Locke - Hobbes - Rousseau Ultima Version

 THOMAS HOBBES HOBBES Hobbes calls the state of nature a condition that the life was without government. In this period each person had a right to do ever!thing that the! wanted. This Hobbes argues would lead to a "war of all against all" al l" #bellum omnium contra omnes$.In this state. there are onl! violence death war and so on. Each individual follow his interest. interest. The men is prisoner of fear but all want the same pursue. He sa!s that the state of nature e%ists also toda! in some places #&the savage people in man! places in America'$. In the State of nature ever! man is an enem!. enem!. All against all and there are not laws So in order to obtain it the people accept a social contract and establish a civil societ!. societ!. According to Hobbes societ! is a population under the sovereign authorit!. authorit!. All individuals in that societ! cede some rights for the protection. The! need and agenc! that punish and created a conditions where men ma! live in mutual trust. He did a list of twent! of of these important laws.  There are a clear clear rules for a harmonious societ!. societ!.  The people cannot resist resist the power e%ercised e%ercised b! this authorit! authorit!.. The individuals are there there b! the authors of all decisions made b! the sovereign. There is no doctrine of separation of powers in the discussion of Hobbes. According to Hobbes the sovereign must control civil militar! (udicial and ecclesiastical powers. So the leader has the absolute power. Hobbes was strongl! strongl! in)uenced b! the chaos and destruction caused b! the English *ivil +ar. +ar.

Consent and sovereignty  ,- or Hobbes is important the e/ualit! of all men. 0ot elite has the power but a concentrated power with this consent of people. An!wa!s he do not tal1 about elections. The 2rst step of the government is to do the contract and after that #second step$ the people have to accept the contract. The sovereignt! uses the power to protect humans and created conditions for civili3ed e%istence. The purpose is the preservation of human rights. He has to give securit! peace and safet!. safet!. He is not obliged to provide the good life but the basic conditions which the good life ma! be developed. If the contract does not wor1 he can do another contract. Hobbes does not trust the motives of private associations. 4rivate associations are dangerous for revolutionar! activit!. activit!. State have to dissolve the private institutions if threaten its supremac! reedom is a creation of the state. There are not freedom without state. Freedom ,- reedom

State ,- The state is an authoritarian #but not totalitarian$. It not tr! to regulate human and social life Diferent between Hobbes and Locke ,- 5oc1e accepted the idea of the social contract but he believed the government6s e%isted for the purpose of protecting these rights. These people cannot lose his fundamental rights. or 5oc1e a ruler who denied the basic rights was a t!rant and so he could (ustl! be overthrown.

 7OH0 5O*8E 5O*8E Political theory He thin1s that e%ists a natural law  before the born of an! societ! which gives ever! e ver! individuals a series of rights #life libert! and povert!$ which can never be sold or cancelled. So  The political theor! of 5oc1e 5oc1e was founded on social contract theor!. theor!. In the contact all men are are e/ual and all has rights In the social contract the people do not give their sovereign #li1e Hobbes$. 9nli1e Thomas Hobbes 5oc1e believed that human nature is characterised b! reason and tolerance. The man is not evil but is good. The problem are the institutions that it are corrupt. or 5oc1e 5oc1e all men are born with the same rights and the! need to be freedom ,- this one loc1 call 0ature law. In a natural state all people were e/ual and independent and ever!one had a natural right to defend his &5ife health 5ibert! or 4ossessions". The state of nature is not a state of war. The! live with a common interests. The people establish a government to protect their lives. The decision is not b! fear of violence and death #li1e in Hobbes$. The individual cannot give his natural right #life libert! libe rt! propert! and so on$. The natural rights are immutable and non:transferable.

In the state o nature all men are eual and en!oy unlimited reedom" with the introduction o money and trade# however# the man tends to accumulate its $ro$erties and to deend them# e%cluding others rom the $ossession& 't this $oint the need or a state# a $olitical organi(ation that ensures $eace among men& )nlike Hobbes# in act# Locke did not believe that men give way to the body $olitic all their rights# but only to their own !ustice& ,- So the man do not give all his rights but onl! to do their own (ustice. The state have to respect the inalienable natural rights of all men

State and government  ,- The state born for the will of the individuals and is based on the contract #social contract$ between both parts. These rights can not never be violated. If it happen the! have the rights to resist the orders of the sovereign #government$ and deposed him. the government need to use their power to give a legal recognition to natural rights. So the power of the government is for natural rights. But the State have two roles; <$ protect rights and create the same conditions for ever!one #respect propert! investments freedom etc.$= >$ help in the con)ict of people. The state must intervene if the individual do not have some liberties. States promote a free life of individuals. ?i@erent between State and overnment ,- So the State represent the constitution common law and political tradition of the societ!. State is a permanent foundation. The government is a legislative and e%ecutive branches. It regulated the lives of citi3ens. ?i@erent remove state or government. In case of the t!rann! in man! cases need the revolution. : Consent ,- Social contract must be founded on a basis of a consent

* Se$aration o $ower  ,- 5oc1e also advocated government separation of powers and believed that revolution is not onl! a right but an obligation in some circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound in)uence on the ?eclaration of Independence and the *onstitution of the 9nited States. ,- the legislative power is not supreme #it is most important for 5oc1e$ it is the power to develop and enact laws. ,- the e%ecutive power that is to the sovereign and it is to enforce the laws. ,- another two important; : (udiciar! power #under legislative power$; control if the people respect the laws #the same for all$ : federal power #under e%ecutive power$; the abilit! to do war against other states to conclude peace agreements to do alliances and so on.

* Limits to accumulation  ,- 5oc1e thin1s that government would function to moderate the con)ict between the unlimited accumulation of propert! and a more e/ual distribution of wealth. he does not identif! which principles that government should appl! to solve this problem. * Conce$t o $ro$erty  ,- propert! is the possession and bene2ts of the citi3ens. The propert! is not divided in e/ual portions but enough for a normal life. The propert! for 5oc1e are; <$ personal things= >$ Ownership of a source of wealth= $ Mone!= C$ 4rivate propert!= D$ 4ropert! of  his own person. 

Ever! man must create his own identit!. The people create his identit! with the propert!. So propert! as a identi2cation Something !ou live for the future. 4ropert! is an e%tension.n of life. 4ropert! lead a good life.

* Individualism and emerge o ca$italism society&  There is a transformation of the societ!.  The individual in the centre of the societ! #no god no t!rann! and so on$

O9SSEA9 +heory o natural human

In common with other philosophers ousseau started with the State of 0ature as the beginning of the stage of human. ousseau thin1s that the man is naturall! good# unli1e Hobbes$. ousseau asserted that the "savage" stage of human development was the best or optimal in human development. "...0othing is so gentle as man in his primitive state". It must have been the happiest and most durable epoch. This state was the best for man. All the subse/uent progress has been in appearance toward the perfection of the individual but contrar! we moved toward the deca! of the species.

Stages o human develo$ment ousseau believed that the savage stage was not the 2rst stage of human development. ousseau held #ritenuto$ that this savage stage of human societal was an optimum between the e%treme of the state of brute animals #ape:man$ on the one hand and the e%treme of decadent civili3ed life on the other. This has led some critics to attribute to ousseau the invention of the idea of the noble savage #buon selvaggio$. An!wa!s ousseau never suggests that humans in the state of nature act morall!. In fact terms such as "(ustice" or "wic1edness" are inapplicable in the prepolitical societ!.  The Moralit! as the moderation can onl! develop with the education in a civil state. Humans "in a state of 0ature" ma! act with all of the ferocit! #as a animal$. The! are good onl! in a negative sense because the! are self:suFcient so the! do not have the vices of political societ!. In fact the natural man is identical to a solitar! chimpan3ee or other ape #scimpan3e$. The "natural" goodness of humanit! is the goodness of an animal which is neither good nor bad. The men in this state do not 1now what is bad and what is good. In the other wa! ousseau thin1s that the *ivil societ! is characteri3ed b! ine/ualit! human corruption and illegitimate power. Human civili3ation has alwa!s been arti2cial creating ine/ualit! env! and unnatural desires. In the state of nature man lives with two innate principles <$ amour de soi a positive self:love into amour:propre or pride. Amour de soi represents the instinctive human desire for self:preservation combined with the human power of reason. In contrast amour:propre is arti2cial and encourages man to compare himself to others thus ta1e pleasure in the pain or wea1ness of others. >$ The second one is pit! so the! can not see the other su@er In ?iscourse on the Arts and Sciences ousseau argues that the arts and sciences have not been good for the human1ind because it not came from the authentic human needs but as a result of pride and vanit!. Moreover the opportunities the! create for lu%ur! have contributed to the corruption of man. The progress of 1nowledge had made governments more powerful and had crushed individual libert!. In contrast to the optimistic view for ousseau progress has been negative to the well:being of humanit!. Onl! in civil societ! the man can be nobled through the use of reason

Political theory  The Social *ontract is based in a legitimate political order #within a framewor1 of classical republicanism$. 4ublished in  it became one of the most in)uential wor1s of political philosoph! in the +estern tradition. The treatise begins with the dramatic opening lines "Man is born free and ever!where he is in chains. Those who thin1 themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than the!." ousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or moralit!. +ith the development of the societ! there is a division of labour and private propert! so the human race started to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate phase of societ! man is in competition between them and becoming dependent on them. These two things endangers his survival and his freedom. The great institution for ine/ualit! is the private propert!. Men in contact with each other became interdependent. Man want to be a superior respect the others man. Successful in the life is have more material comforts. Men see1 to con/uer each other. The pri3e of individualism is material prosperit! but the price of this prosperit! is continual

frustration. In this war no one win. ousseau thin1s that what is good for all is good for one. The need for all are freedom good life etc. The! need a common pro(ect #this ma1es a communit!$. Inside the nation there are man! di@erences #class racial etc.$ it is impossible 2nd something good for ever!one so for these reason is better the communit!. The societ! has to become a communit! #democrac! and freedom with democrac!$. It is impossible to come bac1 in the state of nature so the people have to create a communit! or a political s!stem with legitimate. Human e/ualit! is the 2rst re/uisite for democrac! #heart of this theor!$. Freedom, all men are at the same lever , parit!. ?emocrac! is a pre:condition of the good life According to ousseau the people (oining into civil society through the social contract and abandoning the necessit! of the natural right. The people need institution to resolve the con)icts. In this wa! the individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. Sovereignt! can onl! appertain to the people it is neither divisible nor alienable. Therefore it is the people in the 2rst person to have and e%ercise its sovereignt!. The people are the onl! to have the legislative power. 0o law is valid without the e%press rati2cation b! the Sovereign that is once again the people themselves. Therefore for ousseau the sovereign is an organism that consist of all men. ou are free when !ou respect the laws #contraddiction$. In freedom is obedience to law #discipline,- moral political and democratic$. Onl! the political 1now the right action. The legislation; <$ recogni3e the problem and >$ after that tr! to 2nd a solution for the problem. The state show each citi3ens what is right. A state has the responsibilit! to transform the societ! into a communit! if there are a di@erent common interest because each communit! have a common interest. A good state understand the interest of the citi3ens. eneral +ills is alwa!s rights and tends to the public advantages. A general will varies in each communit!. eneral will is absolute and omnipotent ousseau argues that sovereignt! #or the power to ma1e the l aws$ should be in the hands of the people he also ma1es a distinction between the sovereign and the government. The government is composed of magistrates the! have to implementing and enforcing the general will. The "sovereign" is the rule of law ideall! decided on b! direct democrac! in an assembl!. ousseau opposed the idea that the people should e%ercise sovereignt! with a representative assembl!. He approved the 1ind of republican government of the cit!:state for which eneva provided a model : or would have done if will follow the ousseau6s principles. rance could not have the criterion of ousseau of an ideal state because it was too big.  There is a controvers! when he said that citi3ens are constrained to obe! the "general will" so the! become free  Therefore the s!stem of ousseau is divided in three stages; states of nature #natural man$= state corruption= communit! #democratic state$