Linguagem e Comunicação

[IBAN ‛ OAVI[M Oakylfafi fi Vikbhlhmna ij Fi{ibvhlvnjibh Mitibknal

SHTVYMYÅ[ IJSTI[ATNAL

H QYI Î LNBMYAMIJ8 ․ Î h y{h fa lêbmya khjh ohtja fi ipsti{{ëh i khjybnkaíëh ibti a{ si{{ha{" Amhta, a bh{{a lêbmya bëh î {hjibi yj khbeybh fi salavta{ oalafa{ hy i{ktna{, ja{ ajdîj fh{ mi{h{ i njamib{" Aonbal, bëh bh{ khjybnkajh{ asiba{ sila oala hy i{ktna"

H QYI Î LNBMYAMIJ8 ․ Ibëh, a lnbmyamij shfi {it vitdalnuafa, i faê vij a abalhmna ah vitdh" _hkå eá ibhy {i sthbybknat {ij ynlnuat h vitdh8 [i bëh, ibi, i vitá qyi î njsh{{êvil {i it almh oybfajibafh i khitibi! A{{nj, a lnbmyamij vitdal î qyi {i ynlnua fi salavta{ qyabfh {i oala hy qyabfh {i i{ktivi"

H QYI Î LNBMYAMIJ OHTJAL8 ․ Lnbmyamij ohtjal î aqyila ij qyi {i y{a h saftëh ohtjal fa lêbmya, n{h î, aqyila ib{nbafa ba mtajánka, {iy y{h {i fá ij {nyaíùi{ jan{ ohtjan{" ․

OHBVI5 `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh"khj(qyi{vnhb(nb "khj(qyi{vnhb(nbfip8qnf:433=394113;;96A fip8qnf:433=394113;;96AAjs] Ajs]A= A=

H QYI Î LNBMYAMIJ NBOHTJAL8 ․ h saftëh nbohtjal fa lêbmya î aqyila y{afa ij {nyaíùi{ qyi bëh tiqyit abh tnmht, khjh ba{ khbvit{a{ khj ajnmh{ hy khj a oajêlna" à dhj ti{{alat qyi bëh ipn{i yj saftëh kith i yj ittafh" H kith î vhkå afasat {ya oala fi akhtfh khj a {nyaíëh ․

OHBVI5 `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh"khj(qyi{vnhb(nb "khj(qyi{vnhb(nbfip8qnf:433=394113;;96A fip8qnf:433=394113;;96AAjs] Ajs]A= A=

NJSHTVÄBKNA FA LNBMYAMIJ OHTJAL ․ Ila î y{afa sata bêvil nbilikyal i yj Shtymyå{ dij klá{{nkh, {ij mêtna{ i khj k hj sh{yta{ fi khjybnkaíëh fi akhtfh khj h nsh fi lnitayta qyi oht adhtfafa" Hyta ynlnuafa sata {i khjybnkat khj ijsti{a{ bh{ jhlfi{ j hlfi{ fi mtabfi{, siqyibh{ î jîfnh{ bimûknh{" H jhfh fi taajibh ajdîj î ynlnuafh ij _" [ta" Ipjh" i ik""" I{{a{ lnbmyamib{ {ëh biki{{átna{ sata {i tioitnt a si{{ha{ an{ khjh qyalqyit ayhtnfafi i nbkly{nvi î hdtnmaûtnh ij Fntinh" ․

OHBVI5 `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh"khj(qyi{vnhb(nb "khj(qyi{vnhb(nbfip8qnf:43303>311>193=A fip8qnf:43303>311>193=AA?@ID0 A?@ID0

NJSHTVÄBKNA FA LNBMYAMIJ NBOHTJAL ․ A nbohtjal î aqyila qyi ipn{ij mêtna{ i almyb{ vêknh{ fi bh{{a lêbmya, al khjh i{hy i{ktivibfh aqyn" Ipijslh5 i aê jiy ajnmh8, Jitjëh! Oalhy! V', Bëh {aù lnbmyamib{ l nbmyamib{ khb{nfitafa{ fi dhj bêvil i khj jhfh fi taajibh afiqyafh qyabfh {i taa fi nbnjnfafi" OHBVI5 `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh `vvs5((dt"ab{}it{"~a`hh"khj(qyi{vnhb(nb "khj(qyi{vnhb(nbfip8qnf:43303>311>193=A fip8qnf:43303>311>193=AA?@ID0 A?@ID0

LNBMYAMIJ5 _ITDAL I BËH _ITDAL ․ A lnbmyamij shfi {it bëh*vitdal, bëh*vitdal, ah khbtátnh fa vitdal, bëh {i ynlnua fh vhkádylh, fa{ salavta{ sata {i khjybnkat"

HDEIVN_H ․ H hdeinvh, bi{i ka{h, bëh î fi ipsht  vitdaljibi h qyi {i qyit fnuit hy h qyi {i i{á sib{abfh, ja{ {i ynlnuat fi hyth{ jinh{ khjybnkanvh{, khjh5 slaka{, onmyta{, mi{h{, hdeih{, khti{, hy {iea, fh{ {nmbh{ vn{yan{"

KATAKVITÊ[VNKA[ ․ Oybknhba bh sti{ibi i ij fisibfåbkna fh khbiph" ․ [ëh nbynnva{, ipsti{{aj ijhíùi{ i {ibnjibh{" ․ Shfij {it nbibknhban{ hy bëh" ․ Shfij i{at ohta fh khbthli fa si{{ha" ․ Î {ydeinva shfibfh kay{at iqyêvhkh{ hy jal ibibfnfh{"

OYBÍÙI[ ․ TISIVNT ‛ tiohtíh fa{ jib{amib{ vitdan{" (Ip" Ilhmnat i {httnt." ․ [YD[VNVYNT ‛ h y{h fh bëh vitdal bh lymat fh ohtjal" (ip"5 khbnbåbkna." ․ AKIBVYAT ‛ bëh vitdal iboanuabfh a vitdal" ․ KHBVTAFNUIT ‛ hsh{níëh khj a vitdal" (ip"5 {atka{jh." ․ TIMYLAT ‛ shfij {it y{afa{ sata nbnknat, khbnbyat, nbitthjsit  hy itjnbat a{ nbitaíùi{" ․ KHJSLIJIBVAT KHJSLIJIBVAT ‛ ipsabfnt, jhfnonkat hy ohtbikit fial`i{ a vitdal" ( Snba i Kyb`a i al", 43397 @attn{, 1>>;7 @hmm i _aym`ab, 4339."

․ Ipijslh{ fi lnbmyamij vitdal5  ‛ yj iph battanvh"  ‛ yja kata"  ‛ h fnálhmh"  ‛ yja ibtivn{a"  ‛ yja tishtamij bh ehtbal i{ktnh hy ilivn{nhbafh"  ‛ yj dnl`ii"

․ Ipijslh{ fi lnbmyamij bëh vitdal5  ‛  ‛  ‛  ‛  ‛  ‛  ‛  ‛

h {ijáohth" h asnh fh eynu byja satnfa fi oyidhl" h katëh vitjil`h" h katëh ajatilh" yja fabía" h avn{h fi “bëh oyji‚ hy fi “{nlåbknh‚" h dhkieh" a nfibnonkaíëh fi “oijnbnbh‚ i “ja{kylnbh‚ atavî{ fi onmyta{ ba shta fh dab`inth"  ‛ a{ slaka{ fi täb{nh"

_ITDAL I BËH _ITDAL (ah ji{jh ijsh.

․ K`atmi{" ․ Kathhb{" ․ abõbknh{ sydlnknátnh{"

Katëh vitjil`h ‛ fibõbkna fi oala mtavi bh oyidhl" K`atmi fh ayht Vak`h ‛ ipijslh fi lnbmyamij vitdal (ûpibi, sûlh bhti 4133. i bëh*vitdal (njamij5 {hl, kaky{, snbmynj."

Slaka{ fi täb{nh ‛ ã otibi “sthndnfh abfat fi dnknklia‚, atá{ “qyidta*jhla{‚" “qyidta*jhla{‚"

Njamij nbfnkanva fi “{nlåbknh‚"

[ijáohth khj {nbal ajatilh afvitnbfh “aibíëh‚"

H[ VNSH[ FI KHJYBNKAÍËH Ohtjal

․ Khjybnkaíëh ohtjal5 î khb{knibijibi slabieafa i honknalnuafa atavî{ fi fhkyjibh{ i{ktnh{" Nbohtjal

․ Khjybnkaíëh nbohtjal5 {ytmi i{shbabiajibi ba htmabnuaíëh, ij tiaíëh ã{ biki{{nfafi{ fi {iy{ jijdth{" A khjybnkaíëh nbohtjal shfi {it tynj sata a ijsti{a, qyabfh sht ipijslh, sthsama jynh{ dhah{, hy {it dha, qyabfh oaknlna a aeyfa ibti h{ {iy{ jijdth{" ․

OHBVI5 `vvs5((shbvahfimi{vah"onli{"}htfsti{{"khj(4330(36(ash{vnla*honknba*fi*khjybnkakah"fhk

OHTJAL p NBOHTJAL ․ Sthki{{h IONKNIBVI î a khttia ynlnuaíëh fi ajda{, khbeybajibi" ․ Yja ti{sina a `nitatqyna, a hyta fi{aka h{ laíh{ aoinvh{" ․ Dythktánka, a hyta oaknlna a sthsamaíëh, î i{shbäbia" ․ Lnmaíëh ibti ila{ sata qyi `aea yja satkitna ibti a{ si{{ha{ fa{ fya{ i{tyyta{"

OHTJAL p NBOHTJAL ․ Hlnvinta (433=, s"03. fi jabinta mibîtnka, ipn{ij fhn{ nsh{ fi ohtjaíëh fi i{qyija{ fi fi khjybnkaíëh byja ijsti{a" [ëh ili{5 h ohtjal, qyi î khb{knibijibi slabieafh, oaknlnafh i khbthlafh" Ili {imyi a khttibi fi khjabfh byja i{kala `nitátqynka7 i h nbohtjal, qyi {ytmi i{shbabiajibi ba ijsti{a, ij tiaíëh ã{ biki{{nfafi{ fi {iy{ jijdth{" (asyf MNMLNHVN, 4330."

OHTJAL p NBOHTJAL ․ A ohtjal aypnlna bh slabieajibh, htmabnuaíëh, fntiíëh i khbthli" ․ A nbohtjal aypnlna bh khbthli, jhnvaíëh, j hnvaíëh, ipsti{{ëh ijhknhbal i tab{jn{{ëh fi nbohtjaíùi{ nbtêb{ika{ n btêb{ika{ fh {it `yjabh" ․ H qyi î njsitkisêvil sata a ohtjal, i khjslijibafa sila nbohtjal khjh khbthli khjshtajibal fa{ si{{ha{, jhnvaíùi{, {an{oaíùi{ hy oty{taíùi{"

․ î fi oybfajibal njshtäbkna h k`ajafh “ehmh fi knbyta‚, qyi î h shfit fi bimhknaíëh, h ibvhlvnjibh fh klnibi sila ijsti{a i khb{imynt qyi h ji{jh {nba* {i akhl`nfh fi jabinta ajnmávil i{adilikibfh laíh{ fi ajnuafi ibti ili i a ijsti{a, sasil khttiajibi fi{ijsib`afh sila i{tyyta nbohtjal" Bh ibabh bëh {i shfi finpat fi fi{akat a i{tyyta ohtjal ohtj al fa ijsti{a, shtqyi ila {i nbkyjdntá fi tab{jnnt a{ {ib{aíùi{ fi khbonadnlnfafi, htmabnuaíëh ijsti{atnal, {imytabía i hyth{ shbh{ tilivabi{ qyi nbfyuij qyalqyit nbfnvêfyh a i{adilikit bimhknaíëh khj fiitjnbafa ijsti{a" (MNMLNHVN, 4330."

KHJYBNKAÍËH NBOHTJAL _ABVAMIB[

FI[_ABVAMIB[

․Mita tasnfiu ba tab{jn{{ëh fa{ nbohtjaíùi{" ․Jhnva i nbimta a{ si{{ha{ fa ijsti{a ․Tifyu a katma fi khjybnkaíùi{ fh{ Mi{hti{" ․Khjslijiba a i{tyyta ohtjal" ․Oaknlnfafi fi khjstiib{ëh i fi ayalnuaíëh htba {ya vilhknfafi nbktnviljibi {ysitnht a fa{ hyta{"

․Î mitafhta fi dhah{, tyêfh{ i atnh{ ibti a{ si{{ha{" ․Sthvhka fi{khb`iknjibh fa tialnfafi ijsti{atnal silh{ mi{hti{" ․Fnonkylfafi fi khbthli"

KHJYBNKAÍËH OHTJAL _ABVAMIB[

FI[_ABVAMIB[

․I{adiliki yj fnálhmh fa ijsti{a khj {iy sõdlnkh nbitbh i ipitbh" ․Safthbnua h{ sthki{{h{ fa ijsti{a" ․Nbolyibknat h khjshtajibh fh{ khladhtafhti{" ․Fa ktifndnlnfafi ah{ fn{kyt{h{ mitibknan{"

․Dythktanuaíëh fa nbohtjaíëh fibth fa htmabnuaíëh" ․Shykh tadal`h ij iqynsi" ․Oal`a{ ba khjybnkaíëh" ․Fnonkylfafi ij sit{hbalnuat  a{ jib{amib{ sata h{ fnoitibi{ bêvin{ fi oybknhbátnh{"

DNDLNHMTAONA Affnbitaknvi, Nfa"433?7 Khjybnkaíëh bëh _itdal, fn{shbêvil ij5 `s5}}}"affnbitaknvi"khjaff4y{aff4y{36aff4y{36XkhjXbvitdal"sfo  MNMLNHVN, Otabkn{kh" Tioliph{ fa Khjybnkaíëh Ohtjal i Nbohtjal ba I{tyyta Htmabnuaknhbal fa{ Ijsti{a{, fn{shbêvil ij5 `s5}}}"afjsm"khj"dt4330kafa{thatnmh{ijs6>"sfo , Khbmti{{h Nbitbaknhbal fi Afjnbn{taíëh, Shba Mth{{a ‛ ST  4330" MTABAVNK, Dtabka" Vîkbnka{ Dá{nka{ fi Tifaíëh, Ifnhta [knsnhbi, [ëh Saylh*[S  1>>9" JIFINTH[, Ehëh Dh{kh" Tifaíëh Ijsti{atnal, ;¥ ifníëh, Ifnhta Ala{, [ëh Saylh*[S  1>>0" JIBIUI[, Ktn{nab i all" Satalilh ibti a{ khjybnkaíùi{ Ohtjan{ i Nbohtjan{, fn{shbêvil ij5

}}}"afjnbn{vtafhti{"khj"dt(sthfykahXakafijnka(satalilhXibvtiXkhjybnkakahXohtjalXiXnbohtjalXfibv  , sydlnkafh ij adtnl fi 433>"

SI[[HA, [öbna" Khjybnkaíëh Ijsti{atnal, yja oittajiba i{taîmnka, sydlnkafh sila ADITEI, fn{shbêvil ij5 `s5}}}"aditei"khj"dtbhvhakhi{Xatnmh{Xjan{"a{s8nf:1?; `s5}}}"aditei"khj"dtbhvhakhi{Xatnmh{Xjan{"a{s8nf:1?;"" THK@A LNJA, Katlh{ @ibtnqyi fa" Mtajánka Bhtjanva fa Lêbmya Shtymyi{a, ;1¥ ifníëh ‛ (1¥ tinjsti{{ëh., Ifnhta Eh{î Hl~jsnh, Tnh fi Eabinth*TE  1>>4" VITTA, Itbabn" Kyt{h Stánkh fi Mtajánka, ifníëh tivn{a i ajslnafa, Ifnhta [knsnhbi, [ëh Saylh*[S  1>>?"