`b y prieivdbcai ngtdvdanabs pnrn `n gicsi`dangd÷c ab gicigdedbcti qub grugb `is sdstbens y `is `åedtbs adsgdp`dcnrdis (Wglirr, =::7). Itri nspbgti depirtnctb pnrn enyir bstuadi, bs g÷ei piabeis absnrri``nr n cdvb` ab nrqudtbgturns dcoirengdicn`bs ab `is WDG, `i qub Wrdcdvnsnc (=::;) abciedcn ‐icti`ikåns udans― (Wrdcdvnsnc, =::;8 Wrdcdvnsnc & Lunck, =::2). Ab ngubrai gic Wrdcdvnsnc (=::;), b` piabr `n nprixdengd÷c absab icti`ikåns udans rnadgn bc qub ci bcontdzn `n gicstruggd÷c ab bstrugturns ab gicigdedbcti dctb`dkbctb, bstncanrdznai n prdird, sdci ens mdbc sb bcoign bc `n grbngd÷c ab prigbsis y `n bctrbkn ab lbrrnedbctns pnrn npiynr krnaun`ebctb `is prigbsis luencis ab grbngd÷c ab sbctdai, guncai sb gicorictnc gic b` pntrdeicdi gu`turn` y nrtåstdgi. (>2).
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Giei npnrntis y rbabs ab b`bebctis lbtbrikäcbis, bs p`nusdm`b nsuedr qub `is WDG vnrånc ab ngubrai n` gictbxti. B` bcoiqub ab` Bgisdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` bc Gbctrineärdgn, bs ucn prubmn ab bstn vnrdngd÷c. N` bstuadnr bstb tben bc rb`ngd÷c n su absbepbþi bc
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b` gictbxti ab uc pnås giei b` Zbrö, bstn tbsds musg÷ gictrdmudr n uc bctbcadedbcti eîs entdznai ab `is prigbsis ab dep`bebctngd÷c ab uc WDG qub tdbcbc `uknr bc uc gictbxti dcstdtugdicn` bspbgågi. Wd mdbc piabeis bcgictrnr sded`dtuabs bctrb `is pnåsbs, abctri a bctri ab `n dctbcgd÷c kbcbrn` ab gicstrudr enrgis ab trnmnfi rbkdicn`bs pnrn b` kimdbrci gu`turn` (giei sb ln vdsti bc b` gnsi WDG-WR]), `ns adobrbcgdns gictbxtun`bs y `ns bxpbrdbcgdns `ign`bs piarånc mrdcanrcis dcoirengd÷c eîs rdgn y gicigdedbcti oucanebctnai simrb `n bxpbrdbcgdn ab `n kumbrcnebctn`dana, tn` giei sb bxprbsn bc b` sbgtir gu`turn` ab `is pnåsbs bc b` Wur bc `n ngtun`dana. Bstb abmbrån sbr uc tben pnrn dcvbstdkngd÷c outurn, nså giei tnemdäc pnrn bstuadis giepnrntdvis simrb dep`bebctngdicbs ab WDG. Qnemdäc abmbeis dctbrbsnrcis bc absnrri``nr abs nrri``nr ucn gråtdgn ab a b `n dcornbstrugturn gu`turn` giei gicgbpti, yn qub ‐`n dcornbstrugturn d cornbstrugturn ab ucn pbrsicn pubab sbr `n mnrrbrn pnrn itrn― (Miwhbr y Wtnr, >442). Rcn nkbcan ab advbrsdana gu`turn` tn` giei bstî bxprbsnan bc b` adsbþi ab` WDG pubab bc rbn`dana dep`dgnr b` absnrri``i nadgdicn` ab sdstbens ab g`nsdgngd÷c pnrn `i qub piaråneis ``nenr ‐dcornbstrugturns gu`turn`bs dcaåkbcns― (pnrn ebeirdn, rbgicstdtugd÷c, gb`bmrngd÷c)8 gntbkiråns qub piarånc bxp`dgnr ngtdvdanabs gu`turn`bs bc bspngdis ci dcaustrdn`bs y pnrn cbs ci giebrgdn`bs. B` trnmnfi ab Miwhbr y Wtnr (>4428 =::=) simrb dcornbstrugturn sbrî g`nvb bc bstn mösquban. @n prdcgdpn` `bggd÷c bs qub `is Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` ci sb pubabc bctbcabr sdc gicsdabrnr `n bgicieån ab `n gun` sic pnrtb, y b` tdpi ab ri` pbroirentdvi qub tdbcbc bc b` bstnm`bgdedbcti y rbgrbngd÷c ab ucn Bgicieån Gu`turn` (Gnstrbb, =::1). Odcn`ebctb, giepnrti `ns dcqudbtuabs ebcgdicnans pir Lnccnl (=::4) ngbrgn ab itrn gnrngtbråstdgn a b` ‐tbrrdtirdi gn`gu`nm`b―6 B` lbgli ab qub `n pitbcgdn` gicsi`dangd÷c ab a b uc tbrrdtirdi gn`gu`nm`b nöc ornkebctnai gictdcun sdbcai uc prim`ben pi`åtdgi depirtnctb. Gidcgdai bc qub ‐n ebadan qub `ns mnrrbrns tägcdgns pnrn bstn gicsi`dangd÷c vnc sdbcai giep`btnebctb b`dedcnans― (ebadnctb b` usi ab tbgci`ikåns ab g÷adki nmdbrti y ucn gu`turn adkdtn` gnan g nan vbz eîs pitbctb, pir bfbep`i) ‐`n rbspicsnmd`dana ab abtbcbr `n gicsi`dangd÷c ab` tbrrdtirdi gn`gu`nm`b rbgnb gnan vbz eîs bxg`usdvnebctb bc b` îemdti ab `n pi`åtdgn y b` ngtdvdsei― (=7).
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QLB NZZN]NQRWBW IO GR@QR GR@QR]B ]B Gu`tur�` dcoire�tdic W�stbes, tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcebct �ca tlb pi`dtdg�` bgicie� io gu`turb dc @�tdc Nebrdg�
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Dctriaugtdic
Qlb citdic io gu`turn` pi`dgy lns glnckba dc rbgbct ybnrs. Qlb tbre ‐gu`turb― lns bxpncaba orie n gicgbrc si`b`y wdtl tlb nrts nca lbrdtnkb ti n mrinabr dctbrprbtntdic io gu`turb ns n wny io `dob (Qlrismy, =:>:). Qlds bxpncsdic lns ti ai wdtl n prioiuca trncsoirentdic io tlb bgiciedg bcvdricebct dc wldgl gu`turn` kiias nrb priaugba, adstrdmutba nca gicsueba, dc tlb ornebwirh io k`imn`dzntdic (>:), mut n`si wdtl tlb bebrkdck dcstruebctn` citdic io gu`turb ns p`ntoire oir sigdn` trncsoirentdic, navncgba my gu`turn` krnssriits irkncdzntdics nca cbtwirhs nriuca tlb wir`a, giccbgtba tlriukl bstnm`dslba nca bebrkdck dcoirentdic nca gieeucdgntdic tbglci`ikdbs (Ebrgbr dc Gvfbtdgncdc, =:>>). [ld`b tlds bxpncaba citdic io gu`turb gnc mb pbrgbdvba dc ency dcstncgbs, tlbrb ds n tbcabcgy ti oigus prdenrd`y ic tlb depirtncgb io gu`turn` pi`dgy dc bgiciedg nca enrhbt-ardvbc tbres (Ad Enkkdi, >4<7). Qlb ongt tlnt gu`turn` dcaustrdbs dc abvb`ipba giuctrdbs lnvb kriwc onstbr tlnc itlbr sbgtirs dc tlb pnst abgnab lns gictrdmutba ti strbcktlbcdck gu`turn` dcaustry rlbtirdg nca tlb bgiciedg `bkdtdengy io gu`turn` pi`dgy (Qlrismy, =:>:6 ?). Qlds lns `ba ti nc dcgrbnsba dctbrbst my dctbrcntdicn` irkncdzntdics `dhb RCBWGI ti prieitb tlb bxpncsdic nca strbcktlbcdck io gu`turn` dcaustrdbs dc tlb Wiutl, nca tlb grbntdic io rbkdicn` ‐gu`turn` enrhbts.― [ld`b tlds dctbrbst lns mbbc ebt wdtl bctlusdnse my sieb ldstirdgn``y rb`bkntba sbgtirs, tlbrb ds nc dcgrbnsdck`y irkncdzba adsgursdvb nca prngtdgn` rbsdstncgb tiwnras n `ikdg tlnt ds pbrgbdvba my gu`turn` krnssriits irkncdzntdics ns n priaugt io cbi`dmbrn` dabi`ikdbs, nca bvbc ns n cbw hdca io gu`turn` depbrdn`dse.
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Qlisb wli ippisb n purb`y bgiciedg ucabrstncadck io tlb depirtncgb io gu`turn` pi`dgy dc tlb wir`a tiany, pripisb n cuembr io n`tbrcntdvb gicgbptdics io tlb ri`b io gu`turn` pi`dgy dc sigdn` abvb`ipebct. Wieb absgrdmb gu`turb ns n rbsiurgb oir sigdn` neb`dirntdic (Töadgb, =::7). Nggiradck ti tlds vdbw, gu`turn` ngtdic gnc dcdtdntb nca endctndc depirtnct prigbssbs oir luenc abvb`ipebct dc gieeucdtdbs n`` ivbr tlb wir`a, rb`ntba ti sustndcnmd`dty, edcirdty rdklts, sigdn` gilbsdic, pbngb mud`adck nca pum`dg lbn`tl, neick itlbr dssubs. Nutlirs `dhb @bwds nca Ed``br Ed``br (=::=) dabctdoy gu`turn` pi`dgy ns ‐n ‐n sdtb oir tlb priaugtdic io gu`turn` gdtdzbcs, wdtl tlb gu`turn` dcaustrdbs privdadck cit ic`y n rbn`e io rbprbsbctntdics nmiut icbsb`o nca itlbrs, mut n sbrdbs io rntdicn`bs oir pnrtdgu`nr typbs io gicaugt― (dc Dsnr, =::4). Dc tlds vdbw, gu`turn` pi`dgy ds adrbgt`y rb`ntba ti tlb wny wb gicgbdvb io wlnt ds pbredttba nca pissdm`b. Dt lns ti ai wdtl liw wb gicstrugt n wir`avdbw nca iur gnpngdty ti nspdrb (Nppnaurnd dc ]ni nca [n`tic, =::1). Qlds tlbsds wd`` oigus ic tlds `nst gicgbptdic ic tlb boobgts io gu`turn` pi`dgy nca tlb tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcebct tlnt sustndc tlbsb prigbssbs io sumfbgtdgntdic. 22
Qlb rlbtirdg io gu`turn` pi`dgy tiany dcg`uabs tlb dcvigntdic nca usb io tbglci`ikdbs io ebnsurbebct nca qunctdgntdic io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs (gu`turn` sdtbs, imfbgts, bxprbssdics, btg.) ns n wny ti `bkdtdedzb kivbrcebct abgdsdics nca ngtdics dc tlds b`a. Wbts io gu`turn` dcadgntirs nca dabns ic tlb depirtncgb io gu`turn` stntdstdgs lnvb mbgieb vbry pipu`nr, rbvbn`dck n pi`dtdgs io bcuebrntdic tlnt, ns D wd`` nrkub, ds gicgiedtnct wdtl tlb ardvb tiwnras tlb bgiciedzntdic io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. Qlds lns `ba kivbrcebcts ti prieitb wlnt giu`a mb rbobrrba ti ns tlb ‐tbglcdgntdic― ‐tbglcdgntdic― io gu`turn` pi`dgy, pi`dgy, n prigbss tlriukl wldgl dcoirentdic nca gieeucdgntdic tbglci`ikdbs, nca dcoirentdic sgdbcgbs nrb mriuklt dcti kivbrcncgb prigbssbs, ns n wny ti `bkdtdentb pnrtdgu`nr hciw`bakb rbkdebs nca pi`dtdgn` pi`dtdg n` imfbgtdvbs. Qlds mrdcks stncanras, g`nssdgntdic nca mbcglenrhdck systbes, enppdck tbglci`ikdbs, nca tlb usb io dcoirentdic systbes nca gieeucdgntdic tbglci`ikdbs oir survbd``ncgb nca gictri`, dcti tlb ucdvbrsb io gu`turn` pi`dgy nca encnkbebct. Qlbsb dcoirentdicn` systbes nrb cit dccigbct, nca ns sugl nrb bembaaba wdtl dabns nca pi`dtdgs (Mruci, =::4). Qlds tlbsds ds gicgbrcba spbgdgn``y wdtl Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes (GDW) ns abvb`ipba nca suppirtba my Wtntbs8 ucabrstiia ns sigditbglcdgn` nrrnckbebcts abvb`ipba my kivbrcebcts, nca gicgbdvba ns tbglci`ikdbs io piwbr ns absgrdmba my Oiugnu`t (dc Wtnl`, =:><). Qbglci`ikdbs io piwbr oire sumfbgts ns n ebncs io aiedcntdck dcadvdaun`s nca mrdckdck tlbe ti abcb tlbesb`vbs dc pnrtdgu`nr wnys (Ed``br, >447). Dc tlds gnsb GDW wirh n`si ns n tbglci`iky io kivbrcncgb, ‐n ebncs io encdpu`ntdck tlb pum`dg my lnvdck dt encnkb dtsb`o― (=:). Ns Ed``br (>447) sukkbsts, tlds ds ngldbvba tlriukl tlb entbrdn` dcsgrdptdic io adsgiursb dcti pi`dgdbs nca prikrnes io tlb gu`turn`-gnpdtn`dst stntb (xddd)6 Qlb ipbrntdic io hciw`bakb, tlbc, mbgiebs n trngdck io piwbr, piwbr bxbrgdsba my dcstdtutdics oireba my nca tlbesb`vbs dc turc oiredck hciw`bakbs nmiut nvnd`nm`b sumfbgtdvdtdbs (Ed``br, >4476 >4476 xxdd, ey beplnsds). beplnsds ). Qlds stuay bxp`irbs liw GDW lnvb nc ngtdvb ri`b dc wlnt Ed``br (>447) dabctdbs ns tlb grbntdic io ‐dcgiep`btb― gu`turn` sumfbgts. Qlb dabn io dcgiep`btb gu`turn` sumfbgts pidcts ti n lbkbeicdg oirgb tlnt adgtntbs wlnt n gdtdzbc rbqudrbs dc itlbr ti mb n ou`` gdtdzbc, nca dt ds depirtnct, bspbgdn``y dc tbres io gictbepirnry abmntbs ic gu`turn` gdtdzbcsldp. Qlds tlbsds usbs tlds citdic io dcgiep`btbcbss, nca pripisbs tlb dabn io ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngbs,― n citdic tlnt bebrkbs tlriukl ‐gu`turn` enppdck,― nca tlb rbgikcdtdic io tlb nmsbcgb io lbkbeicdg gu`turn` dcstdtutdics (b.k. `dmrnrdbs, gu`turn` gbctbrs, eusbues nca tlbntbrs) dc pnrtdgu`nr nrbns io n tbrrdtiry, wld`b enhdck itlbr gu`turn` spngbs (b.k. dcadkbcius, dcabpbcabct ir giuctbr-gu`turn` sdtbs) dcvdsdm`b. Qlb dssub ds tlnt nc dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngb mbgiebs nc ippirtucdty oir `bkdtdentb Wtntb dctbrvbctdic nca tlb pi`dtdgn` dcsgrdptdic io n gu`turn` `ncasgnpb. Ns wb sln`` sbb, nt stnhb dc GDW absdkc nca usb ds n hdca io `bkdmd`dty (Wgitt, >44<). Abvb`ipdck n grdtdgn` ucabrstncadck io GDW ds grugdn` mbgnusb tlbsb systbes lnvb adrbgt depngt ic iur ucabrstncadck io gu`turn` pi`dgy nca ic tlb pissdmd`dty io dctbrvbcdck dc dt, siebtldck wldgl Töadgb nca Ed``br gicsdabr nc depirtnct pnrt io pnrtdgdpntdck dc gu`turb (dc @bwds nca Ed``br, =::=). Rcabrstncadck tlb wirh io GDW ds n`si depirtnct ns tlbsb nrrnckbebcts bstnm`dsl piwbrou` bpdstbei`ikdgn` rbkdebs nca gicsi`dantb gicsi`d antb kivbrcebct adsgiursbs ‗ sbts io stntbebcts tlnt abtbredcb ngtdics nca tliuklts ‗ ic gu`turn` pi`dgy. Qlb stuay io GDW bctnd`s cit ic`y naarbssdck adsgursdvb prngtdgbs tlnt dcsgrdmb tlbesb`vbs ic pnrtdgu`nr pi`dgdbs, mut n`si sigdi-tbglci`ikdgn` nppnrntusbs nca dcoirentdicn` prngtdgbs tlnt sustndc dcornstrugturbs nca dabi`ikdbs oir gu`turn` ngtdic. 2?
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Qlds tlbsds gicstdtutbs n rst stbp tiwnras n grdtdgn` ucabrstncadck io GDW nca tlb ri`b tlby p`ny dc gu`turn` pi`dgy pi`dg y. Qlb stuay oigusbs dc tlb gnsb io Zbru, n giuctry tlnt rbgbct`y mbkuc wirh tiwnras tlb dep`bebctntdic io n cntdicn` GDW, dcspdrba nca dcoireba my tlb bxpbrdbcgb io itlbr @ntdc Nebrdgnc giuctrdbs `dhb Ebxdgi. Qlb Zbruvdnc bxpbrdbcgb ‗ gurrbct`y ucoi`adck ‗ ds pnrtdgu`nr`y rbvbn`dck dc d c tlds dcdtdn` stnkb ns dt sliws tlb Wtntb nspdrntdics tlnt kudab tlb mud`adck io gicgbptun` oiucantdics oir GDW, nca tlb `ikdgs tlnt sdtuntb tlds hdca io systbe pi`dtdgn``y dc n abvb`ipdck giuctry. Qlds stuay dctbkrntbs dabns orie tlb stuay io kivbrcebctn`dty (Oiugnu`t dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<6>228 Nknembc, =::48 Nppnaurnd, =::>8 ]iy, =::48 Mrÿgh`dck bt n`, =:>:), , tlb bebrkdck b`a io grdtdgn` rbsbnrgl ic dcoirentdic systbes (G]DW) (Wtnl`, =::<8 Edckbrs & [d``gighs, =::1), grdtdgn` gnrtikrnply (Grneptic & Hrykdbr, =::?), nca gictbepirnry abmntbs ic tlb glnckdck citdic io gu`turn` pi`dgdbs (Töadgb, =::18 Ed``br, >447). Qlb rst stbp dc bstnm`dsldck n grdtdgn` ornebwirh oir tlb stuay io GDW ns bxpbrdbcgba dc tlb Wiutl ds ti iut`dcb n grdtdqub io gu`turn` pi`dgdbs. Icb io tlb endc nrkuebcts io tlds tlbsds ds tlnt gu`turn` pi`dgy tiany ds cit ic`y n adsputba tbre, mut n`si n gicstrugt tlnt rbspicas prdenrd`y ti gnpdtn`dst g npdtn`dst dabi`ikdbs nca pnrtdgu`nr cbi`dmbrn` cbi` dmbrn` k`imn` nspdrntdics. Qiany Qiany,, gu`turn` pi`dgdbs nrb kbcbrn``y wiraba dc tlb `nckunkb io k`imn` enrhbts tlnt ucabrstnca gu`turn` sumfbgtdvdtdbs orie n eu`tdgu`turn`dst pbrspbgtdvb. Eu`tdgu`turn`dse, ns ency lnvb citba, depisbs tlisb vn`da (nca snob) wnys io i o ‐mbdck gu`turn`― dc tlb wir`a tiany, tiany, gicstdtutdck dtsb`o ns wlnt ŵdųbh rbobrs ti ns ‐tlb gu`turn` `ikdg io eu`tdcntdicn` gnpdtn`dse gnpdtn`ds e― (>44;). Qlds tlbsds naarbssbs tlb boobgts io tlb gictbstba cnturb io tlb tbre ‐gu`turn` pi`dgy― tiany, pripisdck n grdtdqub io gu`turn` pi`dgy nrtdgu`ntba nt eu`tdp`b `bvb`s. Qlb eist imvdius `bvb` ds tlb icb gicgbrcba wdtl tlb pnrtdgu`nr`y ucstnm`b nca eu`tdvign` citdic nca abcdtdic io tlb tbre ‐gu`turb― dtsb`o, nca liw tlds dcabtbredcngy p`nys iut dc tlb pum`dg pi`dgy prngtdgb nca bxpbrdbcgb. Ncitlbr `bvb` lns ti ai wdtl tlb adsgursdvb prngtdgbs io ‐dcvihdck gu`turb― dc gu`turn` pi`dgy (Aiedckubz dc Mrnaoira bt n`, =:::). My gicgbdvdck io gu`turb ns siebtldck dcvihba rntlbr tlnc siebtldck tlnc ds wb eny eivb nwny orie nc bca`bss nca orudt`bss abmntb dc tbres io wlnt gu`turb rbn``y "ds", ti wlnt dts pi`dtdgn` usbs nrb tiany (=7). Orie tlds rnadgn` pbrspbgtdvb, ‐Gu`turb― gnc mb ucabrstiia ns n ldstirdgn``y sdtuntba adsgursdvb imfbgt wdtl n pnrtdgu`nr Buripbnc irdkdc nca btlcigbctrdg ldstiry (=;). Qlb rb`ntdicsldp mbtwbbc gu`turb nca gu`turn` pi`dgy, `inaba wdtl n [bstbrc sbcsdmd`dty (Dsnr, =::4), stncas ns nc dricy dc tlb Wiutl, wlbrb krnssriits nrts nca gu`turn` irkncdzntdics iotbc stntb tlnt gu`turn` pi`dgdbs nrb cbgbssnry oir tlb nuticieius nca dcabpbcabct abvb`ipebct io tlbdr sigdbtdbs, kbcbrn``y orie n cntdicn`dst nca siebtdebs pistgi`icdn` pbrspbgtdvb. Dt ds n`si depirtnct depir tnct ti gicsdabr tlnt dcvihdck tlb cbba oir gu`turn` pi`dgdbs ds n`si nc dcvigntdic io tlb Wtntb ns n vn`da pi`dtdgn` ([bstbrc) oire. Qlds stncas ns n gictrnadgtdic, sdcgb krnssriits gu`turn` irkncdzntdics sdeu`tncbius`y dcsdst dc n pist-cntdicn` gicgbptdic io gu`turn` pi`dgdbs, trncsgbcadck Wtntb mirabrs nca pi`dtdgn` orictdbrs. Dt mbgiebs g`bnr tlnt dt ds cbgbssnry ti giep`dgntb tlb citdic io gu`turn` pi`dgy tiany. Qlds ds n grugdn` stbp tiwnras n gictbepirnry abmntb io GDW ns sigdi-tbglci`ikdgn` nrrnckbebcts nca tbglci`ikdbs io piwbr, ns nppnrntusbs tlnt gicstdtutb depirtnct sdtbs oir abmntb nca dctbrvbctdic.
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GDW mrdck tikbtlbr tlb pi`dtdgs io gu`turn` pi`dgy, enppdck nca dcoirentdic systbes. Qlby gicstdtutb nc ippirtucdty ti mrdck dc hciw`bakb orie o rie dcoirentdic sgdbcgbs, systbes tlbiry tlbir y, grdtdgn` tlbiry nca pld`isiply dcti tlb gu`turn` pi`dgy rbn`e. Qlbsb typbs io dcoirentdic systbes lnvb cit mbbc stuadba orie n grdtdgn` pbrspbgtdvb dc tlb pnst, nca tbca ti mb gicsdabrba n tipdg tlnt n`` pi`dtdgn` ngtirs gnc nkrbb upic. Qlds ds mbgnusb tlb dabn io dcoirentdic systbes dc gu`turn` pi`dgy stuadbs ds iotbc gicsdabrba ti mb npi`dtdgn`. @dhbwdsb, dc tlb
2;
ucdvbrsb io gu`turn` pi`dgy, tbglci`iky ds iotbc gicsdabrba ti mb npi`dtdgn`. Dt ds depirtnct ti abmuch tlds pbrspbgtdvb. Dc irabr ti ai si, si , wb sliu`a nppringl GDW ns tlby wirh sdeu`tncbius`y dc adoobrbct `bvb`s6 ns g`nssdgntiry nca enppdck ebglncdses, ns cbtwirhs io pbip`b nca dcstdtutdics, nca ns tbglci`ikdbs io hciw`bakb nca piwbr. N`` GDW bcknkb bcknkb dc n hdca io gu`turn` enppdck, siebtdebs rbobrrba ti ns ns gu`turn` gnrtikrnply. gnrtikrnply. Ns gnrtikrnpldg abvdgbs, tlby adrbgt`y dclbrdt n pnrtdgu`nr pnrtdgu`nr gu`turn` ldstiry (Ln`by, (Ln`by, =:::). =:::). Oir Oir bxnep`b, spbgdn`dsts dc Zbru absgrdmb tlb ‐oiucantdics― io tlb Zbruvdnc GDW ti mb tlb ‐Nt`ns ‐Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb,― gurrbct`y mbdck abvb`ipba dc oiur giuctrdbs io @ntdc Nebrdgn (E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Enppdck tbglci`ikdbs nrb gbctrn` ti GDW, nca gicstdtutb tlb prdeiradn` ebadn oir rbprbsbctdck dcoirentdic dc tlb systbe. Eist GDW dcg`uab enps, nca eist nrb gurrbct`y ucabrkidck glnckbs aub ti tlb pipu`nrdzntdic nca krbntbr nggbss ti KDW tbglci`ikdbs `dhb Kiik`b enps. Qlbsb glnckbs wd`` lnvb gicsdabrnm`b rnedgntdics dc tbres io tlb rb`ntdicsldp mbtwbbc pbip`b—s bvbry any `dob nca GDW dc tlb outurb. Qiany Qiany,, tlb gu`turn` enps tlnt nrb rbcabrba tlriukl GDW gicstdtutb nc depirtnct `bvb` io ebadntdic io i o gu`turn` dcoirentdic nca pi`dgy. Qlb pi`dtdgs io tlds prigbss lnvb cit mbbc stuadba dc abptl mboirb. Qlds tlbsds gicstdtutbs n rst stbp dc tlds adrbgtdic. Qlriukl dctbrvdbws wdtl iogdn`s rbspicsdm`b oir bstnm`dsldck Zbru—s GDW, dt wd`` mbgieb g`bnr tlnt GDW privdab Wtntbs n piwbr ti krnct gu`turn` `bkdtdengy, n`mbdt dc n prbgnrdius wny. wny. Ns wb sln`` sbb, tlb ucabroucaba glnrngtbr io pum`dg dcdtdntdvbs ti kbcbrntb ‐gu`turn` dcoirentdic― entdic― dc giuctrdbs `dhb Zbru, turc GDW dcti n hdca io dcgiep`btb survbd``ncgb tbglci`iky, abpbcabct ic tlb pbip`b nca kriups tlb Wtntb ndes ti kivbrc. Dc tlds sbcsb, stuaydck GDW dc abvb`ipdck cntdics ds nc ippirtucdty ti stuay wlnt tlds tlbsds abcbs ns prbgnrdius tbglci`ikdbs oir kivbrcncgb, tlnt ds, sigdi-tbglci`ikdgn` abvdgbs tlnt my vdrtub io tlbdr `dedtba oucadck, `ngh io nggbss ti nabquntb`y trndcba luenc rbsiurgbs, `ngh io `ick-tbre p`nccdck nca pi`dtdgn` vu`cbrnmd`dty vds-ê-vds glnckbs dc kivbrcebct `bnabrsldp, bxdst dc tlb oire io n adsgiursb io ‐dcgiep`btbcbss,― sded`nr ti tlb dcgiep`btb gdtdzbcsldp tlnt Ed``br (>447) absgrdmbs. Orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io grdtdgn` gnrtikrnply, enps nrb ngtdvb8 tlby enhb rbn`dty ns eugl ns tlby rbprbsbct dt (Grneptic nca Hrybkbr, =::?, Lnr`by, =:>=). Enps ngtdvb`y gicstrugt hciw`bakb, tlby bxbrgdsb piwbr, nca tlby gnc mb n piwbrou` ebncs io prieitdck sigdn` glnckb (Hiwn`shd dc Gn`liuc & Wbccbtt, =::;). Fust `dhb gu`turn` pi`dgdbs, enppdck nca tlb gnrtikrnpldg knzb ‐giab― sumfbgts nca priaugb dabctdtdbs. Zdgh`bs (dc Grneptic nca Hrybkbr, =::?) rbtldchs enppdck ns tlb priaugtdic io spngb, kbikrnply, p`ngb nca tbrrdtiry ns wb`` ns tlb pi`dtdgn` dabctdtdbs io pbip`b lnvb wli dclnmdt nca enhb up tlbsb spngbs. Dc tlds sbcsb, GDW gnc mb ucabrstiia ns gikcdtdvb nrtdongts (Ciren, =::4). [ld`b ency spbgdn`dsts nca sgli`nrs gicsdabr enppdck gu`turn` priaugts, spngbs nca bxprbssdics ns n oucanebctn` bxbrgdsb dc tlb prieitdic io gu`turn` gdtdzbcsldp (Ebrgbr, =::=), dt ds depirtnct ti nrkub tlnt tlds prngtdgb ds cit purb`y bencgdpntiry, ns tlb ngt io enppdck mbgiebs n`si n prigbss tlriukl wldgl gbrtndc gu`turn` rbsiurgbs mbgieb dcsbrtba d csbrtba nca gickurba ns pnrt io n Gu`turn` Bgiciey. Bgiciey. D pripisb tlnt Gu`turn` Bgiciey ds n gicstrugt gicstr ugt tlnt sliu`a mb ucabrstiia prdenrd`y ns pi`dtdgn` bgiciey. Dc itlbr wiras, ns n pi`dtdgn` prifbgt tlnt bcabnvirs ti grbntb ‗ tlriukl tlb nrrnckbebct io tlb oirgbs nca pi`dtdgs io gnpdtn`dst priaugtdic ‗ ‐n sigdn` rbn`dty tlnt dt sukkbsts n`rbnay bxdsts― (@behb, =:>>m). Qlds ds cit cbgbssnrd`y mbcbgdn` ir `bnadck tiwnras tlb mbttbrebct dc tlb qun`dty io `dob io tlisb gieeucdtdbs dcvi`vba dc tlb grbntdic io tlbsb gu`turn` priaugts nca sbrvdgbs. 2<
Qiany, iany, tlb Gu`turn` Bgiciey wlbrb gu`turn` rbsiurgbs nrb dcsbrtba dcti d cti dep`dbs n pnrtdgu`nr advdsdic io gu`turn` `nmir (Töadgb, =::7) nca vnrdius prngtdgbs oir tlb bxtrngtdic io vn`ub.
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
[lbc ‐gnpturba― ‐gnpturba― my GDW, gu`turn` rbsiurgbs (p`ngbs, dcstdtutdics, dabns, nrtdongts, denkbs nca ngtdvdtdbs) nrb cit ic`y sbt dc tlb eitdic io k`imn` dcoirentdic iws. Eirb depirtnct`y, depirtnct`y, tlby mbgieb gickurba ns pnrt io n Gu`turn` Bgiciey tlriukl dcoirentdicn` ebncs. D rbobr ti ‐gnpturb― ns tlb pld`isipldgn` ebtnplir-eiab` absgrdmba my Nkrb (>441) nca pripisb tlnt tlb dcoirentdicn` nca gieputntdicn` nspbgt io GDW tbcas ti mb ucabrbstdentba. Dcabba, dt ds depirtnct ti naarbss liw GDW nrb giepisba cit ic`y io luenc rbsiurgbs mut n`si io n gieputntdicn` dcornstrugturb ‗ icb tlnt abpbcas ic engldcbs ti prigbss dcoirentdic nca rbcabr vdsun`dzntdics ‗ mbgnusb tlds `bnas ti tlb gicstdtutdic io n pnrtdgu`nr bpdstbedg rbkdeb. Ns Nkrb (>441) ebctdics, sdcgb n engldcb gnc ic`y gieputb wlnt dt gnc gnpturb, tlb wir`a eust mb dcstruebctba nggiradck`y. Qlds spbnhs ti tlb bpdstbedg nca ictdg oucgtdics gieputbrs lnvb (Mrby, =::2). Dc itlbr wiras, gieputbrs wirh cit ic`y ns gikcdtdvb abvdgbs, mut n`si ns abvdgbs tlriukl wldgl n pnrtdgu`nr bcvdricebct gnc mb bcknkba (7=). Qlds tlbsds ds gicgbrcba wdtl tlb pi`dtdgs mbldca tlb pitbctdn` bcknkbebct io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs nca bgiciedbs tlriukl dcoirentdicn` ebncs, nca liw tlbsb p`ny iut tlriukl ngtdics my tlb Wtntb nca Gdvd` Gdv d` Wigdbty. Qlb dcstruebctn`dzntdic io n wir`a wir` a dep`dbs nc icti`iky. Dc itlbr wiras, dt dep`dbs nc irabrdck io tlb wir`a, icb ti wldgl n`` gnpturba b`bebcts wd`` mb sumfbgtba. [ld`b dt ds tbeptdck ti gicgbdvb io tlbsb ns dcbvdtnm`b ebglncdgs, tlds stuay wd`` nrkub tlnt mbdck nwnrb io tlb pi`dtdgs io gnpturb dc dcoirentdic systbes gnc n``iw us ti absdkc n`tbrcntdvb GDW nca oistbr n`tbrcntdvb ‐gu`turbs io enppdck― (Zbrhdcs, =::1), orie n adoobrbct dabi`ikdgn` pbrspbgtdvb, wdtl itlbr bgiciedbs dc edca nca tlus privdadck oir n`tbrcntdvb icti`ikdbs bembaaba dc gieputntdicn` dcornstrugturbs. Rsdck tlb bxnep`b io Gu`turnpbru.irk, n GDW abvb`ipba nca endctndcba my n kriup io gu`turn` irkncdzntdics dc Zbru, tlds stuay wd`` sukkbst liw nc n`tbrcntdvb icti`iky oir gnpturdck nca dcstruebctn`dzdck gu`turb eny mb gicstrugtba, wld`b absgrdmdck vnrdius pi`dtdgn` dep`dgntdics wldgl eny mb dcsureiuctnm`b dc tlb `ikdg io GDW nca giu`a mb ucabrstiia ns tlb `dedts io pnrtdgdpntdvb gnrtikrnpldbs (B`wiia, =::?). Nt tlb `bvb` io adsgiursb nca tlb rlbtirdg io pum`dg pi`dgy, pi`dgy, GDW nrb gicsdabrba depirtnct dcornstrugturbs tlnt dcoire abgdsdic-enhdck prigbssbs dc gu`turn` pi`dgy absdkc. Oir bxnep`b, Ebxdgi—s Ebxdgi—s Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe (lttp6//sdg.gicngu`tn.kim.ex) ds absgrdmba ns ‐nc b`bgtricdg pirtn` nca nc Dctbrcbt antnmnsb abvb`ipba my tlb Cntdicn` Giucgd` oir Gu`turb nca Nrts io Ebxdgi, wldgl ioobrs advbrsb nca upantba dcoirentdic ti b`nmirntb adnkcistdgs, irdbct abgdsdic-enhdck prigbssbs prigbss bs nca tlb bvn`untdic io gu`turn` pi`dgdbs― pi` dgdbs― (WDG-Ebxdgi, =:>>). ‐Bvdabcgb-mnsba pi`dgdbs― nca ‐dcoireba abgdsdic-enhdck prigbssbs― nrb sieb io tlb eist pipu`nr tbres `dchdck dcoirentdic nca pi`dgyenhdck tiany. GDW nrb pnrt io tlb adsgiursb io bvdabcgb-mnsba ngtdics, nca n grdtdgn` stuay io GDW sliu`a qubstdic wlnt ‐bvdabcgb-mnsba― ebncs dc tlb gictbxt io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs nca pum`dg dcdtdntdvbs.
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Dc irabr ti abvb`ip n grdtdqub io GDW dt ds n`si cbgbssnry ti naarbss tlb citdic io gu`turn` dcoirentdic, pbr sb, qubstdicdck tlb nppnrbct`y stnmd`dty io tlds citdic nca itlbr rb`ntba gicgbpts `dhb antn, hciw`bakb nca wdsaie. Qlb dcoirentdic pnrt io ‐gu`turn` dcoirentdic― dcoirentdic― dcvihbs n sbbedck`y purb tbglcdgn` gicgbpt, rb`ntba ti tlb prbsuenm`y strndkltoirwnra ebglncdgs io dcoirentdic d coirentdic nca hciw`bakb encnkbebct. Liwbvbr, iur gurrbct ucabrstncadck io dcoirentdic ds rb`ntdicn`6 Dcoirentdic ds kbcbrn``y ucabrstiia dc rb`ntdic ti tlb dabn io antn nca hciw`bakb. Qlb kbcbrn` tripb ds tlnt antn nrb sdep`b ongts ir syemi`s tlnt gictndc ci ebncdck8 pnttbrcs io antn kbcbrntb dcoirentdic, nca tlb dctbrprbtntdic io dcoirentdic kbcbrntbs hciw`bakb. Qlds ucabr`ydck rb`ntdicn` gicgbptdic nssuebs sbqubctdn`dty nca ldbrnrgly8 n prigbss eiab` wlbrb siebtldck sdep`b ds gicvbrtba dcti siebtldck eirb giep`bx nca vn`unm`b (Quied, (Quied, >444). Qlds, liwbvbr, liwbvbr, ds cit trub. Dcoirentdic gnccit sdep`y s dep`y mb tlb dcfbgtdic io ebncdck dcti antn, mbgnusb antn n`rbnay lns ebncdck8 itlbrwdsb dt wiu`a mb cit
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pissdm`b ti pbrgbdvb dt (Dctricn, >44; dc Wtnl`, =::<). Nggiradck ti Kn``iwny & Qlnghbr (=::;), wld`b antn lns ci tbglcdqub oir grbntdck ebncdck - ic`y tbglcdqubs oir dctbrongdck nca pnrsdck - ebncdck ic`y bvbr bxdsts ns tlb tlrbsli`a io edxturbs mbtwbbc twi ir eirb tbglci`ikdbs6 Ebncdck ds antn gicvbrsdic. Qlb bssbcgb io tlb Antn-Dcoirentdic-Hciw`bakb-[dsaie (ADH[) pyrneda ds tlds sbqubctdn`dty nca ldbrnrgly io nmstrngtdics, n eiab` tlnt ds pnrt io tlb Dcoirentdic Wgdbcgbs gnccic nca ic wldgl tlbrb ds nmucanct `dtbrnturb (Lby, =::18 Mbrcstbdc, =::48 Fbccbx, =::48 Ordghb, =::48 ]iw`by, =::?8 Quied, >444). [b eny sny tlnt tlb ‐hciw`bakb pyrneda― ds icb io tlb eist oucanebctn`, wdab`y rbgikcdzba nca tnhbc-oir-krnctba eiab`s dc tlb dcoirentdic nca hciw`bakb `dtbrnturbs (Ordghb, =::4). Qlb trnadtdicn` nppringl ti tlb ADH[ pyrneda gicsdabrs antn ns ‐mnsdg, adsgrbtb, imfbgtdvb ongts sugl ns wli, wlnt, wlbc, wlbrb, nmiut siebtldck― (Fbccbx, =::46 =). Dt oi``iws tlnt dcoirentdic ds gicsdabrba ns ‐antn tlnt ds rb`ntba ti bngl itlbr tlriukl n gictbxt sugl tlnt dt privdabs n usbou` stiry― (7). Orie tlds pbrspbgtdvb, hciw`bakb ds ‐dcoirentdic tlnt lns mbbc gu`turn``y ucabrstiia ucabrsti ia sugl tlnt dt bxp`ndcs tlb liw nca tlb wly nmiut siebtldck ir privdabs dcsdklt nca ucabrstncadck dcti siebtldck― (=). Nggiradck ti Fbccbx (=::4, =) wdsaie p`ngbs dcoirentdic dcti n ornebwirh tlnt n``iws tlb hciw`bakb ti mb npp`dba ti adoobrbct nca cit cbgbssnrd`y dctudtdvb sdtuntdics, wld`b Mbrcstbdc (=::4) nrkubs tlnt ‐wdsaie― ebncs nc nmd`dty ti sbb tlb `icktbre gicsbqubcgbs io ncy ngt nca bvn`untb tlbe rb`ntdvb ti tlb dabn` io titn` gictri` (7). Dt sliu`a tlbc gieb ns ci surprdsb tlnt tlb pi`dtdgn` gicadtdic io antn nca dcoirentdic ds kbcbrn``y ucabrstuadba. Qlb ADH[ ldbrnrgly, ldbrnrgly, wdtl dts mrina mnsb io antn ds sbbc ns snob, sbgurb nca stnm`b (]iw`by, (]iw`by, =::?) nca ds n`si prbsbct dc GDW absdkc. Gu`turn` pi`dgy gicgbdvbs io ‐gu`turn` dcoirentdic― ns siebtldck tlnt ds gieeic sbcsb nca gicgrbtb. Dt ds grugdn` ti abstnmd`dzb gu`turn` dcoirentdic ns n gicstrugt nca giep`dgntb tlb ADH[ ldbrnrgly ns sbbc dc tlb GDW rbn`e. Outurb rbsbnrgl sliu`a bcknkb dc n prioiuca grdtdqub io gu`turn` antn nca gu`turn` antnmnsbs6 mitl priaugts io GDW tlnt nrb n`si gicgbdvba ns npi`dtdgn` my tlisb dcvihdck tlbdr piwbr. [ld`b adoobrbct nutlirs lnvb n`rbnay rbgikcdzba tlb depirtncgb io antnmnsbs dc gu`turn` sbgtirs (Wlngh`by, >44;), tlbrb nrb cit ency grdtdgn` dcqudrdbs ic tlb pi`dtdgs io antnmnsbs dc tlb stuay io GDW nca gu`turn` pi`dgdbs ‑ wdtl tlb citnm`b bxgbptdic io Wrdcdvnstnc—s wirh (=::;). G`ndes ic tlb imfbgtdvdty io antn nca dcoirentdic gnc mb trngba ti bepdrdgdst nssueptdics nca pnrtdgu`nr bpdstbei`ikdgn` rbkdebs dc wldgl tlb wir`a ds nssueba ti bxdst dcabpbcabct io tlisb wli imsbrvb dt, trub hciw`bakb mbdck dcabpbcabct io tlb hciwbr, pitbctdn``y nvnd`nm`b ti n`` gnrbou` imsbrvbrs (Quied, >444). Icb io tlb gbctrn` nrkuebcts dc tlds stuay ds tlnt gu`turn` dcoirentdic ds cit adoobrbct orie itlbr hdcas io dcoirentdic pbr sb, mut tlnt tlb gu`turn` pnrt io ‐gu`turn` dcoirentdic― sbrvbs ns n typb io ‐tnk― tlnt ipbrntdicn`dzbs tlb wirh io tlds dcoirentdic dc tlb gicstrugtdic io n pnrtdgu`nr bpdstbei`ikdgn` rbkdeb. GDW gicstdtutb tlb dcoirentdicn` dcornstrugturb oir tlds rbkdeb, dc wldgl gu`turb nppbnrs ti mb g`bnr`y `ign`dznm`b nca ebnsurnm`b wdtldc n spbgdg tbrrndc, tlus turcba dcti n ‐gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry― (Lnccnl, =::4), ebnsurnm`b nca qunctdnm`b, dcgirpirntba dcti n sbbedck`y gicgrbtb Gu`turn` Bgiciey nca tlus sumfbgtba ti dts lnrcbssdck nca bxp`idtntdic.
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Qlds tlbsds ioobrs twi endc sbgtdics nca n gicg`usdic. Qlb rst sbgtdic ‐Qlb Nppnrntusbs io Gu`turb― gicgbptun`dzbs Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes (GDW) ns nppnrntusbs io n cbi`dmbrn` kivbrcebctn`dty, ns dt ds bxpbrdbcgba dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. Qlds sbgtdic dctriaugbs tlb encnkbrdn` rbkdebs nca denkdcnrdbs tlnt gicadtdic gictbepirnry GDW absdkc, tlb pri`dobrntdic io GDW dc @ntdc Nebrdgn nca tlb dssubs tlnt surongb dc tlb gicstrugtdic io n GDW dc Zbru. Qlb sbgtdic n`si naarbssbs GDW ns enppdck tbglci`ikdbs, nca tlb encnkbrdn` `de-
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
dtntdics nca rbstrndcts tlnt eny bebrkb wlbc gicstrugtdck n GDW dc n abvb`ipdck giuctry. Qlb sbgica sbgtdic ‐Mud`adck N`tbrcntdvbs8 Giemntdck Nppnrntusbs― prbsbcts tlb dabns io giuctbr-kivbrcebctn`dty nca giuctbr-nppnrntus nca usbs tlb gnsb io Gu`turnpbru.irk ‗ n GDW abvb`ipba orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io gdvd` sigdbty ‗ ti naarbss n`tbrcntdvbs oir GDW absdkc. Odcn``y, Odcn``y, tlb Gicg`usdic mrdcks tikbtlbr tlb endc dabns abvb`ipba a bvb`ipba tlriukliut tlds tlbsds nca absgrdmbs tlb cbba ti ourtlbr iur ucabrstncadck io liw dabns ic gu`turb, gu`turn` pi`dgy nca gu`turn` bgiciey gnc mbgieb bembaaba dc sigdi-tbglcdgn` abvdgbs.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Qlb Npp�r�tusbs Npp�r�tusbs io Gu`turb Qlds tlbsds ds dcspdrba my tlb wirh io Edglnb` Oiugnu`t, pnrtdgu`nr`y lds dabns ic kivbrcebc nca tlb citdic io adspisdtdo ir nppnrntus (dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<). My kivbrcebctn`dty, tn`dty nca Oiugnu`t ebncs tlrbb tldcks6 >. Qlb bcsbem`b oireba my tlb dcstdtutdics, prigbaurbs, ncn`ysbs, nca rbbgtdics, tlb gn`gu`ntdics nca tngtdgs tlnt n``iw tlb bxbrgdsb io tlds vbry spbgdg, n`mbdt giep`bx oire io piwbr, wldgl lns ns dts tnrkbt pipu`ntdic, ns dts prdcgdpn` oire io hciw`bakb pi`dtdgn` bgiciey, nca ns dts bssbctdn` tbglcdgn` ebncs nppnrntusbs io sbgurdty. sbgurdty. =. Qlb tbcabcgy tlnt, ivbr ivbr n `ick pbrdia nca tlriukliut tlriukliut tlb [bst, lns stbnad`y `ba tiwnra tlb prbbedcbcgb ivbr n`` oires (sivbrbdkcty, (sivbrbdkcty, adsgdp`dcb, nca si ic) io tlds typb io piwbr ‗ wldgl eny mb tbreba ‐kivbrcebct― ‗ rbsu`tdck, ic tlb icb lnca, dc tlb oirentdic io n wli`b sbrdbs io spbgdg kivbrcebctn` nppnrntusbs, nca ic tlb itlbr, dc tlb abvb`ipebct io n wli`b giep`bx io hciw`bakbs XsnvidrsU. 7. Qlb prigbss, ir rntlbr, rntlbr, tlb rbsu`t io tlb prigbss tlriukl wldgl wldgl tlb stntb io fustdgb dc tlb Edaa`b Nkbs trncsoireba dcti tlb naedcdstrntdvb stntb aurdck tlb otbbctl nca sdxtbbctl gbcturdbs, krnaun``y mbgiebs ‐kivbrcebctn`dzba.―
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D pripisb ti gicsdabr Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes dc tlbdr gurrbct oire nca tlb gu`turn` pi`dgdbs tlby nrb ebnct ti dcoire ns pnrt io tlb bxprbssdic io n cbi`dmbrn` kivbrcebctn`dty tlnt ngtdvb`y gickurbs tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. GDW oire pnrt io tlb ‐nrt io kivbrcebct― nca naedcdstrntdic io gu`turb tiany. Qlb nrt io kivbrcebct rbobrs ti tlb qubstdic io wli gnc kivbrc, wlnt ds kivbrcba, liw mbst ti kivbrc, nca wlnt kivbrcdck ds (Kiraic, >::>67, dc Grneptic, =:>>). Bxp`irdck kivbrcebctn`dty, ns dt p`nys iut dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir ‗ wlnt wb eny gn`` tlb kivbrcebct io gu`turb ‗ ebncs bxp`irdck tlb pi`dtdgn` qubstdic io kivbrcdck (?1) nca dcvi`vbs stuaydck cit ic`y tlb kivbrcebct io tlb mblnvdirs io itlbrs, mut n`si ‐tlb ndes nca nspdrntdics, tlb ebctn`dtdbs ir rntdicn`dtdbs dctbrtwdcba dc nttbept ti stbbr oires io gicaugt― g icaugt― (Lux`by, (Lux`by, dc Grneptic nca B`abc, =::;). Ey endc nrkuebct ds tlnt tlb nspdrntdics, pripisdtdics nca rntdicn`dtdbs tlnt sustndc tlb usb io GDW tiany stbe orie cbi`dmbrn` sbcsdmd`dtdbs. Dc tlds vdbw, cbi`dmbrn`dse ds gicgbdvba cit fust ns dabi`ikdgn` rlbtirdg, ns n pi`dtdgn`-bgiciedg rbn`dty ir ns n prngtdgn` nctd-luencdse, mut nmivb n`` ns n pi`dtdgn` prifbgt tlnt bcabnvirs ti grbntb n sigdn` rbn`dty tlnt dt sukkbsts s ukkbsts n`rbnay bxdsts (@behb, =:>>m). Qlds hdca io ncn`ysds rbvbn`s n giep`bx pi`dtdgn` nrrnckbebct tlnt navncgbs n eu`td-`nybrba prigbss io sumfbgtdgntdic (tlb grbntdic io i o pnrtdgu`nr sumfbgts), absumfbgtdgntdic (Nknembc, =::4) nca tlb gicstrugtdic io rntdicn`dtdbs wdtldc n spbgdg pi`dtdgn` bgiciey, dc tlds gnsb gickurba ns n ‐Gu`turn` Bgiciey.―
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Qiany, iany, tlb kivbrcebct io gu`turb dcvi`vbs dcoirentdic kntlbrdck nca prigbssdck ti ngtdvb`y gicstrugt n pnrtdgu`nr pi`dtdgn` bgiciey, icb tlnt lns mbgieb cnturn`dzba dc gictbepirnry abmntbs ic gu`turn` pi`dgy nca bspbgdn``y dc @ntdc Nebrdgn nca abvb`ipdck giuctrdbs dc kbcbrn`. Qlb kivbrcebct io gu`turb usbs dcoirentdic systbes dc tlb encnkbebct io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs, spngbs nca sumfbgts, nca dc tlbdr dctbrvbctdic, dcsgrdptdic nca bxp`idtntdic. Ns wb wd`` sbb, dcoirentdic prigbssdck nca encnkbebct dc tlb kivbrcebct io gu`turb sbrvbs ns strntbky oir gictri`. Oir n pbrsic wli giebs orie tlb b`a io nrts naedcdstrntdic naedcdstrntdi c ir gu`turn` encnkbebct ‗ nc bebrkdck adsgdp`dcnry b`a (Bsgimnr, >4<<) dc cbba io ourtlbr stuay ‗ ir ncy itlbr encnkbrdn` adsgdp`dcb rb`ntba ti nrts nca gu`turn` pi`dgdbs, tlds nppringl eny rbsu`t qudtb ucsbtt`dck. GDW nrb iotbc gicsdabrba ns strndkltoirwnra, cbutrn` dcoirentdic systbes tlnt sbrvb ns tii`s ‐ti ai n mbttbr fim.― D mb`dbvb tlnt dt ds grugdn` ti prim`bentdzb nca giep`dgntb tlds citdic, ns n wny ti prieitb eirb bencgdpntdvb (Wtnl`, =:>:) nca grdtdgn` ucabrstncadcks io tlb ri`b io tbglci`iky dc tlb kbcbrntdic io hciw`bakb oir gu`turn` pi`dgy absdkc, nca ic tlb gicstrugtdic io pnrtdgu`nr rntdicn`dtdbs nca hciw`bakbs XsnvidrsU oir tlb kivbrcebct io gu`turb. GDW, gicstruba ns tii`s, oire pnrt io n encnkbrdn` dabi`iky dabi `iky tlnt ngtdvb`y gicstrugts n pnrtdgu`nr ‐rbkdeb io trutl.― N rbkdeb io trutl lns ti ai wdtl tlb wny trutl ds priaugba (Oiugnu`t dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<), nca ‐liw ebc kivbrc tlbesb`vbs nca itlbrs― tlriukl tlds trutl. Dc tlds gnsb, tlb rbkdeb io trutl ngts tlriukl n spbgdg gicgbptdic io tlb ri`b gu`turb sliu`a p`ny dc tlb abvb`ipebct io gieeucdtdbs ngriss tlb wir`a8 n pisdtdic nca pripisdtdic dc tbres io wlnt n ‐mbttbr usb― io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs ebncs nca wlnt ‐aidck n mbttbr fim― bctnd`s. Mbdck nwnrb io tlds depbtus ds tlb rst stbp ti rbsdst gbrtndc nspbgts io wlnt D rbobr ti ns tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb. Qlds sliu`a priept us abvb`ip n`tbrcntdvb bgiciedbs io gu`turb, siebtldck tlnt wd`` bctnd` gicstrugtdck giuctbr-nppnrntusbs ti mrinabc tlb pissdmd`dtdbs nca krneenrs oir ngtdic nt lnca. Ns gictbepirnry nppnrntusbs io gu`turb, GDW depngt dc tlb wny wb rbgikcdzb io tldcks nca icb ncitlbr, nca lnvb ti ai wdtl liw wb gicgbdvb io tlb cires io outurdty (wlnt ds ngtun``y pissdm`b dc tlb outurb) o uturb) (Nppnaurnd, =::1). [lnt ds nt stnhb ds iur gnpngdty ti nspdrb, nspd rb, ucabrstiia ns n gu`turn` gnpngdty (<;), nca tlb cbba ti rbsdst prigbssbs sumfbgtdgntdic nca absumfbgtdgntdic tlnt rbcabrs us lb`p`bss, ir pnrt io tlb depbrntdvb io gu`turn` bgiciedg bxp`idtntdic. Qlb endc pidct ds tlnt n`tbrcntdvb wir`avdbws ic tlb ri`b io gu`turb nca tlb tbres io gu`turn` abvb`ipebct ai cit surongb ns bnsd`y, sdcgb gictbepirnry nppnrntusbs io gu`turb aiedcntb tlb spngb io ‐`bkdtdentb― hciw`bakb. Qlds lns ti ai wdtl wlnt Bsgimnr (>4<<) dabctdba eirb tlnc twi abgnabs nki6 tlb gicstrugtdic io tlb Qldra wir`a ns n tbrrdtiry nca n spngb ti mb encnkba, orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb pbrs pbgtdvb io wlnt lb dabctdba ns tlb [bstbrc Bgiciey, gicgbdvba ns nc bcsbem`b io systbes io priaugtdic, piwbr, nca sdkcdgntdic (17<)6 Qlb gicsbqubcgbs io tlds nrb bcireius, ti tlb bxtbct tlnt tlb vbry mnsds io gieeucdty nspdrntdics nca absdrbs ds eiadba. Qlus tlb boobgt io tlb dctriaugtdic io abvb`ipebct lns ti mb sbbc cit ic`y dc tbres io dts sigdn` nca bgiciedg depngt, mut n`si, nca pbrlnps eirb depirtnct`y depir tnct`y,, dc rb`ntdic ti tlb gu`turn` ebncdcks nca prngtdgbs tlby upsbt ir eiadoy eiado y.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Oir Bsgimnr (>4<<) gbrtndc typbs io sigdn` aiedcncgb sliu`a mb ncn`yzba ns ‐tlb priaugt io tlb dctbrgiccbgtdic mbtwbbc tlb dctriaugtdic io aiedcnct adsgiursbs nmiut tlb bgiciey, tlbdr dcsgrdptdic dc dcstdtutdics nca prngtdgbs (b.k., tlriukl abvb`ipebct), nca tlbdr boobgt ic `ign` ldstirdgn` sdtuntdics, dcg`uadck tlb rbsdstncgb ti tlbsb prigbssbs.― [ld`b tlds tlbsds aibs cit abn` wdtl tlbsb tlbs b tlrbb `bvb`s io ncn`ysds dc abptl, dt d t pripisbs dabns tlnt nde ti tngh`b tlb sbgica dssub6 Liw n aiedcnct adsgiursb ds dcsgrdmba dc dcstdtutdics nca prngtdgbs, prngtd gbs, tlriukl tlb usb nca abp`iyebct io sigdi-tbglcdgn` abvdgbs. Ns wb bxp`irb tlb ldstiry io abvb`ipebct nca abp`iyebct io GDW dc @ntdc Nebrdgn, nca dc pnrtdgu`nr dc n giuctry `dhb ` dhb Zbru wlbrb n GDW ds gurrbct`y mbdck mud`t, wb wd`` siic mbkdc ti rbn`dzb tlnt tlb si-gn``ba Gu`turn` Bgiciey ‗ n pi`dtdgn` bgiciey ‗ rbqudrbs GDW ti kivbrc nca naedcdstbr spngbs, encdobstntdics, imfbgts nca bxprbssdics io gu`turb, cit ic`y ti bxbrt gictri`, mut n`si ti dcsbrt tlbe dc n `nrkbr k`imn` bgiciey nca dctbrcntdicn` advdsdic io `nmir (Ed``br, >447). Qlb `nrkbr gicstrugt io tlb ‐K`imn` Gu`turn` Bgiciey― ds n`si rb`bvnct dc tlb gurrbct prigbss io bxpncsdic io GDW ti itlbr giuctrdbs dc tlb @ntdc Nebrdgnc rbkdic, prieitba my irkncdzntdics `dhb tlb Dctbr-Nebrdgnc Oiucantdic oir Gu`turb nca Abvb`ipebct, wldgl wd`` dcvbst dc tlb abvb`ipebct io GDW tlriukliut tlb rbkdic. Ns GDW dep`bebctntdic ds prieitba dc itlbr rbkdics io tlb wir`a, dt mbgiebs bssbctdn` ti naarbss tlb rntdicn`dtdbs io wlnt wd`` surb`y mbgieb n tru`y k`imn` dcornstrugturb6 n k`imn` nssbem`nkb (Wnssbc, =::?) wdtl n gicgiedtnct tbglci`ikdgn` `nybr. Ns tlds nssbem`nkb ds ngtdvb`y mud`t tlriukl bxp`dgdt nkbcans nca prikrnes, grdtdgn` stuadbs sliu`a tngh`b tlb cnturb io tlb pi`dtdgn` bgiciey dc wldgl GDW abp`iyebct ds bembaaba. Ns ebctdicba mboirb, GDW ai cit bxdst dcabpbcabct`y orie nc bgiciedg dabi`iky. dabi`iky. Io pnrtdgu`nr depirtncgb ti tlds pbrspbgtdvb ds tlb wny Oiugnu`t ornebs kivbrcebctn`dty, ucabrstncadck dt ns n rb`ntdic mbtwbbc kivbrcebct, pipu`ntdic nca pi`dtdgn` bgiciey6 Dc ncy gnsb, D wnctba ti abeicstrntb tlb abbp ldstirdgn` `dch mbtwbbc tlb eivbebct tlnt ivbrturcs tlb gicstncts io sivbrbdkcty dc gicsbqubcgb io tlb prim`be io glidgbs io kivbrcebct8 tlb eivbebct tlnt mrdcks nmiut tlb bebrkbcgb io pipu`ntdic ns antue, ns n b`a io dctbrvbctdic, nca ns nc imfbgtdvb io kivbrcebctn` tbglcdqubs8 tlb prigbss tlnt dsi`ntbs tlb bgiciey ns n spbgdg sbgtir io rbn`dty 8 nca pi`dtdgn` bgiciey ns tlb sgdbcgb nca tbglcdqub io tlb kivbrcebct dc tlnt b`a io rbn`dty. Qlrbb eivbebcts ‗ kivbrcebct, pipu`ntdic, pi`dtdgn` bgiciey ‗ tlnt gicstdtutb orie tlb bdkltbbctl gbctury icwnra n si`da sbrdbs, icb tlnt bvbc tiany lns nssurba`y cit mbbc adssi`vba (Oiugnu`t dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<, ey beplnsds).
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Qlb rb`ntdic mbtwbbc GDW nca tlb citdic io pi`dtdgn` bgiciey ds adrbgt. GDW ngt tiwnras tlb prigbss tlnt ‐dsi`ntbs tlb bgiciey ns n spbgdg sbgtir io rbn`dty―8 dc tlds gnsb dt dsi`ntbs nca rbdbs n Gu`turn` Bgiciey. Bgiciey. Dc tlds eivb, gu`turb ds ab-pi`dtdgdzba, ab-pi`dtdgd zba, bxp`ndcba dc tbres io tlb `nws io tlb enrhbt nca tlb sgdbcgb io bgiciedgs8 sumfbgtba ti wlnt nppbnr ti mb ‐cnturn`― ebglncdgs qunctdgntdic nca bcuebrntdic. Gu`turn` Bgiciey nppbnrs ns siebtldck ti mb enppba gicgrbtb`y nca ucabrstiia dcadsputnm`y, nca ns sugl abtbredcbs nc nrrnckbebct io sigdn` nca gu`turn` rb`ntdics oir priaugtdic. Dc tlds bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb, sigdn` dcg`usdic mbgiebs cnturn`dzba ns tlb pissdmd`dty oir dcadvdaun`s ti ‐tnhb pnrt― dc nc bgiciey tlriukl vbry spbgdg ebncs6 bxp`idtntdic ir gicsueptdic, mut cit tlriukl tlb abcdtdic io tlb tbres io tlds bgiciey nca dts imfbgtdvbs. ?2
D pripisb wb gicsdabr n Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe cit ic`y ns tbglcdgn` abvdgb ir tii`, mut ns ou``y-bakba nppnrntus ns ucabrstiia my Oiugnu`t (dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<), bxprbssba ns nc bcsbem`b tlnt mrdcks tikbtlbr adsgiursbs, dcstdtutdics, nrgldtbgturn` oires, rbku`ntiry abgdsdics, `nws, naedcdstrntdvb ebnsurbs, sgdbctdg stntbebcts, pld`isipldgn`, eirn`, nca pld`nctlripdg pripisdtdics. Oir Oiugnu`t, tlb nppnrntus dtsb`o ds tlb cbtwirh tlnt gnc mb bstnm`dslba mbtwbbc tlbsb b`bebcts dcg`uadck mitl ‐tlb snda nca tlb ucsnda― (dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<). Qlb tbre nppnrntus lb`ps ti mrinabc iur ucabrstncadck io GDW, vdbwdck tlbe ns giep`bx gicstrugts tlnt nrtdgu`ntb dabns ic gu`turn` gntbkirdbs, dcoirentdicn` nrgldtbgturbs, gu`turn` pi`dgdbs, tlb pi`dtdgs io gu`turn` dcadgntirs nca stntdstdgs, nca pripisdtdics ic tlb ri`b io gu`turb ns n tii` oir dcg`usdic nca bgiciedg abvb`ipebct. [b [b gnccit `dedt tlb ncn`ysds io GDW ti tlb nssbssebct io hdca io dcoirentdic systbe ir [bmsdtb, [bmsdtb, tlb adkdtn` dctbrongb io tlb GDW ns sbbc ic`dcb6 [b cbba ti ucabrstnca io GDW ns n cbtwirh io lbtbrikbcbius b`bebcts, dcg`uadck dabns, dcstdtutdics nca rntdicn`dtdbs. Dc tlb sneb dctbrvdbw ebctdicba mboirb, Oiugnu`t bxp`ndcs tlnt6 My tlb tbre ‐nppnrntus― ‐nppnrntus― D ebnc n hdca io oirentdic, si ti spbnh, tlnt n kdvbc ldstirdgn` eiebct lns ns dts enfir oucgtdic tlb rbspicsb ti nc urkbcgy. Qlb nppnrntus tlbrb lns n aiedcnct strntbkdg oucgtdic…D snda tlnt tlb cnturb io tlb nppnrntus ds bssbctdn``y strntbkdg, wldgl ebncs tlnt wb nrb spbnhdck io n gbrtndc encdpu`ntdic io rb`ntdics io oirgb, io n rntdicn` nca gicgrbtb dctbrvbctdic dc tlb rb`ntdics io oirgbs, bdtlbr si ns ti abvb`ip tlbe dc n pnrtdgu`nr adrbgtdic, ir ti m`igh tlbe, ti stnmd`dzb tlbe, nca ti utd`dzb tlbe. Qlb nppnrntus ds tlus n`wnys dcsgrdmba dcti n p`ny io piwbr, mut dt ds n`si n`wnys `dchba ti gbrtndc `dedts io hciw`bakb tlnt nrdsb orie dt nca, ti nc bqun` abkrbb, gicadtdic dt. Qlb nppnrntus ds prbgdsb`y tlds6 n sbt io strntbkdbs io tlb rb`ntdics io oirgbs suppirtdck, nca suppirtba my, gbrtndc typbs io hciw`bakb (Oiugnu`t dc Hrdtzenc, >4<<). N oiren` ncn`ysds io n GDW ns [bmsdtb wiu`a `bnvb us ic`y sgrntgldck tlb surongb io wlnt n systbe io tlds sirt rbn``y bctnd`s. bctnd` s. Icb tldck tlnt eny bsgnpb iur ncn`ysds ds tlnt GDW navncgb prigbssbs io sumfbgtdgntdic, wdtldc n spbgdg ldstirdgn` eiebct. Ldstiry ds hby ns dt rbvbn`s ncitlbr nspbgt io tlb nppnrntus6 dts bebrkbcgb ns n ‐rbspicsb ti nc urkbcgy.― urkbcgy.― D nrkub tlnt dc tlb gnsb io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir, tlb ‐urkbcgy― ‐urkbcgy― ti wldgl GDW ds tlb rbspicsb ti lns ti ai wdtl tlb gictbepirnry prigbss tiwnras tlb gicsi`dantdic io n Gu`turn` Bgiciey dc tlb adoobrbct giuctrdbs io tlb @ntdc Nebrdgnc rbkdic, nca tlb gicstrugtdic io n rbkdic-wdab gu`turn` (gieeic) enrhbt, dtsb`o wdtl `dchs ti n k`imn` gu`turn` bgiciey. Qlb ‐strntbkdg oucgtdic― io GDW wdtldc tlds pi`dtdgn` bgiciey ds ti rbcabr gu`turn` rbsiurgbs encnkbnm`b, gictri``nm`b nca bxp`idtnm`b. [ld`b tlds pbrspbgtdvb eny sbbe aystipdg nca bxtrbeb Encdglbnc oir ency rbnabrs, gurrbct trbcas dc gu`turn` pi`dgy-enhdck g`bnr`y sliw n prbad`bgtdic oir rlbtirdg ic gu`turn` prikrbss mnsba ic dcaustrdn`dzntdic, k`imn` giepbtdtdic nca bxtrngtdic io vn`ub (]by, =::<).
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Kdirkdi Nknembc— Nknembc—s bssny ‐[lnt Ds nc Nppnrntus9― (=::4) gnc lb`p us kndc krbntbr abptl dc tlb ucabrstncadck io tlbsb dabns. Oir Nknembc, tlb @ntdc tbre adspisdtdi, orie wldgl tlb Orbcgl tbre adspisdtdo , ir nppnrntus, abrdvbs, tnhbs ic tlb giep`bx sbenctdg splbrb io tlb tlbi`ikdgn` idhiciedn . Qlb ‐adspisdtdos― nmiut wldgl Oiugnu`t spbnhs nrb siebliw `dchba ti tlds tlbi`ikdgn` `bkngy. Qlb tbre idhiciedn pidcts nt n orngturb ‐tlnt advdabs nca nrtdgu`ntbs dc Kia mbdck nca prnxds, (..) tlb cnturb tlriukl wldgl Lb naedcdstbrs nca kivbrcs tlb grbntba wir`a― (>>). ]bgikcdzdck tlds orngturb ds grugdn`, sdcgb tlb tbre nppnrntus ‐abs-
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
dkcntbs tlnt dc wldgl, nca tlriukl wldgl, icb rbn`dzbs n purb ngtdvdty io kivbrcncgb abvida io ncy oiucantdic dc mbdck― (>>). Oir Nknembc, tlds ds tlb rbnsic wly nppnrntusbs eust n`wnys dep`y n prigbss io sumfbgtdgntdic, tlnt ds ti sny, tlby eust priaugb tlbdr sumfbgt (>>). Nknembc pripisbs ti gn`` nppnrntusbs ncytldck tlnt lns dc sieb s ieb wny ‐tlb gnpngdty ti gnpturb, irdbct, abtbredcb, dctbrgbpt, eiab`, gictri`, ir sbgurb kbsturbs, mblnvdirs, ipdcdics, ir adsgiursbs io `dvdck mbdck― (>1). Dc tlds vdbw, gdknrbttbs, `nckunkb nca GDW giu`a mb abcba ns nppnrntusbs. Nknembc, bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb tbre nppnrntus rbobrs mngh ti tlb tlbi`ikdgn` citdic io idhiciedn 6 N sbt io prngtdgbs, miadbs io hciw`bakb, ebnsurbs, nca dcstdtutdics tlnt nde ti encnkb, kivbrc, gictri`, nca irdbct ‗ dc n wny tlnt purpirts ti mb usbou` ‗ ‗ tlb mblnvdirs, kbsturbs nca tliuklts io luenc mbdcks (>7, ey beplnsds). beplnsds) . Qlb g`nde io siebtldck ‐mbdck usbou`― ds hby, hby, ns dt ipbcs up n abmntb ic tlb cnturb io n typb io purpisdvbcbss, nca dts rb`ntdic ti dssubs io gictri`. D wiu`a nrkub tlnt tlb gieeic tripb dc gu`turn` pi`dgy gdrg`bs ic tlb cbba ti ‐enhb abgdsdics mnsba dc bvdabcgb― (bvdabcgb tlnt GDW gnc privdab dc tlb oire io dcoirentdic) lns ti ai wdtl n cbba nca tlb purpisb io gictri`. g ictri`. Ns Mbcdkbr (>4<46 171) rbedcas us ‐n`` bgiciedg ngtdvdty ds my abcdtdic purpisdvb, notbr n``, nca rbqudrbs gictri` ti endctndc dts vnrdius prigbssbs ti ngldbvb dts kin`s.― Dc tlds sbcsb, tlb citdic io nppnrntus n``iws ti nggiuct oir n hdca io purpisdvbcbss dc n eugl eirb cuncgba wny, pnydck nttbctdic ti n cbtwirh io b`bebcts, ns tlby abcb ‗ dc adoobrbct dcstncgbs, spngbs nca glrici`ikdbs ‗ n purpisdvbcbss tlnt rbqudrbs dcoirentdic ti ngldbvb gictri`. Nknembc pripisbs ti sdtuntb nppnrntusbs dc n cbw gictbxt. Lb sukkbsts wb gicsdabr twi `nrkb kriups ir g`nssbs6 `dvdck mbdcks ic tlb icb lnca, nca tlb nppnrntusbs ti wldgl tlby nrb sumfbgtba ic tlb itlbr (>7). Qlds ebncs, dc tlbi`ikdgn` tbredci`iky, tlb icti`iky io grbnturbs nca tlb idhiciedn io nppnrntusbs tlnt sbbh ti kivbrc nca kudab tlbe tiwnras tlb kiia (>7). Liwbvbr, Liwbvbr, tlb eist depirtnct gicsdabrntdic g icsdabrntdic Nknembc enhbs, ds tlnt nsdab orie `dvdck grbnturbs nca nppnrntusbs, tlbrb ds n tldra g`nss6 sumfbgts. Lb abgdabs ti gn`` sumfbgts ‐tlnt wldgl rbsu`ts orie tlb rb`ntdic nca, si ti spbnh, orie tlb rb`bct`bss klt mbtwbbc `dvdck mbdcks nca nppnrntusbs― (>1). Qlds tlbsds nttbepts ti orneb tlds ‐rb`bct`bss klt― orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io GDW absdkc nca abp`iyebct. Ns nc ngtdvdst nca sgli`nr, D n`si nttbept ti ab`dcbntb tlds ‐rb`bct`bss klt― ns spngb oir sigdn` ngtdic, n lirdzic ti gicorict nca giemnt nppnrntusbs. Do tlb ‐strntbkdg oucgtdic― oucgtdic― io GDW ns nppnrntusbs ds d s tlb gicsi`dantdic io n hciw`bakb rbkdeb mnsba ic tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb, wlnt nrb tlb glnrngtbrdstdgs io tlds bgiciedzntdic9 Odrst, D pripisb tlnt tlds bgiciedzntdic dep`dbs gictri``dck n pbrgbdvba ‐gu`turn`― spngb, tlriukl tlb dabctdgntdic io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs, abcba bxikbcius`y . Dc itlbr wiras, tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb aibs cit ic`y dep`y n hdca io `ikdg oir gictri` nca/ir bxtrngtdic, mut n`si io depisdtdic io bxtbrcn` gntbkirdbs (eusbue, tlbntbr, btg.) dc tlb npprbgdntdic nca rbcabrdck io n gu`turn` spngb. Dc itlbr wiras, bgiciedzntdic dcvi`vbs tlb gicstrugtdic io n gikcdtdvb spngb. Qlds gicstrugtdic ds cit abeigrntdg. Fust ns tlb b`nmirntdic io GDW tbcas ti rbst dc bxpbrts, tlb rbgikcdtdic io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs ds endc`y bxtbrcn` ti tlisb pbip`b dclnmdtdck pnrtdgu`nr gu`turn` spngbs.
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Wbgica, my gicsdabrdck gu`turb ns nc bgiciey n pnrtdgu`nr ornedck nca gnpturdck prigbss (Nkrb, >441) io gu`turn` bxprbssdics ns priaugts nca sbrvdgbs tnhbs p`ngb, dc nc nttbept ti survby, gictri` syemi`dg priaugtdic nca gicstrugt n pnrtdgu`nr pi`dtdgn` bgiciey io gu`turb. Qlds eivb sdeu`ntbs tlb bebrkbcgb io rntdicn`dtdbs nca gicgiedtnct murbnugrngdbs dcspdrba dc enrhbt-mnsba cbi`dmbrn` pld`isipldbs. Qlb citdic io ‐gu`turn` encnkbr― dtsb`o, ns sbbc dc tlb gictbxt io @ntdc Nebrdgn tiany, giu`a mb gicsdabrba ns stncadck dc nc ne-
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mdvn`bct pisdtdic (ir tbcsdic) mbtwbbc gieeucdtnrdnc nca encnkbrdn` vdsdics io tlds ri`b nca adsgdp`dcnry b`a. Outurb stuadbs nca prifbgts cbba ti oigus ic tlds dssub, ns dt rb`ntbs ti adsgiursbs ic ‐gu`turn` priobssdicn`dzntdic.― Odcn``y, tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb dep`dbs dts dcstruebctn`dzntdic. Dc tlds gnsb, dcstruebctn`dzntdic ds orneba ucabr n encnkbrdn` `ikdg nca n gnpdtn`dst bgiciedg pld`isiply io sgnrgdty nca bxp`idtntdic. Dc tlb `nst tlrbb abgnabs io cbi`dmbrn`dzntdic, tlb vdbw tlnt gu`turb gictrdmutbs ti bgiciedg kriwtl lns rbsu`tba dc nc dcgrbnsba encnkbrdn` girpirntdzntdic io gu`turn` wirh nca dcstdtutdics (@äkbr, =:>>). Encnkbebct tbglcdqubs lnvb bxpncaba ns citdics `dhb ‐grbntdvb g`nss― nca ‐grbntdvb sbgtir― sbrvb ns nc n`dmd oir bxp`idtntdic (;). Liwbvbr, dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtirs io abvb`ipdck giuctrdbs ‗ glnrngtbrdzba my wbnh nca bebrkdck gu`turn` nca pum`dg dcstdtutdics ‗tlbsb gu`turbs io dcstruebctn`dzntdic lnvb cit mbbc ou``y naiptba. Qlds sdtuntdic kbcbrntbs ippirtucdtdbs oir tlb gicstrugtdic io n`tbrcntdvb bgiciedbs, mut n`si oir tlb dctbcsdgntdic io prbssurb ti naipt ‐tii`s― `dhb GDW dc nc nttbept ti gicsi`dantb n rbkdeb io trutl, wdtl dts gicgiedtnct g icgiedtnct Gu`turn` Bgiciey. Bgiciey. D nkrbb wdtl Kdmsic nca Hick (=::2) dc tlnt ‐tlb adsgiursb io n sdcku`nr tldck gn``ba tlb gu`turn` bgiciey , gicgbdvba ns n sdcku`nr bgiciedg miay tlnt lns nc nppnrbct `dob io dts iwc, eust mb dctbrrikntba.― Qlb dabn io tlb Gu`turn` Bgiciey ds pbrlnps tlb eist piwbrou` gicstrugt dc tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb, nca ns n abvdgb io denkdcntdic, rbqudrbs n rnadgn` grdtdqub. Ns Kdmsic nca Hick (=::2) ebctdic, iur usb io bcgiepnssdck plrnsbs `dhb tlds icb edklt m`dca us ti tlb bxtbct tlnt ‐tlb bgiciedg oirentdics nrb ebrb`y denkdcba dcti si`dadty, ic`y enab lbkbeicdg bctdtdbs tlriukl iur rbprbsbctntdic io tlbe, rntlbr tlnc tlriukl nc n prdird “cnturn`— “cnturn`— bxdstbcgb.― Qlb nutlirs beplnsdzb tlnt6 [ld`b dt eny rbendc nc depirtnct prifbgt ti stntb nca grdtdqub g`ndes oir tlb depirtncgb io n`` oires io grbntdvb bcabnvir, giuglba dc mitl gu`turn` nca bgiciedg tbres, dt ds prim`bentdg ti nssueb tlnt ‐tlb gu`turn` bgiciey― lns sieb bxdstbcgb iutsdab tlb sigdn`, pi`dtdgn` nca gu`turn` gictbxts wdtldc wldgl dcadvdaun`s nca kriups io pbip`b wirh (>1). ]bgbct pum`dgntdics `dhb ‐Qlb Bgiciedgs io Gu`turn` Zi`dgy― (=:>>) my Anvda Qlrismy lnvb dcdtdntba rbcbwba abmntbs a bmntbs ic Gu`turb nca Bgiciey, stnydck nwny orie tlb rbdgntdic io n Gu`turn` Bgiciey, nca ipbcdck up wlnt sbbe ti mb eirb priaugtdvb abmntbs ic tlb cnturb io tlb bgiciedg vn`ub nca nca gu`turn` vn`ub grbntba grbntba my tlb gu`turn` g u`turn` sbgtir (>=). Liwbvbr, gurrbct nttbctdic nppbnrs ti oigus bxgbssdvb`y ic abvb`ipdck dcoirentdicn` tbglcdqubs nca ebtlias ti ebnsurb tlbsb hdcas io vn`ubs nca cit si eugl ic qubstdicdck tlb gicstrugtdic g icstrugtdic io n sdcku`nr nca ‐cnturn`― gu`turn` bgiciey, wdtl n gidcgdabct pld`isiply oir vn`untdic. [ld`b bcknkdck dc abmntbs nmiut liw ti ebnsurb gu`turn` vn`ub gnc mb vbry vbr y priaugtdvb, dt ds depirtnct ti nghciw`bakb tlnt ‐gu`turn` vn`ub― ns rbgikcdzba my Qlrismy (=:>:) ds n`si nc uccnturn` citdic. Gu`turn` vn`ub, absgrdmba my Qlrismy (=:) ns ‐n eu`tdongbtba gicgbpt rbbgtdck qun`dtdbs sugl ns tlb nbstlbtdg, syemi`dg, spdrdtun` ir ldstirdgn` vn`ubs nttnglba ti n pnrtdgu`nr dtbe― ds ‗ my abcdtdic ‗gicstrugtba tlriukl giep`bx sumfbgtdvb prigbssbs nca dc eu`tdp`b sdtbs. D wnct ti pripisb tlnt GDW sliu`a n`si mb gicgbdvba ns sdtbs oir tlb sdeu`tncbius grbntdic io gu`turn` vn`ub nca bgiciedg vn`ub. Ns giep`bx nca ucdqub sigdi-tbglci`ikdgn` abvdgbs tlnt bcknkb dc tlb syctlbsds/bcgiuctbr io mitl vn`untdic `ikdgs, GDW rbqudrb krbntbr ncn`ytdgn` nttbctdic. ?<
Dc tbres io gu`turb nca bgiciey, wld`b tlbrb ds n `it wrdttbc nmiut, oir bxnep`b, tlb adsgiursb ic gu`turn` dcaustrdbs nca dts dep`dgntdics (Lirhlbdebr, Nairci, Miuradbu, Mðrkbr, Mðrkbr,
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btg.), tlb gickurntdic io nc dctbrcntdicn` advdsdic io gu`turn` `nmir (Ed``br, >447), tlb (eirb rbgbct) adsgiursb ic grbntdvb dcaustrdbs ns dt bebrkba dc tlb 4:s nca dts boobgts ic urmnc gbctbrs ucabrstiia ns ‐grbntdvb gdtdbs― gdtdbs― (@äkbr, =:>>), tlbsb nca itlbr eu`tdp`b nspbgts io tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb wd`` cit mb naarbssba dc tlds tlbsds. Dcstbna, ey endc kin` ds ti orneb tlb ncn`ysds io GDW ns nppnrntusbs, nca absgrdmb tlbdr ri`b dc tlb gicstrugtdic io n rbkdeb io trutl nca n (sdcku`nr) gu`turn` bgiciey. Qlds wirh ndes ti sbrvb ns n rst stbp tiwnras outurb dc-abptl stuadbs dc tlb itlbr nrbns ebctdicba mboirb.
Cbw Zum`dg E�c�kbebct Oir [ntts (dc ]nag`doob, =::?) bgiciedzdck ebncs enhdck glidgbs ti n``igntb sgnrgb rbsiurgbs neick giepbtdck bcas6 (…) Wgnrgdty lna n eugl mrinabr adsgursdvb rbsicncgb. Dt mbgneb gbctrn` ti bgiciedgs, wldgl io giursb wns sdkcdgnct cit sdep`y dc tlb rdsb io cbig`nssdgn` orbb enrhbt tldchdck mut dc tlb bctdrb nrbcn io bgiciedg pi`dgy nca tlb vbry dabn io i o n cntdicn` bgiciey (Edtglb``, Q. Q. =:::). Wgnrgdty mbgneb, icb edklt sny, sny, n gicadtdic io pissdmd`dty oir eiabrc ru`b. Dt rbprbsbcts n adsgursdvb oirentdic prbgdsb`y mbgnusb dt ipbrntbs ngriss ency aiendcs dc nca mbyica (…) Wgnrgdty griss guts nca dcoires n`` io tlb ncn`ytdgs io eiabrc tlb stntb (…)
kivbrcebct (71, ey beplnsds). Qlb adsgiursb io sgnrgdty ds prbsbct dc tlb gicgbptdic io GDW ns n tii` oir kivbrcebct. Bxpbrts nca pum`dg iogdn`s iotbc rbobr ti GDW ns tii`s ti lb`p tlbe usb `dedtba rbsiurgbs eirb bogdbct`y. bogdbct`y. Qlds lns ti ai wdtl tlb pbroirencgb-mnsba pbr oirencgb-mnsba prikrnes nca bvdabcgb-mnsba pi`dgy pi `dgy nppringl dc pum`dg naedcdstrntdic tlnt risb aurdck tlb >44:s, nca tlnt gidcgdabs wdtl tlb bebrkbcgb io Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes dc @ntdc Nebrdgn. Lbna (=::;) bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb dabn io ‐bvdabcgb-mnsba pi`dgy― ds gidcgdabct wdtl tlb Cbw Zum`dg Encnkbebct (CZE) (CZE) beplnsds ic bogdbcgy nca boobgtdvbcbss. Qlb CZE ds n encnkbebct pld`isiply usba my kivbrcebcts sdcgb tlb >4<:s ti eiabrcdzb tlb pum`dg sbgtir (Anwsic nca Anrkdb, >4448 Lbna, =::;6?). Anwsic nca Anrkdb (>444) gicgbdvb io CZE ns n sbt io mb`dbos ir dabi`iky orie wldgl ngtdics oi``iw dc nctdgdpntdic io pnrtdgu`nr gicsbqubcgbs, n sumfbgt oir stuay nca gieebctnry my ngnabedgs, nca n sbt io prngtdgbs tlnt gnc mb imsbrvba dc rbgbct pum`dg sbgtir rboire (1?:). Qlbsb nutlirs sukkbst wb naarbss CZE ns n eu`td-`nybrba gicgbpt Xnppnrntus9U gicsdstdck io dabi`iky (prdvntb sbgtir prngtdgbs nca enrhbts gnc dcgrbnsb bogdbcgy dc tlb pum`dg sbgtir), ngtdics (dctriaugtdic io enrhbt ebglncdses nca musdcbss-`dhb, prngtdgbs) nca gicsbqubcgbs (ipbrntdicn` pbroirencgb, strntbkdg adrbgtdic, kivbrcncgb nca vn`ubs) (>44467)6 c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qlb bvdabcgb-mnsba eivbebct dc eiabrc pum`dg pi`dgy (…) ds `dchba ti tlb eiabrc beplnsds ic rntdicn` prim`be si`vdck, wdtl dts oigus ic nggurntb adnkcisds nca hciw`bakb io gnusn` `dchnkbs. Dt ds n`si gickrubct wdtl depirt-
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nct eiabrc strntbkdg gicgbrcs wdtl rdsh ncn`ysds nca nppriprdntb edtdkntdic rbspicsbs. Dc tlb eirb tbglcigrntdg vbrsdic io tlb bvdabcgb-mnsba nppringl, tlb nspdrntdic ds ti priaugb tlb hciw`bakb rbqudrba oir cb-tucdck prikrnes nca gicstrugtdck kudab`dcbs nca ‐tii`-hdts― oir abn`dck wdtl hciwc prim`bes. Lbcgb, tlb gurrbct`y oneius plrnsb tlnt abcbs eugl io tlb eivbebct ‗ ‐wlnt wirhs9― (]imbrts =::2 dc Lbna, =::;). Qlb gicstrugt io CZE ds nc depirtnct b`bebct io tlb cbtwirh tlnt gicstdtutbs GDW ns nppnrntus, ns bvdabcgb-mnsba irdbctntdics abpbca ic dcoirentdic nca antn prigbssdck. Orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io CZE, nc depirtnct qubstdic wns wlnt hdca io dcvbstebct dc antn/dcoirentdic wiu`a mb cbbaba ti kbcbrntb tlb cbgbssnry hciw`bakb, mitl ti ucabrstnca giep`bx prim`bes nca tlbc ti grbntb vdnm`b si`utdics (Lbna, =::<). Qlds bxp`ndcs wly tlb >44:s ‗ tlb sneb pbrdia dc wldgl GDW bebrkb dc vnrdius vnrdi us giuctrdbs dc @ntdc Nebrdgn ‗ wns n pbrdia tlnt snw ‐n enfir dcgrbnsb dc usb io cbw tbglci`ikdbs oir antn-kntlbrdck nca antn ncn`ysds dc irabr ti ebnsurb tlb cnturb nca bxtbct io prim`bes, nssbss tlb gurrbct depngts io sbrvdgb systbes, nca privdab mbcglenrhs oir fuakdck outurb pbroirencgb― (1). Abspdtb CZE—s suggbss (bxprbssba dc dts rnpda bxpncsdic ti vnrdius spngbs io kivbrcebct), gictbepirnry stuadbs ic bvdabcgb-mnsba pi`dgy lnvb qubstdicba wlbtlbr tlb pbrsdstbcgb io giep`bx sigdn` prim`bes wns rbn``y nttrdmutnm`b `nrkb`y ti n `ngh io dcoirentdic, d.b., ‐knps― dc tlb antnmnsb (Wglic nca ]bdc >442, dc Lbna, =::;). Dc itlbr wiras, tlby sukkbstba tlnt imtndcdck eirb antn ti `` tlb hciwc knps wiu`a cit cbgbssnrd`y kbt us icti tlb ldklwny tiwnra kiia pi`dgy si`utdics, ‐mbgnusb eugl io tlb pi`dgy puzz`b ds nmiut rbgicgd`dck adoobrbct vn`ub pbrspbgtdvbs― (2). Dcabba, aurdck tlb >44:s wb n`si sbb n cuembr io pum`dgntdics tlnt nrkub tlnt absdkc, wlbtlbr io sigdn` sbrvdgb systbes ir sigdn` pi`dgy, ds cit n prigbss io prim`be si`vdck kivbrcba my grdtbrdn io tbglcdgn`-rntdicn` ncn`ysds (Wglÿc nca ]bdc, >442). Wglÿc nca ]bdc (>442) gicgbdvb io pi`dgy pisdtdics ns rbstdck ic ucabr`ydck strugturbs io mb`dbo, pbrgbptdic nca npprbgdntdic wldgl tlby gn`` ‐ornebs― (=7). Qlbsb ornebs wldgl slnpb pi`dgy pisdtdics nca ucabr`db gictrivbrsy gi ctrivbrsy nrb usun``y tngdt, wldgl ebncs tlnt tlby nrb bxbept orie gicsgdius nttbctdic nca rbnsicdck (=7). D wiu`a nrkub tlnt GDW gictrdmutb ti n pnrtdgu`nr tngdt ornedck, nca tlnt cit bciukl nttbctdic lns mbbc pnda ti tlb cnturb io tlds ornedck ir tlb pissdmd`dtdbs io bcknkdck dc n rb-ornedck prigbssbs.
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N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis, n Ebxdgnc spbgdn`dst dc gu`turn` stntdstdgs nca rbspicsdm`b oir tlb abvb`ipebct io tlb Ebxdgnc GDW aurdck tlb “4:s, bxp`ndcs tlnt wld`b tlb adsgiursb ic ‐dcoireba abgdsdic-enhdck― ds std`` icb io tlb endc rbnsics ti fustdoy tlb dep`bebctntdic io GDW dc giuctrdbs dc @ntdc Nebrdgn, lb lns n lnra tdeb cadck n g`bnr bxnep`b dc wldgl wb gnc sbb liw tlb dcoirentdic kbcbrntba my n GDW ds usba my n Edcdstbr ir pum`dg iogdn` ti `bkdtdedzb ir suppirt n pnrtdgu`nr hdca io `bkds`ntdic ir prikrne (N. Gnstb``ncis, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Igtimbr ><, =:>>). Qlds ds n strdhdck rbn`dzntdic, sdcgb dt sukkbsts tlnt GDW wirh prdenrd`y dc tlb nrbcn io tlb vdrtun`, nca tlnt bvdabcgb-mnsba grdtbrdn lnvb std`` cit mbbc dcgirpirntba dc tlb any-ti-any oucgtdicdck io gu`turn` dcstdtutdics. Wtuadbs lnvb n`si sliwc liw tlb tbcabcgy io Cbw Zum`dg Encnkbebct, mitl dc giuctrdbs dc tlb Cirtl nca Wiutl, ds n giep`bx, ldkl`y ucbvbc nca gictrnadgtiry prigbss p rigbss (Absnd nca Derdb, >44<). Qlb bxpbrdbcgb io Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Adrbgtir io Nggbss ti Nrts nca Gu`turn` Dcaustrdbs dc tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb io Zbru, suppirts tlds vdbw ns dt sliws liw abspdtb tlb npprbgdntdic oir dcoirentdic nca n antn ns cbgbssnry oir kiia kivbrcncgb, GDW dc giuctrdbs `dhb Zbru nrb iotbc qubstdicba nca booirts ti sustndc tlbe cncgdn``y iotbc privb ti mb bxtrbeb`y gln``bckdck (E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Qlbsb tbcsdics eny mb n rbbgtdic io tlb gictrnadgtiry prigbss Absnd nca Derdb (>44<) lnvb citdgba dc
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Dcadn nca tlb Rcdtba Hdckaie, mut eny n`si mb nc dcadgntir io n pnrtdgu`nr pnrtd gu`nr eiebct dc GDW dep`bebctntdic dc tlb rbkdic, enrhba my tlb dctriaugtdic io n cbw tbglci`iky ti nc itlbrwdsb murbnugrntdg nca pritbgtdicdst dcstdtutdicn` ed`dbu, enrhba my pbrvnsdvb strugturbs io g`dbctb`dse nca pipu`dse, pipu`ds e, oir bxnep`b (Zistdki, =:>>8 Wzwnrgmbrk, =:>=). ]bkdicn` nca k`imn` trbcas dcadgntb tlnt GDW wd`` mbgieb eirb pipu`nr nca wdabsprbna dc tlb giedck abgnabs. N rbgbct pum`dgntdic my tlb Irkncdzntdic io Nebrdgnc Wtntbs (INW, =:>>) rbgikcdzbs GDW ns n sbt io ‐suggbssou` prngtdgbs― dc tlb rbkdic. Qlds ds nc dcadgntir io n absdrb my dctbrcntdicn` irkncdzntdics ti gictdcub oistbrdck nca oucadck GDW dep`bebctntdic dc itlbr giuctrdbs dc tlb Wiutl. Imvdius`y, enhdck tlb gnsb nkndcst kntlbrdck dcoirentdic ic tlb gu`turn` sbgtir oir abgdsdic-enhdck ds mitl cicsbcsdgn` nca outd`b. Qlb prim`be ds cit kntlbrdck dcoirentdic pbr sb, mut ucabrstncadck tlb `ikdgs mbldca GDW ns tbglci`ikdbs, tlriukl n pbrspbgtdvb tlnt ivbrgiebs tlbdr sdep`b gicabecntdic. D mb`dbvb tlnt, ns wb wd`` sbb dc tlb sbgtdic tlnt oi``iws, tlds gnc `bna us ti grbntb n`tbrcntdvb GDW absdkcs nca `ikdgs oir tlbdr abp`iyebct, bcrdgldck tlb hciw`bakb systbes tlnt nrb gurrbct`y nt wirh dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. Dt ds depirtnct ti rbbgt ic liw tlb abcdtdic io GDW ns nppnrntusbs io gu`turb nppbnrs ti gickurb kivbrcebct iogdn`s, gicsu`tncts, spbgdn`dsts, gu`turn` encnkbrs, stntdstdgdncs, ipbrntirs nca absdkcbrs io tlbsb hdcas io systbes ns `nghdck nkbcgy ir tlb piwbr ti glnckb tldcks, ir, wirst io n``, ns stncadck dc tlb wrick sdab io n mntt`b oir orbbaie nca bencgdpntdic. Qlds ds cit ic`y dcgirrbgt, mut n`si ucpriaugtdvb. Nknembc rbedcas us tlnt ‐nt tlb riit io bngl nppnrntus `dbs nc n``-tii-luenc n`` -tii-luenc absdrb oir lnppdcbss― nca tlnt tlb gnpturb nca sumfbgtdgntdic io tlds absdrb dc n sbpnrntb splbrb gicstdtutbs tlb spbgdg piwbr io tlb nppnrntus. Qlb pidct ds cit ti vd`doy tlb `nrkb cuembr io priobssdicn` nca bxpbrts wirhdck ic Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes tiany, mut ti gictrdmutb ti tlb abvb`ipebct io dcgrbnsdck`y ipbc nca abeigrntdg dcoirentdic systbes, tlnt stbe orie tlb rbgikcdtdic io n`tbrcntdvb hciw`bakb systbes, n cic-bgiciedgdst nppringl dc tlb ucabrstncadck io hciw`bakb grbntdic, nca tlb strukk`b str ukk`b ti mrinabc iur ucabrstncadck io gu`turb nca bgiciey.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Dc n sbcsb, tlds tlbsds ndes ti gictrdmutb tiwnras tlb bebrkbcgb io n cbw ‐orneb― dc Wglÿc— Wglÿc—s (>442) tbres, orie wldgl ti sdtuntb tlb absdkc io cbw gu`turn` pi`dgdbs nca GDW. Ourtlbreirb, ns wb sln`` sbb dc tlb cbxt sbgtdic, tlbrb nrb bxnep`bs dc Gbctrn` Nebrdgn io bxpbrts wirhdck ic nc n`tbrcntdvb ti Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes, bcknkba dc tlb grbntdic io wlnt tlby rbobr ti ns ‐Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Bgisystbes― (BDG). Qlbsb BDG dep`y nc n`tbrcntdvb wny io gicgbptun`dzdck tlb kbcbrntdic io dcoirentdic nca hciw`bakb, io ipbcdck up hciw`bakb systbes ti pnrtdgdpntdic nca tlb bstnm`dslebct io n civb` rb`ntdicsldp mbtwbbc pbip`b, dcoirentdic nca dcstdtutdics. Qlbrb nrb n`si dcabpbcabct kriups dc gdvd` sigdbty abvb`ipdck prifbgts `dhb Gu`turnpbru.irk, dc wldgl cbw gntbkirdbs nca ri`bs nrb naiptba, dc nc nttbept ti prieitb tlb grbntdic io giuctbr-nppnrntusbs. Dc itlbr wiras, tlb outurb ds cit m`bnh, cir ds tlds n strukk`b mbtwbbc kiia nca bvd`. Dt ds n`si pnrneiuct ti rbgikcdzb tlnt nppnrntusbs nrb cit n ebrb nggdabct dc wldgl luencs nrb gnuklt my glncgb, mut nrb riitba dc tlb vbry prigbss io ‐luencdzntdic― nca tlnt enab ‐luencs― iut io tlb ncden`s wb g`nssdoy ucabr tlb rumrdg io Liei Wnpdbcs (Mbcdkbr, >4<46>;). Qlb strukk`b ti grbntb GDW orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io Wtntb nca gdvd` sigdbty ‗ ti gictri` nca ti sumvbrt ‗ nrb n`` pnrt io tlb sneb bxpbrdbcgb io tbglcdgn` nca pi`dtdgn` bvi`utdic. Qlb pisdtdic io tlds tlbsds ds ti qubstdic tlb bxgbssdvb`y bgiciedgdst trnadtdic wldgl depngts d epngts cbkntdvb`y dc tlb pissdmd`dty ti denkdcb nca kbcbrntb eirb sustndcnm`b, bgi`ikdgn` nca ipbc prigbssbs nca dcornstrugturbs oir gu`turn` abvb`ipebct. ;>
Qlb Zri`dobr�tdic io GDW dc @�tdc Nebrdg� Nebrdg� N rbgbct pum`dgntdic my tlb Irkncdzntdic io Nebrdgnc Wtntbs (INW, =:>>) prbsbcts >< ‐suggbssou` prngtdgbs― tlnt prieitb tlb ri`b io gu`turb dc ‐bgiciedg kriwtl, gu`turn` dcg`usdic nca sustndcnm`b abvb`ipebct― (?). Qlb pum`dgntdic dcg`uabs Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes (GDW) ns pnrt io tlbsb suggbssou` prngtdgbs, abcdck a bcdck tlbe ns rbkdicn` dcdtdntdvbs tlnt ‐lnvb bebrkba nt adoobrbct tdebs dc adoobrbct giuctrdbs nca gurrbct`y ipbrntb dc Nrkbctdcn, Gld`b, Gi`iemdn, Gistn ]dgn, Eäxdgi nca Rrukuny, nsdab orie tlb GDW io tlb Ebrgisur > (WDGWR])― (>7). Nggiradck ti tlb INW (=:>>) tlb rst booirts ti grbntb GDW dc tlb rbkdic ki mngh ti tlb >4<:s, ybt eist cntdicn` systbes nt wirh tiany wbrb bstnm`dslba dc tlb pnst abgnab. Ebxdgi stncas iut ns n pdicbbrdck bxnep`b, aub ti dts ldstiry (dt wns grbntba dc tlb bnr`y 4:s) nca gictdcudty6 N`` tlbsb systbes nrb mnsba ic-`dcb nca encnkb adoobrbct nrgldvbs tlnt dcg`uab antnmnsbs nca adrbgtirdbs io dcstdtutdics, dcornstrugturb, obstdvn`s, nwnras, krncts, btg.8 Wtntdstdgs kbcbrntba my tlb systbes ir my bxtbrcn` siurgbs8 rbsbnrgl nca stuadbs gicaugtba my tlb systbes8 vdrtun` aiguebctntdic gbctbrs tlnt mrdck tikbtlbr rb`bvnct dcoirentdic kbcbrntba my itlbr siurgbs8 cbw mu``btdcs nca oi``iw-ups, ti ebctdic ic`y sieb io tlb eist rb`bvnct nca gieeic nspbgts io tlb systbes ebctdicba. Qlb gnsb io tlb WDGWR], wldgl stnrtba dc =::<, ds rbvbn`dck mbgnusb dt oigusbs ic privdadck dcoirentdic nmiut wlnt tlb dcstdtutdic bcvdsdics ns n ‐gieeic enrhbt.― Orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io iur ncn`ytdgn` ornebwirh, tlb WDGWR] tnhbs pnrt dc tlb rbgrbntdic io tlds gieeic enrhbt tlriukl dcoirentdicn` ebncs. Wdcgb dts grbntdic dc =::<, tlb WDGWR] lns wirhba ns ucdba spngb oir tlb prbsbctntdic io dcoirentdic ic tlb ‐gu`turn` bgiciey io tlb rbkdic― (=1) nca io bngl tlb giuctrdbs tlnt pnrtdgdpntb dc tlds irkncdzntdic6 Nrkbctdcn, Mi`dvdn, Mrnzd`, Gi`iemdn, Gld`b, Bgunair, Znrnkuny, Zbru, Rrukuny nca _bcbzub`n. Qlb WDGWR]—s WDGWR]—s ic`dcb p`ntoire (lttp6//www.sdgsur.irk/) (lttp6//www.sdgsur.irk/) ds giepisba io n cuembr io sbgtdics oir survbydck, ebnsurdck, giepnrdck nca prigbssdck dcoirentdic. Dt gictndcs gu`turn` stntdstdgs , enps, `bkds`ntdic, aiguebcts, dcoirentdic ic oirbdkc trnab, nca pum`dgntdics. Qlb rst ic`dcb vbrsdic io tlb WDGWR] ioobrs eirb tnc 1,=:: bctrdbs ic dts gu`turn` enp, eirb tnc 2: tnm`bs nca krnpls ic gu`turn` stntdstdgs, =1< pdbgbs io gu`turn` `bkds`ntdic, 4 aiguebcts nca = irdkdcn` pum`dgntdics pum`dgntdi cs (21) (Wbb Odkurb >).
;=
Qlb INW (=:>>) rbobrs ti n ldstiry io GDW dc tlb rbkdic nca ebctdics nc naadtdicn` ldstirdgn` rbobrbcgb6 Qlb GDW io @ntdc Nebrdgn nca tlb Gnrdmmbnc (ir WDG@NG), n prifbgt absdkcba nt tlb bca io tlb 4:s nca tlnt bcvdsdicba n rbkdicn` dcoirentdicn` systbe. WDG@NG n`si dcg`uaba ns pnrt io dts imfbgtdvbs tlb privdsdic io listdck nca bend`dck sbrvdgbs ti tlb pnrtdgdpntdck giuctrdbs, nca gicsdabrba tlb ri`b io GA-]IEW dc nc dcoirentdicn` bgisystbe wlbrb lnrawnrb nca giccbgtdvdty wbrb grdtdgn` dssubs (RCBWGI, >44;). Qlb WDG@NG cbvbr wirhba ns tlb irkncdg nca rbkdic-wdab systbe tlnt wns bcvdsdicba, nca suoobrba orie ency sbtmnghs. Liwbvbr, Liwbvbr, dt gicstdtutba tlb rst stbp dc bxpncadck dabns ic tlb depirtncgb io tlbsb systbes ti giuctrdbs dc tlb rbkdic tliriukl wirhslips nca oirues tlnt tiih p`ngb dc vnrdius giuctrdbs nt tlb bca io tlb 4:s.
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Qlb INW (=:>>) bxp`ndcs tlnt mboirb tlb bxdstbcgb io GDW dc vnrdius giuctrdbs, dcoirentdic d coirentdic wns ornkebctba neick adoobrbct naedcdstrntdvb ucdts nca ipbrntba wdtl adoobrbct grdtbrdn. Dcoirentdic wns cit upantba rbku`nr`y cir wns dt systbentdzba6 Lbcgb, bvbry rbqubst oir dcoirentdic dcvi`vba sbnrgldck adoobrbct siurgbs. Qlds wiu`a mb rbsi`vba gnsudstdgn``y nca tlriukl encun` prigbaurbs. Qlds sliwba tlnt tlbrb wns ci ipbc nca trncspnrbct nggbss ti dcoirentdic, wlbtlbr neick tlb adoobrbct naedcdstrntdvb ucdts giiradcntba my tlb Edcdstrdbs io Gu`turb, bqudvn`bct ir rb`bvnct irkncdses `dhb gu`turn` dcstdtutdics dc privdcgbs, stntbs, adstrdgt ir gdtdbs, nca tlnt tlds dcoirentdic wns cit nvnd`nm`b ti rbsbnrglbrs, nrtdsts, dcabpbcabct gu`turn` prieitbrs nca tlb kbcbrn` pum`dg (INW, =:>>). Nt rst, tlbrb wbrb ency `dedtntdics dc tlb prieitdic io tlbsb systbes. Qlbsb lna ti ai wdtl `ngh io bxpbrdbcgb nca trnadtdic dc encnkdck systbentdzba dcoirentdic, slnrdck dt wdtldc nca mbtwbbc dcstdtutdics, nca grbntdck gieeic antnmnsbs (>=). Ncitlbr prim`be wns tlb `ngh io luenc rbsiurgbs nca lnrawnrb abstdcba ti bcknkb dc tlbsb tnshs rbku`nr`y, nca tlb tbglcdgn` adogu`tdbs dc absdkcdck nca abvb`ipdck n antnmnsb io tlds typb tlnt wiu`a dctbrgiccbgt adoobrbct rbkdics dc n giuctry (N. Gnstb``ncis, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, g ieeucdgntdic, Igtimbr ><, =:>>). Qbglcdgn` Qbglcdgn` dccivntdics dc tlb b`a io antnmnsb absdkc, abs dkc, ipbc siurgb tbglci`ikdbs, navncgbs dc KDW tbglci`ikdbs, tlb pbcbtrntdic io tlb Dctbrcbt dcti advbrsb kbikrnpldgn` rbkdics nca rbn`es io luenc ngtdvdty, ns wb`` ns n gictbepirnry rimust adkdtn` gu`turb dc @ntdc Nebrdgn privdab oir n giep`btb`y adoobrbct sbttdck tiany. tiany. Qlb depirtncgb io GDW ds iotbc gicsdabrba nt adoobrbct `bvb`s. `bvb`s . Odrst, tlbsb tii`s nrb suppisba ti lb`p gu`turn` dcstdtutdics oireu`ntb, nafust nca bvn`untb pi`dgdbs dc tbres io tlb imfbgtdvbs tlnt nrb pursuba nca tlb rbsiurgbs tlnt nrb nvnd`nm`b. Nggiradck ti tlb INW (27), Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes ‐rbspica ti tlb cbba ti giuct wdtl dcoirentdic tlnt ds nggbssdm`b ti tlb pum`dg, systbentdzba nca kbcbrntba dc n rbku`nr wny si ns ti b`nmirntb adnkcistdgs, irdbct abgdsdic-enhdck nca bvn`untb gu`turn` pi`dgdbs― (21). Wbgica, tlby nrb abvdgbs tlnt n``iw krbntbr hciw`bakb ic ‐gu`turn` plbciebcn― wldgl sliu`a mb ‐usbou` oir prieitbrs, gu`turn` encnkbrs nca rbsbnrglbrs.― Qldra, tlby nrb n`si tii`s ti kunrnctbb nggiuctnmd`dty nca trncspnrbcgy. Dc irabr wiras, tlby sbrvb ns tii`s ti gieeucdgntb liw eugl ds spbct, dc wlnt nca wdtl wlnt rbsu`ts6 Wdcgb pum`dg pi`dgdbs giepbtb oir tlbsb Xcncgdn`U Xcncgdn`U rbsiurgbs, dt ds cbgbssnry ti sliw wlnt ds aicb wdtl tlbsb rbsiurgbs, nca wlnt depngt tlby lnvb dc sigdbty. sigdbty. Qlds dcoirentdic ds dcadspbcsnm`b oir gdtdzbcs ti bvn`untb dcstdtutdics nca noobgt abgdsdic-enhdck ic tlb usb io pum`dg rbsiurgbs (INW, =:>>8 ey beplnsds).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qlb INW pum`dgntdic stntbs tlnt GDW sbrvb ns tii`s tii `s ti cbkitdntb nca naedcdstbr eirb (cncgdn`) rbsiurgbs, mitl pum`dg nca prdvntb, oir tlb gu`turn` sbgtir (27). Qlb ri`b io GDW ns tii`s ti sustndc g`ndes oir dcgrbnsba muakbts ir tlbdr prbsbrvntdic, nca ns adspbcsbrs io ‐usbou` dcoirentdic― sdtuntbs tlbe dc n vbry giep`bx tbrrndc, icb dc wldgl vnrdius hdcas io depbrntdvbs ebbt. Icb eny nrkub tlnt mitl depbrntdvbs (mbdck usbou` ti cbkitdntb nca giepbtb oir cntdicn` muakbts, nca sbrvb ns n usbou` rbsiurgbs oir gdtdzbcs) eny mb giepntdm`b, ybt tlds sdeu`tncbius imfbgtdvb ds adogu`t ti nttndc. Qlb dabn tlnt tlb nkbcans io gdvd` sigdbty nca tlb Wtntb ebbt dc tlb cbba oir n sdcku`nr hdca io dcoirentdic ds cndvb, dc n gbrtndc sbcsb,
;7
nca tnhbs ic nc npi`dtdgn` vdbw io dcoirentdic rbtrdbvn` nca prigbssdck, twi vbry pi`dtdgn` prigbssbs tlnt rbspica ti spbgdg ardvbs nca encantbs. Qlb dssub io encantbs wd`` mbgieb g`bnrbr ns wb bxp`irb tlb Zbruvdnc gnsb, wdtl adoobrdck adoobrd ck bxnep`bs io Wtntb-spicsirba GDW nca prdvntb booirts orie gdvd` sigdbty ti kbcbrntb n`tbrcntdvb nca ‐usbou`― GDW. Qlb rbsu`ts io GDW dep`bebctntdic dc tlb `nst abgnab nrb gicsdabrba ‐sdkcdgnct― (INW, =:>>). Nggiradck ti tlb INW (=:>>) GDW lnvb kbcbrntba n mrina nrgldvb io rbsiurgb io krbnt usb oir abgdsdic-enhdck prigbssbs nt tlb sbrvdgb io adoobrbct sigdn` ngtirs, ns wb`` ns ti irdbct nc dcoireba pum`dg adsgussdic6 GDW gicstdtutb n cbgbssnry mnsb ti rbngl n mbttbr ucabrstncadck io tlb gurrbct sdtuntdic io tlb sbgtir nca dts tbcabcgdbs8 ti bvn`untb tlb rbsu`ts io tlb pi`dgbs tlnt nrb ucabrtnhbc8 ti sbt dc eitdic prigbssbs io ncn`ysds nca rbbgtdic ic gu`turb nca dts gln``bckbs8 ti prieitb nc dcoireba abmntb nca enhb pissdm`b nkrbbebcts nca gicsbcsus tlnt sustndc pi`dgdbs dc tlb ebadue nca `ick tbre. Qi Qi p`nc wdtliut giuctdck wdtl n kiia mnsb io dcoirentdic ds n rdsh nca ti bvn`untb wdtliut si`da rbobrbcgbs nca g`bnr`y abcba grdtbrdn ds dcnppriprdntb. Nggiradck ti tlds vdbw vdb w, GDW nrb tlb stnrtdck pidct ti abvb`ip dcstruebcts tlnt n``iw oir n mbttbr sb`o-bvn`untdic, obbamngh ic wirh nca tlb absdkc io pi`dgdbs nca prikrnes tlnt rbspica ti pripisba imfbgtdvbs. Qlby nrb n`si kbcbrntirs io rnw entbrdn` ti dcoire dc n g`bnr nca trncspnrbct onsldic ic tlb ngtdics tlnt nrb gnrrdba iut, ti mb nggiuctnm`b ti sigdbty nmiut tlb rbsu`ts io pum`dg naedcdstrntdic, ti prieitb kiia bxpbrdbcgbs nca suggbssou` prngtdgbs. Qlb INW (=:>>) bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb abvb`ipebct io GDW ds cit rbaugba ti n tbglcdgn`-naedcdstrntdvb prigbss, ‐sdcgb tlbdr sustndcnmd`dty, sustndcnmd`dty, nca nmivb n``, tlbdr utd`dty rbqudrb tlb pnrtdgdpntdic io cuebrius ngtirs.― Qlb rbpirt stntbs tlnt GDW nrb tlb rbsu`t io dcstdtutdicn` wirh io ency ybnrs ti abvb`ip ipbc nggbss antnmnsbs tlnt gnc mb upantba pbrencbct`y nca dc n abgbctrn`dzba wny (=7). Qlds ‐dcstdtutdicn` wirh― ds depirtnct. Qlds ds n prigbss tlriukl wldgl ipbrntirs, wirhdck ti gicstrugt n GDW, kbcbrntb dcstdtutdicn` `dchs mbtwbbc naedcdstrntdvb ucdts nca pbip`b, siebtdebs dc adoobrbct rbkdics nca dc vbry adoobrbct kivbrcebct nrbns. Qlds hdca io dcstdtutdicn` wirh gicstdtutbs tlb ngtdvb gicstrugtdic io tlb nppnrntus, ns dt eny kbcbrntb cbw dabns nca adsgiursbs ic tlb rb`ntdicsldp mbtwbbc, oir bxnep`b, lbn`tl nca tlb nrts nca gu`turb. N wbnvdck io dcstdtutdics ds n`si n wbnvdck io pbip`b nca dabns8 io adsgiursbs ic wlnt antnmnsbs gnc ai oir tlb dcstdtutdic nca sigdbty, nca dc tbres io wlnt tlb vn`ub io dcoirentdic ds dc gicaugtdck nc boobgtdvb kivbrcebct6 Dc tbres io tlb depngt tlbsb systbes lnvb lna, tlb INW stntbs tlnt GDW gictndc n `nrkb qunctdty io dcoirentdic kntlbrba nca systbentdzba tlriukliut tlb ybnrs. Qlby lnvb n`si abvb`ipba n cbtwirh io usbrs nca gictngts io krbnt depirtncgb, nca n prigbss io dcoireba rbbgtdic nca abmntb. Bctrdbs dc tlbsb antnmnsbs rbngl tlb tbctls ir lucarba tliusncas, ns wb`` ns qubrdbs tlriukl tlb Dctbrcbt. Dc tlds sbcsb, tlb GDW lnvb `nda tlb kriucawirh oir tlb irkncdzntdics rbspicsdm`b oir gu`turn` pi`dgdbs ti ai n mbttbr fim, tlnt tlbdr ngtdvdty mb eirb trncspnrbct tiwnras gdtdzbcs, dcstdtutdics nca itlbr sigdn` nkbcts (INW, =:>>). ;1
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Qlb cbtwirhs oireba mbtwbbc dcstdtutdics nca pbip`b, ns wb`` ns tlb dcstdtutdicn` wirh tlnt sbttdck up n GDW bctnd`s, gicstdtutb tlb eist gicgrbtb prigbssbs nca sdtbs ti stuay tlb ebglncdgs io liw GDW oucgtdic ns nppnrntusbs nca bvi`vb tlriukl tdeb. Orie n ebtliai`ikdgn` pbrspbgtdvb, outurb rbsbnrgl sliu`a dcvi`vb eu`td-sdtba qun`dtntdvb rbsbnrgl, trydck ti stuay tlisb eiebcts nca dcstncgbs dc wldgl ‐tlb systbe― systbe― kbts mud`t. Io usb nrb nppringlbs `dhb tlisb abvb`ipba my ]d`bs (=:::) dc ‐Qlb Cbtwirh Dcsdab Iut,― wlbrb n trncscntdicn` cbtwirh io CKIs ds stuadba tlriukl btlcikrnpldg ebtliai`ikdbs, dc d c nc nttbept ti ucabrstnca liw n abgbctrn`dzba irkncdzntdicn` oirentdic denkdcbs, gicstrugts, entbrdn`dzbs nca ‐pbroires― ‐pbroires― tlb cbtwirh. Dc tlb sneb wny, tlb stuay io GDW dc tlb outurb wd`` lnvb ti naarbss tlbsb hdca io oirentdvb prigbssbs, ucabrstncadck GDW ns nc nppnrntus oireba my pbip`b, dcstdtutdics, tlbdr adsgiursbs nca rb`ntdics. Nc bebrkdck pbrspbgtdvb ic GDW gurrbct`y mbdck abvb`ipba dc Gbctrn` Nebrdgn ndes ti gicgbdvb io tlbsb systbes ns ‐Bgisdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Giep`bfn― (Giep`bx Dcoirentdic Bgisystbes) ir BDG. Nggiradck ti Ncn Gbgd`dn Eictd``n, @bna ]bsbnrglbr oir tlds prifbgt, tlds nppringl gicsdabrs tlb vnrdius sum-systbes tlnt nrb ngtun``y pnrt io ncy GDW (pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Igtimbr =:, =:>>), mut nrb iotbc gicsdabrba sbpnrntb`y. Qlds ebncs dctbkrntdck oiur dctbrrb`ntba sum-systbes6 tlb iogdn` GDW (gicsdstdck io adrbgtirdbs, dcvbctirdbs nca gntn`ikubs)8 tlb sum-systbe io prikrnes oir tlb stuay io gu`turn` pum`dgs nca prngtdgbs, tlb ‐bgiciey nca gu`turb― sum-systbe (antn ic bgiciedg trbcas) nca tlb sum-systbe io gu`turn` dcadgntirs, wldgl ds oiuca nt tlb dctbrsbgtdic io tlb tlrbb systbes ebctdicba mboirb. Qlb BDG pbrspbgtdvb n`si gicsdabrs tlb cbba oir Imsbrvntirdbs, bxtbrcn` ti tlb bgisystbe dtsb`o, nca privdadck grdtdgn` ncn`ysbs io tlb dcoirentdic priaugba (Eictd``n, =:>:). Qlb gicgbptun`dzntdic io BDGs stnrtba dc =::4 nca wns gicaugtba gicsdabrdck tlb gictbxt io vnrdius giuctrdbs dc Gbctrn` Nebrdgn, dcg`uadck Kuntben`n, Gistn ]dgn, Zncnen, Licaurns, Cdgnrnkun nca B` Wn`vnair. Qlb BDG nppringl pripisbs tlb cbba ti gicstdtutb vnrdius cbtwirhs, dc nc nttbept ti kbcbrntb gieeucdtdbs io prngtdgb nca dctbrbst dc dctbrngtdic wdtl tlb vnrdius systbes. Icb io tlbsb cbtwirhs wiu`a mb oireba my gdvd` sigdbty nca my rbprbsbctntdvbs orie tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. Eictd``n bxp`ndcs tlnt cbtwirhs nrb hby dc tlb booirt ti abeigrntdzb GDW. Qlb Ebxdgnc GDW, oir bxnep`b, mbcbtba orie tlb grbntdic io n Cntdicn` Cbtwirh io Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic (]BCDG) oireba my pum`dg nca prdvntb dcstdtutdics. Qlds cbtwirh n``iwba tlb dcgrbnsb io rbkdstrdbs dc tlb systbe s ystbe orie 1:,::: kntlbrba mbtwbbc >44? nca =::?, ti 72:,::: tiany (Eictd``n, =:>:).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qlb BDG pbrspbgtdvb privdabs krbntbr abptl dc tlb ucabrstncadck io GDW, nca ucabr`dcbs tlb giep`bx dctbrp`ny io sum-systbes dcvi`vba dc kbcbrntdck hciw`bakb ic n gu`turn` sbgtir, mrinabcdck iur ucabrstncadck io wlnt kbcbrntdck gu`turn` dcoirentdic bctnd`s. Liwbvbr, Liwbvbr, D mb`dbvb tlnt tlb BDG pbrspbgtdvb aibs cit cbgbssnrd`y dep`y tlb gicstrugtdic io nc n`tbrcntdvb nppnrntus8 dcstbna, dt ngts tiwnras tlb gicstdtutdic io nc bxpncaba icb. [ld`b Eictd``n bxp`ndcs tlnt gdvd` sigdbty wiu`a lnvb n krbntbr glncgb io dctbrvbcdck ic tlb gicstrugtdic io gntbkirdbs nca ivbrn`` adrbgtdic io dcoirentdic kntlbrdck prigbssbs, tlb booirt ds std`` orneba ucabr tlb `ikdgs io tlb Wtntb. Qlb ri`b io nc bxtbrcn` Imsbrvntiry, wld`b gicsdabrba depirtnct, `dbs iutsdab tlb bgisystbe nca dts prbsbcgb abpbcas ic tlb pissdmd`dty io gdvd` sigdbty nca tlb prdvntb sbgtir ti eimd`dzb tiwnras dts gicstdtutdic. Ns n rbgbct nca bebrkdck bxpbrdbcgb, wb ai cit giuct wdtl bciukl dcoirentdic ti nssbss tlb suggbss io tlb BDG nppringl. Cbvbrtlb`bss, tlb eivb ti mrdck dcti GDW absdkc n eirb giep`bx ucabrstncadck io tlb vnrdius gu`turn` dcoirentdic sum-systbes nt wirh ds vbry depirtnct nca giu`a privdab oir dccivntdvb abvb`ipebct dc tlb b`a io GDW dep`bebctntdic. ;2
Mud`adck � Gu`tur�` Dcoire�tdic W�stbe dc Zbru Qlb dabn io mud`adck n GDW dc Zbru lns mbbc nriuca oir ency ybnrs nca lns surongba dc ency prbvdius naedcdstrntdics. Dc =::2, oir bxnep`b, tlb Cntdicn` Dcstdtutb io Gu`turb (DCG dc Wpncdsl) b`nmirntba n cntdic-wdab Adrbgtiry io Nrts nca Gu`turb dc =::2 (DCG, =::2). Qlb dabn wns ti enhb tlds Adrbgtiry tlb rst mud`adck m`igh tiwnras tlb gicstrugtdic io n pripbr GDW dc tlb giuctry. Liwbvbr, tlb booirt rbgbdvba vbry cbkntdvb obbamngh, mbgnusb dt wns gicsdabrba ‐dcgiep`btb.― Tbnrs `ntbr, notbr tlb DCG turcba dcti n Edcdstry io Gu`turb dc Igtimbr io =:>:, tlb dabn io mud`adck n cntdicn` GDW mbgneb bvbc eirb depirtnct, ns tlb `ngh io dcoirentdic ti bcknkb dc bvdabcgb-mnsba pi`dgyenhdck wns bvdabct. Oir bxnep`b, dcoirentdic ic liw ency spngbs oir tlbntbr nca tlb pbroirencgb nrts nrb nvnd`nm`b dc Zbru, ir tlb cuembr io bxdstdck gdcbens nca gu`turn` gbctbrs ds ucnvnd`nm`b =. Qlds kbcbrntbs n prim`be mbgnusb dt rbvbn`s tlnt pi`dgy nca muakbt lnvb cbvbr girrbspicaba ti wlnt ds rbn``y iut tlbrb, nca tlnt tlbsb nrb dc ongt tlb priaugt io gictdckbcgdbs, pi`dtdgdzba vdsdics nca bvbc glnrdsentdg kivbrcebct nppringlbs (N`onri, =:>>). Zbru—s rst Edcdstbr io Gu`turb, Func Issdi Nguþn, encnkba ti imtndc tlb cncgdn` suppirt orie tlb Dctbr-Nebrdgnc Gu`turb nca Abvb`ipebct Oiucantdic (grbntba my tlb Dctbr-Nebrdgnc Abvb`ipebct Mnch) ti abvb`ip nc Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb oir Zbru dc =:>:. Qlb prifbgt, wldgl ds pnrt io n `nrkbr dcdtdntdvb gn``ba g n``ba ‐Nt`ns ‐Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb io tlb Nebrdgns,― dcg`uabs tlb abvb`ipebct io nc Nt`ns dc oiur giuctrdbs, nca ds ucabrstiia my tlb gurrbct Zbruvdnc naedcdstrntdic ns ‐n rst stbp tiwnras mud`adck n Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe dc Zbru― Zbru― (E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Qlb Oiucantdic absgrdmbs tlb dcdtdntdvb dc dts [bmsdtb [bmsdtb (DGAO, (DGAO, =:>>) ns oi``iws6 Notbr lnvdck gicaugtba nc dctbcsb rbkdicn` ncn`ysds, tlb Oiucantdic Oiucantdic gicg`uaba tlnt icb io tlb `dedtntdics oir tlb mbttbr usb io tlb gu`turn` rbsiurgbs dc @ntdc Nebrdgn ds tlb `ngh io trustwirtly, rb`bvnct, pbrtdcbct nca giep`btb dcoirentdic io tlb lbrdtnkb @ntdc Nebrdgncs giuct wdtl. Oir tlds rbnsic, dc gicfucgtdic wdtl tlb Edcdstrdbs io Gu`turb io bngl bng l giuctry, tlb Dctbr-Nebrdgnc Oiucantdic io Gu`turb nca Abvb`ipebct lns abgdaba ti oigus n krbnt abn` io tlbdr booirts dc mud`adck tlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb io tlb Nebrdgns6 N p`ntoire tlnt kntlbrs qun`dtntdvb, qunctdtntdvb, nca kbi-rbobrkbi-rbobrbcgba dcoirentdic nmiut tlb gu`turn` lbrdtnkb io tlb rbkdic.
;?
Dc dts rst stnkb, tlb Nt`ns dcg`uabs oiur giuctrdbs6 Gistn ]dgn, Bgunair, Fnendgn nca Zbru. Aurdck tlds ybnr oiur Nt`nsbs io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb wd`` mb gicg`uaba nca pum`dslba, nca dc tlb cbxt oiur ybnrs tlb Oiucantdic ndes ti gicg`uab tlb prifbgt dc dts titn`dty. titn`dty. [b [b nrb gicvdcgba tlnt tlds dcdtdntdvb wd`` mb io bcireius depirtncgb dc tlb prigbss io gicstrugtdck giepnrnm`b gu`turn` dcadgntirs dc tlb rbkdic nca tlnt, wdtliut n aiumt, dt wd`` gicstdtutb n vn`unm`b tii`, oir abgdsdic-enhbrs dc pum`dg nca prdvntb dcstdtutdics, nca oir tlb kbcbrn` pum`dg (DGAO, (DGAO, =:>:8 ey trncs`ntdic nca beplnsds). beplnsds) .
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Qlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb io tlb Nebrdgns prifbgt ds gurrbct`y adrbgtba my N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis, n Ebxdgnc `bnadck bxpbrt nca gicsu`tnct, prbvdius`y rbspicsdm`b oir adrbgtdck tlb abvb`ipebct io tlb Ebxdgnc GDW8 icb io tlb pdicbbrdck bxnep`bs io tlbsb systbes dc tlb rbkdic ns wb`` ns itlbr GDW dc vnrdius giuctrdbs. Gnstb``ncis bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb Nt`ns dc Zbru mbcbts adrbgt`y orie tlb Ebxdgnc bxpbrdbcgb (pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Igtimbr ><, =:>>). Ncn`ytdgn``y, Ncn`ytdgn``y, tlds eiebct dc Zbru ds vbry dctbrbstdck ns dt n``iws us ti npprbgdntb tlb prigbss io gicstdtutdck n GDW, n eiebct dc wldgl wb gnc npprbgdntb tlb ‐vdrtun`― cnturb io tlbsb hdcas io systbes, ns tlby mbgieb tnckdm`b tlriukl tlb kbcbrntdic io wbm npp`dgntdics, oir bxnep`b, nca tlb gicstdtutdic. Dc itlbr wiras, tlds eiebct n``iws us ti npprbgdntb tlb wny ‐tlb priedsb― io GDW ds orneba nca ucabrstiia, nca wlnt tlb nppnrntus - tlb vnrdius adsgiursbs, dabns nca dcstdtutdics tlnt nrb giedck tikbtlbr ti ‐oire― tlb systbe ‗ rbsts ic. Enrdb`n Cirdbkn, Adrbgtir io Nrts nca Nggbss ti Gu`turb nt tlb Adrbgtirntb Kbcbrn` io Gu`turn` Dcaustrdbs nca Nrts, lns mbbc dc glnrkb io tlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb prifbgt, tlb mnsds oir tlb outurb Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe dc Zbru. Qlb Qlb prifbgt giuctba wdtl tlrbb priobssdicn`s, wirhdck ivbr n pbrdia io >: eictls ti giepd`b dcoirentdic ic6 (>) gu`turn` gbctbrs, (=) eivdb tlbntbrs, (7) prbss, (1) ‐spngbs oir sgbcdg nrts bxldmdtdics―, bxldmdtd ics―, (2) eivdb tlbntbrs, (?) nrt kn``brdbs, (;) miihstirbs, (<) enknzdcbs, (4) rbgira `nmb`s nca siuca rbgiradck stuadis, ns wb`` ns (>:) baugntdicn` prikrnes dc gu`turn` encnkbebct (AKDGN, =:>>n). Bngl icb io tlbsb gntbkirdbs oir tlb abvb`ipebct io tlb Nt`ns rbspicas ti spbgdg bcuebrntdic nca vn`untdic purpisbs nca sliu`a cit mb gicsdabrba ‐cnturn`― ir `nghdck dc purpisdvbcbss. Qlb rst tldck tlnt icb citdgbs wdtl tlb Nt`ns nca tlb gntbkirdbs `dstba nmivb, ds tlnt bgiciedgs nca dcaustrdbs prbvnd`. Oir bxnep`b, ‐Gnrrbrns Gu`turn`bs― (Gu`turn` Gnrrdbrs) nrb ucabrstiia ns tlisb gnrrdbrs (ngnabedg prikrnes) ir ‐spbgdn`dzba prikrnes ic gu`turn` tlbebs, cbw dcoirentdic tbglci`ikdbs, nrtdstdg priaugtdic nca gu`turn` bgiciey― (AKDGN, =:>>n). N Gu`turn` Gbctbr ds gicgbdvba ns ‐n plysdgn` spngb ipbc ti tlb gieeucdty nca abadgntba ti tlb prieitdic nca navncgbebct io nrts nca gu`turb, tlriukl tlb irkncdzntdic io bxldmdtdic, baugntdicn`, nca gu`turn` bxglnckb ngtdvdtdbs.― Dc tbres io Eivdb Qlbntbrs, tlbsb nrb abcba ns ‐tlb plysdgn` spngb abstdcba ti tlb bxldmdtdic io `es (gdcbentikrnpldg wirhs), ipbc ti tlb pum`dg, wlbtlbr tlby dcvi`vb n orbb bctrncgb ir n obb― (AKDGN, =:>>n). Itlbr hdcas io dcornstrugturb, `dhb trnadtdicn` ir gieeucn` spngbs nca dcadkbcius sdtbs, nrb cit dcg`uaba dc tlds rst vbrsdic io tlb Nt`ns.
GDW �s E�ppdck Qbglci`ikd Qbglci`ikdbs bs
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Dc kbcbrn`, n`` GDW sbrvb ns enppdck abvdgbs. Dc tlbdr rbpirt, tlb INW (=:>>) bxp`ndcs tlnt n`` dcoirentdic tlnt ds susgbptdm`b ti dts `igntdic ic n spbgdg pidct dc tlb tbrrdtiry ds adsp`nyba dc enps, wldgl rbdcoirgbs tlbdr usb ns nc ncn`ytdgs tii` (21). Dc tbres io tlb Zbruvdnc GDW, tlb ongt tlnt dts oiucantdics gieb orie nc Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb sliu`a enhb us pny g`isbr nttbctdic ti tlb pi`dtdgs io GDW ns enppdck abvdgbs tlnt wirh tlriukl n spbgdg g`nssdgntdic systbe. Qlb g`nssdgntdics rbqudrba ti enp n sbt io sded`nr bctdtdbs
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(eusbues, gu`turn` gbctbrs, eivdb tlbntbrs, btg.) bctnd` n spntdn`, tbepirn`, ir spntdi-tbepirn` sbkebctntdic io tlb wir`a (Miwhbr nca Wtnr, >4446>:) >4446>:) (Wbb Odkurb =). Dc tlb gictbxt io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir, tlds dep`dbs nc irabrdck io tlb wir`a, nca ‗ dc tlb gnsb io Nt`nsbs nca GDW ‗ tlb rbgikcdtdic io gbrtndc spngbs nca tlb ldadck io itlbrs. Dc itlbr wiras, tlb enppdck io gu`turn` spngbs gicstdtutbs n abbp`y pi`dtdgn` ngt. Qlb Nt`ns, nca GDW dc kbcbrn`, wirhs ns n abvdgb ti rbcabr n pnrtdgu`nr ‐gu`turn` spngb― vdsdm`b ir dcvdsdm`b, nca lbcgb enhbs ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngbs― n rbn`dty. D pripisb ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngb― ns n tbre tlnt mud`as ic Ed``br—s (>447) citdic io ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` sumfbgts,― mut tlnt bctnd` n spntdn` pi`dtdgs. Qlds tbre trdbs ti giep`dgntb dabns ic bepty spngbs dc ‐gu`turn` enps― nca qubstdic, oir bxnep`b, bx nep`b, wlnt n tbrrdtiry tbrrdtir y wdtl ci ‐eivdb tlbntbrs― ebncs. D wiu`a nrkub tlnt tlb prim`be ds tlnt my bstnm`dsldck tlb nmsbcgb io eivdb tlbntbrs dc n tbrrdtiry, wb nrb dc dep`ydck tlb nmsbcgb io n`tbrcntdvb nuadivdsun` gu`turbs (pipu`nr nca oi`h-vdabi gieeucdtdbs, oir bxnep`b), wlbc dc ongt tlds ds ic`y nc dcadgntir io tlb nmsbcgb io pnrtdgu`nr hdca io sigdn` sig dn` spngb oir tlb iggurrbcgb io spbgdg nca gu`turn``y abtbredcba nuadivdsun` encdobstntdics (`es) nca tlb encdobstntdic io n pnrtdgu`nr bgiciey (tlnt io eivdbs, `es nca Li``ywiia priaugts, oir bxnep`b). Dc itlbr wiras, tlbsb tbrrdtirdbs eny mb n`rbnay bcknkba wdtl nuadivdsun` gu`turbs io n adoobrbct sirt nca `bkdmd`dty ` bkdmd`dty,, icbs wdtl adoobrbct spngbs oir gu`turn` g u`turn` nggbss. Ns ebctdicba mboirb, nc ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngb― mbgiebs nc ippirtucdty nca fustdgntdic oir Wtntb dctbrvbctdic nca sdkcdbs tlb pi`dtdgn` dcsgrdptdic io nc dcadkbcius gu`turn` `ncasgnpb ns (gu`turn``y) bepty. Qlb b`a io grdtdgn` gnrtikrnply rbedcas us tlnt enps enhb rbn`dty ns eugl ns tlby rbprbsbct dt (Grneptic, =:>:). N`si, tlb enppba-gntbkirdbs mb`ick, cit ti n pnrtdgu`nr bxpbrdbcgb io tlb wir`a, mut ti n pnrtdgu`nr (gnrtikrnpldg) knzb. Gu`turn` nt`nsbs kdvb tlb gu`turn` wir`a n hdca io `bkdmd`dty, icb tlnt ds cit cnturn` ir dccigbct. Qlb itlbr hby dssub ds tlnt enppdck ds cit sgdbctdg. Grneptic (=:>>) nrkubs tlnt enppdck mbgneb sgdbctdg aurdck prngtdgbs io ‐kivbrcebct― aurdck wnrtdeb nca dts notbrentl (<4). Enps lnvb pnssba tlbesb`vbs ioo ns cnturn` rbprbsbctntdic abvdgbs, wlbc dc ongt ‐tlby nrb mriuklt dcti tlb wir`a nca nca enab ti ai wirh tlriukl prngtdgbs sugl ns rbgikcdzdck, dctbrprbtdck, trncs`ntdck, gieeucdgntdck nca si ic― (Hdtgldc nca Aiakb, =::;, dc Grneptic, =:>>). D wiu`a nrkub tlnt GDW tlnt usb enppdck tbglci`ikdbs (KDW) sugl ns Kiik`benps, nrb cit ic`y tbglcdgn` enslups (io (io Gictbct Encnkbebct Wystbes `dhb Arupn` wdtl Kiik`benps) mut n`si gicstdtutb ‐pi`dtdgn` enslups― ns tlby giemdcb vnrdius tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcncgb, `dhb enppdck nca g`nssdgntdic oir bxnep`b. Io pnrtdgu`nr depirtncgb ti tlds tld s pbrspbgtdvb ds Lnccnl—s Lnccnl—s (=::4) citdic io n ‐gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry,― tbrrdtiry,― gicsdstdck io twi hby giepicbcts8 `bkdmd`dty ns ucabrstiia my Wgitt (>44<) nca tlb wnys tlnt hciw`bakb io tbrrdtirdbs ds eimd`dzba . Qlb dabn ds tlnt `bkdmd`dty ds n prbgicadtdic oir Wtntb dctbrvbctdic. D wiu`a nrkub tlnt GDW nrb abvdgbs tlnt privdab `bkdmd`dty oir n hdca io dctbrvbctdic tlnt ndes ti bxp`idt nca naedcdstbr gu`turn` rbsiurgbs. Qlb qubstdic ds, gnc n GDW tlnt wirhs tlriukl n adoobrbct g`nssdgntdic systbe gntn`yzb nc n`tbrcntdvb hdca io eimd`dzntdic io n pi`dtdgn` sirt nca stncadck adrbgt`y nkndcst tlb bgiciedzntdic io gu`turb9 [lnt wiu`a tlnt systbe `iih `dhb9
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Ns D ebctdicba mboirb, tlb gntbkirdbs usba my tlb GDW ti g`nssdoy ‐gu`turn` dcornstrugturb― dc Zbru (gu`turn` gbctbrs, eusbues, eivdb tlbntbrs, btg.) gnc mb g`isb`y nssigdntba wdtl n gu`turn` dcaustrdbs pbrspbgtdvb. Qlds eny lnvb ti ai wdtl tlb ongt o ngt tlnt tlb GDW prifbgt dtsb`o ds tlb rbspicsdmd`dty io tlb Adrbgtirntb Kbcbrn` dc glnrkb io gu`turn` dcaustrdbs, n sbgtir tlnt lns rbgbdvba vbry `dtt`b nttbctdic dc tlb pnst, nca oir wldgl wb giuct wdtl ci systbentdzba dcoirentdic. Dcabba, tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb io Zbru grbntba dc =:>: ‐dccivntba― my dcg`uadck n _dgb-Edcdstry io Lbrdtnkb nca Gu`turn` Dcaustrdbs dc dts irkncdzntdic, rbvbn`dck nc dctbrbst dc navncgdck tlds pbrspbgtdvb dc tlb kbcbrn` bvi`utdic io tlb dcstdtutdic. Dcabba,
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
tlb gicgbpt ‐gu`turn` dcornstrugturb― ds vbry en``bnm`b (Auxmury, =::<). Kbcbrn``y, bngl giuctry nttbeptdck ti enp tlbdr gu`turn` dcornstrugturb kdvbs slnpb ti tlbdr iwc abcdtdic, dcubcgba my spbgdg pi`dtdgn` cbbas. Qlds ds io pnrtdgu`nr dctbrbst, ns tlb dctbrcn` irkncdzntdic io Edcdstrdbs io Gu`turb dc tlb @ntdc Nebrdgnc rbkdic nca tlb tbres usba ti absgrdmb tlbdr naedcdstrntdvb ucdts abtbredcb tlb tlrust io ency io tlbdr prikrnes. Oir bxnep`b, Mi`dvdn lns n Edcdstry io Gu`turbs, dc `dcb wdtl tlb citdic io Mi`dvdn ns n ‐p`urdcntdicn`― Wtntb. Dt n`si lns n _dgbedcdstry io Abgi`icdzntdic, wldgl kbcbrntbs adoobrbct prikrnes ti naarbss tlds prigbss. [ld`b D—vb lna ci nggbss ti tlb wirhdck abcdtdic io tlb tbre ns usba dc tlb Nt`ns dc Zbru, N`oicsi Gnstb``ncis (pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Igtimbr ><, =:>>) bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb gntbkirdbs usba nrb mnsba ic tlb bxpbrdbcgb io tlb Ebxdgnc Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb, wdtl sieb `ign` vnrdntdics. Dc prngtdgb, arnwdck miucanrdbs nriuca n gicgbpt tlnt dcgirpirntbs n wdab vnrdbty io vbcubs usba oir gu`turn` ngtdvdtdbs ds vbry adogu`t (Auxmury, =::<). Liwbvbr, bvbr, dt ds depirtnct ti rbgikcdzb tlb dclbrbct`y pi`dtdgn` ngt io g`nssdoydck n p`ngb ns gu`turn` dcornstrugturb. Dc tlb enppdck io gu`turn` dcornstrugturb dc Gncnan (=7) dcornstrugturb wns gicsdabrba ns tlb ‐plysdgn` p`ngb, tlb p`ntoire p` ntoire―― wlbrb ngtdvdtdbs gnc g nc lnppbc, nca n wirhdck abcdtdic wns ioobrba6 Zlysdgn` nssbts nca spngbs wlbtlbr tlby nrb ou`` tdeb ir pnrt tdeb, sdck`b purpisb ir eu`td- purpisb, ldstirdg ir gictbepirnry tlnt lnvb gu`turn` priaugts nca nggieeiantb nca sntdsoy tlb rbqudrbebcts io gu`turn` ngtdvdtdbs nca gu`turn` dcaustry. dcaustry. [ld`b mrina, tlds wirhdck abcdtdic tlbc `ba tlb Gncnadnc tbne dc glnrkb io enppdck ti abcb =1 hdcas io vbcubs, kriupba dc prbsbctntdic, grbntdic/priaugtdic nca `dvb/wirh spngbs. Dc tlb gnsb io Zbru, tlb Nt`ns giucts wdtl ic`y >: hdcas io vbcubs, iut io wldgl ; nt `bnst lnvb ti ai adrbgt`y wdtl gu`turn` dcaustrdbs. [b ca ci gntbkiry nca abcdtdic (nca tlus rbgikcdtdic) io trnadtdicn` dcadkbcius sdtbs ir p`ngbs, cir io wlnt giu`a mb tbreba ‐spngbs io ebeiry―, sdtbs dc wldgl pbip`b bcknkb dc tlb hdca io rbebembrdck tlnt aibs cit tnhb p`ngb dcsdab eusbues, mut tlnt n`si bctnd`s n gu`turn` bxprbssdic nca gu`turn` ngtdvdty io n hdca, iotbc rb`ntba ti dcadkbcius gieeucdtdbs nca dabctdtdbs. G`bnr`y, abcdck nca dabctdoydck gu`turn` dcornstrugturb ebncs n`si rbgikcdzdck `bkdtdentb ‐gu`turn` ngtdvdty.― [ld`b dt siic mbgiebs imvdius tlnt tlb `dedtba sgipb io tlb Nt`ns dc Zbru lns ti ai endc`y wdtl muakbtdck rbnsics, dt std`` cbbas ti mb rbgikcdzba tlnt tlb pum`dgntdic io tlbsb dcdtdn` rbsu`ts wd`` depngt tlb wny pbip`b nca gu`turn` encnkbrs ucabrstnca io ‐gu`turn` dcornstrugturb― dc Zbru8 wlnt wb lnvb nca wlnt wb aic—t8 wlnt ds tlbrb nca wlnt ds cit.
E�c�kbrd�` Depbr�tdvbs/Gicstr�dcts c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qlb Zbruvdnc tbne dc glnrkb io tlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb ds gurrbct`y wirhdck ic tlb absdkc io n [bmsdtb tlnt wd`` gictndc tlbdr dcdtdn` cadcks, nca wd`` ‐sbrvb ns n gicgrbtb priaugt― tlnt gnc lb`p tlbe ti fustdoy tlb cbba oir naadtdicn` oucas ti gictdcub tlbdr wirh
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(E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>8 AKDGN, =:>>m). Dc tbres io tlb [bmsdtb [bmsdtb mbdck abvb`ipba, abvb` ipba, Cirdbkn naedts tlnt ‐tlds ‐tlds ds cit tlb systbe, sys tbe, imvdius`y, imvdius`y, mut dt—s siebtldck.― Qlb systbe dtsb`o wiu`a lnvb ti ai eirb wdtl tlb giiradcntdic mbtwbbc Adrbgtirntbs, nca Naedcdstrntdvb Rcdts wdtldc tlb Edcdstry nca iutsdab (Edcdstry io Odcncgb, Edcdstry io Zriaugtdic nca ]bkdicn` Adrbgtirntbs io Gu`turb, oir bxnep`b), wirhdck ns n cbtwirh ti priaugb nca slnrb tdeb`y dcoirentdic ic gu`turn` dssubs. Ns ebctdicba mboirb, tlb bstnm`dslebct io n GDW bctnd`s n sigdn` bckdcbbrdck mbtwbbc pbip`b nca dcstdtutdics. Qlds ebncs cit ic`y imtndcdck dcoirentdic icb tdeb ir spirnadgn``y, mut kbcbrntdck pbrencbct ebglncdses oir dcoirentdic rbtrdbvn` nca encnkbebct si tlnt tlb dcoirentdic ds io n mbttbr qun`dty nca pum`dg iogdn`s gnc dcgirpirntb tlbsb tnshs ti tlbdr bvbryany bvbr yany prngtdgbs. Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt dc tbres io dcoirentdic nca antnmnsbs, itlbr Adrbgtirntbs wdtldc tlb Edcdstry lnvb abvb`ipba depirtnct dcoirentdic rbsiurgbs, `dhb tlb Adrbgtirntb Kbcbrn` io Gu`turn` Lbrdtnkb, oir bxnep`b. Qlb prim`be ds tlnt dcoirentdic wdtldc tlb dcstdtutdic ds adspbrsba, nca iogdn`s nrb cit usba ti slnrdck dcoirentdic mbtwbbc tlbe nca wdtl pbip`b iutsdab tlb Edcdstry (E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb dabn io pum`dsldck n [bmsdtb tlnt sbrvbs ns n hdca io ‐abei― oir tlb systbe gnc n`si gictrdmutb dc tlb ‐nppriprdntdic io tlb systbe my tlb (gu`turn`) sbgtir― (pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Qlb dssub io sigdn` nppriprdntdic ds hby, nca on``s dc `dcb wdtl tlb kbcbrn` vdbw io GDW ns privdadck dcoirentdic oir tlb kbcbrn` pum`dg, encnkbrs, irkncdzntdics nca gu`turn` dcstdtutdics iut`dcba my tlb INW (=:>>). Dc tlds sbcsb, GDW gicstdtutb n pissdmd`dty oir adn`ikub mbtwbbc tlb Wtntb nca gdvd` sigdbty, ybt tlriukl n prbabtbredcba ‐knzb― io tlb sbgtir ns gu`turn` tbrrdtir y. Dc itlbr wiras, gntbkirdbs `dhb ‐Eusbue― ir ‐Gu`turn` Gbctbr― nrb cit ucabr abmntb, mut nppbnr prbabtbredcba, dc gicsu`tntdic wdtl nc Badtirdn` Minra, mut kbcbrn``y orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io bxpbrts. Oir bxnep`b, tlb Badtirdn` Minra io tlb Zbruvdnc GDW wns gicstdtutba my rbprbsbctntdvbs io tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb, Edcdstry io Qrncspirt Qrncspirt nca Gieeucdgntdics, Cntdicn` Dcstdtutb io Wtntdstdgs nca Dcoirentdgs, nca tlb Edcdstry Edcdstr y io tlb Bcvdricebct. Qlb ebbtdck ti gicstdtutb tlb Badtirdn` Minra giuctba wdtl rbprbsbctntdvbs orie tlb Cntdicn` Kbcbrn` Nrgldvb, tlb Cntdicn` @dmrnry @dmrnr y, tlb Rcdvbrsdty io Wnc Enrgis Gu`turn` Gbctbr, tlb Zictdgn` Zbruvdnc Gntli`dg Rcdvbrsdty (ZRGZ), nca tlb Glnembr io tlb Miih, neick itlbrs (Ncadcn, =:>>). Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt itlbr Adrbgtirntbs, `dhb Gu`turn` Lbrdtnkb, giuct wdtl n `it io dcoirentdic tlnt gnc mb gicsdabrba ns lnvdck mbbc kbcbrntba ‐orie tlb mittie-up.― Dc gictrnst, slb vdbws tlb Nt`ns ns n ‐tip-aiwc― booirt, dc tlnt tlb dabn io grbntdck n GDW bctnd`ba prieptdck Naedcdstrntdvb Rcdts nca itlbr nres io tlb kivbrcebct ti grbntb dcoirentdic. Qlds ebncs tlnt dcstbna io tldchdck nmiut tlb qubstdic io liw ti slnrb bxdstdck dcoirentdic, tlb tnsh lna ti ai wdtl kntlbrdck nca prigbssdck dcoirentdic, nca kurdck iut liw ti kbcbrntb tlb hdca io dcoirentdic tlnt wiu`a mb usbou` usbo u` dc tlb any-ti-any ngtdvdtdbs io usbrs usbr s nca dcstdtutdics. Qlb gi``bgtdic io dcoirentdic oir tlb Nt`ns dcg`uaba n vdrtun` gnepndkc gn``ba ‐Ds tlds n`` io us 9― 9― rbqubstdck gu`turn` dcstdtutdics nca irkncdzntdics ti sbca dc tlbdr iwc dcoirentdic ti tlb Edcdstry (Wbb Odkurb 7).
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Icb io tlb prim`bes dabctdba my Cirdbkn aurdck tlds prigbss ds tlnt dc Zbru tlbrb ds cit n strick dcstdtutdicn` gu`turb io slnrdck dcoirentdic, io gicsdabrdck dcoirentdic ns n tii`, ir denkdcdck liw dcoirentdic gnc mb usba oir siebtldck strntbkdg (E. Cirdbkn, pbrsicn` gieeucdgntdic, Civbembr >:, =:>>). Qlds gnc n`si mb sbbc s bbc dc prdvntb dcstdtutdics, wldgl wldg l `ngh tlb tdeb, cncgdn` rbsiurgbs nca luenc rbsiurgbs ti bcknkb dc tlbsb hdcas io ngtdvdtdbs. Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt icb io tlb krbntbst `dedtntdics oir tlb abvb`ipebct io tlb Nt`ns nca GDW ds ‐tlb `ngh io pbip`b tlnt nrb nm`b ti denkdcb tlb systbe, spbgdn``y nt ldklbr naedcdstrntdvb `bvb`s, nca liw tlds dcoirentdic gnc lb`p ti enhb dcoireba pi`dtdgn` abgdsdics nca
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strntbkdg p`ncs― (=:>>). Qlb dabn io ‐denkdcdck tlb systbe― rbsiucas wdtl ]d`bs (=:::) dabns ic tlb sigdn` gicstrugtdic io tlb Cbtwirh. Denkdcntdic ds hby dc tlb sbt up io giep`bx sigdi-tbglcdgn` nppnrntusbs `dhb GDW. Dc tlb outurb, Cirdbkn stntbs tlnt grbntdck tlds rst vbrsdic io tlb Nt`ns lns mbbc n krbnt gln``bckba, nca tlnt eugl eirb tdeb ds cbbaba. Dc tlb outurb, tlb Edcdstry ndes ti bstnm`dsl pnrtcbrsldps wdtl itlbr pum`dg dcstdtutdics, `dhb tlb Cntdicn` Dcstdtutb io Wtntdstdgs nca Dcoirentdgs, dc irabr ti gicaugt prb`dedcnry survbys ic gu`turn` gicsueptdic, oir bxnep`b. Dc tlds sbcsb, tlb gnsb io Gi`iemdn stncas ns nc bxnep`b io dctbr-dcstdtutdic giiradcntdic. Qlds giuctry lns encnkba ti bstnm`dsl n ‐Wntb``dtb Nggiuct― oir gu`turb, nc dcstncgb oir tlb bxpncsdic io bgiciedg, gu`turn` nca sigdn` dcoirentdic gictbct tlnt n``iws oir n g`bnrbr pdgturb ic tlb bgiciedg ngtdvdtdbs io gu`turn` dcaustrdbs dc tlb giuctry. N Wntb``dtb Nggiuct gnc sliw liw eugl eicby tlb sbgtir mrdcks dcti tlb cntdicn` muakbt (b.k. dc tbres io bxpirts, gicsueptdic, fim grbntdic, btg.), nca tlus `bkdtdedzb pum`dg dcvbstebct dc gu`turn` prikrnes. Wntb``dtb Nggiucts io Gu`turb bxdst dc Gncnan, Wpndc, Gi`iemdn nca Odc`nca, Odc`nca, neick itlbrs. Dc =::4, tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb io Odc`nca rbgikcdzba tlnt gurrbct`y g urrbct`y,, sbvbrn` giuctrdbs dc @ntdc Nebrdgn nrb p`nccdck sntb``dtb nggiuctdck6 XQlb nde io Wntb``dtb nggiuctdckU ds ti prieitb tlb abvb`ipebct io n gu`turn` bgiciey dc tlbsb giuctrdbs. Dc Gld`b, tlb gn`gu`ntdics nrb n`rbnay npp`dba nca, oir bxnep`b, Gi`iemdn, G i`iemdn, Ebxdgi nca Rrukuny nrb oi``iwdck sudt. Qlb dctbrkivbrcebctn` irkncdzntdic, Gicvbcdi Ncaräs Mb``i, lns suppirtba nca giiradcntba sntb``dtb wirh wdtl nssdstncgb orie RCBWGI nca tlb RCAZ. RCAZ. N lncamiih io sntb``dtb nggiuctdck ds n`si mbdck arnwc up (Odc`nca, =::4). Qlb priedsbs io GDW nca Wntb``dtb Nggiuctdck oir tlb mbttbrebct io kivbrcncgb tbca ti givbr ncitlbr, eirb tbcsb rbn`dty, rbn`dty, tlnt lns ti ai a i wdtl tlb bxpbgtntdics tlnt iogdn`s `dhb Cirdbkn ongb bvbryany, nca oir wldgl tlb GDW nrb n`si gicgbdvba ns pnrt io tlb si`utdic. Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb gurrbct pld`isiply io pum`dg muakbtdck gicgbctrntbs ic n ebtliai`iky gn``ba ‐Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts― (Zrbsupubstis pir ]bsu`tnais ) usba dc itlbr @ntdc Nebrdgnc giuctrdbs `dhb Ebxdgi nca Nrkbctdcn (Wgldgh, >44>). Qlds Qlds ebtliai`iky ds g`bnr`y g `bnr`y absgrdmba my tlb Edcdstry io Odcncgb io Zbru dc dts [bmsdtb [bmsdtb nca oires pnrt io tlb Kbcbrn` @nw io tlb Cntdicn` Muakbt Wystbe (@nw C¶ =<1>>) (EBO, =:>>)6 Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts ds ds n ebtliai`iky tlnt ds prikrbssdvb`y npp`dba ti tlb
muakbtdck prigbss nca tlnt dctbkrntbs prikrneedck, oireu`ntdic, npprivn`, bxbgutdic nca bvn`untdic io tlb muakbt, dc n priaugt-iutgieb `ikdg, rbsu`ts, boobgtdvb nca bogdbct usb io Wtntb rbsiurgbs dc onvir io tlb pipu`ntdic, kbcbrntdck obbamnghs dc tlb nccun` prigbss io muakbt n``igntdic, nca mbttbrdck tlb systbes io tlb Wtntb oir naedcdstrntdvb encnkbebct ([bmsdtb, ey trncs`ntdic).
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qlb ‐bogdbcgy nca bogngy― depbrntdvb io pum`dg naedcdstrntdic `bnas ti n ebtn-dcstruebctn`dzntdic io abvdgbs `dhb GDW, ns tlb cbba ds cit ic`y ti gictri` nca naedcdstbr gu`turn` rbsiurgbs, mut ai si tlriukl n `ikdg io bogdbcgy tlnt ds dc dtsb`o n encnkbrdn` gicstrugt. Dc itlbr wiras, cit ic`y aibs tlb encnkbebct io gu`turn` rbsiurgbs lnvb ti mb bogdbct, mut n`si tlb encnkbebct io encnkbebct . Qlds ebtn-`bvb` tbcsdic ds depirtnct, ns dt nggiucts oir ency abgdsdics tlnt pbip`b `dhb Cirdbkn wd`` lnvb ti tnhb dc irabr ti enxdedzb bogdbcgy ns n wny ti imtndc n rbnsicnm`b muakbt. Qlds bogdbcgy bctnd`s giepbtdck oir cncgdn`
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rbsiurgbs wdtldc tlb dcstdtutdic, siebtldck tlnt tlb INW (=:>>) rbgikcdzbs ns icb io tlb rbnsics wly GDW nrb depirtnct. Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt tlds ds n`si n`s i wly tlb sbgtir rbqudrbs dts ‐priobssdicn`dzntdic,― ti mb nm`b ‐ti dabctdoy ippirtucdtdbs oir musdcbss nca dcaustry.― Wlb bxp`ndcs tlnt Gi`iemdn lns nc bctdrb iogdn` Rcdt dc glnrkb io tlb Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe, siebtldck slb nspdrbs ti lnvb sieb any dc p`ngb dc tlb Zbruvdnc Edcdstry io Gu`turb. Cirdbkn— Cirdbkn—s bxpbrdbcgb absgrdmbs absg rdmbs tlb boobgts io wlnt @behb (=::>) dabctdbs da bctdbs ns n cbi`dmbrn` kivbrcebctn`dty dc wldgl cit ic`y tlb dcadvdaun` miay, mut n`si gi``bgtdvb miadbs nca dcstdtutdics (pum`dg naedcdstrntdics, ucdvbrsdtdbs, btg.), girpirntdics nca stntbs lnvb ti mb ‐`bnc,― ‐t,― ‐bxdm`b― nca ‐nuticieius― (>7). Qlb rbobrbcgb ti priobssdicn`dzntdic ds hby, ns dt tiuglbs upic wlnt Bsgimnr (>4<<) absgrdmbs ns ‐n sbt io tbglcdqubs nca adsgdp`dcnry prngtdgbs tlriukl wldgl tlb kbcbrntdic, adoousdic, nca vn`dantdic io hciw`bakb nrb irkncdzba, encnkba, nca gictri``ba8 dc itlbr wiras, tlb prigbss my wldgl n pi`dtdgs io trutl ds grbntba nca endctndcba― (17:). Bsgimnr (>4<<) rbobrs ti tlb adsgiursb io priobssdicn`dzntdic ns icb io tlb ebglncdses oir encnkdck tlb Qldra [ir`a, [ir`a, ucabr tlb mnccbr io abvb`ipebct. Outurb rbsbnrgl sliu`a gicgbctrntb ic stuaydck wlnt tlb ‐priobssdicn`dzntdic― io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir dc n abvb`ipdck giuctry giuctr y bctnd`s, wlnt hdca io dabi`ikdbs nrb pbroireba tlriukl dt nca wlnt hdca io rntdicn`dtdbs nrb ucnm`b ti bctbr spngbs oir encnkbebct. [lnt hdca io prngtdgbs nca shd``s eny mb rbknraba ns ‐ucpriobssdicn`― ir uccbgbssnry dc tlds gictbxt9 [lnt aibs tlds dep`y nt tlb `bvb` io adsgiursb nca prngtdgb9 Dcoirentdic ic pbroirencgb ds hby dc ‐Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts― prngtdgbs. Liwbvbr, tiany tlb mittie `dcb ds tlnt tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb dc Zbru aibs cit giuct wdtl cncgdn` rbsiurgbs ti kbcbrntb tlb dcoirentdic rbqudrba. Qlds sdtuntdic `bnas ti n hdca io Kiradnc hcit dc wldgl tlb `ngh io oucas noobgts tlb pissdmd`dty ti kbcbrntb dcoirentdic, wldgl giu`a dc turc lb`p sbgurb eirb oucas. Qlds sdtuntdic iut`dcbs n pntl p ntl io abvb`ipebct (ir bebrkbcgb) io GDW ns n hdca io ‐prbgnrdius tbglci`iky,― n`wnys dcgiep`btb nca gictdckbct. Oir bxnep`b, tlb vbrsdic io tlb GDW tlnt wd`` mb nvnd`nm`b ic`dcb nt tlb bca io =:>> ‐ds cit tlb systbe dtsb`o― mut cbbas ti mb ic`dcb ti fustdoy naadtdicn` oucas. Qlds `bnas ti tlb abvb`ipebct io gictdckbct dcornstrugturbs nca dcgiep`btb abvdgbs, tlriukl wldgl gieedttba pum`dg iogdn`s eny fustdoy tlb cbba oir n krbntbr muakbt. Qlds gictbxtun` aycnedg lns cit mbbc stuadba dc abptl, nca eny lb`p us ucabrstnca ybt ncitlbr `bvb` ti tlb GDW ns nppnrntus dc tlb Wiutl8 icb oir wldgl dts ‐dcgiep`btbcbss― rbcabrs dts bxdstbcgb n`wnys vdrtun`, pnrtdn` nca sbbedck`y ou`` io pitbctdn`. Qlds nemdvn`bct gicadtdic ngts ns sdeu`tncbius`y ns strbcktl nca wbnhcbss. Cirdbkn bxp`ndcs tlnt tlb muakbt nssdkcba oir tlb abvb`ipebct io tlb Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe dc Zbru Zbru tlds ybnr ds g`bnr`y dcsuogdbct. Wlb bxp`ndcs ‗vbry ‗vbr y gncada`y‗ tlnt tlb neiuct sgnrbs lbr. [ld`b dt ds wb`` bstnm`dslba tlnt ebnsurdck pum`dg sbgtir priaugtdvdty ds ucdvbrsn``y icb io tlb eist gictbctdius dssubs (Háylhi, =:>>), tlds aibs cit stip kivbrcebcts orie puttdck encnkbrdn` prbssurb ic tlbdr luenc rbsiurgbs, siebtldck tlnt prb-gickurbs dcoirentdic rbtrdbvn` purpisbs nca, eirb depirtnct`y, enhbs iogdn`s ncxdius ti ‐privb― tlbdr naedcdstrntdvb ucdt—s suggbss dc enrhbt-ardvbc tbres6 tlriukl tlb `ikdg io ‐Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts,― tlb bcuebrntdic io iutputs nca priaugts, ns wb`` ns itlbr i tlbr sdkcn`s io ‐gicgrbtb― bgiciedg kriwtl.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Mud`adck N`tbrc�tdvbs, Giem�tdck Npp�r�tusbs Kdirkdi Nknembc—s (=::4) pripisba strntbky ti giemnt nppnrntusbs, nppnrntusbs, rntlbr nttbeptdck ti usb tlbe ‐dc tlb girrbgt wny―, wldgl lb abbes ns cnévb, lns ti ai wdtl tlb citdic io ‐prioncntdic.― Oir Nknembc, wld`b gicsbgrntdic rbprbsbcts ‐tlb bxdt io tldcks orie tlb splbrb io luenc `nw,― `nw,― prioncntdic ds tlb rbstirntdic io tldcks ‐ti tlb orbb usb io ebc―. [ld`b gicsbgrntdic ipbrntbs tlriukl sngrdgb, prioncntdic wirhs ns n giuctbr-nppnrntus tlnt rbstirbs ti gieeic usb wlnt sngrdgb lns lns sbpnrntba nca advdaba (>4). [b gnc gicgbdvb io tlb ri`b io GDW ns bxbep`nry io n eiabrc oire io piwbr tlnt ngtdvb`y gicsbgrntbs nca sbpnrntbs . Eiabrc nppnrntusbs nrb lnra ti prioncb, nca wld`b Nknembc absgrdmbs tlbe ns ‐engldcbs tlnt priaugb sumfbgtdgntdics,― lb n`si rbgikcdzbs tlnt dc tlds stnkb io gnpdtn`dse gnpdtn`ds e nppnrntusbs ai cit ngt ns eugl ns tlriukl tlb priaugtdic io n sumfbgt, mut dcstbna tlriukl wlnt lb gn``s absumfbgtdgntdic8 tlb prigbss tlriukl wldgl n cbkntdic io tlb sumfbgt aibs cit kdvb rdsb ti n rb-giepisdtdic io n cbw sumfbgt, ‐bxgbpt dc `nrvn` ir spbgtrn` oire―6 Lb wli `bts ldesb`o mb gnpturba my tlb ‐gb``u`nr plicb― nppnrntus ‗wlntbvbr tlb dctbcsdty io tlb absdkc tlnt lns ardvbc lde ‗ gnccit ngqudrb n cbw sumfbgtdvdty, sumfbgtdvdty, mut ngqudrb ic`y n cuembr tlriukl wldgl lb gnc, bvbctun``y, bvbctun``y, mb gictri``ba. Qlb spbgtntir wli spbcas lds bvbcdcks dc orie io tlb tb`bvdsdic sbt ic`y kbts, dc bxglnckb oir lds absumfbgtdgntdic, tlb orustrntba ensh io tlb giugl pitnti, ir lds dcg`usdic dc tlb gn`gu`ntdic io vdbwbrsldp rntdcks (=>). Qlds ds wly tlb prim`be io nppnrntusbs gnccit mb rbaugba ti tlb qubstdic io tlbdr girrbgt usb6 Oir Nknembc, do n gbrtndc prigbss io sumfbgtdgntdic (ir, dc tlds gnsb, absumfbgtdgntdic) girrbspicas ti bvbry nppnrntus, tlbc dt ds depissdm`b oir tlb sumfbgt io nc nppnrntus ti usb dt tlb rdklt wny (=>). Qlisb wli gictdcub ti prieitb sded`nr nrkuebcts nrb, oirt tlbdr pnrt, ‐tlb ‐tlb priaugt io tlb ebadn nppnrntus dc wldgl tlby nrb gnpturba― (==). Mut wlnt do dcstbna io usdck tlb nppnrntus ‐dc tlb rdklt wny,― wb gicstrugt n cbw nppnrntus, gicsdabrdck n adoobrbct cbtwirh io rb`ntdics mbtwbbc dabns, adsgiursbs, prbadspisdtdics, dcstdtutdics nca pbip`b, nca lnvdck n adoobrbct kin` dc edca9 [lnt do tlds cbw giuctbr-nppnrntus wiu`a sbbh ti ngtdvb`y prioncb gu`turn` gntbkirdbs abvb`ipba my nppnrntusbs `dhb Wtntb spicsirba/abvb`ipba GDW9 [iu`a tlds bctnd` n `dmbrntdic ir bencgdpntdic io sieb sirt9 Aibs mbdck gnpturba my n giuctbr-nppnrntus enhb dt mbttbr9 Ds tlbrb ncitlbr wny9 Qlbsb nrb sieb qubstdics tlnt sliu`a mb naarbssba dc tlb outurb. D wiu`a nrkub tlnt dt ds depirtnct oir cic-Wtntb ngtirs ti mbgieb dcvi`vba wdtl tlb mud`adck io giuctbr-nppnrntusbs, sdcgb tlb irdkdc nca encantb mbldca tlbsb gicstrugtdics eny dc ongt abtbredcb tlb cnturb io tlb prigbssbs io sumfbgtdgntdic. [lnt do wb mud`t iur iwc ‐engldcbs oir (itlbr) sumfbgtdgntdics―9 c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Gu`turnpbru.irk ds n prifbgt tlnt gnc mb ucabrstiia ns nc booirt ti gicstrugt n giuctbr-nppnrntus, n engldcb ti mud`a n`tbrcntdvb sumfbgtdgntdics nca navncgb n adoobrbct gu`turb io enppdck (Zbrhdcs, =::1). Qlb prifbgt ds gicgbdvba ns n Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe, ybt ‐ns ‐ns abcba nca mud`t orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb pbr spbgtdvb io gdvd` gd vd` sigdbty― (Ab`c, =:>:). Gu`turnpbru.irk—s Gu`turnpbru.irk—s absdkc nca gicgbptun`dzntdic stnrtba dc =::2. Qlb rst vbrsdic io tlb ic`dcb systbe wns
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abp`iyba dc =::4. Qlb prifbgt mbknc my enppdck cic-prit gu`turn` nssigdntdics dc Ebtripi`dtnc @den, n pd`it prifbgt ti dabctdoy tlb `ign` gu`turn` systbe. Dcdtdn``y, eirb tlnc 72: gu`turn` nssigdntdics wbrb dabctdba nca enppba. Qiany Qiany,, tlb systbe lns enppba eirb tlnc ;:: nssigdntdics, nca lns bxtbcaba ti tlrbb itlbr gdtdbs dc tlb giuctry. Qlb enppdck pnrt io tlds prifbgt bctnd`s dabctdoydck systbes (nca `ntbr cbtwirhs) nca gicoricts us wdtl dabi`ikdgn` dssubs orie tlb mbkdccdck. Dc tbres io tlb pi`dtdgs io ‐gnpturb my enppdck― (Nkrb, >441), ir tlb gicsdabrntdic io wlnt ds nca wlnt ds cit n gu`turn` nssigdntdic, ency abgdsdics lnvb ti mb tnhbc. Dc tlb gnsb io Gu`turnpbru.irk tlb nppringl wns ti kbcbrntb n bxdm`b, gictdckbct nca dcg`usdvb gntbkiry gn``ba ‐gu`turn` nssigdntdic oir sigdn` abvb`ipebct― wdtl glnrngtbrdstdgs tlnt wbrb cit bxg`usdvb`y abcba my tlb prifbgt ebembrs, mut my tlb usbrs tlbesb`vbs. [dtl tlds nttbept ti wirh tlriukl n eirb dcg`usdvb, bxdm`b nca ipbc gntbkiry, n `nrkb nca advbrsb cuembr io nssigdntdics giu`a mb kriupba tikbtlbr ucabr tlb sneb systbe, vi`uctnrd`y. Qlds `ikdg dep`dbs tlnt usbrs tlnt ai cit obb` nc nocdty ti tlb gntbkiry gnc ipt iut io tlb systbe. My usdck tlds bxdm`b gntbkiry tlb prifbgt ndes ti naarbss ‐tlb tbcsdic mbtwbbc ucdvbrsn`dty nca advbrkbcgb tlnt dcoires tlb ipbc spngb io dctbrcbtwirhdck― absgrdmba my Qbrrncivn (=::1), icb tlnt ‐priaugbs n rdgl gu`turn` aycnedgs nca n sbt io pi`dtdgn` qubstdics tlnt nrb tnhbc up nkndc nca nkndc ngriss cbtwirh gu`turb nt `nrkb (?=). Qlb dabn wns ti privdab n ‐strugturn` ipbcdck ti adoobrbcgb nca advbrkbcgb― (?1) cbgbssnry ti dcg`uab, rntlbr tlnc bxg`uab nkbcts. Ns sugl, Gu`turnpbru.irk nttbepts ti gicsi`dantb wlnt giu`a mb tbreba ns nc dcg`usdvb aigtrdcb, wlbrb nmsi`utb abcdtdics nrb cit cbgbssnry cbgbssnr y nca wlbrb udadty ds hby. hby. Qlds bxpbrdbcgb sliws tlnt g`nssdgntdic nca gnpturb tlriukl GDW ‗ wlbtlbr abvb`ipba my tlb Wtntb ir my gdvd` sigdbty ‗ ds ucnvidanm`b. Liwbvbr, Liwbvbr, tlb giuctbrnrkuebct stntbs tlnt sdcgb nrts nca gu`turn` nssigdntdics nrb gnpturba gicstnct`y my itlbr systbes (girpirntb, pum`dg, bgiciedg nca pi`dtdgn`), tlds dcdtdn` gnpturb my enppdck nppbnrs ns pi`dtdgn``y ti`brnm`b ic tlb slirt ruc. Dt ds dctbrbstdck ti citb tlnt tlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb gurrbct`y abvb`ipba dc Zbru ds cit dctbrbstba dc enppdck gu`turn` irkncdzntdics ir nssigdntdics, nt `bnst cit ybt. Dt ds n`si depirtnct ti citb tlnt tlb tbne dc glnrkb io tlb Nt`ns rbqubstba n gipy io tlb Gu`turnpbru. irk gu`turn` nssigdntdic antnmnsb ir adrbgtiry adrbgtir y ic Nprd` =:>>. Ns n wny ti `dedt tlb Edcdstry—s piwbr ivbr tlds dcoirentdic, wldgl lna cit ybt mbbc enab pum`dg dc n sdck`b aiwc`inanm`b oirent, tlb antnmnsb wns enab nggbssdm`b ti tlb kbcbrn` pum`dg, ic tlb wbm ns n sdck`b `b (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =:>>). Qlds gi``nmirntdic gicreba Gu`turnpbru.irk ri`b ns n hby ngtir dc tlb nrbcn io dcoirentdic nca gu`turb, n civb` ri`b oir nc dcabpbcabct cic-stntb prifbgt dc Zbru. Qlb pum`dgntdic io tlb antnmnsb oir ucrbstrdgtba usb my tlb kbcbrn` pum`dg ndeba ti sbt n stncanra oir dcoirentdic slnrdck wldgl wiu`a lipbou``y mb dedtntba my Wtntb-spicsirba prifbgts.
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Qlds dabn n`si rbvbn`s n spbgdg eiebct dc tlb bvi`utdic io GDW, mitl orie tlb pbrspbgtdvb io tlb Wtntb nca gdvd` sigdbty. Qlds eiebct lns ti ai wdtl tlb nmsbcgb io n abmntb ic tlb dssub io antnmnsbs dc dc GDW absdkc nca dep`bebctntdic dc Zbru. Gurrbct`y, GDW nrb cit gieeic`y absgrdmba ns gicsdstdck gicsds tdck io n antnmnsb nca n pnrtdgu`nr antnmnsb absdkc. Outurb rbsbnrgl ic GDW sliu`a mrdck ti tlb oirborict o irborict tlb pi`dtdgs io antnmnsbs tlnt abn` wdtl gu`turn` b`bebcts. Qlds wiu`a ipbc up n adsgussdic ic antn strugturbs nca tlb rb`ntdicsldp mbtwbbc tlbsb nrgldtbgturbs nca dctbrongb d ctbrongb dssubs, oir bxnep`b (Q ( Quied, >4448 EgKncc, =::;). Dctbrongb nca antnmnsb absdkc n`si dcvi`vb dssubs io pi`dtdgs nca piwbr. Oigusdck si`b`y ic antn wiu`a pisb n prim`be. Ns D ebctdicba dc tlb dctriaugtdic, antn aibs cit mbgieb dcoirentdic notbr ebncdck ds naaba ti dt. Ic tlb gictrnry, antn ds grbntba orie dcoirentdic my
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
puttdck dcoirentdic dcti n prb-abcba antn strugturb tlnt giep`btb`y abcbs dts ebncdck. Dcstbna io mbdck rnw entbrdn` oir dcoirentdic, antn bebrkbs ns n rbsu`t io naadck vn`ub ti dcoirentdic my puttdck dt dcti n oire tlnt gnc mb nutientdgn``y prigbssba (Quied, >444). Antn strugturbs nca absdkc n`si rbspica ti tlb cbtwirh io tlb nppnrntus, nca tlby bemiay adsgiursbs, dabns nca dabi`ikdbs. Qlds ds n grdtdgn` dssub. Wgli`nrs `dhb Encivdgl (=:>>) lnvb adsgussba tlb antnmnsb ns n cbw gu`turn` oire. Oir Encivdgl, tlb antnmnsb rbprbsbcts tlb wir`a ns n `dst io dtbes tlnt rbsdsts irabr8 n purb antnmnsb wiu`a mb ‐n sbt io b`bebcts cit irabrba dc ncy wny.― Liwbvbr, nggiradck ti _nc _nc abr _b`abc _b`abc (=:>>) tlds ds cbvbr tlb gnsb wlbc wb nggbss n antnmnsb (=11). Dc antnmnsbs, ‐tlbrb ds n`wnys n`rbnay sieb irabrdck kidck ic dc tlb oire io stncanras, sglbentn, `b adrbgtirdbs, nggbss rdklts, btg., tlnt noobgts wlnt hdca io dctbrongbs gnc mb grbntba oir tlb antnmnsb nca wlnt hdca io trnfbgtirdb s nrb pissdm`b― (=12, ey beplnsds). Qlb dabn io tlb ‐purb antnmnsb― lns dcubcgba tlb ucabrstncadck io wlnt n antnmnsb ds nca wlnt dt gnc ai, dc tlb sneb wny tlnt ‐rnw antn― lns sukkbstba bpdstbedg vdrtubs io imfbgtdvdty nca purdty. _nc ab` _b`abc—s (=:>>) eist privigntdvb g`nde ds tlnt tlbrb ds n pbroirentdvdty ti antnmnsb absdkc. Oir bxnep`b, n [bstbrc ebtnantn strugturb wd`` abtbredcb liw nc imfbgt wd`` mb irabrba dc tlb ivbrn`` systbe, tlbrbmy `dedtdck pissdmd`dtdbs pi ssdmd`dtdbs oir rb`ntdicn`dty (><2). Dc rbobrrdck ti dcadkbcius antnmnsbs, Nkrnwn` (>442, dc _nc _nc ab` _b`abc, =:>>) nrkubs tlnt nc dcadkbcius antnmnsb eust mb n `it eirb tlnc sdep`y n gicvbctdicn` antnmnsb ou`` io rbprbsbctntdics io Nmirdkdcn` hciw`bakb6 Oir dt ti mb nc dcadkbcius antnmnsb, dts nrgldtbgturb nca strugturb, dts sbnrgl prigbssbs nca dctbrongbs, dts iwcbrsldp nca usbs eust n`si rbbgt nca suppirt gictbxt spbgdg dcadkbcius wnys io mbdck nca hciwdck, nca pbip`b—s gictri` ivbr tlbdr iwc hciw`bakb (Nkrnwn`, (Nkrnwn`, >442, ey beplnsds). Antnmnsbs rbbgt n tlbiry io hciw`bakb tlnt ds wb`` ldaabc nca gnrrdbs tlb gu`turn` mdns io dts absdkcbrs (>;). Lbcgb, adsgussdics ns ti wldgl giccbgtdics nrb priaugtdvb nca wldgl nrb ti mb dkcirba cbba ti mb enab ns tlb antnmnsbs a ntnmnsbs nrb usba, cit ns tlby nrb gicstrugtba (Nkrnwn`, >442). Qlds dep`dbs tlb pissdmd`dty io eiadgntdic nca rb-absdkc, n sdtuntdic tlnt ds cit n`wnys n kdvbc. Qlb rbgbct wirh my Wrdcdvnstnc (=::;) ic ‐uda icti`ikdbs― wd`` mb hby dc tlb absdkc io GDW dc tlb outurb. Gicsdabrdck tlbsb dabns ic tlb pi`dtdgs io antnmnsb absdkc, D mb`dbvb tlnt GDW giu`a mbcbt krbnt`y orie tlbsb gicsdabrntdics nca gicgbrcs. Qlds wiu`a tnhb us orie tlb gicstrugtdic io GDW tlnt tbca ti mb gicgbdvba nca irabrba ns `dsts nca enps, ti GDW gicgbdvba ns sbenctdg cbtwirhs, rb`ntdicn` antnmnsbs nca dctbr-ipbrntdicn` systbes io hciw`bakb. Ns ebctdicba mboirb, tlb rst antnsbt io gu`turn` nssigdntdics oir sigdn` abvb`ipebct kbcbrntba my Gu`turnpbru.irk dc =::4 giuctba wdtl eirb tlnc 72: nssigdntdics dc @den, @d en, nca wns kbcbrntba my grissdck nca upantdck dcoirentdic orie tlrbb iogdn` pum`dg adrbgtirdbs. Qlb rbsu`t ds n pdgturb io liw, abspdtb sieb ivbr`np, bngl iogdn` adrbgtiry g`nssdbs nssigdntdics adoobrbct`y, nca vdbws tlb adstrdmutdic io gu`turn` nssigdntdics dc @den dc adoobrbct wnys (Wbb Qnm`b >). c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Dc itlbr wiras, adoobrbct naedcdstrntdvb ucdts io tlb Wtntb nca Dctbrcntdicn` Giipbrntdic ‐sbb― adoobrbct tldcks tlriukl adoobrbct pbrspbgtdvbs ir knzbs. Qlds ebncs tlnt wb kbcbrn``y wirh tlriukl n vbry dcgiep`btb ‐iogdn`― pdgturb. Qlds dcdtdn` enppdck n`si imtndcba dcoirentdic rbknradck tlb usb io Dctbrcbt my gu`turn`
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nssigdntdics. Iut io 72: gu`turn` nssigdntdics dabctdba dc Ebtripi`dtnc @den, ic`y >:: lna n wbmsdtb. Do wb kbcbrntb n vdsun`dzntdic ir krnpl io liw wbmsdtbs nrb dctbrgiccbgtba (slnrb `dchs), wb wd`` mb nm`b ti sbb nc dctbrbstdck krnpl (Wbb Odkurb 1) tlnt sliws liw `nrkb g`ustbrs (ldkl`y dctbrrb`ntba wbmsdtbs) nrb endc`y oireba my `nrkb prdvntb nca pum`dg dcstdtutdicn` ngtirs (ucdvbrsdtdbs, dctbrcntdicn` gu`turn` gbctbrs), wld`b ic`y icb krnss-riits gu`turn` nssigdntdic (Tuynglhncd) nppbnrs ti slnrb `dchs wdtl itlbr eirb dcstdtutdicn` sdtbs. Ci gu`turn` nssigdntdic slnrbs `dchs wdtl itlbr gu`turn` nssigdntdics dc tlb kriup. [ld`b tlds ds n ebnsurbebct dc tbres io [bmsdtb `ikdgs, dt mbgiebs nc dctbrbstdck ncn`iky. ncn`iky. [lbc sliwdck tlds enp ti gu`turn` ngtirs, ency dabctdoy tlds ns mbdck n pdgturb tlnt abpdgts tlb ldkl gbctrn`dzntdic io ‐gu`turn` piwbr― neick n obw p`nybrs dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =::4). Qlbsb hdcas io vdsun`dzntdics nca enppdcks kbcbrntb n`tbrcntdvb wnys io ‐rbnadck― tlb gu`turn` sbgtir nca sukkbst tlnt adoobrbct wnys io gicgbdvdck ‐sdtbs― io gu`turn` ngtdvdty ds pissdm`b. Qlb ongt tlnt Gu`turnpbru.irk ds cit abcba ns n cbtwirh, mut ds dcstbna gicgbptun`dzba ns n GDW tlnt wd`` bvbctun``y sustndc gu`turn` cbtwirhs (Ab`c, =:>:), ds depirtnct. Qlds ds n strntbkdg eivb dc tbres io tlb prifbgt—s dcdtdn` stnkbs io abvb`ipebct. My mud`adck nc n`tbrcntdvb systbe nca gn``dck dt ‐Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbe― Wystbe― n prigbss io rb-sdkcdgntdic nca prioncntdic (Nknembc, =::4) orie Wtntb piwbr, piwbr, tnhbs p`ngb. Gu`turnpbru.irk bxbrts n hdca io rbstirntdvb piwbr6 dt rbturcs tlb `igus io gu`turn` ngtdvdty ti pbip`b nca kriups io pbip`b, rntlbr tlnc sdtuntdck gu`turb dc n plysdgn` spngb ir dcstdtutdic my vdrtub io dts gu`turn` ‐priaugtdvdty,― ucabrstiia dc dcaustrdn` ir girpirntb tbres. Qlbrb ds n`si n adoobrbct hdca io prioncntdic tlnt tnhbs p`ngb nt tlb tbglci`ikdgn` `bvb`. My mud`adck n tbglci`ikdgn` systbe, vbry sded`nr ti tlb hdca io systbe tlb Edcdstry io Gu`turb wd`` `nucgl nt tlb bca io =:>> ir mbkdccdck io =:>=, Gu`turnpbru.irk stncas ns priio tlnt gdvd` sigdbty gnc n`si usb tbglci`iky dc dts onvir, nca tlnt tlds aibs cit bctnd` nc ucnttndcnm`b neiuct io spbgdn`dzba wirh, ns dt usba ti iggur dc tlb bnr`y >44:s wlbc tlb rst GDW wlbrb mud`t. Dcabba, tlb gurrbct adkdtn` nca nentbur gu`turb glnckbs tlb piwbr aycnedgs dc tbres io tbglci`ikdgn` usb nca GDW absdkc. Ns Grneptic (=:>>) lns dabctdba, nggbss ti tbglci`iky nca bebrkdck gu`turbs kdvb rdsb ti tlb mdrtl io cbw gnrtikrnplbrs. Qiany Qiany,, eirb pbip`b gnc mud`a n kbi-rbobrbcgba antn rbsiurgbs usdck Kiik`b Enps ir Kiik`b Bnrtl, nca ipbc siurgb Gictbct Encnkbebct Wystbes (GEW) `dhb Arupn` ir Fiie`n. Cbw icti`ikdbs gnc mb denkdcba, absdkcba nca dep`bebctba.
Qlb bxnep`b io Gu`turnpbru.irk sukkbsts liw nc n`tbrcntdvb icti`iky oir gnpturdck nca dcstruebctn`dzdck gu`turb eny mb gicstrugtba. Qlds n`tbrcntdvb, liwbvbr, lns dts iwc giep`dgntdics. Qlb adoobrbcgb mbtwbbc n GDW mud`t my tlb Wtntb nca icb mud`t my gdvd` sigdbty `dbs dc tlb hdca io sigdn` bckdcbbrdck tlnt ngtun``y tnhbs p`ngb, nca tlb hdca io cbtwirhs bstnm`dslba ti kbcbrntb dcoirentdic. Dc tlb gnsb io tlb Wtntb, wld`b rb`ntdicsldps mbtwbbc naedcdstrntdvb ucdts nrb adogu`t ti bstnm`dsl nca endctndc nt rst, tlby gnc mb bvbctun``y oiren`dzba dcti strntbkdg p`ncs nca dcstdtutdicn` im`dkntdics. Dc tlb gnsb io gdvd` sigdbty, tlb strntbky io wirhdck tikbtlbr ir pnrtdgdpntdck dc n GDW `dhb Gu`turnpbru.irk stbes orie vbry adoobrbct eitdvntdics. Qlb dssub io encantb ds hby6 [ld`b lnvdck n pum`dg encantb eny dep`y rdkda strugturbs nca icti`ikdbs dt kunrnctbbs n hdca io rb`ntdic ti tlb Wystbe (my `nw). N adoobrbct encantb stbeedck orie gdvd` sigdbty—s dctbrbst gnc mb eirb bxdm`b, mut vbry adogu`t ti sustndc tlriukl purb nocdty nca vi`uctbbr (n`eist noobgtdvb) `nmir. Qlbrb ds io giursb tlb dssub io bgiciey. [ld`b tlb Wtntb ongbs gln``bckbs endctndcdck n GDW, dts abvb`ipebct ds bembaaba dc tlb onmrdg io gictbepirnry kivbrcncgb prngtdgbs, wldgl bctnd`s sieb oucadck nca dcstdtutdicn` sustndcnmd`dty. [dtl gdvd` sigdbty, tlbrb ds ci bembaaba encantb nca
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
privdck liw tlds hdca io dcoirentdic eny mb vn`unm`b ti nssigdntdics gnc mb gln``bckdck. D mb`dbvb tlnt icb wny io ivbrgiedck tlbsb gln``bckbs, ir enhdck tlds tbcsdic eirb priaugtdvb, ds ti bcknkb dc wlnt giu`a mb tbreba ‐rb`ntdicn` ncn`ytdgs― tlnt enhbs mitl systbes ‐tn`h ti bngl itlbr― nca kbcbrntb cbw dcoirentdic ic spbgdg dssubs. Oir bxnep`b, icb io tlb rst ngtdics Gu`turnpbru.irk wd`` bcknkb dc icgb tlb rst vbrsdic io tlb Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb ds pum`dslba ds tlb rbqubst oir tlbdr antnsbts. Qlb dabn ds ti ‐nsh― tlb bctdrb Gu`turnpbru.irk antnmnsb io gu`turn` nssigdntdics ‐ liw iotbc lnvb tlby usba tlb dcornstrugturb tlnt tlb Wtntb lns enppba, nca wlnt wns tlbdr bxpbrdbcgb(s) `dhb9. ― Qlb nrkuebct ds tlnt hciwdck liw ency ‐spngbs oir sgbcdg nrts― bxdst dc tlb giuctry ds cit bciukl6 [b n`si cbba ti hciw liw nggbssdm`b nca usbou` tlbsb spngbs nrb oir pbip`b nca gu`turn` nssigdntdics. Nrb wb pbrlnps, cit `iihdck nt tlb bctdrb pdgturb nkndc9 D mb`dbvb tlbsb hdcas io rb`ntdicn` nca dctbr-systbe ncn`ysds sliu`a mbgieb n lirdzic oir outurb dctbrvbctdic, ns tlby n`si gictrdmutb dc `bkdtdedzdck tlb depirtncgb io gi-bxdstdck hciw`bakb systbes. Nc depirtnct qubstdic oir ourtlbr tlbirbtdgn` abmntb ds do tlb pnrtdgdpntdic io ebembrs io tlb pipu`ntdic dc tlb kntlbrdck io antn (nca dc tlb kbcbrntdic io tbglcdqubs nca rntdicn`bs oir antn kntlbrdck) bctnd`s wlnt Nppnaurnd gn``s ‐kivbrcebctn`dty orie mb`iw― (>44<)6 Qi tlisb oned`dnr wdtl Oiugnu`t—s Oiugnu`t—s dabns, tlds eny sbbe ti mb n wirrdsieb oire io nuti kivbrcebctn`dty, kivbrcebctn`dty, n giemdcntdic io sb`o-survbd``ncgb nca sb`o-bcuebrntdic, tru`y dcsdadius dc dts gnpd``nry rbngl. Mut ey iwc vdbw ds tlnt tlds sirt io kivbrcebctn`dty orie mb`iw, dc tlb wir`a io tlb urmnc piir, ds n hdca io giuctbr-kivbrcebctn`dty, giuctbr-kivbrcebctn`dty, ncdentba my tlb sigdn` sig dn` rb`ntdics io slnrba pivbrty, my tlb bxgdtbebct io ngtdvb pnrtdgdpntdic dc tlb pi`dtdgs io hciw`bakb, nca my dts iwc ipbccbss ti girrbgtdic tlriukl itlbr oires io dctdentb hciw`bakb nca spictncbius bvbryany pi`dtdgs. Dc slirt, tlds ds kivbrcebctn`dty turcba nkndcst dtsb`o. Do wb gnc bcknkb dc ngts io prioncntdic, nca kbcbrntb giuctbr-nppnrntusbs, gnc wb n`si spbnh io n kivbrcebctn`dty ‐turcba nkndcst dtsb`o―9 Ncncyn ]iy (=::2) naarbssbs tlds dssub nca puts oirwnra tlb ncn`ytdg gicgbpt io ‐gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty.― Qlds dabn lns ti ai wdtl tlb stuay io spntdn` pi`dtdgs, nca tlb adstdcgtdic enab my sgli`nrs mbtwbbc kivbrcebctn`dty nca ‐giuctbr-kivbrcebctn`dty,― mbtwbbc ‐kivbrcebctn`dty orie nmivb― nca ‐kivbrcebctn`dty orie mb`iw,― mbtwbbc ‐gdvd` sigdbty― nca ‐pi`dtdgn` sigdbty― (Nppnaurnd =::=8 Glnttbrfbb =::1). Oir ]iy, tlb gicgbpt io ‐gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty― mud`as ic nca ybt abpnrts orie, sugl gicgbptun`dzntdics io kivbrcebctn`dty. kivbrcebctn`dty. Qlds nutlir bcvdsdics gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty ns n spntdn`dzba rbkdeb tlnt oucgtdics tlriukl pnrtdgu`nr ebctn`dtdbs ir rntdicn`dtdbs6 Qlbsb dcg`uab nc dcornstrugturb io pipu`dst ebadntdic8 tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcdck (oir bxnep`b, hciw`bakb priaugtdic)8 nca cires io sb`o-ru`b (oir bxnep`b, gicgbpts io gdvd`dty nca gdvdgcbss). Liwbvbr, D rbfbgt tlb adstdcgtdic tlnt Nppnaurnd nca Glnttbrfbb arnw mbtwbbc ‐kivbrcebctn`dty ‐kivbrcebctn`dty orie tlb tip― nca ‐kivbrcebctn`dty ‐kivbrcebctn`dty orie mb`iw― (>?:).
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]iy oigusbs ic krnssriits irkncdzntdics tlnt sbbh ti gicstrugt nca encnkb n gdvdg rbn`e nca citbs tlnt tlbsb krnssriits rbkdebs io kivbrcebct mitl rbsdst nca giep`y wdtl wdtl wlnt eny mb pbrgbdvba ti mb tip-aiwc oires io ru`b, mb dt tlisb bencntdck orie tlb stntb ir orie dctbrcntdicn` dcstdtutdics (>?>). Wugl gdvdg rbkdebs priaugb n ‐kivbrcebctn`dzntdic io tlb stntb,― rbgrbntdck tlb tbres io ru`b nca gdtdzbcsldp. Nt tlb sneb tdeb, tlbrb ds n`si n ‐gdvd`dz<;
dck― io pi`dtdgn` sigdbty s igdbty,, sugl tlnt krnssriits kivbrcebctn`dty giebs ti turc ic oirentdics o irentdics io gdvdg dabctdty da bctdty nca n mrinabr gdvdg gieedtebct ti tlb dabn ‗ dc tlb gnsb io ]iy—s stuay dc Euemnd ‗ io n ucdba gdty (>?>). Qlb citdic io ‐gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty― dabctdbs n hdca io giuctbr-kivbrcebctn`dty tlnt ds cbdtlbr titn`dzdck cir ucdadrbgtdicn`, ucdad rbgtdicn`, nca ds eirb cuncgba. Eirb depirtnct`y, dt slbas `dklt ic tlb `dedts nca gictrnadgtdics io tlb pi`dtdgs io dcg`usdic. D nkrbb wdtl ]iy dc tlnt tlbrb ds n krbnt abn` ti mb `bnrcba nmiut piwbr nca nutlirdty my stuaydck liw sumfbgts nca spngbs gieb ti mb ‐dcsdab― tlb prifbgt io gdtdzbcsldp (>?=), spbgdn``y ns tlds dcg`usdic tnhbs p`ngb tlriukl tlb usb io sigdi-tbglcdgn` abvdgbs `dhb GDW. Dc tlb gnsb io Gu`turnpbru.irk wb sbb nc bebrkdck hdca io gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty6 [b gnc rbgikcdzb tlb dcornstrugturb io pipu`dst ebadntdic (‐[b, tlb gu`turn` nssigdntdics―), tbglci`ikdbs io kivbrcdck (gbctbrba ic hciw`bakb priaugtdic), nca cires io sb`o-ru`b (dc tlds gnsb gicgbpts io ‐nssigdntdvdty oir gu`turn` abvb`ipebct―, n hdca io gu`turn` gdtdzbcsldp). Ns Gu`turnpbru.irk naarbssbs tlb enppdck io tlbsb dcstncgbs io nssigdntdvdty dt bcknkbs dc n spntdn` pi`dtdgs nca tlb bstnm`dslebct io n spntdn`dzba rbkdeb. Ourtlbr stuadbs ‗ icgb tlb Wtntb GDW dc Zbru ds ou``y oucgtdicn` ‗ sliu`a imsbrvb tlb pi`dtdgs io dctbrngtdic mbtwbbc systbes, nca tlb wny giepbtdck nca n`tbrcntdvb dabns nca prngtdgbs prngtd gbs io gu`turn` gdtdzbcsldp, ebadntba tlriukl tbglci`ikdgn` ebncs, bebrkb.
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Gicg`usdic
Qlds lns mbbc nc booirt ti prim`bentdzb p rim`bentdzb n typb io dcoirentdic systbe, `iihdck spbgdgn``y spbgdgn`` y ti gicstdtutb Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes ns depirtnct imfbgts io stuay nca tliuklt dc tlb b`a io gu`turn` pi`dgy rbsbnrgl. GDW gnc mb gicgbdvba ns nppnrntusbs ‑ tlnt ds ti sny, cbtwirhs io adsgiursbs, hciw`bakb, pripisdtdics nca dcstdtutdics ‑ tlnt bcknkb dc tlb grbntdic io sumfbgts. Qlbsb nrb tbglci`ikdbs io gictri` nca kivbrcncgb tlnt bstnm`dsl rbkdebs io trutl, nca nrb gurrbct`y bxpncadck tlriukliut tlb @ntdc Nebrdgnc rbkdic. Gu`turn` dcoirentdic Wystbes nppbnr dc tlb bnr`y >44:s, dc n eiebct dc wldgl cbi`dmbrn` dabns ic Cbw Zum`dg Encnkbebct nca ‐Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts― stnrtba bebrkdck. Ns abvdgbs tlnt nde ti privdab bvdabcgb wdtl wldgl ti enhb pi`dtdgn` abgdsdics, GDW nrb bssbctdn``y pi`dtdgn` abvdgbs. Qlbdr stuay gnccit mb rbaugba ti tlbdr entbrdn`dty ns [bmsdtbs, ir ic`dcb p`ntoires. Grdtdgn` ncn`ysbs cbba ti npprbgdntb tlbdr eu`tdp`b `nybrs. Oigusdck ic n GDW ns [bmsdtb ir adkdtn` nrtdongt gnc enhb us adsrbknra tlbdr ri`bs ns abvdgbs oir sigdn` bckdcbbrdck, nca tlb bstnm`dslebct ir pnrtdgu`nr hciw`bakb/bpdstbei`ikdgn` rbkdebs. Ns abvdgbs tlnt giemdcb g`nssdgntdic nca enppdck, GDW rbprbsbct wnys io ucabrstncadck mut n`si io rbgrbntdck tlb wir`a. GDW lnvb n grugdn` ri`b dc tlb grbntdic nca rbgrbntdic io n gu`turn` sbgtir nca dc tlb gicstrugtdic io ‐dcgiep`btb gu`turn` spngbs,― ns enps gnc ‐sliw― tlb cbba ti mud`a eirb eusbues ir absdkc pi`dgy pi`d gy ti oistbr eirb eivdb tlbntbrs dc n kdvbc nrbn, wld`b ldadck tlb cbba ti rbgikcdzb nca prieitb itlbr dcadkbcius gu`turn` dcornstrugturb.
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Nknembc (=::4) ebctdics tlnt wb bxdst dc d c n tdeb dc wldgl tlbrb ds n miuca`bss kriwtl io nppnrntusbs tlnt girrbspicas ti tlb bxtrbeb pri`dobrntdic io prigbssbs io sumfbgtdgntdic (=>). Dc tbres io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir, tlbrb nrb obw bxp`dgdt bxp`dgd t nca vdsdm`b ‐rb`bct`bss ‐rb`bct`bss klts― (=:) mbtwbbc GDW ns nppnrntusbs nca `dvdck grbnturbs. Dc ncy gnsb, tlbsb nppnrntusbs sbbe ti mb wdccdck ‐tlb ‐tlb klts,― ns tlby bxpnca bnsd`y dcti adoobrbct cntdicn` gictbxts, wdtliut bcgiuctbrdck systbentdg rbsdstncgb ir grdtdgn` grd tdgn` qubstdicdck. Qlds gnc mb g`bnr`y abpdgtba dc liw bvbc krnssriits nca dcabpbcabct kriups tbca ti prieitb nc nkbcan io gu`turn` bgiciedzntdic, tlriukl tlbdr iutspihbc suppirt io Wtntb booirts ti abcb tlb gictrdmutdic io tlb gu`turn` sbgtir n cntdicn` KAZ, KAZ, ir tlb pbrgbctnkb tlnt tlb gu`turn` dcaustrdbs gictrdmutb ti tlb bgiciey io n giuctry (n pbroirengb io tlb hdca io absumfbgtdgntdic Nknembc wnrcs us nmiut). Dc itlbr wiras, tlb `bkdtdedzntdic io gu`turn` pi`dgdbs tlriukl bgiciedg ebncs tbcas ti mb tlb cire nca bvbc rbgbdvbs tlb suppirt io krnssriits kriups nca gdvd` sigdbty. [b [b hciw io ci itlbr nttbepts nt prieitdck itlbr hdcas io vn`untdic systbes nca ornebwirhs oir `bkdtdentb ngtdic. ]iy—s (=::1) gictbctdic tlnt rbkdebs io dcg`usdic nrb n`si rbkdebs io gdvdg kivbrcebctn`dty sliu`a mb stuadba ourtlbr, ns tlds p`nys iut dc tlb usb io tbglci`ikdgn` abvdgbs my krnssriits kriups dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir. <4
Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes, ns bxpbrdbcgba tiany, gictrdmutb dc tlb gicstrugtdic io tlb dabn io n sdcku`nr Gu`turn` Gu`turn` Bgiciey8 n cnturn`dzba nca cnturn`dzdck ucdvbrsb ucdvbrsb tlnt nrtdgu`ntbs itlbr gictbepirnry dabns ic gu`turn` dcaustrdbs, grbntdvb dcaustrdbs, grbntdvb g`nssbs, grbntdvb gdtdbs, dctb``bgtun` pripbrty rbkdebs, gu`turn` dcadgntirs nca stntdstdgs, btg. Qlbsb dabns slnpb tlb hdcas io gntbkirdbs n GDW encnkbs, dts ivbrn`` bpdstbei`ikdgn` adrbgtdic, nca tlb hdca io gicgrbtb enppdck tlnt tnhbs p`ngb. Liwbvbr, tlb citdic io Gu`turn` Bgiciey ds cit stnm`b. Kdmsic nca Hick (=::2) lnvb sliwc liw ency io tlb gictrnadgtiry nca advbrkbct ad vbrkbct dctbrprbtntdics io gu`turn` bgiciey rbendc ti mb ncn`yzba. Dt ds depirtnct ti gictbst bstnm`dslba nca cnturn`dzba citdics io Gu`turn` Bgiciey. Bgiciey. Qlds giu`a `bna us ti itlbr n`tbrcntdvb, dcadkbcius nca/ir p`urn` gicgbptun`dzntdics. Ns wb lnvb sbbc, GDW usbs xba gntbkirdbs ti sbcsb n pnrtdgu`nr tbrrdtiry nca gu`turn` `ncasgnpb, nca dctbrprbt dt ns n gu`turn` rbn`dty. rbn`dty. Lbcgb, dt ds grugdn` ti prieitb n`tbrcntdvb gicgbptdics oir GDW abvb`ipebct nca systbes oir gu`turn` g`nssdgntdic, icbs tlnt eny rb-sdkcdoy gu`turn` dcoirentdic systbes, nca n``iw oir tlb grbntdic nca gi-bxdstbcgb io vnrdius GDW, wirhdck tlriukl adoobrbct vn`untdic systbes nca tlb bxp`irntdic io n`tbrcntdvbs ti enrhbt-irdbctba pi`dtdgn` bgiciedbs. bgiciedbs . Nt stnhb ds gu`turn` advbrsdty ad vbrsdty,, cit ic`y dc tbres io gu`turn` ebncdck, gictbcts nca spngbs oir ebncdck-grbntdic kbcbrntba my luenc ngtdvdty, mut n`si io piwbrou` prigbssbs io sumfbgtdgntdic. Qlbsb prigbssbs abtbredcb, neick itlbr tldcks, iur gnpngdty ti nspdrb (Nppnaurnd, =::1). Qlby n`si gicadtdic tlb wny wb gicgbdvb io gu`turb ns n ongtir oir sigdn` abvb`ipebct, ns wb mbgieb dcgirpirntba dc tlb oucgtdics o ucgtdics io piwbr (Ab`buzb dc Nrestrick, >44>). [ld`b Gu`turnpbru.irk ds nc bxnep`b io nc n`tbrcntdvb ornebwirh oir GDW abvb`ipebct, dt ds tii prbenturb ti bstnm`dsl dts ivbrn`` depngt. Ourtlbreirb, tlb nppbnrncgb io tlb Wtntb-spicsirba GDW dc Zbru wd`` enrh n cbw eiebct, ns dt eny `bca dtsb`o ti dctbr-systbe gieeucdgntdic8 n vbry depirtnct sdtuntdic oir ncn`ysds nt tlb tbglcdgn` nca pi`dtdgn` `bvb`. Liwbvbr, tlb rb`ntdvb suggbss io tlds prifbgt (bxprbssba dc dts rbgikcdtdic my tlb Wtntb nca gdvd` sigdbty) gnc suppirt tlb g`nde tlnt n kin` oir gdvd` sigdbty dc tlb cbnr outurb sliu`a mb ti prieitb n mrina mnsb io hciw`bakb, kbcbrntdck nca sustndcdck GDW systbes tlnt prioncb gu`turn` gntbkirdbs, rbbxnedcb nca eiadoy prbvnd`dck gicvbctdics nmiut wlnt giucts ns grbadm`b hciw`bakb, nca prieitb hciw`bakb-mud`adck ngtdvdtdbs tlnt griss systbes nca adsgdp`dcnry miucanrdbs (Wglirr, =::7). Ncitlbr depirtnct nspbgt oir ourtlbr stuay ds liw nt tlb `bvb` io dcoirentdicn` nrgldtbgturbs io GDW, wb eny abvb`ip wlnt Wrdcdvnsnc (=::;) rbobrs ti ‐uda icti`ikdbs― (Wrdcdvnsnc, =::;8 Wrdcdvnsnc & Lunck, =::2). Nggiradck ti Wrdcdvnsnc (=::;), tlb piwbr io tlb uda icti`iky nppringl ds tlnt dt aibs cit beplnsdzb tlb mud`adck io dctb``dkbct, n prdird stncanradzba hciw`bakb strugturbs mut dcstbna oigusbs ic grbntdck prigbssbs nca privdadck tii`s ti krnaun``y suppirt tlb sbcsb-enhdck prigbssbs io luencs wlbc tlby nrb gicorictba wdtl gu`turn` nca nrtdstdg lbrdtnkb (>2).
4:
Ns nppnrntusbs nca cbtwirhs io lbtbrikbcbius b`bebcts, dt ds p`nusdm`b ti nssueb tlnt GDW vnry nggiradck ti gictbxt. Qlb Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Bgisystbe nppringl dc Gbctrn` Nebrdgn ds bvdabcgb io tlds vnrdntdic. My stuaydck tlds dssub ns dt p`nys iut dc tlb gictbxt io n giuctry `dhb Zbru, tlds tlbsds ndeba ti gictrdmutb ti n eirb cuncgba ucabrstncadck io liw tlb prigbss io GDW dep`bebctntdic tnhbs p`ngb dc n spbgdg dcstdtutdicn` gictbxt. [ld`b wb eny ca sded`nrdtdbs ngriss giuctrdbs, wdtldc tlb kbcbrn` dctbctdic ti mud`a rbkdicn` ornebwirhs oir gu`turn` kivbrcncgb (ns sbbc dc tlb WDG-WR] gnsb), gictbxtun` adoobrbcgbs nca `ign` bxpbrdbcgbs eny privdab us wdtl rdglbr dcoirentdic nca kriucaba hciw`bakb ic tlb bxpbrdbcgb io kivbrcebctn`dty ns bxprbssba dc tlb gu`turn` sbgtir io giuctrdbs dc tlb Wiutl tiany. Qlds sliu`a mb nc dssub oir outurb rbsbnrgl, ns wb`` ns giepnrntdvb stuadbs ic GDW dep`bebctntdic.
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Io pnrtdgu`nr dctbrbst sliu`a mb bcknkdck dc n grdtdqub io gu`turn` dcornstrugturb, sdcgb ‐icb pbrsic—s dcornstrugturb eny mb ncitlbr—s mnrrdbr― (Miwhbr nca Wtnr, >442). Nc nkbcan io gu`turn` advbrsdty ns bxprbssba dc GDW absdkc eny dc ongt dep`y abvb`ipdck naadtdicn` g`nssdgntdic systbes oir wlnt wb giu`a gn`` ‐dcadkbcius gu`turn` dcornstrugturbs― (oir ebeiry, rbgicstdtutdic, gb`bmrntdic)8 gntbkirdbs tlnt eny nggiuct oir gu`turn` ngtdvdtdbs dc cic-dcaustrdn` spngbs nca oir cic-gieebrgdn` purpisbs. Miwhbr nca Wtnr—s Wtnr—s (>4428 =::=) wirh ic dcornstrugturb wd`` mb hby dc tlds pursudt. Qlb endc `bssic ds tlnt Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic Wystbes gnccit mb ucabrstiia wdtliut gicsdabrdck tlb bgiciey tlby nrb pnrt io, nca tlb hdca io pbroirentdvb ri`b tlby lnvb dc tlb bstnm`dslebct nca rbgrbntdic io n Gu`turn` Bgiciey (Gnstrbb, =::1). Odcn``y, D slnrb tlb gicgbrcs rndsba my Lnccnl (=::4) nmiut ncitlbr obnturb io ‐gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry.― Qlds ds tlb ongt tlnt tlb pitbctdn` gicsi`dantdic io std``-ornkebctba gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry rbendcs n prbssdck pi`dtdgn` prim`be. D nkrbb tlnt ‐ns tbglcdgn` mnrrdbrs ti tlds gicsi`dantdic nrb bvbr eirb giep`btb`y rbeivba― (tlriukl tlb usb io ipbc siurgb tbglci`ikdbs nca nentbur adkdtn` gu`turb, oir bxnep`b), ‐tlb murabc io ln`tdck tlb gicsi`dantdic io gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry on``s bvbr eirb bxg`usdvb`y dcti tlb rbn`e io pi`dtdgs nca ngtdvdse― (=7).
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4>
4=
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Adstrdmugd÷c ab Nsigdngdicbs Gu`turn`bs pnrn b` Absnrri``i pir Vicn y Mnsb ab Antis (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =::4)
Adstrdmutdic io Gu`turn` Nssigdntdics oir Abvb`ipebct my Vicb nca Antnmnsb (Gu`turnpbru.irk, =::4)
AD] DCG6 Adrbgtirdi ab` Dcstdtuti Cngdicn`
t lb Cntdicn` DcstdAD] DCG6 Adrbgtiry io tlb
ab Gu`turn (=::2)
tutb io Gu`turb (=::2)
]NWGI6 ]bkdstri ab Nsigdngdicbs Gu`-
]NWGI6 ]bkdstry io Gu`turn` Nssigdntdics io
turn`bs ab` Dcstdtuti Cngdicn` ab Gu`turn (=::4)
tlb Cntdicn` Dcstdtutb io Gu`turb (=::4) GGB6 Antnmnsb io tlb Wpncdsl Gu`turn`
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
GGB6 Mnsb ab Antis ab` Gbctri Gu`turn` ab
Gbctbr
Bspnþn 47
41
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Odkur� > / Odkurb >
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
WDGWR], WDG qub bc bstb gnsi eubstrn `n umdgngd÷c ab badtirdn`bs y `n ‐Bgicieån gu`turn`― giei pirgbctnfb ab` ZMD (lttp6//www.sdgsur.irk/eepp/dcabx.plp) sbköc nggbsi b` >> ab nmrd`, =:>=)
WDGWR], GDW sliwdck `igntdic io pum`dsldck giepncdbs, nca tlb ‐Gu`turn` Bgiciey― ns pbrgbctnkb io KAZ (lttp6//www.sdgsur.irk/eepp/dcabx.plp ns nggbssba ic Nprd` >>tl, =:>=) 42
4?
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Odkurb =.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
_dstn ab pnctn``n ab uc enpn qub eubstrn `n umdgngd÷c ab eusbis bc Eäxdgi, =:>= (lttp6//sdg.gicngu`tn.kim.ex/enpnsY kenps/enpnkrn`/enpnZ.plp9tnm`b5eusbi sbköc nggbsi b` >= ab nmrd`, =:>=)
Wgrbbcslit io enp sliwdck `igntdic io eusbues dc Ebxdgi, =:>= (lttp6//sdg.gicngu`tn.kim.ex/enpnsY kenps/enpnkrn`/enpnZ.plp9tnm`b5eusbi ns nggbssba ic Nprd` >>, =:>=) 4;
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Odkur� / Odkurb 7.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
_i`nctb Adkdtn` pnrn `n Gnepnþn ¹Bstneis tiais9 ( lttp6//dcaustrdnsgu`turn`bsynrtbs. m`ikspit.gie/p/sdg-sdstben-ab-dcoirengdic-gu`turn`.lte`, sbköc nggbsi >> ab nmrd`, =:>=)
Adkdtn` O`dbr7 oir Gnepndkc ¹Ds tlds n`` io us9 (lttp6//dcaustrdnsgu`turn`bsynrtbs.m`ikspit. gie/p/sdg-sdstben-ab-dcoirengdic-gu`turn`. lte`, ns nggbssba ic Nprd` >>, =:>=) 44
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� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Odkur� / Odkurb 1
Obgln6 >: ab fucdi, =::48 Ncî`dsds ab gi-bc`ngb pir6 (pîkdcn)8 Cöebri ab dtbrngdicbs6 (>)8 Zrioucadana ab cnvbkngd÷c6 (=)8 Zuctis ab dcdgdi prdvd`bkdnais6 (ic) c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Qipi`ikån ab Wdtdis [bm ab Nsigdngdicbs Gu`turn`bs bc b` Wdstben ab Gu`turnpbru.irk (Onsb >). Kbcbrnan gic Dssubgrnw`br.cbt, =::4
Antb6 Fucb >:tl, =::48 Gi-`dch ncn`ysds my6 (pnkb)8 Cuembr io dtbrntdics6 (>)8 Grnw` abptl6 (=)8 Zrdvd`bkba stnrtdck pidcts6 (ic) Qipi`iky io Gu`turn` Nssigdntdic [bmsdtbs dc Gu`turnpbru.irk Wystbe (Zlnsb >). Kbcbrntba wdtl Dssubgrnw`br.cbt, =::4 >:>
>:=
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Mdm`dikr�oå� Mdm`dikr�pl�
Nknembc, K. (=::4). [lnt ds nc Nppnrntus9 Nca itlbr bssnys. Wtncaoira6 Wtncoira Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss.
Nkrb, Z. (>441). Wurvbd``ncgb nca Gnpturb. Qlb Cbw Ebadn ]bnabr , [nrardp-Orudc [nrardp-Orudc nca Eictoirt, Eictoirt, bas. Gnemrdakb6 Qlb EDQ Zrbss, Zrbss, ;7;-;?:. N`onri, W. (=:>>). Ab `is subþis y itris abeicdis6 `n pi`åtdgn gu`turn` ab` sbkucai n`ncdsei. Dc B` ^udcqubcdi Zbradai6 Grbgdedbcti gic bxg`usd÷c. @den6 ABWGI Nppnaurnd, N. (=::>). Abbp abeigrngy6 urmnc kivbrcebctn`dty nca tlb lirdzic io pi`dtdgs. Bcvdricebct & Rrmncdzntdic, _i`. >7, Ci =, Igtimbr =::>. Nppnaurnd, N. (=::1). Qlb Gnpngdty ti Nspdrb6 Gu`turb nca tlb Qbres io ]bgikcdtdic. Dc ]ni, _. & [n`tic, E. (bas.), Gu`turb nca Zum`dg Ngtdic (pp. 24<1). Zn`i N`ti, Gn`doircdn6 Wtncoira Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. Oiugnu`t 6 Zld`isiplbr. Zld`isiplbr. @icaic6 ]iut`bakb. Nrestrick, Q. F. (>44>). Edglb` Oiugnu`t
Mbcdkbr, F. (>4<4). Qlb Gictri` ]bvi`utdic6 Qbglci`ikdgn` Qbglci`ikdgn` nca Bgiciedg Irdkdcs io tlb Dcoirentdic Wigdbty . Lnrvnra Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. Mbrcstbdc, F. (=::4). Qlb Antn-Dcoirentdic-Hciw`bakb-[dsaie Ldbrnrgly nca dts Nctdtlbsds. Fiurcn` io Dcoirentdic Dcoirentdic Wgdbcgb , 72(=)6 ?<-;2. Miwhbr, K. G. & Wtnr, Wtnr, W. @. (>442). [irh [irh nca Dcornstrug Dcorn strugturb. turb. Gieeucdgntdics io tlb NGE. Wbptbembr >442/_i`. 7<, Ci. 4 Miwhbr, K. G. & Wtnr, W. @. (>444). Wirtdck Qldcks Iut6 G`nssdgntdic nca Dts Gicsbqubcgbs. Qlb EDQ Zrbss. Miwhbr, Miwhbr, K. G. & Wtnr, Wtnr, W. @. (=::=) Liw ti Dcornstrugturb. Dc @dbvriuw, @. & @dvdcksticb, W. (bas), Lncamiih io Cbw Ebadn . Wnkb Zum`dgntdics. c ` b A i d g d r u � E
Mrnaoira, K., Knry Knr y, E., & [n``ngl, K. (=:::). Qlb Zi`dtdgs io Gu`turb6 Zi`dgy Zbrspbgtdvbs Zbrspbgtdvbs oir Dcadvdaun`s, Dcstdtutdics, nca Gieeucdtdbs. Qlb Cbw Zrbss. >:7
Mrby, Z. (=::2). Qlb Bpdstbei`iky nca Icti`iky io Luenc‗Gieputbr DctbrEngldcbs , >26 7<7‗74<. ngtdic. Edcas nca Engldcbs Mrÿgh`dck, R., Hrnsencc, W., & @behb, Q. Q. (=:>:). Kivbrcebctn`dty6 Kivbrcebctn`dty6 Gurrbct Dssubs nca Outurb Gln``bckbs6 >. Q & O Miihs RW. Mruci, D. (=::4). Qlb ‐Dcabcdtb Adsgdp`dcb― io Giepbtdtdvbcbss Mbcglenrhdck ns n Cbi`dmbrn` Qbglci`iky Qbglci`iky io Kivbrcebct. Edcbrvn, 1; , =?>-=<:. Gn`liuc, G. & Wbccbtt, ]. (=::;). Zrngtdgdck Gu`turb . Nmdckaic6 ]iut`bakb. Grdtdgn` Dctriaugtdic Dctriaugtdic ti Gnrtikrnply Gnrtikrnply nca KDW. Grneptic, F. (=:>>). Enppdck6 N Grdtdgn` Cbw Tirh6 Filc [d`by & Wics.
Grneptic, F. & Hrykdbr, F. (=::?). Nc Dctriaugtdic ti Grdtdgn` Gnrtikrnply. Gnrtikrnply. Ngeb Zum`dgntdics. Zum`dgntdics. Grneptic, F. [., & B`abc, W. (=::;). Wpngb, hciw`bakb nca piwbr6 Oiugnu`t nca kbikrnply. Nslkntb Zum`dsldck, @ta. Gu`turnpbru.irk (=:>>) Adrbgtirdi. ]btrdbvba orie6 lttp6//gu`turnpbru.irk/ gp/adrbgtirdi Anwsic, W. nca Anrkdb, G. (>444) "Cbw pum`dg encnkbebct6 nc nssbssebct nca bvn`untdic wdtl spbgdn` rbobrbcgb ti RH lbn`tl." Zum`dg Encnkbebct , >(1)6 124-1<> Ab`c, E. (=::4). Gu`turnpbru.irk6 Rcn p`ntnoiren pnrn `n pnrtdgdpngd÷c gduanancn bc gu`turn dc Gi-`nmirnr6 bxpbrdbcgdns ab gi`nmirngd÷c y trnmnfi. trnmnfi. Nggbssba ic Abgbembr 2tl, =:>>6 lttp6//www.sgrdma.gie/aig/7>==<;<2/Gi-@nmirnr lttp6//www.sgrdma.gie/aig/7>==<;<2/Gi-@nmirnr Absnd, _. & Derdb, ]. (>44<). Qlb cbw encnkbrdn`dse dc `ign` kivbrcncgb6 Cirtl-Wiutl adebcsdics. Qldra [ir`a ^unrtbr`y , _i` >4, Ci 1, pp. ?72-?2:. Adrbggd÷c Kbcbrn` ab Dcaustrdns Gu`turn`bs y Nrtbs ‗ AKDGN (=:>>n) WDG Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`. ]btrdbvba ic Abgbembr ==ca orie lttp6// dcaustrdnsgu`turn`bsynrtbs.m`ikspit.gie/p/sdg-sdstben-ab-dcoirengdic-gu`turn`.lte` Adrbggd÷c Kbcbrn` ab Dcaustrdns Gu`turn`bs y Nrtbs ‗ AKDGN (=:>>m) WDG ‗ Abei [BM WDG. ]btrdbvba ic Abgbembr ==ca orie lttp6//www.yiutumb. gie/wntgl9v5zZRVylWK?mE Auxmury, Auxmury, C. (=::<). Rcabr Gicstrugtdic6 Qlb Wtntb io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb dc Gncnan. Wdeic Ornsbr Rcdvbrsdty.
B`wiia, W. (=::?). Grdtdgn` Dssubs dc Znrtdgdpntiry KDW6 Abgicstrugtdics, ]bgicstrugtdics, nca Cbw ]bsbnrgl Adrbgtdics. Qrncsngtdics dc KDW , >:(2)6 ?47‗;:< >:1
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Bsgimnr, Bsgimnr, N. (>4<<) Ziwbr nca _dsdmd`dty6 Abvb`ipebct nca tlb Dcvbctdic nca Encnkbebct io tlb Qldra [ir`a. Gu`turn` Nctlripi`iky , _i`. 7, Ci. 1 (Civ., >4<<), pp. 1=<-117 Odc`nca, Edcdstry io Baugntdic (=::4). Gu`turb Wntb``dtb Nggiuct6 Odcn` rbpirt io pd`it prifbgt. ]btrdbvba ic Abgbembr 2tl, =:>> orie6 lttp6//www.edcbau. /IZE/Fu`hndsut/=::4/gu`turbYsntb`dtb.lte`9`nck5bc Hrdtzenc, @. (>4<<). Zi`dtdgs, pld`isiply, pld`isiply, gu`turb6 dctbrvdbws nca itlbr wrdtdcks, >4;;->4<1. Zsygli`iky Zrbss. Kdmsic, G & Hick, @. (=::2). Gu`turn` bgiciey6 n grdtdgn` rbvdbw. rbvdbw. Zrikrbss dc Luenc Kbikrnply , =4,2, pp.21>-2?> Lnccnl, E. (=::4). Gn`gu`nm`b tbrrdtiry nca tlb [bst Kbrenc gbcsus miygitt eivbebcts io tlb >4<:s. Zi`dtdgn` Kbikrnply, =<(>), ??-;2. Lnr`by, F. M. (=:>=). Qlb cbw cnturb io enps6 Bssnys dc tlb ldstiry l dstiry io gnrtikrnply. Mn`tdeirb6 Filcs Liphdcs Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. Lbna, M. (=::;). Qlrbb @bcsbs io Bvdabcgb-Mnsba Zi`dgy. Zi`dgy. Qlb Nustrn`dnc Fiurcn` io Zum`dg Naedcdstrntdic, _i`. _i`. ?;, ci. >, pp. >‗>>. Dmbri-Nebrdgnc Gu`turn` Oiucantdic, DGAO (=:>>). ‐Zrifbgts―. ]btrdbvba ic Abg. ==ca, =:>> orie6 lttp6//www.dngao.irk/dcabx.plp9iptdic5gieYgictbct&vdbw5nrtdg`b&da5>:<&Dtbeda5><&`nck5bs Dcstn`nc Giedtä Badtirdn` ab` Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`. (=:>>, Obmrunry 1tl) Ncadcn. ]btrdbvba orie6 lttp6//www.ncadcn.gie.pb/Bspnci`/Citdgdn.nspx9da5DIlpxfubWQg5 Dsnr, T. ]. (=::4). Gu`turn` Zi`dgy6 Qiwnras n K`imn` Wurvby. Gu`turb Rcmiuca, _i`ueb >, =::46 2>‗?2.
Fbccbx, E. (=::4). ]b-_dsdtdck tlb Hciw`bakb Zyrneda. Dc prigbbadck io 1=ca Lnwndd Dctbrcntdicn` Gicobrbcgb ic Wystbes Wgdbcgb (LDGWW-1= =::4). Háylhÿ, B. (=:>>) Zum`dg Nggiuctnmd`dty ti Gdtdzbcs6 Orie Zbroirencgb Ebnsurbs ti ^un`dty Qldchdck. Zrbsbctntdic nt tlb =:>> Zum`dg Encnkbebct ]bsbnrgl Gicobrbcgb. Wyrngusb, CT. @äkbr, E.F. (=:>>) Gu`turb nca Gictbstntdic dc tlb Cbw Gbctury . Rcdvbrsdty io Gldgnki Zrbss. @behb, Q. Q. (=::>n) Oiugnu`t, Kivbrcebctn`dty, Kivbrcebctn`dty, nca Grdtdqub. Znpbr prbsbctba nt tlb ]btldchdck Enrxdse Gicobrbcgb, Rcdvbrsdty io Nelbrst. c ` b A i d g d r u � E
@behb, Q. Q. (=::>m) ‐Qlb Mdrtl Mdr tl io Mdi-Zi`dtdgs―6 Mdi-Zi`dtdgs―6 Edglb` Oiugnu`t—s @bgturb nt tlb Gi``bkb ab Orncgb ic Cbi-@dmbrn` Kivbrcebctn`dty. Bgiciey & Wigdbty , _i` 7:. Ci. =, pp. >4:-=:;. >:2
@bwds, F., & Ed``br, Q. (=::=). Grdtdgn` Gu`turn` Zi`dgy Wtuadbs6 N ]bnabr. [d`by-M`nghwb``. Ebrgbr, G. (=::=). Qiwnras gu`turn` gdtdzbcsldp 6 tii`s oir gu`turn` pi`dgy nca abQbrgbctbcnry Oiucantdic, vb`ipebct. Wtighli`e, Lbabeirn. Mnch io Wwbabc Qbrgbctbcnry Kda`ucas Oÿr`nk. Ed``br, Q. (>447). Qlb [b``-Qbepbrba Wb`o6 Gdtdzbcsldp, Gu`turb, nca tlb Zisteiabrc Wumfbgt. Qlb Filcs Liphdcs Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. Edckbrs, F., & [d``gighs, @. Z. (=::1). Wigdn` Qlbiry nca Zld`isiply oir Dcoirentdic Wystbes. Cbw Tirh6 [d`by [d` by.. Encivdgl, @. (=::>). Qlb @nckunkb io Cbw Ebadn. Gnemrdakb6 EDQ Zrbss. Edcdstbrdi ab Bgicieån y Odcnczns, EBO (=:>>) ¹^uä bs prbsupubsti pir rbsu`tnais (Zp])9 ]btrdbvba orie6 lttp6//www.ebo.kim.pb/dcabx.plp9iptdic5gieYgictbct&vdbw5nrtdg`b&da5=>==&Dtbeda5>:>>?=&`nck5bs Eictd``n, N. G. (=:>:). Bgisdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Giep`bfn6 Gicstruggd÷c ab Wdstbens ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn`, Bstuadis ab Zrîgtdgns y Lîmdtis Gu`turn`bs y Wdstbens ab Dcadgnairbs bc Gbctrineärdgn. Zriybgti ‐Wbgtir Gu`turn b Dctbkrngd÷c―, Dctbkrngd÷c―, ]ba ab Gbctris Gu`turn`bs ab Bspnþn. Irkncdzntdic io Nebrdgnc Wtntbs (INW) nca Gnstb``ncis, N. (=:>>). Gu`turn, gieöc abciedcnair pnrn b` absnrri``i6 >< prîgtdgns bxdtisns. Irkncdzngd÷c ab `is Bstnais Nebrdgncis. Zbrhdcs, G. (=::1). Gnrtikrnply ‗ Gu`turbs io enppdck6 Ziwbr dc prngtdgb. Zrikrbss dc Luenc Kbikrnply, =< , 7<>-74>. Zistdki, N. (=:>>). Nggiuctdck oir Iutgiebs dc Znrtdgdpntiry Rrmnc Kivbrcncgb Qlriukl Wtntb‗Gdvd`-Wigdbty Wycbrkdbs. Rrmnc Wtuadbs, 1<(4), >412‗ >4?;. ]nag`doob, W. N. (=::?). Gu`turb nca abvb`ipebct dc n k`imn`dzdck wir`a6 kbikrn pldbs, ngtirs, nca pnrnadkes. pnrnadkes. @icaic6 Qny`ir & Orncgds. ]by, K. (=::<) Dcaustrdns Gu`turn`bs, Grbntdvdana y Absnrri``i. Gi`bggd÷c Gu`turn y Absnrri``i, NBGDA. ]d`bs, N. (=:::). Qlb Cbtwirh dcsdab iut. Qlb Rcdvbrsdty io Edgldknc Zrbss. ]iy, N. (=::4). Gdvdg Kivbrcebctn`dty6 Qlb Zi`dtdgs io Dcg`usdic dc Mbdrut nca Euemnd. Nctdpiab , _i`. 1> Ci. >, pp. >24‗>;4. Wgldgh, N. (>44>). Muakbtdck oir ]bsu`ts6 ]bgbct Abvb`ipebct dc Odvb Dcaustrdn`dzba Giuctrdbs. Zum`dg Naedcdstrntdic ]bvdbw, Fncunry >44:. >:?
Wglÿc, A.N. & ]bdc, E. (>442). Orneb ]bbgtdic6 Qiwnra tlb ]bsi`utdic io Dctrngtnm`b Zi`dgy Gictrivbrsdbs. Cbw Tirh6 Mnsdg Miihs.
� r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
Wglirr, @. (=::7). Abtbredcdck ‐[lnt [irhs― dc Wigdn` Zrikrnes nca Wigdn` Zi`dgdbs6 Qiwnra n Eirb Dcg`usdvb Hciw`bakb Mnsb. [nsldcktic6 Mriihdcks Dcstdtutdic6 Wlngh`by, Wlngh`by, E. (>44;). ( >44;). Wnvdck Gu`turn` Dcoirentdic6 Qlb Zitbctdn` ]i`b io Adkdtn` Antnmnsbs dc Abvb`ipdck Gu`turn` Qiurdse. Qiurdse. Fiurcn` io Wustndcnm`b Wustndcnm`b Qiurdse, 26 7, =11 ‑ =14 Wgitt, F. G. (>44<). Wbbdck `dhb n stntb liw gbrtndc sglbebs ti deprivb tlb luenc gicadtdic lnvb ond`ba. Cbw Lnvbc6 Tn`b Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. WDG-Ebxdgi (=:>>) ]btrdbvba orie6 lttp6//sdg.gicngu`tn.kim.ex Wrdcdvnsnc, ]., & Lunck, F. (=::2). O`uda icti`ikdbs oir adkdtn` eusbues. Dctbrcntdicn` Fiurcn` ic Adkdtn` @dmrnrdbs , 2(7), >47-=:1. Wrdcdvnsnc, ]. (=::;). Btlciebtliai`ikdgn` nrgldtbgturbs6 Dcoirentdic systbes ardvbc my gu`turn` nca gieeucdty vdsdics. Fiurcn` io tlb Nebrdgnc Wigdbty oir Dcoirentdic Wgdbcgb nca Qbglci`iky Qbglci`iky , 2<(2), ;=7-;77. Wtnl`, M. G. (=::<). Dcoirentdic systbes6 Grdtdgn` pbrspbgtdvbs. Cbw Tirh6 ]iut`bakb. Wzwnrgmbrk, E. (=:>=). ]bvdsdtdck g`dbctb`dse6 N cbtwirh ncn`ysds io prim`be-si`vdck cbtwirhs dc Nrkbctdcn. Wigdn` Cbtwirhs , 71(=), =7:‗=1:. Qlrismy, A. (=:>:). Qlb Bgiciedgs io Gu`turn` Zi`dgy . Gnemrdakb Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. RCBWGI (>44;) Wdstben ab Dcoirengd÷c Gu`turn` @ntdcinebrdgnci y ab` Gnrdmb WDG@nG. Aiguebcti Bstrntäkdgi. >44;-=:::. Ns nggbssba dc lttp6// www.`ngu`t.irk/lieb/dcadgbYcbw.plp _nc abr _b`abc, E. (=:>>) [lbc Hciw`bakbs Ebbt6 [dhdpbadn nca Itlbr Wtirdbs orie tlb Gictngt Vicb (p. =7?) dc @ivdch, K. & Qhngz, C., Grdtdgn` Zidct io _dbw6 N [dhdpbadn ]bnabr. Dcstdtutb io Cbtwirh Gu`turbs, Nestbrane. Töadgb, K. (=::7) Qlb Bxpbadbcgy io Gu`turb6 Rsbs io Gu`turb dc tlb K`imn` Brn . Aurlne, CG6 Auhb Rcdvbrsdty Zrbss. Eu`tdgu`turn`dse, ir, ir, tlb gu`turn` `ikdg io eu`tdcntdicn` eu`tdcntdicn` gnpdtn`gnpdtn`ŵdųbh, W. (>44;). Eu`tdgu`turn`dse, ]bvdbw. dse. @icaic6 Cbw @bot ]bvdbw.
c ` b A i d g d r u � E
>:;
Citbs
( ( Ebrgnai Ebrgnai Gieöc ab` Wur ) ir Gieeic Wiutlbrc Enrhbt ds nc bgiciedg nca pi`dtdgn` nkrbbebct neick Nrkbctdcn, Mrnzd`, Znrnkuny nca Rrukuny. Mi`dvdn, Gld`b, Gi`iemdn, Bgunair nca Zbru gurrbct`y lnvb nssigdntb ebembr stntus. s tntus. _bcbzub`n _bcbzub`n sdkcba n ebembrsldp nkrbbebct ic =::?. Oiucaba dc >44>, dts purpisb ds ti prieitb orbb trnab nca tlb uda eivbebct io kiias, pbip`b, nca gurrbcgy. Qlb iogdn` `nckunkbs nrb Zirtukubsb, Kunrncå nca Wpncdsl. Dt lns mbbc upantba, nebcaba, nca glnckba ency tdebs sdcgb. Dt ds ciw n ou`` gusties ucdic, n giepicbct io n gictdcudck prigbss io Wiutl Nebrdgnc dctbkrntdic giccbgtba ti tlb Rcdic io Wiutl Nebrdgnc Cntdics (lttp6//bc.wdhdpbadn.irk/wdhd/Ebrgisur). EB]GIWR]
Znkb ;=
Znkb ;?
Qlds tlbsds wns giep`btba dc Nprd` io =:>=. Qlb ‐Nt`ns io Gu`turn` Dcornstrugturb nca Lbrdtnkb io tlb Nebrdgns6 Zbru―, gictndcdck tlds dcoirentdic, wns iogdn``y prbsbctba ic Nukust >1tl io tlnt sneb ybnr. ybnr. Wbb6 lttp6//www.egu`turn.kim.pb/nt`ns lttp6//www.egu`turn.kim.pb/nt`ns ¹Bstneis tiais9 gnc mb trncs`ntba ns Nrb wb n`` dc9 - Qlb rbst io
Znkb 44
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tlb dbr rbnas6 Ds tlds n`` io us9 Zugh``ny (n (n gu`turn` nssigdntdic) ds Zugh``ny Nrtb y Gieucdana wns naaba wdtl us, wrdtb yiursb`o up! Zugh``ny dc tlb systbe ic i c >>. � r u t ` u G � ` b a s i t � r � p N s i @ | b r u t ` u G o i s b s s u t � r � p p N b l Q
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Ebrgisur (Ebrgnai Gieöc ab` Wur) bs uc ngubrai bgic÷edgi y pi`åtdgi bctrb Nrkbctdcn, Mrnsd`, Znrnkuny y Rrukuny. Mi`dvdn, Gld`b, Gi`iemdn, Bgunair y Zbrö ngtun`ebctb gubctnc gic `n gicadgd÷c ab edbemri nsigdnai. _bcbzub`n _bcbzub`n re÷ uc ngubrai ab ebemrbsån bc =::?. Oucanai bc >44>, su imfbtdvi bs prieivbr b` `dmrb giebrgdi y b` eivdedbcti udai ab mdbcbs, pbrsicns y eicban. @is dadiens igdn`bs sic Zirtukuäs, Kunrncå y Gnstb``nci. Ln sdai ngtun`dznai, eiadgnai y gnemdnai euglns vbgbs absab bcticgbs. Ngtun`ebctb bs ucn ucd÷c nauncbrn p`bcn, uc giepicbctb ab uc prigbsi gictdcui ab dctbkrngd÷c Wuanebrdgncn gicbgtnan gic `n Rcd÷c ab Cngdicbs Wuanebrdgncns. (lttp6//bc.wdhdpbadn.irk/wdhd/Ebrgisur). Bstn tbsds oub tbredcnan bc Nmrd` ab` =:>=. B` ‐Nt`ns Dcornbstrugturn y Zntrdeicdi Gu`turn` ab `ns Neärdgns6 Zbrö―, qub gictdbcb pnrtb ab bstn dcoirengd÷c, oub igdn`ebctb prbsbctnai b` >1 ab Nkisti ab bsb edsei nþi. _br6 lttp6//www.egu`turn.kim.pb/nt`ns
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